CPB30503 Petrochemicals & Petroleum Refining Technology Experiment 5: Oil distillation according to ASTM method full lab report

CPB30503- Petrochemicals & Petroleum Refining Technology Experiment 5: Oil Distillation According to ASTM Method

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OBJECTIVES To determine the percentage of distilled amount against temperature of petroleum product sample. To determine the initial and final boiling points of petroleum sample. To determine the quantity of various fractions of petroleum sample. SUMMARY This experiment has been carried out in order for the student to study about the oil distillation according to ASTM method. From this experiment the objectives that have been highlighted are determination of the percentage of distilled amount against temperature of petroleum product sample, determination of the initial and final boiling points of petroleum sample, and lastly is the determination of the quality of various fractions of petroleum sample. This method is widely known as it was used to obtaining distillation data (volume % distilled versus temperature). In order for this experiment to be ran, 100 ml of petrol need to be prepared before filled inside the distilling flask. The temperature of the vapour when the first drop of condensate was recorded as the initial boiling point. As 95% of the sample been distilled, the burner flame may need to be increased and the maximum temperature was recorded as the final boiling point. From the experiment, the percentage of oil distilled was said to be increased with the increasing of the temperature. The result shown that, the percentage of the oil distilled obtained was 95% with 2.7% of residual and 97.7% of the total recovery of gasoline. The initial boiling point for the petrol was observed to be 48°C with rate of distillation average of 4.7 ml per min while the final boiling points obtained was 187°C. Based on high percentage of the recovery, it has been identified that the fraction of petroleum can be classified into three which are light, middle, and heavy distillates.

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INTRODUCTION AND THEORY There are three objectives that needed to be achieved from this experiment. They are

to determine the percentage of distilled amount against temperature of petroleum product


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sample, to determine the initial and final boiling point of petroleum sample and to determine the quantity of various fractions of petroleum sample. In this experiment, the materials that was used is petroleum by using the ASTM method through the Distillation Unit D86 07 model. Approximately, 100ml of petroleum was measured by using a measuring cylinder and was poured into the cabinet compartment. A new measuring cylinder was placed at the block support. The heater power was switched on and started with 10-20% for about 5-10 minutes for them to start boiling. The first drop of the liquid is known as the Initial Boiling Point (IBP). The time (min) and temperature (˚C) was recorded. This step was repeated for every 10ml interval until reached 90ml and after that continue with 1ml interval until the liquid stops dropping. The temperature and time taken was recorded. The final drop of the liquid is known as the final boiling point of the petroleum products. Thus, the objective of determining the range of the boiling point was achieved. After that, the percentage residue can be calculated measuring the residue left in the flask. The total percentage recovery can be calculated by combining the percent recovery and percent residue in the flask. The combination will be deducted by 100. Hence, the percentage of distilled amount against temperature can be determine. The distillations (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effects on their safety and performance, especially in the case of solvents and fuels. The boiling range will give the information on the composition, properties and behaviour of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapours. Therefore, the quantity of various fractions in petroleum products can be determined.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF D86 07 D86 07 is the standard test method for distillation of petroleum products at atmospheric pressure. The operating principle for ASTM method of D86 07 distillation unit


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covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits. Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS/ TUTORIAL RESULTS


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Table 1: Time and temperature for volume of distilled of petroleum oil distillation according to ASTM method VOLUME OF DISTILLED

TIME

TEMPERATURE

(mL) 1 drop (IBP) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 91 92 93 94 95 (FBP)

(min) 10.15 12.27 14.20 16.28 18.41 21.35 24.27 26.57 29.22 33.24 34.00 34.51 35.45 37.08 39.24

(°C) 48 65 73 80 89 101 116 133 147 167 169 172 178 180 187

st

Record Volume distilled

: 95 ml

Volume of residue

: 2.7 ml

Volume of recovery

: 97.7 ml

Volume of total loss : 2.3 ml


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Volume of distilled (%) against temperature (°C) 100 f(x) = 0.69x - 26.8 90 R² = 0.98 80 70 60 50 Volume of distillated (mL) Linear (Volume of distillated (mL)) 40 Volume of distilled (%) 30 20 10 0 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Temperature (°C)

Figure 1: Volume of distilled against temperature of petroleum DISCUSSIONS ASTM Distillation is the most common method for obtaining distillation data (volume % distilled vs temperature) of gasoline, naphtha, kerosene and gas oil. In ASTM distillation, 100 ml of sample is distilled at average rate of 4.7 ml per min, the distillate is condensed. The main purpose of this experiment is to determine the percentage of distilled amount against temperature of petroleum product sample and to determine the initial and final boiling point of petroleum sample. Furthermore it also to determine the quantity of various fractions of petroleum sample. For this experiment, the sample use is petrol. The experiment was conducted by setting the analyzer and apparatus. The result of the experiment was obtained initially at the rate of distillation average of 4.7 ml per min and temperature at 48˚C, which is the initial boiling point. This experiment continued untiled the temperature of 89 ˚C and the average distillation rate drop to 3.4 ml per min where the volume distilled was 50 ml. Moreover, at the temperature 167 °C the average rate of distillation drop to 0.76 ml per min which the distilled volume was 90 ml. The result above explained that the higher of distilled amount was produced by increasing the temperature. For a given temperature, as the temperature increase it makes the


