Criminal Law II Reviewer

CRIMINAL LAW II REVIEWER

ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO

CRIMINAL LAW II Finals Reviewer BECAUSE SHARING IS LOVING “A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.” John 13: 34-35

Original Material from CROMBONDS (2011-‐2012). Edited by Rachelle Anne Gutierrez (2012-‐2013)

CRIMINAL(LAW(II(REVIEWER(

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TITLE%I:%CRIMES%AGAINST%NATIONAL%SECURITY% AND%THE%LAW%OF%NATIONS!

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Chapter%1:%Crimes%Against%National%Security! % Section%1%–%Treason%and%Espionage% ! Article%114%–%Treason% Any%Filipino%citizen%who%levies%war%against%the%Philippines%or%adheres%to%her% enemies,%giving%them%aid%or%comfort%within%the%Philippines%or%elsewhere,% shall%be%punished%by%reclusion%perpetua%to%death%and%shall%pay%a%fine%not%to% exceed%100,000%pesos.% % No% person% shall% be% convicted% of% treason% unless% on% the% testimony% of% two% witnesses%at%least%to%the%same%over%act%or%on%confession%of%the%accused%in% open%court.% % Likewise,%an%alien,%residing%in%the%Philippines%who%commits%acts%of%treason% as% defined% in% paragraph% 1% of% this% article% shall% be% punished% by% reclusion% temporal%to%death%and%shall%pay%a%fine%not%to%exceed%100,%000%pesos.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1:%HOW%TREASON%IS%COMMITTED% % I.%Elements:%(FWO:%la)% 1. That! the! offender! is! a! Filipino! citizen! or! an! alien! residing! in! the! Philippines! 2. That!there!is!a!war!in!which!the!Philippines!is!involved! 3. That!the!offender!either:! a. Levies!war!against!the!Government,!or! b. Adheres!to!the!enemies,!giving!them!aid!or!comfort.! ! II.%General%Points% A.%Definitions%

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Treason!!!breach!of!allegiance!to!a!government,!by!a!person!who! owes!allegiance!to!it.! o Treason!is!the!violation!by!a!subject!of!his!allegiance!to!his! sovereign!or!to!the!supreme!authority!of!the!state!(US!v.! Abad).! o The! law! on! reason! is! AngloIAmerican! in! origin,! and! therefore! the! State! must! depend! on! American! Jurisprudence.! Allegiance! !! the! obligation! of! fidelity! and! obedience! which! the! individuals! owe! to! the! government! which! they! live! or! to! their! sovereign!in!return!for!the!protection!they!receive! Two!Types!of!Allegiance! a. Permanent! allegiance! !! Obedience! and! fidelity! that! a! citizen!or!subject!owes!to!his!government.! b. Temporary! allegiance! !! Obligation! of! fidelity! and! obedience!which!a!resident!alien!owes!to!our!government!

% B.%Treason%as%an%offense% • There! is! not! treason! through! negligence! because! the! overt! acts! committed!must!be!intentional.! • There!is!no!complex!crime!of!treason!because!crimes!like!murder! and!physical!injuries!are!inherent!in!the!crime!of!treason.! o But!such!crimes!may!be!prosecuted!as!common!crimes!if! the!prosecution!chooses!to!do!so.! • Treason! is! a! continuous! offense,! thus! it! may! be! committed! by! a! series!of!acts.! • A! Filipino! outside! of! the! Philippine! territory! may! commit! treason.! BUT!treason!by!an!alien!must!be!committed!in!Philippine!territory.! • Aggravating!Circumstances:!EXCLUSIVELY!Cruelty!OR!Ignominy! o Others! like! evident! premeditation! and! treachery! are! inherent!or!absorbed!in!the!crime!of!treason.! • Article%64!is!not!strictly!applied!to!treason! o In!determining!the!proper!penalty!for!treason,!the!amount! or!degree!of!aid!or!comfort!given!the!enemy!as!well!as!the! gravity! of! the! separate! and! distinct! acts! of! treason!

( Original(Material(from(CROMBONDS((2011D2012).(Edited(by(Rachelle(Anne(Gutierrez((2012D2013)(


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! committed! (in! lieu! of! the! aggravating! or! mitigating! circumstances)!shall!be!used!to!determine!the!period.! ! C.%Defense% A.%NOT%ACCEPTED% • Defense!of!suspended!allegiance!and!change!of!sovereignty!is!not! accepted!because:! o A!citizen!owes!an!absolute!and!permanent!allegiance!to!his! government.! o The!sovereignty!of!the!government!is!not!transferred!to!the! enemy!by!mere!occupation.! o The! subsistence! of! the! sovereignty! of! the! legitimate! government!in!a!territory!occupied!by!the!military!forces!of! the! enemy! during! the! war! is! one! of! the! rules! of! International!Law.! o What!is!suspended!is!the!exercise!of!the!rights!sovereignty.! • Defense!of!loss!of!citizenship!by!joining!the!army!of!the!enemy.! • Defense!of!duress!or!uncontrollable!fear! ! B.%ACCEPTED% • Defense!of!obedience!to!a!de!facto!Government!is!accepted.! • Defense!of!fear!of!immediate!death.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%Filipino%Citizen%or%an%alien%residing%% A.%Filipino%citizen% • May!be!proved!by:! o Documents!proving!citizenship! o Prison!record!(People!v.!Martin)! o Testimony!of!witnesses!who!know!him!(People!v.!Flavier)! % B.%Resident%alien% • Aliens!who!aid!the!enemy!can!now!be!prosecuted!under!Article%144.% % IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%The%Philippines%is%involved%in%a%war% • Treason! is! a! war! crime,! treasonable! acts! may! actually! be!

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perpetrated! during! peace! but! there! are! no! traitors! until! war! has! started.! Punished! by! the! state! as! a! measure! of! selfIdefense! and! preservation.!

! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Levies%war%or%Adheres%to%the%enemies% A.%Levying%war%against%the%government% Requisites%of%levying%war%against%the%government% 1. There!must!be!an!actual!assembling!of!men.! 2. For!the!purpose!of!executing!a!treasonable!design!by!force.! • Examples:% o US!v.!De!los!Reyes!!!Mere!acceptance!of!the!commission! from!the!secretary!of!the!Katipunan!Society!without!doing! anything!else!is!not!an!overt!act!of!levying!war.!Neither!is! an!actual!enlistment!to!serve!in!the!war,!because!there!is! no!actual!assembling!of!men.% BUT% o If! a! group! actually! assembled! for! the! purpose! of! levying! war,!those!who!participated!or!are!in!conspiracy!with!shall! be!liable!no!matter!how!minute!their!role!is.% • It!is!not!necessary!that!there!be!a!formal!declaration!of!the!existence! of!a!state!of!war.!(Justice!Johnson,!dissenting;!U.S.!v.!Lagnason)% • Levying! of! war! must! be! with! the! intent! to! overthrow! the! government,!and!merely!resist!a!particular!statute.% • It! does! not! matter! how! vain! and! futile! the! attempt! was! and! how! impossible!of!accomplishment!(applicable!to!the!B.!too).% • Levying! war! as! an! act! of! treason! must! be! for! the! purpose! of! executing!a!treasonable!design!by!force.% • Levying!war!must!be!in!collaboration!with!a!foreign!enemy.!If!the! levying!is!merely!a!civil!uprising!without!any!intention!of!helping!an! external!enemy,!offenders!will!be!liable!for!rebellion!not!treason.% ! B.%Adheres%to%the%enemies,%giving%them%aid%or%comfort% Requisites%must%concur:% 1. Adherence!to!the!enemy!



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! 2. Giving!aid!or!comfort!to!the!enemy! • Adherence/to/the/enemy!!!means!intent!to!betray.!! o When! a! citizen! intellectually! or! emotionally! favors! the! enemy! and! harbors! sympathies! or! convictions! disloyal! to! his!country’s!policy!or!interest.!(Cramer!v.!U.S.)! • Giving/ aid/ or/ comfort! !! an! act! which! strengthens! or! tends! to! strengthen!the!enemy!in!the!conduct!of!war!against!the!country.! o An! act! which! strengthens! or! tends! to! strengthen! the! traitors!or!weakens!the!state!to!resist!and!attack!the!enemy! o The!aid!and!comfort!must!be!given!to!the!enemy!by!some! kind! of! action.! It! must! be! a! deed! or! physical! activity,! not! merely!a!mental!operation.! o The! enemy’s! occupation! is! bound! to! create! all! sorts! of! relationships! with! the! locals.! For! aid! and! comfort! to! constitute!treason,!the!nature,!degree!and!purpose!of!the! acts!must!be!considered.! o The!extent!of!the!aid!and!comfort!given!must!be!to!render! assistance!to!them!as!enemies,!and!not!as!individuals.! o Direct!and!indirect!act! " Direct!–!Materially!contributes!to!the!traitors!and! external!force.!i.e.!selling!bullets! " Indirect! –! Normal! conduct! of! business! such! as! Selling!food!or!clothing! • Adherence!alone,!without!giving!the!enemy!aid!or!comfort,!does!not! constitute!treason!(and!vice!versa)! o People!v.!Tan!!!having!friendly!relations!with!the!Japanese! and!being!openly!sympathetic!to!their!cause!without!doing! anything!to!help!them!succeed!is!not!treason.! o People! v.! Agoncillo! !! While! sale! to! the! enemy! of! alum! crystals! and! water! pipes! may! do! aid! or! comfort! them,! if! there!is!no!intent!to!betray,!there!can!be!no!treason.! o People!v.!Fernando!!!serving!as!an!informer!and!being!an! active!member!of!the!Japanese!Military.! o People!v.!Adriano!!!Being!a!makapili!constitutes!an!overt! act,!since!he!placed!himself!at!the!enemy’s!call!to!fight!side!

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by! side! with! him,! and! provided! psychological! comfort! to! them!because!the!enemy!knows!his!cause!is!advanced.! Aid!and!comfort!given!to!the!enemies!must!be!after!the!declaration! of!war.!The!enemies!must!be!the!subject!of!a!foreign!power.! o Enemies!does!not!embrace!rebels!from!one’s!own!country.!

! VI.%Public%Office% • Acceptance!of!public!office!and!discharge!of!official!duties!under!the! enemy! do! not! constitute! per! se! the! felony! of! treason.! Mere! governmental!work!under!the!Japanese!government!is!not!treason.! BUT! • If!due!to!his!position!he!helped!in!the!propagation!of!the!creed!of! the!invader,!such!constitute!treason.! Examples:! • People! v.! Dizon! !! Membership! in! the! police! force! during! the! occupation!is!not!treason!but!active!participation!with!the!enemies! in!the!apprehension!of!guerrillas!and!infliction!of!illItreatments!make! such!member!liable!for!treason.! • People! v.! Dumapit! !! the! arrest! of! guerillas! for! committing! (common!crime)!arson;!the!arresting!officer!is!not!liable!for!treason.! ! VII.%Guerilla%Warfare% • Guerilla! warfare! during! the! time! of! the! Japanese! was! justified! because! they! were! fighting! for! the! de! jure! government! of! the! Philippines,!and!the!Japanese!was!a!de!facto!government.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%2:%TWO]WITNESS%RULE% % I.%Ways%of%proving%treason% 1. Testimony!of!at!least!two!witnesses!to!the!same!overt!act.! 2. Confession!of!the!accused!in!open!court.! ! II.%2%witnesses%testifying%to%same%overt%act% A.%General%Rule:%Two%testimonies%accepted%or%defendant%is%acquitted% • Treason! cannot! be! proved! by! circumstantial! evidence! or! by!



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extrajudicial!confession.! The! testimony! of! two! witnesses! proving! an! overt! act! of! aid! or! comfort!to!the!enemy!is!sufficient.!Adherence!need!not!be!proved.! o Overt/ act! !! the! physical! activity! that! constitutes! the! rendering!aid!and!comfort.! The!testimonies!must!refer!to!the!same!act,!place!and!moment!of! time.!!It!does!not!necessarily!have!to!be!identical.! o Insufficient:!X!saw!arms!landed!in!La!Union!and!loaded!into! a!motor!vehicle.!At!this!stage,!not!sufficient!to!convict!yet.!Y! later!saw!the!arms!unloaded!in!a!warehouse.!Will!X!+!Y!be! sufficient! witnesses! to! convict?! Answer:! NO.! Because! the! law!requires!that!2!witnesses!see!the!SAME!OVERT!ACT.! o Sufficient:! X! saw! the! defendant! arrive! in! the! house! of! Y.! Witness!Z!did!not!corroborate!this,!but!both!X!and!Z!said! that!Y!was!arrested!and!the!defendant!aided!in!the!arrest.! This!rule!is!severely!restrictive.!! o Reason:!The!special!nature!of!treason!(penalized!by!death! and!committed!in!abnormal!times)!requires!the!accused!is! afforded!a!special!protection!not!required!in!other!cases.! The!twoIwitness!rule!is!not!affected!by!the!discrepancies!in!minor! details!of!the!testimony.! o People!v.!Lansanas!!!that!the!2!witnesses!could!not!agree! on!whether!or!not!there!were!Japanese!soldiers!present!in! the!arrest!of!Y!is!insignificant.!

! B.%Exception:%Adherence%may%be%proved%by%1%witness%or%by%circumstances% • Adherence!may!be!proved:! o By!1!witness! o From!the!nature!of!the!act!itself! o From!the!circumstances!surrounding!the!act! • Adherence,! being! a! state! of! mind,! need! not! be! proved! by! two! witnesses,! because! what! is! designed! in! the! mind! of! an! accused! never!is!susceptible!of!proof!by!direct!testimony.! ! III.%Confession%of%the%accused%in%open%court%

If!he!has!pleaded!NOT!guilty!already!during!arraignment,!he!can!still! confess! in! open! court! by! stating! the! particular! acts! constituting! treason.! o During!trial,!simply!saying!“I’m!guilty”!is!not!enough.! • If!during!arraignment!he!pleads!guilty,!court!will!ask!if!the!accused! understands! is! plea.! Submission! of! affidavit! during! trial,! even! if! assisted!by!counsel!is!not!enough.! 1. Defense! o Duress!or!uncontrollable!fear,!only!fear!of!immediate!death! shall!be!accepted.!! o Suspended! allegiance! and! change! of! sovereignty! not! accepted.! •

% Article%115%]%Conspiracy%and%proposal%to%commit%treason% The% conspiracy% or% proposal% to% commit% the% crime% of% treason% shall% be% punished%respectively,%by%prision%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%P10,000% pesos,%and%prision%correccional%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%P5,000%pesos.% ! POINTS% I.%Acts%punished:% 1. Conspiracy!to!commit!treason!!!when!in!time!of!war,!two!or!more! persons!come!to!an!agreement!to!levy!war!against!the!government! or!to!adhere!to!the!enemies!and!to!give!them!aid!or!comfort,!and! decide!to!commit!it.! 2. Proposal!to!commit!treason!!!when!in!time!of!war!a!person!who! has!decided!to!levy!war!against!the!government!or!to!adhere!to!the! enemies!and!to!give!them!aid!or!comfort,!proposes!its!execution!to! some!other!person!or!persons.! ! II.%Reason% • In!treason,!the!very!existence!of!the!state!is!endangered.! ! III.%Other%Notes:% • Conspiracy! and! proposal! to! commit! treason! are! separate! and! distinct!offenses.!Hence!the!twoIwitness!rule!does!not!apply.!



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! ! Article%116%]%Misprision%of%treason% Every% person% owing% allegiance% to% (the% United% States)% the% Government% of% the%Philippine%Islands,%without%being%a%foreigner,%and%having%knowledge%of% any% conspiracy% against% them,% conceals% or% does% not% disclose% and% make% known% the% same,% as% soon% as% possible% to% the% governor% or% fiscal% of% the% province,%or%the%mayor%or%fiscal%of%the%city%in%which%he%resides,%as%the%case% may%be,%shall%be%punished%as%an%accessory%to%the%crime%of%treason.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(OKC)% 1. That!the!offender!must!be!owing!allegiance!to!the!government,!and! not!a!foreigner;! 2. That! he! has! knowledge! of! any! conspiracy! (to! commit! treason)! against!the!government;! 3. That!he!conceals!or!does!not!disclose!and!make!known!the!same!as! soon! as! possible! to! the! governor! or! fiscal! of! the! province! or! the! mayor!or!fiscal!of!the!city!in!which!he!resides.! ! II.%Offender:% • Applies!to!Filipino!citizens,!resident!alien!is!not!included.! • The!offender!here!is!punished!only!as!an!accessory!to!treason,!but!is! viewed!as!a!principal!in!the!crime!of!misprision.!Hence,!the!benefits! of!Article%20!does!not!apply.! • Offender!is!not!liable!if!treason!is!actually!committed,!as!the!second! element!(of!knowledge)!would!be!missing.! • This! article! is! an! exception! to! the! rule! that! mere! silence! does! not! make!a!person!criminally!liable,!for!it!punishes!nonIdisclosure.!(U.S.! v.!Caballeros,!et!al.)! • What! if! other! high! ranking! official! such! as! PNP! chief?! It! is! still! applicable!as!long!as!the!official!is!under!DILG! ! Article%117%–%Espionage% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%shall%be%inflicted%upon%any%person%who:% 1. Without% authority% therefor,% enters% a% warship,% fort,% or% naval% or%

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military% establishment% or% reservation% to% obtain% any% information,% plans,%photographs,%or%other%data%of%a%confidential%nature%relative% to%the%defense%of%the%Philippine%Archipelago;%or% 2. Being%in%possession,%by%reason%of%the%public%office%he%holds,%of%the% articles,% data,% or% information% referred% to% in% the% preceding% paragraph,%discloses%their%contents%to%a%representative%of%a%foreign% nation.% % The% penalty% next% higher% in% degree% shall% be% imposed% if% the% offender% be% a% public%officer%or%employee.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:% 1. Paragraph!1!Elements:!(WAP)! a. That!the!offender!enters!a!warship,!fort,!or!naval!or!military! establishment!or!reservation;! b. That!he!has!no!authority!therefor;! c. That! his! purpose! is! to! obtain! information,! plans,! photographs!or!other!data!of!a!confidential!nature!relative! to!the!defense!of!the!Philippines.! Actus%Reus:%Entering! 2. Paragraph!2!Elements:!(PAD)! a. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer;! b. That! he! has! in! his! possession! the! articles,! data! or! information! referred! to! in! paragraph% 1,% Article% 117,! by! reason!of!the!public!office!he!holds;! c. That! he! discloses! their! contents! to! a! representative! of! a! foreign!nation.! Actus%Reus:!Disclosement! ! II.%General%Points% • It! is! not! necessary! that! Philippines! is! at! war! with! the! country! to! which!the!information!was!revealed.!What!is!important!is!that!the! information! related! is! connected! with! the! defense! system! of! the! Philippines.!



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! • It!is!sufficient!that!he!has!the!purpose!to!obtain!any!of!them.!! ! III.%Paragraph%1:% • It! is! necessary! that! the! offender! has! intent! to! obtain! information! relative!to!the!defense!of!the!Philippines.! • Offender! is! any! person.! If! the! offender! is! a! public! officer! or! employee,!the!penalty!next!higher!in!degree!shall!be!imposed.! ! IV.%Paragraph%2:% • The!offender!must!be!a!public!officer.% ! V.%Espionage%v.%Treason% Espionage% Treason% Not!conditioned!upon!citizenship!of!the!offender!! Offending!alien!need!not!reside!in! Offending!alien!must!reside!in!the! the!Philippines! Philippines! Committed!in!time!of!peace!and!war! Committed!in!time!of!war! Committed!in!many!ways! May!be!committed!in!two!ways:! adhering!or!levying!war! Only!public!officers!may!commit! Either!public!or!private!persons!can! commit! Note:% • In! crimes! against! the! law! of! nations,! the! offenders! can! be! prosecuted! anywhere! in! the! world! because! these! crimes! are! considered!as!against!humanity!in!general,!like!piracy!and!mutiny.! Crimes!against!national!security!can!be!tried!only!in!the!Philippines,! as!there!is!a!need!to!bring!the!offender!here!before!he!can!be!made! to!suffer!the!consequences!of!the!law.! • The!acts!against!national!security!may!be!committed!abroad!and!still! be!punishable!under!our!law,!but!it!cannot!be!tried!under!foreign! law.! % VI%Commonwealth%Act%No.%616:% Section%1%“Unlawfully%obtaining”% • Going! upon,! entering,! flying! over! or! otherwise! by! obtaining! (

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information!concerning!any!vessel,!aircraft,!work!of!defense,!for!the! purpose! of! obtaining! information! with! the! intent! to! use! it! to! the! injury!of!the!Philippines!or!to!advantage!any!foreign!nation.! Copying,!taking,!making!or!attempting!or!inducing!or!aiding!another! to!copy,!take,!make!or!obtain!any!sketch,!photograph,!photographic! negative,! blue! print,! plan,! map,! instrument,! appliance,! document,! writing!for!the!purpose!in!paragraph!1.! Receiving! or! obtaining! or! agreeing! or! attempting! or! inducing! or! aiding!another!to!receive!or!obtain!those!mentioned!in!paragraph!2.! Communicating! or! transmitting! or! attempting! to! communicate! or! transmit!to!any!person!not!entitled!to!receive!it,!by!willfully!retaining! and!failing!to!deliver!it!on!demand.! Permitting!through!gross!negligence!to!be!removed!from!its!proper! place!or!custody!or!deliver!to!anyone!in!violation!of!his!trust,!or!to!be! lost,!stolen,!abstracted!or!destroyed.! % Section%2%“Unlawful%Disclosure”% By! communicating,! delivering! or! transmitting! or! attempting! or! aiding!or!inducing!another!to!do!it.! In!time!of!war,!by!collecting,!recording,!publishing!or!communicating! or! attempting! to! elicit! any! information! with! respect! to! the! movement,!number,!description,!condition,!or!disposition!of!any!of! the!armed!forces.! % Section%3%“Disloyal%act%or%words%during%peace%time”! Advising,! counseling,! urging! or! in! any! other! manner! by! causing! insubordination,!disloyalty,!mutiny!or!refusal!of!duty.! Disturbing!any!written!or!printed!matter!which!urges!the!acts!cited! in!paragraph!1.! % Section%4%“Disloyal%acts%or%words%during%war”% Willfully!making!or!conveying!false!reports!or!false!statements!with! the!intent!to!interfere!with!the!AFP! Willfully!causing!or!attempting!to!cause!insubordination,!disloyalty,! mutiny!or!refusal!of!duty!

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Willfully!obstructing!the!recruiting!or!enlistment!service!! % Section%5%“Conspiracy”% Two!or!more!persons!conspire!to!violate!the!preceding!provisions! One!or!more!of!such!person!do!any!act!to!effect!the!object!of!the! conspiracy! % Section%6%“Harboring%or%concealing”% Offender!knows!that!a!person!has!committed!or!is!about!to!commit! an!offense!under!this!act! Harbors!and!conceals!such!person!

Section%2%–%Provoking%War%and%Disloyalty%in%case%of%war% % Article%118%–%Inciting%to%war%or%giving%motives%for%reprisals% The%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%public%officer% or%employee,%and%that%of%prision%mayor%upon%any%private%individual,%who,% by% unlawful% or% unauthorized% acts% provokes% or% gives% occasion% for% a% war% involving% or% liable% to% involve% the% Philippine% Islands% or% exposes% Filipino% citizens%to%reprisals%on%their%persons%or%property.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PG)% 1. That!the!offender!performs!unlawful!or!unauthorized!acts.! 2. That!such!acts!provoke!or!give!occasion!for!a!war!involving!or!liable! to!involve!the!Philippines!or!expose!Filipino!citizens!to!reprisals!on! their!persons!or!property.! ! II.%General%Points% • Intent! is! immaterial,! because! the! law! considers! and! punishes! the! acts!for!the!effects!produced!by!it!–!even!if!done!by!imprudence.! • Crime!is!committed!in!time!of!peace.! • Reprisals! is! not! limited! to! military! action,! it! could! be! economic! reprisals,!or!denial!of!entry!into!their!country.! • Penalty!is!higher!when!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee!

! III.%Examples% • Raising! troops! within! the! Philippines! without! proper! authorization! for!the!service!of!another!nation!against!another!nation! • Public! destruction! of! the! flag! or! seal! of! a! foreign! state! or! public! manifestations! of! hostility! to! the! head! or! ambassador! of! another! state.! ! Article%119%]%Violation%of%neutrality% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%shall%be%inflicted%upon%anyone%who,%on% the%occasion%of%a%war%in%which%the%Government%is%not%involved,%violates%any% regulation% issued% by% competent% authority% for% the% purpose% of% enforcing% neutrality%The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%shall%be%inflicted%upon%anyone% who,%on%the%occasion%of%a%war%in%which%the%Government%is%not%involved,% violates%any%regulation%issued%by%competent%authority%for%the%purpose%of% enforcing%neutrality.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(WRV)% 1. That!there!is!war!in!which!the!Philippines!is!not!involved! 2. That! there! is! a! regulation! issued! by! competent! authority! for! the! purpose!of!enforcing!neutrality! 3. That!the!offender!violates!such!regulation! ! II.%FRIST%REQUISITE:%War%the%Philippines%is%not%involved% • Neutrality!!!a!nation!or!power!which!takes!no!part!in!a!contest!of! arms!going!on!between!others.! o Government!declared!the!neutrality!of!the!Philippines!in!a! war!between!2!other!countries! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Regulation%issued%by%competent%authority% • Congress!has!the!right!to!declare!neutrality! ! Article%120%]%Correspondence%with%hostile%country% Any%person%who%in%time%of%war,%shall%have%correspondence%with%an%enemy%



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! country%or%territory%occupied%by%enemy%troops%shall%be%punished:% 1. By%prision%correccional,%if%the%correspondence%has%been%prohibited% by%the%Government;% 2. By%prision%mayor,%if%such%correspondence%be%carried%on%in%ciphers% or%conventional%signs;%and% 3. By% reclusion% temporal,% if% notice% or% information% be% given% thereby% which%might%be%useful%to%the%enemy.%If%the%offender%intended%to% aid%the%enemy%by%giving%such%notice%or%information,%he%shall%suffer% the%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal%to%death.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(WC]Epcu)% 1. That!it!is!in!time!of!war!in!which!the!Philippines!is!involved.! 2. That!the!offender!makes!correspondence!with!an!enemy!country!or! territory!occupied!by!enemy!troops.! 3. That!the!correspondence!is!either!–! a. Prohibited!by!the!government,!or! b. Carried!on!in!ciphers!or!conventional!signs,!or! c. Containing!notice!or!information!which!might!be!useful!to! the!enemy! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Correspondence%with%the%enemy% • Correspondence!!!communication!by!means!of!letters;!or!it!may! refer!to!the!letters!which!pass!between!those!who!have!friendly!or! business!relations.! % III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Correspondence%is%either…% A.%Prohibited%by%the%government% • Even! if! the! correspondence! contains! innocent! matters,! if! the! correspondence! has! been! prohibited! by! the! government,! it! is! punishable,!because!of!the!possibility!that!some!information!useful! to!the!enemy!might!be!revealed!unwittingly.! • In!(b)!and!(c),!prohibition!by!the!government!is!not!essential.! ! NOTE:% If! the! offender! intended! to! aid! the! enemy! by! giving! such! notice! or!

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information,!the!crime!amounts!to!treason;!hence,!the!penalty!is!the!same!as! that!for!treason.! % II.%Qualifying%Circumstances:% 1. Notice!or!information!might!be!useful!to!the!enemy!! 2. Offender!intended!to!aid!the!enemy! Correspondence:! • Communication!by!means!of!letter.! • If!ciphers!were!used,!no!need!for!prohibition! ! Article%121%]%Flight%to%enemy%country% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%shall%be%inflicted%upon%any%person%who,%owing% allegiance%to%the%Government,%attempts%to%flee%or%go%to%an%enemy%country% when%prohibited%by%competent%authority.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(WA2P)% 1. That!there!is!a!war!in!which!the!Philippines!is!involved! 2. That! the! offender! (Filipino! or! resident! alien)! must! be! owing! allegiance!to!the!government! 3. That!the!offender!attempts!to!flee!or!go!to!enemy!country! 4. That!going!to!enemy!country!is!prohibited!by!competent!authority! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Offender%owes%allegiance%to%the%government% • Allegiance!contemplated!here!is!either!natural!or!temporary!so!even! alien!residents!can!be!guilty.% ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Offender%goes%to%enemy%country% • Mere! attempt! to! flee! or! go! to! enemy! country! consummates! the! crime.! ! IV.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Prohibited%by%competent%authority% • Article%121!must!be!implemented!by!the!government.!If!fleeing!or! going! to! an! enemy! country! is! not! prohibited! by! competent! authority,!the!crime!defined!in!Article%121!can!not!be!committed.!



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! ! Section%3%–%Piracy%and%Mutiny%on%the%high%seas% % Article%122%]%Piracy%in%general%and%mutiny%on%the%high%seas% The%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal%shall%be%inflicted%upon%any%person%who,% on%the%high%seas,%shall%attack%or%seize%a%vessel%or,%not%being%a%member%of%its% complement%nor%a%passenger,%shall%seize%the%whole%or%part%of%the%cargo%of% said% vessel,% its% equipment,% or% personal% belongings% of% its% complement% or% passengers.% % The%same%penalty%shall%be%inflicted%in%case%of%mutiny%on%the%high%seas.% % POINTS% I.%Ways%of%Committing%Piracy:% 1. By!attacking!or!seizing!a!vessel!on!the!high!seas!or!in!the!Philippine! waters!(P.D.%No.%532)! 2. By! seizing! the! whole! or! part! of! the! cargo! of! said! vehicles,! its! equipment!or!personal!belongings!of!its!complement!or!passengers! ! II.%Elements:%(VNO:as)% 1. That!a!vessel!is!on!the!high!seas/Philippine!waters! 2. That! the! offenders! are! not! members! of! its! complement! or! passengers!of!the!vessel! 3. That!the!offenders!–! a. Attack!or!seize!that!vessel!or!(hence,!if!committed!by!crew! or! passengers,! the! crime! is! not! piracy! but! robbery! in! the! high!seas)! b. Seize! the! whole! or! part! of! the! cargo! of! said! vessel,! its! equipment! or! personal! belongings! of! its! complement! or! passengers! ! III.%Definitions:% • High/seas!!!parts!of!the!sea!that!are!not!included!in!the!exclusive! economic!zone,!in!the!territorial!seas,!or!in!the!internal!waters!of!a! state,!or!in!the!archipelagic!waters!of!an!archipelagic!state.!

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Piracy!!!Robbery!or!forcible!depredation!on!the!high!seas,!without! lawful!authority!and!done!with!animo!furandi!and!in!the!spirit!and! intention!of!universal!hostility.!(People!v.!LolIlo)! Mutiny! !! Committed! by! the! other! members! of! the! complement! and!may!be!committed!by!the!passengers!of!the!vessel.!Unlawful! resistance! to! a! superior! officer,! or! the! raising! of! commotions! and! disturbances! on! board! a! ship! against! the! authority! of! its! commander.!

! IV.%Piracy%v.%Robbery%on%High%Seas%v.%Mutiny% Piracy% Robbery%on%High% Seas% Robbery!or!forcible!degradation!on!the!high! seas,!without!lawful!authority!and!done!with! animo!lucrandi!and!in!the!spirit!and!intention!of! universal!hostility.!

Intent!to!gain!is!an!element.! Attack!from!outside.! Offenders!are!strangers! to!the!vessel.!

Mutiny%

Unlawful!resistance!to!a! superior!officer,!or!the! raising!of!commotion!and! disturbances!on!board!a! ship!against!the!authority! of!its!commander! No!criminal!intent! Attack!from!the!inside.!

! Article%123%–%Qualified%piracy% The%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal%to%death%shall%be%imposed%upon%those% who%commit%any%of%the%crimes%referred%to%in%the%preceding%article,%under% any%of%the%following%circumstances:% 1. Whenever%they%have%seized%a%vessel%by%boarding%or%firing%upon%the% same;% 2. Whenever% the% pirates% have% abandoned% their% victims% without% means%of%saving%themselves;%or% 3. Whenever% the% crime% is% accompanied% by% murder,% homicide,% physical%injuries%or%rape.%(As#amended#by#R.A.#No.#7659)% % POINTS%



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! I.%Qualifying%circumstances%(includes%mutiny):% 1. Whenever!they!have!seized!a!vessel!by!boarding!or!firing!upon!the! same! o Boarded! o Fired!guns! 2. Whenever!the!pirates!have!abandoned!their!victims!without!means! of!saving!themselves! o Setting!the!boat!on!fire! 3. Whenever!the!crime!is!accompanied!by!murder,!homicide,!physical! injuries,!or!rape!(the!above!may!result!to!qualified!mutiny)! o Judge!Pimentel!said!that!parricide!should!also!be!included! (In! short,! take! into! consideration! other! killings! which! is! necessarily! transformed! into! other! crimes! because! of! qualifying!factors)! ! II.%Article%123,%RPC%v.%P.D.%No.%532% Article%123,%RPC% P.D.%No.%532% Piracy!is!committed!by!any!person! Piracy!is!committed!by!ANY!person! NOT!a!member!of!the!ship’s! including!members!of!the!ship’s! complement!or!its!passenger! complement!or!its!passengers! Committed!either!in!high!seas!or!in! Committed!in!Philippine!waters! Philippines!waters! ! III.%General%Points% A.% Qualified% piracy% is% a% special% complex% crime% punishable% by% reclusion% perpetua%to%death,%regardless%of%the%number%of%victims% % B.%Definitions% • Philippine/Waters!!!refers!to!all!bodies!of!water!belonging!to!the! Philippines.! • Vessel!!!Any!vessel!or!watercraft!used!for!transport.!It!includes!all! kinds!and!types!of!vessels!or!boats!used!in!fishing.! / C.% Any% person% who% aids% or% protects% pirates% or% abets% the% commission% of% piracy%shall%be%considered%as%an%accomplice%

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Presumption:!The!person!did!these!knowingly.! Burden!of!proof:!The!accused!must!prove!contrary.!

% Republic%Act%No.%6235%(The%Anti%Hi]Jacking%Law):% • Anti! hiIjacking! is! another! kind! of! piracy! which! is! committed! in! an! aircraft.!In!other!countries,!this!crime!is!known!as!aircraft!piracy.! • Four!situations!governed!by!anti!hiIjacking!law:! 1. Usurping!or!seizing!control!of!an!aircraft!of!Philippine!registry!while!it! is! in! flight,! compelling! the! pilots! thereof! to! change! the! course! or! destination!of!the!aircraft;! 2. Usurping! or! seizing! control! of! an! aircraft! of! foreign! registry! while! within! Philippine! territory,! compelling! the! pilots! thereof! to! land! in! any!part!of!Philippine!territory;! 3. Carrying!or!loading!on!board!an!aircraft!operating!as!a!public!utility! passenger! aircraft! in! the! Philippines,! any! flammable,! corrosive,! explosive,!or!poisonous!substance;!and! 4. Loading,! shipping,! or! transporting! on! board! a! cargo! aircraft! operating! as! a! public! utility! in! the! Philippines,! any! flammable,! corrosive,!explosive,!or!poisonous!substance!if!this!was!done!not!in! accordance!with!the!rules!and!regulations!set!and!promulgated!by! the!Air!Transportation!Office!on!this!matter.!



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TITLE%II:%CRIMES%AGAINST%THE%FUNDAMENTAL% LAWS%OF%THE%STATE! !

Chapter% 1:% Arbitrary% Detention% or% Expulsion,% Violation% of% Dwelling,% Prohibition,% Interruption,% and% Dissolution% of% Peaceful%meetings%and%crimes%against%Religious%Worship! % Note:% They! are! called! crimes! against! the! fundamental! laws! of! the! State! because! they! violate! certain! provisions! of! the! Bill% of% Rights% (Article%III)%of%the%1987%Constitution.% % Section%1%–%Arbitrary%Detention%and%Expulsion% ! Article%124%W%Arbitrary%Detention% Any%public%officer%or%employee%who,%without%legal%grounds,%detains% a%person,%shall%suffer:% 1. The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period,%if%the%detention% has%not%exceeded%three%days;% 2. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods,%if%the%detention%has%continued%for%more% than%three%but%not%more%than%fifteen%days;% 3. The% penalty% of% prision% mayor,% if% the% detention% has% continued%for%more%than%fifteen%days%but%not%more%than%six% months;%and% 4. That% of% reclusion% temporal,% if% the% detention% shall% have% exceeded%six%months.% % The%commission%of%a%crime,%or%violent%insanity%or%any%other%ailment% requiring% the% compulsory% confinemen% of% the% patient% in% a% hospital,% shall%be%considered%legal%grounds%for%the%detention%of%any%person% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PDW)%

1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee!! 2. That!he!detains!a!person! 3. That!the!detention!is!without!legal!grounds! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%public%officer% • The! public! officers! liable! for! arbitrary! detention! must! be! vested! with! authority! to! detain! or! order! the! detention! of! persons! accused! of! a! crime,! although! the! legal! grounds! for! such!detention!is!lacking! • If! the! offender! is! a! private! individual,! he! is! guilty! of! Illegal! detention! under! Article% 267,! unless! he! conspired! with! the! public!officer!thus!making!him!liable!under!Article%124.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Detains%a%person% • Detention!is!defined!as!the!actual!confinement!of!a!person!in! an! enclosure,! or! in! any! manner! depriving! him! of! his! liberty! (People!v!Gungon)! • Even!if!the!persons!detained!could!move!freely!in!and!out!of! their! prison! cell! and! could! take! their! meals! outside! the! prison,! nevertheless! if! they! were! under! the! surveillance! of! the! guards! and! they! could! not! escape! for! fear! of! being! apprehended!again,!there!would!still!be!arbitrary!detention.! o This!includes!restraint!resulting!from!fear!(Astorga!v.! People).! ! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Without%legal%grounds% A.%Legal%grounds%for%detention:% 1. The!commission!of!a!crime! 2. Violent! insanity! or! any! other! ailment! requiring! compulsory! confinement!of!the!patient!in!a!hospital! ! B.%Arrest%without%warrant%is%the%usual%cause%of%arbitrary%detention% • An! arrest! without! warrant! is! lawful! when! the! suspect! is! caught!in!(1)!flagrante!delicto!or!(2)!immediately!thereafter,!



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! or!when!the!suspect!is!an!(3)!escaping!prisoner.1! ! 1. Flagrante%Delicto% • It! must! be! stressed! that! "presence"! does! not! only! required! that!the!arresting!person!sees!the!offense,!but!also!when!he! "hears!the!disturbance!created!thereby!and!proceeds!at!one! to!the!scene"!(U.S.!v!Samonte)! ! 2. Immediately%thereafter% • An! officer! arresting! a! person! who! has! just! committed! an! offense! must! have! probable! cause! to! believe! based! on! personal! knowledge! of! facts! and! circumstances! that! the! person!to!be!arrested!has!committed!it.! • A!crime!must!in!fact!or!actually!have!been!committed!first! ! 3. Escaping%Prisoner% • The! right! of! arrest! without! warrant! of! arrest! of! an! escaped! prisoner! is! founded! on! the! principle! that! at! the! time! of! the! arrest,!the!escapee!is!in!the!continuous!act!of!committing!a! crime! which! is! evading! the! serving! of! his! sentence! (Paraluman!v!Director!of!Prisons)! ! C.%Probable%Cause% • Probable(cause!!!such!facts!and!circumstances!which!could! lead! a! reasonable! discreet! and! prudent! man! to! believe! that! an!offense!has!been!committed!and!that!the!object!sought!in! connection! with! the! offense! are! in! the! place! sought! to! be! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1

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!Section%5,%Rule%113,%Rules%on%Criminal%Procedure( 1. When!his!presence,!person!to!be!arrested!has!committed,!is!actually!committing,!or! attempting!to!commit!an!offense;! 2. When! an! offense! has! been! committed,! and! he! has! personal! knowledge! of! facts! indicating!that!person!to!be!arrested!has!committed!it;! 3. When! the! person! to! be! arrested! is! a! prisoner! who! has! escaped! from! penal! establishment! or! place! where! he! is! serving! final! judgment! or! temporarily! confined! while! his! case! is! pending,! or! has! escaped! while! being! transferred! from! one! confinement!to!another.!

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searched.! Under!Section%5,%Rule%113%of%the%Revised%Rules%of%Criminal% Procedure,! the! actual! commission! of! a! crime! by! the! person! detained!is!not!necessary!to!justify!his!detention.!It!depends! upon! the! nature! of! his! deed,! when! its! characterization! as! a! crime!may!reasonably!be!in!erred!by!the!officer!to!whom!the! law! at! the! moment! leaves! the! decision! for! the! urgent! purpose! of! suspending! the! liberty! of! that! person! (U.S.! v! Sanchez)! No! reasonable! ground! if! officer! only! wants! to! know! the! commission!of!crime! o US!v.!Hachaw!!!it!wasn’t!said!how!the!accused!was! acting!suspiciously!or!what!was!the!particular!act!or! circumstance! which! aroused! his! suspicion! that! was! the!basis!for!the!arrest!of!the!accused.! That! a! police! officer! can! make! an! arrest! on! mere! complaint! of!the!offended!party!is!a!debatable!question.!

! D.%Arbitrary%Detention%through%Imprudence% • The! crime! if! arbitrary! detention! can! be! committed! through! imprudence!provided!for!and!punished!under!Article%365.! • People! v.! Misa! !! the! police! rearrested! a! woman! who! had! been! released! by! means! of! a! verbal! order! of! the! justice! of! peace.! The! accused! acted! without! malice,! but! he! should! have!verified!the!order!of!release!before!the!rearrest.! % V.%Periods%of%detentions%penalized:% 1. If!detention!has!not!exceeded!3!days! 2. If! the! detention! has! continued! more! than! 3! days! but! not! more!than!15!days! 3. If! the! detention! has! continued! more! than! 15! days! but! not! more!than!6!months! 4. If!the!detention!has!exceeded!6!months! Note:!The!law!does!not!fix!any!minimum!period!of!detention.! !



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! Article%125%–%Delay%in%the%delivery%if%detained%persons%to%the%proper% judicial%authorities% The% penalties% provided% in% the% next% preceding% article% shall% be% imposed%upon%the%public%officer%or%employee%who%shall%detain%any% person% for% some% legal% ground% and% shall% fail% to% deliver% such% person% to% the% proper% judicial% authorities% within% the% period% of:% twelve% (12)% hours,%for%crimes%or%offenses%punishable%by%light%penalties,%or%their% equivalent;% eighteen% (18)% hours,% for% crimes% or% offenses% punishable% by% correctional% penalties,% or% their% equivalent;% and% thirtyWsix% (36)% hours,% for% crimes% or% offenses% punishable% by% afflictive% or% capital% penalties,%or%their%equivalent.% % In%every%case,%the%person%detained%shall%be%informed%of%the%cause%of% his% detention% and% shall% be% allowed,% upon% his% request,% to% communicate%and%confer%at%any%time%with%his%attorney%or%counsel.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1:%DELAY%IN%DELIVERY%TO%JUDICIAL%AUTHORITY% % I.%Elements:%(PWDWFW12LW18cW36a)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That!he!detained!a!person!for!some!legal!ground! 3. That! he! fails! to! deliver! such! person! to! the! proper! judicial! authorities!within:! a. Twelve! (12)! hours,! for! crimes! punishable! by! light! penalties!or!their!equivalent;! b. Eighteen! (18)! hours,! for! correctional! penalties! or! their!equivalent;! c. ThirtyYsix!(36)!hours,!for!afflictive!or!their!equivalent! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%public%officer% • If!the!offender!is!a!private!person,!crime!is!illegal!detention.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Detained%for%some%legal%ground% • The! arrest! must! have! been! made! for! some! legal! ground!

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(under! any! of! the! circumstances! where! arrest! without! warrant!is!authorized!by!law).!! o If! the! arrest! was! made! with! a! warrant,! the! person! can!be!detained!indefinitely!until!his!case!is!decided! by!the!court!or!he!posts!bail!for!temporary!release.! Article% 125% therefore! applies! only! when! the! arrest! is! made! without!warrant!of!arrest.!But!the!arrest!must!be!lawful.! o If!the!arrest!was!unlawful,!Article%124%applies.!

! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Fails%to%deliver%to%proper%judicial%authorities% • The! person! arrested! without! a! warrant! shall! be! forthwith! delivered! to! the! nearest! police! station! or! jail.! The! delivery! does! not! consist! in! a! physical! delivery,! but! in! making! an! accusation! or! charge! or! filing! of! an! information! against! the! person! arrested! with! the! corresponding! court! or! judge,! whereby!the!latter!acquires!jurisdiction!to!issue!an!order!of! release! of! commitment! of! the! prisoner,! because! the! arresting!officer!can!not!transfer!to!the!judge!and!the!latter! does!not!assume!the!physical!custody!of!the!person!arrested! (Sayo!v.!Chief!of!Police!of!Manila)! • Duty!of!detaining!officer!us!deemed!complied!with!upon!the! filing!of!the!complaint!with!the!judicial!authority.! • The! "proper! judicial! authority"! means! the! Supreme! Court! and!such!inferior!courts!as!may!be!established!by!law.! • Detained! person! should! be! released! when! a! judge! is! not! available! if! the! maximum! hours! for! detention! provided! under! Article% 125! has! already! expired.! Failure! to! cause! the! release! may! result! in! an! offense! under! Article% 125! (Albior! v! Auguis)! ! IV.%For%the%purpose%if%determining%the%criminal%liability%of%an%officer% detaining%a%person%for%more%than%the%time%prescribed,% 1. The!means!if!communication,!as!well!as! 2. The!hour!of!arrest,!and! 3. Other! circumstances! such! as! the! time! of! surrender! and! the!



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! material! possibility! for! the! fiscal! to! make! the! investigation! and!file!in!time!the!necessary!information! ! V.%Article%125%v.%Article%124% Delay%in%the%delivery% Arbitrary%Detention% (Article%125)% (Article%124)% Detention!is!legal!in!the! Detention!is!illegal!from!the! beginning!but!the!illegality!starts! beginning! from!expiration!of!any!of!the! periods!specified! % VI.%Other%Notes% • Violation! of! Article% 125! does! not! affect! legality! of! subsequent!confinement!under!a!warrant!issued!by!a!court.! Such! violation! is! not! considered! as! one! of! the! grounds! on! which!one!can!predicate!a!motion!to!quash!the!information.! o Remedy!where!warrant!improperly!issued:! If!the!accused!was!illegally!detained!because!he!was! arrested! without! a! preliminary! examination,! what! should!have!been!done!was!to!set!aside!the!warrant! of!arrest!and!order!the!discharge!of!the!accused,!but! without! enjoining! the! municipal! judge! from! conducting! a! preliminary! examination! and! afterwards!properly!issuing!a!warrant!of!arrest.! • A!subsequent!filing!of!the!information!in!court!does!not!cure! the! illegality! of! detention.! The! arresting! officer! will! still! be! liable!because!the!violation!had!already!been!committed.! • If! no! charge! is! filed! by! the! fiscal! in! court! within! the! period! fixed! in! Article% 125,! the! arresting! officer! must! release! the! detainee.! If! the! arresting! officer! does! not! release! such! person! he! will! be! guilty! under! Article% 125! while! the! fiscal! who!fails!to!file!the!information!will!not!be!liable,!unless!he! has!ordered!induced!the!officer!to!hold!and!not!release!the! prisoner!after!the!expiration!of!said!period.!(Sayo!v!Chief!of! Police!of!Manila)!

Reason:% • To! prevent! any! abuse! resulting! from! confining! a! person! without!informing!him!of!his!offense!and!without!permitting! him!to!go!on!bail.!(Laurel!v!Misa)!! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%2:%RIGTHS%OF%THE%ACCUSED% % I.%Rights%of%a%person%detained% 1. He!shall!be!informed!of!the!cause!of!his!detention! 2. He! shall! be! allowed,! upon! his! request,! to! communicate! and! confer!at!anytime!with!his!attorney!or!counsel! ! II.%Public%officer%or%employee%is%liable%for%preventing%the%exercise%of% the% right% of% attorneys% to% visit% and% confer% with% persons% arrested% (R.A.%No.%857)% % REPUBLIC%ACT%NO.%9372% % I.% Time% of% delivery% of% detained% persons% prescribed% in% Article% 125% does%not%apply%to%suspected%terrorists%who%are%detained%% • A! suspected! terrorist! detained! shall! be! delivered! to! the! proper! judicial! authority! within! a! period! of! 3! days! from! the! moment! the! said! charge! or! suspected! person! has! been! apprehended!or!arrested.! ! II.%A%judge%must%be%notified%before%a%suspected%terrorist%is%detained% • The! judge! must! ascertain! the! identities! of! the! arrested! and! the! arresting! officers,! as! well! as! the! reasons! behind! the! apprehension.! • The! judge! must! submit! a! written! report! within! 3! days! from! the! time! the! suspect! was! brought! to! his/her! office! or! residence.! ! III.% Period% of% Detention% in% the% event% of% an% actual% or% imminent% terrorist%attack%



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Suspects!may!not!be!detained!for!more!than!3!days!without! the! written! approval! of! a! municipal,! city,! provincial! or! regional!office!of!a!Human!Rights!Commission!or!judge!of!the! municipal,! regional! trial! court,! the! Sandiganbayan! or! a! Justice!of!the!Court!of!Appeals!nearest!the!place!of!arrest.%

! % Article%126%W%Delaying%Release% The% penalties% provided% in% Article% 124% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer% or% employee% who% delays% for% the% period% of% time% specified%therein%the%performance%of%any%judicial%or%executive%order% for%the%release%of%a%prisoner%or%detention%prisoner,%or%unduly%delays% the% service% of% the% notice% of% such% order% to% said% prisoner% or% the% proceedings%upon%any%petition%for%the%liberation%of%such%persons.% % POINTS! I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!delaying!the!performance!of!a!judicial!or!executive!order! for!the!release!of!a!prisoner! 2. By!unduly!delaying!the!service!of!the!notice!of!such!order!to! said!prisoner! 3. By!unduly!delaying!the!proceedings!upon!any!petition!for!the! liberation!of!such!person! % II.%Elements:%(PJG)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That!there!is!a!judicial!or!executive!order!for!the!release!of!a! prisoner!or!detention!prisoner,!or!that!there!is!a!proceeding! upon!a!petition!for!the!liberation!of!such!person! 3. That!the!offender!without!good!reason!delays:! a. The! service! of! the! notice! of! such! order! to! the! prisoner! b. The! performance! of! such! judicial! or! executive! order! for!the!release!of!the!prisoner! c. The! proceedings! upon! petition! for! the! release! of!

such!person.! ! III.%Offender%is%a%public%officer% • Wardens! and! jailers! are! the! public! officers! most! likely! to! violate!Article%126!as!they!are!the!ones!temporarily!charged! of!the!custody!of!prisoners!or!detained!persons.! ! Article%127%W%Expulsion% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public%officer%or%employee%who,%not%being%thereunto%authorized%by% law,% shall% expel% any% person% from% the% Philippine% Islands% or% shall% compel%such%person%to%change%his%residence.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!expelling!a!person!from!the!Philippines! 2. By!compelling!a!person!too!change!his!residence! % II.%Elements:%(PEN)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That!he!expels!any!person!from!the!Philippines,!or!compels!a! person!to!change!his!residence! 3. That!the!offender!is!not!authorized!to!do!so!by!law! ! III.%“Not%being%thereunto%authorized%by%law”% • Only! the! court! by! a! final! judgment! can! order! a! person! to! change! his! residence.! This! is! illustrated! in! ejectment! proceedings,!expropriation!proceedings!and!in!the!penalty!of! destierro.! • Villavicencio,!et!al.!v.!Lukban!!!The!mayor!cannot!force!the! prostitutes!residing!in!his!City!to!go!and!live!in!Davao.! ! Section%2%–%Violation%of%Domicile% ! Article%128%–%Violation%of%domicile%



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! The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% it% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer% or% employee% who,% not% being% authorized% by% judicial% order,% shall% enter% any% dwelling% against% the% will% of% the% owner% thereof,% search% papers% or% other% effects% found% therein% without% the% previous% consent% of% such% owner,% or,% having% surreptitiously% entered% said% dwelling,% and% being% required% to% leave% the%premises,%shall%refuse%to%do%so.% % If% the% offense% be% committed% in% the% nighttime,% or% if% any% papers% or% effects% not% constituting% evidence% of% a% crime% be% not% returned% immediately% after% the% search% made% by% the% offender,% the% penalty% shall%be%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By! entering! any! dwelling! against! the! will! of! the! owner! thereof! 2. By! searching! papers! or! other! effects! found! therein! without! the!previous!consent!of!such!owner! 3. By! refusing! to! leave! the! premises,! after! having! surreptitiously! entered! said! dwelling! and! after! having! been! required!to!leave!the!same.! % II.%Elements%common%to%the%3%acts%(PNWESR)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee!! 2. That!he!is!not!authorized!to:! a. Enter! any! dwelling! against! the! will! of! the! owner! thereof,! b. Search!papers!or!other!effects!found!therein!without! the!previous!consent!of!such!owner,! c. Refuse! to! leave! the! premises,! after! having! surreptitiously! entered! said! dwelling! and! after! having!been!required!to!leave!the!same! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%public%officer%

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Offender!must!be!a!public!officer.!If!it!is!a!private!person,!the! crime!committed!is!trespass!to!dwelling!

! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%He%is%not%authorized% • A! public! officer! or! employee! is! authorized! by! judicial! order! when! he! is! armed! with! a! search! warrant! duly! issued! by! the! court.! % A.%Entering%any%dwelling%against%the%will%of%the%owner! • Against! the! will! of! the! owner! presupposes! opposition! or! prohibition! by! said! owner,! whether! express! or! implied.! Against!the!will!is!not!the!same!as!without!the!consent!of!the! owner.! • If! refused! admittance! after! announcing! his! authority! and! purpose,! the! officer! has! the! right! to! break! into! building! or! enclosure! to! make! an! arrest! by! virtue! of! a! warrant! or! without! a! warrant! as! provided! in! Section% 5% (Sec.% 11,% Rule% 113,%Revised%Rules%of%Criminal%Procedure)% • But! the! mere! fact! that! on! is! suspected! of! having! unlawful! possession!of!opium,!is!no!excuse!for!entry!into!the!house!by! a!peace!officer!for!the!purpose!of!search!against!the!will!of! its!owner!and!without!search!warrant.!(U.S.!V!De!los!Reyes)! ! B.%Searching%papers%or%other%effects%found%therein%without%previous% consent%of%such%owner% • The! right! to! be! secure! from! unreasonable! search! may! like! every! right! be! waived! and! such! waiver! may! be! made! expressly! or! impliedly.! Silence! of! the! owner! of! the! dwelling! before!or!during!the!search!may!show!implied!waiver.! • Papers! or! other! effects! under! Article% 128! without! search! warrant! and! such! person! is! not! legally! arrested,! must! be! found! in! the! dwelling,! not! outside.! In! such! case,! the! crime! committed!by!the!public!officer!is!grave!coercion,!if!violence! or! intimidation! is! used,! or! unjust! vexation! if! there! is! no! violence!or!intimidation.!



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! ! C.%By%refusing%to%leave%the%premises% • Having! surreptitiously! entered! said! dwelling! is! an! instance! where!a!public!officer!or!employee!may!commit!violation!of! domicile!even!if!the!entrance!is!only!without!the!consent!of! its! owner.! What! constitutes! the! crime! is! the! refusal! of! the! offender!to!leave!the!premises!when!required!to!do!so,!not! the!entrance.! ! V.%Qualifying%circumstances:%% 1. Nighttime! 2. If!any!papers!or!effects!not!constituting!evidence!of!a!crime! are! not! returned! immediately! after! the! search! made! by! the! offender.! ! Article% 129% –% Search% warrants% maliciously% obtained,% and% abuse% in% the%service%of%those%legally%obtained% In% addition% to% the% liability% attaching% to% the% offender% for% the% commission% of% any% other% offense,% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 1,000% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% publci% officer% or% employee% who% shall% procure% a% search% warrant% without% just% cause,% or,% having% legally% procured% the% same,% shall% exceed% his% authority% or% use% unncessary% severity% in% executing% the% same.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punishable%with%elements:%(WWE)% 1. By!procuring!a!search!warrant!without!just!cause.! Elements%(PSN)% a. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! b. That!he!procures!a!search!warrant! c. There!is!no!just!cause! 2. By! exceeding! his! authority! or! by! using! unnecessary! severity! in!executing!a!search!arrant!legally!procured!

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Elements%(PSE)% a. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! b. That!he!has!legally!procured!a!search!warrant! c. That! he! exceeds! his! authority! or! uses! unnecessary! severity!in!executing!the!same.! ! II.%Search%Warrant% A.%Definition% • Search(warrant!!!an!order!in!writing!issued!in!the!name!of! the!People!of!the!Philippines,!signed!by!a!judge!and!directed! to! a! peace! officer! commanding! him! to! search! for! personal! property!described!therein!and!bring!it!before!the!court.! % B.%Personal%property%to%be%seized% 1. Subject!of!the!offense! 2. Stolen! or! embezzled! and! other! proceeds! or! fruits! of! the! offense! 3. Used!or!intended!to!be!used!as!the!means!of!committing!an! offense! ! C.%Requisites%for%issuing%search%warrant% 1. Probable!Cause! o Reasons! supported! by! facts! and! circumstances,! as! will! warrant! a! cautious! man! in! the! belief! that! his! action,! and! the! means! taken! in! prosecuting! it,! are! legally!just!and!proper.! o The! true! test! of! lack! of! just! cause! whether! the! affidavit!filed!in!support!of!the!application!for!search! warrant! has! been! drawn! in! such! a! manner! that! perjury!could!be!charged!thereon!and!affiant!be!held! liable!for!damages.! 2. For!a!specific!offense! 3. Determined!personally!by!the!judge! 4. Through! examination! under! oath! or! affirmation! of! the! complainant! and! the! witnesses! as! to! their! personal!



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! knowledge! 5. Particularly!describing!the!place!to!be!searched,!items!to!be! seized,!or!person!to!be!arrested.! o Seizing! other! property! having! no! remote! or! no! connection! to! the! items! specified! in! the! search! warrant! shall! constitute! exceeding! authority! in! executing!a!search!warrant.! ! D.%Exceptions%to%the%requirement%of%a%search%warrant% 1. Search!incidental!to!an!arrest! 2. Search!of!moving!vehicles! 3. Seizure!of!evidence!in!plain!view! 4. Customs!searches! 5. Where!there!is!a!waiver!of!the!right! Rare!exceptions!are!the!rules!on:! 6. Exigent!circumstances! 7. Stop!and!frisk! % E.%Other%Notes% • Searches! shall! be! made! in! the! presence! of! the! lawful! occupant! thereof! or! any! member! of! his! family! or! in! the! absence! of! the! latter,! in! the! presence! of! two! witnesses! of! sufficient!age!and!discretion!residing!in!the!same!locality.! • A! detailed! receipt! for! the! property! seized! must! be! given! to! such!persons.! • A! search! warrant! shall! be! valid! for! ten! (10)! days! from! its! date.! • Perjury!shall!be!treated!as!a!separate!offense!in!view!of!the! phrase! “in! addition! to! the!liability! attaching! to! the! offender! for!the!commission!of!any!other!offense.!They!cannot!form!a! complex!crime.! ! III.%Exceeding%authority%or%using%unnecessary%severity%in%executing% A.%Exceeding%authority%in%executing%search%warrant% • Uy! Kheytin,! et! al.! v.! Villareal,! et! al.! !! seizure! of! books,!

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personal!letters,!and!other!property!when!the!warrant!is!for! opium,! even! if! the! officer! believed! that! they! had! some! relation!with!opium.! Magoncia!v.!Palacio!!!But!possession!of!contraband!articles,! like!firearm!without!license,!is!a!flagrante!violation!of!the!law! and!the!contraband!can!be!seized!without!a!writ.!

! B.%Using%unnecessary%severity%in%executing%search%warrant% • If! in! searching! a! house,! the! public! officer! destroys! furniture! therein! without! any! justification! at! all,! he! is! guilty! under! Article%129,!as!having!used!unnecessary!severity!in!executing! the!search!warrant.! ! Article%130%W%Searching%domicile%without%witnesses% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods% shall% be% imposed% upon% a% public% officer% or% employee% who,% in% cases% where% a% search% is% proper,% shall% search% the% domicile,% papers,% or% other% belongings% of% any% person,% in% the% absence% of% the% latter,% any% member% of% his% family,% or% in% their% default,% without% the% presence% of% two%witnesses%residing%in%the%same%locality.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PSSN)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That!he!is!armed!with!search!warrant!legally!procured! 3. That!he!searches!the!domicile,!papers!or!other!belongings!of! any!person.! 4. That! the! owner,! or! any! member! of! his! family,! or! two! witnesses!residing!in!the!same!locality!are!not!present! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Search%warrant%legally%procured% • “In!cases!where!a!search!is!proper”! Violation%of%Domicile% Searching%domicile%without%witnesses% (Article%128)% (Article%130)% Public!officer!has!no! The!public!officer!has!a!search!warrant!



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! authority!to!make!a!search! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISTE:%Searches% • Search!means!to!go!over!or!look!through!for!the!purpose!of! finding!something;!to!examine.!! • As! the! crime! defined! in! Article% 130,! the! papers! or! other! belongings! must! be! in! the! dwelling! of! their! owner! at! the! time! the! search! is! made.! Article% 130! does! not! apply! to! searches!of!vehicles!or!other!means!of!transportation.! • Searches! without! warrant! under! the! Tariff% and% Customs% Code%does!not!include!a!dwelling!house! ! Section%3%–%Prohibition,%interruption%and%dissolution%of%peaceful% meetings% ! Article% 131% W% Prohibition,% interruption,% and% dissolution% of% peaceful% meetings% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer% or% employee% who,% without% legal% ground,% shall% prohibit% or% interrupt% the% holding% of% a% peaceful% meeting,%or%shall%dissolve%the%same.% % The% same% penalty% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer% or% employee% who% shall% hinder% any% person% from% joining% any% lawful% association%or%from%attending%any%of%its%meetings.% % The% same% penalty% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer% or% employee%who%shall%prohibit%or%hinder%any%person%from%addressing,% either%alone%or%together%with%others,%any%petition%to%the%authorities% for%the%correction%of%abuses%or%redress%of%grievances.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PPHP)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That!he!performs!any!of!the!following!acts:!

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a. Prohibiting!or!interrupting,!without!legal!ground,!the! holding! of! a! peaceful! meeting,! or! by! dissolving! the! same.! b. Hindering! any! person! from! joining! any! lawful! association!or!from!attending!any!of!its!meeting! c. Prohibiting!or!hindering!any!person!from!addressing,! either!alone!or!together!with!others,!any!petition!to! the! authorities! for! the! correction! of! abuses! or! redress!of!grievances.! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%public%official% • A!private!individual!cannot!commit!this!crime.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Performs%any%of%the%following%acts% • Right! to! peaceful! meetings! is! not! absolute! as! it! may! be! regulated! to! promote! good! order! or! safety! and! general! welfare!of!the!people.! • When! the! meeting! to! be! held! is! not! peaceful,! there! is! legal! ground!for!prohibiting!it.! • Denial! of! a! petition! is! not! a! violation! of! this! article! because! as! mentioned,! the! right! to! peaceably! assemble! may! be! regulated! so! that! it! shall! not! be! injurious! to! the! equal! enjoyment!of!others!having!equal!rights!nor!injurious!to!the! rights!of!the!community!or!society.! • There!is!no!legal!ground!to!prohibit!the!holding!of!a!meeting! when!the!danger!apprehended!is!not!imminent!and!the!evil! to!be!prevented!is!not!a!serious!one.! • The! offender! must! be! a! stranger,! not! a! participant! in! the! peaceful!meeting.! • The! person! talking! on! prohibited! subject! at! public! meeting! contrary! to! agreement! that! no! speaker! should! touch! on! politics!maybe!stopped.! • BUT!stopping!a!speaker!who!was!attacking!certain!churches! in!public!meeting!is!a!violation!of!Article%131.! !



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! Section%4%–%Crimes%Against%Religious%Worship% ! Article%132%–%Interruption%of%religious%worship.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed%upon%any%public%officer%or%employee%who%shall%prevent%or% disturb%the%ceremonies%or%manifestations%of%any%religion.% % If%the%crime%shall%have%been%committed%with%violence,%the%penalty% shall%be%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PRP)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That! religious! ceremonies! or! manifestations! of! any! religion! are!about!to!take!place!or!are!going!on.! 3. That!the!offender!prevents!or!disturbs!the!same! ! II.%Qualifying%circumstance:%% 1. Presence!of!Violence!or! 2. Threats! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Religious%ceremony%ongoing% • The!religious!worship!should!be!a!ceremony!or!manifestation! of!a!religion,!not!merely!a!meeting!of!a!religious!sect.! • Persons! who! meet! for! the! purpose! of! religious! worship,! by! any!method!which!is!not!indecent!and!unlawful,!have!a!right! to!do!so!without!being!molested!or!disturbed.! ! Article%133%–%Offending%the%religious%feelings% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maxium% period% to% prision% correccional%in%its%minimum%period%shall%be%imposed%upon%anyone% who,% in% a% place% devoted% to% religious% worship% or% during% the% celebration% of% any% religious% ceremony,% shall% perform% acts% notoriously%offensive%to%the%feelings%of%the%faithful.% %

POINTS% I.%Elements:%(2DO)% 1. That!the!acts!complained!of!were!performed!–! a. In!a!place!devoted!to!religious!worship,!or!! b. During!the!celebration!of!any!religious!ceremony! 2. That!the!acts!must!be!notoriously!offensive!to!the!feelings!of! the!faithful.! ! II.% FIRST% REQUISITE:% Place% devoted% to% or% during% celebration% of% religious%worship% • The!place!must!be!devoted!to!religious!worship!although!it!is! not!necessary!that!there!is!a!religious!ceremony!going!on.! • Religious( ceremonies! !! are! those! religious! acts! performed! outside!of!a!church,!such!as!processions!and!special!prayers! for!burying!the!dead.! ( III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Acts%notoriously%offensive%to%feelings% • Acts!notoriously!offensive!to!the!feelings!of!the!faithful!must! be! directed! against! religious! practice! or! dogma! or! ritual! for! the!purpose!of!ridicule.! • There! must! be! deliberate! intent! to! hurt! the! feelings! of! the! faithful.! • A! cemetery! is! not! a! place! devoted! to! religious! worship,! although!a!religious!ceremony!may!be!conducted!in!such.! • Offense! to! feelings! is! judged! from! complainant's! point! of! view,!not!from!that!of!the!offender.! ! IV.%Article%133%v.%Article%287% Offending%religious%feelings% Unjust%Vexation% (Article%133)% (Article%287)% Place!is!material! Place!is!immaterial! (The!offense!be!committed!in!a! place!devoted!to!religious! worship!or!during!the! celebration!of!any!religious!



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! ceremony)! Notoriously!offensive!to!the! A!kind!of!coercion!short!of!being! feelings!of!the!faithful! notoriously!offensive! • People!v.!Reyes!!!The!construction!of!a!fence!in!front!of!the! chapel,!even!though!irritating!and!vexatious!to!those!present! in! the! “pabasa”! is! not! “notoriously! offensive! to! the! feelings! of!the!faithful”! • People!v.!Nanoy!!!The!act!of!the!accused!in!attempting!to! grab! the! song! leader! who! ran! away! from! him,! and! thus! the! rest!of!the!congregation!also!ran!out!of!the!church!resulting! in!the!discontinuance!of!the!service!is!only!unjust!vexation.! • People! v.! Baes! !! the! act! of! causing! the! funeral! member! of! “Church!of!Christ”,!being!held!in!accordance!with!the!rites!of! that!sect,!to!pass!through!the!churchyard!fronting!the!parish! church! over! opposition! of! the! Catholic! priest! is! offending! religious!feelings.!



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TITLE%III:%CRIMES%AGAINST%PUBLIC%ORDER! !

Chapter%1:%Rebellion,%Coup%d’etat,%Sedition%and%Disloyalty! % Article%134%H%Rebellion%or%insurrection% The% crime% of% rebellion% or% insurrection% is% committed% by% rising% publicly% and% taking% arms% against% the% Government% for% the% purpose% of%removing%from%the%allegiance%to%said%Government%or%its%laws,%the% territory%of%the%Philippine%Islands%or%any%part%thereof,%of%any%body% of%land,%naval%or%other%armed%forces,%depriving%the%Chief%Executive% or% the% Legislature,% wholly% or% partially,% of% any% of% their% powers% or% prerogatives.%(As$amended$by$R.A.$No.$6968,$approved$October$24.$ 1990)$ % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PTHRtfD)% 1. That!there!be!(a)!public!uprising!and!(b)!taking!arms!against! the!Government!! 2. That!the!purpose!of!the!uprising!or!movement!is!either! a. To! remove! from! the! allegiance! to! said! government! or!its!laws!! i. The! territory! of! the! Philippines! or! any! part! thereof;!or!! ii. Any! body! of! land,! naval! or! other! armed! forces;!or! b. To!deprive!the!Chief!Executive!or!Congress,!wholly!or! partially!of!any!of!their!powers!or!prerogatives! ! II.%General%Points% A.%Rebellion%v.%Insurrection% 1. Rebellion! !! Object! of! the! movement! is! completely! to! overthrow!and!supersede!the!government.! o By! its! nature! a! crime! of! masses,! of! multitude.! (Peoplve!v.!Almazan)! o Not! merely! a! challenge! to! authorities,! but! also! civil! (

war! on! a! bigger! or! lesser! scale.! (People! v.! Hernandez)! o The! purpose! of! the! uprising! must! be! shown! to! constitute!rebellion.!(U.S.!v.!Constantino)! 2. Insurrection! !! a! movement! which! seek! merely! to! effect! some! change! of! minor! importance,! or! to! prevent! the! exercise!of!governmental!authority!with!respect!to!particular! matters!or!subjects.! ! B.%Consummation% • The!crime!of!rebellion!is!complete!the!very!moment!a!group! of! rebels! rise! publicly! and! take! arms! against! the! Government,! for! the! purpose! of! overthrowing! the! same! by! force.! Rising! publicly! and! taking! arms! against! the! government! is! the! normative! element! of! the! offense,! while! the!Intent!or!purpose!is!the!subjective!element.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Public%uprising%AND%taking%arms%against% • People!v.!Almazan!!!there!is!public!uprising!and!taking!arms! against!the!government!when!they!fought!the!Constabulary! soldiers.! By! proclaiming! the! Philippine! Independence,! they! removed!the!locality!under!their!control!from!the!allegiance! to!the!Government!or!its!laws.! • Actual!clash!of!arms!with!the!forces!of!the!Government,!not! necessary! to! convict! the! accused! who! is! in! conspiracy! with! others!actually!taking!arms!against!Government.! o Those! acting! as! couriers! or! spies! for! the! rebels! are! also!guilty!of!rebellion.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%The%purpose% • US! v.! Constantino,! et! al.! !! 40! men! entered! the! town! and! kidnapped! the! municipal! presidents,! secretary! and! others! without! evidence! to! indicate! the! motive! or! purpose.! The! crime!committed!is!kidnapping.! %



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! V.%Distinguished%from%other%crimes% A.%Treason%and%Rebellion% Treason% Rebellion%(Article%134)% Levying!of!war!is!for!the!purpose! Levying!war!for!any!of!the! of!aiding!the!foreign!enemy! purposes!in!Article%134% Committed!during!wartime! Committed!during!peacetime! May!be!committed!by!mere! Always!involves!taking!up!arms! adherence!coupled!with!giving! against!the!government! aid!or!comfort!to!the!enemy! Giving!aid!or!comfort!is!a! Giving!aid!or!comfort!to!rebels!is! criminal!act! not!a!criminal!act! ! B.%Subversion%and%Rebellion% Subversion% Rebellion% Crime!against!national!security! Crime!against!public!order! Committed!during!time!of!war! Committed!during!time!of!peace! ! VI.%Rebellion%or%Insurrection,%when%considered%Terrorism% • R.A.%No.%9372!(Human!Rights!Security!Act!of!2007)!punishes! as! terrorism! when! rebellion! or! insurrection! is! committed! thereby! sowing! and! creating! a! condition! of! widespread! and! extraordinary!fear!and!panic!among!the!populace!in!order!to! coerce!the!government!to!give!in!to!an!unlawful!demand.! % REPUBLIC%ACT%NO.%9372% HUMAN%SECURITY%ACT%OF%2007% APPROVED%ON%MARCH%6,%2007% ! I.%Acts%Punishable%as%Terrorism%under%R.A.%No.%9372% 1. Article%122%(Piracy!in!general!and!Mutiny!in!the!High!Seas!or! in!the!Philippine!Waters)! 2. Article%134!(Rebellion!of!Insurrection)! 3. Article%134HA%(Coup!d’Etat)! 4. Article%248!(Murder)! 5. Article%267%(Kidnapping!and!Serious!Illegal!Detention)! (

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6. Article%324!(Crimes!Involving!Destruction)! a. P.D.%No.%1613!(The!Law!on!Arson)! b. R.A.%No.%6969!(Toxic!Substances!and!Hazardous!and! Nuclear!Waste!Control!Act!of!1990)! c. R.A.% No.% 5207! (Atomic! Energy! Regulatory! and! Liability!Act!of!1968)! d. R.A.%No.%6235!(Anti^Hijacking!Law)! e. P.D.%No.%532!(Anti^Piracy!and!Highway!Robbery!Law! of!1974)! f. P.D.% No.% 1866% as% amended% (Decree! Codifying! the! laws! on! Illegal! and! Unlawful! Possession,! manufacture,! Dealing! in,! Acquisition! or! Disposition! of!Firearms!Ammunitions!or!Explosives)! % % Article%134HA%H%Coup%d'etat;%How%committed% The%crime%of%coup%d'etat%is%a%swift%attack%accompanied%by%violence,% intimidation,% threat,% strategy% or% stealth,% directed% against% duly% constituted% authorities% of% the% Republic% of% the% Philippines,% or% any% military% camp% or% installation,% communications% network,% public% utilities% or% other% facilities% needed% for% the% exercise% and% continued% possession% of% power,% singly% or% simultaneously% carried% out% anywhere%in%the%Philippines%by%any%person%or%persons,%belonging%to% the% military% or% police% or% holding% any% public% office% of% employment% with%or%without%civilian%support%or%participation%for%the%purpose%of% seizing%or%diminishing%state%power.%(As$amended$by$R.A.$No.$6968)% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(MSDD)% 1. That! the! offender! is! a! person! or! persons! belonging! to! the! military! or! police! or! holding! any! public! office! or! employment;! 2. That!it!is!committed!by!means!of!a!swift!attack!accompanied! by!violence,!intimidation,!threat,!strategy,!or!stealth;! 3. That! the! attack! is! directed! against! duly! constituted!



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! authorities!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines,!or!any!military! camp! or! installation,! communication! networks,! public! utilities! or! other! facilities! needed! for! the! exercise! and! continued!possession!of!power;! 4. That! the! purpose! of! the! attack! is! to! seize! or! diminish! state! power.! ! II.%Coup%d’etat!when%punished%as%Terrorism% • R.A.%No.%9372!(Human!Rights!Security!Act!of!2007)!punishes! as!terrorism!when!Coup!d’etat!is!committed!thereby!sowing! and! creating! a! condition! of! widespread! and! extraordinary! fear! and! panic! among! the! populace! in! order! to! coerce! the! government!to!give!in!to!an!unlawful!demand.! % III.%Other%Points% • Coup! d’etat! can! be! committed! with! or! without! civilian! participation% ! Article%135%H%Penalty%for%rebellion,%insurrection%or%coup%d'etat% Any% person% who% promotes,% maintains,% or% heads% rebellion% or% insurrection%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%reclusion%perpetua.% % Any% person% merely% participating% or% executing% the% commands% of% others%in%a%rebellion%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal.% % Any% person% who% leads% or% in% any% manner% directs% or% commands% others% to% undertake% a% coup% d'etat% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% reclusion%perpetua.% % Any% person% in% the% government% service% who% participates,% or% executes% directions% or% commands% of% others% in% undertaking% a% coup% d'etat% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% prision% mayor% in% its% maximum% period.% % Any% person% not% in% the% government% service% who% participates,% or% in%

any%manner%supports,%finances,%abets%or%aids%in%undertaking%a%coup% d'etat%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal%in%its%maximum% period.% % When%the%rebellion,%insurrection,%or%coup%d'etat%shall%be%under%the% command%of%unknown%leaders,%any%person%who%in%fact%directed%the% others,% spoke% for% them,% signed% receipts% and% other% documents% issued% in% their% name,% as% performed% similar% acts,% on% behalf% or% the% rebels%shall%be%deemed%a%leader%of%such%a%rebellion,%insurrection,%or% coup%d'etat.% % POINTS% I.%Who%are%liable%% 1. The!leaders! a. Any! person! who! (a)! promotes,! (b)! maintains,! or! (c)! heads!a!rebellion!or!insurrection;!or! b. Any! person! who! (a)! leads,! (b)! directs,! or! (c)! commands!others!to!undertake!a!coup!d’etat.! 2. The!participants! a. Any!person!who!(a)!participates,!or!(b)!executes!the! commands!of!others!in!rebellion,!or!insurrection;! b. Any! person! in! the! government! service! who! (a)! participates,!or!(b)!executes!directions!or!commands! of!others!in!undertaking!a!coup!d’etat.! c. Any! person! not! in! the! government! service! who! (a)! participates,! (b)! supports,! (c)! finances,! (d)! abets,! or! (e)!aids!in!the!undertaking!a!coup!d’etat.! % II.%Rules%regarding%attachment%to%the%crime% 1. Public! officer! must! take! active! part! to! be! liable;! omission! is! not!punishable!in!rebellion.!(U.S.!v.!Radivas)! 2. If! the! leader! is! unknown,! those! who! in! fact! directed! the! others,!spoke!for!them,!signed!receipts!and!other!documents! issued!in!their!name,!or!performed!similar!acts!on!behalf!of! the!rebels,!shall!be!deemed!as!the!leader.!



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! 3. Mere!assistance!to!a!principal!is!only!guilty!as!a!participant!in! the!commission!of!the!crime!of!rebellion.! 4. Inasmuch!as!the!acts!specified!in!Article%135!constitute!one! single! crime,! it! follows! necessarily! that! said! acts! offer! no! occasion! for! the! application! of! Article% 48! which! requires! therefor! the! commission! of,! at! least,! two! crimes.! (People! v.! Hernandez)! 5. If! the! killing! or! robbery! during! the! rebellion! is! without! political! motivation! it! shall! be! separately! punished.! (People! v.!Geronimo.)! ! III.%Political%Crimes%v.%Common%Crimes% Political%Crimes% Common%Crimes% Directly!aimed!against!the! May!be!committed!to!achieve!a! political!order! political!purpose! Note:% If! common! crimes! are! perpetrated! for! the! purpose! of! coup! d’etat,! then! said! offenses! are! stripped! of! their! “common”! complexion.! ! Article% 136% H% Conspiracy% and% proposal% to% commit% coup% d'etat,% rebellion%or%insurrection% The% conspiracy% and% proposal% to% commit% coup% d'etat% shall% be% punished% by% prision% mayor% in% minimum% period% and% a% fine% which% shall%not%exceed%eight%thousand%pesos%(P8,000.00).% % The% conspiracy% and% proposal% to% commit% rebellion% or% insurrection% shall% be% punished% respectively,% by% prision% correccional% in% its% maximum% period% and% a% fine% which% shall% not% exceed% five% thousand% pesos%(P5,000.00)%and%by%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%period% and%a%fine%not%exceeding%two%thousand%pesos%(P2,000.00).% % POINTS% I.%Crimes%punished% 1. Conspiracy!to!commit!rebellion;!and!! 2. Proposal!to!commit!rebellion.!

! II.%Definition:% • Conspiracy2 to2 commit2 rebellion! !! two! or! more! persons! come!to!an!agreement!to!rise!publicly!and!take!arms!against! the! Government! for! any! of! the! purposes! of! rebellion! and! decide!to!commit!it.! • Proposal2 to2 commit2 rebellion! !! person! who! has! decided! to! rise! publicly! and! take! arms! against! the! Government! for! any! of!the!purposes!of!rebellion!proposes!its!execution!to!some! other!person!or!persons! 2 III.%Examples% A.%Conspiracy%present% • US! v.! Vergara! !! Organizing! a! group! of! soldiers,! soliciting! membership!in!and!soliciting!funds!from!the!people!for,!the! organization!show!conspiracy!to!overthrow!the!Government.% ! B.%Conspiracy%absent% • People!v.!Bautista!!!The!fact!that!some!of!the!accused,!like! the! appellants,! had! made! and! designed! flags! for! the! Sakdalista! Party! does! not! necessarily! show! that! they! did! it! with! the! intention! of! joining! an! uprising! against! the! constituted!government.! • People!v.!Hernandez!!The!mere!fact!of!giving!and!rendering! speeches!favoring!Communism!would!not!make!the!accused! guilty!of!conspiracy,!because!there!was!no!evidence!that!the! hearers! of! his! speeches! of! propaganda! then! and! there! agreed! to! rise! up! in! arms! for! the! purpose! of! obtaining! the! overthrow! of! the! democratic! government! as! envisaged! by! the!principles!of!Communism.! 2 Article%137%H%Disloyalty%of%public%officers%or%employees% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% public% officers% or% employees% who% have% failed% to% resist%a%rebellion%by%all%the%means%in%their%power,%or%shall%continue%



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! to% discharge% the% duties% of% their% offices% under% the% control% of% the% rebels%or%shall%accept%appointment%to%office%under%them.% % POINTS% I.%Act%punished:%(FCA)% Offender!must!be!a!public!officer!or!employee!during!the!existence! of! a! rebellion! by! other! persons! (connotes! that! there! must! be! no! conspiracy).! 1. By!failing!to!resist!a!rebellion!by!all!the!means!in!their!power!! 2. By! continuing! to! discharge! the! duties! of! their! offices! under! the!control!of!the!rebels! 3. By!accepting!appointment!to!office!under!them.! ! Article%138%H%Inciting%a%rebellion%or%insurrection% The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,% without% taking% arms% or% being% in% open% hostility% against% the% Government,% shall% incite% others% to% the% execution%of%any%of%the%acts%specified%in%article%134%of%this%Code,%by% means% of% speeches,% proclamations,% writings,% emblems,% banners% or% other%representations%tending%to%the%same%end.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(NIM)% 1. That! the! offender! does! not! take! arms! or! is! not! in! open! hostility!against!the!government;! 2. That!he!incites!others!to!the!execution!of!any!of!the!acts!of! rebellion;! 3. That! the! inciting! is! done! by! means! of! speeches,! proclamations,! writings,! emblems,! banners! or! other! representations!tending!to!the!same!end.! ! II.%Inciting%to%rebellion%distinguished%from%proposal% Proposal%to%Commit%Rebellion% Inciting%to%Commit%Rebellion% Offender!induces!another!to!commit!rebellion! The!person!who!proposes!has! It!is!not!required!that!the!

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decided!to!commit!rebellion!

offender!has!decided!to!commit! rebellion! The!act!of!inciting!is!done! publicly!

The!person!who!proposes!the! execution!of!the!crimes!uses! secret!means! Note:! Rebellion! should! not! be! committed! by! the! persons! it! is! proposed! to! or! who! are! incited.! Otherwise,! the! person! who! incited! them!shall!be!a!principal!by!inducement.! ! Article%139%H%Sedition;%How%committed% The% crime% of% sedition% is% committed% by% persons% who% rise% publicly% and% tumultuously% in% order% to% attain% by% force,% intimidation,% or% by% other%means%outside%of%legal%methods,%any%of%the%following%objects:% 1. To%prevent%the%promulgation%or%execution%of%any%law%or%the% holding%of%any%popular%election;% 2. To% prevent% the% National% Government,% or% any% provincial% or% municipal% government% or% any% public% officer% thereof% from% freely% exercising% its% or% his% functions,% or% prevent% the% execution%of%any%administrative%order;% 3. To% inflict% any% act% of% hate% or% revenge% upon% the% person% or% property%of%any%public%officer%or%employee;% 4. To%commit,%for%any%political%or%social%end,%any%act%of%hate%or% revenge%against%private%persons%or%any%social%class;%and% 5. To% despoil,% for% any% political% or% social% end,% any% person,% municipality% or% province,% or% the% National% Government% (or% the%Government%of%the%United%States),%of%all%its%property%or% any%part%thereof.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PEO)% 1. That!the!offenders!rise:! a. Publicly! (if! no! public! uprising! i.e.! tumult! and! other! disturbance!of!public!order)! b. Tumultuously) (vis^à^vis! rebellion! where! there! must! be!a!taking!of!arms)!



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! 2. That!they!employ!force,!intimidation,!or!other!means!outside! of!legal!methods;! 3. That!the!offenders!employ!any!of!those!means!to!attain!any! of!the!following!objects:! a. To!prevent!the!promulgation!or!execution!of!any!law! or!the!holding!of!any!popular!election;! b. To! prevent! the! national! government,! or! any! provincial! or! municipal! government,! or! any! public! thereof!from!freely!exercising!its!or!his!functions,!or! prevent!the!execution!of!any!administrative!order;! c. To!inflict!any!act!or!hate!or!revenge!upon!the!person! or!property!of!any!public!officer!or!employee;! d. To! commit! for! any! political! or! social! end,! any! act! of! hate!or!revenge!against!private!persons!or!any!social! class! (hence,! even! private! persons! may! be! offended! parties);! e. To!despoil,!for!any!political!or!social!end,!any!person,! municipality!or!province,!or!the!national!government! of!all!its!property!or!any!part!thereof.! ! II.%Sedition% • In! its! general! sense,! is! the! raising! of! commotions! or! disturbances!in!the!state.!(People!v.!Cabrera)! • The! ultimate! object! of! sedition! is! a! violation! of! the! public! peace! or! at! least! such! a! course! of! measures! as! evidently! engenders!it.!(People!v.!Perez)! • Public!uprising!and!the!object!of!sedition!must!concur.! • Common!crimes!are!not!absorbed!in!sedition.! % III.%Objects%of%Sedition% A.%Preventing%public%officers%from%freely%exercising%their%functions% • People! v.! Tahil! and! Tarson! !! Having! resisted! the! judicial! warrant! of! arrest! by! means! of! force! and! thereby! prevented! the! officers,! charged! with! the! duty! of! arresting! them! from! performing! it,! Datu! Tahil! and! his! men! committed! the! crime!

of!sedition.% % B.%Inflicting%an%act%of%hate%or%revenge%upon%public%officers% • People!v.!Cabrera,!et!al.!!!the!object!of!the!uprising!was!to! inflict! an! act! of! hate! or! revenge! upon! the! persons! of! the! policemen!who!were!public!officers!or!employees.! % C.%“Against%private%persons%or%any%social%class”% • US!v.!Lapus,!et!al.!!!The!reason!for!the!uprising!was!that!the! rich! people! were! loaning! money! at! usurious! terms! to! their! farm! laborers,! and! when! the! latter! were! unable! to! pay! the! loan,! they! compelled! their! children! to! work! for! them.! The! association! called! “Santa! Iglesia”! to! which! the! accused! belonged,!was!organized!for!the!purpose!of!performing!acts! of! hatred! and! vengeance! against! the! authorities! and! the! wealthy! people! in! the! town! in! which! were! put! in! practice! and!execution!acts!tending!to!such!politico^social!ends.! % IV.%Distinguishing%Sedition%from%other%crimes% A.%Sedition%v.%Rebellion% Sedition% Rebellion% There!is!a!public!uprising! It!is!sufficient!that!the!public! There!is!taking!up!of!arms! uprising!is!tumultuous! against!the!government! The!purpose!of!the!offenders! The!purpose!is!always!political! may!be!political!or!social! The!purpose!is!merely!to!attain! The!purpose!of!the!uprising!is! by!force,!intimidation,!or!by! exactly!against!the!Government.! other!means!outside!of!legal! methods,!one!object,!to!wit,!to! inflict!an!act!of!hate!or!revenge! upon!the!person!or!property!of!a! public!official.! Common!crimes!are!not! Common!crimes!may!be! absorbed! absorbed!



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! ! B.%Sedition%v.%Treason% Sedition% Treason% The!raising!of! The!violation!by!a!subject!of!his! commotions!or! allegiance!to!his!sovereign!or!liege,!lord,! disturbances!in!the!State! or!to!the!supreme!authority!of!the!state! ! Article%140%–%Penalty%for%sedition% The%leader%of%a%sedition%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%prision%mayor%in% its%minimum%period%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%10,000%pesos.% Other% persons% participating% therein% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%period%and%a%fine%not%exceeding% 5,000%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Persons%liable%for%sedition:% 1. The!leader!of!the!sedition;!and! 2. Other!persons!participating!in!the!sedition.! ! Article%141%–%Conspiracy%to%commit%sedition% Persons% conspiring% to% commit% the% crime% of% sedition% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% period% and% a% fine% not%exceeding%2,000%pesos.% % POINTS% Note:! Article% 141! punishes! only! conspiracy! to! commit! sedition.! Hence,!proposal!to!commit!sedition!is!not!punishable.! ! Article%142%–%Inciting%to%sedition% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% maximum% period% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 2,000% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,%without%taking%any%direct%part%in%the%crime%of%sedition,%should% incite% others% to% the% accomplishment% of% any% of% the% acts% which% constitute%sedition,%by%means%of%speeches,%proclamations,%writings,% emblems,% cartoons,% banners,% or% other% representations% tending% to%

the% same% end,% or% upon% any% person% or% persons% who% shall% utter% seditious% words% or% speeches,% write,% publish,% or% circulate% scurrilous% libels% against% the% Government% (of% the% United% States% or% the% Government% of% the% Commonwealth)% of% the% Philippines,% or% any% of% the% duly% constituted% authorities% thereof,% or% which% tend% to% disturb% or% obstruct% any% lawful% officer% in% executing% the% functions% of% his% office,%or%which%tend%to%instigate%others%to%cabal%and%meet%together% for% unlawful% purposes,% or% which% suggest% or% incite% rebellious% conspiracies% or% riots,% or% which% lead% or% tend% to% stir% up% the% people% against% the% lawful% authorities% or% to% disturb% the% peace% of% the% community,%the%safety%and%order%of%the%Government,%or%who%shall% knowingly%conceal%such%evil%practices.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punished:% 1. Inciting! others! to! the! accomplishment! of! any! of! the! acts! which! constitute! sedition! by! means! of! speeches,! proclamations,!writings,!emblems!etc.! 2. Uttering! seditious! words! or! speeches! which! tend! to! disturb! the!public!peace! 3. Writing,! publishing,! or! circulating! scurrilous! [vulgar,! mean,! libelous]! libels! against! the! government! or! any! of! the! duly! constituted! authorities! thereof,! which! tend! to! disturb! the! public!peace! 4. Knowingly!concealing!such!evil!practices! ! II.%Inciting%to%sedition%to%accomplish%any%of%its%objects% A.%Elements:%(DIM)% 1. That!the!offender!does!not!take!a!direct!part!in!the!crime!of! sedition! 2. That! he! incites! others! to! the! accomplishment! of! any! of! the! acts!which!constitute!sedition!(Article%139)! 3. That! the! inciting! is! done! by! means! of! speeches,! proclamations,! writing,! emblems,! cartoons,! banners,! or! other! representations! tending! to! the! same! end! (purpose:!



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! cause!commotion!not!exactly!against!the!government;!actual! disturbance!not!necessary)! ! B.%Other%Points% • Disturbance!or!disorder,!not!necessary!in!inciting!to!sedition! • The!use!of!words,!emblems,!etc.,!not!performance!of!act,!is! punished!in!inciting!to!sedition.! ! III.%Uttering%seditious%words%or%speeches% A.%General%Points% • The! reason! why! utterances! are! prohibited! is! because! the! state! cannot! wait! until! the! apprehended! danger! became! certain,! and! then! its! right! to! protect! itself! would! come! into! being!simultaneously!with!the!overthrow!of!the!government.! • It!is!not!necessary!that!the!words!used!should!in!fact!result! in! a! rising! of! the! people.! The! law! is! not! aimed! merely! at! actual! disturbance,! as! its! purpose! is! also! to! punish! utterances!which!may!endanger!public!order.! • Uttering!seditions!words! o People! v.! Perez! !! “Filipinos,! like! myself,! must! use! bolos! for! cutting! off! Wood’s! head! for! having! recommended!a!bad!thing!for!the!Filipino,!for!he!has! killed!our!independence”! • Uttering!seditions!speech! o People! v.! Nabong! !! “They! committed! a! real! abuse! in!seizing!the!flag.!The!members!of!the!Constabulary! are! bad! because! they! shoot! even! innocent! women,! as!it!happened!in!Tayug.!In!view!of!this,!we!ought!to! be! united! to! suppress! that! abuse.! Overthrow! the! present! government! and! establish! our! own! government,! the! government! of! the! poor.! Use! your! whip!so!that!there!may!be!marks!on!their!sides.! % B.%When%is%uttering%seditious%words%or%speeches%punishable?% 1. They! tend! to! disturb! or! obstruct! any! lawful! officer! in!

executing!the!functions!of!his!office;!or! 2. They!tend!to!instigate!others!to!cabal!and!meet!together!for! unlawful!purposes;!or! 3. They!suggest!or!incite!rebellious!conspiracies!or!riots;!or! 4. They! lead! or! ten! to! stir! up! the! people! against! the! lawful! authorities! or! to! disturb! the! peace! of! the! community,! the! safety!and!order!of!the!government.! • Note:!What!is!important!is!that!the!utterance!may!endanger! public!order.!(People!v.!Nabong)! ! C.%Rules%relative%to%seditious%words:% • Clear% and% present% danger% rule! !! By! uttering! them! there! is! danger! of! public! uprising! and! that! such! danger! should! be! both! clear! and! imminent.! The! danger! must! not! only! be! probable!but!very!likely!inevitable.! • Dangerous% tendency% rule! !! Tends! to! create! a! danger! of! public!uprising.!The!words!uttered!or!published!could!easily! produce!disaffection!among!the!people!and!a!state!of!feeling! in! them! incompatible! with! a! disposition! to! remain! loyal! to! the!Government!and!obedient!to!the!laws.! ! IV.% Writing,% publishing,% or% circulating% scurrilous% libels% against% the% government%or%any%of%the%duly%constituted%authorities%thereof% A.%Scurrilous%libel% • Scurrilous!!!low,!vulgar,!mean!or!foul.! • Writings!which!tend!to!overthrow!or!undermine!the!security! of! the! government! or! to! weaken! the! confidence! of! the! people!in!the!government!are!against!the!public!peace,!and! are!criminal!not!only!because!they!tend!to!incite!to!a!breach! of! the! peace! but! because! they! are! conducive! to! the! destruction!of!the!government!itself.! • Espuelas!v.!People!!!A!positioned!himself!depicting!that!he! was!lifelessly!hanging!in!a!tree!with!a!note!that!reasoned!his! discontent! with! the! Roxas! administration.! The! letter! is! scurrilous! against! the! government! as! it! undermines! its!



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security!or!weakened!the!confidence!of!the!people.! U.S.!v.!Tolentino!!A!theatrical!play!where!the!words!uttered! or!speeches!delivered!where!seditious!were!punished.! People!v.!Quimpo!!!Proposal!to!throw!grenades!in!a!public! place,! intended! to! cause! common! commotion! as! an! act! of! hate!against!the!police!force!is!inciting!to!sedition.!

% V.%Knowingly%concealing%such%evil%practices% • Normally!this!is!not!punishable!but!under!this!provision,!this! act!is!treated!and!punished!as!that!of!the!principal.! ! VI.%Other%Notes% • Unlawful! rumor^mongering! and! spreading! false! information! !! is! committed! by! any! person! who! shall! offer,! publish,! distribute,! circulate! and! spread! rumors,! false! news,! and! information! and! gossip,! or! cause! the! publication,! distribution,! circulation! or! spreading! of! the! same! which! cause! or! tend! to! cause! panic,! divisive! effect! among! the! people.! !

Chapter%2:%Crimes%against%popular%representation% % Section%1%–%Crimes%against%legislative%bodies%and%similar%bodies% ! Article% 143% –% Act% tending% to% prevent% the% meeting% of% the% Assembly% and%similar%bodies% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 2,000% pesos,% or% both,% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,% by% force% or% fraud,% prevents% the% meeting% of% the% National% Assembly% (Congress% of% the% Philippines)% or% of% any% of% its% committees% or% subH committees,%constitutional%commissions%or%committees%or%divisions% thereof,% or% of% any% provincial% board% or% city% or% municipal% council% or% board.% ! POINTS% (

I.%Elements:%(MP)% 1. That! there! be! a! projected! or! actual! meeting! of! Congress! or! any! of! its! committees! or! subcommittees,! constitutional! commissions! or! committees! or! division! thereof,! or! of! any! provincial!board!or!city!or!municipal!council!or!board;! 2. That! the! offender! who! may! be! any! persons! prevents! such! meeting!by!force!or!fraud.! ! II.%Example:% • People! v.! Alipit,! et! al.! !! Any! stranger,! even! if! he! be! the! municipal! president! himself! or! the! chief! of! the! municipal! police,! must! respect! the! meeting! of! the! municipal! council! presided! over! by! the! vice^president! and! he! has! no! right! to! dissolve! it! through! violence! under! the! pretest! of! lack! of! notice! to! some! members! of! the! council,! which! was! not! apparent,! but! required! an! investigation! before! it! could! be! determined.! ! Article%144%H%Disturbance%of%proceedings% The%penaly%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%of%200%to%1,000%pesos%shall%be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% disturbs% meetings% of% the% National% Assembly%(Congress%of%the%Philippines)%or%any%of%its%committees%or% subcommittees,% constitutional% commissions% or% committees% or% division% thereof,% or% if% any% provincial% board% or% city% or% municipal% council% or% board,% or% in% the% presence% of% any% such% bodies% should% behave% in% such% a% manner% as% to% interrupt% its% proceedings% or% to% impair%the%respect%due%to%it.% % POINTS! I.%Elements:%(CHDB)% 1. That! there! be! a! meeting! of! Congress! or! any! of! its! committees,! constitutional! commissions! or! committees! or! divisions! thereof,! or! of! any! provincial! board! or! city! or! municipal!council!or!board;! 2. That!the!offender!does!any!of!the!following!acts:!



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! a. He!disturbs!any!of!such!meetings;! b. He!behaves!while!in!the!presence!of!any!such!bodies! in!such!a!manner!as!to!interrupt!its!proceedings!or!to! impair!the!respect!due!it.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Meeting%of%the%congress%or%municipal%council% • People! v.! Calera! !! The! mayor! called! a! meeting.! A! heated! exchange!of!words!among!the!mayor,!councilor!and!chief!of! police!ensued;!the!chief!of!police!is!guilty!of!unjust!vexation.!! o Legislative! body,! provincial! board,! city! or! municipal! council!is!required!for!this!article!to!apply.! ! III.%Other%Notes:% • Article%144!is!not!among!those!which!may!not!be!prosecuted! de!oficio.!Hence,!the!complaint!may!be!filed!by!a!member!of! the!legislative!body.% • Furthermore,! the! assembly! may! also! punish! a! person! by! contempt.!! o Contempt!!!Coercive! o Crime!!!Punitive! ! Section%2%–%Violation%of%parliamentary%immunity% % Article%145%H%Violation%of%parliamentary%immunity% The%penaly%of%prision%mayor%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who% shall% use% force,% intimidation,% threats% or% fraud% to% prevent% any% member% of% the% National% Assembly% (Congress% of% the% Philippines)% from%attending%the%meetings%of%the%Assembly%(Congress)%or%of%any% of%its%committees%or%subcommittees,%constitutional%commissions%or% committees% or% divisions% thereof,% from% expressing% his% opinions% or% casting% his% vote;% and% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% shall% be% imposed%upon%any%public%officer%or%employee%who%shall,%while%the% Assembly(Congress)% is% in% regular% or% special% session,% arrest% or% sear% any%member%thereof,%except%in%case%such%member%has%committed%a% crime%higher%than%prision%mayor.%

% POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable:% 1. By!using!force,!intimidation,!threats,!or!frauds!to!prevent!any! member!of!Congress!from!–! a. Attending! the! meeting! of! the! assembly! or! any! of! its! committees,! constitutional! commissions! or! committees!or!divisions!thereof,!or!from;! b. Expressing!his!opinions;!or! c. Casting!his!vote.! 2. By! arresting! or! searching! any! member! thereof! while! Congress! is! in! a! regular! or! special! session,! except! in! case! such! member! has! committed! a! crime! punishable! under! the! code!by!a!penalty!higher!than!prision!mayor!(!6!years!up!)! ! II.%FIRST%ACT%PUNISHED% A.%Elements%(UPHaec)% 1. That!the!offender!uses!force,!intimidation,!threats!or!fraud! 2. That!the!purpose!of!the!offender!is!to!prevent!any!member! of!the!National!Assembly!from! a. Attending! the! meeting! of! the! assembly! or! any! of! its! committees,! constitutional! commissions! or! committees!or!divisions!thereof,!or!from;! b. Expressing!his!opinions;!or! c. Casting!his!vote.! % B.%Offender!is!any!person! ! C.%Other%notes% • It!is!not!necessary!that!a!member!of!the!Congress!be!actually! prevented.!It!is!sufficient!that!such!is!the!purpose.! % III.%SECOND%ACT%PUNISHED% A.%Elements:%(PASN)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee;!