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fuel more easily to vaporize as this fuel has a high volatility. This means that a highly volatile fuel is more likely to form a flammable or explosive mixture with air than a low volatile fuel. Next is about the initial and final boiling point of petroleum sample. From the result obtained, at the temperature of 48˚C, 101˚C, and 167˚C, the amount distilled was 10%, 50 % and 90% respectively. As the temperature increase, the volume of fuel take to vaporize is much greater compare to a low temperature. The final boiling point is produce at the temperature 187˚C and the value for final boiling point is 95% which was 95 ml. The total time needed to get the final boiling point is 39.24 min. The first recorded data have no distillation rate because at this point, the fuel start to distilled which indicate the boiling point of petrol and did not have the range of volume to be considered as equal comparison to calculate distillation rate. Starting, middle and end distillation rate should be in the right proportions and distilled at the right temperatures in order to vaporize and burn at low starting temperatures. This will result in having enough heat to bring the combustion temperatures to a point at which the next heavier fraction will also burn, before an excessive amount of the heavier fractions of the oil can accumulate at the burner. From oil distillation results, the percentage of oil distilled is 95% and the percentage of residual is 2.7% which means the total recovery of gasoline obtained was 97.7 %. Oil recovery is the pure oil. The percentage of recovery is high because it contains various fraction of petroleum sample. The fraction of petroleum can be classified into three categories which are light, middle and heavy distillates. In this experiment, the light distillate is produce at the temperature range of 48˚C- 82.1˚C (naphtha, gasoline) and the middle distillate at the range of 96.3˚C-187˚C (kerosene, diesel oil). At the residual percentage consists of moisture contain. The total percentage of recovery is not equal to 100% is due to the balance of the percentage is vaporize to the surrounding which it have owed extremely light vapors that escaped in condensation process.


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TUTORIAL 1. Measure the percentage recovery (sample being distilled) in the measuring cylinder. 95 %

2. Measure the percentage residue. 2.7%

3. Calculate the total percentage recovery and total percentage loss. Volume of total recovery = volume of residue + volume of distilled = 2.7 ml + 95 ml = 97.7 ml Percentage recovery

= (97.7 ml / 100 ml) x 100% = 97.7%

Volume of total loss

= 100 ml – volume of total recovery = 100 ml – 97.7 ml = 2.3 ml

Percentage loss

= (2.3 ml / 100 ml) x 100 = 2.3%


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4. Plot graph volume % distilled (percentage recovery) versus temperature of distillation. Volume of distilled (%) againts Temperature (ºC) 100 80 60

Volume of distilled (%)

40 20 0 40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature ºC

160

180

200


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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS From this experiment of oil distillation according to ASTM method by using

petroleum as the sample, it can be concluded that the temperature is the main factor of vaporization of the fuel which means that the fuel will be easier to vaporize due to the increasing temperature due to high volatility in the fuel that can easily form a flammable mixture. Based on Figure 1, the first drop was produced at 48˚C (initial boiling point) and final boiling point of 187˚C was obtained at 95 mL of final volume of distilled where the increased the temperature, the higher the volume of petrol distilled and vaporize, the longer the time taken for the petrol to reach the final boiling point from starting of the first drop compared to a low temperature. Based on Table 1, the percentage of oil distilled is 95% and the percentage of residual is 2.7% which means the total recovery of gasoline obtained was 97.7 % where the higher of distilled amount was produced by increasing the temperature. For a given temperature, as the temperature increase it makes the fuel more easily to vaporize as this fuel has a high volatility. This means that a highly volatile fuel is more likely to form a flammable or explosive mixture with air than a low volatile fuel. The percentage of recovery is high because it contains various fraction of petroleum sample where in this experiment, the light distillate is produce at the temperature range of 48˚C- 82.1˚C (naphtha, gasoline) and the middle distillate at the range of 96.3˚C-187˚C (kerosene, diesel oil). At the residual percentage consists of moisture contain. Lastly, there is percentage of the light vapors that vaporize to the surrounding during condensation time that make the percentage of the recovery and residual cannot achieve 100% distillation.

RECOMMENDATIONS As the recommendations, in order to overcome possible errors and also to obtain more accurate and desirable data of results of this experiment in the future, it is necessary to clean up the apparatus first before using it to ensure the apparatus is contamination-free. The sample that will be used for the experiment which is petroleum must be new petroleum sample (avoid using the recycle petroleum from previous experiment to conduct the same experiment in future to avoid the decrease in quality of petroleum). Next, while pouring 100 ml of petroleum, it is necessary to be more careful and ensure there is no spillage during pouring which can also affect the results that will be obtained. Then, in order to avoid


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parallax error that caused an error to the experiment, during observing and reading the values of volume of distilled and temperature of boiling point starting from initial boiling point (first drop) to final boiling point (final volume of distilled), it is necessary for the position of eyes must be in the same level and parallel as the meniscus of the measuring cylinder and thermometer, respectively, which results in boiling point temperature and time taken obtained will be more accurate as boiling point temperature and time must to be recorded for specified volume of distilled.

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REFERENCES


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Yassir Ammar Ahmed. ASTM Method For Distillation Of Petroleum Products At Atmospheric Pressure. (2014) University of Zakho, Deparment of Petroleum Engineering. Standard Test Method For Distillation Of Petroleum Products At Atmospheric

ii.

Pressure. ASTM International D86-07. (2015).

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APPENDICES

CPB30503 Petrochemicals & Petroleum Refining Technology Experiment 5: Oil distillation according to ASTM method full lab report

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