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! 2. That!he!arrests!or!searches!any!member!of!Congress;! 3. That!Congress,!at!the!time!of!arrest!or!search,!is!in!a!regular! or!special!session;! 4. That! the! member! searched! has! not! committed! a! crime! punishable! under! the! code! by! a! penalty! higher! than! prision! mayor! (1987! constitution:! privilege! from! arrest! while! congress! in! session! in! all! offenses! punishable! by! not! more! than!6!years!imprisonment).! % B.%Other%Notes% • Parliamentary! immunity! !! guarantees! the! legislator! complete!freedom!of!expression!without!fear!of!being!made! responsible! in! criminal! or! civil! actions! before! the! courts! or! any!other!forum!outside!of!the!congressional!hall.!However,! it! does! not! protect! him! from! responsibility! before! the! legislative!body!itself.% • For! unparliamentary! conduct,! members! of! the! Congress! have! been,! or! could! be! censured,! committed! to! prison,! suspended,!even!expelled!by!the!votes!of!their!colleagues.% • To!be!consisted!with!the!1987%Constitution,!the!phrase!“by!a! penalty! higher! than! prision! mayor”! in!Article% 145! should!be! amended!to!read!“by!the!penalty!of!prision!mayor!or!higher”% !

Chapter%3:%Illegal%Assemblies%and%Associations% ! Article%146%H%Illegal%assemblies% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%period%to%prision% mayor% in% its% medium% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% the% organizers% or% leaders% of% any% meeting% attended% by% armed% persons% for% the% purpose% of% committing% any% of% the% crimes% punishable% under% this% Code,% or% of% any% meeting% in% which% the% audience% is% incited% to% the% commission% of% the% crime% of% treason,% rebellion% or% insurrection,% sedition% or% assault% upon% a% person% in% authority% or% his% agents.% Persons%merely%present%at%such%meeting%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of% arresto% mayor,% unless% they% are% armed,% in% which% case% the% penalty% (

shall%be%prision%correccional.% % If%any%person%present%at%the%meeting%carries%an%unlicensed%firearm,% it%shall%be%presumed%that%the%purpose%of%said%meeting,%insofar%as%he% is%concerned,%is%to%commit%acts%punishable%under%this%Code,%and%he% shall%be%considered%a%leader%or%organizer%of%the%meeting%within%the% purview%of%the%preceding%paragraph.% % As%used%in%this%article,%the%word%"meeting"%shall%be%understood%to% include%a%gathering%or%group,%whether%in%a%fixed%place%or%moving.% % POINTS% I.%What%are%Illegal%Assemblies?% 1. Any!meeting!attended!by!armed!persons!for!the!purpose!of! committing!any!of!the!crimes!punishable!under!the!Code.! Requisites:%(MAC)% a. That! there! is! a! meeting,! a! gathering! or! group! of! persons,!whether!in!a!fixed!place!or!moving;! b. That!the!meeting!is!attended!by!armed!persons;! c. That!the!purpose!of!the!meeting!is!to!commit!any!of! the!crimes!punishable!under!the!code.! 2. Any!meeting!in!which!the!audience,!whether!armed!or!not,!is! incited!to!the!commission!of!the!crime!of!treason,!rebellion! or! insurrection,! sedition! or! assault! upon! a! person! in! authority!of!his!agents.! Requisites:%(MI)% a. That! there! is! a! meeting,! a! gathering,! or! group! of! persons,!whether!in!a!fixed!place!or!moving.! b. That! the! audience,! whether! armed! or! not,! is!incited! to!the!commission!of!the!crime!of!treason,!rebellion! or!insurrection,!sedition!or!direct!assault.! Note:! the! word! “meeting”! includes! a! gathering! or! group! which! is! moving.!! ! II.%FIRST%TYPE%OF%ILLEGAL%ASSEMBLY%



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The!persons!present!at!the!meeting!must!be!armed.% o If!40!unarmed!people!gather!to!commit!the!crime!of! theft!of!large!cattle,!there!is!no!crime!committed.% But! not! all! the! persons! present! at! the! meeting! of! the! first! form!of!illegal!assembly!must!be!armed% o The! law! does! not! state! how! many! of! the! persons! attending!the!meeting!must!be!armed.!It!is!said!that! a!good!number,!say!at!least,!four!must!be!armed.% An!unarmed!person!merely!present!at!this!meeting!is!liable%

• ! III.%SECOND%TYPE%OF%ILLEGAL%ASSEMBLY% • That! the! audience! is! actually! incited! to! the! commission! of! any! of! the! crimes! of! sedition,! rebellion,! etc.! seems! to! be! a! necessary!element!of!the!second!form!of!illegal!assembly.! % IV.%Persons%liable%% 1. Participants! o Organizers!or!leaders!of!the!meeting! o Persons! merely! present! at! the! meeting! (must! have! common! intent! to! commit! the! felony! of! illegal! assembly)! 2. Responsibilities! o If!they!are!not!armed,!penalty!is!arresto!mayor! o If! they! carry! arms,! like! bolos! or! knives,! or! licensed! firearms,!penalty!is!prision!correccional! 3. Presumption! when! at! the! meeting! carries! an! unlicensed! firearm! o Purpose!of!the!meeting!is!to!commit!acts!punishable! under!the!RPC! o Considered!as!leader!or!organizer!of!the!meeting! ! Article%147%H%Illegal%associations% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 1,000% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon%the%founders,%directors,%and%presidents%of%associations%totally%

or% partially% organized% for% the% purpose% of% committing% any% of% the% crimes%punishable%under%this%Code%or%for%some%purpose%contrary%to% public% morals.% Mere% members% of% said% associations% shall% suffer% the% penalty%of%arresto%mayor.% % POINTS% I.%What%are%illegal%associations?% 1. Associations!totally!or!partially!organized!for!the!purpose!of! committing!any!of!the!crimes!punishable!under!the!code.! 2. Associations! totally! or! partially! organized! for! some! purpose! contrary!to!public!morals! ! II.%Persons%liable:% 1. Founders,!directors!and!president!of!the!association.!! 2. Mere!members!of!the!association.! ! III.%Distinguishing%Illegal%association%from%Illegal%assembly% Illegal%Association% Illegal%Assembly% It!is!not!necessary!that!there!be! An!actual!meeting!or!assembly!of! an!actual!meeting! armed!persons!for!the!purpose! of!committing!any!of!the!crimes! punishable!under!the!code! Act!of!forming,!organizing!and! Meeting!and!attendance!at!such! membership!are!punished! meeting!are!punished! The!persons!liable!are!the!(a)! The!person!liable!(a)!the! founders,!directors!and! organizers!or!leaders!and!(b)! president!and!(b)!members.! persons!present!at!the!meeting! ! ! IV.%Subversion%(REPEALED)% • Knowingly,! willfully,! and! by! over! act! affiliating! with,! becoming!or!remaining!a!member!of!a!subversive!association! or!organization.! o Subversive2 Association! !! Any! association! with! the! purpose! of! overthrowing! or! removing! from! the!



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allegiance! to! said! government! or! its! laws,! the! territory!of!the!Philippines!or!any!part!thereof,!with! the!open!or!covert!assistance!or!support!of!a!foreign! power! by! force,! violence,! deceit! or! other! illegal! means.! Taking!up!arms!against!the!Government,!the!offender!being! a!member!of!such!subversive!association!or!organization.! Violation! of! Anti^Subversion! Act! is! distinct! from! that! of! rebellion! o Subversion!!!mere!membership!is!punishable! o Rebellion! !! Rising! publicly! and! taking! up! arms! is! punished!

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Chapter% 4:% Assault% upon,% and% Resistance% and% Disobedience%to,%Persons%in%Authority%and%their%Agents% % Article%148%H%Direct%assault% Any%person%or%persons%who,%without%a%public%uprising,%shall%employ% force% or% intimidation% for% the% attainment% of% any% of% the% purpose% enumerated% in% defining% the% crimes% of% rebellion% and% sedition,% or% shall% attack,% employ% force,% or% seriously% intimidate% or% resist% any% person% in% authority% or% any% of% his% agents,% while% engaged% in% the% performance%of%official%duties,%or%on%occasion%of%such%performance,% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%P1,000%pesos,%when%the% assault% is% committed% with% a% weapon% or% when% the% offender% is% a% public%officer%or%employee,%or%when%the%offender%lays%hands%upon%a% person%in%authority.%If%none%of%these%circumstances%be%present,%the% penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine%not% exceeding%P500%pesos%shall%be%imposed.% % Note:% R.A.% No.% 75% imposes! an! additional! penalty! for! attacking! ambassador!or!minister!! POINTS% I.%Direct%Assaults%v.%Ordinary%Assaults% (

Direct%Assaults% (Article%148)% Crimea!against!public!order! Triable!by!the!RTC!

Ordinary%Assaults% (Article%263%to%266)% Crime!against!persons! !

! II.%Two%ways%of%committing%the%crime%of%direct%assaults% 1. Without! public! uprising,! by! employing! force! or! intimidation! for! the! attainment! of! any! of! the! purposes! enumerated! in! defining!the!crimes!of!rebellion!and!sedition.! 2. Without!public!uprising,!by!attacking,!by!employing!force!or! by!seriously!intimidating!or!seriously!resisting!any!person!in! authority! or! any! of! his! agents,! while! engaged! in! the! performance! of! official! duties! or! on! the! occasion! of! such! performance.! ____________________% FIRST%FORM%OF%DIRECT%ASSAULT%% % I.%Elements%of%the%first%form:%(FRN)% 1. That!the!offender!employs!force!or!intimidation.! 2. That!the!aim!of!the!offender!is!to!attain!any!of!the!purposes! of!the!crime!of!rebellion!or!any!of!the!objects!of!the!crimes! of!sedition.!(Victim!need!not!be!person!in!authority)! 3. That!there!is!no!public!uprising.! ! II.%Examples% • US! v.! Dirain! !! Chief! of! police! together! with! 4! policemen,! entered! the! house! of! the! municipal! president! and! held! him! for! four! hours! because! of! failure! to! disperse! their! salaries.! The!crime!is!direct!assault!for!revenge!upon!a!public!officer! ____________________! SECOND%FORM%OF%DIRECT%ASSAULT% % I.%Elements%of%the%second%form:%(APEHKN)% 1. That!the!offender!(a)!makes!an!attack,!(b)!employs!force,!(c)! makes! a! serious! intimidation,! or! (d)! makes! a! serious!



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People! v.! Reyes! !! Pushing! a! policeman! and! giving! him! fist! blows!without!hitting!him!is!not!direct!assault.!

% C.%Serious%Intimidation% • The!intimidation!must!produce!its!effects!immediately.!If!the! threats!constitute!some!future!evil,!it’s!not!direct!assault.! • People!v.!Diama!!!Pointing!a!gun!at!a!military!police!captain! who!is!in!the!performance!of!his!duty.! • Threatening! to! give! a! fist! blow! to! an! arresting! policeman! is! not!a!serious!intimidation.! % D.%Serious%Resistance% • Resistance!must!be!active% o Passive! resistance! is! committed! by! one! who! when! placed! under! arrest! throws! himself! on! the! ground! such!that!the!arresting!officer!has!to!drag!him.% • US!v.!Samonte!!!“Do!not!come!near!me!or!I!will!take!your! life,”! A! said! to! the! arresting! officer.! As! the! officer! approached,!A!struck!with!a!knife!but!did!not!hit!him.% ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%“Person%in%Authority%or%his%Agent”% A.%Persons%in%Authority% • Persons! in! authority! !! any! person! directly! vested! with! jurisdiction,! whether! as! a! member! of! some! court! or! governmental!corporation,!board!or!commission.! o Powers! and! duties! vested! in! him! by! law! should! be! determined.! o The!status!of!persons!in!authority,!being!a!matter!of! law,!ignorance!of!the!law!is!no!excuse.! • Examples:! o Division! Superintendent! of! Schools! (Section% 917,% Revised%Administrative%Code)! o President!of!Sanitary!Division! o Teachers,! professors! and! persons! charged! with! the! supervision! of! public! or! duly! recognized! private!



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schools,!colleges!and!universities!(Com.%Act%No.%579,% now%part%of%Art.%152%as%amended%by%R.A.%No.%1978)! Reasons% why% teachers% and% professors% are% protected:% Respect! for! teachers! is! required! of! all! persons! if! we! are! to! uphold!and!enhance!the!dignity!of!the!teaching!profession.!

% B.%Agents%of%Persons%in%Authority% • Agent! in! Authority! !! By! direct! provision! of! law! or! by! election! or! by! appointment! by! competent! authority! is! charged! with! the! (a)! maintenance! of! public! order! and! (b)! protection! and! security! of! life! and! property,! and! (c)! anyone! who!comes!to!the!aid!of!persons!in!authority.! • Examples:! o Policeman! o Municipal! treasurer,! because! he! is! only! a! deputy! de! oficio! of! the! provincial! treasurer,! a! person! in! authority! within! the! province! where! the! latter! exercises!his!jurisdiction.! o Postmaster,!agent!of!the!Director!of!Posts! o Sheriff! o Agents!of!Bureau!of!Internal!Revenue! o Malacañang!confidential!agent! o Barangay!Chief!Tanod! ! Note:! Functions! of! the! person! in! authority! or! his! agent! must! be! clearly!shown!in!the!information.! % IV.% THIRD% REQUISITE:% In% the% performance% or% by% reason% of% such% performance%of%duties% A.%In%the%performace%of%official%duties% When%considered%attacked%in%the%performance%of%duties% • Even! if! the! person! in! authority! agrees! to! fight,! the! attack! constitutes!direct!assault.! • U.S.! v.! Baluyot! !! A! killed! the! governor! while! in! the! performance! of! his! duties,! the! charge! is! complex! crime! of!

direct!assault!with!murder.!! People!v.!Teves!!Elbowed!the!governor!when!he!was!going! down!the!stairs!for!inspection.!! • People! v.! Jalit! !! When! a! barrio! captain! tried! to! stop! the! accused,!in!doing!so,!his!person!was!attacked.! • People! v.! Francisco! !! A! fiscal! on! his! way! to! an! area! encountered!a!service!truck!that!was!zigzagging! • People!v.!Baladhay!!!A!teacher!who!travels!from!one!place! to!another!to!deliver!school!reports.! When%NOT%considered%attacked%in%the%performance%of%duties% • When!the!persons!in!authority!or!their!agents!descended!to! matters!which!are!private!in!nature,!an!attack!made!by!one! against!the!other!is!not!direct!assault.! • If! they! go! beyond! their! respective! powers! and! they! violate! any! recognized! rights! of! the! citizens,! then! the! latter! may! resist! the! invasion,! especially! when! it! is! clear! and! manifest.! The! resistance! must! be! coextensive! with! the! excess! and! should! not! be! greater! than! what! is! necessary! to! repel! the! aggression.! • People!v.!Jingco!!!A!teacher!who!went!out!of!his!classroom! to!talk!to!his!creditor!about!his!unpaid!account.! •

% B.%On%occasion%of%such%performance!! • “On%occasion%of%such%performance”!!!the!impelling!motive! of!the!attack!is!the!performance!of!official!duty.! • It!is!not!necessary!that!the!person!in!authority!or!his!agent!is! in!the!actual!performance!of!his!official!duty!when!attacked! or!seriously!intimidated.! • A!is!a!teacher!walking!on!the!beach!and!was!attacked!by!his! former!student!who!got!a!failing!mark!on!his!grade!under!the! said!teacher.! ! C.%SelfHdefense%in%direct%assault% • When! a! person! in! authority! or! his! agent! is! the! one! who! provokes!and!attacks!another!person,!the!latter!is!entitled!to!



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! defend!himself!and!thus!cannot!be!held!liable.! % V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Knowledge%that%the%offended%is%a%person%in% authority%or%his%agent% • Knowledge!of!the!offended!party!as!an!agent!of!authority!is! essential!and!must!be!alleged!in!the!information.! • In!light!of!this!knowledge,!the!defendant!must!have!intent!to! defy! the! authorities;! disregard! of! respect! due! to! offended! party!on!account!of!rank,!inherent!in!direct!assault.! ! VI.%FIFTH%REQUISITE:%Without%public%uprising% • Evidence! of! motive! is! important! when! the! person! in! authority!or!his!agent!is!not!in!the!actual!performance!of!his! official!duty.! • If!there!is!public!and!tumultuous!uprising,!the!crime!may!be! sedition.! ___________________! QUALIFIED%ASSAULT% A.%Two%kinds% 1. Simple!assault! 2. Qualified!assault! ! B.%Qualified% 1. When!the!assault!is!committed!with!a!weapon;!or!! o Includes! firearm,! sharp! and! cutting! instruments! can! also!be!clubs!or!stones! 2. When!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee;!or! 3. When!the!offender!lays!hands!upon!the!person!in!authority.! ! C.% Can% be% complexed% with% homicide,% murder% or% with% serious% physical%injuries% % D.%Slight%physical%injury%is%absorbed% ! Article%149%H%Indirect%assaults%

The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%P500%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon% any% person% who% shall% make% use% of% force% or% intimidation% upon% any% person% coming% to% the% aid% of% the% authorities% or% their% agents% on% occasion%of%the%commission%of%any%of%the%crimes%defined%in%the%next% preceding%article.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(VAFI)% 1. That!a!person!in!authority!or!his!agent!is!the!victim!of!any!of! the!forms!of!direct!assault!defined!in!Article%148;! 2. That! a! person! comes! to! the! aid! of! such! authority! or! his! agent;! 3. That! the! offender! makes! use! of! force! or! intimidation! upon! such!person!coming!to!the!aid!of!the!authority!or!his!agent.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%That%a%person%in%authority%or%agent%is%victim% • Indirect!assault!can!be!committed!only!when!a!direct!assault! is!also!committed.! o A!is!a!police!officer!attacked!by!B,!C!comes!to!aid!and! force!and!intimidation!is!used!against!him.!The!crime! against!A!is!direct!assault!while!the!crime!against!C!is! indirect!assault.! • A! private! person! aiding! an! authority! or! his! agent! can! be! a! victim!here.! ! Article% 150% H% Disobedience% to% summons% issued% by% the% National% Assembly,%its%committees%or%subcommittees,%by%the%Constitutional% Commissions,%its%committees,%subcommittees%or%divisions% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%ranging%from%two%hundred%to% one% thousand% pesos,% or% both% such% fine% and% imprisonment% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,% having% been% duly% summoned% to% attend% as% a% witness% before% the% National% Assembly,% (Congress),% its% special% or% standing% committees% and% subcommittees,% the% Constitutional%Commissions%and%its%committees,%subcommittees,%or%



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! divisions,% or% before% any% commission% or% committee% chairman% or% member% authorized% to% summon% witnesses,% refuses,% without% legal% excuse,% to% obey% such% summons,% or% being% present% before% any% such% legislative%or%constitutional%body%or%official,%refuses%to%be%sworn%or% placed% under% affirmation% or% to% answer% any% legal% inquiry% or% to% produce% any% books,% papers,% documents,% or% records% in% his% possession,%when%required%by%them%to%do%so%in%the%exercise%of%their% functions.% The% same% penalty% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% restrain% another% from% attending% as% a% witness,% or% who% shall% induce% disobedience% to% a% summon% or% refusal% to% be% sworn% by% any%such%body%or%official.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished% 1. Refusing!without!legal!excuse!to!obey!summons;! 2. Refusing!to!be!sworn!or!placed!under!affirmation;! 3. Refusing! to! answer! any! legal! inquiry! to! produce! books,! records!etc.;!! 4. Restraining!another!from!attending!as!witness!in!such!body;! 5. Inducing!disobedience!to!a!summons!or!refusal!to!be!sworn.! Note:!Article%150%does!not!apply!when!the!papers!or!documents!may! be!used!in!evidence!against!him.!(Uy!Khaytin!v.!Villareal)! ! II.%Other%Notes% • Only!disobedience!without!legal!excuse!is!punishable! • The! testimony! of! the! person! summoned! must! be! upon! matters!into!which!the!National!Assembly!has!jurisdiction!to! inquire;!investigation!must!be!in!aid!of!legislation.! • Acts! punished! by! Article% 150! may! also! constitute! contempt! of!the!National!Assembly.! o The! court! may! take! any! action! not! amounting! to! a! release!of!a!prisoner!of!the!National!Assembly.! ! Article% 151% H% Resistance% and% disobedience% to% a% person% in% authority% or%the%agents%of%such%person%

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The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 500% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% not% being% included% in% the% provisions%of%the%preceding%articles%shall%resist%or%seriously%disobey% any% person% in% authority,% or% the% agents% of% such% person,% while% engaged%in%the%performance%of%official%duties.% % When%the%disobedience%to%an%agent%of%a%person%in%authority%is%not% of%a%serious%nature,%the%penalty%of%arresto%menor%or%a%fine%ranging% from%10%to%P100%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon%the%offender.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1:%SERIOUS%DISOBEDIENCE% % I.%Elements:%(EHRDHN)% 1. That! a! person! in! authority! or! his! agent! is! engaged! in! the! performance! of! official! duty! or! gives! a! lawful! order! to! the! offender.! 2. That!the!offender!resists!or!seriously!disobeys!such!person!in! authority.! 3. That!the!act!of!the!offender!is!not!included!in!the!provisions! of!Article%148,%149%and%150.! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Authority%or%agent%is%engaged%in%official%duty% • There!can!be!no!resistance!if!there!is!nothing!to!resist.! % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Resists%or%seriously%disobeys%authority% • This!crime!consists!in!a!failure!to!comply!with!orders!directly! issued! to! him! by! the! authorities! in! the! exercise! of! their! official!duties.!! • Failure!to!comply!with!legal!provisions!of!a!general!character! or! with! judicial! decisions! merely! declaratory! of! rights! or! obligations! or! violations! of! prohibitory! decisions! do! not! constitute!the!crime.! • The!accused!must!have!knowledge!that!the!person!arresting! him!is!a!peace!officer.!



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! Justified!resistance!(See!C.%SelfHdefense!in!Article%148)! o If!the!police!officers!did!not!identify!themselves!and! they!have!been!mistaken!to!be!bandits,!resistance!is! justified.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%2:%SIMPLE%DISOBEDIENCE% % I.%Elements%of%simple%disobedience%(EDN)% 1. That! an! agent! of! a! person! in! authority! is! engaged! in! the! performance! of! official! duty! or! gives! a! lawful! order! to! the! offender.! 2. That! the! offender! disobeys! such! agent! of! a! person! in! authority! 3. That!such!disobedience!is!not!of!a!serious!nature! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Lawful%order% • The!order!must!be!lawful,!otherwise!resistance!is!justified.! % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Disobeys%such%agent%of%authority% • Offended!party!must!ONLY!be!an!agent!of!authority.% ! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Disobedience%is%not%of%a%serious%nature% • Otherwise!it!will!punishable!under!Article%151! ____________________% Direct%Assault%v.%Resistance%or%Serious%Disobedience% DIRECT%ASSAULT% RESISTANCE%OR%SERIOUS% DISOBEDIENCE% Engaged!in!or!by!reason!of! In!actual!performance!of!his! performance!of!his!duties! duties! (2nd!form)!committed!in!4!ways! Committed!only!by!resisting!or! seriously!disobeying! There!is!serious!force!employed! The!force!employed!is!not!so! in!resisting!the!officer! serious! The!offender!has!intent!to! There!is!no!manifest!intention!to! ignore,!disregard!or!defy!the! defy!the!law!and!the!officers! •

authority!or!his!agents! enforcing!it! ! ! Article%152%HPersons%in%authority%and%agents%of%persons%in%authority;% Who%shall%be%deemed%as%such.%% In%applying%the%provisions%of%the%preceding%and%other%articles%of%this% Code,% any% person% directly% vested% with% jurisdiction,% whether% as% an% individual% or% as% a% member% of% some% court% or% governmental% corporation,% board,% or% commission,% shall% be% deemed% a% person% in% authority.% A% barrio% captain% and% a% barangay% chairman% shall% also% be% deemed%a%person%in%authority.% % A% person% who,% by% direct% provision% of% law% or% by% election% or% by% appointment% by% competent% authority,% is% charged% with% the% maintenance%of%public%order%and%the%protection%and%security%of%life% and% property,% such% as% a% barrio% councilman,% barrio% policeman% and% barangay%leader%and%any%person%who%comes%to%the%aid%of%persons%in% authority,%shall%be%deemed%an%agent%of%a%person%in%authority.% % In% applying% the% provisions% of% Articles% 148% and% 151% of% this% Code,% teachers,% professors% and% persons% charged% with% the% supervision% of% public%or%duly%recognized%private%schools,%colleges%and%universities,% and%lawyers%in%the%actual%performance%of%their%professional%duties% or% on% the% occasion% of% such% performance,% shall% be% deemed% persons% in%authority.$(As$amended$by$PD$No.$299,$Sept.$19,$1973$and$Batas$ Pambansa$Blg.$873,$June$12,$1985).% % POINTS% I.%Persons%in%Authority% A.%A%person%in%authority%is%one%directly%vested%with%jurisdiction% % B.%Example%of%persons%in%authority:% 1. Municipal!mayor! 2. Division!superintendent!of!schools!! 3. Public!and!private!school!teachers!!



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Teacher^nurse! President!of!sanitary!division! Provincial!fiscal! Justice!of!peace! Municipal!councilor! Barrio!captain!

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Chapter%5:%Public%Disorders% ! Article% 153% H% Tumults% and% other% disturbance% of% public% orders;% Tumultuous% disturbance% or% interruption% liable% to% cause% disturbance.%% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period% to% prision% correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%1,000% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% cause% any% serious% disturbance% in% a% public% place,% office,% or% establishment,% or% shall% interrupt% or% disturb% public% performances,% functions% or% gatherings,% or% peaceful% meetings,% if% the% act% is% not% included% in% the% provisions%of%Articles%131%and%132.% % The% penalty% next% higher% in% degree% shall% be% imposed% upon% persons% causing%any%disturbance%or%interruption%of%a%tumultuous%character.% % The%disturbance%or%interruption%shall%be%deemed%to%be%tumultuous% if% caused% by% more% than% three% persons% who% are% armed% or% provided% with%means%of%violence.% % The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% in% any% meeting,% association,% or% public% place,% shall% make% any% outcry%tending%to%incite%rebellion%or%sedition%or%in%such%place%shall% display% placards% or% emblems% which% provoke% a% disturbance% of% the% public%order.% % The%penalty%of%arresto%menor%and%a%fine%not%to%exceed%P200%pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% these% persons% who% in% violation% of% the%

provisions%contained%in%the%last%clause%of%Article%85,%shall%bury%with% pomp%the%body%of%a%person%who%has%been%legally%executed.% % POINTS% I.%What%are%tumults%and%other%disturbances?%(SIHPOP)% 1. Causing! any! serious! disturbance! in! a! public! place,! office,! or! establishment.! o Serious!disturbance!must!be!planned!or!intended! o When! the! disturbance! was! not! planned,! the! crime! may!only!be!alarm.! o If! the! act! of! disturbing! or! interrupting! a! meeting! or! religious! ceremony! is! not! committed! by! public! officers,! or! if! committed! by! public! officers! who! are! participants!therein,!Article%153!applies.! 2. Interrupting! or! disturbing! performances,! functions! or! gatherings,! or! peaceful! meetings,! if! act! is! not! included! in! articles!131!and!132!(peaceful!meeting,!religious!worship)! o The! interruption! or! disturbance! shall! be! tumultuous! if!caused!by!more!than!three!persons!who!are!armed! or!provided!with!means!of!violence.! o The!determining!factor!here!is!whether!the!offender! is!a!public!officer.!! o If!he!is!a!public!officer,!then!Arts!131^132!will!apply.! o Article%153%applies!when! " The!offender!is!not!a!public!officer! " The! offender! is! a! public! officer! who! is! a! participant! in! the! meeting! or! religious! worship.! 3. Making! any! outcry! tending! to! incite! rebellion! or! sedition! in! any!meeting,!association,!or!public!place! o Outcry! !! to! shout! subversive! or! provocative! words! tending!to!stir!the!people!up!to!rebellion!or!sedition! o There!must!be!no!intent!for!this!article!to!apply.! 4. Displaying!placards!or!emblems!which!provoke!a!disturbance! of!public!order!in!such!place!



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! 5. Burying! with! pomp! the! body! of! a! person! who! has! been! legally!executed! ! II.%Qualifying%Circumstance% • Penalty! next! higher! shall! be! imposed! if! the! disturbance! is! tumultuous!in!character! ! III.%Outcry%v.%Inciting%to%commit%sedition%or%rebellion% Outcry% Inciting% An!outcry!is!an!unconscious! If!there!was!intent!behind!his! outburst.!The!offender!did!not! words,!then!the!crime!is!inciting! plan!for!his!words!to!induce! to!commit!sedition!or!rebellion! others!to!sedition!or!rebellion.! ! ! Article% 154% –% Unlawful% use% of% means% of% publication% and% unlawful% utterances% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%ranging%from%200%to%1,000% pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any% person% who% by% means% of% printing,% lithography,% or% any% other% means% of% publication% shall% publish% or% cause% to% be% published%as%news%any%false%news%which%may%endanger%the% public% order,% or% cause% damage% to% the% interest% or% credit% of% the%State;% 2. Any% person% who% by% the% same% means,% or% by% words,% utterances% or% speeches,% shall% encourage% disobedience% to% the% law% or% to% the% constituted% authorities% or% praise,% justify,% or%extol%any%act%punished%by%law;% 3. Any% person% who% shall% maliciously% publish% or% cause% to% be% published% any% official% resolution% or% document% without% proper% authority,% or% before% they% have% been% published% officially;%or% 4. Any%person%who%shall%print,%publish,%or%distribute%or%case%to% be% printed,% published,% or% distributed% books,% pamphlets,% periodicals,%or%leaflets%which%do%not%bear%the%real%printer’s% name,%or%which%are%classified%as%anonymous.%

% POINTS% I.%Acts%Punished:%(FEOR)% 1. Publishing!or!causing!to!be!published,!by!means!of!printing,! lithography,!or!any!other!means!of!publication,!as!news!any! false! news! which! may! endanger! the! public! order,! or! cause! damage!to!the!interest!or!credit!of!the!State.! o “May”!!!Actual!damage!or!disorder!is!not!necessary! o The! mere! possibility! of! causing! such! danger! or! damage!is!sufficient.! o The!offender!must!know!that!the!news!is!false.! " There!must!be!criminal!intent! o If! there! is! no! possibility! of! danger! or! damage,! then! this!article!is!not!applicable! 2. Encouraging! disobedience! to! the! law! or! to! the! constituted! authorities,! or! by! praising,! justifying! or! extolling! any! act! punished!by!law,!by!the!same!means!or!by!words,!utterances! or!speeches! o Example:! Distributing! leaflets! urging! people! to! disobey! the! National! Defense! Act! requiring! compulsory!military!training.! 3. Maliciously!publishing!or!causing!to!be!published!any!official! resolution!or!document!without!proper!authority,!or!before! they!have!been!published!officially! o Punished!by!R.A.%No.%248!–!reprinting!of!government! publications!and!official!documents!without!previous! authority! 4. Printing,! publishing! or! distributing! (or! causing! the! same)! books,!pamphlets,!periodicals,!or!leaflets!which!do!not!bear! the! real! printer’s! name,! or! which! are! classified! as! anonymous.! ! Article%155%–%Alarms%and%Scandals% The% penalty% of% arresto% menor% or% a% fine% not% exceeding% 200% pesos% shall%be%imposed%upon:%



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! 1. Any% person% who% within% any% town% or% public% place,% shall% discharge% any% firearm,% rocket,% firecracker,% or% other% explosive%calculated%to%cause%alarm%or%danger;% 2. Any%person%who%shall%instigate%or%take%an%active%part%in%any% charivari% or% other% disorderly% meeting% offensive% to% another% or%prejudicial%to%public%tranquility;% 3. Any% person% who,% while% wandering% about% at% night% or% while% engaged% in% any% other% nocturnal% amusements,% shall% disturb% the%public%peace;%or% 4. Any% person% who,% while% intoxicated% or% otherwise,% shall% cause% any% disturbance% or% scandal% in% public% place,% provided% that% the% circumstances% of% the% case% shall% not% make% the% provisions%of%Article%153%applicable.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punished%:%(DINC)% 1. Discharging! any! firearm,! rocket,! firecracker! or! other! explosive! within! any! town! or! public! place,! calculated! to! cause!alarm!or!danger! o Firearm! should! not! be! aimed! at! a! person! –! otherwise,!discharge!of!firearm!(Article%254)! o It! is! the! result! that! counts! !! the! act! must! produce! alarm!or!danger! " Discharge! of! firecrackers! or! rockets! during! fiestas!or!festive!occasions!is!not!covered.! o No! distinction! as! to! particular! place! –! as! long! as! it! produces!alarm!or!danger! 2. Instigating! or! taking! an! active! part! in! any! charivari! or! other! disorderly! meeting! offensive! to! anther! or! prejudicial! to! public!tranquility! o Charivari!!!medley!of!discordant!voices,!discordant! noises!designed!to!offend!and!insult! o It!is!punished!to!prevent!more!serious!disorders.! 3. Disturbing! the! public! peace! while! wandering! about! at! night! or!while!engaged!in!any!other!nocturnal!amusements!

4. Causing! any! disturbance! or! scandal! in! public! places! while! intoxicated!or!otherwise,!provided!Art!153!is!not!applicable! o Ex.! Person! hurled! a! general! insult! at! everyone! in! a! billiard! hall,! causing! commotion! and! disorder.! –! no! serious!disturbance!created.! o If!disturbance!is!of!serious!nature,!Article%153!applies!

! Article%156%–%Delivering%Prisoners%from%Jail% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person%who%shall%remove%from%any%jail%or%penal%establishment%any% person%confined%therein,%or%shall%help%the%escape%of%such%person,%by% means%of%violence,%intimidation%or%bribery.%If%other%means%are%used,% the%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%shall%be%imposed.% % If% the% escape% of% the% prisoner% shall% take% place% outside% of% said% establishments%by%taking%the%guards%by%surprise,%the%same%penalties% shall%be%imposed%in%their%minimum%period.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(CR)% 1. There!is!a!person!confined!in!a!jail!or!penal!establishment! 2. The! offender! removes! therefrom! such! person,! or! helps! the! escape!of!such!person! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Person%confined% • May!be!a!mere!detention!prisoner! • Hospital!or!asylum!is!considered!jail!or!prison! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Offender%removes%such%person% • Offender:!usually!an!outsider! • Article%156!can!also!be!applied!to!an!employee! o Provided!he!does!not!have!custody!of!such!person! " Guard!of!jail,!when!off!duty,!may!be!liable! o If!public!officer,!with!custody!of!prisoner,!he!is!liable!



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under!Article%223!(Infidelity!in!custody!of!prisoners)! The!offender!is!any!person.! Violence,! intimidation,! or! bribery! are! not! elements,! but! serve!to!aggravate!the!penalty.! o Bribery!referred!to!here!is!a!means!of!delivering!the! prisoner!! o If! the! offender! commits! this! crime! by! reason! of! a! bribe,! then! it! serves! as! a! generic! aggravating! circumstance!! Neither!is!deceit!an!element!

! IV.%Mitigating%Circumstance% • Mitigating!circumstance!if!the!escape!takes!place!outside!the! prison,!by!taking!the!guards!by!surprise! !

Chapter%6:%Evasion%of%Service%of%Sentence% % Article%157%–%Evasion%of%service%of%sentence% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%convict%who%shall%evade%service% of%his%sentence%by%escaping%during%the%term%of%his%imprisonment%by% reason%of%final%judgment.%However,%if%such%evasion%or%escape%shall% have% taken% place% by% means% of% unlawful% entry,% by% breaking% doors,% windows,% gates,% walls,% roofs,% or% floors,% or% by% using% picklocks,% false% keys,% deceit,% violence% or% intimidation,% or% through% connivance% with% other% convicts% or% employees% of% the% penal% institution,% the% penalty% shall%be%prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%period.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(FLE)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!convict!by!final!judgment.! 2. That!he!is!serving!his!sentence!which!consists!in!deprivation! of!liberty!(Destierro!included)! 3. That! he! evades! the! service! of! his! sentence! by! escaping! during!the!term!if!his!sentence.!(Fact!of!return!immaterial).! (

Note:! Not! applicable! in! deportation! since! it! is! an! administrative! proceeding.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%convict%by%final%judgment% • Not!applicable!to!detention!prisoners!and!minor!delinquents! who!escapes! o The!conviction!of!minor!delinquents!are!suspended.! % III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Evades%the%service% • Escape! !! flee! from;! to! avoid;! to! get! out! of! the! way,! as! to! flee! to! avoid! arrest.! It! requires! acts! and! mere! intent! while! being!spotted!loitering!the!courthouse!where!they!can!easily! be!identifiable!is!not!escaping.! ! IV.%Qualifying%circumstance:% 1. By! means! of! unlawful! entry! (this! should! be! by! scaling! or! climbing)! 2. By!breaking!doors,!windows,!gates,!walls,!roofs!or!floors;! 3. By! using! picklocks,! false! keys,! disguise,! deceit,! violence! or! intimidation;!or!! 4. Through!connivance!with!other!convicts!or!employees!of!the! penal!institution.! ! Article% 158% H% Evasion% of% service% of% sentence% on% the% occasion% of% disorder,%conflagrations,%earthquakes,%or%other%calamities% A% convict% who% shall% evade% the% service% of% his% sentence,% by% leaving% the% penal% institution% where% he% shall% have% been% confined,% on% the% occasion% of% disorder% resulting% from% a% conflagration,% earthquake,% explosion,% or% similar% catastrophe,% or% during% a% mutiny% in% which% he% has% not% participated,% shall% suffer% an% increase% of% oneH% fifth% of% the% time%still%remaining%to%be%served%under%the%original%sentence,%which% in%no%case%shall%exceed%six%months,%if%he%shall%fail%to%give%himself%up% to%the%authorities%within%fortyHeight%hours%following%the%issuance%of% a%proclamation%by%the%Chief%Executive%announcing%the%passing%away% of%such%calamity.%



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! % Convicts%who,%under%the%circumstances%mentioned%in%the%preceding% paragraph,% shall% give% themselves% up% to% the% authorities% within% the% above% mentioned% period% of% 48% hours,% shall% be% entitled% to% the% deduction%provided%in%Article%98.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(CDEF)% 1. That! the! offender! is! a! convict! by! final! judgment! who! is! confined!in!a!penal!institution.! 2. That!there!is!disorder,!resulting!from^! a. conflagration,! b. earthquake,!or! c. explosion,!or! d. similar!catastrophes,!or! e. mutiny,!not!participated!by!the!offender.! 3. That! the! offender! evades! the! service! of! his! sentence! by! leaving! the! penal! institution! where! he! is! confined,! on! the! occasion!of!such!disorder!or!during!the!mutiny.! 4. That! the! offender! fails! to! give! himself! up! to! the! authorities! within!48!hours!following!the!issuance!of!a!proclamation!by! the! chief! executive! announcing! the! passing! away! of! such! calamity.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%convict%by%final%judgment% • Although!the!article!is!silent,!only!a!convict!by!final!judgment! can!evade!the!service!of!his!sentence.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:% • “Mutiny”! in! this! article! implies! an! organized! unlawful! resistance!to!a!superior!officer;!a!sedition;!a!revolt! o There! is! no! mutiny! if! the! prisoners! disarmed! the! guards! and! escaped,! because! the! guards! are! not! their! superior! officers.! In! this! case,! if! those! who! escaped! surrendered! later,! they! will! not! enjoy! any!

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reduction.! People! v.! Padilla! !! The! accused! was! not! held! liable! for! evasion! because! he! acted! under! the! influence! of! uncontrollable! fear! of! an! equal! or! greater! injury,! the! escapists!having!threatened!to!shoot!at!whoever!remained.!

% IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%The%offender%leaves%the%institution% • There! is! no! assurance! that! those! who! did! not! escape! the! penal! institution! during! such! disorders! (regardless! of! their! reasons)!would!have!returned.! ! V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Offender%fails%to%give%himself%up% • What!is! punished! is! not! the! leaving! of! the! penal! institution,! but! the! failure! of! the! convict! to! give! himself! up! to! the! authorities!within!48!ours!after!the!proclamation!announcing! the!passing!away!of!the!calamity.! • If!offender!fails!to!surrender,!1/5!of!the!time!still!remaining! to! be! served! by! him! shall! be! imposed! provided! that! it! does! not!exceed!6!months! • If! offender! gives! himself! up! within! 48! hours! are! given! reduction!by!1/5!of!their!time!to!be!served.! ! Article%159%H%Other%case%of%evasion%of%service%of%sentence% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% the% convict% who,% having% been% granted% conditional% pardon%by%the%Chief%Executive,%shall%violate%any%of%the%conditions%of% such% pardon.% However,% if% the% penalty% remitted% by% the% granting% of% such%pardon%be%higher%than%six%years,%the%convict%shall%then%suffer% the%unexpired%portion%of%his%original%sentence.% % POINTS% I.%Conditional%Pardon%(Section%19,%Article%VII,%1987%Constitution)% • It!is!a!contract!between!the!Chief!executive!and!the!convict! who! accepts! it.! The! pardoned! convict! is! bound! to! fulfill! its! conditions! and! accept! all! its! consequences,! not! as! he!



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! chooses,!but!according!to!strict!terms.! ! II.%Elements%(CCV)% 1. That!the!offender!was!a!convict! 2. That! he! was! granted! a! conditional! pardon! by! the! Chief! Executive.! 3. That!he!violated!any!of!the!conditions!of!such!pardon.! ! III.%Penalties% 1. Prision!correccional!in!its!minimum!!!if!the!penalty!remitted! does!not!exceed!6!years! 2. The! unexpired! portion! of! his! original! sentence! !! if! the! penalty!remitted!is!higher!than!6!years.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Granted%conditional%pardon% • Duration! of! the! conditions! subsequent! is! limited! to! the! remaining!period!of!the!sentence.% % V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Violated%any%of%the%conditions%of%such%pardon% • The! condition! imposed! not! to! commit! any! crime! covers! special!laws.! • Offender! must! have! been! found! guilty! of! the! subsequent! offense!before!he!can!be!prosecuted!under!this!Article.!But!if! under!Revised!Administrative!Code,!no!conviction!necessary.! President!has!power!to!arrest,!reincarnate!offender!without! trial.! % VI.%Other%Notes% • Article% 159! is! a! distinct! felony.! It! is! a! substantive! crime.! For! one! to! suffer! the! consequence! of! its! violation,! the! prisoner! must! be! formally! charged! in! court.! He! will! be! entitled! to! a! full^blown! hearing,! in! full! enjoyment! of! his! right! to! due! process.! Only! after! a! final! judgment! has! been! rendered! against! him! may! he! suffer! the! penalty! prescribed! under! Article%159!(Torres!vs.!Gonzales,!et!al.)!

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The!president!has!the!specific!power!to!authorize!the!arrest! and!reincarceration!of!any!convicted!person!granted!pardon! or!parole!who,!in!his!judgment,!shall!fail!to!comply!with!the! condition! or! conditions! of! his! pardon! or! parole.! (Tesoro! v.! Director!of!prisons)! Since! destierro! has! a! duration! of! 6! months! and! 1! day! to! 6! years,!under!no!circumstances!may!the!penalty!for!violation! of!the!conditional!pardon!be!destierro.! Period! when! the! convict! was! at! liberty! is! not! deducted! in! case!he!is!recommitted.!

! VII.% Violation% of% Pardon% (Article% 159)% v.% Evasion% of% service% of% sentence%(Article%158)% Violation%of%Pardon% Evasion%of%service%of%sentence% Does!not!cause!harm!or!injury!to! To!evade!the!penalty!given!by! the!right!of!other!person!nor! the!courts,!and!therefore! does!it!disturb!public!order;! disturbs!the!public!order! Infringement!of! conditions/terms!of!the! President! !

Chapter% 7:% Commission% of% another% crime% during% service% of%penalty%imposed%for%another%previous%offense.% % Article%160%H%Commission%of%another%crime%during%service%of%penalty% imposed%for%another%offense;%Penalty% Besides%the%provisions%of%Rule%5%of%Article%62,%any%person%who%shall% commit% a% felony% after% having% been% convicted% by% final% judgment,% before%beginning%to%serve%such%sentence,%or%while%serving%the%same,% shall%be%punished%by%the%maximum%period%of%the%penalty%prescribed% by%law%for%the%new%felony.% % Any% convict% of% the% class% referred% to% in% this% article,% who% is% not% a% habitual% criminal,% shall% be% pardoned% at% the% age% of% seventy% years% if%



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! he%shall%have%already%served%out%his%original%sentence,%or%when%he% shall%complete%it%after%reaching%the%said%age,%unless%by%reason%of%his% conduct% or% other% circumstances% he% shall% not% be% worthy% of% such% clemency.% % POINTS% I.%QuasiHrecidivism% • Quasi^recidivism! !! is! a! special! aggravating! circumstance! where! a! person,! after! having! been! convicted! by! final! judgment,! shall! commit! a! new! felony! before! beginning! to! serve!such!sentence,!or!while!serving!the!same.! • Quasi^recidivism!does!not!require!that!the!two!offenses!are! embraced!in!the!same!title!of!the!Code.! • Quasi^recidivism! cannot! be! offset! by! an! ordinary! mitigating! circumstance.! % II.%Elements:%(CN)% 1. That!the!offender!was!already!convicted!by!final!judgment!of! one!offense.! 2. That! he! committed! a! new! felony! before! beginning! to! serve! such!sentence!or!while!serving!the!same.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:% • “Before%beginning%to%serve%such%sentence”% When! the! judgment! of! conviction! of! the! lower! court! in! the! first! offense! having! been! affirmed! by! the! appellate! court,! and!his!commitment!having!been!ordered!he!committed!the! new!felony!while!being!taken!to!the!prison!or!jail! • “Or%while%serving%the%same”% When!a!convict!by!final!judgment!shall!commit!a!new!felony! while!serving!his!sentence!for!the!first!offense! • Second!crime!must!be!a!felony!(i.e.!Revised!Penal!Code)! o If! it! is! a! violation! of! a! special! law! (e.g.! illegal! possession!of!firearm),!this!article!does!not!apply.! • BUT!the!first!crime!need!not!be!a!felony!

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The! new! offense! need! not! be! of! different! character! from! that!of!the!former!offense.! o People! v.! Yabut! !! a! person! convicted! of! murder! who! subsequently! commits! homicide! before! beginning!to!serve!his!sentence!is!liable!here.!

! IV.%QuasiHRecidivism%v.%Reiteracion% QuasiHRecidivism% Reiteracion% The!offender!has!not!begun!or!is! Offender!shall!have!served!out! currently!serving!a!sentence! his!sentence!for!prior!offenses! % V.%Other%Notes:% • Quasi^recidivists!shall!be!pardoned!when!he!has!reached!the! age! of! 70! and! has! already! served! out! his! original! sentence,! UNLESS!by!reason!of!his!conduct!he!is!not!worthy!of!such.! BUT! • When! the! offender! is! a! habitual! criminal,! a! quasi^recidivist! may! not! be! pardoned! even! if! he! reaches! the! age! of! 70! and! has!already!served!out!his!original!sentence.!



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TITLE%IV:%CRIMES%AGAINST%PUBLIC%INTEREST! !

Chapter%1:%Forgeries% % Section%1%–%Forging%the%seal%of%the%Government%of%the%Philippine% Islands,%the%signature%or%stamp%of%the%Chief%Executive! % Article% 161% –% Counterfeiting% the% great% seal% of% the% Government% of% the% Philippine% Islands,% forging% the% signature% or% stamp% of% the% Chief% Executive.% The% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% forge% the% Great% Seal% of% the% Government% of% the% Philippines%Islands%or%the%signature%or%stamp%of%the%Chief%Executive.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished:%(GSS)% 1. Forging! the! Great! Seal! of! the! Government! of! the!Philippines! 2. Forging! the! signature! of! the!President! 3. Forging! the! stamp! of! the! President! ! II.% The% Great% Seal% of% the% Republic% of% the% Philippines% • The! Great! Seal! is! beautifully! described! in! Sec.! 18! of! the! Revised!Administrative!Code!as!amended!by!Com.%Acts%Nos.% 602,%614,%and%731.%

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The! custody! and! use! of! the! Great! Seal! shall! be! and! remain! with!the!President!of!the!Philippines.!

! III.%Signature%of%the%President%of%the%Philippines% • In! a! government! document! where! the! signature! of! the! President!is!forged,!the!crime!is!forging!the!signature!of!the! Chief! Executive,! not! falsification.! Article% 161! supplies! the! specific!provision!to!govern!such!case.! • The!signature!of!the!President!must!be!formed!or!imitated.!If! a! document! is! written! above! the! actual! signature! of! the! President,! the! crime! is! not! under! Article% 161,! but! under! Article%171%or%172! % Article%162%–%Using%forged%signature%or%counterfeit%seal%or%stamp.% The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% knowingly% make% use% of% the% counterfeit% seal% or% forged% signature%or%stamp%mentioned%in%the%preceding%article.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(CountForWKU)% 1. That!the!Great!Seal!of!the!Philippines!as!counterfeited!or!the! signature! or! stamp! of! the! Chief! Executive! was! forged! by! another!person.! 2. That!the!offender!knew!of!the!counterfeiting!or!forgery! 3. That! he! used! the! counterfeit! seal! or! forged! signature! or! stamp! ! III.%If%the%user%is%also%the%forger,%he%will%penalized%under%Article%161% • The! offender! under! this! article! should! not! be! the! forger! of! the!seal!or!signature!of!the!Chief!Executive!otherwise!he!will! be!penalized!under!Article%161.! • The!user!is!penalized!as!an!accessory!but!the!penalty!is!only! one!degree!lower.! ! Section%2%–%Counterfeiting%coins%



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! % Article%163%–%Making%and%importing%and%uttering%false%coins.% Any% person% who% makes,% imports,% or% utters% false% coins,% in% connivance%with%counterfeiters%ir%importers,%shall%suffer:% 1. Prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 10,000% pesos,% if% the% counterfeited% coin% be%silver%coin%of%the%Philippines%or%coin%of%the%Central%Bank% of%the%Philippines%of%tenWcentavo%denomination%or%above.% 2. Prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 2,000% pesos% if% the% counterfeited% coins%be%any%of%the%mnor%coinage%of%the%Philippines%or%the% Central% Bank% of% the% Philippines% below% the% tenWcentavo% denomination.% 3. Prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine%not%to% exceed%1,000%pesos%if%th%countefeited%coin%be%currency%of%a% foreign%country.%(As#amended#by#RA#No.#4202,#approved#on# June#19,#1965)% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(FCWMIUWC)% 1. That!there!be!false!or!counterfeited!coins! 2. That! the! offender! either! made,! imported,! or! uttered! such! coins! 3. That!in!case!of!uttering!such!false!or!counterfeited!coins,!he! connived!with!the!counterfeiters!or!importers! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%False%or%counterfeited%coins% • Coin! !! is! a! piece! of! metal! stamped! with! certain! marks! and! made!current!at!a!certain!value.! • A! coin! is! forged! or! counterfeited,! if! it! is! forged! or! it! is! not! authorized!by!the!Government!as!legal!tender,!regardless!of! its!intrinsic!value.! • Counterfeiting!!!the!imitation!of!a!legal!or!genuine!coin.! • Kinds!of!coins!the!counterfeiting!of!which!is!punished:!(SMF)! 1. Silver! coin! of! the! Philippines! or! coin! of! the! Central! Bank! of!

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the!Philippines.! 2. Coin!of!the!minor!coinage!of!the!Philippines!or!of!the!Central! Bank!of!the!Philippines.! • Minor,coins!!!the!coins!below!tenPcentavo!denomination.! • Former! coins! withdrawn! from! circulation! may! be! counterfeited.! The! word! coin! under! the! provision! does! not! have!a!qualifying!word!such!as!“current.”! o The! Spanish! text! uses! the! world! “moneda”! which! embraces! not! only! those! that! are! legal! tender,! but! also!those!out!of!circulation.! 3. Coin!of!the!currency!of!a!foreign!country.! , III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Made,%imported,%or%uttered% • Import! !! means! to! bring! them! into! port.! Importation! is! complete!before!entry!at!Customs!House! • Utter! !! is! to! pass! counterfeited! coins.! It! includes! their! delivery!or!the!act!of!giving!them!away.! ! Article% 164% –% Mutilation% of% coins% –% Importation% and% utterance% of% mutilated%coins.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine% not%exceeding%2,000%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who% shall%mutilate%coins%of%the%legal%currency%of%the%(United%States%or%of% the)%Philippines%Islands%or%import%or%utter%mutilated%current%coins,% in%the%connivance%with%the%mutilator%or%importer.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished:%(MI)% 1. Mutilating! coins! of! the! legal! currency,! with! the! further! requirement! that! there! be! intent! to! damage! or! to! defraud! another.! 2. Importing!or!uttering!such!mutilated!coins,!with!the!further! requirement! that! there! must! be! connivance! with! the! mutilator!or!importer!in!case!of!uttering! !



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! II.%Coin%must%be%the%legal%tender% • The! coin! mutilated! must! be! of! legal! tender! in! mutilation.! Only!in!this!article!that!the!law!requires!such!as!an!element! of!the!offense!in!the!case!of!mutilation.! • Coins!of!foreign!currency!not!included.! % III.%Meaning%of%Mutilation% • Mutilation! !! means! to! take! off! part! of! the! metal! either! by! filling! it! or! substituting! it! for! another! metal! of! inferior! quality.! It! is! to! diminish! by! ingenious! means! the! metal! (or! intrinsic!value)!in!the!coin.! • Offender! must! take! advantage! of! the! metal! abstracted! and! does!not!do!so!for!the!sake!of!mutilating.! ! Article%165%–%Selling%of%false%or%mutilated%coin,%without%connivance.% Any% person% who% knowingly,% although% without% the% connivance% mentioned% in% the% preceeding% articles,% shall% possess% false% or% mutilated%coin%with%intent%to%utter%the%same,%or%shall%actually%utter% such% coin,% shall% suffer% the% penalty% lower% by% one% degree% than% that% prescribed%in%the%said%articles.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished%with%Elements:% 1. Possession! of! coin,! counterfeited! or! mutilated! by! another! person,! with! intent! to! utter! the! same,! knowing! that! is! false! or!mutilated!(PIK)! a. Possession! b. With!intent!to!utter,!and! c. Knowledge! 2. Actually! uttering! such! false! or! mutilated! coin,! knowing! the! same!to!be!false!or!mutilated!(AK)! a. Actually!uttering,! b. Knowledge! ! II.% FIRST% ACT% PUNISHED:% % Mere% holding% of% the% false% or% mutilated%

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coin%with%intent%to%utter.% • Possession!of!or!uttering!false!coin!does!not!require!that!the! counterfeited!coin!is!legal!tender.! o Unless! it! is! a! mutilated! coin,! in! which! case,! Article% 164!is!taken!into!consideration.! • Constructive! possession! is! included.! The! provision! prohibits! possession!in!general.! o Possession!of!counterfeiter!or!importer!not!punished! as!separate!offense.!! ! III.%SECOND%ACT%PUNISHED:%Actually%uttering%a%false%coin% • Accused! must! have! knowledge! of! the! fact! that! the! coin! is! false.!The!accused!shall!be!punishable!although!without!the! connivance!mentioned!in!the!preceding!articles.! • People!v.!Go!Po!!!The!fact!that!the!Chinaman!received!it!in! payment!of!his!goods!and!placed!it!in!his!drawer!shows!that! he!did!not!know!that!such!coin!was!false.! ! Section%3%–%Forging%treasury%or%bank%notes,%obligations%and% securities;%importing%and%uttering%false%or%forged%notes,%obligations% and%securities% % Article% 166% –% Forging% treasury% or% bank% notes% or% other% documents% payable% to% bearer;% importing,% and% uttering% such% false% or% forged% notes%and%documents.% The%forging%or%falsification%of%treasury%or%bank%notes%or%certificates% or% other% obligations% and% securities% payable% to% bearer% and% the% importation%and%uttering%in%connivance%with%forgers%or%importers%of% such% false% or% forged% obligations% or% notes,% shall% be% punished% as% follows:% 1. By%reclusion%temporal%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine%not% to% exceed% P10,000% pesos,% if% the% document% which% has% been% falsified,% counterfeited,% or% altered,% is% an% obligations% or% security% of% the% United% States% or% of% the% Philippines% Islands.% The%word%"obligation%or%security%of%the%United%States%or%of%



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! the% Philippine% Islands"% shall% be% held% to% mean% all% bonds,% certificates%of%indebtedness,%national%bank%notes,%fractional% notes,% certificates% of% deposit,% bills,% checks,% or% drafts% for% money,%drawn%by%or%upon%authorized%officers%of%the%United% States% or% of% the% Philippine% Islands,% and% other% representatives%of%value,%of%whatever%denomination,%which% have%been%or%may%be%issued%under%any%act%of%the%Congress% of%the%United%States%or%of%the%Philippine%Legislature.% 2. By% prision% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% and% a% fine% not% to% exceed%P5,000%pesos,%if%the%falsified%or%altered%document%is% a% circulating% note% issued% by% any% banking% association% duly% authorized%by%law%to%issue%the%same.% 3. By% prision% mayor% in% its% medium% period% and% a% fine% not% to% exceed% P5,000% pesos,% if% the% falsified% or% counterfeited% document%was%issued%by%a%foreign%government.% 4. By% prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% period% and% a% fine% not% to% exceed%P2,000%pesos,%when%the%forged%or%altered%document% is% a% circulating% note% or% bill% issued% by% a% foreign% bank% duly% authorized%therefor.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%penalized%under%166:%(FIU)% 1. Forging! or! falsification! of! treasury! or! bank! notes! or! other! documents!payable!to!bearer! 2. Importation!of!such!false!or!forged!obligations!or!notes! 3. Uttering! of! such! false! or! forged! obligation! or! notes! in! connivance!with!the!forgers!or!importers! ! II.%Notes%or%other%obligations%and%securities%that%may%be%forged%or% falsified%under!Article%166%(TCO)% 1. Treasury!or!bank!notes! 2. Certificates!and! 3. Other!obligations!and!securities,!payable!to!bearer! • A!bank!note,!certificate!or!obligation!and!security!is!payable! to!bearer!when!it!can!negotiated!by!mere!delivery.!

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The!penalties!depend!on!the!kind!of!forged!treasury!or!bank! notes!or!other!documents.!

% III.%Forging%or%falsification%of%documents%payable%to%bearer% • Forging!!!is!committed!by!giving!to!a!treasury!or!bank!note! or! any! instrument! payable! to! bearer! or! to! order! the! appearance! of! a! true! and! genuine! document.! To! forge! an! instrument! is! to! make! false! instrument! intended! to! be! passed!for!the!genuine!one.! • Falsification! !! is! committed! by! erasing,! substituting,! counterfeiting,!or!altering!by!any!means,!the!figures,!letters,! words,!or!signs!contained!therein.! • Del! Rosario! v.! People! !! The! accused! erased! and! changed! the!last!digit!9!of!Serial!No.!FP7969261!of!a!genuine!treasury! note!so!as!to!read!0.! ! IV.%Importation%of%false%or%forged%obligations%or%notes% • Importation! !! means! to! bring! them! into! the! Philippines,! which! presupposes! that! the! obligations! or! notes! are! forged! or!falsified!in!a!foreign!country.! % V.%Uttering%in%connivance%with%forgers%or%importers% • Uttering! !! means! offering! obligations! or! notes! knowing! them!to!be!false!or!forged,!whether!such!offer!is!accepted!or! not,!with!a!representation,!by!words!or!actions,!that!they!are! genuine!and!with!an!intent!to!defraud.! • Uttering!forged!bill!must!be!with!connivance!to!constitute!a! violation!of!Article%166.! ! VI.% Penalties% depend% on% the% kind% of% forged% treasury% or% bank% notes% or%other%documents% 1. Obligations!or!security!issued!by!the!government!of!the!Phil.! 2. Circulating! note! issued! by! any! banking! association! duly! authorized!by!law!to!issue!the!same.! 3. Document!issued!by!a!foreign!government.!



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! 4. Circulating! note! or! bill! issued! by! a! foreign! bank! duly! authorized!to!issue!the!same.! ! A.%Forging%obligations%or%security% • People! v.! Balmores! !! The! accused! falsified! a! genuine! 1/8! unit! of! the! Philippine! Charity! Sweepstakes! ticket.! He! was! convicted!of!the!complex!crime!of!attempted!estafa!through! falsification! of! an! obligation! or! security! of! the! Philippines! because! he! attempted! to! cash! the! ticket! so! altered! as! one! with!a!prizePwinning!number.! • Obligation,or,Security,of,the,Philippines! o Bonds! o Certificates!of!indebtedness! o National!bank!notes! o Coupons! o Treasury!notes! o Fractional!notes! o Certificates!of!deposits! o Bills! o Checks! o Drafts!for!money! o Other!representatives!of!value!issued!under!any!Act! of!Congress! • “Obligations,or,security,of,the,United,States”, o The! provisions! of! Article% 166! relative! to! US! obligations! were! repealed! upon! grant! of! Philippine! Independence., % B.%%Money%Bills%issued%by%the%Central%Bank%are%national%bank%notes% o The! P5Pbills,! P10Pbills,! P20Pbills,! etc.! issued! by! the! Central! Bank!of!the!Philippines!are!national!bank!notes.!! o Philippine!National!Bank!checks!are!commercial!documents,! not!covered!by!Article%166.!They’re!under!Article%171%&%172.! ! VII.%The%Code%punishes%forging%or%falsification%of%bank%notes%and%of%

documents% of% credit% payable% to% bearer% and% issued% by% the% State% more%severely%than%it%does%the%counterfeiting%of%coins.% • Falsification!of!bank!notes!and!documents!tend!to!bring!such! documents! into! discredit! and! produces! a! lack! of! confidence! on!the!part!of!the!holders!of!said!documents!to!the!prejudice! of!the!interests!of!society!and!of!the!State.! • It!is!easier!to!forge!or!falsify!documents!than!coins.! • The! profit! from! forging! or! falsifying! documents! is! greater! than!that!from!counterfeiting!coins.! ! Article% 167% –% Counterfeiting,% importing,% and% uttering% instruments% not%payable%to%bearer.% Any%person%who%shall%forge,%import%or%utter,%in%connivance%with%the% forgers% or% importers,% any% instrument% payable% to% order% or% other% document%of%credit%not%payable%to%bearer,%shall%suffer%the%penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% and% a% fine%not%exceeding%P6,000%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(IFC)% 1. That! there! be! an! instrument! payable! to! order! or! other! document!of!credit!not!payable!to!bearer! 2. That! the! offender! either! forged,! imported! or! uttered! such! instrument! 3. That! in! case! of! uttering,! he! connived! with! the! forger! or! importer.! ! II.%Reason%for%punishing%forgery% o To!maintain!the!integrity!of!the!currency!and!thus!insure!the! credit! standing! of! the! government! and! prevent! the! imposition! on! the! public! and! the! government! of! worthless! notes!or!obligations.! % III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Instrument%is%payable%to%order% • Application!of!this!Article%167!is!limited!to!payable!to!order!



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or!other!document!or!credit!not!payable!to!bearer.! An!instrument!is!payable!to!order!where!it!is!drawn!payable! to!the!order!of!a!specified!person!or!to!him!or!his!order.!

! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Forged,%imported,%or%uttered% • Connivance! is! not! required! in! uttering! if! the! utterer! is! the! forger.! • The! act! punished! includes! that! of! importing,! without! specifying!the!country!or!government!issuing!them.! ! Article% 168% –% Illegal% possession% and% use% of% false% treasury% or% bank% notes%and%other%instruments%of%credit.% Unless%the%act%be%one%of%those%coming%under%the%provisions%of%any% of% the% preceding% articles,% any% person% who% shall% knowingly% use% or% have% in% his% possession,% with% intent% to% use% any% of% the% false% or% falsified% instruments% referred% to% in% this% section,% shall% suffer% the% penalty%next%lower%in%degree%than%that%prescribed%in%said%articles.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(FKWUP)% 1. That! any! treasury! or! bank! note! or! certificate! or! other! obligation!and!security!payable!to!bearer,!or!any!instrument! payable!to!order!or!other!document!of!credit!not!payable!to! bearer!is!forged!or!falsified!by!another!person.! 2. That! the! offender! knows! that! any! of! those! instruments! is! forged!or!falsified! 3. That!he!performs!any!of!these!acts:! a. Using!any!of!such!forged!or!falsified!instruments;!or! b. Possessing! with! intent! to! use! any! such! forged! or! falsified!instruments! ! II.%Intent%to%possess%is%not%intent%to%use% • Intent! to! posses! is! not! intent! to! use.! To! be! charged! under! this!article,!there!must!be!a!corresponding!intent!to!use.! !

III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Note%is%forged%or%falsified% • To! prove! that! a! bank! note! is! forged,! evidence! must! be! presented!that!the!number!which!the!questioned!bank!note! bears! does! not! check! with! the! genuine! one! issued! with! the! same!number.!(People!v.!Barraquia)! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Accused%knows%of%the%forged%nature% • Knowledge!of!the!forged!character!of!the!note!is!an!essential! element!in!this!offense.! • The! conduct! of! the! accused! could! be! used! to! establish! knowledge!of!forgery.!! o Examples:! The! offender! refused! to! make! any! explanation! of! his! possession! of! the! forged! bank! bills;! after! discovery! the! owner! snatched! and! tore! the!bill!before!the!examiner.! ! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Using%or%Possessing% • Use!!!A!person!in!possession!of!falsified!document!and!who! makes!use!of!the!same!is!presumed!to!be!material!author!of! falsification.!! • Possessing!with!intent!to!use!!!intent!to!use!is!sufficient!to! consummate!the!crime!when!the!offender!is!in!possession!of! false!or!falsified!obligations!or!notes! o BUT! in! People! v.! Padilla! where! the! accused,! instead! of!carrying!out!his!intention,!threw!away!the!forged! note,! it! was! held! that! he! was! not! liable! for! the! law! will!not!close!the!door!to!repentance.! o Mere!possession!of!a!false!money!bill,!without!intent! to!use!it!to!the!damage!of!another,!is!not!a!crime.! • Burden%of%proof:!Accused!has!the!burden!to!give!satisfactory! explanation!of!his!possession!of!forged!bills.! o Failure! of! the! accused! to! explain! satisfactorily! his! possession!of!the!counterfeit!bills!means!either:! " He!forged!them!himself! " That! he! knows! who! falsified! them! but! he!



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! does!not!want!to!divulge!the!identity.! People!v.!Luis!Sane!!!possession!of!100pcs!of!forged! P20Pbills! cannot! indicate! anything! except,! first,! the! knowledge! which! the! appellant! had! of! the! falsity! of! said!bills,!and!second,!the!intention!of!the!appellant! to!utter!said!bills.! It!is!not!an!impossible!crime!when!the!act!performed!would! have! been! a! crime! of! illegal! possession! of! false! treasury! notes.! o Impossible! crimes! falling! under! Paragraph% 2,% Article% 4!requires!that!the!act!be!an!offense!against!persons! or!property.!Forging!or!falsification!of!treasury!notes! is!neither!an!offense!against!persons!nor!property.! o

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! Article%169%–%How%forgery%is%committed.%% The%forgery%referred%to%in%this%section%may%be%committed%by%any%of% the%following%means:% 1. By% giving% to% a% treasury% or% bank% note% or% any% instrument,% payable% to% bearer% or% order% mentioned% therein,% the% appearance%of%a%true%genuine%document.% 2. By% erasing,% substituting,% counterfeiting% or% altering% by% any% means% the% figures,% letters,% words% or% signs% contained% therein.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1:%FORGERY% % I.%People%v.%Galano:%Giving%fake%checks%the%appearances%of%true%and% genuine%documents% o The! first! paragraph! contemplates! not! only! the! situations! where! a! spurious,! false! or! fake! documents,! but! also! the! situations! involving! originally! true! and! genuine! documents! which! have! been! withdrawn! or! demonetized,! or! have! outlived!their!usefulness.! ____________________%

PARAGRAPH%2:%FALSIFICATION%(Type%of%forgery%under%Article%169)% ! I.%Altering%true%and%genuine%documents% o The! second! paragraph! contemplates! a! situation! wherein! a! figure,! letter,! word! or! sign! contained! has! been! erased,! substituted,!counterfeited!or!altered.!The!forgery!consists!in! the! addition! of! a! word! in! an! effort! to! give! to! the! to! the! present! document! the! appearance! of! the! true! and! genuine! certificate! that! it! used! to! have! before! it! was! withdrawn! or! has!outlives!its!usefulness.! ____________________% PRESIDENTIAL%DECREE%NO.%247% % I.%Defacement,%mutilation,%tearing,%burning%or%destroying%of%Central% Bank%notes%and%coins,%penalized% o Object:!currency!notes!and!coins!issued!by!the!Central!Bank! of!the!Philippines.! o Penalty:!Fine!(not!more!than!P20,000)!and/or!Imprisonment! (not!more!than!5!years).! ! II.%Forgery%and%Falsification%distinguished% % FORGERY%(Article%169)% FALSIFICATION%(SECTION%4)% Act% Refers!to!falsifications! Commission!of!any!of!the!8! and!counterfeiting! acts!mentioned!in!Article%171% Object% Treasury!or!Bank!notes! Legislative,!public!or!official,! commercial,!or!private! documents,!or!wireless,!or! telegraph!messages.! ! Section%4%–%Falsification%of%legislative,%public,%commercial,%and% private%documents,%and%wireless,%telegraph,%and%telephone% messages% % Article%170%–%Falsification%of%legislative%documents.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% maximum% period% and% a%



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! fine%not%exceeding%P6,000%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person% who,% without% proper% authority% therefor% alters% any% bill,% resolution,% or% ordinance% enacted% or% approved% or% pending% approval% by% either% House% of% the% Legislature% or% any% provincial% board% or% municipal% council.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(BANM)% 1. That! there! be! a! bill,! resolution! or! ordinance! enacted! or! approved! or! pending! approval! by! either! House! of! the! Legislature!or!any!provincial!board!or!municipal!council.!! 2. That!the!offender!alters!the!same.! 3. That!he!has!no!proper!authority!therefor.! 4. That! the! alteration! has! changed! the! meaning! of! the! document.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Bill,%resolution%or%ordinance%must%be%genuine% • Municipal, Council! !! includes! the! city! council! or! municipal! board.! • A! fabricated! or! simulated! legislative! document! is! not! covered!by!Article%170.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%any%person% • The!article!does!not!require!that!the!offender!be!a!private!or! public!individual,!just!as!long!as!the!offender!has!no!proper! authority!to!make!the!alteration.! ! IV.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Alternation%changes%the%meaning% • The! act! of! falsification! in! legislative! documents! is! limited! to! altering!it!which!changes!its!meaning.! • Other! acts! of! falsification,! even! in! legislative! document,! are! punished!either!under!Article%171!or!Article%172.! % V.% Republic% Act% No.% 248% prohibits% the% reprinting,% reproduction% or% republication% of% government% publications% and% official% documents%

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without%previous%authority.% % Article% 171% W% Falsification% by% public% officer,% employee% or% notary% or% ecclesiastic%minister.% The%penalty%of%prision%mayor%and%a%fine%not%to%exceed%P5,000%pesos% shall%be%imposed%upon%any%public%officer,%employee,%or%notary%who,% taking%advantage%of%his%official%position,%shall%falsify%a%document%by% committing%any%of%the%following%acts:% 1. Counterfeiting% or% imitating% any% handwriting,% signature% or% rubric;% 2. Causing% it% to% appear% that% persons% have% participated% in% any% act%or%proceeding%when%they%did%not%in%fact%so%participate;% 3. Attributing% to% persons% who% have% participated% in% an% act% or% proceeding% statements% other% than% those% in% fact% made% by% them;% 4. Making%untruthful%statements%in%a%narration%of%facts;% 5. Altering%true%dates;% 6. Making% any% alteration% or% intercalation% in% a% genuine% document%which%changes%its%meaning;% 7. Issuing%in%an%authenticated%form%a%document%purporting%to% be% a% copy% of% an% original% document% when% no% such% original% exists,%or%including%in%such%a%copy%a%statement%contrary%to,% or%different%from,%that%of%the%genuine%original;%or% 8. Intercalating% any% instrument% or% note% relative% to% the% issuance%thereof%in%a%protocol,%registry,%or%official%book.% % The%same%penalty%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%ecclesiastical%minister% who%shall%commit%any%of%the%offenses%enumerated%in%the%preceding% paragraphs%of%this%article,%with%respect%to%any%record%or%document% of%such%character%that%its%falsification%may%affect%the%civil%status%of% persons.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PTWipaudaaiWE)% 1. That! the! offender! is! a! public! officer,! employee! or! notary!



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! public.! 2. That!he!takes!advantage!of!his!official!position.! 3. That! he! falsifies! a! document! by! committing! any! of! the! following!acts:! a. Counterfeiting! or! imitating! any! handwriting,! signature!or!rubric! b. Causing! it! to! appear! that! persons! have! participated! in!any!act!or!proceeding!when!they!did!not!in!fact!so! participate;! c. Attributing! to! persons! who! have! participated! in! an! act! or! proceeding! statements! other! than! those! in! fact!made!by!them;! d. Making!untruthful!statements!in!a!narration!of!facts;! e. Altering!true!dates;! f. Making! any! alteration! or! intercalation! in! a! genuine! document!which!changes!its!meaning;! g. Issuing! in! an! authenticated! form! a! document! purporting! to! be! a! copy! of! an! original! document! when! no! such! original! exists,! or! including! in! such! a! copy!a!statement!contrary!to,!or!different!from,!that! of!the!genuine!original;!or! h. Intercalating! any! instrument! or! note! relative! to! the! issuance! thereof! in! a! protocol,! registry,! or! official! book.! 4. In! case! the! offender! is! an! ecclesiastical! minister,! the! act! of! falsification! is! committed! with! respect! to! any! record! or! document! of! such! character! that! its! falsification! may! affect! the!civil!status!of!persons.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Persons%liable%under%Article%171% • Only! those! expressly! stated! are! liable:! public! officer,! employee,!notary!public!or!ecclesiastical!minister.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Takes%advantage%of%his%official%position% • An!offender!takes!advantage!when:!

He!has!the!duty!to!make!or!to!prepare!or!otherwise! to!intervene!in!the!preparation!of!the!document;!or! o Has! the! official! custody! of! the! document! which! he! falsifies.! If!the!offender!did!not!take!advantage!of!his!official!position,! he!will!be!liable!in!his!private!capacity!under!Article%172.! US!v.!Austero! o A! court! stenographer! who! deliberately! and! maliciously! changed,! in! making! the! transcription! of! his!notes,!the!statements!of!a!witness!taken!by!him! is!guilty!under!Article%171.! o A! chief! of! police! who! altered! court! transcriptions! is! guilty! of! falsification! of! a! public! document! as! a! private!person!under!Article%172.! US! v.! Inosanta! !! A! municipal! president! who! falsified! an! inscription! in! the! register! of! births! under! the! charge! of! the! municipal! secretary! is! not! liable! because! such! document! does! not! pertain! to! his! office,! and! therefore! it! was! done! without!abuse!of!his!office.! o

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! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%The%offender%falsifies%a%document% • Document! !! any! written! statement! by! which! a! right! is! established!or!an!obligation!is!extinguished.! o Any! writing! or! instrument! by! which! a! fact! may! be! proven!or!affirmed.! • The!document!must!be!of!apparent!legal!efficacy.! o A! document! must! be! complete! or! at! least! have! the! appearance!of!a!true!and!genuine!document.! • Paragraph% 6,% 7(it’s% second% part),% and% 8! require! genuine! documents!that!have!been!altered.! • Paragraph% 1% to% 5! may! be! committed! with! the! use! of! simulated!or!fabricated!documents.! • Simulated,or,fabricated,documents!!!it!is!sufficient!that!the! document! is! given! the! appearance! of,! or! made! to! appear! similar!to,!the!official!form.!



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! Simulation!of!public,!official!or!mercantile!document! is!also!contemplated.! • “Shall%falsify%a%document”! o Article% 171! does! not! specify! the! kind! of! document! falsified!i.e.!whether!it!is!public,!official,!etc.! o Whenever! a! document! is! falsified! with! the! intervention! of! a! public! officer,! employee! or! notary! public,!such!documents!necessarily!becomes!a!public! or!official!document.! o A! document! that! is! originally! private! can! become! public! if! it! is! in! the! official! custody! of! the! public! officer,!or!if!it!forms!part!of!the!official!record!when! it!is!falsified!by!the!public!officer.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 1:% COUNTERFEITING% OR% IMITATING% (FEIGNING)% ANY% HANDWRITING,%SIGNATURE,%OR%RUBRIC% % I.%Act%Punishable% 1. Counterfeiting! which! is! imitating! any! handwriting,! signature! or!rubric.! 2. Feigning! which! is! simulating! a! signature,! handwriting! or! rubric!out!of!one!which!does!not!in!fact!exist.! Note:!The!mere!drawing!up!of!a!false!document!is!not!sufficient.! The!signature,!handwriting!or!mark!of!another!must!be!signed!by! the!offender!who!has!no!authority!to!do!so.! ! II.%Elements%of%Counterfeiting%(IR)% 1. There!is!an!intent!to!imitate!or!attempt!to!imitate.! 2. The! two! signature! or! handwritings,! the! genuine! and! the! forged,!bear!some!resemblance.! ! A.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Intent%or%attempt%to%imitate% • If! there! is! sufficient! resemblance! between! the! genuine! and! the! forged! signatures,! it! can! be! concluded! that! the! accused! had!the!intention!and!attempted!to!imitate!the!signature!of! o

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the!offended!party.! In! counterfeiting,! imitation! is! necessary,! but! it! need! not! be! perfect.!

! B.% SECOND% REQUISITE:% The% forged% and% the% original% signature% or% handwriting%must%bear%some%resemblance%to%each%other% • The!resemblance!must!be!such!that!it!is!likely!to!deceive!an! ordinary!person!receiving!or!dealing!with!the!document.! • US!v.!Litonjua!!!Imitating!a!person’s!signature!on!a!check!in! such! a! way! that! it! may! “pass! in! the! rush! of! business,”! although! the! handwriting! is! a! little! bit! different,! constitutes! falsification.! ! C.%When%any%of%the%requisites%of%counterfeiting%is%not%present% • If!there!is!not!attempt!whatsoever!by!the!accused!to!imitate! the! signatures! of! other! persons! so! that! they! are! entirely! unlike!the!genuine!signatures!of!those!persons,!the!accused! may!be!found!guilty!under!Paragraph%2,%Article%171.! % III.%Imitating%(Feigning)% • The!Spanish!text!“fingiendo”!(for!imitation).!In!feigning!there! is! no! original! signature,! handwriting! or! rubric,! but! a! forgery! or!a!signature,!handwriting!or!rubric!that!does!not!exist.! • To! feign! means! to! represent! by! a! false! appearance;! to! give! an!imaginary!existence.! • Example:! o Making! it! appear! that! a! person! –! who! can’t! write! –! signed!a!document,!may!be!considered!feigning.! o US! v.! De! los! Angeles! !! drawing! up! a! will! signed! on! March!1901,!when!the!individual!died!on!July!1900!is! falsification!by!feigning.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 2:% CAUSING% IT% TO% APPEAR% THAT% PERSONS% HAVE% PARTICIPATED%IN%AN%ACT%OF%A%PROCEEDING% %



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! I.%Elements%of%causing%it%to%appear%persons%participated:%(AN)% 1. That! the! offender! caused! it! to! appear! in! a! document! that! a! person!or!persons!participated!in!an!act!or!a!proceeding.! 2. That!such!person!or!persons!did!not!in!fact!so!participated!in! the!act!or!proceeding.! ! II.%Examples% • People! v.! Villanueva! !! Even! if! the! signature! of! the! parties! had! not! been! imitated! on! the! money! orders,! the! fact! that! they! were! signed! thereon! to! make! it! appear! that! they! intervened!in!the!execution!when!they!did!not!in!fact!do!so,! is! sufficient! to! constitute! the! crime! of! falsification! of! public! documents.! BUT%if%private%individuals%committed%it,%Article%172%applies% • People! v.! Asa,! et! al.! !The! placing! of! the! accused! of! their! thumb!marks!in!the!list!of!voters!opposite!the!names!of!the! electors! who! have! not! actually! voted! is! falsification! under! Paragraph% 2,% Article% 171,! but! being! private! individuals,! the! accused!are!liable!under!Article%172.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 3:% ATTRIBUTING% TO% PERSONS% WHO% HAVE% PARTICIPATED% IN% ANY% ACT% OR% PROCEEDING% STATEMENTS% OTHER% THAN%THOSE%IN%FACT%MADE%BY%THEM% % I.%Elements%of%attributing%acts%other%than%those%made:%(PMO)% 1. That!a!person!participated!in!an!act!or!a!proceeding.! 2. That!such!person!or!persons!made!statements!in!that!act!or! proceeding;!and! 3. That! the! offender! in! making! a! document! attributed! to! such! person!or!persons!statements!other!than!those!in!fact!made! by!such!person!or!persons.! ! II.%US%v.%Capule% • The! defendant! executed! upon! said! notarial! document! of! an! official! character,! acts! constituting! falsification,! by!

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counterfeiting!therein!the!intervention!of!the!owners!of!the! land,! to! whom! he! ascribed! statements! different! from! what! they! had! made! to! him! and! by! perverting! the! truth! in! the! narration!of!facts.% ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 4:% MAKING% UNTRUTHFUL% STATEMENTS% IN% THE% NARRATION%OF%FACTS% % I.%Elements%in%making%untruthful%statements:%(SLAW)% 1. That! the! offender! makes! in! a! document! statement! in! a! narration!of!facts;! 2. That! he! has! a! legal! obligation! to! disclose! the! truth! of! the! facts!narrated!by!him;! 3. That!the!facts!narrated!by!the!offender!are!absolutely!false;! 4. That!the!perversion!of!the!truth!in!the!narration!of!facts!was! made!with!the!wrongful!intent!of!injuring!a!third!person.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%There%must%be%a%narration%of%facts% • It!must!be!narration!of!facts,!not!a!conclusion!of!law.! • People! v.! Yanza! !! when! the! accused! certified! she! was! eligible!for!the!position,!she!wrote!a!conclusion!of!law.!Had! she! given! the! wrong! date! of! birth! in! order! to! show! her! eligibility,!she!would!have!been!guilty!of!falsification!because! her!date!of!birth!was!a!matter!of!fact.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Legal%obligation%to%disclose%the%truth% • There!must!be!a!law!requiring!the!disclosure!of!the!truth!of! the!facts!narrated.! • People! v.! Quasha! !! the! accused,! a! lawyer,! prepared! the! articles! of! incorporation! of! a! public! utility! corporation! and! made! it! appear! that! Baylon! was! the! majority! shareholder! when! in! fact! Baylon! was! merely! a! trustee.! Accused! is! not! guilty! because! for! the! mere! formation! of! a! corporation,! revelation! of! shares! possessed! by! each! stockholder! is! not! essential!and!the!Corporation!Law!does!not!require!it.!



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People! v.! Poserio! !! The! prosecution! failed! to! point! to! any! law! or! ordinance! imposing! upon! the! defendant! the! legal! obligation! to! reveal! his! previous! conviction! in! filling! in! the! personal! data! sheet! which! members! of! the! Manila! Police! Department!are!required!to!file.! The! legal! obligation! to! disclose! the! truth! is! inherent! in! residence!certificates!by!C.A.%No.%465.!The!purpose!of!which! is!for!establishing!his!true!and!correct!identity!(People!v.!Po! Giok!To).!

! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%The%facts%narrated%are%absolutely%false% • The! person! making! the! narration! of! facts! must! be! aware! of! the!falsity!of!the!facts!narrated!by!him.!Otherwise,!he!cannot! be!held!liable!under!this!article.! • The!narration!of!facts!must!be!absolutely!false.! o The!rule!is!that!if!the!statements!are!not!altogether! false,! there! being! some! colorable! truth! in! such! statement,!the!crime!of!falsification!is!not!deemed!to! have!been!committed.! ! V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Wrongful%intent%of%injuring%another% • The!perversion!of!the!truth!in!the!narration!of!facts!must!be! made!with!the!wrongful!intent!of!injuring!a!third!person.! • Exception:! Wrongful! intent! not! essential! when! the! document!falsified!is!public!document.! • There!is!no!falsification!by!one!who!acted!in!good!faith.! o US!v.!San!Jose!!!the!affiant!who!wrote!that!he!was! the! owner! of! the! banca! is! not! liable! for! he! believed! that!he!was!entitled!to!its!ownership.! • US!v.!Milla!!!The!fact!that!one’s!consent!to!the!contract!was! obtained! by! means! of! violence! or! intimidation! does! not! make! it! a! false! contract! in! the! sense! that! no! consent! had! ever! been! given! and! the! entire! document! had! been! simulated!since!the!signature!of!the!parties!are!genuine.! !

VI.%Falsification%by%Omission% • People! v.! Dizon! !! An! assistant! bookkeeper! of! the! post! exchange! who,! having! brought! several! articles! in! the! post! exchange!for!which!he!signed!several!chits,!intentionally!did! not! record! in! his! personal! account! most! of! them! and! destroyed! them! so! that! he! could! avoid! paying! the! amount! thereof!is!guilty!of!falsification!by!omission.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%5:%ALTERING%TRUE%DATES% % I.%Dates%must%be%Essential% • The! alternation! of! the! date! or! dates! in! a! document! must! affect!either!the!veracity!or!the!document!or!the!effects.! • People!v.!Reodica!and!Cordera!!!The!alteration!of!the!date! of!the!actual!payment!of!the!salary!of!the!employee!did!not! affect! their! the! veracity! of! the! document! or! the! effects! thereof,!such!date!not!being!essential.! • People! v.! Montano! and! Cabagsang! !! The! chief! of! police! altered!the!dates!in!the!blotter!to!make!it!appear!that!S!was! arrested! and! gave! bond! on! September! 13,! 1930.! The! date! altered! was! essential! because! the! date! will! show! that! there! was! a! delay! in! the! preliminary! investigation! of! the! case,! in! violation!of!the!circular!of!the!Court!of!First!Instance.! • Dates! of! birth,! marriage! and! death! are! essential,! because! without!them!the!documents!won’t!produce!any!legal!effect.! • People! v.! Belgica! !! Altering! dates! in! official! receipts! to! prevent!the!discovery!of!malversation!is!falsification.! o General% Rule:! If! the! alteration! of! a! date! does! not! affect!the!integrity!of!the!document,!it!is!not!a!crime.! o Exception:! the! rule! has! no! application! when! the! act! is! committed,! not! by! ignorance! or! mistake,! but! rather!to!prevent!the!discovery!of!a!crime.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 6:% MAKING% ALTERATION% OR% INTERCALATION% IN% A% GENUINE%DOCUMENT%WHICH%CHANGES%ITS%MEANING%



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! % I.%Elements%of%making%alterations%that%change%the%meaning:%(AIGCF)% 1. That! there! be! an! alteration! (change)! or! intercalation! (insertion)!on!a!document.! 2. That!it!was!made!on!a!genuine!document.! 3. That!the!alteration!or!intercalation!has!changed!the!meaning! of!the!document.! 4. That!the!change!made!the!document!speak!something!false.! ! II.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Changed%the%meaning%of%the%document% • The!alteration!must!affect!the!integrity!or!change!the!effects! of!the!document.! • Unless!there!is!the!change!in!the!effects!which!the!document! would! have! produced,! there! could! not! exist! the! essential! element!of!the!intention!to!commit!the!crime.! % III.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Speaks%something%false% • Alteration!which!speaks!the!truth!is!not!falsification.! • US! v.! Mateo! !! Generally,! the! word! alteration! has! inherent! in!it!the!idea!of!deception!–!of!making!the!instrument!speak! something!which!the!parties!did!not!intend!it!to!speak.!To!be! an! alteration! in! violation! of! the! law! it! must! be! one! “which! causes!the!instrument!to!speak!a!language!different!in!legal! effect!from!that!which!it!originally!spoke”! ! IV.%Altering%the%grades%in%examination%papers%involves%several%acts% of%falsification% • People!v.!Romualdez! o Facts:! The! grades! were! written! by! an! employee! of! the! Supreme! Court! after! striking! out! the! previous! grades.! o Held:! The! acts! of! falsification! are! (1)! making! alterations! on! genuine! documents! (par.! 6),! (2)! making!it!appear!that!the!correctors!had!participated! in! the! increasing! the! grades! (par.! 2),! and! (3)!

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attributing! to! the! correctors! statements! other! than! those!made!by!them!(par.!3).! ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 7:% ISSUING% AN% AUTHENTICATED% FORM% A% DOCUMENT% PURPORTING% TO% BE% A% COPY% OF% AN% ORIGINAL% DOCUMENT% WHEN% NO% SUCH% ORIGINAL% EXISTS,% OR% INCLUDING% IN% SUCH% COPY% A% STATEMENT% CONTRARY% TO,% OR% DIFFERENT% FROM,% THAT% OF% THE% GENUINE%ORIGINAL.% % I.%Act%Punishable:% 1. Purporting!to!be!a!copy!of!an!original!when!no!such!exists.! 2. Including! in! a! copy! a! statement! contrary! to,! or! different! from,!that!of!the!genuine!original.! ! II.%Persons%Liable% • Such! acts! of! falsification! can! be! committed! only! by! a! public! officer! or! notary! public! who! takes! advantage! of! his! official! position,! since! the! authentication! of! a! document! can! be! made! only! by! the! custodian! or! the! one! who! prepared! and! retained!a!copy!of!the!original!document.! • A!private!person!who!cooperates!with!a!public!officer!in!the! falsification! of! a! public! document! is! guilty! of! this! crime! and! incurs!the!same!liability!and!penalty!as!the!public!officer.! ! III.%Intent%to%gain%or%prejudice%is%not%necessary% • Under! Article% 171,! the! official! character! of! the! offender! is! the!main!consideration.! • What!is!protected!is!the!interests!of!the!community!which!is! intended!to!be!guaranteed!by!the!strictest!faithfulness!of!the! officials! charged! with! the! preparation! and! preservation! of! the!acts!in!which!they!intervene.! ! Article% 172% W% Falsification% by% private% individual% and% use% of% falsified% documents.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%



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! periods%and%a%fine%of%not%more%than%P5,000%pesos%shall%be%imposed% upon:% 1. Any% private% individual% who% shall% commit% any% of% the% falsifications% enumerated% in% the% next% preceding% article% in% any%public%or%official%document%or%letter%of%exchange%or%any% other%kind%of%commercial%document;%and% 2. Any%person%who,%to%the%damage%of%a%third%party,%or%with%the% intent%to%cause%such%damage,%shall%in%any%private%document% commit% any% of% the% acts% of% falsification% enumerated% in% the% next%preceding%article.% % Any% person% who% shall% knowingly% introduce% in% evidence% in% any% judicial% proceeding% or% to% the% damage% of% another% or% who,% with% the% intent%to%cause%such%damage,%shall%use%any%of%the%false%documents% embraced% in% the% next% preceding% article,% or% in% any% of% the% foregoing% subdivisions% of% this% article,% shall% be% punished% by% the% penalty% next% lower%in%degree.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. Falsification! of! public,! official! or! commercial! documents! by! private!individuals.! 2. Falsification!of!private!document!by!any!person.! 3. Use!of!falsified!document.! ! II.%No%attempted%or%frustrated%stage% • Falsification! is! consummated! the! moment! the! genuine! document! is! altered! or! the! moment! the! false! document! is! executed.! It! is! immaterial! that! the! offender! did! not! achieve! his!objectives.! • There! may! be! a! frustrated! crime! of! falsification,! if! the! falsification!is!imperfect.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH% 1:% FALSIFICATION% OF% PUBLIC,% OFFICIAL% OR% COMMERCIAL%DOCUMENTS%BY%PRIVATE%INDIVIDUALS%

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% I.% Elements% of% Falsification% of% public,% official% or% commercial% documents%by%private%individuals:%(P171P)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!private!individual!or!a!public!officer!or! employee!who!did!not!take!advantage!of!his!official!position.! 2. That! he! committed! any! of! the! acts! of! falsification! enumerated!in!Article%171.! 3. That!the!falsification!was!committed!in!a!public!or!official!or! commercial!document.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%acts%in%his%private%capacity% • The! offender! should! not! be! a! public! officer,! employee! or! notary! public! who! takes! advantage! of! his! official! position.! Otherwise,!he!will!be!liable!under!Article%171.! % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Committed%any%of%the%acts%in%Article%171% • Any!one!of!the!different!modes!of!falsification!in%paragraphs% 1% to% 6% of! Article% 171! must! be! employed! by! the! offender! in! committing! the! crimes! defined! in! paragraphs% 1% and% 2! of! Article%172.! • The!acts!of!falsification!mentioned!in!paragraph%7%of%Article% 171! cannot! be! committed! by! a! private! individual! since! authentication! of! a! document! can! be! made! only! by! the! custodian! or! the! one! who! prepared! and! retained! a! copy! of! the!original!document.! ! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Public,%official%or%commercial%document% A.%Four%kinds%of%Document% 1. Public!Document!!!a!document!created,!executed!or!issued! by!a!public!official!in!response!to!the!exigencies!of!the!public! service,! or! in! the! execution! of! which! a! public! official! intervened.! a. A!public!document!is!any!instrument!authorized!by!a! notary!public!or!a!competent!public!official,!with!the! solemnities!required!by!law.!



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! 2. Official! Document! !! a! document! issued! by! a! public! official! in!the!exercise!of!the!functions!of!his!office.!It!falls!within!the! larger!class!called!public!documents.! a. Examples:!! i. Form!required!by!a!bureau!to!be!filled!by!its! officers! for! purposes! of! record! and! information.! ii. Receipt! issued! by! the! Department! of! Assessments!and!Collections.! iii. Burial! permit! issued! by! the! Board! of! Public! Health!of!the!City!of!Manila! iv. Official! cashbook! kept! by! the! disbursing! officer!of!the!Coast!Guard! 3. Private! Document! !! a! deed! or! instrument! executed! by! a! private!person!without!the!intervention!of!a!notary!public!or! other! person! legally! authorized,! by! which! document! some! disposition!or!agreement!is!proved,!evidenced!or!set!forth.! a. Example:!Theater!tickets!evidence!the!agreement!for! the! rest! of! a! place! in! the! theater! to! enable! a! possessor!to!witness!a!theatrical!performance.! 4. Commercial! Document! !! any! document! defined! and! regulated! by! the! Code! of! Commerce! or! any! other! commercial!law.! a. Cash! disbursement! vouchers! are! not! commercial! documents.! ! B.%Public%and%Private%Writings%under%the%Rules%of%Court% The!following!writings!are!public:! 1. The!written!official!acts,!or!records!of!the!official!acts!of!the! sovereign!authority,!official!bodies!and!tribunals,!and!public! officers,!whether!of!the!Philippines,!or!of!a!foreign!country.! 2. Documents!acknowledged!before!a!notary!public!except!last! wills!and!testimonies! 3. Public! records! kept! in! the! Philippines,! of! private! documents! required!by!law!to!be!entered!therein.!

All!other!writings!are!private.! ! C.%Private%document%considered%public%document% ! D.%Other%Notes% • Mere! blank! form! of! an! official! document! is! not! in! itself! a! document% o In! order! that! a! blank! form! might! come! within! the! purview! of! Article% 166,% 167,% 171! and! 172! of! the! Code,! it! is! necessary! that! the! blank! spaces! by! filled! and! the! signature! of! a! party! purported! to! be! authorized! to! issue! it! be! written! by! another! in! the! counterfeited!instrument.% ! V.%Presumptions% • The! possessor! of! the! falsified! document! is! presumed! to! be! the!author!of!the!falsification.! • The! rule! is! that! if! a! person! had! in! his! possession! a! falsified! document! and! he! made! use! of! it! (uttered! it)! taking! advantage! of! it! and! profiting! thereby,! the! presumption! is! that!he!is!the!material!author!of!the!falsification.! • Exception:!The!presumption!cannot!arise!when!it!was!part!of! the!accused’s!official!duty!to!prepare!the!documents!(Alonzo! v.!Intermediate!Appellate!Court).! % VI.%Damage%or%Intent%to%cause%damage%is%not%necessary% • Damage!to!third!parties!are!not!necessary!since!the!principal! thing! punished! is! the! violation! of! the! public! faith! and! the! destruction!of!the!truth.! • BUT! lack! of! malice! or! criminal! intent! is! a! defense! in! falsification!of!public!document.!! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%2:%FALSIFICATION%OF%PRIVATE%DOCUMENTS% % I.%Elements%of%falsification%of%private%document:%(171PD)%



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! 1. That!the!offender!committed!any!of!the!acts!of!falsification,! except!those!in!paragraph!7,!enumerated!in!Article!171! 2. That! the! falsification! was! committed! in! any! private! document.! 3. That! the! falsification! caused! damage! to! a! third! party! or! at! least! the! falsification! was! committed! with! intent! to! cause! such!damage.! ! II.%Mere%falsification%of%a%private%document%is%not%sufficient% • Two!things!are!required:! 1. He!must!have!counterfeited!the!false!document.!! 2. He!must!have!performed!an!independent!act!which!operates! to!the!prejudice!of!a!third!person.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Damage%to%third%party% • Damage! need! not! be! material.! The! last! does! not! make! any! distinction!between!“prejucio”!and!“daño.”!Damage!to!one’s! honor!is!included.! • It! is! not! necessary! that! the! offender! profited! or! hoped! to! profit! by! the! falsification! so! long! as! there! is! an! intent! to! prejudice!another!person.! ! IV.%Falsification%as%a%necessary%means%to%commit%other%crimes% A.%Main%Point%(Atty.%De%Castro)% • Falsification!is!often!committed!as!a!means!to!an!end.!! • Article% 48! usually! applies! EXCEPT! if! falsification! is! done! to! cover!up!a!crime!already!committed.! o The! document! falsified! must! be! public,! official! or! commercial.!! % B.%Public%v.%Private%Documents% • In! falsification! of! public,! official! or! commercial! documents,! the! falsification! has! been! committed! prior! to! its! utilization.! Actually! utilizing! it! to! defraud! another! would! constitute! estafa.! But! the! damage! to! another! is! caused! by! the!

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commission! of! estafa,! not! by! the! falsification! of! the! document.! Therefore,! the! falsification! of! the! public! document!is!only!a!necessary!means!to!commit!estafa.! In!falsification!of!private!document,!there!is!no!crime!unless! damage!occurred.!The!intent!to!defraud!another!through!the! use!of!falsified!private!document!does!not!give!rise!to!estafa! because! the! damage! resulting! from! it! would! be! an! element! of!the!crime!falsification!of!a!private!document.!There!is!no! complex! crime! of! estafa! through! falsification! of! a! private! document.! o If! the! estafa! was! already! consummated! at! the! time! of!the!falsification!of!the!private!document,!or!if!the! falsification! was! committed! for! the! purpose! of! concealing! the! estarafa,! the! falsification! is! not! punishable! since! there! is! no! damage! or! intent! to! cause!damage.!!

! C.%Other%crimes%complexed%with%falsification%of%documents% • Theft!through!falsification!of!official!document!(p.!236)! • Estafa! through! falsification! of! commercial! document! by! reckless!imprudence!(p!236)! • Malversation!through!falsification!of!public!doc!(p.!237)! • Falsification!through!reckless!imprudence!(p.!238)! o There! is! not! falsification! of! private! document! through!reckless!imprudence!(p.!239)! ! V.%Public%Documents%visWàWvis%Private%Documents% A.%When%Private%Documents%become%Public%Documents% • When!the!private!document!was!falsified!before!it!becomes! part! of! the! official! record,! the! individual! is! liable! for! falsification!of!private!document!only.! • The! crime! is! falsification! of! public! document,! even! if! the! falsification! took! place! before! the! private! document! becomes! part! of! the! public! records,! if! the! document! is! intended!by!law!to!be!part!of!the!public!or!official!record.!!



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Its! preparation! being! in! accordance! with! the! rules! and! regulations! issued! by! the! Government,! the! falsification! of! that! document,! although! it! was! a! private! document! at! the! time! of! tis! falsification! is! regarded!as!falsification!of!a!public!or!official!doc.!

! B.%Difference%between%falsification%of%public%and%private%documents% Public%Documents% Private%Documents% Principal!thing!punished!is!the! Principal!thing!punished!is!the! violation!of!public!faith!and!the! prejudice!caused!or!intended!to! perversion!of!the!truth!which!the! be!caused!to!a!third!party! document!solemnly!proclaims! ! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%3:%USE%OF%FALSIFIED%DOCUMENT% % I.%Element%of%use%of%falsified%document% A.%Introducing%in%a%judicial%proceeding%(KEJ)% 1. That! the! offender! knew! that! a! document! was! falsified! by! another!person.! 2. That!the!false!document!is!embraced!in!Article%171!or!in!any! subdivision!No.1%or%2%of%Article%172! 3. That!he!introduced!said!document!in!evidence!in!any!judicial! proceeding.! B.%Use%in%any%other%transaction%(KEWNJWD)% 1. That! the! offender! knew! that! a! document! was! falsified! by! another!person.! 2. That!the!false!document!is!embraced!in!Article%171!or!in!any! of!the!subdivision%No.%1%or%2%or%Article%172! 3. That!he!used!such!document!(not!in!judicial!proceedings)! 4. That! the! use! of! the! false! document! caused! damage! to! another! or! at! least! it! was! used! with! intent! to! cause! such! damage.! ! II.%Use%in%Judicial%Proceedings%v.%Use%in%NonWJudicial%Proceedings%

Judicial%Proceedings% Damage!is!not!necessary!

NonWJudicial%Proceedings% At!least!intent!to!cause!damage! is!necessary!

! III.%Offender% • The! person! who! used! the! falsified! document! is! not! the! one! who!falsified!the!document.!If!the!one!who!used!the!falsified! document! is! the! same! person! who! falsified! it,! the! crime! is! not! falsification! and! the! use! of! the! same! is! not! a! separate! crime.! • The!user%of%the%falsified%document%is%deemed%the%author!of! the! falsification! if! (1)! the! use! was! so! closely! connected! in! time!with!the!falsification,!and!(2)!the!user!had!the!capacity! of!falsifying!the!document.! ! IV.%Other%Points% • Use! of! falsified! document! is! not! necessarily! included! in! the! crime!of!falsification.! ! Article% 173% W% Falsification% of% wireless,% cable,% telegraph% and% telephone%messages,%and%use%of%said%falsified%messages.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% shall% be% imposed% upon% officer% or% employee% of% the% Government% or% of% any% private% corporation% or% concern% engaged% in% the% service% of% sending% or% receiving% wireless,% cable% or% telephone% message% who% utters% a% fictitious% wireless,% telegraph% or% telephone% message%of%any%system%or%falsifies%the%same.% % Any%person%who%shall%use%such%falsified%dispatch%to%the%prejudice%of% a%third%party%or%with%the%intent%of%cause%such%prejudice,%shall%suffer% the%penalty%next%lower%in%degree.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. Uttering!fictitious!wireless,!telegraph!or!telephone!message.!



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! 2. Falsifying!wireless,!telegraph!or!telephone!message.! 3. Using!such!falsified!message! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%1:%UTTERING%FICTITIOUS%OR%FALSIFYING%MESSAGE% % I.%Elements:%(GWUF)% 1. That! the! offender! is! an! officer! or! employee! of! the! Government! or! an! officer! or! employee! of! a! private! corporation,! engaged! in! the! service! of! sending! or! receiving! wireless,!cable!or!telephone!message.! 2. That!the!offender!commits!any!of!the!following!acts.! a. Uttering! fictitious! wireless,! telegraph! or! telephone! message.! b. Falsifying!wireless,!telegraph!or!telephone!message.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%The%offender% • The! public! officer,! to! be! liable,! must! be! engaged! in! the! service! of! sending! or! receiving! wireless,! cable,! telegraph! or! telephone!message.! • Example:! Telegraph! operator! of! the! Bureau! of! Posts! or! the! operator!of!Government!telephone! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Uttering%or%falsifying%messages% • US!v.!Romero!!!The!accused!reduced!the!number!of!words! of!the!telegraph!message!without!having!been!authorized!to! do!so!by!the!sender.% ! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%2:%USE%OF%FALSIFIED%MESSAGES% % I.%Elements:%(KUP)% 1. That! the! accused! knew! that! wireless,! cable,! telegraph! or! telephone! message! was! falsified! by! any! of! the! persons! specified!in!the!first!paragraph!of!Article%173.! 2. That!the!accused!used!such!falsified!dispatch.!

3. That! the! use! of! the! falsified! dispatch! resulted! in! the! prejudice! of! a! third! party,! or! that! the! use! thereof! was! with! intent!to!cause!such!prejudice.! ! II.%Private%individual%cannot%be%a%principal%by%direct%participation%in% falsification%of%telegraphic%dispatches%under%Article%173% • Unless!he!is!an!employee!of!a!corporation!in!the!business!of! sending! or! receiving! wireless! telegraph! or! telephone! messages.! • But! a! private! individual! can! be! held! criminally! liable! as! principal! by! inducement! in! the! falsification! of! telegraph! dispatches!or!telephone!messages.! ! III.%Act%No.%1851,%Section%4,%punishes%private%individuals%who%forge% or%alter%telegram% • Any! person! who! willfully! forges! or! substantially! alters! a! telegraph!or!who!utters!a!telegram!knowing!the!same!to!be! forged,! or! who! utters! as! a! telegraph! any! message! or! communication! which! he! knows! to! be! not! a! telegraph,! is! punished!by!a!fine!not!exceeding!100!pesos.! ! Section%5%—%Falsification%of%medical%certificates,%certificates%of% merit%or%services%and%the%like.% % Article% 174% –% False% medical% certificates,% false% certificates% of% merits% or%service,%etc.% The% penalties% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine%not%to%exceed%P1,000% pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any% physician% or% surgeon% who,% in% connection,% with% the% practice%of%his%profession,%shall%issue%a%false%certificate;%and% 2. Any%public%officer%who%shall%issue%a%false%certificate%of%merit% of%service,%good%conduct%or%similar%circumstances.% % The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% private%



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! person% who% shall% falsify% a% certificate% falling% within% the% classes% mentioned%in%the%two%preceding%subdivisions.% % POINTS% I.%Definitions% • Certificate!!!is!any!writing!by!which!testimony!is!given!that! a!fact!has!or!not!has!not!taken!place.! % II.%Persons%liable%for%falsification%of%certificates% 1. False% Medical% Certificate% by% a% physician% ! % Physician! or! surgeon! who! in! connection! with! the! practice! of! his! profession!issued!a!false!certificate!referring!to!the!illness!or! injury!of!a!person.! 2. False% Certificate% of% Merit% or% Service% by% a% public% officer% ! % Public! officer! who! issued! a! false! certificate! of! merit! or! service,!good!conduct!or!similar!circumstance.! 3. False% Medical% Certificate% by% a% private% individual% or% False% Certificate% of% Merit% or% Service% by% a% private% individual% ! % Private! individual! who! falsified! a! certificate! falling! in! the! classes!mentioned!in!Nos.!1!and!2.! % III.%Falsification%of%the%certificate%of%large%cattle%is%not%now%covered% by%Article%174% • In!view!of!the!omission!of!the!word!“of!property”.! • The!phrase!“or!similar!circumstances”!in!Article%174!does!not! seem! to! cover! property,! because! the! circumstances! contemplated!must!be!similar!to!“merit”,!“service”!or!“good! conduct”! • BUT!certificate!of!residence!for!voting!purposes!is!certificate! of!“similar!circumstances”! % Article%175%–%Using%false%certificates.% The%penalty%of%arresto%menor%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%one%who% shall% knowingly% use% any% of% the% false% certificates% mentioned% in% the% next%preceding%article.%%

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% POINTS% I.%Elements:%(IKU)% 1. That! a! physician! or! surgeon! had! issued! a! false! medical! certificate!or!a!public!officer!had!issued!a!false!certificate!of! merit!or!service,!good!conduct,!or!similar!circumstances,!or!a! private!person!had!falsified!any!of!said!certificates.! 2. That!the!offender!knew!that!the!certificate!was!false.! 3. That!he!used!the!same! % II.%Use%of%false%certificates%under%Article%174%in%judicial%proceedings% • When!any!of!the!false!certificates!mentioned!in!Article%174!is! used! in! the! judicial! proceeding,! Article% 172% does! not! apply.! The! use! of! false! documents! in! judicial! proceedings! under! Article%172!are!limited!to!those!listed!in!Article%171%and!172.! % Section%6%—%Manufacturing,%importing%and%possession%of% instruments%or%implements%intended%for%the%commission%of% falsification.% % Article% 176% –% Manufacturing% and% possession% of% instruments% or% implements%for%falsification.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% and% a% fine% not% to% exceed% P10,000% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% make% or% introduce% into% the% Philippine% Islands% any% stamps,% dies,% marks,% or% other% instruments% or% implements%intended%to%be%used%in%the%commission%of%the%offenses% of% counterfeiting% or% falsification% mentioned% in% the% preceding% sections%of%this%Chapter.%% % Any%person%who,%with%the%intention%of%using%them,%shall%have%in%his% possession%any%of%the%instruments%or%implements%mentioned%in%the% preceding%paragraphs,%shall%suffer%the%penalty%next%lower%in%degree% than%that%provided%therein.%% %



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! POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. Making! or! introducing! in! the! Philippines! any! stamps,! dies,! marks,! or! other! instruments! or! implements! for! counterfeiting!or!falsification.! 2. Possessing!with!intent!to!use!the!instruments!or!implements! for! counterfeiting! or! falsification! made! in! or! introduced! in! the!Philippines!by!another!person.! ! II.%Making%or%Introducing% • US! v.! Angeles! !! A! person! who! manufactured! a! seal! in! imitation! of! the! seal! of! Lipa! for! making! false! certificates! for! the!transfer!of!livestock.! • The!implements!confiscated!need!not!form!a!complete!set.! o It! is! enough! that! they! may! be! employed! by! themselves! or! together! with! other! implements! to! commit!the!crime!of!counterfeiting!or!falsification.! ! III.%Possession%with%intent%to%use% • People!v.!Magpale!!!A!person!who!possessed!an!iron!brand! to!be!used!in!falsifying!the!official!brand!of!a!municipality!for! cattle! branding! is! guilty! of! illegal! possession! of! instrument! for!falsification.! • Articles%165%and%176,!also!punish!constructive!possession.! %

Chapter%Two:%Other%Falsifications% % Section%1%—%Usurpation%of%authority,%rank,%title,%and%improper%use% of%names,%uniforms%and%insignia.% % Article%177%–%Usurpation%of%authority%or%official%functions.% Any%person%who%shall%knowingly%and%falsely%represent%himself%to%be% an%officer,%agent%or%representative%of%any%department%or%agency%of% the%Philippine%Government%or%of%any%foreign%government,%or%who,% under%pretense%of%official%position,%shall%perform%any%act%pertaining% (

to% any% person% in% authority% or% public% officer% of% the% Philippine% Government% or% any% foreign% government,% or% any% agency% thereof,% without%being%lawfully%entitled%to%do%so,%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods.% (As# amended#by#R.A.#No.#379).% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. Usurpation!of!authority! a. By! knowingly! and! falsely! representing! oneself! to! be! an! officer,! agent,! or! representative! of! any! department!or!agency!of!the!Philippine!Government! or!any!foreign!government.! b. In!usurpation!of!authority,!the!mere!act!of!knowingly! and!falsely!representing!oneself!to!be!an!officer,!etc.! is! sufficient.! It! is! not! necessary! that! he! performs! an! act!pertaining!to!a!public!officer.! 2. Usurpation!of!official!functions! a. By! performing! any! act! pertaining! to! any! person! in! authority! or! public! officer! of! the! Philippine! Government! or! of! a! foreign! government! or! any! agency! thereof,! under! pretense! of! official! position,! and!without!being!lawfully!entitled!to!do!so.! b. In!usurpation!of!official!functions,!it!is!essential!that! the! offender! should! have! performed! an! act! pertaining! to! a! person! in! authority! or! public! officer,! in!addition!to!other!requirements.! ! II.% Elements% (need% not% concur% as% presence% of% one% or% the% other% is% already%a%crime):% 1. That!the!offender!represented!himself!to!be!an!officer,!agent! or! representative! of! any! department! or! agency! of! the! government.! 2. That!the!offender!performed!an!act!pertaining!to!a!person!in! authority!or!a!public!officer.!



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! % III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Positive,%express%and%explicit%representation% • People! v.! Calinisan! !! The! crime! is! not! committed! if! the! accused! merely! did! not! deny! that! he! was! an! agent! of! the! Philippine!Government!when!introduced!as!such.% • False!representation!may!be!shown!by!acts.% • Article%177!may!be!violated!by!a!public!officer!such!as!when! a! Councilor! continues! to! exercise! the! powers! of! a! Mayor! in! the!latter's!absence!despite!notice!from!Executive!Secretary! that!it!should!be!handed!over!to!the!Vice!Mayor.% • BUT!this!article!does!not!cover!the!usurpation!of!one!officer! or!employee!of!a!given!department!of!the!power!of!another! officer! in! the! same! department.! Example,! the! exercise! of! a! bureau!employee!of!the!power!of!his!director.% • Article% 177% as% amended! does! not! apply! to! occupant! under! color!of!title.% o A! usurper! is! one! who! introduces! himself! into! an! office! that! is! vacant,! or! who,! without! color! of! title,! ousts! the! incumbent! and! assumes! to! act! as! an! officer,! by! exercising! some! of! the! functions! of! the! office.% ! IV.%Article%177%penalizes%usurpation%of%foreign%officials% • Article% 177! punishes! usurpation! of! authority! or! official! functions!of!any!officer!of!any!foreign!government.! • R.A.%No.%75! o Additional! penalty! for! usurping! the! authority! of! diplomatic! or! consular! or! any! other! official! of! a! foreign!government.! o The! offender! must! have! the! intent! to! defraud! both! governments.! • R.A.%No.%10! o Penalizes! anyone! who! performs! acts! pertaining! to! government!authorities.! o The! act! performed,! without! the! offender! being!

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lawfully! entitled! to! do! so,! must! pertain! (1)! to! the! Government,!or!(2)!to!any!person!in!authority,!or!(3)! to!any!public!officer.! This! act! is! applicable! only! to! members! of! seditious! organization!engaged!in!subversive!activities.!

% Article%178%–%Using%fictitious%name%and%concealing%true%name.% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% and% a% fine% not% to% exceed% 500% pesos% shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who%shall%publicly%use%a%fictitious% name%for%the%purpose%of%concealing%a%crime,%evading%the%execution% of%a%judgment%or%causing%damage.% % Any% person% who% conceals% his% true% name% and% other% personal% circumstances%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%menor%or%a%fine%not%to% exceed%200%pesos.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1:%USE%OF%FICTITIOUS%NAME% % I.%Elements:%(NPWCED)% 1. That!the!offender!uses!a!name!other!than!his!real!name! 2. That!he!uses!the!fictitious!name!publicly! 3. That!the!purpose!of!the!offender!is!–! a. To!conceal!a!crime! b. To!evade!the!execution!of!a!judgment! c. To!cause!damage!to!public!interest! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Fictitious%name% • Fictitious, Name! !! any! other! name! which! a! person! publicly! applies!to!himself!without!authority!of!law.! , III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Use%of%fictitious%name%publicly% • Signing!fictitious!name!in!an!application!for!passport!is!public! using!such!fictitious!name! !



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! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Purpose%–% A.%Conceal%a%crime%OR%B.%Evade%judgment% • Where! a! person! takes! the! place! of! another! who! has! been! convicted! by! final! judgment,! he! is! guilty! of! using! a! fictitious! name,! and! not! of! evasion! of! the! service! of! the! sentence! because!the!real!convict!is!guilty!thereof.% % C.%Cause%Damage% • Causing!damage!must!to!the!public!interest.!If!it!is!it!damage! to!private!interest,!the!crime!will!be!estafa!under!Article%315! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%2:%CONCEALING%TRUE%NAME% % I.%Elements:%(CWtpWI)% 1. That!the!offender!conceals!–! a. His!true!name! b. All!other!personal!circumstances! 2. That!the!purpose!is!to!conceal!his!identity.! ! II.% Distinction% between% use% of% fictitious% name% and% concealing% true% name% Use%of%Fictitious%Name% Concealing%of%True%Name% The!element!of!publicity!must!be! Publicity!is!not!necessary! present! Purpose!is!any!of!those! Purpose!is!merely!to!conceal! enumerated! identity! ____________________% COMMONWEALTH%ACT%NO.%142%as%amended%by%R.A.%NO.%6085% % I.%Law%on%Illegal%Use%of%Alias% • Intent!to!publicly!use!the!alias!must!be!manifest.% • Required! publicity! in! the! use! of! alias! is! more! than! mere! communication!to!a!third!person;!the!use!of!the!alias,!to!be! considered!public,!must!be!made!openly!in!an!open!manner! or!place,!or!to!cause!it!to!become!generally!known.%

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! II.%Example%of%Violation%of%AntiWAlias%Law% • Hock! Lian! v.! Republic! !! Aside! from! the! name! “Ong! Hick! Lian,”! appellee! is! using! the! alias! “Julian! Ong.”! There! is! not! evidence!that!the!appellee!has!been!baptized!with!the!later! name! or! that! he! has! been! known! by! it! since! childhood,! or! that!the!court!has!authorized!the!use!thereof.!Appellee!has,! therefore,!committed!a!violation!of!the!AntiPAlias!Law.% % Article%179%–%Illegal%use%of%uniforms%or%insignia.% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who%shall%publicly%and%improperly%make%use%of%insignia,%uniforms%or% dress%pertaining%to%an%office%not%held%by%such%person%or%to%a%class%of% persons%of%which%he%is%not%a%member.%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(UNI)% 1. That! the! offender! makes! use! of! the! insignia,! uniform! or! dress.! 2. That! the! insignia,! uniform! or! dress! pertains! to! an! office! not! held! by! the! offender! or! to! a! class! of! persons! of! which! he! is! not!a!member.! 3. That! said! insignia,! uniform! or! dress! is! used! publicly! and! improperly.! % II.% FIRST% REQUISITE:% An% exact% imitation% of% a% uniform% or% dress% is% unnecessary% • People!v.!Romero!!!an!exact!imitation!of!the!uniform!is!not! necessary.! A! colorable! resemblance! calculated! to! deceive! the! common! run! of! people! –! not! those! thoroughly! familiar! with!every!detail!or!accessory!thereof!–!is!sufficient.! • A! layman! who! wears! publicly! the! ecclesiastical! habit! of! a! Catholic!priest!is!liable!under!Article%179.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Uniform%of%an%office%not%held%by%offender%



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Wearing!the!uniform!of!an!imaginary!office,!not!punishable.! The!insignia,!uniform!or!dress!should!pertain!to!an!office!or! class!of!persons.!

! IV.%R.A.%No.%75% • Using! uniform,! decoration! or! regalia! of! foreign! State! with! intent!to!deceive!or!mislead!is!punished!under!this!act.! o Wearing! insignia,! badge! or! emblem! of! rank! of! the! member! of! the! Armed! Forces! of! the! Philippines! or! Constabulary!is!punished!by!R.A.%No.%493.! • This!is!not!applicable!to!the!use!or!wearing!of!such!attires!for! purposes!of!theater!or!film!production.! ! V.%E.O.%No.%297% • This!penalizes!the!illegal!manufacture,!sale,!distribution!and! use!of!PNP!uniforms,!insignias!and!other!accouterments.! • Any! person! who! shall! publicly! and! improperly! make! use! of! insignias,! uniforms! or! dress! pertaining! exclusively! for! uniformed!PNP!personnel!and!PNP!of!which!he/she!is!not!a! member!shall!be!criminally!liable!pursuant!to!Article%179.! % Section%2%—%False%testimony% % I.%Definitions% • False,Testimony!!!committed!by!a!person!who,!bein!under! oath! and! required! to! testify! as! to! the! truth! of! a! certain! matter!at!a!hearing!before!a!competent!authority,!shall!deny! the!truth!or!say!something!contrary!to!it.! • Falsehood! is! particularly! odious! when! committed! in! judicial! proceedings! as! it! constitutes! an! imposition! upon! the! court! and!seriously!exposes!it!to!a!miscarriage!of!justice.! % Article%180%–%False%testimony%against%a%defendant.% Any%person%who%shall%give%false%testimony%against%the%defendant%in% any%criminal%case%shall%suffer:%

1. The%penalty%of%reclusion%temporal,%if%the%defendant%in%said% case%shall%have%been%sentenced%to%death;% 2. The% penalty% of% prision% mayor,% if% the% defendant% shall% have% been% sentenced% to% reclusion% temporal% or% reclusion% perpetua;% 3. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional,% if% the% defendant% shall% have%been%sentenced%to%any%other%afflictive%penalty;%and% 4. The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor,% if% the% defendant% shall% have% been%sentenced%to%a%correctional%penalty%or%a%fine,%or%shall% have%been%acquitted.% % In%cases%provided%in%subdivisions%3%and%4%of%this%article%the%offender% shall%further%suffer%a%fine%not%to%exceed%1,000%pesos.% % POINTS! I.%Elements%(CFKF)% 1. That!there!be!a!criminal!proceeding! 2. That! the! offender! testifies! falsely! under! oath! against! the! defendant!therein.! 3. That!the!offender!who!gives!false!testimony!knows!that!it!is! false.! 4. That! the! defendant! against! whom! the! false! testimony! is! given!is!either!acquitted!or!convicted!in!a!final!judgment.! ! II.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Defendant%is%either%acquitted%or%convicted% • Penalty!depends!upon!the!sentence!of!the!defendant!against! whom!false!testimony!was!given.! • Defendant! must! be! sentenced! at! least! to! (1)! a! correctional! penalty,!(2)!a!fine,!or!(3)!must!be!acquitted.! o Facts:!A!is!accused!and!of!slight!physical!injuries!and! was!convicted!after!B!testified!falsely!against!him.!A! is!sentenced!to!15!days!of!arresto!menor.! o Held:! B! is! NOT! guilty! of! false! testimony! because! arresto!menor!is!not!a!correctional!penalty.! !



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! III.% Offender% is% liable% even% if% his% testimony% was% not% considered% by% the%court.% • The!law!intends!to!punish!mere!giving!of!false!testimony.! % Article%181%–%False%testimony%favorable%to%the%defendants.% Any%person%who%shall%give%false%testimony%in%favor%of%the%defendant% in%a%criminal%case,%shall%suffer%the%penalties%of%arresto%mayor%in%its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% a% fine% not% to% exceed% 1,000% pesos,% if% the% prosecution% is% for% a% felony% punishable% by% an% afflictive% penalty,% and% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor%in%any%other%case.% % POINTS% I.%Reason%for%punishing%the%crime%of%false%testimony% • False! testimony! is! punished! not! because! of! the! effect! it! actually!produces,!but!because!of!its!tendency!to!favor!or!to! prejudice!the!defendant.! % II.%False%Testimony%favorable%to%the%defendant%is%equally%repugnant% to%the%orderly%administration%of%justice%and%deserves%repression% • False! testimony! by! negative! statements! in! is! favor! of! defendant! o A! witness! who! falsely! testified! that! he! neither! saw! nor! was! present! at! the! killing! of! the! deceased,! is! guilty!of!false!testimony!because!by!not!testifying!for! the!prosecution,!he!favored!the!defendant.! • The! defendant! who! falsely! testified! in! his! own! behalf! in! a! criminal! case! is! guilty! of! false! testimony! favorable! to! the! defendant.! o US! v.! Soliman! !! The! right! of! an! accused! person! to! testify! in! his! own! behalf! is! secured! to! him,! not! that! he!may!be!enabled!to!introduce!false!testimony!into! the! record,! but! to! enable! him! to! spread! upon! the! record! the! truth! as! to! any! matter! within! his! knowledge! which! will! tend! to! establish! his!

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innocence.! This! ruling! is! applicable! only! when! the! defendant! voluntarily! goes! upon! the! witness! stand! and! falsely! imputes! to! some! other! person! the! commission! of! a! grave! offense.! If! he! merely! denies! the! commission! of! the! crime! or! his! participation! therein,! he! should! not! be! prosecuted! for! false! testimony.! % III.%The%false%testimony%in%favor%of%the%defendant%need%not%directly% influence%the%decision% • People! v.! Reyes! !! It! is! sufficient! that! such! false! testimony! was!given!with!the!intent!to!favor!the!accused.!In!this!case,! such! intent! is! indicated! by! the! repeated! statement! of! the! accused!that!he!was!not!interested!in!the!prosecution!of!the! defendant! in! the! criminal! case! where! he! gave! the! false! testimony.! • US! v.! Adolfo! !! The! false! testimony! favorable! to! the! defendant!need!not!benefit!the!defendant.! • US! v.! McGovern! !! A! statement! by! a! witness! that! he! is! an! expert!in!handwriting!is!a!statement!of!a!mere!opinion,!the! falsity! of! which! is! not! sufficient! to! convict! him.! Upon! such! statement,! he! is! not! allowed! to! testify! as! an! expert.! He! is! required!to!give!the!experience!which!he!has!had!in!the!art! in! question.! If! it! ishis! testimony! relative! to! his! experience! which!is!false,!this!not!being!a!statement!of!mere!opinion,!he! may!be!liable.! ! IV.% Conviction% or% acquittal% of% defendant% in% principal% case,% not% necessary% • It! is! sufficient! that! the! defendant! in! the! principal! case! is! prosecuted!for!a!felony!punishable!by!afflictive!penalty!or!by! another!penalty.! • But! the! gravity! of! the! crime! for! which! the! defendant! was! prosecuted!in!the!case!where!the!false!testimony!was!given! should!be!shown!in!order!to!determine!the!proper!penalty!to!



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! be!imposed!on!the!false!witness.! ! V.% Rectification% made% spontaneously% after% realizing% the% mistake% is% not%false%testimony% • People!v.!Ambal!!!The!witness!was!not!liable!because!there! was!insufficient!evidence!to!prove!that!he!acted!with!malice! or!with!criminal!intent!to!testify!falsely.! % Article%182%–%False%testimony%in%civil%cases.% Any%person%found%guilty%of%false%testimony%in%a%civil%case%shall%suffer% the%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine% not% to% exceed% 6,000% pesos,% if% the% amount% in% controversy% shall% exceed% 5,000% pesos,% and% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum%period%to%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and% a%fine%not%to%exceed%1,000%pesos,%if%the%amount%in%controversy%shall% not%exceed%said%amount%or%cannot%be%estimated.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(CRFKI)% 1. That!the!testimony!must!be!given!in!a!civil!case! 2. That! the! testimony! must! relate! to! the! issues! presented! in! said!case.! 3. That!the!testimony!must!be!false.! 4. That! the! false! testimony! was! given! by! the! defendant! knowing!the!same!to!be!false.! 5. That!the!testimony!be!malicious!and!given!with!an!intent!to! affect!the!issues!presented!in!said!case.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Given%in%a%civil%case.% • Article%182!is!applicable!only!in!ordinary!civil!cases!(Section% 1,%Rule%2,%Rules%of%Court)! o Civil!actions!are!defined!as!an!ordinary!suit!in!a!court! of!justice,!by!which!one!party!prosecutes!another!for! the! enforcement! or! protection! of! a! right,! or! the! prevention! or! redress! of! a! wrong.”! Every! other!

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remedy!is!a!special!proceeding.! Article% 182! is! not! applicable! when! the! false! testimony! is! given!in!special!proceedings!such!as!summary!settlement!of! estates!of!small!value,!which!may!fall!under!the!category!of! “other! cases”! contemplated! in! Article% 183! (Section% 2,% Rule% 74,%Rules%of%Court).!

% III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%The%testimony%given%is%false% 1. Falsity!of!testimony!must!first!be!established.! a. If! the! civil! case! is! determinative! of! the! truthfulness! of!the!testimonies!being!alleged!as!false!in!a!criminal! case! (i.e.! prejudicial! questions),! then! the! civil! case! must! first! be! resolved! before! the! criminal! case! of! false!testimony!may!proceed.! ! IV.%Penalty%depends%on%the%amount%of%the%controversy% % Article%183%–%False%testimony%in%other%cases%and%perjury%in%solemn% affirmation.%% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person,%who%knowingly%makes%untruthful%statements%and%not%being% included% in% the% provisions% of% the% next% preceding% articles,% shall% testify%under%oath,%or%make%an%affidavit,%upon%any%material%matter% before% a% competent% person% authorized% to% administer% an% oath% in% cases%in%which%the%law%so%requires.% % Any%person%who,%in%case%of%a%solemn%affirmation%made%in%lieu%of%an% oath,%shall%commit%any%of%the%falsehoods%mentioned%in%this%and%the% three% preceding% articles% of% this% section,% shall% suffer% the% respective% penalties%provided%therein.% % POINTS% I.%Two%ways%of%committing%Perjury% 1. By!falsely!testifying!under!oath!



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! 2. By!making!a!false!affidavit! Note:! Falsely! testifying! under! oath! should! NOT! be! in! a! judicial! proceeding.! ! II.%Elements%of%Perjury:%(SCDR)% 1. That!the!accused!made!a!statement!under!oath!or!executed! an!affidavit!upon!a!material!matter.! 2. That! the! statement! or! affidavit! was! made! before! a! competent!officer,!authorized!to!receive!and!administer!oath! 3. That! in! that! statement! or! affidavit,! the! accused! made! a! willful!and!deliberate!assertion!of!a!falsehood.! 4. That!the!sworn!statement!or!affidavit!containing!the!falsity!is! required!by!law.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Statement%under%oath%or%executed%affidavit% A.%Made%a%statement%under%oath% • Oath! !! any! form! of! attestation! by! which! a! person! signifies! that! he! is! bound! in! conscience! to! perform! an! act! faithfully! and!truthfully.! • People!v.!Bautista!!!B!made!a!statement!falsely!charging!O! with! estafa,! that! is! that! the! latter! borrowed! from! him! an! English!manuscript,!and!thereafter!denied!having!received!it.! Be! made! it! under! oath! in! the! preliminary! investigation! before!the!Justice!of!Peace.!Guilty.! % B.%Executed%an%affidavit% • Affidavit!!!is!a!sworn!statement!in!writing;!a!declaration!in! writing,!made!upon!oath!before!an!authorized!magistrate!or! officer., o The!lower!court!had!the!opinion!that!an!affidavit!to!a! criminal! complaint! has! an! entirely! different! status! from!an!affidavit!for!other!purposes., o People! v.! Rivera! !! the! false! affidavit! was! not! a! violation! of! Article% 363! of! the! Revised! Penal! Code,! but! it! was! not! held! that! it! would! not! violate! Article%

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183!of!the!said!Code., People! v.! Cruz! !! Cruz! filled! up! a! blank! application! (Civil! Service!Form!No.!2)!for!the!patrolman!examination!where!he! stated!that!he!had!never!been!accused,!indicted,!or!tried!for! violations! before! any! court,! when! in! fact! he! had! been! prosecuted!for!different!crimes.!The!applications!was!signed! and!sworn!to!him!before!the!municipal!mayor.!Guilty.,

! C.%Material%Matter% • Material,Matter!!!the!main!fact!which!is!the!subject!of!the! inquiry! or! any! circumstance! which! tends! to! prove! that! fact,! or! any! fact! or! circumstance! which! tends! to! corroborate! or! strengthen!the!testimony!relative!to!the!subject!of!inquiry!or! which! legitimately! affects! the! credit! of! any! witness! who! testifies., • The! test! of! materiality! is! whether! a! false! statement! can! influence! the! tribunal,! not! whether! it! does,! or! could! probably!influence!the!result!of!the!trial., • People!v.!Bautista!!!the!charge!of!whether!or!not!the!item! was! in! the! possession! of! O! is! determinative! of! whether! or! not!the!charge!of!estafa!would!prosper., • People! v.! Banzil! !! The! accused! stated! that! he! was! single,! when! in! truth! he! was! married.! However,! such! fact! is! insignificant! to! the! charge! of! immorality! as! a! government! employee.!, • Collateral%matter!does!not!become!“material!matter”!merely! because! the! declarant! mistakenly! thinks! it! is! in! connection! with!the!main!subject!of!investigation., o If! the! false! testimony! given! the! witness! is! not! important,! essential! or! material! to! the! principal! matter! under! investigation,! it! cannot! properly! be! held!that!perjury!is!committed., • Where! materiality! is! a! statutory! element! of! the! crime,! it! is! settled!that!there!must!be!competent!proof!of!materiality!of! the!false!testimony.,



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Material%v.%Relevant%v.%Pertinent, o Material! !! when! it! is! declared! to! prove! a! fact! in! issue., o Relevant!!!when!it!tends!in!any!reasonable!degree! to!establish!the!probability!or!improbability!of!a!fact! in!issue., o Pertinent! !! when! it! concerns! collateral! matters! which!make!more!or!less!probable!the!proposition!at! issue.,

! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Person%authorized%to%administer%oaths% • Competent, person, authorized, to, administer, an, oath! !! means!a!person!who!has!a!right!to!inquire!into!the!questions! presented!to!him!upon!matters!under!his!jurisdiction., • People!v.!Bella!David!!!a!false!affidavit!made!before!a!clerk! of! the! municipal! treasurer’s! office! is! not! punishable! under! Paragraph% 3,% Article% 183! because! such! clerk! is! not! a! competent!person!authorized!to!administer!oaths., ! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Willful%and%deliberate%assertion%of%falsehood% • Knowingly! !! suggests! that! the! assertion! of! falsehood! must! be!willful!and!deliberate., • Good!faith!or!lack!of!malice!is!a!defense!in!perjury, o People! v.! Abaya! !! The! accused! did! not! act! with! malice! even! though! he! knew! that! the! property! no! longer!supposedly!belonged!to!him!as!it!was!already! owned!by!another.!Since!the!land!was!still!registered! in!his!name,!the!accused!who!could!not!be!expected! to!determine!the!property!from!a!legal!point!of!view! of!the!inclusion,!merely!stated!a!fact., ! VI.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%The%information%is%required%by%law% • Requires! !! should! have! a! permissive! –! not! mandatory! –! effect., • Where!affidavits!are!required!by!law!are:,

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o Affidavit!attached!to!the!petition!for!receivership., o Affidavit!attached!to!complaint!for!ejectment., o Affidavit!for!application!for!marriage!license., The! world! “requires”! may! be! given! the! meaning! of! “authorizes.”! Hence,! the! 4th! element! may! be! read! “that! the! sworn!statement!containing!the!falsity!is!authorized!by!law.”, Hence,!eve!if!there!is!not!law!requiring!the!statement!to!be! made!under!oath,!as!long!as!it!is!made!for!a!legal!purpose,!it! is!sufficient., It! is! sufficient! that! the! oath! had! been! administered! with! a! view!of!carrying!into!effect!a!legal!purpose!intended.,

! VII.%Policy%of%the%law%on%perjury% • It! is! in! the! interest! of! public! policy! that! perjury! be! not! shielded! for! perjury! strikes! at! the! very! administration! of! laws.!If!is!the!policy!of!the!law!that!judicial!proceedings!and! judgment!shall!be!fair!and!free!from!fraud,!and!that!litigants! and!parties!be!encouraged!to!tell!the!truth!and!that!they!be! punished!if!they!do!not., • Are!two!contradictory!sworn!statements!sufficient!to!convict! one! of! perjury?! NO.! The! prosecution! must! prove! which! of! the!two!statement!is!false,!and!must!show!that!statement!to! be!false!by!other!evidence!than!the!contradictory!statement., ! VIII.% “Not% being% included% in% the% provisions% of% the% next% preceding% articles”% • Perjury! is! an! offense! which! covers! false! oaths! other! than! those!taken!in!the!course!of!judicial!proceedings., • False! testimonies! in! judicial! proceedings! contemplates! an! actual! trial! where! a! judgment! of! conviction! or! acquittal! is! rendered.! Thus,! false! testimony! before! the! justice! of! peace! or!fiscal!during!the!preliminary!investigation!may!give!rise!to! the!crime!of!perjury., ! IX.%Subornation%of%perjury%



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Subornation, of, perjury! !! is! committed! by! a! person! who! knowingly!and!willfully!procures!another!to!swear!falsely!and! the! witness! suborned! does! testify! under! circumstances! rendering!him!guilty!of!perjury.% Example:! B! induces! A! to! testify! falsely! that! the! fiscal! attempted! to! rape! the! latter’s! daughter.! B! is! guilty! of! subornation! of! perjury.! B! not! only! knowingly! and! willfully! induced! A! to! swear! falsely,! but! he! did! so! maliciously,! as! it! appeared!that!he!was!an!enemy!of!the!fiscal., Subornation!of!perjury!is!no!expressly!penalized!in!the!RPC;! but! the! direct! induction! of! a! person! by! another! to! commit! perjury!under!Article%183!in!relation!to!Article%17., One! who! commits! subornation! is! a! principal! by! inducement! in!the!crime!of!plain!perjury.!,

, Article%184%–%Offering%false%testimony%in%evidence.% Any%person%who%shall%knowingly%offer%in%evidence%a%false%witness%or% testimony%in%any%judicial%or%official%proceeding,%shall%be%punished%as% guilty% of% false% testimony% and% shall% suffer% the% respective% penalties% provided%in%this%section.%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%of%offering%false%testimony%in%evidence:%(EKP)% 1. That!the!offender!offered!in!evidence!a!false!witness!or!false! testimony! 2. That!he!knew!that!the!witness!or!the!testimony!is!was!false.! 3. That!the!offer!was!made!in!judicial!or!official!proceeding! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Knowing%offer%false%evidence% • (Section%35,%Rule% 132,% Rules% of%Court)%Offering!of!evidence,! insofar! as! testimonial! evidence! is! concerned,! begins! the! moment! a! witness! is! called! to! the! witness! stand! and! interrogated!by!counsel.!The!witness!must!have!to!testify.! • If! the! false! witness! desisted! before! he! could! testify! on! any! material! matter,! he! is! not! liable! because! desistance! during!

the!attempted!stage!of!the!execution!is!an!absolutory!cause.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Knew%the%witness%to%be%false% • Article% 184! contemplates! a! situation! wherein! a! person,! without! inducing,! another,! but! knowing! him! to! be! a! false! witness,! presented! him! and! the! latter! testified! falsely! in! a! judicial!or!official!proceeding.!! • If! there! is! inducement,! Article% 180,% 181,% 182% or% 183! in! relation!to!Article%7,%par.%2!will!apply.! ! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Made%in%official%or%judicial%proceeding% • Penalty! is! that! for! false! testimony! if! committed! in! a! judicial! proceeding! or! that! perjury! if! committed! in! other! official! proceeding.! %

Chapter%Three:%Frauds% % Section%1%—%Machinations,%monopolies%and%combinations% % Article%185%–%Machinations%in%public%auctions.% Any%person%who%shall%solicit%any%gift%or%promise%as%a%consideration% for% refraining% from% taking% part% in% any% public% auction,% and% any% person% who% shall% attempt% to% cause% bidders% to% stay% away% from% an% auction%by%threats,%gifts,%promises,%or%any%other%artifice,%with%intent% to% cause% the% reduction% of% the% price% of% the% thing% auctioned,% shall% suffer%the%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and% a% fine% ranging% from% 10% to% 50% per% centum% of% the% value% of% the% thing% auctioned.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By! soliciting! any! gift! or! promise! as! a! consideration! for! refraining!from!taking!part!in!any!public!auction.! 2. By!attempting!to!cause!bidders!to!stay!away!from!an!auction! by!threats,!gifts,!promises,!or!any!other!artifice.!



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! ! II.%Soliciting%any%gift%or%promise%as%consideration%to%refrain% A.%Elements%of%soliciting%gift%or%promise%(PSRR)% 1. That!there!be!a!public!auction.! 2. That!the!accused!solicited!any!gift!or!a!promise!from!any!of! the!bidders.! 3. That! such! gift! or! promise! was! the! consideration! for! his! refraining!from!taking!part!in!that!public!auction.! 4. That! the! accused! had! the! intent! to! cause! the! reduction! of! the!price!of!the!thing!auctioned.! ! B.%Consummation%by%mere%solicitation% • It! is! not! required! that! the! person! making! the! proposal! actually!refrains!from!taking!part!in!any!public!auction.! • It! is! consummated! by! mere! solicitation! of! gift! as! consideration!for!not!bidding.! • If!the!person!to!whom!the!solicitation!is!made!agrees!to!pay! or! gives! the! gift! or! makes! a! promise,! then! he! will! be! a! principal! in! the! crime.! His! act! will! be! similar! to! the! second! way!of!committing!the!crime.! ! III.%Attempting%to%cause%bidders%to%stay%away% A.%Elements%of%Attempting%to%cause%bidders%to%stay%away%(PAAR)% 1. That!there!be!a!public!auction.! 2. That! the! accused! attempted! to! cause! the! bidders! to! stay! away!from!the!public!auction.! 3. That! it! was! done! by! threats,! gifts,! promises! or! any! other! artifice.! 4. That! the! accused! had! the! intent! to! cause! the! reduction! of! the!price!of!the!thing!auctioned.! ! B.%“Other%artifice”% • Mere!attempt!consummates!the!crime.! • The! threat! need! not! be! effective! nor! the! offer! or! gift! accepted!for!the!crime!to!arise.!

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The!bidders!may!be!caused!to!stay!away!from!public!auction! by!tricks.!

% Article%186%W%Monopolies%and%combinations%in%restraint%of%trade.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%or%a%fine% ranging%from%200%to%6,000%pesos,%or%both,%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any%person%who%shall%enter%into%any%contract%or%agreement% or% shall% take% part% in% any% conspiracy% or% combination% in% the% form% of% a% trust% or% otherwise,% in% restraint% of% trade% or% commerce% or% to% prevent% by% artificial% means% free% competition%in%the%market;% 2. Any% person% who% shall% monopolize% any% merchandise% or% object% of% trade% or% commerce,% or% shall% combine% with% any% other%person%or%persons%to%monopolize%and%merchandise%or% object%in%order%to%alter%the%price%thereof%by%spreading%false% rumors% or% making% use% of% any% other% article% to% restrain% free% competition%in%the%market;% 3. Any% person% who,% being% a% manufacturer,% producer,% or% processor%of%any%merchandise%or%object%of%commerce%or%an% importer% of% any% merchandise% or% object% of% commerce% from% any%foreign%country,%either%as%principal%or%agent,%wholesaler% or%retailer,%shall%combine,%conspire%or%agree%in%any%manner% with% any% person% likewise% engaged% in% the% manufacture,% production,% processing,% assembling% or% importation% of% such% merchandise% or% object% of% commerce% or% with% any% other% persons%not%so%similarly%engaged%for%the%purpose%of%making% transactions% prejudicial% to% lawful% commerce,% or% of% increasing%the%market%price%in%any%part%of%the%Philippines,%of% any% such% merchandise% or% object% of% commerce% manufactured,% produced,% processed,% assembled% in% or% imported% into% the% Philippines,% or% of% any% article% in% the% manufacture% of% which% such% manufactured,% produced,% or% imported%merchandise%or%object%of%commerce%is%used.% % If%the%offense%mentioned%in%this%article%affects%any%food%substance,%



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! motor% fuel% or% lubricants,% or% other% articles% of% prime% necessity,% the% penalty%shall%be%that%of%prision%mayor%in%its%maximum%and%medium% periods%it%being%sufficient%for%the%imposition%thereof%that%the%initial% steps% have% been% taken% toward% carrying% out% the% purposes% of% the% combination.% % Any%property%possessed%under%any%contract%or%by%any%combination% mentioned% in% the% preceding% paragraphs,% and% being% the% subject% thereof,%shall%be%forfeited%to%the%Government%of%the%Philippines.% % Whenever% any% of% the% offenses% described% above% is% committed% by% a% corporation%or%association,%the%president%and%each%one%of%its%agents% or% representatives% in% the% Philippines% in% case% of% a% foreign% corporation%or%association,%who%shall%have%knowingly%permitted%or% failed% to% prevent% the% commission% of% such% offense,% shall% be% held% liable%as%principals%thereof.%(As#amended#by#R.A.#No.#1956)% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. Combination!to!prevent!free!competition!in!the!market! 2. Monopoly!to!restrain!free!competition!in!the!market! 3. Manufacturer,! producer,! or! processor! or! importer! combining,! conspiring! or! agreeing! with! any! person! to! make! transactions! prejudicial! to! lawful! commerce! or! to! increase! the!market!price!of!merchandise.! ! II.%Theory%of%the%law%in%penalizing%monopolies%and%combinations%in% restraint%of%trade% • Competition,!not!combination,!should!be!the!law!of!trade.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%1:%% % I.%Mere%conspiracy%or%combination%is%punished% • If! the! offense! affects! any! food! substance,! motor! fuel,! or! lubricants,!or!other!articles!of!prime!necessity,!it!is!sufficient!

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that! initial! steps! are! taken! to! carry! out! the! purposes! of! combination!for!the!imposition!of!a!higher!penalty.! ! II.%Persons%liable% • When! the! offense! is! committed! by! a! corporation! or! association,! the! president! and! directors! or! managers! who! knowingly!permitted!or!failed!to!prevent!the!commission!of! such!offenses!are!liable.! o This! is! an! exception! to! the! rule! that! a! director! or! officer!of!a!corporation!is!not!liable!criminally!for!the! corporate!acts!of!other!officers!or!agents.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%2:%Monopoly%or%combination%by%spread%false%rumors% % I.%Spreading%false%rumors%to%restrain%free%competition% • US! v.! Fulgueras! !! a! person! distributed! flyers! stating! that! unless! the! prices! of! needful! commodities! are! lowered,! the! town! would! be! visited! by! flooding.! This! is! spreading! false! rumors! or! making! use! of! any! other! artifice! to! restrain! free! competition!in!the!market.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%3:%Price%Manipulation% % I.%R.A.%No.%7581%or%“The%Price%Act”%(p.283W285)% 1. Hoarding! a. The!undue!accumulation!by!a!person!or!combination! of! persons! of! any! basic! commodity! beyond! his! or! their!normal!inventory!levels! b. The!unreasonable!limitation!or!refusal!to!dispose!of,! sell!or!distribute!the!stocks!of!any!basic!necessity!or! prime!commodity!to!the!general!public! c. The! unjustified! taking! out! of! any! basic! necessity! of! prime! commodity! from! the! channels! of! reproduction,!trade,!commerce!and!industry! 2. Profiteering:! the! sale! or! offering! for! sale! of! any! basic!



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! necessity!or!prime!commodity!at!a!price!grossly!in!excess!of! its!true!worth.! 3. Cartel:!any!combination!or!of!agreement!between!2!or!more! persons! engaged! in! the! production,! manufacture,! processing,! storage,! supply,! distribution,! marketing,! sale! or! disposition! of! any! basic! necessity! or! prime! commodity! designed! to! artificially! and! unreasonably! increase! or! manipulate!its!price.! % Section%2%—%Frauds%in%commerce%and%industry% % Article%187%–%Importation%and%disposition%of%falsely%marked%articles% or% merchandise% made% of% gold,% silver,% or% other% precious% metals% or% their%alloys.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 1,000% pesos,% or% both,% shall% be% imposed% on% any% person% who% shall% knowingly% import% or% sell% or% dispose% of% any% article% or% merchandise% made%of%gold,%silver,%or%other%precious%metals,%or%their%alloys,%with% stamps,%brands,%or%marks%which%fail%to%indicate%the%actual%fineness% or%quality%of%said%metals%or%alloys.% % Any%stamp,%brand,%label,%or%mark%shall%be%deemed%to%fail%to%indicate% the% actual% fineness% of% the% article% on% which% it% is% engraved,% printed,% stamped,% labeled% or% attached,% when% the% rest% of% the% article% shows% that% the% quality% or% fineness% thereof% is% less% by% more% than% oneWhalf% karat,%if%made%of%gold,%and%less%by%more%than%four%oneWthousandth,% if%made%of%silver,%than%what%is%shown%by%said%stamp,%brand,%label%or% mark.% But% in% case% of% watch% cases% and% flatware% made% of% gold,% the% actual% fineness% of% such% gold% shall% not% be% less% by% more% than% three% oneWthousandth% than% the% fineness% indicated% by% said% stamp,% brand,% label,%or%mark.% % POINTS% I.%Article%or%merchandise%involved% 1. Gold!

2. Silver! 3. Other!previous!metals! 4. Their!alloys! ! II.%Elements%(KIF)% 1. That! the! offender! imports,! sells! or! disposes! of! any! of! those! articles!or!merchandise.! 2. That! the! stamps,! brands,! or! marks! of! those! articles! of! merchandise!fail!to!indicate!the!actual!fineness!or!quality!of! said!metals!or!alloys.! 3. That! the! offender! knows! that! the! stamps,! brands,! or! marks! of! those! articles! of! merchandise! fail! to! indicate! the! actual! fineness!or!quality!of!said!metals!or!alloys.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender,%imports,%sells%or%disposes% • Selling!the!misbranded!articles!is!not!necessary.! • Possession! after! importing! the! same! is! contemplated.! It! is! not! necessary! that! they! be! sold! and! the! public! be! actually! deceived.! But! there! must! be! evidence! showing! that! the! articles!were!imported.! • Article% 187! does! not! apply! to! manufacturer! of! misbranded! articles! made! of! gold,! silver,! etc.! Such! manufacturer! would! be!liable!under!estafa!of!Article%315,%subdivision%2(b).! % ____________________% REPUBLIC%ACT%NO.%8293%(Intellectual%Property%Code%of%the% Philippines)%repealed%Articles%188%and%189%which%are%inconsistent% therewith.% % Article% 188% –% Subsisting% and% altering% tradeWmark,% tradeWnames,% or% service%marks.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%or%a%fine% ranging%from%50%to%2,000%pesos,%or%both,%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any% person% who% shall% substitute% the% trade% name% or% tradeW mark% of% some% other% manufacturer% or% dealer% or% a% colorable%



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! imitation% thereof,% for% the% trademark% of% the% real% manufacturer% or% dealer% upon% any% article% of% commerce% and% shall%sell%the%same;% 2. Any% person% who% shall% sell% such% articles% of% commerce% or% offer% the% same% for% sale,% knowing% that% the% tradeWname% or% tradeW% mark% has% been% fraudulently% used% in% such% goods% as% described%in%the%preceding%subdivision;% 3. Any% person% who,% in% the% sale% or% advertising% of% his% services,% shall% use% or% substitute% the% service% mark% of% some% other% person,%or%a%colorable%imitation%of%such%mark;%or% 4. Any%person%who,%knowing%the%purpose%for%which%the%tradeW name,% tradeWmark,% or% service% mark% of% a% person% is% to% be% used,% prints,% lithographs,% or% in% any% way% reproduces% such% tradeWname,% tradeWmark,% or% service% mark,% or% a% colorable% imitation%thereof,%for%another%person,%to%enable%that%other% person%to%fraudulently%use%such%tradeWname,%tradeWmark,%or% service% mark% on% his% own% goods% or% in% connection% with% the% sale%or%advertising%of%his%services.% % A% tradeWname% or% tradeWmark% as% herein% used% is% a% word% or% words,% name,% title,% symbol,% emblem,% sign% or% device,% or% any% combination% thereof%used%as%an%advertisement,%sign,%label,%poster,%or%otherwise,% for%the%purpose%of%enabling%the%public%to%distinguish%the%business%of% the%person%who%owns%and%uses%said%tradeWname%or%tradeWmark.% % A% service% mark% as% herein% used% is% a% mark% used% in% the% sale% or% advertising% of% services% to% identify% the% services% of% one% person% and% distinguish% them% from% the% services% of% others% and% includes% without% limitation%the%marks,%names,%symbols,%titles,%designations,%slogans,% character% names,% and% distinctive% features% of% radio% or% other% advertising.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By! (1)! substituting! the! trade! name! or! trademark! of! some!

other! manufacturer! or! dealer,! or! a! colorable! imitation! thereof,! for! the! trade! name! or! trademark! of! the! real! manufacturer! or! dealer! upon! any! article! of! commerce,! and! (2)!selling!the!same.! 2. By! selling! or! by! offering! for! sale! such! article! of! commerce,! knowing! that! the! trade! name! or! trademark! has! been! fraudulently!used.! 3. By! using! or! substituting! the! service! mark! or! some! other! person! or! a! colorable! imitation! of! such! mark,! in! the! sale! or! advertising!of!his!services.! 4. By! printing,! lithographing! or! reproducing! trade! name,! trademark! or! service! mark! of! one! person,! or! a! colorable! imitation! thereof,! to! enable! another! person! to! fraudulently! use!the!same,!knowing!the!fraudulent!purpose!for!which!it!is! to!be!used.! % Article% 189% –% Unfair% competition,% fraudulent% registration% of% tradeW mark,%tradeWname%or%service%mark,%fraudulent%designation%of%origin,% and%false%description.% The% penalty% provided% in% the% next% proceeding% article% shall% be% imposed%upon:% 1. Any%person%who,%in%unfair%competition%and%for%the%purposes% of% deceiving% or% defrauding% another% of% his% legitimate% trade% or%the%public%in%general,%shall%sell%his%goods%giving%them%the% general% appearance% of% goods% of% another% manufacturer% or% dealer,% either% as% to% the% goods% themselves,% or% in% the% wrapping% of% the% packages% in% which% they% are% contained% or% the% device% or% words% thereon% or% in% any% other% features% of% their%appearance%which%would%be%likely%to%induce%the%public% to% believe% that% the% goods% offered% are% those% of% a% manufacturer%or%dealer%other%than%the%actual%manufacturer% or% dealer% or% shall% give% other% persons% a% chance% or% opportunity%to%do%the%same%with%a%like%purpose.% 2. Any% person% who% shall% affix,% apply,% annex% or% use% in% connection% with% any% goods% or% services% or% any% container% or%



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! containers% for% goods% a% false% designation% of% origin% or% any% false%description%or%representation%and%shall%sell%such%goods% or%services.% 3. Any% person% who% by% means% of% false% or% fraudulent% representation% or% declarations% orally% or% in% writing% or% by% other% fraudulent% means% shall% procure% from% the% patent% office% or% from% any% other% office% which% may% hereafter% be% established% by% law% for% the% purposes% the% registration% of% a% tradeWname,%tradeWmark%or%service%mark%or%of%himself%as%the% owner% of% such% tradeWname,% tradeWmark% or% service% mark% or% an% entry% respecting% a% tradeWname,% tradeWmark% or% service% mark.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By! selling! his! goods,! or! giving! them! the! general! appearance! of! the! goods! of! another! manufacturer! or! dealer! (Unfair! Competition)! 2. By! (a)! affixing! to! his! goods! or! using! in! connection! with! his! services!a!false!designation!of!origin,!or!any!false!description! or! representation,! and! (b)! selling! such! goods! or! services! (Fraudulent!designation!of!origin;!False!description)! 3. By! procuring! fraudulently! from! the! patent! office! the! registration! of! trade! name,! trademark! or! service! mark! (Fraudulent!Registration)!



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TITLE%VI:%CRIMES%AGAINST%PUBLIC%MORALS! !

Chapter%1:%Gambling%and%Betting% % PRESIDENTIAL%DECREE%1602% % Prescribes%Stiffer%Penalties%on%Illegal%Gambling% % Section%1.%Penalties.%The%following%penalties%are%hereby%imposed:% % (a)%The%penalty%of%prison%correccional%in%its%medium%period%of%a%fine% ranging% from% one% thousand% to% six% thousand% pesos,% and% in% case% of% recidivism,%the%penalty%of%prision%mayor%in%its%medium%period%or%a%fine% ranging% from% five% thousand% to% ten% thousand% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon:% % 1. Any% person% other% than% those% referred% to% in% the% succeeding% subRsections% who% in% any% manner,% shall% directly% or% indirectly% take%part%in%any%illegal%or%unauthorized%activities%or%games%of% cockfighting,%jueteng,%jai%alai%or%horse%racing%to%include%bookie% operations%and%game%fixing,%numbers,%bingo%and%other%forms% of%lotteries;%cara%y%cruz,%pompiang%and%the%like;%7R11%and%any% game% using% dice;% black% jack,% lucky% nine,% poker% and% its% derivatives,%monte,%baccarat,%cuajao,%pangguingue%and%other% card% games;% paik% que,% high% and% low,% mahjong,% domino% and% other% games% using% plastic% tiles% and% the% likes;% slot% machines,% roulette,% pinball% and% other% mechanical% contraptions% and% devices;%dog%racing,%boat%racing,%car%racing%and%other%forms%of% races,% basketball,% boxing,% volleyball,% bowling,% pingpong% and% other% forms% of% individual% or% team% contests% to% include% game% fixing,% point% shaving% and% other% machinations;% banking% or% percentage%game,%or%any%other%game%scheme,%whether%upon% chance%or%skill,%wherein%wagers%consisting%of%money,%articles% of%value%or%representative%of%value%are%at%stake%or%made;%

% 2. Any%person%who%shall%knowingly%permit%any%form%of%gambling% referred%to%in%the%preceding%subparagraph%to%be%carried%on%in% inhabited% or% uninhabited% place% or% in% any% building,% vessel% or% other%means%of%transportation%owned%or%controlled%by%him.%If% the%place%where%gambling%is%carried%on%has%a%reputation%of%a% gambling% place% or% that% prohibited% gambling% is% frequently% carried% on% therein,% or% the% place% is% a% public% or% government% building%or%barangay%hall,%the%malfactor%shall%be%punished%by% prision% correccional% in% its% maximum% period% and% a% fine% of% six% thousand%pesos.% % (b)%The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%period%or%a%fine% of% six% thousand% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% the% maintainer% or% conductor%of%the%above%gambling%schemes.% % (c)%The%penalty%of%prision%mayor%in%its%medium%period%with%temporary% absolute% disqualification% or% a% fine% of% six% thousand% pesos% shall% be% imposed% if% the% maintainer,% conductor% or% banker% of% said% gambling% schemes%is%a%government%official,%or%where%such%government%official% is% the% player,% promoter,% referee,% umpire,% judge% or% coach% in% case% of% game%fixing,%point%shaving%and%machination.% % (d)%The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%period%or%a%fine% ranging%from%four%hundred%to%two%thousand%pesos%shall%be%imposed% upon%any%person%who%shall,%knowingly%and%without%lawful%purpose%in% any% hour% of% any% day,% possess% any% lottery% list,% paper% or% other% matter% containing% letters,% figures,% signs% or% symbols% pertaining% to% or% in% any% manner%used%in%the%games%of%jueteng,%jaiRalai%or%horse%racing%bookies,% and% similar% games% of% lotteries% and% numbers% which% have% taken% place% or%about%to%take%place.% % (e)% The% penalty% of% temporary% absolute% disqualifications% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% barangay% official% who,% with% knowledge% of% the% existence%of%a%gambling%house%or%place%in%his%jurisdiction%fails%to%abate%



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! the%same%or%take%action%in%connection%therewith.% % (f)%The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%period%or%a%fine% ranging% from% five% hundred% pesos% to% two% thousand% pesos% shall% be% imposed%upon%any%security%officer,%security%guard,%watchman,%private% or% house% detective% of% hotels,% villages,% buildings,% enclosures% and% the% like%which%have%the%reputation%of%a%gambling%place%or%where%gambling% activities%are%being%held.% % POINTS% I.%What%is%Gambling?% • Gambling! is! any! game! or! scheme,! whether! upon! chance! or! skill,!wherein!wagers!consisting!of!money,!articles!or!value!or! representative!of!value!are!at!stake!or!made.! ! A.%P.D.%No.%1602%provides%stiffer%penalties%for%gambling%law%violations! % B.%P.D.%No.%1602% • Section% 1(a)! makes! a! game! or! scheme! punishable! even! if! the! winning! depends! upon! skill,! when! “wagers! consisting! of! money,!articles!or!value!or!representative!of!value!are!at!stake! or!made.”% % C.%R.A.%No.%9287%increased%the%penalties%for%illegal%number%games% • This! act! amended! certain! provisions! of! P.D.% No.% 1602! by! increasing!the!penalties!for!some!illegal!number!games.% • Illegal&Number&Games!!!any!form!of!illegal!gambling!activity! which! uses! numbers! or! combinations! thereof! as! factors! in! giving!out!jackpots/prizes/returns.% & D.%Penalties%under%R.A.%No.%9287% % E.%Liability%of%Government%Officials%and%Employees%in%R.A.%No.%9287% % F.%Purpose%of%prohibiting%gambling%

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To! repress! an! evil! that! undermines! the! social,! moral! and! economic!growth!of!the!nation.% The! purpose! of! P.D.% No.% 1602! is! to! prohibit! completely! all! games!named!therein,!and!to!punish!all!persons!who!take!part! in!such!game!–!even!though!it!was!not!played!for!money.%

! G.%Liability%of%spectators%% • A! mere! bystander! or! spectator! in! a! gambling! game! is! not! criminally! liable,! because! he! does! not! take! part! therein,! directly!or!indirectly.!! • Mere!presence!in!a!gambling!house!is!not!an!offense.! ! H.%Other%Notes% • For!gambling!to!be!legal,!licensing!is!required.% • Q:!Isko!Moreno’s!act!of!holding!a!Bingo!game.!Is!this!a!violation! of!P.D.%No.%1602.% % II.%Lottery% • Lottery!!!is!a!scheme!for!the!distribution!of!prizes!by!chance! among! persons! who! have! paid,! or! agreed! to! pay,! a! valuable! consideration!for!the!chance!to!obtain!a!prize.! • Lottery! embraces! all! schemes! for! distribution! of! prizes! by! chance.! • If!the!scheme!is!such!that!human!reason,!foresight,!sagacity,!or! design! cannot! enable! one! to! know! or! determine! the! result! until!the!same!has!been!accomplished,!then!it!is!lottery.! ! A.%Elements%of%Lottery%(CCP)% 1. Consideration! 2. Chance! 3. Prize,! or! some! advantage! or! inequality! in! amount! or! value! which!is!in!the!nature!of!a!prize! ! B.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Chance% • Guessing!competition!constitutes!lottery.%



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El!Debate!v.!Topacio!!!a!civil!case!dealing!exclusively!with!the! construction! and! application! of! the! provision! of! Section! 1954(a)!of!the!old!Administrative!Code!regarding!nonZmailable! matter.% o Facts:! One! must! subscribe! to! the! El! Debate! newspaper.! A! prize! will! be! given! (1)! for! the! nearest! approximate! guesses! as! to! the! total! number! of! votes! that! will! be! cast! for! any! winning! candidates! for! Carnival! Queen,! and! (2)! for! the! nearest! approximate! guests!as!to!the!total!number!of!votes!that!the!QueenZ elect!will!receive.% o Held:! Only! those! who! subscribe! to! El! Debate! –! regardless!of!the!contest!–!will!receive!the!full!value!of! their! money.! This! argument! doesn’t! apply! to! people! who!subscribe!merely!to!qualify!for!the!contest.% No!lottery!where!there!is!full!value!of!money% US!v.!Olsen!!!a!criminal!case!that!deals!directly!with!lottery!as! penalized!in!the!statutes.! o Facts:! 500! packets! of! cigarettes! will! be! sold! in! its! regular!price.!In!one!of!these!is!a!winning!coupon.% o Held:!The!person!obtains!full!value!for!his!money.!The! winning!of!the!watch!is!a!mere!incident.% While!the!Gambling!Law!must!be!interpreted!strictly!for!being! a!penal!statues.!The!Postal!Law!has!been!interpreted!liberally! by!the!Supreme!Court,!following!American!jurisprudence.% o Revised! Penal! Code! defines! lottery! as! games! dependent!WHOLLY!on!CHIEFLY!upon!chance.% o Postal!Law!classifies!lottery!as!a!scheme!depending!in! whole!or!in!part!upon!luck!or!chance.%

! C.%Other%Notes:% • Q:!In!family!occasions,!is!it!illegal?!NO.!Because!it!may!take!the! form!of!gratuitousness!and!there!is!not!consideration.% % III.%Other%Notes%

A.% Elements% of% knowingly% permitting% gambling% to% be% carried% on% in% a% place%owned%or%controlled%by%the%offender%(GCK)% 1. That! a! gambling! game! was! carried! on! in! an! inhabited! or! uninhabited!place!or!in!any!building,!vessel!or!other!means!of! transportation.! 2. That! the! place,! building,! vessel,! or! other! means! of! transportation!is!owned!or!controlled!by!the!offender.! 3. That! the! offender! permitted! the! carrying! on! of! such! game,! knowing!that!it!is!a!gambling!game.! ! B.%Maintainer%or%conductor%in%a%gambling%game%or%scheme% • Maintainer!!!the!person!who!sets!up!and!furnishes!the!means! with!which!to!carry!on!the!gambling!game!or!scheme.! • Conductor! !! the! person! who! manages! or! carries! on! the! gambling!game!or!scheme.! & C.%Proof%that%game%took%place%or%is%about%to%take%place%isn’t%necessary% • The!reason!for!this!presumption!is!that!in!games!like!jueteng,! the! accused! would! not! keep! in! his! possession! items! related! thereto!such!as!a!jueteng!list,!unless!it!is!to!be!used!for!such.! • The! burden! of! proof! is! on! the! accused! to! shot! that! his! possession!is!lawful!and!that!the!item!(e.g.!jueteng!list)!is!in!no! way!connected!with!the!game!that!has!take!place!or!about!to! take!place.! ! D.%Proof%to%the%contrary%is%necessary%when%the%jueteng%list%pertain%to% games%played%on%other%dates% • The!burden!of!proof!shifts!to!the!prosecution!to!show!that!old! jueteng!lists!were!actually!used!on!those!previous!dates.! ! IV.%Gambling%Laws%Repealed% • Gambling!Laws!repealed!Articles%195%–%199%of%the%RPC! % Article%195%–%What%acts%are%punishable%in%gambling.%% (a)%The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%two%hundred%



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! pesos,% and,% in% case% of% recidivism,% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% or% a% fine% ranging% from% two% hundred% or% six% thousand% pesos,% shall% be% imposed%upon:% 1. Any% person% other% than% those% referred% to% in% subsections% (b)% and% (c)% who,% in% any% manner% shall% directly,% or% indirectly% take% part% in% any% game% of% monte,% jueteng% or% any% other% form% of% lottery,% policy,% banking,% or% percentage% game,% dog% races,% or% any% other% game% of% scheme% the% result% of% which% depends% wholly%or%chiefly%upon%chance%or%hazard;%or%wherein%wagers% consisting% of% money,% articles% of% value% or% representative% of% value% are% made;% or% in% the% exploitation% or% use% of% any% other% mechanical%invention%or%contrivance%to%determine%by%chance% the%loser%or%winner%of%money%or%any%object%or%representative% of%value.% 2. Any%person%who%shall%knowingly%permit%any%form%of%gambling% referred% to% in% the% preceding% subdivision% to% be% carried% on% in% any%unhabited%or%uninhabited%place%of%any%building,%vessel%or% other%means%of%transportation%owned%or%controlled%by%him.%If% the%place%where%gambling%is%carried%on%has%the%reputation%of% a% gambling% place% or% that% prohibited% gambling% is% frequently% carried% on% therein,% the% culprit% shall% be% punished% by% the% penalty%provided%for%in%this%article%in%its%maximum%period.% % (b)%The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%degree%shall%be% imposed% upon% the% maintainer,% conductor,% or% banker% in% a% game% of% jueteng%or%any%similar%game.% % (c)%The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%degree%shall%be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall,% knowingly% and% without% lawful% purpose,%have%in%his%possession%and%lottery%list,%paper%or%other%matter% containing%letters,%figures,%signs%or%symbols%which%pertain%to%or%are%in% any%manner%used%in%the%game%of%jueteng%or%any%similar%game%which% has%taken%place%or%about%to%take%place.%% % Article% 196% –% Importation,% sale% and% possession% of% lottery% tickets% or%

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advertisements.%% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 2,000%pesos,%or%both,%in%the%discretion%of%the%court,%shall%be%imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% import% into% the% Philippine% Islands% from% any% foreign% place% or% port% any% lottery% ticket% or% advertisement% or,% in% connivance%with%the%importer,%shall%sell%or%distribute%the%same.% % Any%person%who%shall%knowingly%and%with%intent%to%use%them,%have%in% his% possession% lottery% tickets% or% advertisements,% or% shall% sell% or% distribute% the% same% without% connivance% with% the% importer% of% the% same,% shall% be% punished% by% arresto% menor,% or% a% fine% not% exceeding% 200%pesos,%or%both,%in%the%discretion%of%the%court.% % The%possession%of%any%lottery%ticket%or%advertisement%shall%be%prima% facie% evidence% of% an% intent% to% sell,% distribute% or% use% the% same% in% the% Philippine%Islands.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punished%relative%to%lottery%tickets%or%advertisements% 1. By! importing! into! the! Philippines! form! any! foreign! place! or! port!any!lottery!ticket!or!advertisement.! 2. By! selling! or! distributing! the! name! in! connivance! with! the! importer.! 3. By!possessing,!knowingly!and!with!intent!to!use,!lottery!tickets! or!advertisement.! 4. By!selling!or!distributing!the!same!without!connivance!with!the! importer.! ! II.% Presumption% of% intent% to% sell,% distribute% or% use% lottery% ticket% or% advertisements% • Possession! is! prima! facie! evidence! of! intent! to! sell,! distribute! or!use!the!same!(Article%196).% • But!if!the!defendant!can!establish!that!he!did!not!know!of!the! existence! of! the! lottery! ticket! within! his! premises,! the!



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! presumption! is! destroyed! and! the! defendant! must! be! acquitted.% ! III.%Lottery%tickets%need%only%to%appear%genuine% • US!v.!Reyes!!!it!appears!that!the!accused!did!not!represent!a! lottery!and!that!the!sole!purpose!of!the!accused!in!printing!the! lottery!tickets!and!disposing!of!them!was!to!secure!money!by! fraudulent!representation.! • Reyes! (Personal! Comment):! If! the! lottery! tickets! are! counterfeit,! they! cannot! give! rise! to! the! evil! sought! to! be! eradicated.! % Article%197%–%Betting%in%sports%contests.%% The% penalty% of% arresto% menor% or% a% fine% not% exceeding% 200% pesos,% or% both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who%shall%bet%money%or%any% object%or%article%of%value%or%representative%of%value%upon%the%result%of% any%boxing%or%other%sports%contests.% % POINTS% Article%197%was%repealed%by%PRESIDENTIAL%DECREE%NO.%483% (Penalizing%Betting,%GameRFixing%or%PointRShaving%and%Machinations% in%Sport%Contests)% % I.%Definitions% • Gamefixing! !! deliberately! bringing! about! an! outcome! in! a! game!for!a!consideration!or!favor.! % Article%198%–%Illegal%betting%on%horse%race.% The% penalty% of% arresto% menor% or% a% fine% not% exceeding% 200% pesos,% or% both,% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% except% during% the% period%allowed%by%law,%shall%be%on%horse%races.%The%penalty%of%arresto% mayor% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 2,000% pesos,% or% both,% shall% be% imposed%upon%any%person%who,%under%the%same%circumstances,%shall% maintain%or%employ%a%totalizer%or%other%device%or%scheme%for%betting% on%horse%races%or%realizing%any%profit%therefrom.%

% For%the%purposes%of%this%article,%any%race%held%in%the%same%day%at%the% same%place%shall%be%held%punishable%as%a%separate%offense,%and%if%the% same% be% committed% by% any% partnership,% corporation% or% association,% the%president%and%the%directors%or%managers%thereof%shall%be%deemed% to%be%principals%in%the%offense%if%they%have%consented%to%or%knowingly% tolerated%its%commission.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By! betting! on! horse! races! during! the! periods! not! allowed! by! law.! 2. By! maintaining! or! employing! a! totalizer! or! other! device! or! scheme! for! betting! on! races! or! realizing! profit! therefrom,! during!the!periods!not!allowed!by!law.! ! II.%FIRST%PARAGRAPH% • The! penalty! is! higher! for! a! person! who! employ! a! totalizer! or! other!device.% • Totalizer!!!anything!used!to!receive!or!take!bets% ! III.%SECOND%PARAGRAPH% • Racing!Days!are!set!by!the!Games!and!Amusements!Board.! • Horse!Races!NOT!ALLOWED!by!law!on:! o July!4th!of!each!year!(R.A.%No.%137)! o December!30th!of!each!year!(R.A.%No.%229)! o Any!registration!or!voting!days!(R.A.%No.%180,%Revised% Election%Code).! o Holy!Thursday!and!Good!Friday!(R.A.%No.%946)! % Article%199%–%Illegal%cockfighting% The% penalty% of% arresto% menor% or% a% fine% not% exceeding% 200% pesos,% or% both,%in%the%discretion%of%the%court,%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any% person% who% directly% or% indirectly% participates% in% cockfights,%by%betting%money%or%other%valuable%things,%or%who%



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! organizes%cockfights%at%which%bets%are%made,%on%a%day%other% than%those%permitted%by%law.% 2. Any% person% who% directly% or% indirectly% participates% in% cockfights,%at%a%place%other%than%a%licensed%cockpit.% % POINTS% Article%199%was%repealed%by%PRESIDENTIAL%DECREE%NO.%449% (COCKFIGHTING%LAW%OF%1974)% To%the%extent%that%it%is%inconsistent%with%the%decree% % I.% Permitting% gambling% of% any% kind% in% cockpit% is% punished% under% the% same%Decree% % II.%Spectators%in%a%cockfight%are%not%liable% %

Chapter%2:%Offenses%Against%Decency%and%Good%Customs% % Article%200%–%Grave%scandal.% The% penalties% of% arresto% mayor% and% public% censure% shall% be% imposed% upon%any%person%who%shall%offend%against%decency%or%good%customs% by% any% highly% scandalous% conduct% not% expressly% falling% within% any% other%article%of%this%Code.% % POINTS% I.%Definitions% • Grave!scandal!consists!of!acts!which!are!offensive!to!decency! and! good! customs! which,! having! been! committed! publicly,! have! given! rise! to! public! scandal! to! persons! who! have! accidentally!witnessed!the!same.% % II.%Elements%(PSNP)% 1. That!the!offender!performs!an!act!or!acts.! 2. That!such!act!or!acts!be!highly!scandalous!as!offending!against! decency!or!good!customs.! 3. That! the! highly! scandalous! conduct! is! not! expressly! falling!

within!any!other!article!of!this!Code.! 4. That! the! act! or! acts! complained! of! be! committed! in! a! public! place!or!within!the!public!knowledge!or!view.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Highly%Scandalous% • “Shall%offend%against%decency%or%good%customs”% o Decency!!!propriety!of!conduct,!proper!observance!of! the!requirements!of!modesty,!good!taste,!etc.% o Customs! !! established! usage,! social! conventions! carried! on! by! tradition! and! enforced! by! social! disapproval!of!any!violation!thereof.% % IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Acts%do%not%fall%in%any%other%article% • People! v.! Dumlao& !& Where! the! accused! scattered! coconut! remnants! with! human! excrements! on! the! stairs! and! doors! of! the!balcony!of!a!public!elementary!school,!it!was!held!that!the! acts!fall!under!Article%329,!and!not!Article%200.% ! V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Acts%are%committed%publicly% • The! acts! must! be! performed! in! a! public! place! or! within! the! public!knowledge!or!view.% • As! a! condition! precedent! for! the! existence! of! this! crime,! the! offense! against! decency! and! good! customs! must! have! been! made!publicly.% • US! v.! Catajay! !! When! the! acts! were! performed! in! a! private! house!and!seen!by!one!person,!the!crime!was!not!committed.% % VI.%Other%Notes% • Q:!A!rests!nakedly!in!a!hammock!located!in!his!condominium! balcony! (a! private! place),! in! full! view! of! the! students! whose! classroom!windows!were!right!across.! o It!is!grave!scandal!because!it!was!in!public!view.! % Article%201%–%Immoral%doctrines,%obscene%publications%and%exhibitions% and%indecent%shows%



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! The% penalty% of% prision%mayor%or%a%fine%ranging%from%six%thousand%to% twelve%thousand%pesos,%or%both%such%imprisonment%and%fine,%shall%be% imposed%upon:% 1. Those% who% shall% publicly% expound% or% proclaim% doctrines% openly%contrary%to%public%morals;% 2. (a)% the% authors% of% obscene% literature,% published% with% their% knowledge%in%any%form;%the%editors%publishing%such%literature;% and% the% owners/operators% of% the% establishment% selling% the% same;% (b)%Those%who,%in%theaters,%fairs,%cinematographs%or%any%other% place,% exhibit,% indecent% or% immoral% plays,% scenes,% acts% or% shows,%whether%live%or%in%film,%which%are%prescribed%by%virtue% hereof,% shall% include% those% which% (1)% glorify% criminals% or% condone%crimes;%(2)%serve%no%other%purpose%but%to%satisfy%the% market%for%violence,%lust%or%pornography;%(3)%offend%any%race% or% religion;% (4)% tend% to% abet% traffic% in% and% use% of% prohibited% drugs;%and%(5)%are%contrary%to%law,%public%order,%morals,%and% good% customs,% established% policies,% lawful% orders,% decrees% and%edicts;% 3. Those% who% shall% sell,% give% away% or% exhibit% films,% prints,% engravings,% sculpture% or% literature% which% are% offensive% to% morals.%(As*amended*by*PD*Nos.*960*and*969).% % POINTS% I.%Publicity%is%essential% • This! offense! in! any! of! the! forms! mentioned! in! the! article! is! committed!only!when!there!is!publicity.! ! II.%Purpose%of%the%Law% • The!purpose!of!the!provision!is!the!protection!of!public!morals,! i.e.!morals!of!society!as!a!whole,!and!not!merely!the!morals!of! a!single!individual.% % III.%Disposition%of%prohibited%articles% 1. Upon!conviction!of!the!offender!!!to!be!forfeited!in!favor!of!

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the!government!to!be!destroyed.! 2. Where! the! criminal! case! against! the! violator! of! the! decree! results! in! an! acquittal! !! to! be! forfeited! in! favor! of! the! government! to! be! destroyed! after! forfeiture! proceedings! conducted!by!the!Chief!of!Constabulary.! 3. The! person! aggrieved! by! the! forfeiture! action! of! the! Chief! of! Constabulary!may,!within!15!days!after!his!receipt!of!a!copy!of! the!decision,!appeal!the!matter!to!the!Sec.!of!National!Defense! for!review.!The!decision!thereafter!shall!be!final.! % IV.%Additional%Penalties% • R.A.% No.% 7610% !% Any! person! who! shall! hire,! employ,! use,! persuade! or! coerce! a! child! to! perform! in! obscene! exhibition! shall!be!punished!by!prision!mayor!in!its!medium!period.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%1:%EXPOUNDING%DOCTRINE%CONTRARY%TO%MORALS% % I.% Publicly% expounding% or% proclaiming% “doctrines% openly% contrary% to% public%morals”% • Moral! !! implies! conformity! with! the! generally! accepted! standards! of! goodness! or! rightness! in! conduct! or! character,! sometimes,!specifically,!to!sexual!conduct.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%2:%OBSCENITY% % I.%Authors%of%obscene%literature%is%liable%only%when%it%is%published%with% his%knowledge% • Obscene! !! something! offensive! to! chastity,! decency! or! delicacy.& % II.%Test%of%obscenity% • Whether!or!not!such!publication!or!act!shocks!the!ordinary!and! common!sense!of!men!as!indecency.! o Indecency! !! an! act! against! the! good! behavior! and! a! just!delicacy.!



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It!may!be!conceded!that!nudity!itself!is!not!inherently!indecent! or! obscene.! Mere! nudity! in! paintings! and! sculptures! are! not! obscenity!as!they!may!be!considered!pieces!of!art.! o The!proper!test!is!whether!the!motive!of!the!picture,! as! indicated! by! it,! is! pure! or! impure;! or! whether! it! is! naturally!calculated!to!excite!impure!thoughts.! Reaction!of!the!public!is!a!test!of!obscenity! o People!v.!Aparici&!!The!reaction!of!the!public!during! the! performance! of! the! accused! who! had! nothing! on! except! nylon! patches! over! her! breasts! and! a! too! abbreviated!pair!of!nylon!panties!to!interrupt!her!stark! nakedness! is! determinative! that! her! dancing! was! indecent!and!erotic.!! Indecent!photograph!and!literature!published!in!newspaper! o People! v.! Sarte! !! When! it! appears! that! such! publication! is! designed! to! stir! the! imagination! and! suggest!a!mental!picture!not!to!promote!but!rather!to! debase!sensibilities,!such!publication!has!ceased!to!be! decent.!

! III.%Mere%possession%of%obscene%materials%is%not%punishable% • Mere! possession! of! obscene! materials,! without! intention! to! sell,!exhibit,!or!give!them!away,!is!not!punishable!under!Article% 201,! considering! the! purpose! of! the! law! is! to! prohibit! the! dissemination!of!obscene!materials!to!the!public.! • The!law!does!not!require!that!a!person!be!caught!in!the!act!of! selling,!giving!away!or!exhibiting!obscene!materials!to!be!liable! for!as!long!as!the!said!materials!are!offered!for!sale,!displayed! or!exhibited!to!the!public.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%3:%SELL,%GIVE%AWAY%OR%EXHIBIT% % I.%%The%words%“give%away”%should%read%“distribute”% • Distribution!of!indecent!literature,!etc.!to!many!people!and!not! merely!the!isolated,!casual!or!occasional!act!of!giving!such!kind!

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of!literature!to!a!single!recipient.! “Give!away”!necessarily!includes!the!act!of!exhibiting!obscene! pictures! or! literature,! because! when! one! gives! away! obscene! pictures! or! literature,! he! has! the! intention! and! purpose! of! exhibiting!or!showing!the!same!to!the!recipient.!

! II.%Pictures%with%light%degree%of%obscenity,%not%used%for%art’s%sake%but% for%commercial%purposes,%fall%under%this%article% • If!those!pictures!were!shown!in!art!exhibits!and!art!galleries!for! the! cause! of! art! to! be! viewed! and! appreciated! by! people! interested!in!art,!there!would!be!no!offense.! % Article%202%–%Vagrants%and%prostitutes;%penalty% The%following%are%vagrants:% 1. Any% person% having% no% apparent% means% of% subsistence,% who% has% the% physical% ability% to% work% and% who% neglects% to% apply% himself%or%herself%to%some%lawful%calling;% 2. Any% person% found% loitering% about% public% or% semiRpublic% buildings% or% places% or% trampling% or% wandering% about% the% country%or%the%streets%without%visible%means%of%support;% 3. Any%idle%or%dissolute%person%who%ledges%in%houses%of%ill%fame;% ruffians% or% pimps% and% those% who% habitually% associate% with% prostitutes;% 4. Any%person%who,%not%being%included%in%the%provisions%of%other% articles%of%this%Code,%shall%be%found%loitering%in%any%inhabited% or%uninhabited%place%belonging%to%another%without%any%lawful% or%justifiable%purpose;% 5. Prostitutes.% % For% the% purposes% of% this% article,% women% who,% for% money% or% profit,% habitually% indulge% in% sexual% intercourse% or% lascivious% conduct,% are% deemed%to%be%prostitutes.% % Any%person%found%guilty%of%any%of%the%offenses%covered%by%this%articles% shall%be%punished%by%arresto%menor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%200%pesos,%



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! and% in% case% of% recidivism,% by% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period% to% prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%or%a%fine%ranging%from%200% to%2,000%pesos,%or%both,%in%the%discretion%of%the%court.% % POINTS% Article%202%has%been%completely%repealed%by%% REPUBLIC%ACT%NO.%10158% (AN%ACT%DECRIMINALIZING%VAGRANCY,%AMENDING%FOR%THIS% PURPOSE%ARTICLE%202%OF%ACT%NO.%3815,%AS%AMENDED,%OTHERWISE% KNOWN%AS%THE%REVISED%PENAL%CODE)% % I.%Article%202%not%applicable%to%minors% • Minors!shall!be!exempt!from!prosecution!from!the!crimes!of:% o Vagrancy!and!prostitution!under!Article%202% o Mendicancy!under!P.D.%No.%1563% o Sniffing!of!rugby!under!P.D.%No.%1619% • As!such!prosecutions!are!inconsistent!with!the!United%Nations% Convention%on%the%Rights%of%the%Child% • Provided,&such!child!will!undergo!counseling!and!treatment.% ! II.% ONLY% PARAGRAPHS% 1% AND% 2% require% absence% of% visible% means% of% support% • “Apparent% means% of% subsistence”% and% “visible% means% of% support”% o US! v.! Molina! !! An! ableZbodied! 23ZyearZold! person! who!makes!no!pretense!to!follow!a!lawful!calling,!and! instead! spends! his! time! gambling! in! the! streets,! and! has! no! legal! or! moral! claim! of! support! from! his! mother.!Clearly,!the!support!from!the!mother!does!not! constitute!“visible!means!of!support”% • Loitering!around!saloons!and!gambling!houses!is!vagrancy!only! when!there!is!evidence!of!absence!of!visible!means!of!support.% • Mendicancy!is!committed!by!one!who!has!no!visible!and!legal! means!of!support,!or!lawful!employment!and!who!is!physically! able! to! work! but! neglects! to! apply! himself! to! some! lawful!

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calling!and!instead!uses!begging!as!a!means!of!living.% o One! who! surrenders! a! child! for! such! to! become! a! mendicant!shall!be!fined!by!not!more!than!P20.% o A! vagrant! without! visible! means! of! support! may! become!a!mendicant!if!he!uses!begging!as!a!means!of! living.% ! III.%PARAGRAPH%3:%% • Vagrants!under!Paragraph!3!must!be!either:% o An!idle!or!dissolute!person!who!lodges!in!houses!of!illZ fame% o Ruffian!or!pimp% o One!who!habitually!associates!with!prostitutes% • Dissolute!!!means!lax,!unrestrained,!immoral.% • A! maintainer! of! a! house! of! prostitution! may! be! considered! a! vagrant! within! the! meaning! of! the! provision:! “Any! idle! or! dissolute!person!who!lodges!in!houses!of!illZfame”% • Ruffians!!!brutal,!violent,!lawless!persons% • Pimp!!!one!who!provides!gratification!for!the!lust!of!others.% & IV.%PARAGRAPH%5:!Prostitutes% • Prostitutes! are! women! who! habitually! indulge! in! (1)! Sexual! intercourse!or!(2)!Lascivious!conduct!for!money!or!profit.! o Habitually! !! one! sexual! intercourse! with! a! man! for! money! and! profit! does! not! make! a! woman! a! prostitute.! And! several! intercourses! with! different! men! do! not! make! her! a! prostitute,! if! there! is! not! evidence! that! she! indulged! in! sexual! intercourse! for! money!or!profit.! % REPUBLIC%ACT%NO.%10158% % AN%ACT%DECRIMINALIZING%VAGRANCY,%AMENDING%FOR%THIS% PURPOSE%ARTICLE%202%OF%ACT%NO.%3815,%AS%AMENDED,%OTHERWISE% KNOWN%AS%THE%REVISED%PENAL%CODE%



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! % Be% it% enacted% by% the% Senate% and% House% of% Representatives% of% the% Philippines%in%Congress%assembled:% % SECTION%1.%Article%202%of%the%Revised%Penal%Code%is%hereby,%amended% to%read%as%follows:% % “Article% 202.% Prostitutes;% Penalty.% –% For% the% purposes% of% this% article,% women% who,% for% money% or% profit,% habitually% indulge% in% sexual% intercourse%or%lascivious%conduct,%are%deemed%to%be%prostitutes.% % “Any%person%found%guilty%of%any%of%the%offenses%covered%by%this%article% shall%be%punished%by%arresto%menor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%200%pesos,% and% in% case% of% recidivism,% by% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period% to% prision%correctional%in%its%minimum%period%or%a%fine%ranging%from%200% to%2,000%pesos,%or%both,%in%the%discretion%of%the%court.”% % Section% 2.% Effect% on% Pending% Cases.% –% All% pending% cases% under% the% provisions%of%Article%202%of%the%Revised%Penal%Code%on%Vagrancy%prior% to% its% amendment% by% this% Act% shall% be% dismissed% upon% effectivity% of% this%Act.% % Section% 3.% Immediate% Release% of% Convicted% Persons.% –% All% persons% serving%sentence%for%violation%of%the%provisions%of%%Article%202%of%the% Revised%Penal%Code%on%Vagrancy%prior%to%its%amendment%by%this%Act% shall% be% immediately% released% upon% effectivity% of% this% Act:% Provided,% That%they%are%not%serving%sentence%or%detained%for%any%other%offense% or%felony.% % Section% 4.% Repealing% Clause.% –% All% laws,% presidential% decrees,% executive% orders,% rules% and% regulations% and% other% issuances,% or% any% part%thereof,%inconsistent%with%this%Act%are%hereby%repealed,%modified% or%amended%accordingly.% % Section% 5.% Effectivity% Clause.% –% This% Act% shall% take% effect% fifteen% (15)%

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days%after%its%publication%in%the%Official%Gazette%or%in%at%least%two%(2)% newspapers%of%general%circulation.% % % REPUBLIC%ACT%NO.%9208% THE%ANTIRTRAFFICKING%IN%PERSONS%ACT%OF%2003% (see%p.368%–%p.372%for%excertps)% % %



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TITLE%VII:%CRIMES%AGAINST%PUBLIC%MORALS!

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% Chapter%1:%Preliminary%Provisions%

% Article%203%–%Who%are%public%officers.%% For%the%purpose%of%applying%the%provisions%of%this%and%the%preceding% titles% of% this% book,% any% person% who,% by% direct% provision% of% the% law,% popular%election%or%appointment%by%competent%authority,%shall%take% part% in% the% performance% of% public% functions% in% the% Government% of% the%Philippine%Islands,%of%shall%perform%in%said%Government%or%in%any% of%its%branches%public%duties%as%an%employee,%agent%or%subordinate% official,%of%any%rank%or%class,%shall%be%deemed%to%be%a%public%officer.%% % POINTS% I.%Definition% • Public' Officers! !! embrace! every! public! servant! from! the! highest!to!the!lowest.% • The!code!does!not!distinguish!between!officer!and!employee.% ! II.%Requisites%to%be%considered%a%public%officer%(TPULEA)% 1. Taking! part! in! the! performance! of! public! functions! in! the! Government! or! performing! in! said! Government! or! in! any! of! its! branches! public! duties! as! an! employee,! agent! or! subordinate!official,!of!any!rank!or!class.! 2. That! his! authority! to! take! part! in! the! performance! of! public! functions!or!to!perform!public!duties!must!be! a. By!direct!provision!of!law! b. By!popular!election! c. By!appointment!by!competent!authority! ! III.%Other%Notes% • One!appointed!as!a!laborer!in!the!government!is!not!a!public! officer! BUT! temporary! performance! of! public! functions! by! a! laborer!makes!him!a!public!officer.!

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Maniego!v.!People!and!People!v.!Paloma!!!one!appointed!by! the! Acting! Director! as! sorter! or! filer! of! money! orders! performs!a!public!function!or!duty.! People! v.! Bulangao! and! People! v.! Ireneo! !! An! emergency! helper!of!the!Bureau!of!Treasury!on!a!daily!wage!and!without! appointment! still! performs! a! public! function! as! he! has! been! entrusted!with!the!custody!of!an!official!document.!

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Chapter%2:%Malfeasance%and%Misfeasance%of%Office% % I.%Definitions% • Misfeasance!!!the!improper!performance!of!some!act!which! might!lawfully!be!done.% • Malfeasance!!!performance!of!some!act!which!ought!not!to! be!done.% • Nonfeasance!!!the!omission!of!some!act!which!ought!to!be! performed.% % Section%1%—%Dereliction%of%duty% % Article%204%–%Knowingly%rendering%unjust%judgment.% Any% judge% who% shall% knowingly% render% an% unjust% judgment% in% any% case% submitted% to% him% for% decision,% shall% be% punished% by% prision% mayor%and%perpetual%absolute%disqualification.% % POINT% I.%Element%(JJUK)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!judge! 2. That! he! renders! a! judgment! in! a! case! submitted! to! him! for! decision! 3. That!the!judgment!is!unjust! 4. That!the!judge!knows!that!his!judgment!is!unjust! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Renders%a%judgment% • Judgment! !! the! final! consideration! and! determination! of! a!



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! court! of! competent! jurisdiction! upon! the! matters! submitted! to!it,!in!an!action!or!proceeding.! ' III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Unjust%judgment% • Unjust!!!contrary!to!law,!or!is!not!supported!by!the!evidence! or!both.! • The!source!of!unjust!judgment!may!be!either!(a)!error,!(b)!illK will!or!revenge,!or!(3)!bribery! • There!must!be!evidence!that!the!judgment!is!unjust!–!it!is!not! presumed.!! o The! mere! fact! that! the! judge! promised! to! rule! in! favor!of!one!party!does!not!prove!that!the!judgment! is!unjust.! o Judgment!must!be!contrary!to!law!and!not!supported! by! evidence! (and! that! the! same! was! made! with! conscious!and!deliberate!intent!to!do!an!injustice)! ' IV.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Knowingly%rendered% • Made!deliberately!and!maliciously! o Mere!error!is!not!a!ground!for!liability!if!done!in!good! faith.! o If! in! rendering! judgment,! the! judge! fully! knew! that! the! same! was! unjust! in! the! sense! aforesaid,! then! he! acted! maliciously! and! must! have! been! actuated! and! prevailed! upon! by! hatred,! envy,! revenge,! greed! or! some!other!similar!motive.! • Knowingly! !! consciously,! intelligently,! willfully! or! intentionally.! o There!must!be!evidence!that!the!judge!knew!that!the! judgment!is!unjust.! ! V.%This%article%is%not%applicable%to%members%of%a%collegiate%court% • Members! of! collegiate! courts! like! the! Court! of! Appeals! and! the!Supreme!Court!rule!either!in!Divisions!of!at!least!3!or!en! banc.!They!reach!their!conclusions!not!individually!but!render!

collective!judgment!after!due!deliberation.! % Article%205%–%Judgment%rendered%through%negligence% Any% judge% who,% by% reason% of% inexcusable% negligence% or% ignorance% shall%render%a%manifestly%unjust%judgment%in%any%case%submitted%to% him%for%decision%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%mayor%and%temporary% special%disqualification.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(JJMN)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!judge! 2. That! he! renders! a! judgment! in! a! case! submitted! to! him! for! decision.! 3. That!the!judgment!is!manifestly!unjust! 4. That!it!is!due!to!his!inexcusable!negligence!or!ignorance.! ! II.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Manifestly%unjust% • It!is!so!manifestly!contrary!to!law!that!even!a!person!having!a! meager!knowledge!of!the!law!cannot!doubt!the!injustice.! • Abuse! of! discretion! or! mere! error! of! judgment! is! not! punishable.! o Mere! error! in! judgment! does! not! necessarily! signify! ignorance!on!the!part!of!the!judge.! o Abuse! of! discretion! does! not! necessarily! mean! ulterior!motive,!arbitrary!conduct!or!willful!disregard! of!a!litigant’s!rights.! % Article%206%–%Unjust%interlocutory%order% Any%judge%who%shall%knowingly%render%an%unjust%interlocutory%order% or% decree% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% minimum% period% and% suspension;% but% if% he% shall% have% acted% by% reason% of% inexcusable%negligence%or%ignorance%and%the%interlocutory%order%or% decree%be%manifestly%unjust,%the%penalty%shall%be%suspension.% % POINTS%



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! I.%Elements%(JUM)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!judge! 2. That!he!performs!any!of!the!following!acts:! a. Knowingly! renders! unjust! interlocutory! order! or! decree! b. Renders! a! manifestly! unjust! interlocutory! order! or! decree!through!inexcusable!negligence!or!ignorance! ! II.%Interlocutory%Order% A.%Definition% • An! order! which! is! issued! by! the! court! between! the! commencement! and! the! end! of! a! suit! or! action! and! which! decides! some! point! or! matter,! but! which,! however! is! not! a! final!decision!of!the!matter!in!issue! % B.%Test%to%determine%whether%an%order%is%interlocutory%or%not% • Does! it! leave! something! to! be! done! in! the! trial! court! with! respect!to!the!merits!of!the!case?!If!it!does,!it!interlocutory;!if! it!does!not,!it!is!final.! % C.%Example% • Granting!preliminary!injunction!or!appointing!a!receiver.! % Article%207%–%Malicious%delay%in%the%administration%of%justice% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% judge% guilty% of% malicious% delay% in% the% administration%of%justice.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(JPDM)% 1. Offender!is!a!judge! 2. That!there!is!a!proceeding!in!his!court! 3. That!he!delays!the!administration!of!justice! 4. That!the!delay!is!malicious,!that!is,!the!delay!is!caused!by!the! judge!with!deliberate!intent!to!inflict!damage!on!either!party!

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in!the!case.! ! II.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Malicious%delay% • Mere!delay!without!malice!is!not!a!felony!under!this!article.! % Article%208%–%Prosecution%of%offenses;%negligence%and%tolerance% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% and% suspension% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer,% or% officer% of% the% law,% who,% in% dereliction% of% the% duties% of% his% office,% shall% maliciously%refrain%from%instituting%prosecution%for%the%punishment% of%violators%of%the%law,%or%shall%tolerate%the%commission%of%offenses.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!maliciously!refraining!from!instituting!prosecution!against! violators!of!the!law! 2. By!maliciously!tolerating!the!commission!of!offenses.! ! II.%Elements%(DDM)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!officer!of!the!law!who! has! a! duty! to! cause! the! prosecution! of,! or! to! prosecute,! offenses.! 2. That! there! is! dereliction! of! the! duties! of! his! office;! that! is,! knowing!the!commission!of!the!crime,!he!does!not!cause!the! prosecution!of!the!criminal!or!knowing!that!a!crime!is!about! to!be!committed,!he!tolerates!its!commission.! 3. That! the! offender! acts! with! malice! and! deliberate! intent! to! favor!the!violator!of!the!law! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Public%officer%with%a%duty%to%prosecute%crimes% • Public' Officers! !! extends! to! officers! of! the! prosecution! department,! whose! duty! is! to! institute! criminal! proceedings! for!felonies!upon!becoming!informed!of!their!perpetration.! • Officer' of' the' law! !! includes! those! who,! by! reason! of! the! position! held! by! them,! are! dutyKbound! to! cause! the!



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prosecution!and!punishment!of!the!offenders.! There! must! be! a! duty! on! the! part! of! the! public! officer! to! prosecute!or!to!move!the!prosecution!of!the!offender! o The!following!have!such!duty:! " Chief!of!police! " Barrio!lieutenant/captain! Not!applicable!to!revenue!officers! o Officers,! agents! or! employees! of! the! Bureau! of! Internal! Revenue! who,! despite! their! knowledge! of! violations,! fail! to! report! such! are! liable! under! the! Internal%Revenue%Law.!!

! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Refrain%from%prosecuting%such%crimes% A.%“Shall%maliciously%refrain%from%instituting%prosecution% • BUT!a! prosecuting!officer! is! under!no!compulsion!to! file!any! information! based! upon! a! complaint! where! he! is! not! convinced! that! the! evidence! gathered! or! presented! would! warrant!the!filing!of!an!action!in!court.%! • If! the! complainant! believes! that! the! prosecuting! officer! is! maliciously!refraining!from!filing!the!information,!the!remedy! is!the!filing!with!the!proper!authorities!or!court!of!criminal!or! administrative!charges!if!the!alleged!offended!parties!believe! that!the!former!maliciously!refrained!from!instituting!actions! for!the!punishment!of!violators!of!the!law.!! ! B.%“Shall%tolerate%the%commission%of%offenses”% • A! approached! the! Chief! of! Police,! who! in! turn! ordered! his! policemen,!not!to!raid!his!gambling!house!for!two!days.!The! chief!of!police!is!liable!under!Article%208.! ! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Acts%with%malice%or%intent%to%favor%the%violator% • Maliciously!!!means!that!the!action!complained!of!must!be! the! result! of! a! deliberate! evil! intent! and! does! not! cover! a! mere!voluntary!act.!! o A! dereliction! caused! by! poor! judgment! or! honest!

mistake!is!not!punishable! ! VI.%Crime%must%be%proved%before%conviction%for%dereliction% • If! the! guilt! of! the! lawKviolator! is! not! proved,! the! person! charged!with!dereliction!of!duty!is!not!liable!here.! • If! the! officer! charged! with! the! duty! to! prosecute! assisted,! harbored,!or!concealed!the!accused,!he!is!the!principal!in!the! crime!of!dereliction.!As!such,!he!is!not!merely!an!accessory!in! the!crime!committed.! % Article% 209% –% Betrayal% of% trust% by% an% attorney% or% solicitor.% —% Revelation%of%secrets.% In% addition% to% the% proper% administrative% action,% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200%to%1,000%pesos,%or%both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%attorneyUatU law%or%solicitor%(%procurador%judicial)%who,%by%any%malicious%breach% of%professional%duty%or%of%inexcusable%negligence%or%ignorance,%shall% prejudice%his%client,%or%reveal%any%of%the%secrets%of%the%latter%learned% by%him%in%his%professional%capacity.% % The% same% penalty% shall% be% imposed% upon% an% attorneyUatUlaw% or% solicitor% (procurador% judicial)% who,% having% undertaken% the% defense% of% a% client% or% having% received% confidential% information% from% said% client%in%a%case,%shall%undertake%the%defense%of%the%opposing%party%in% the%same%case,%without%the%consent%of%his%first%client.%% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punished% 1. By!causing!damage!to!his!client!either:! a. By!any!malicious!breach!of!professional!duty! b. By!inexcusable!negligence!or!ignorance! Note:!There!must!be!damage! 2. By!revealing!any!of!the!secrets!of!his!client!learned!by!him!in! his!professional!capacity! Note:!Damage!is!not!necessary.!



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! 3. By!undertaking!the!defense!of!the!opposing!party!in!the!same! case,! without! consent! of! his! first! client,! after! having! undertaken! the! defense! of! said! first! client! or! after! having! received!confidential!information!from!said!client.! Note:!If!the!client!consents,!there!is!no!crime.! ! II.%No%Solicitor%or%Procurador%Judicial%under%the%Rules%of%Court% • Procurador' Judicial! !! a! person! who! possesses! practical! knowledge!of!law!and!procedure,!but!not!a!lawyer,!and!was! permitted! to! represent! a! party! in! a! case! before! an! inferior! court.!' • Section% 34.% Rule% 138! !! In! the! court! of! a! justice! of! peace,! a! party!may!conduct!his!litigation!in!person,!with!the!aid!of!an! agent!or!friends!or!with!the!aid!of!an!attorney.' % Section%2%—%Bribery% % Article%210%–%Direct%bribery% Any%public%officer%who%shall%agree%to%perform%an%act%constituting%a% crime,%in%connection%with%the%performance%of%this%official%duties,%in% consideration%of%any%offer,%promise,%gift%or%present%received%by%such% officer,%personally%or%through%the%mediation%of%another,%shall%suffer% the% penalty% of% prision% mayor% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% and%a%fine%[of%not%less%than%the%value%of%the%gift%and]%not%less%than% three% times% the% value% of% the% gift% in% addition% to% the% penalty% corresponding% to% the% crime% agreed% upon,% if% the% same% shall% have% been%committed.% % If% the% gift% was% accepted% by% the% officer% in% consideration% of% the% execution% of% an% act% which% does% not% constitute% a% crime,% and% the% officer%executed%said%act,%he%shall%suffer%the%same%penalty%provided% in% the% preceding% paragraph;% and% if% said% act% shall% not% have% been% accomplished,% the% officer% shall% suffer% the% penalties% of% prision% correccional,%in%its%medium%period%and%a%fine%of%not%less%than%twice% the%value%of%such%gift.%

% If% the% object% for% which% the% gift% was% received% or% promised% was% to% make% the% public% officer% refrain% from% doing% something% which% it% was% his% official% duty% to% do,% he% shall% suffer% the% penalties% of% prision% correccional%in%its%maximum%period%and%a%fine%[of%not%less%than%the% value%of%the%gift%and]%not%less%than%three%times%the%value%of%such%gift.% % In% addition% to% the% penalties% provided% in% the% preceding% paragraphs,% the% culprit% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% special% temporary% disqualification.%chan%robles%virtual%law%library% % The%provisions%contained%in%the%preceding%paragraphs%shall%be%made% applicable% to% assessors,% arbitrators,% appraisal% and% claim% commissioners,% experts% or% any% other% persons% performing% public% duties.%(As#amended#by#Batas#Pambansa#Blg.#872,#June#10,#1985).% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!agreeing!to!perform,!or!by!performing,!in!consideration!of! any! offer,! promise,! gift! or! present! –! an! act! constituting! a! crime,! in! connection! with! the! performance! of! his! official! duties.! 2. By!accepting!a!gift!in!consideration!of!the!execution!of!an!act! which! does! not! constitute! a! crime,! in! connection! with! the! performance!of!his!official!duty.! 3. By!agreeing!to!refrain!or!by!refraining!from!doing!something! which! it! is! his! official! duty! to! do,! in! consideration! of! gift! or! promise.! ! II.%Elements%of%Direct%Bribery%(203UAUCURUO)% 1. That! the! offender! be! a! public! officer! within! the! scope! of! Article%203! 2. That! the! offender! accepts! an! offer! or! promise! or! receives! a! gift!or!present!by!himself!or!through!another.! 3. That! such! offer! or! promise! be! accepted,! or! gift! or! present!



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! received!by!the!public!officer!–! a. With!a!view!of!committing!some!crime! b. In! consideration! of! the! execution! of! an! act! which! does! not! constitute! a! crime! but! the! act! must! be! unjust! c. To!refrain!from!doing!something!which!it!is!his!official! duty!to!do.! 4. That! the! act! which! the! offender! agrees! to! perform! or! which! he!executes!be!connected!with!the!performance!of!his!official! duties.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISTE:%The%offender%is%a%public%officer% • There!is!no!distinction!between!officer!and!employee,!so!long! as!the!functions!performed!are!public!functions.! • Applicable! to! assessors,! arbitrators,! appraisal! and! claim! commissioners,! experts! or! any! other! person! performing! public!duties.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISTE:%Gift%received%personally%or%through%another% • The! gift! may! be! received! by! the! public! officer! personally! or! through!a!third!person!acting!as!an!intermediary.! • Gift! is! either! (1)! voluntarily! offered! by! a! private! person,! (2)! solicited! by! the! public! officer! and! the! private! person! voluntarily!delivers!it!to!the!public!officer,!or!(3)!solicited!by! the!public!officer!as!the!consideration!and!the!private!person! gives!the!gift!for!fear!of!the!consequences.! • In! paragraph% 1,! acceptance! of! the! offer! or! promise! is! sufficient.!No!acceptance,!no!crime.! • In!paragraph%2,!acceptance!of!the!actual!gift!is!needed.! • The! gift! or! present! must! be! of! some! value! and! capable! of! pecuniary!estimation!regardless!of!the!form!it!comes!(service,! money,!property)!as!the!fine!(penalty)!is!based!on!the!value.! o People! ex! rel! Dickenson! v.! Van! De! Carr! !! An! agreement! to! reinstate! a! friend! of! the! mayor! who! was!dismissed,!provided!the!latter!executes!a!certain!

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act!in!connection!with!his!official!duty!is!bribe.! The!gift!or!present!must!be!given!with!the!intent!to!corrupt! o US!v.!Jader!!!The!barrio!lieutenant!committed!estafa! –!not!bribery!–!by!demanding!and!accepting!chickens! under!promise!to!relieve!the!persons!from!whom!he! had! obtained! them! of! the! obligation! to! perform! certain!duties.!Estafa!by!means!of!deceit!because!he! pretended!to!possess!the!authority!to!do!so.!

! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Three%ways%of%committing%direct%bribery% A.%With%a%view%of%committing%a%crime% Four!things!must!concur!for!the!first!form!of!bribery:% 1. That!the!defendant!be!a!public!officer!(Article%203)% 2. That! he! has! received! either! personally! or! through! another! gifts!or!present!or!accepted!offers!or!promises.% 3. That! such! reception! of! gifts! or! presents! or! acceptance! of! offers! or! promises! has! been! for! the! purpose! of! executing! a! crime% 4. That!the!act!constituting!the!crime!relates!to!the!exercise!of! the!office!which!the!public!officer!possess.% • A! promise! to! give! gift! to,! and! a! promise! to! commit! an! unlawful! act! by,! a! public! officer! will! be! sufficient! in! direct! bribery!under!the!paragraph%1,%Article%210.% o It!is!not!necessary!that!the!evidence!show!an!express! promise.! An! implied! promise! may! be! inferred! from! the!circumstances!of!the!case.% • The! public! officer! shall! suffer! the! penalty! corresponding! to! the!crime!agreed!upon,!if!the!same!is!committed.% • The! act! committed! must! relate! to! his! official! duty! (such! as! obeying! the! orders! provincial! governor! with! respect! to! a! prisoner!under!the!charge!of!the!municipal!president!!!US!v.! Valdehueza),! although! it! does! not! necessarily! have! to! be! a! statutory!duty.% o Sufficient! if! the! action! to! be! affected! by! the! bribe! is! part!of!the!established!procedure!of!a!governmental!


Rachelle Anne Gutierrez 3/5/13 9:00 PM Comment [1]: If!he!really!did!possess!the! authority!to!relieve!the!persons!of!their! obligations,!then!it!is!bribery.!


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agency.!This!includes!those!acts!that!may!be!in!excess! of!the!public!officer’s!authority!to!commit.% BUT% If! the! act! agreed! to! be! perform! is! so! foreign! to! the! duties!of!the!office!as!to!lack!even!color!of!authority,! there!is!no!bribery.%

! B.%In%consideration%of%an%act%not%constituting%a%crime% Four!things!must!concur!for!the!second!form!of!bribery:% 1. That!the!defendant!be!a!public!officer!(Article%203)! 2. That! he! has! received! either! personally! or! through! another! gifts!or!present!or!accepted!offers!or!promises.! 3. That! such! reception! of! gifts! or! presents! or! acceptance! of! offers!or!promises!has!been!for!the!purpose!of!executing!an! unjust!act!which!does!not!constitute!a!crime.! 4. That!the!act!constituting!the!crime!relates!to!the!exercise!of! the!office!which!the!public!officer!possess.! • Examples!of!the!second!form!of!bribery:! o The!treasurer,!in!consideration!of!a!gift,!awards!stalls! in! the! public! market! to! a! Chinaman,! in! spite! of! the! fact!that!there!are!Filipinos!with!better!rights.! o A!justice!of!peace!who,!in!favor!of!a!party!who!gave! him! a! carabao! and! without! regard! to! the! evidence,! ruled!in!favor!of!such!party!(US!v.!Gacutan).! Paragraph%2,%Article%210!provides!two!penalties! 1. If!the!offender!executed!said!act! 2. If!the!offender!shall!not!have!accomplished!said!act! Note:!the!word!accomplish!presupposes!an!overt!act!an!outward! act!done!in!pursuance!and!in!manifestation!of!an!intent!or!design.! The!act!is!NOT!accomplished!when!the!overt!act!is!not!brought!to! completeness.! Note:!Under!paragraph%2,!mere!agreement!or!promise!of!the!part! of!the!public!officer!to!execute!an!act!not!constituting!a!crime!is! NOT!A!VIOLATION.!At!the!same!time,!mere!promise!to!give!a!gift! is!not!sufficient!under!paragraph%2.%

Note:! If! the! information! does! not! allege! whether! the! public! officer!executed!the!act!or!not,!the!case!would!fall!here.! % C.%To%refrain%from%doing%the%public%officer%has%to%do% • Example:!US!v.!Navarro!!!a!sanitary!inspector!who!accepts!a! gift! from! a! tenant! of! an! unsanitary! building! and! in! consideration! thereof! refrains! from! performing! his! duty! to! report!its!condition!is!guilty!under!paragraph%3,%Article%210.! • If! by! refraining! to! do! his! duty,! the! public! officer! commits! a! crime,!he!is!liable!under!paragraph%1,%Article%210.! o A! public! officer! who,! for! a! gift,! abstains! from! instituting!an!action!for!the!punishment!of!an!offense! commits!the!crime!of!prevaricacion!(Article%208).! Article%208%(Prevaricacion)% Article%210%(Direct%Bribery)% The!public!officer!neglects!to!prosecute!someone!who!commits!a! crime.! Consideration!of!a!gift!is!not! The!public!officer!refrains!on! necessary! consideration!of!a!gift! ! VI.%Direct%Bribery%is%a%crime%involving%moral%turpitude% • The! fact! of! accepting! a! gift! under! the! promise! to! commit! a! criminal! or! unjust! act! or! refrain! from! performing! one’s! duty! denotes! a! malicious! intent! on! the! part! of! the! offender! to! renege!on!the!duties!which!he!owed!his!fellowmen.! • The!fact!that!he!takes!advantage!of!his!office!is!a!betrayal!of! the!trust!reposed!on!him!by!the!public.! % Article%211%–%Indirect%bribery% The% penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods,%and%public%censure%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%public%officer% who% shall% accept% gifts% offered% to% him% by% reason% of% his% office.% (As# amended#by#Batas#Pambansa#Blg.#872,#June#10,#1985).% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PCR)%


Rachelle Anne Gutierrez 3/5/13 8:51 PM Comment [2]: Why?!


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! 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!accepts!gifts! 3. That!the!said!gifts!are!offered!to!him!by!reason!of!his!office.! % II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Accepts%gifts%offered%to%him% • Promises!do!not!fall!within!the!purview!of!this!article.! • Essential! in! this! crime! is! the! acceptance! or! at! least! intent! to! accept!the!gift!offered.! o Mere! physical! receipt! unaccompanied! by! any! other! sign,!circumstance!or!act!to!show!such!acceptance!is! not! sufficient! to! lead! the! court! to! conclude! that! the! crime!of!indirect!bribery!has!been!committed.! • Receiving!of!gifts!by!public!officials!and!employees,!and!giving! of! gifts! by! private! persons,! on! any! occasion,! including! Christmas!is!punishable!(P.D.%No.%46)! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Gifts%are%given%by%reason%of%his%office% • A!gift!received!now!may!in!the!future!corrupt!him.! • US! v.! Richardson! !! a! veterinarian! of! the! Board! of! Health,! entrusted! with! the! duty! of! examining! mules,! received! a! certain!amount!of!money!from!the!vendor!of!mules!after!the! latter!had!received!from!the!Government!the!purchase!price! of! the! mules! sold.! There! was! no! evidence! to! the! effect! that! the! money! was! given! for! the! purpose! of! preventing! the! veterinarian! from! doing! or! inducing! him! to! do! something! pertaining!to!his!office.! ! IV.%There%is%no%attempted%or%frustrated%indirect%bribery% • If!the!public!officer!accepts!the!gift,!it!is!consummated.% • If!the!public!officer!does!not!accept!the!gift,!there!is!no!crime.% ! V.%Direct%Bribery%v.%Indirect%Bribery% A.%In%general% Direct%Bribery%(Article%210)% Indirect%Bribery%(Article%211)% The!public!officer!receives!the!gift!

There!is!an!agreement!between! the!giver!and!the!public!officer! It!is!necessary!that!the!offender! agrees!to!perform!something!in! consideration!of!a!gift!

There!is!no!agreement!between! the!giver!and!the!public!officer! It!is!not!necessary!that!there!is!an! act!so!long!as!such!is!given!by! reason!of!his!office!

! B.%Direct%Bribery%(paragraph%2)%v.%Indirect%Bribery% Direct%Bribery%(Article%210)% Indirect%Bribery%(Article%211)% The!agreement!involves!the! The!agreement!(People!v.! execution!of!an!UNJUST!act!by! Pamplona!!!preparing!a!voucher! the!public!officer! that!is!the!officer’s!obligation!to! prepare)!is!NOT!unjust.! % VI.%Penalties% • Criminal! penalty! of! imprisonment! is! distinct! from! the! administrative!penalty!of!separation!from!the!judicial!service.! % Article%211UA%–%Qualified%Bribery% If% any% public% officer% is% entrusted% with% law% enforcement% and% he% refrains% from% arresting% and% prosecuting% an% offender% who% has% committed% a% crime% punishable% by% reclusion% perpetua% and/or% death% in%consideration%of%any%offer,%promise,%gift%or%present,%he%shall%suffer% the%penalty%for%the%offense%which%was%not%prosecuted.% % If% it% is% a% public% officer% who% asks% or% demands% such% gift% or% present,% shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%death.%(As#added#by#R.A.#No.#7659)% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PAC)% 1. That! the! offender! is! a! public! officer! entrusted! with! law! enforcement! 2. That! the! offender! refrains! from! arresting! or! prosecuting! an! offender!who!has!committed!a!crime!punishable!by!reclusion! perpetua!and/or!death.! 3. That! the! offender! refrains! from! arresting! or! prosecuting! the!



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! offender!in!consideration!of!any!promise,!gift!or!present.! % Article%212%–%Corruption%of%public%officials.% The% same% penalties% imposed% upon% the% officer% corrupted,% except% those%of%disqualification%and%suspension,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any% person% who% shall% have% made% the% offers% or% promises% or% given% the% gifts%or%presents%as%described%in%the%preceding%articles.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(OP)% 1. That! the! offender! makes! offers! or! promises! or! gives! gifts! or! presents!to!a!public!officer.! 2. That!the!offers!or!promises!are!made!or!the!gifts!or!present! given!to!a!public!officer,!under!circumstances!that!will!make! the!public!officer!liable!for!direct!bribery!or!indirect!bribery.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%gives%to%a%public%officer% • The!public!officer!sought!to!be!bribed!is!not!criminally!liable,! unless! he! accepts! the! gift! or! consents! to! the! offer! of! the! offender.! • Article% 212! punishes! the! person! who! made! the! offer! or! promise!even!if!such!was!demanded!by!the!public!officer!and! the!offer!was!not!made!voluntarily!by!offender.! • Bribery!is!usually!proved!by!evidence!acquired!in!entrapment.! ! PRESIDENTIAL%DECREE%NO.%749% % Grants!immunity!from!prosecution!to!givers!of!bribes!and!other!gifts! and! to! their! accomplices! in! bribery! and! other! graft! cases! against! public!officers!provided!the!following!conditions!concur:! 1. The!information!must!refer!to!the!consummated!violations!of! any! of! the! aboveKmentioned! provisions! of! law,! rules! and! regulations! 2. The! information! and! testimony! are! necessary! for! the! conviction!of!the!accused!public!officer!

3. Such!information!and!testimony!are!not!yet!in!the!possession! of!the!State! 4. Such! information! and! testimony! can! be! corroborated! on! its! material!points! 5. The! informant! or! witness! has! not! been! previously! convicted! of!a!crime!involving!moral!turpitude! The!immunity!shall!not!attach!if!the!testimony!is!later!proved!false.! % ANTIUGRAFT%AND%CORRUPT%PRACTICES%ACT% (R.A.%No.%3019%as%amended%by%R.A.%No.%3047,%P.D.%No.%77%% and%B.P.%Blg.%195)% !

Chapter%3:%Frauds%and%Illegal%Exactions%and%Transactions% % Article%213%–%Frauds%against%the%public%treasury%and%similar%offenses.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% period% to% prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% period,% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 10,000% pesos,%or%both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%public%officer%who:% 1. In%his%official%capacity,%in%dealing%with%any%person%with%regard% to% furnishing% supplies,% the% making% of% contracts,% or% the% adjustment% or% settlement% of% accounts% relating% to% public% property% or% funds,% shall% enter% into% an% agreement% with% any% interested% party% or% speculator% or% make% use% of% any% other% scheme,%to%defraud%the%Government;% 2. Being% entrusted% with% the% collection% of% taxes,% licenses,% fees% and%other%imposts,%shall%be%guilty%or%any%of%the%following%acts% or%omissions:%% a. Demanding,% directly,% or% indirectly,% the% payment% of% sums% different% from% or% larger% than% those% authorized% by%law.% b. Failing% voluntarily% to% issue% a% receipt,% as% provided% by% law,%for%any%sum%of%money%collected%by%him%officially.% c. Collecting% or% receiving,% directly% or% indirectly,% by% way% of%payment%or%otherwise%things%or%objects%of%a%nature% different%from%that%provided%by%law.%



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! % When%the%culprit%is%an%officer%or%employee%of%the%Bureau%of%Internal% Revenue% or% the% Bureau% of% Customs,% the% provisions% of% the% Administrative%Code%shall%be%applied.% % POINTS% I.% Acts% Punishable% as% frauds% against% public% treasury% and% illegal% exactions% 1. By! entering! into! an! agreement! with! any! interested! party! or! speculator!or!making!use!of!any!other!scheme,!to!defraud!the! Government! in! dealing! with! any! person! with! regard! to! furnishing!supplies,!the!making!of!contracts,!or!the!adjustment! or!settlement!of!accounts!relating!to!public!property!or!funds.! 2. By! demanding,! directly! or! indirectly,! the! payment! of! sums! different! from! or! larger! than! those! authorized! by! law,! in! the! collection!of!taxes,!licenses,!fees,!and!other!imposts.! 3. By!failing!voluntarily!to!issue!a!receipt,!as!provided!by!law,!for! any!sum!of!money!collected!by!him!officially,!in!the!collection! of!taxes,!licenses,!fees!and!other!imposts.! 4. By! collecting! or! receiving,! directly! or! indirectly,! by! way! of! payment! or! otherwise,! things! or! objects! of! a! nature! different! from!that!provided!by!law,!in!the!collection!of!taxes,!licenses,! fees!and!other!imposts.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%1:%FRAUDS%AGAINST%PUBLIC%TREASURY% % I.%Elements%of%frauds%against%public%treasury%(PTUfmaUI)% 1. That!the!offender!be!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!should!have!taken!advantage!of!his!office,!that!is,!he! intervened!in!the!transaction!in!his!official!capacity.! 3. That! he! entered! into! an! agreement! with! any! interested! party! or!speculator!or!made!use!of!ay!other!scheme!with!regard!to:! a. Furnishing!supplies! b. The!making!of!contracts! c. The! adjustment! or! settlement! of! accounts! relating! to!

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public!property!or!funds.! 4. That!the!accused!had!intent!to!defraud!the!government! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Intervene%in%his%official%capacity% • The!public!officer!must!act!in!his!official!capacity.!The!offender! must!have!the!duty!as!a!public!officer!to!deal!with!any!person! with!regard!to!the!three!schemes!listed.% ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Intent%to%defraud%the%government% • The!crime!of!frauds!against!public!treasury!is!consummated!by! merely! entering! into! an! agreement! with! any! interested! party! or!speculator!or!by!merely!making!use!of!any!other!scheme!to! defraud!the!government.! • It!is!not!necessary!that!the!government!be!actually!defrauded.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%2:%ILLEGAL%EXACTIONS% % I.%Elements%of%illegal%exactions%(PUDRO)% 1. The!offender!is!a!public!officer!entrusted!with!the!collection!of! taxes,!license,!fees,!and!other!imposts.! 2. He!is!guilty!of!any!of!the!following!acts!or!omissions:! a. Demanding,!directly!or!indirectly,!the!payment!of!sums! different!from!or!larger!than!those!authorized!by!law! b. Failing! voluntarily! to! issue! a! receipt,! as! provided! by! law,!for!any!sum!of!money!collected!by!him!officially! c. Collecting!or!receiving,!directly!or!indirectly,!by!way!of! payment! or! otherwise,! things! or! objects! of! a! nature! different!from!that!provided!by!law! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Officer%entrusted%with%the%collection%of%taxes% • When! a! public! officer! (whose! official! duty! is! to! collect! taxes)! receives! a! payment! as! taxes! he! makes! himself! directly! accountable! to! the! government! for! the! money! collected! as! such!money!acquires!the!character!of!public!funds.! o The! amount! collected! that! exceeds! that! allowable! by!



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law! still! forms! part! of! public! funds.! The! Government! may! refund! the! difference! between! the! amount! that! should! have! been! collected! and! the! amount! actually! collected.! A!tax!collector!who!collects!a!sum!larger!than!that!authorized! by!law!commits!2!felonies:! o Illegal!exaction!for!demanding!the!greater!amount.! o Malversation!for!misappropriating!the!amount.!

! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Guilty%of%any%of%the%three%acts%or%omissions% A.%Demanding%sums%different%from%those%authorized%by%law% • Mere! demand! for! larger! or! different! sums! is! sufficient! to! consummate!the!crime.! • Actual!payment!of!the!amount!demanded!is!not!necessary.! • Estafa! and! not! illegal! exaction! is! committed! when! there! is! deceit! employed! in! demanding! greater! fees! than! those! prescribed!by!law.! ! B.%Failing%to%issue%a%receipt% • The!collecting!officer!must!issue!official!receipts.! • Ganaden! v.! Bolasco! !! The! deputy! sheriff! received! certain! amounts! in! connection! with! the! performance! of! his! duties! without!issuing!the!corresponding!official!receipts.!As!a!result! he! also! violated! Section% 113,% Article% III,% Chapter% V,% National% Accounting% and% Auditing% Manual! providing! that! no! payment! of!any!nature!shall!be!received!by!a!collecting!officer!without! immediately!issuing!an!official!receipt.! % Article%214%–%Other%frauds.% In% addition% to% the% penalties% prescribed% in% the% provisions% of% Chapter% Six,% Title% Ten,% Book% Two,% of% this% Code,% the% penalty% of% temporary% special% disqualification% in% its% maximum% period% to% perpetual% special% disqualification%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%public%officer%who,%taking% advantage% of% his% official% position,% shall% commit% any% of% the% frauds% or% deceits%enumerated%in%said%provisions.%

% POINTS% I.%Elements%(PT315U318)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!takes!advantage!of!his!official!position! 3. That! he! commits! any! of! the! frauds! or! deceits! enumerated! in! Articles%315%to%318! % II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Takes%advantage%of%his%official%position% • US! v.! Torrida! !! Since! the! councilor! committed! estafa! as! a! private!individual,!it!is!not!proper!to!impose!on!him!the!penalty! prescribed!in!Article%214.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Frauds%or%deceits%in%Articles%315%to%318% • “Any%of%the%frauds%or%deceits%enumerated”%in%“the%provisions% of%Chapter%Six,%Title%Ten,%Book%Two,%of%this%Code”% o Estafa!(Article%315)% o Other!forms!of!swindling!(Article%316)% o Swindling!a!minor!(Article%317)% o Other!deceits!(Article%318)% % IV.% The% Regional% Trial% Court% has% jurisdiction% when% this% article% is% involved% • The! municipal! trial! courts! have! no! jurisdiction! to! impose! the! penalty!of!disqualification.! % Article%215%–%Prohibited%transactions.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% maximum% period% or% a% fine% ranging%from%200%to%1,000%pesos,%or%both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any% appointive%public%officer%who,%during%his%incumbency,%shall%directly%or% indirectly% become% interested% in% any% transaction% of% exchange% or% speculation%within%the%territory%subject%to%his%jurisdiction.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(AIJI)%


Rachelle Anne Gutierrez 3/4/13 1:17 PM Comment [3]: Must!there!be!a!law! requiring!that!the!officer!issue!receipts?!


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! 1. That!the!offender!is!an!appointive!public!officer! 2. That! he! becomes! interested,! directly! or! indirectly,! in! any! transaction!of!exchange!or!speculation.! 3. That!the!transaction!takes!place!within!the!territory!subject!to! his!jurisdiction.! 4. That! he! becomes! interested! in! the! transaction! during! his! incumbency.! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Appointive%public%officer% • Article%14,%Code%of%Commerce! o Justices,!judges!or!fiscals! o Employees! engaged! in! the! collection! and! administration!of!public!funds.! % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Interested,%directly%or%indirectly% • The!transaction!must!be!one!of!exchange!or!speculation! o Examples:! buying! and! selling! of! stocks,! commodities,! land,! etc.,! hoping! to! take! advantage! of! an! expected! rise!or!fall!in!price.! • Purchasing! of! stocks! or! shares! in! a! company! is! simply! an! investment!and!is!not!a!violation!of!this!article.! BUT! • Buying!regularly!securities!for!resale!is!speculation! % Article%216%–%Possession%of%prohibited%interest%by%a%public%officer.% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 1,000% pesos,% or% both,% shall% be% imposed% upon% a% public% officer% who% directly% or% indirectly,% shall% become% interested% in% any% contract% or% business%in%which%it%is%his%official%duty%to%intervene.% % This% provisions% is% applicable% to% experts,% arbitrators% and% private% accountants% who,% in% like% manner,% shall% take% part% in% any% contract% or% transaction% connected% with% the% estate% or% property% in% appraisal,% distribution%or%adjudication%of%which%they%shall%have%acted,%and%to%the%

guardians% and% executors% with% respect% to% the% property% belonging% to% their%wards%or%estate.% % POINTS% I.%Who%are%liable%for%possession%of%prohibited%interest?% 1. Public! officer! who,! directly! or! indirectly,! became! interested! I! any! contract! or! business! in! which! it! was! his! official! duty! to! intervene.! 2. Experts,! arbitrators,! and! private! accountants! who,! in! like! manner,! took! part! in! any! contract! or! transaction! connected! with! the! estate! or! property! in! the! appraisal,! distribution! or! adjudication!of!which!they!had!acted.! 3. Guardians! and! executors! with! respect! to! the! property! belonging!to!their!wards!or!the!estate.! ! II.%Actual%fraud%is%not%necessary% • The! act! is! punished! because! of! the! possibility! that! fraud! may! be! committed! or! that! the! officer! may! place! his! own! interest! above!that!of!the!government!or!party!which!he!represents.! ! III.%Intervention%must%be%by%virtue%of%public%office%held.% • US!v.!Udarbe!!!a!municipal!mayor!who!took!direct!part!in!the! lease!of!the!municipal!fishponds!to!himself!may!be!held!liable! here,! it! being! his! official! duty! to! intervene! in! behalf! of! the! municipality!in!the!contract!of!lease!of!the!fishponds.! • People!v.!Meneses!!!V!mortgaged!his!property!to!the!Pension! Board,!which!he!later!transferred!to!O.!O!transferred!it!to!the! accused! who! is! the! secretary! and! executive! officer! of! said! Board.! Accused! is! not! liable! because! he! obtained! the! properties!in!his!private!capacity.! • The! official! who! intervenes! in! contract! or! transaction! which! have!no!connection!with!his!office!cannot!commit!this!crime.! ! IV.%Other%Laws% • Section%14,%Article%VI,%1987%Constitution%



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Chapter%4:%Malversation%of%Public%Funds%or%Property% % Article%217%–%Malversation%of%public%funds%or%property;%Presumption% of%malversation.% Any% public% officer% who,% by% reason% of% the% duties% of% his% office,% is% accountable%for%public%funds%or%property,%shall%appropriate%the%same% or% shall% take% or% misappropriate% or% shall% consent,% through% abandonment% or% negligence,% shall% permit% any% other% person% to% take% such%public%funds,%or%property,%wholly%or%partially,%or%shall%otherwise% be% guilty% of% the% misappropriation% or% malversation% of% such% funds% or% property,%shall%suffer:% 1. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods,% if% the% amount% involved% in% the% misappropriation% or% malversation% does% not% exceed% two% hundred%pesos.% 2. The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods,% if% the% amount% involved% is% more% than% two% hundred% pesos%but%does%not%exceed%six%thousand%pesos.% 3. The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% reclusion% temporal% in% its% minimum% period,% if% the% amount% involved% is% more% than% six% thousand% pesos% but% is% less% than% twelve%thousand%pesos.% 4. The% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal,% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods,% if% the% amount% involved% is% more% than% twelve%thousand%pesos%but%is%less%than%twentyUtwo%thousand% pesos.%If%the%amount%exceeds%the%latter,%the%penalty%shall%be% reclusion% temporal% in% its% maximum% period% to% reclusion% perpetua.% % In% all% cases,% persons% guilty% of% malversation% shall% also% suffer% the% penalty% of% perpetual% special% disqualification% and% a% fine% equal% to% the% amount% of% the% funds% malversed% or% equal% to% the% total% value% of% the%

property%embezzled.% % The% failure% of% a% public% officer% to% have% duly% forthcoming% any% public% funds%or%property%with%which%he%is%chargeable,%upon%demand%by%any% duly%authorized%officer,%shall%be%prima%facie%evidence%that%he%has%put% such%missing%funds%or%property%to%personal%use.#(As#amended#by#RA# 1060).% % POINTS% I.%Definition% • Malversation!is!otherwise!called!embezzlement.! ! II.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!appropriating!public!funds!of!property! 2. By!taking!or!misappropriating!the!same! 3. By! consenting,! or! through! abandonment! or! negligence,! permitting! any! other! person! to! take! such! public! funds! or! property.! 4. By! being! otherwise! guilty! of! the! misappropriation! or! malversation!of!such!funds!or!property.! ! III.%Elements%common%to%malversation%under%Article%217%(PCAA)% 1. That!the!offender!be!a!public!officer! 2. That! he! had! the! custody! or! control! of! funds! or! property! by! reason!of!the!duties!of!his!office!(i.e.!in!his!official!capacity).! 3. That!those!funds!or!property!were!public!funds!or!property!for! which!he!was!accountable.! 4. That!he!appropriated,!took,!misappropriated!or!consented!or,! through! abandonment! or! negligence,! permitted! another! person!to!take!them.! ! IV.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%public%officer% • See!Article%203%for!definition!of!“public!officer”! • Liability!of!private!individuals!in!conspiracy!with!public!officers! guilty!of!malversation!



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! A!private!person!conspiring!with!an!accountable!public! officer!in!committing!malversation!is!also!guilty!of!such! o When! a! private! person! induces! a! public! officer! or! by! necessary! acts! aids! a! public! officer! in! consenting! or! permitting!such!public!funds!to!fall!into!the!hands!of!a! swindler,!he!must!be!held!equally!liable.! Article%222!makes!private!individuals!liable!for!malversation! o

• % V.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Has%custody%or%control%by%virtue%of%his%office% • The! vital! fact! is! that! he! is! an! employee! of,! or! in! some! way! connected!with,!the!government!and!that,!in!the!course!of!his! employment,!he!receives!money!or!property!belonging!to!the! government!for!which!he!is!bound!to!account.! • US! v.! Togonon! !! Municipal! president! who! spent! for! himself! P60! which! had! received! from! the! superintendent! of! the! schools,!as!rest!for!a!house!owned!by!the!municipality.! • US!v.!Sagun!!!Justice!of!fees!who!was!unable!to!account!for! the!shortage!in!the!files!and!costs!collected!by!him.! • US!v.!Lafuente!!!Municipal!Secretary!who!acted!as!secretary! of!a!committee!charged!with!conducting!the!public!auction!for! the!sale!of!fishing!privileges,!and!who!failed!to!account!for!the! bids!deposited!to!him.! % VI.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%He%is%accountable%for%the%funds% • When! a! public! officer! had! no! authority! to! receive! the! money! for! the! government! and! upon! receipt! of! the! same! he! misappropriated!it,!the!crime!is!estafa,!not!malversation.! • A! public! officer! having! only! a! qualified! charge! of! government! property!without!authority'to'part!with!physical!possession!of! it! unless! upon! order! from! his! immediate! superior,! cannot! be! held!liable!for!malversation.! o US! v.! Webster! !! Defendant! was! forage! master! who,! without!orders!of!the!quartermaster!(who!was!directly! responsible! to! the! government),! cannot! issue! anything.! Without! orders! from! the! quartermaster,! he!

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sent! out! bales! of! hay! and! sacks! of! oaths! which! were! received!by!private!persons!not!authorized!for!it.!He!is! guilty!of!theft.! o US! v.! Wickersham! !! the! abstraction! of! funds! from! a! safe! by! a! clerk! –! who! having! no! control! over! its! contents! and! who! was! not! authorized! to! open! it! or! withdraw! the! contents! of! any! part! thereof! except! upon!express!direction!of!the!person!charged!with!the! custody! of! the! contents!–! without! authority! from! the! person!charged!with!the!custody!of!the!safe’s!contents! is!liable!for!theft!and!not!estafa!(embezzlement).! The!Webster!and!Wickersham!rulings!!are!not!applicable!when! the! accused! had! authority! to! receive! money! pertaining! the! government.! o US! v.! Velasquez! !! The! vital! fact! is! not! so! much! the! manner!in!which!appellant!could!lawfully!perform!his! duties!in!relation!to!said!funds!(i.e.!whether!or!not!he! had! the! authority! to! part! with! the! funds)! as! the! fact! that!he!received!money!belonging!to!the!Government! for!which!he'was'bound'to'account.! It!is!the!nature!of!the!duties!and!not!the!performance!of!those! duties!that!determines!the!character!of!the!offense.! o In!Webster!and!Wickersham,!the!only!responsibility!of! the!accused!was!toward!his!immediate!superior.!It!was! immediate! superior! who! was! accountable' to' the' government!for!the!funds.!

% VII.%Funds% A.%Public%Funds% • Government!funds!include!revenue!funds!or!trust!funds! o People!v.!De!la!Serna!!!Red!Cross!funds!received!by! an!assistant!cashier!of!the!provincial!treasurer!are!not! strictly!public!funds!but!they!are!trust!funds!placed!in! the! custody! of! accountable! public! officer! for! the! purpose!for!which!they!are!contributed!by!the!public.!



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Postal!money!orders!(People!v.!Villanueva)! Money!received!by!the!sheriff!as!redemption!price!(People!v.! Benito)! Money!received!by!the!sheriff!to!indemnify!himself!against!any! claim!for!damages!that!might!arise!in!connection!with!the!levy! made! by! him! upon! property! belonging! to! a! judgment! debtor! (People!v.!Ramos).! NARIC! funds! received! by! a! municipal! treasurer! as! ex! oficio! in! charge!of!the!funds!of!the!NARIC!in!the!municipality!(People!v.! Aquino).! Proceeds!of!sweepstakes!tickets!(People!v.!Angco)!

• ! B.%Private%property%may%be%involved%in%malversation% • The!Code!makes!liable!any!public!officer!so!long!as!such!funds! or!property,!even!if!belonging!to!private!individuals,!are!placed! in!their!custody.! ! VIII.%Different%Acts%of%Malversation%Punished%under%Article%217% A.%Appropriating%public%funds%or%property% • Includes!every!attempt!to!dispose!of!the!same!without!right! • US!v.!Calimag!!!The!accused!had!no!authority!to!pay!himself! his!salary!of!P10/month!as!deputy!to!the!provincial!treasurer.! ! B.%Taking%or%misappropriating%public%funds%or%property% • The! public! funds! or! property! taken! need! not! be! misappropriated.! • The!crime!of!malversation!was!consummated!the!moment!A,!a! teller! in! the! office! of! the! city! treasurer,! took! public! funds! collected! by! him! from! certain! taxpayers.! That! he! was! apprehended! by! an! NBI! agent! on! his! way! out! thereby! disallowing!him!from!misappropriating!the!funds!is!immaterial.! ! C.% Consenting% or% permitting,% through% abandonment% or% negligence,% any%other%person%to%take%public%funds%or%property% • When! a! public! officer,! accountable! for! public! funds! or! (

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property,! violates! regulations! of! his! office,! that! violation! is! evidence!of!negligence.% But! in! malversation,! the! negligence! of! the! accountable! public! officer!must!be!positively!and!clearly!shown!to!be!inexcusable,! approximating!malice!or!fraud.% Test! to! determine! negligence:! The! standard! of! care! commensurate!with!the!occasion% o Negligence! is! the! omission! to! do! something! which! a! reasonable!man!guided!by!those!considerations!which! ordinarily! regulate! the! conduct! of! human! affairs,! would!do,!or!the!doing!of!something!which!a!prudent! and!reasonable!man!would!do.% o Did! the! defendant! in! doing! the! alleged! negligent! act! use! that! reasonable! care! and! caution! which! an! ordinary!prudent!person!would!have!used!in!the!same! situation?!If!not,!he!is!guilty!of!negligence.% o The!law!adopts!the!standard!supposed!to!be!supplied! by!the!imaginary!conduct!of!the!discreet!paterfamilias! of!the!Roman!Law.% In! malversation! not! committed! through! negligence,! lack! of! criminal!intent!or!good!faith!is!a!defense.% o In!such!case!where!the!accountable!officer!committed! malversation!through!an!honest!mistake!as!to!the!law! or! to! the! facts! concerning! his! duties,! he! is! only! civilly! liable.% A!person!whose!negligence!made!possible!the!commission!of! malversation! by! another! may! be! held! liable! as! principal! by! indispensable!cooperation!in!the!complex!rime!of!malversation! through! fasification! of! a! public! document! by! reckless! negligence!(Javier,!et!al.!v.!People)%

! IX.%Presumption%of%Malversation% A.% Arises% from% failure% to% have% duly% forthcoming% public% funds% or% property%upon%demand% • US!v.!Kalingo!!!failure!or!inability!of!the!accused!who!was!in!



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custody! of! public! funds! to! refund! the! shortage! upon! demand! by!the!duly!authorized!offices!constitutes!prima!faci!evidence! of! malversation,! notwithstanding! the! fact! that! such! demand! was!made!only!verbally.! People! v.! Mingoa! !! An! accountable! public! officer! may! be! convicted!of!malversation!even!if!there!is!not!direct!evidence! and!the!only!evidence!is!that!there!is!shortage!of!his!accounts! which!he!has!not!been!able!to!explain!satisfactorily.!

! B.%Presumption%may%be%rebutted% • If!the!accused!has!adduced!evidence!showing!that!he!did!not! put!the!missing!funds!or!property!to!personal!uses,!then!that! presumption!is!at!an!end!and!the!prima!facie!case!is!destroyed.! o The! presumption! could! be! overcome! by! satisfactory! evidence!of!loss!or!robbery!committed!by!another.! • The! burden! of! defense! rests! upon! the! accused! who! should! show!that!he!did!not!misapply!or!misappropriate!the!funds,!or! that! he! allowed! through! his! negligence! or! abandonment,! someone!to!do!the!same.! ! X.%Return%of%the%funds%malversed%is%only%mitigating,%not%exempting% • Restitution! is! not! exempting! because! damage! is! not! an! element!of!malversation! • There!must!prompt!refund!of!the!shortage! o People! v.! Amante! !! Where! the! partial! restitution! or! restoration!of!the!shortage!was!made!7!years!after!the! swindling!took!place!and!after!on!of!the!accused!was! already! convicted,! there! is! not! prompt! refund! of! the! shortage,!and!the!accused!can!not!be!credited!with!a! mitigating! circumstance! similar! and! analogous! to! voluntary!surrender.! • When!the!shortage!is!paid!by!the!public!officer!form!his!pocket! the! moment! when! such! was! discovered! and! the! officer! was! notified,!no!prima!facie!evidence!of!malversation!can!arise.! • BUT! the! fact! that! the! amount! in! case! which! a! municipal!

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treasurer! should! have! in! his! café! was! fully! covered! by! an! amount!borrowed!from!one!of!his!clerks!does!not!relieve!said! treasurer! of! criminal! responsibility! because! he! had! failed! to! explain!satisfactorily!why!the!amount!was!missing.! BUT! when! the! accountable! officer! is! obliged! to! go! out! of! his! office!and!borrow!the!sum!alleged!to!be!the!shortage!and!later! the! missing! amount! is! found! in! some! unaccustomed! place! in! his!office,!he!is!not!liable!for!malversation.!

! XI.%Demand%and%Damage%are%Unnecessary% • Demand!merely!raises!a!prima!facie!presumption!that!missing! funds!have!been!put!to!personal!use.! • Damage!to!the!government!is!not!necessary! o At!most,!lack!of!proof!showing!damage!to!government! would!amount!to!civil!liability!only.! % Article%218%–%Failure%of%accountable%officer%to%render%accounts.% Any%public%officer,%whether%in%the%service%or%separated%therefrom%by% resignation%or%any%other%cause,%who%is%required%by%law%or%regulation% to% render% account% to% the% Insular% Auditor,% or% to% a% provincial% auditor% and%who%fails%to%do%so%for%a%period%of%two%months%after%such%accounts% should% be% rendered,% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% or% by% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 6,000% pesos,% or% both.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PARF2)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer,!whether!in!the!service!or! separated!therefrom.! 2. That! he! must! be! an! accountable! officer! for! public! funds! or! property.! 3. That!he!is!required!by!law!or!regulation!to!render!accounts!to! the!Commission!on!Audit,!or!to!a!provincial!auditor.! 4. That! he! fails! to! do! so! for! a! period! of! two! months! after! such! accounts!should!be!rendered.!



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! ! II.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Required%by%law%to%render%accounts% • Demand! for! accounting! is! not! necessary.! It! is! sufficient! that! there!is!a!law!or!regulation!requiring!him!to!render!account.! • The! law! does! not! so! much! contemplate! the! possibility! of! malversation! as! the! need! of! enforcing! by! penal! provision! the! performance! of! the! duty! incumbent! upon! every! public! employee!who!handles!government!funds.! ! III.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Fails%to%do%so%for%a%period%of%2%months% • It!is!not!essential!that!there!is!misappropriation.! • If! there! is! misappropriation,! offender! would! also! be! liable! for! malversation.! % Article%219%–%Failure%of%a%responsible%public%officer%to%render%accounts% before%leaving%the%country.% Any% public% officer% who% unlawfully% leaves% or% attempts% to% leave% the% Philippine% Islands% without% securing% a% certificate% from% the% Insular% Auditor%showing%that%his%accounts%have%been%finally%settled,%shall%be% punished%by%arresto%mayor,%or%a%fine%ranging%from%200%to%1,000%pesos% or%both.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PAU)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That! he! must! be! an! accountable! officer! for! public! funds! or! property! 3. That! he! must! have! unlawfully! left! (or! be! the! on! the! point! of! leaving)!the!Philippines!without!securing!from!the!Commission! on! Audit! a! certificate! showing! that! his! accounts! have! been! finally!settled.! ! Note:%The!act!of!leaving!must!be!unauthorized!or!not!permitted!by!law.! % Article%220%–%Illegal%use%of%public%funds%or%property.%

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Any%public%officer%who%shall%apply%any%public%fund%or%property%under% his%administration%to%any%public%use%other%than%for%which%such%fund%or% property% were% appropriated% by% law% or% ordinance% shall% suffer% the% penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%or%a%fine%ranging% from%oneUhalf%to%the%total%of%the%sum%misapplied,%if%by%reason%of%such% misapplication,% any% damages% or% embarrassment% shall% have% resulted% to%the%public%service.%In%either%case,%the%offender%shall%also%suffer%the% penalty%of%temporary%special%disqualification.% % If% no% damage% or% embarrassment% to% the% public% service% has% resulted,% the% penalty% shall% be% a% fine% from% 5% to% 50% per% cent% of% the% sum% misapplied.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PFLP)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!there!is!public!fund!or!property!under!his!administration! 3. That! such! public! fund! or! property! has! been! appropriated! by! law!or!ordinance! 4. That! he! applies! the! same! to! a! public! use! other! than! that! for! which!such!fund!or!property!has!been!appropriated!by!law!or! ordinance.! % II.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Appropriated%by%law%or%ordinance% • There! is! not! technical! malversation! if! there! is! no! law! or! ordinance! appropriating! public! funds! or! property! for! a! particular!purpose.! • If!the!funds!are!not!appropriated!for!a!particular!purpose,!and! it!was!applied!to!another!public!use,!the!offender!can!be!liable! for!malversation!under!Article%217!because!he!disposed!of!the! same!without!right.! • US! v.! Ejercito! !! The! school! teachers! and! other! municipal! officers! were! unable! to! receive! their! salaries! because! the! treasurer!applied!the!funds,!appropriated!form!the!payment!of! said! salaries,! to! another! public! use.! There! is! detriment! and!



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! hindrance!to!the!public!service.! ! III.%Article%220%v.%Article%217% Illegal%use%of%public%funds%or% Malversation%(Article%217)% property%(Article%220)% Offenders!are!accountable!public!officers! Offender!does!not!derive!any! Offender!in!certain!cases!profits! personal!gain!or!profit! from!the!proceeds!of!the!crime.! The!fund!is!applied!to!another! The!fund!is!applied!to!the! public!use! personal!use!or!benefit!of!the! offender!or!of!another.! Note:! Technical! malversation! is! not! included! nor! does! it! necessarily! include!the!crime!of!malversation!of!public!funds.! % Article%221%–%Failure%to%make%delivery%of%public%funds%or%property.% Any% public% officer% under% obligation% to% make% payment% from% Government% funds% in% his% possession,% who% shall% fail% to% make% such% payment,%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%from%5%to%25% per%cent%of%the%sum%which%he%failed%to%pay.% % This%provision%shall%apply%to%any%public%officer%who,%being%ordered%by% competent%authority%to%deliver%any%property%in%his%custody%or%under% his%administration,%shall%refuse%to%make%such%delivery.% % The% fine% shall% be% graduated% in% such% case% by% the% value% of% the% thing,% provided%that%it%shall%not%less%than%50%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By! failing! to! make! payment! by! a! public! officer! who! is! under! obligation! to! make! such! payment! from! Government! funds! in! his!possession.! 2. By!refusing!to!make!delivery!by!a!public!officer!who!has!been! ordered!by!competent!authority!to!deliver!any!property!in!his! custody!or!under!his!administration.!

! II.%Elements%(PPF)% 1. That!the!public!officer!has!Government!funds!in!his!possession! 2. That!he!is!under!obligation!to!make!payment!from!such!funds! 3. That!he!fails!to!make!the!payment!maliciously! % III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Fails%to%make%payment%maliciously% • People!v.!Jubila!!!A!stenographer!of!the!provincial!board!who! retains!in!his!possession!the!stenographic!notes!taken!by!him! for! the! purpose! of! transcribing! the! same! does! not! commit! a! violation! of! this! article.! Moreover! the! prosecution! did! not! prove!damage!to!public!interest.% % Article%222%–%Officers%included%in%the%preceding%provisions.% The%provisions%of%this%chapter%shall%apply%to%private%individuals%who%in% any% capacity% whatever,% have% charge% of% any% insular,% provincial% or% municipal% funds,% revenues,% or% property% and% to% any% administrator% or% depository% of% funds% or% property% attached,% seized% or% deposited% by% public%authority,%even%if%such%property%belongs%to%a%private%individual.% % POINTS% I.%Private%individuals%who%may%be%liable%under%Articles%217%to%221% 1. Private! individuals,! who! in! any! capacity! whatsoever,! have! charge!of!any!national,!provincial!or!municipal!funds,!revenue,! or!property.! 2. Administrator! or! depository! of! funds! or! property! attached,! seized!or!deposited!by!public!authority,!even!if!such!property! belongs!to!a!private!individual! ! II.%Purpose%of%Article%222% • To! extend! the! provisions! of! the! Code! on! malversation! to! private!individuals! ! III.%Private%individual%liable%for%malversation% • US!v.!Rastrollo!!!The!act!could!not!be!regarded!as!constituting!



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! estafa,!because!the!property!alleged!to!have!been!misapplied! was!not!the!subject!of!a!mere!private!bailment!but!of!a!judicial! deposit.! This! gives! the! depository! a! character! equivalent! to! that! of! a! public! official,! and! the! breach! of! his! obligation! is! similar! to! the! violation! of! the! obligations! imposed! by! public! office.%

1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That! he! had! in! his! custody! or! charge,! a! prisoner,! either! detention!prisoner!or!prisoner!by!final!judgment! 3. That!such!prisoner!escaped!from!his!custody! 4. That! he! was! in! connivance! with! the! prisoner! in! the! latter’s! escape.!

! IV.%Sheriffs%and%receivers%fall%under%the%term%“administrator”% • Judicial! administrator! however! is! not! covered! by! this! article,! because! he! is! not! in! charge! of! any! property! attached,! impounded!or!placed!in!deposit!by!public!authority.! ! V.%Private%property%is%included%provided%it%is:% 1. Attached! 2. Seized! 3. Deposited!by!public!authority! !

% II.%Act%constituting%the%crime:%Connivance!with!the!prisoner! ! III.%Classes%of%prisoners%involved% 1. If! the! fugitive! has! been! sentenced! by! final! judgment! to! any! penalty.! 2. If!the!fugitive!is!held!only!as!detention!prisoner!for!any!crime! or!violation!of!law!or!municipal!ordinance.! % IV.%Infidelity%in%the%custody%of%a%prisoner% • Detention' prisoner! !! a! person! in! legal! custody,! arrested! for,! and!charged!with,!some!crime!or!public!offense.! • Release! of! detention! prisoner! who! could! not! be! delivered! to! the! judicial! authority! within! the! time! fixed! by! law,! is! not! infidelity!in!the!custody!of!prisoner.! • Leniency!or!laxity!is!not!infidelity! o People! v.! Evangelista! !! During! his! detention,! the! prisoner! was! allowed! to! eat! in! a! restaurant! near! the! municipal! building.! During! the! town! fiesta,! he! was! allowed!to!eat!better!meals!at!his!house.!In!all!cases,! he!was!duly!guarded.!No!infidelity!in!the!custody.! • Relaxation!of!imprisonment!is!considered!infidelity! o US! v.! Bandino! !! where! the! custodian! permits! the! prisoner! to! obtain! a! relaxation! of! his! imprisonment! and!to!escape!the!punishment!of!being!deprived!of!his! liberty,!although!the!convict!may!not!have!fled.! o People! v.! Revilla! !! The! prisoner! serving! a! 6Kday! sentence!was!allowed!to!sleep!and!eat!in!his!house.! o People!v.!Evangelista!!!The!mayor!is!guilty!here!if!he!

Chapter%5:%Infidelity%of%Public%Officers% % Section%1%—%Infidelity%in%the%custody%of%prisoners% % Article%223%–%Conniving%with%or%consenting%to%evasion.% Any%public%officer%who%shall%consent%to%the%escape%of%a%prisoner%in%his% custody%or%charge,%shall%be%punished:% 1. By% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% and%temporary%special%disqualification%in%its%maximum%period% to%perpetual%special%disqualification,%if%the%fugitive%shall%have% been%sentenced%by%final%judgment%to%any%penalty.% 2. By%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%and%temporary% special% disqualification,% in% case% the% fugitive% shall% not% have% been% finally% convicted% but% only% held% as% a% detention% prisoner% for%any%crime%or%violation%of%law%or%municipal%ordinance.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PCEC)% (



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! utilized! the! prisoner’s! services! for! domestic! chores! in! his!house.! % Article%224%–%Evasion%through%negligence.% If% the% evasion% of% the% prisoner% shall% have% taken% place% through% the% negligence%of%the%officer%charged%with%the%conveyance%or%custody%of% the%escaping%prisoner,%said%officer%shall%suffer%the%penalties%of%arresto% mayor%in%its%maximum%period%to%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum% period%and%temporary%special%disqualification.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PCUEN)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That! he! is! charged! with! the! conveyance! or! custody! of! a! prisoner,! either! detention! prisoner! or! prisoner! by! final! judgment! 3. That!such!prisoner!escapes!through!his!negligence.! % II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Charged%with%custody%of%a%prisoner% • People! v.! Silvosa! !! S! was! supposed! to! succeed! C,! but! was! asleep!at!the!time.!A!prisoner!escaped!his!post!while!C!was!the! one!on!post!even!though!it!was!S’s!time!already.!S!is!not!liable! because! the! custody! of! the! prisoner! had! not! yet! been! transferred!to!him.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Prisoner%escapes%through%officer’s%negligence% • People!v.!Solis!!!a!policeman!was!on!guard.!He!would!allow!A! to!go!out!to!a!nearby!faucet!to!wash!rags.!On!A’s!third!visit,!he! escaped!over!the!wall.!The!policeman!is!not!liable.! • Not! every! little! mistake! or! distraction! of! a! guard! leading! to! prisoner’s!escape!is!negligence!under!Article%224.! • What! is! punished! in! evasion! through! negligence! is! such! a! definite! laxity! as! all! but! amounts! to! deliberate! nonK performance!of!duty!on!the!party!of!the!guard.! o It! is! only! positive! carelessness! that! is! short! of!

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deliberate!nonKperformance!of!his!duties!as!guard!that! is!the!gravamen!of!the!crime!of!infidelity.! People! v.! Lagata! !! The! guard! permitted! the! prisoner,! who! later!escaped,!to!go!to!the!nursery!to!gather!gabi.!The!nursery! was!grassy!and!tall!talahib!was!growing!therein.!Laible.!! o The! guard! must! have! seen! immediately! that! it! was! a! choice!place!for!any!prisoner!to!escape.!

! IV.%There%is%only%one%penalty%regardless%of%whether%the%prisoner%is%a% convict%or%a%detention%prisoner% % V.% The% fact% that% the% public% officer% recaptured% the% prisoner% who% had% escaped%from%his%custody%does%not%afford%complete%exculpation.% % VI.%Liability%of%escapee% 1. If!he!is!a!convict!service!final!judgment!!!Article%157! 2. If!he!is!a!detention!prisoner!!!None! % Article%225%–%Escape%of%prisoner%under%the%custody%of%a%person%not%a% public%officer.% Any%private%person%to%whom%the%conveyance%or%custody%or%a%prisoner% or% person% under% arrest% shall% have% been% confided,% who% shall% commit% any% of% the% offenses% mentioned% in% the% two% preceding% articles,% shall% suffer%the%penalty%next%lower%in%degree%than%that%prescribed%for%the% public%officer.%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PCEUCN)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!private!person! 2. That!the!conveyance!or!custody!of!a!prisoner!or!person!under! arrest!is!confided!to!him! 3. That!the!prisoner!or!person!under!arrest!escapes.! 4. That! the! offender! consents! to! the! escape! of! the! prisoner! or! person!under!arrest,!or!that!the!escape!takes!place!through!his! negligence.!



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! ! II.% Escape% of% person% under% arrest% while% in% the% custody% of% a% private% individual% • Article%225!is!not!applicable!if!the!private!person!was!the!one! who!made!the!arrest!and!thereafter!consented!to!the!escape% % III.% The% penalty% for% a% private% person% liable% under% Article% 225% is% only% imprisonment% one% degree% lower% than% that% prescribed% for% the% public% officer%in%Article%223%and%224% % Section%2%—%Infidelity%in%the%custody%of%document% % Article%226%–%Removal,%concealment%or%destruction%of%documents.% Any%public%officer%who%shall%remove,%destroy%or%conceal%documents%or% papers%officially%entrusted%to%him,%shall%suffer:% 1. The%penalty%of%prision%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%1,000% pesos,% whenever% serious% damage% shall% have% been% caused% thereby%to%a%third%party%or%to%the%public%interest.% 2. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% period% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 1,000% pesos,% whenever% the% damage% to% a% third% party% or% to% the% public% interest%shall%not%have%been%serious.% % In% either% case,% the% additional% penalty% of% temporary% special% disqualification% in% its% maximum% period% to% perpetual% disqualification% shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!removing! 2. By!destroying! 3. By!concealing,!documents!or!papers!officially!entrusted!to!the! offending!public!officer.!! Note:!These!three!are!distinct!modes!of!committing!the!offense! %

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A.%Removing% • It! is! not! necessary! that! the! act! of! removal! be! coupled! with! proof!of!intention!to!conceal.% • Removal!must!be!for!an!illicit!purpose.% o Where! the! act! of! removal! is! actuated! by! lawful! or! commendable!motives,!there!is!no!crime.% o Removal!is!for!illicit!purpose!when!intent!is:% " To!tamper!with!it% " To!profit!by!it% " To! commit! an! act! constituting! a! breach! of! trust!in!the!official!care!thereof% • The!crime!is!consummated!upon!its!removal!or!secreting!away! from! its! usual! place,! it! being! immaterial! whether! he! has! actually!accomplished!the!purpose!for!which!he!removed!said! document.% ! B.%Destroying%or%C.%Concealing% • Infidelity! in! the! custody! of! document! by! destroying! or! concealing!it,!does!not!require!proof!of!illicit!purpose.! % II.%Elements%must%concur%(PUADCUED)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!abstracts,!destroys,!or!conceals!documents!or!papers! 3. That! the! said! documents! or! papers! should! have! been! entrusted!to!such!public!officer!by!reason!of!his!office.! 4. That!damage,!whether!serious!or!not,!to!a!third!party!or!to!the! public!interest!should!have!been!caused.! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Abstracts,%destroys%or%conceals%documents% • Delivering! document! to! the! wrong! party! is! infidelity! in! the! custody!thereof.! % IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Entrusted%by%reason%of%his%office% • The! stenographer! who! removes! or! destroys! the! record! of! a! case!kept!by!the!clerk!of!court!is!not!guilty!here!because!it!is!



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! not!clerk!of!court!not!him!who!is!officially!entrusted!with!it.! % V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Damage% • There!must!be!damage!great!or!small.!Thus!this!exists:! o Whenever!serious!damage!is!caused!thereby!to!a!third! party!or!to!the!public!interest.! o Whenever! the! damage! caused! to! a! third! party! or! to! the!public!interest!is!not!serious.! • Damage!in!this!article!may!consist!in!mere!alarm!to!the!public! or! in! the! alienation! of! its! confidence! in! any! branch! of! the! government!service.! % VI.%Nature%of%the%Documents% • Document' !' a! written! instrument! by! which! something! is! proven!or!made!of!record.! • The! document! must! be! complete! and! one! by! which! a! right! could!be!established!or!an!obligation!could!be!extinguished.! o Books,!periodicals,!pamphlets,!etc.!are!not!documents.! • Papers! !! includes! checks,! promissory! notes,! paper! money,! and!money!bills!received!as!exhibits!in!courts! o US! v.! Gorospe! !! a! postmaster! to! whom! a! letter! containing! paper! money! was! delivered,! to! be! forwarded,!opened!such!and!took!the!money!was!held! guilty!of!faithlessness!in!custody!of!papers.! o US! v.! Mariña! !! Post! office! official! who! retained! the! mail!without!forwarding!the!letters!to!their!destination! is!guilty!of!infidelity!in!the!custody!of!papers.! ! VII.% Infidelity% in% the% custody% of% document% v.% Malversation% and% Falsification% Malversation%and%Falsification% Infidelity%in%the%custody%of% document% The!postmaster!received!money! The!postmaster!receives!letters!or! orders,!signed!the!signatures!of! envelopes!containing!money!orders! the!payees!thereon,!collected! for!transmission,!and!the!money!

and!appropriated!the!respective! amounts.!

orders!are!not!sent!to!the! addressees,!the!postmaster!cashing! the!same!for!his!own!benefit.! Reason%why%taking%contents%of%mail%by%postmaster%is%infidelity%in%the% custody%of%documents%or%papers:%In!addition!to!the!actual!injury!done! to! the! owner,! the! uncertainty! as! to! the! safety! of! such! letters! arising! from! thefts! of! their! contents! amounts! to! a! real! and! positive! injury! to! the!postal!service!and!hence,!to!public!interest.! ! VIII.% Liability% of% person% other% than% an% officer% or% employee% of% the% Bureau%of%Posts% • Section%2756%of%the%Revised%Administrative%Code! o Unlawful! opening! or! detention! of! mail! matter! by! any! person! other! than! an! officer! or! employee! of! the! Bureau!of!Posts.! • Article%226%applies!! o If!the!offender!is!an!officer!or!employee!of!the!Bureau! of!Posts.! % Article%227%–%Officer%breaking%seal% Any% public% officer% charged% with% the% custody% of% papers% or% property% sealed%by%proper%authority,%who%shall%break%the%seals%or%permit%them% to% be% broken,% shall% suffer% the% penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods,% temporary% special% disqualification% and%a%fine%not%exceeding%2,000%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PCSB)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!is!charged!with!the!custody!of!paper!or!property! 3. That!these!papers!or!property!are!sealed!by!proper!authority! 4. That!he!breaks!the!seals!or!permits!them!to!be!broken! ! II.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Breaks%or%permits%seal%to%be%broken% • It!is!the!breaking!of!seals,!not!the!opening!of!closed!envelope,!



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which!is!punished!under!this!article.% Damage!or!intent!to!cause!damage!is!unnecessary.% o When! documents! are! sealed,! it! is! evidence! that! the! purpose!is!to!insure!their!preservation.% o It! is! sufficient! that! the! seal! is! broken! even! if! the! contents!are!not!tampered!with.%

% Article%228%–%Opening%of%closed%documents.% Any%public%officer%not%included%in%the%provisions%of%the%next%preceding% article%who,%without%proper%authority,%shall%open%or%shall%permit%to%be% opened% any% closed% papers,% documents% or% objects% entrusted% to% his% custody,% shall% suffer% the% penalties% or% arresto% mayor,% temporary% special%disqualification%and%a%fine%of%not%exceeding%2,000%pesos.%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PEON)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!any!closed!papers,!documents,!or!objects!are!entrusted!to! his!custody! 3. That! the! opens! or! permits! to! be! opened! said! closed! papers,! documents!or!objects! 4. That!he!does!not!have!property!authority.! ! II.%Definition% • Custody!!!guarding!or!keeping!safe;!care! ' III.% Closed% documents% must% be% entrusted% to% the% custody% of% the% accused%by%reason%of%his%office% • People!v.!Lineses!!!The!accused!did!not!actually!become!the! custodian! of! three! envelopes! turned! over! to! him! by! the! PC! sergeant!and!to!be!redelivered!after!applying!sealing!wax.!They! were! on! the! desk! of! the! accused! just! for! the! period! of! time! necessary!to!put!the!sealing!wax.! ! IV.%The%act%should%not%fall%under%Article%227!

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If!in!the!act!of!opening,!the!offender!broke!the!seal,!it!would! be!breaking!of!seal.% Damage!or!intent!to!cause!damage!is!not!necessary.%

Section%3%—%Revelation%of%secrets% % Article%229%–%Revelation%of%secrets%by%an%officer.% Any%public%officer%who%shall%reveal%any%secret%known%to%him%by%reason% of%his%official%capacity,%or%shall%wrongfully%deliver%papers%or%copies%of% papers% of% which% he% may% have% charge% and% which% should% not% be% published,% shall% suffer% the% penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium%and%maximum%periods,%perpetual%special%disqualification%and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 2,000% pesos% if% the% revelation% of% such% secrets% or% the%delivery%of%such%papers%shall%have%caused%serious%damage%to%the% public%interest;%otherwise,%the%penalties%of%prision%correccional%in%its% minimum% period,% temporary% special% disqualification% and% a% fine% not% exceeding%50%pesos%shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable% 1. By!revealing!any!secrets!known!to!the!offending!public!officer! by!reason!of!his!official!capacity! Elements%(PSRD)% a. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! b. That! he! knows! of! a! secret! by! reason! of! his! official! capacity! c. That! he! reveals! such! secret! without! authority! or! justifiable!reasons! d. That! damage,! great! or! small,! be! caused! to! the! public! interests.! 2. By!delivering!wrongfully!papers!or!copies!of!papers!of!which!he! may!have!charge!and!which!should!not!be!published.! Elements%(PCNDWD)% a. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! b. That!he!has!charge!of!papers!



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! c. That!those!papers!should!not!be!published! d. That! he! delivers! those! paper! or! copies! thereof! to! a! third!person! e. That!the!delivery!is!wrongful! f. That!damage!be!caused!to!public!interest.!

1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!knows!of!the!secrets!of!a!private!individual!by!reason! of!his!office! 3. That! he! reveals! such! secrets! without! authority! or! justifiable! reason!

% II.%Secrets%must%affect%public%interest% • Espionage! is! not! contemplated! in! this! article.! Revelations! of! state!secrets!to!a!belligerent!nation!is!punishable!under!Article% 117%or%C.A.%No.%616.% • Secrets!of!private!persons!not!included.% ! III.%The%offender%must%have%charge%of%papers%or%copies%of%paper% • If! the! officer! is! merely! entrusted! with! the! paper! but! not! with! the!custody!of!papers,!he!is!not!liable.! ! IV.%Revelations%of%Secrets%v.%infidelity%in%the%custody%of%document%or% papers%by%removing%the%same% Revelation%of%Secrets% Infidelity%in%the%custody%of% documents% If!the!paper!contains!secrets,!and! If!the!paper!does!not!contain! the!public!officer!removes!and! secrets,!and!removal!is!for!an!illicit! delivers!them! purpose!! %% V.%Damage%to%public%interest%is%essential% • Material!damage!to!a!third!person!is!not!necessary.! % Article%230%–%Public%officer%revealing%secrets%of%private%individual.% Any%public%officer%to%whom%the%secrets%of%any%private%individual%shall% become%known%by%reason%of%his%office%who%shall%reveal%such%secrets,% shall% suffer% the% penalties% of% arresto% mayor% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 1,000%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PUSPUR)%

! II.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Reveals%without%authority% • Public!revelation!is!not!required.% • An!attorneyKatKlaw!who!reveals!the!secrets!of!his!client!is!liable! under!Article%209% • Damage!to!private!individuals!not!necessary% • The! reason! for! this! provision! is! to! uphold! faith! and! trust! in! public!service.% !

Chapter% 6:% Other% Offenses% or% Irregularities% by% Public% Officers% % Section%1%–%Disobedience,%refusal%of%assistance,%and%maltreatment%of% prisoners% % Article%231%–%Open%disobedience.% Any% judicial% or% executive% officer% who% shall% openly% refuse% to% execute% the% judgment,% decision% or% order% of% any% superior% authority% made% within% the% scope% of% the% jurisdiction% of% the% latter% and% issued% with% all% the%legal%formalities,%shall%suffer%the%penalties%of%arresto%mayor%in%its% medium% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% temporary% special% disqualification% in% its% maximum% period% and% a% fine% not%exceeding%1,000%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(3JO)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!judicial!or!executive!officer! 2. That! there! is! a! judgment,! decision! or! order! of! a! superior! authority!



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! 3. That! such! judgment,! decision! or! order! was! made! within! the! scope! of! the! jurisdiction! of! the! superior! authority! and! issued! with!all!the!legal!formalities! 4. That!the!offender!without!any!legal!justification!openly!refuses! to! execute! the! said! judgment,! decision! or! order,! which! he! is! duty!bound!to!obey! % II.%Act%constituting%the%crime:%Open!disobedience! ! Article% 232% –% Disobedience% to% order% of% superior% officers,% when% said% order%was%suspended%by%inferior%officer% Any% public% officer% who,% having% for% any% reason% suspended% the% execution%of%the%orders%of%his%superiors,%shall%disobey%such%superiors% after% the% latter% have% disapproved% the% suspension,% shall% suffer% the% penalties%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods% and%perpetual%special%disqualification.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(POSDD)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!an!order!is!issued!by!his!superior!for!execution! 3. That! he! has! for! any! reason! suspended! the! execution! of! such! order! 4. That!his!superior!disapproves!the!suspension!of!the!execution! of!the!order! 5. That!the!offender!disobeys!his!superior!despite!the!disapproval! of!the!suspension! % II.%Reason%for%the%provision% • The! law! has! taken! into! account! that! the! superior! office! may! sometimes! err,! and! thus! entitles! a! subordinate! to! suspend! in! such! cases! the! order! issued,! to! submit! his! reason! to! his! superior!in!order!that!the!latter!may!give!them!proper!weight,! if!they!are!entitled!to!any.!So!far!there!is!no!crime.! • But!if!the!superior!disapproves!and!the!subordinate!disobeys,!

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it! constitutes! contempt,! for! by! his! resistance! and! refusal! to! execute!the!order,!he!undertakes!to!dictate!his!superior.! This! article! does! not! apply! if! the! order! is! illegal! (Article% 11,% Paragraph%6)!

! Article%233%–%Refusal%of%assistance% The% penalties% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period% to% prision% correccional%in%its%minimum%period,%perpetual%special%disqualification% and%a%fine%not%exceeding%1,000%pesos,%shall%be%imposed%upon%a%public% officer% who,% upon% demand% from% competent% authority,% shall% fail% to% lend% his% cooperation% towards% the% administration% of% justice% or% other% public% service,% if% such% failure% shall% result% in% serious% damage% to% the% public% interest,% or% to% a% third% party;% otherwise,% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 500% pesos% shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PLM)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That! a! competent! authority! demands! from! the! offender! that! he! lend! his! cooperation! towards! the! administration! of! justice! or!other!public!service.! 3. That!the!offender!fails!to!do!so!maliciously! % II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Demand%of%competent%authority% • If!the!chief!of!police!received!from!a!private!party!a!subpoena! issued!by!a!fiscal,!with!a!request!to!serve!it!upon!a!person!to! be!a!witness,!and!the!chief!of!police!maliciously!refused!to!do! so,!the!latter!is!not!liable.! • A!chief!of!police!who!refuses!a!summons!by!the!fiscal!is!liable.! ! III.%Damage%to%public%interest%is%essential% % Article%234%–%Refusal%to%discharge%elective%office% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%1,000%pesos,%or%



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! both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who,%having%been%elected%by% popular%election%to%a%public%office,%shall%refuse%without%legal%motive% to%be%sworn%in%or%to%discharge%the%duties%of%said%office.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(ERN)% 1. That! the! offender! is! elected! by! popular! election! to! a! public! office! 2. That! he! refuses! to! be! sworn! in! or! to! discharge! the! duties! of! said!office.! 3. That!there!is!no!legal!motive!for!such!refusal!to!be!sworn!in!or! to!discharge!the!duties!of!said!office.! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISTE:%Elected%by%popular%election% • Article%234!is!not!applicable!to!appointive!officials! % III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%No%legal%motive% • If!the!elected!is!underage!or!otherwise!disqualified,!his!refusal! to!be!sworn!in!is!justified.! ! IV.%Reason%why%this%is%punished% • Once! an! individual! is! elected,! the! discharge! of! duties! of! said! office!becomes!a!matter!of!duty,!not!only!right.! % Article%235%–%Maltreatment%of%prisoners% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% period% to% prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% period,% in% addition% to% his% liability% for% the% physical%injuries%or%damage%caused,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%public% officer% or% employee% who% shall% overdo% himself% in% the% correction% or% handling%of%a%prisoner%or%detention%prisoner%under%his%charge,%by%the% imposition% of% punishment% not% authorized% by% the% regulations,% or% by% inflicting%such%punishment%in%a%cruel%and%humiliating%manner.% % If% the% purpose% of% the% maltreatment% is% to% extort% a% confession,% or% to% obtain% some% information% from% the% prisoner,% the% offender% shall% be%

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punished%by%prision%mayor%in%its%minimum%period,%temporary%special% disqualification%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%six%thousand%(6,000)%pesos,% in%addition%to%his%liability%for%the%physical%injuries%or%damage%caused.% (As#amended#by#E.O.#No.#62,#November#7,#1986)%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PCMOE)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer!or!employee! 2. That!he!has!under!his!charge!a!prisoner!or!detention!prisoner! 3. That! he! maltreats! such! prisoner! in! either! of! the! following! manners:! a. By!overdoing!himself!in!the!correction!of!handling!of!a! prisoner!or!detention!prisoner!under!his!charge!either:! i. By! the! imposition! of! punishments! not! authorized!by!the!regulations,!or! ii. By! inflicting! such! punishments! (those! authorized)!in!a!cruel!and!humiliating!manner! b. By!maltreating!such!prisoner!to!extort!a!confession!or! to!obtain!some!information!from!the!prisoner.! % II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Charge%of%a%convict%or%detention%prisoner% • The! public! officer! must! have! actual' charge! of! the! prisoner! to! hold!him!liable!for!maltreatment!or!prisoner.! o People! v.! Javier! !! the! mayor! is! not! liable! for! maltreatment! of! prisoner! who! is! under! the! actual! charge!of!the!police.! • Offended!party!must!either!be:! o Convicted!by!final!judgment! o Detention!prisoner!! " The! person! must! be! placed! in! jail! even! for! a! short!while.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Manner%of%maltreatment% • The!maltreatment!(1)!must!relate!to!the!correction!or!handling! of!the!prisoner,!or!(2)!must!be!for!the!purpose!of!extorting!a!



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! confession!or!of!obtaining!some!information!from!him.% % IV.%There%is%no%complex%crime%of%maltreatment% • Offender!is!separately!liable!for!physical!injuries% % Section%2%—%Anticipation,%prolongation%and%abandonment%of%the% duties%and%powers%of%public%office.% % Article%236%–%Anticipation%of%duties%of%a%public%office% Any% person% who% shall% assume% the% performance% of% the% duties% and% powers%of%any%public%officer%or%employment%without%first%being%sworn% in%or%having%given%the%bond%required%by%law,%shall%be%suspended%from% such% office% or% employment% until% he% shall% have% complied% with% the% respective%formalities%and%shall%be%fined%from%200%to%500%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(EFAN)% 1. That! the! offender! is! entitled! to! hold! a! public! office! or! employment,!either!by!election!or!appointment! 2. That! the! law! requires! that! he! should!first! be! sworn! in! and/or! should!first!give!a!bond! 3. That!he!assumes!the!performance!of!the!duties!and!powers!of! such!office! 4. That!he!has!not!taken!his!oath!of!office!and/or!given!the!bond! required!by!law.! % Article%237%–%Prolonging%performance%of%duties%and%powers% Any%public%officer%shall%continue%to%exercise%the%duties%and%powers%of% his% office,% employment% or% commission,% beyond% the% period% provided% by% law,% regulation% or% special% provisions% applicable% to% the% case,% shall% suffer% the% penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% special% temporary% disqualification% in% its% minimum% period% and% a% fine% not%exceeding%500%pesos.% % POINTS%

I.%Elements%(PEC)% 1. That!the!offender!is!holding!a!public!office! 2. That! the! period! provided! by! law,! regulations! or! special! provisions!for!holding!such!office,!has!already!expired! 3. That! he! continues! to! exercise! the! duties! and! powers! of! such! office! ! II.%Other%Notes% • Officer! contemplated! are! public! officers! who! have! been! suspended,!separated,!declared!overaged,!or!dismissed.! • Q:!Are!the!people!who!continued!to!serve!after!Erap!resigned! and!after!Arroyo!stepped!up!liable!here?!! o NO.! ! Even! though! the! appointive! officials! are! coterminous!and!confidential!with!the!president,!they! carry! the! office! in! holdKover! capacity! until! the! appointment!of!a!new!one.! % Article%238%–%Abandonment%of%office%or%position% Any%public%officer%who,%before%the%acceptance%of%his%resignation,%shall% abandon%his%office%to%the%detriment%of%the%public%service%shall%suffer% the%penalty%of%arresto%mayor.% % If% such% office% shall% have% been% abandoned% in% order% to% evade% the% discharge%of%the%duties%of%preventing,%prosecuting%or%punishing%any%of% the%crime%falling%within%Title%One,%and%Chapter%One%of%Title%Three%of% Book% Two% of% this% Code,% the% offender% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods,% and% by% arresto% mayor% if% the% purpose% of% such% abandonment% is% to% evade% the% duty% of% preventing,%prosecuting%or%punishing%any%other%crime.%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PRNA)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!formally!resigns!from!his!position! 3. That!his!resignation!has!not!yet!been!accepted!



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! 4. That! he! abandons! his! office! to! the! detriment! of! the! public! service.!

Purpose%

Offender%

% II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Formally%resigns%from%position% • There!must!be!a!written!or!formal!resignation! • People! v.! Santos! !! A! verbal! resignation! is! not! acceptable! as! such! has! to! pass! through! various! officials! of! the! offices! concerned!before!it!can!be!finalized.! ! III.%Qualifying%Circumstances% • If!the!abandonment!is!for!the!purpose!of!evading!the!discharge! of! duties! of! preventing,! prosecuting! or! punishing! any! of! the! crimes!falling!under!Title!1!and!Chapter!1,!Title!3.!(17!crimes)% ! IV.%Article%238%v.%Article%208% % Abandonment%of% Negligence%and%tolerance%in%the% Office% prosecution%of%offenses% (Article%238)% (Article%208)% Committed!by!any! Committed!only!by!public!officers!who! public!officer! have!the!duty!to!institute!prosecution! for!the!punishment!of!violations!of!the! law! Abandons!in!order!to! evade!discharge!of! his!duty!

No!abandonment!but!rather!failure!to! prosecute!an!offense!by!dereliction!of! duty!or!by!malicious!tolerance!of!the! commission!of!offenses.!

! % Section%3%—%Usurpation%of%powers%and%unlawful%appointments% % Article%239%–%Usurpation%of%legislative%powers% The% penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% temporary% special% disqualification% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 1,000% pesos,% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% public% officer% who% shall% encroach%

upon%the%powers%of%the%legislative%branch%of%the%Government,%either% by% making% general% rules% or% regulations% beyond% the% scope% of% his% authority,% or% by% attempting% to% repeal% a% law% or% suspending% the% execution%thereof.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(EJUBRS)% 1. That!the!offender!is!an!executive!or!judicial!officer! 2. That!he!–! a. Makes! general! rules! or! regulations! beyond! the! scope! of!his!authority! b. Attempts!to!repeal!a!law! c. Suspends!the!execution!thereof! % Article%240%–%Usurpation%of%executive%functions% Any% judge% who% shall% assume% any% power% pertaining% to% the% executive% authorities,%or%shall%obstruct%the%latter%in%the%lawful%exercise%of%their% powers,% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period%to%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(JUAO)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!judge! 2. That!he!–! a. Assumes! a! power! pertaining! to! the! executive! authorities! b. Obstructs! the! executive! authorities! in! the! lawful! exercise!of!their!powers! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:% • Legislative!officers!are!not!liable!for!usurpation!of!powers.! • A! councilor! who! usurps! the! power! of! a! mayor! is! liable! under! Article%177.! % Article%241%–%Usurpation%of%judicial%functions%



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! The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% and% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% officer%of%the%executive%branch%of%the%Government%who%shall%assume% judicial% powers% or% shall% obstruct% the% execution% of% any% order% or% decision%rendered%by%any%judge%within%its%jurisdiction.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(EUAO)% 1. That! the! offender! is! an! officer! of! the! executive! branch! of! the! Government! 2. That!he!–! a. Assumes!judicial!powers! b. Obstructs! the! execution! of! any! order! or! decision! rendered!by!any!judge!within!his!jurisdiction! ! II.%Offender% • Mayor!is!guilty!under!this!article!if!he!investigates!a!case!while! justice!of!peace!is!in!the!municipality!(People!v.!Valdehues)! ! III.%Articles%239%to%241%punish%interference%by%officers%of%one%of%the%3% departments% of% government% with% functions% of% officers% of% another% department% • The! purpose! is! to! maintain! the! separation! and! independence! of! the! 3! departments! and! to! keep! the! 3! branches! within! the! legitimate! confines! of! their! respective! jurisdictions! and! the! officers!thereof!within!the!scope!of!their!lawful!authority.! % Article%242%–%Disobeying%request%for%disqualification% Any%public%officer%who,%before%the%question%of%jurisdiction%is%decided,% shall%continue%any%proceeding%after%having%been%lawfully%required%to% refrain%from%so%doing,%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine% not%exceeding%500%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PPJLC)%

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1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!a!proceeding!is!pending!before!such!public!officer! 3. That! there! is! a! question! brought! before! the! proper! authority! regarding!his!jurisdiction,!which!is!not!yet!decided.! 4. That!he!has!been!lawfully!required!to!refrain!from!continuing! the!proceeding! 5. That!he!continues!the!proceeding.! Note:% The! disobeying! officer! is! liable! even! if! the! jurisdictional! question!was!resolved!in!his!favor.! % Article%243%–%Orders%or%requests%by%executive%officers%to%any%judicial% authority% Any% executive% officer% who% shall% address% any% order% or% suggestion% to% any% judicial% authority% with% respect% to% any% case% or% business% coming% within%the%exclusive%jurisdiction%of%the%courts%of%justice%shall%suffer%the% penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(ESC)% 1. That!the!offender!is!an!executive!officer! 2. That! he! addresses! any! order! or! suggestion! to! any! judicial! authority! 3. That! the! order! or! suggestion! relates! to! any! case! or! business! coming!within!the!exclusive!jurisdiction!of!the!courts!of!justice! ! II.%Purpose%of%the%Provision% • To!preserve!the!independence!of!the!judiciary.!Courts!cannot,! under!their!duty!to!their!creator,!the!sovereign!power,!permit! themselves! to! be! subordinated! to! any! person! or! official! to! which!their!creator!did!not!itself!subordinate!them.! ! III.%Legislative%or%judicial%officers%are%not%liable%under%Article%243% • Also,!a!judge/justice!may!write!to!the!executive!to!suggest!for! the!granting!of!executive!clemency!(Article%5)! %



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! Article%244%–%Unlawful%appointments% Any% public% officer% who% shall% knowingly% nominate% or% appoint% to% any% public%office%any%person%lacking%the%legal%qualifications%therefor,%shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 1,000% pesos.%% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(PNLK)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That!he!nominates!or!appoints!a!person!to!a!public!officer! 3. That!such!person!lacks!the!legal!qualifications!therefor! 4. That!the!offender!knows!that!his!nominee!or!appointee!lacks! the! qualifications! at! the! time! he! made! the! nomination! or! appointment.! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Nominates%or%appoints% • Nominate!is!different!from!recommend.! • Recommending! knowing! that! the! recommendee! has! no! qualification!is!not!a!crime.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Person%lacks%legal%qualifications% • There! must! be! a! law! providing! for! the! qualifications! of! a! person!to!be!nominated!or!appointed!to!a!public!office.! • Appointments! of! nonKeligibles! continue! only! for! such! period! not! exceeding! 3! months! as! may! be! necessary! to! make! appointment! through! certification! of! eligible! and! in! no! case! shall! extend! beyond! 30! days! from! receipt! by! the! chief! of! the! bureau! or! office! of! the! Commissioner’s! certification! of! eligibles.!(Section%682,%Revised%Administrative%Code)! % Section%4%—%Abuses%against%chastity% % Article%245%–%Abuses%against%chastity;%Penalties.% The% penalties% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods%and%temporary%special%disqualification%shall%be%imposed:%

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1. Upon%any%public%officer%who%shall%solicit%or%make%immoral%or% indecent%advances%to%a%woman%interested%in%matters%pending% before%such%officer%for%decision,%or%with%respect%to%which%he%is% required% to% submit% a% report% to% or% consult% with% a% superior% officer;% 2. Any%warden%or%other%public%officer%directly%charged%with%the% care% and% custody% of% prisoners% or% persons% under% arrest% who% shall% solicit% or% make% immoral% or% indecent% advances% to% a% woman%under%his%custody.% % If%the%person%solicited%be%the%wife,%daughter,%sister%of%relative%within% the% same% degree% by% affinity% of% any% person% in% the% custody% of% such% warden% or% officer,% the% penalties% shall% be% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods% and% temporary% special% disqualification.% % POINTS% I.%Ways%of%committing%abuses%against%chastity% 1. By! soliciting! or! making! immoral! or! indecent! advances! to! a! woman! interested! in! matters! pending! before! the! offending! officer!for!decision!or!with!respect!to!which!he!is!required!to! submit!a!report!to!or!consult!with!a!superior!officer.! 2. By! soliciting! or! making! immoral! or! indecent! advances! to! a! woman!under!the!offender’s!custody! 3. By! soliciting! or! making! immoral! or! indecent! advances! to! the! wife,! daughter,! sister! or! relative! within! the! same! degree! by! affinity!of!any!person!in!the!custody!of!the!offending!warden! or!officer.! ! II.%Elements%(PIUICA)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!public!officer! 2. That! he! solicits! or! makes! immoral! or! indecent! advances! to! a! woman! 3. That!such!woman!must!be!–! a. Interested! in! matters! pending! before! the! offending!



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! officer! for! decision! or! with! respect! to! which! he! is! required! to! submit! a! report! to! or! consult! with! a! superior!officer! b. Under!the!custody!of!the!offender!who!is!a!warden!or! other!public!officer!directly!charged!with!the!care!and! custody!of!prisoners!or!persons!under!arrest! c. The! wife,! daughter,! sister! or! relative! within! the! same! degree!by!affinity!of!any!person!in!the!custody!of!the! offender! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Solicits%or%makes%immoral%advances% • Solicits! !! to! propose! earnestly! and! persistently! something! unchaste!and!immoral!to!a!woman.! • The!crime!of!abuses!against!chastity!is!consummated!by!mere! proposal.! o It!is!not!necessary!that!the!woman!should!have!yielded! to!the!solicitation!of!the!offender! • Proof! of! solicitation! is! not! necessary! when! there! is! sexual! intercourse.!



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TITLE%VIII:%CRIMES%AGAINST%PERSONS! !

• •

Chapter%1:%Destruction%of%Life! % Section%1%–%Parricide,%Murder,%Homicide! % Article%246%–%Parricide.! Any% person% who% shall% kill% his% father,% mother,% or% child,% whether% legitimate% or% illegitimate,% or% any% of% his% ascendants,% or% descendants,% or% his% spouse,% shall% be% guilty% of% parricide% and% shall% be% punished% by% the% penalty% of% reclusion* perpetua* to% death% (As* amdended* by*RA*No.*7659)! ! POINTS% I.%Elements%of%Parrcide:% (KAD:%fmcQQQads)! 1. That!a!person!is!killed;! 2. That!the!deceased! is!killed!by!the!accused;! 3. That!the!deceased! is:! a. father,!mother,! or! b. child,!whether! l e g i t i m a t e ! o r ! i l l e g i t i m a t e ! c. legitimate! other!ascendant! or!other!descendant,! or! d. legitimate! spouse!of!the!accused! ! II.%Relationship:%Key%element%in%Parricide% • The! best! proof! of! relationship! is! the! marriage! certificate! where!the!accused’s!victim!is!his/her!spouse.! • When! relationship! is! NOT! alleged! in! the! Information,! the! accused,! who! was! admittedly! the! wife! of! the! victim,! was! convicted!of!Murder!–!not!Parricide.!(People!v.!Bohol).! % Question%and%Answer! Q:!Which!takes!precedence,!infanticide!or!parricide?!Infanticide! • Parents,! children! –! not! included! in! “other! ascendants”! or! “descendants”!

• •

•

Father,!mother,!child!–!maybe!legitimate!or!illegitimate.! However,!the!following!must!be!legitimate:! o Spouse! o Other!ascendants!or!descendants! The!child!should!not!be!less!than!3!days!old.!Otherwise,!the! offense!is!infanticide.! Relationship!must!be!alleged!and!proved.! o A!stranger!who!cooperates!in!committing!parricide!is! liable!for!murder!or!homicide.! o Even!if!the!offender!did!not!know!that!the!person!he! had! killed! is! his! son,! he! is! still! liable! for! parricide! because!the!law!does!not! require!knowledge!of!the! relationship.! Other!notes:! o Killing! of! adoptive! parent! or! adopted! child! is! not! parricide.! ! It!is!not!within!the!clear!contemplation!of!the! law! about! adoptive! child! or! parent! as! being! penalized!with!parricide.! ! The! law! must! be! construed! in! favor! of! the! accused!and!strictly!against!the!state.! o Killing!of!a!brother/sister!is!not!parricide.!

! Article% 247% –% Death% or% physical% injuries% inflicted% under% exceptional% circumstances.! Any% legally% married% person% who% having% surprised% his% spouse% in% the% act% of% committing% sexual% intercourse% with% another% person,% shall% kill% any% of% them% or% both%of%them%in%the%act%or%immediately% thereafter,%or%shall%inflict%upon%them%any%serious% physical% injury,% shall%suffer%the%penalty% of%destierro.! ! If% he% shall% inflict% upon% them% physical% injuries% of% any% other% kind,% he%shall%be%exempt%from%punishment.! ! These% rules% shall% be% applicable,% under% the% same% circumstances,%



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! to% parents% with% respect% to% their% daughters% under% eighteen% years% of% age,% and% their% seducer,% while%the% daughters% are% living% with%their%parents.! ! Any%person%who%shall%promote%or%facilitate%the%prostitution%of%his% wife% or% daughter,% or% shall% otherwise% have% consented% to% the% infidelity% of% the% other% spouse% shall% not% be% entitled% to% the% benefits% of%this%article.! ! POINTS% I.%Requisites%for%the%application%of%Article%247:%(SKP)% 1. A! legally! married! person! or! parent! surprises! his! spouse! or! daughter!(the!latter!must!be!under!18!and!living!with!them)! in! the! act! of! committing! sexual! intercourse! with! another! person;! 2. He/she!kills!any!or!both!of!them!or!inflicts!upon!any!or!both! of!them!any!serious!physical!injury!in!the!act!or!immediately! thereafter;!and! 3. He! has! not! promoted! or! facilitated! the! prostitution! of! his! wife!or!daughter,!or!that!he!has!not!consented!to!infidelity!of! the!other!spouse.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%A%legally%married%person%or%parent%surprises%his% spouse% or% daughter% (the% latter% must% be% under% 18% and% living% with% them)% in% the% act% of% committing% sexual% intercourse% with% another% person.! • The!accused!must!be!a!legally!married!person! o Hence,!a!man!who!surprised!his!common\law!wife!in! the! act! of! sexual! intercourse! with! another! man! and! killed!her!or!both!of!them!in!the!act!is!not!entitled!to! the!benefits!of!Article%247.! • Legitimacy!of!parents!"!not!necessary!for!the!application!of! this!article! o Article! applies! only! when! the! daughter! is! single! (“under!18!and!living!with!them”).!

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Surprise!"!to!come!upon!suddenly!or!unexpectedly! o Indispensable!requisite:!surprising!in!the!act!of!sexual! intercourse! which! causes! passion! to! the! offended! spouse/parent.! o General%Rule:!Article%247!is!not!applicable!when!the! accused! did! not! see! his! spouse! in! the! act! of! sexual! intercourse!with!another!person.! o Exception:!If!the!circumstances!show!reasonably!that! the! carnal! act! is! being! committed! or! has! just! been! committed.! Sexual!intercourse!does!not!include!preparatory!acts.! o It! is! enough! that! he! surprises! them! under! such! circumstances!as!to!show!reasonably!that!the!carnal! act!is!being!committed!or!has!just!been!committed.! Article%247!applies!only!when!a!spouse!surprises!the!other!in! flagrant! adultery.! (If! a! husband! caught! a! man! having! sexual! intercourse!with!the!former’s!wife!against!her!will,!an!attack! upon!that!man!by!the!husband!may!be!a!defense!of!relative! under!Article%11,%par.2%and!not!under%Article%247)!

% III.% SECOND% REQUISITE:% He/she% kills% any% or% both% of% them% or% inflicts% upon% any% or% both% of% them% any% serious% physical% injury% in% the% act% or% immediately%thereafter;%and% • The!killing!or!inflicting!of!serious!physical!injuries!must!be:! o TIME:! “in! the! act! of! sexual! intercourse”! or! “immediately!thereafter”! o KIND:! Serious! "! No! criminal! liability! when! less! serious!or!slight!physical!injuries!are!inflicted.! • Immediately*thereafter!"!that!the!discovery,!escape,!pursuit! and!the!killing!must!all!form!parts!of!one!continuous!act.! o The!killing!must!be!the!direct!by\product!of!the!rage! of!the!accused.! o The!killing!must!be!by!reason!of!having!surprised!her! in!the!act!of!sexual!intercourse.! • In! case! third! persons! caught! in! the! crossfire! suffer! physical!



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! injuries,! the! accused! is! not! liable! for! physical! injuries.! The! principle! that! one! is! liable! for! the! consequences! of! his! felonious! act! is! not! applicable! because! his! act! under! Article% 247!does!not!amount!to!a!felony.! % IV.% THIRD% REQUISITE:% He% has% not% promoted% or% facilitated% the% prostitution%of%his%wife%or%daughter,%or%that%he%has%not%consented%to% infidelity%of%the%other%spouse.! • A!husband!who,!after!he!had!learned!from!his!wife!that!she! was!in!love!with!another!man,!signed!a!document!wherein!he! ordered! his! wife! to! look! for! and! live! with! another! man,! cannot!claim!benefits!under!Article%247%(People!v.!Dumon,!72! Phil.!41).% % V.%Justification%for%Article%247% • The!law!when!the!circumstances!provided!by!this!article!are! present!considers!the!spouse!or!parent!as!acting!in!a!justified! burst!of!passion!(People!v.!Gonzalez,!69!Phil.!66).! • The! article,! in! effect,! confers! upon! the! offended! spouse! or! parent,!the!power!to!inflict!the!supreme!penalty!of!death.! % VI.%This%article%does%not%define%or%penalize%a%felony.% • Penalty!in!Article%247:!Destierro! • Destierro! is! not! really! intended! as! a! penalty! but! to! remove! the! killer! spouse! from! the! vicinity! and! to! protect! him/her! from!acts!of!reprisal!by!the!relatives!of!the!deceased!spouse.! ! VII.% In% what% cases% is% a% person% who% committed% parricide% not% to% be% punished%with%reclusion*perpetua*to%death?% 1. When! parricide! is! committed! through! negligence! (Article% 365)! 2. When!parricide!is!committed!by!mistake!(Article%249)! 3. When! parricide! is! committed! under! exceptional! circumstances!(Article%247)! !

VIII.%Other%notes:% • Q:!Is!there!parricide!in!Article%247?!Yes.! o Article% 247! is! recognition! of! what! is! termed! as! “temporary! insanity”.! Passion! and! obfuscation! are! usually! mitigating! but! for! Article% 247,! they! are! necessitating.! o P&O! must! also! be! immediate! "! accused! did! not! expect!to!see!it! • “Destierro! is! not! intended! as! a! penalty! but! it! is! a! penalty! nonetheless.! It! is! not! logical! that! it! is! not! intended! as! a! penalty.”!–!Atty.!de!Castro! • Parent/spouse!are!not!justified!in!seriously!injuring!or!killing! daughter/spouse.!(Reason!why!destierro!is!provided.)! ! • Q:! Is! there! a! crime! in! Article% 247?! Yes,! as! indicated! by! the! phrase!“exempt”!in!the!2nd!paragraph.! ! • Q:!Who!is!supposed!to!be!surprised?!Accused/Discoverer! ! • Q:! Is! sexual! intercourse! between! the! victims! necessary?! The! point! of! Justice! Laurel! in! his! dissenting! opinion! where! he! believes! that! sexual! intercourse! should! include! preparatory! acts![Reyes,!RPC!(2008),!p.!490]!is!that!Article%247!is!intended! to! favor! the! accused.! “When! there! is! doubt,! rule! in! favor! of! the!accused.”!This!point!is!supported!further!by!the!doctrine! of!mistake!of!fact!(accused!believed!something!to!be!true).! o Sexual! intercourse! is! not! necessary.”! –! Atty.! De! Castro! ! • Q:!Is!a!wife!who!prostitutes!her!husband!also!not!covered!by! the!protection!of!Article%247?! o No.!The!2nd!paragraph!clearly!states!wife*or*daughter.! ! Article%248%Q%Murder% Any%person%who,%not%falling%within%the%provisions%of%Article%246%shall%



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! kill% another,% shall% be% guilty% of% murder% and% shall% be% punished% by% reclusion%perpetua%to%death,%if%committed%with%any%of%the%following% attendant%circumstances:% 1. With%treachery,%taking%advantage%of%superior%strength,%with% the% aid% of% armed% men,% or% employing% means% to% weaken% the% defense%or%of%means%or%persons%to%insure%or%afford%impunity.% 2. In%consideration%of%a%price,%reward,%or%promise.% 3. By% means% of% inundation,% fire,% poison,% explosion,% shipwreck,% stranding%of%a%vessel,%derailment%or%assault%upon%a%street%car% or%locomotive,%fall%of%an%airship,%by%means%of%motor%vehicles,% or% with% the% use% of% any% other% means% involving% great% waste% and%ruin.% 4. On% occasion% of% any% of% the% calamities% enumerated% in% the% preceding% paragraph,% or% of% an% earthquake,% eruption% of% a% volcano,% destructive% cyclone,% epidemic% or% other% public% calamity.% 5. With%evident%premeditation.% 6. With%cruelty,%by%deliberately%and%inhumanly%augmenting%the% suffering%of%the%victim,%or%outraging%or%scoffing%at%his%person% or%corpse.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%of%Murder:%(KAQQPI)% 1. That!a!person!was!killed;! 2. That!the!accused!killed!him;! 3. That! the! killing! was! attended! by! any! of! the! following! qualifying!circumstances:! a. with! treachery,! taking! advantage! of! superior! strength,! with! the! aid! of! armed! men,! or! employing! means!to!weaken!the!defense!or!of!means!or!persons! to!insure!or!afford!impunity,! b. in!consideration!of!price,!reward!or!promise,! c. by! means! of! inundation,! fire,! poison,! explosion,! shipwreck,! stranding! of! vessel,! derailment! or! assault! upon!a!railroad,!fall!of!an!airship,!by!means!of!motor!

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vehicles!or!with!the!use!of!any!other!means!involving! great!waste!or!ruin,! d. on! occasion! of! any! of! the! calamities! enumerated! in! the! preceding! paragraph,! or! of! an! earthquake,! eruption! of! a! volcano,! destructive! cyclone,! epidemic! or!any!other!public!calamity,!! e. with!evident!premeditation,!or! f. with! cruelty,! by! deliberately! and! inhumanly! augmenting! the! suffering! of! the! victim! or! outraging! or!scoffing!at!his!person!or!corpse;!and! 4. The!killing!is!not!parricide!or!infanticide.! ! II.%“Shall%kill%another”%(FIRST%and%SECOND%REQUISITE)% • In! murder,! the! victim! must! be! killed! to! consummate! the! crime.!! • Presence% of% intent% to% kill% distinguishes% Frustrated% or% Attempted% Murder% OR% Frustrated% or% Attempted% Homicide,% FROM%Consummated%Physical%Injuries! o No!intention!to!kill!"!Consummated!Physical!Injuries! o With! intention! to! kill! "! Frustrated/Attempted! Homicide!or!murder,!as!the!case!may!be.! • Intent!to!kill!may!be!evidenced!by:!(Esqueda!v.!People)! o Motive! o Nature! or! number! of! weapons! used! in! the! commission!of!the!crime.! o Nature!and!number!of!wounds!inflicted!on!the!victim! o Manner!the!crime!was!committed.! o The! words! uttered! by! the! offender! at! the! time! the! injuries!are!inflicted!by!him!on!the!victim.! % III.% Certain% Qualifying% circumstances% attended% the% killing% (THIRD% REQUISITE)%" !SEE!TABLE% ! IV.%Other%Notes% • The!testimony!of!a!single!witness,!if!positive!and!credible,!is!



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sufficient! to! support! a! conviction! even! in! the! charge! of! murder!(People!v.!Manchu).! Treachery! as! a! qualifying! circumstance! in! the! crime! of! Murder.! o In!People!v.!Delpino,!G.R.!No.!171453,!June!18,!2009,! where!an!information!alleged!that!accused\appellant! killed!the!victim!with!the!use!of!a!short!firearm,!and! with!treachery!and!evident!premeditation,!treachery! was!considered!as!qualifying.! Failure!to!present!and!identify!the!murder!weapon!would!not! exculpate!the!accused\appellant!from!criminal!liability,!as!the! same!is!not!indispensable!to!prove!the!guilt!of!the!accused.!

% IV.% “Not% falling% within% the% provision% of% Article% 246”% (FOURTH% REQUISITE)% • Article% 246! "! Parricide! (killing! of! parents,! child,! spouse,! ascendants!&!descendants)! • Article% 255% " ! Infanticide! (killing! of! a! person! below! three! days!old)! % V.% Rules% for% the% application% of% the% qualifying/aggravating% circumstances:% 1. That! murder! will! exist! with! only! one! of! the! circumstances! described!in!Article%248.!! 2. When!more!than!one!of!said!circumstances!are!present,!the! others!must!be!considered!as!generic!aggravating.! 3. That!when!the!other!circumstances!are!absorbed!or!included! in!one!qualifying!circumstance,!they!cannot!be!considered!as! generic!aggravating.! 4. Any! of! the! qualifying! circumstances! must! be! alleged! in! the! information.! Otherwise,! they! will! only! be! considered! as! generic!aggravating!circumstances.! % VI.%Other%Notes:% • Q:! What! is! the! difference! between! paragraph% 3! and!

paragraph%4%of!Article%248?! o For!par.%3,!design!to!kill!must!be!present.!For!par.%4,! such!circumstances!are!merely!taken!advantage!of.! o “By!means!of”!in!par.%3!implies!that!such!aggravating! circumstances! must! serve! as! the! means! to! the! commission! of! the! crime.! For! par.% 4,% “On! occasion”! means!during!such!calamities,!earthquake,!x!x!x.! ! •

Q:!In!cruelty,!must!the!victim!be!alive?!! o Yes,!being!alive!is!essential!to!constitute!cruelty.!

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Q:!Is!ignominy!covered!by!cruelty?!! o No.! “Outraging”! and! “scoffing”! may! fall! within! the! purview!of!ignominy.!

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Q:!Is!using!“disguise”!a!qualifying!circumstance?!! o Yes.! It! falls! under! “means! to! insure! or! afford! impunity”!under!par.%1.! o For! par.% 1,! treachery! has! the! power! to! absorb! many! aggravating!circumstances,!provided:! ! Such! circumstance! relates! to! the! means,! methods,!manner!used!in!the!commission!of! the!crime.! ! It!destroyed!the!risk!to!the!offender.!

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Q:! If! not! alleged,! does! it! become! an! ordinary! aggravating! circumstance?! o Rules! of! Criminal! Procedure! 2000,! all! (aggravating,! qualifying,! mitigating! etc.)! should! be! alleged! in! the! information.!If!not!alleged,!it!will!not!be!considered.!

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! Example%of%Atty.%De%Castro%in%class:% • Q:!A!uses!a!motorized!pedicab!with!iron!spikes.!He!used!this! to! impale! B! from! behind! as! he! was! walking.! What! are! the! aggravating!circumstances!present?!



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! A:!Treachery!and!Use!of!Motor!Vehicle;!To!qualify!to! murder,!treachery!will!be!used.!However,!there!is!no! more!generic!aggravating!circumstance!which!can!be! used.! The! use! of! motor! vehicle! will! be! absorbed! in! treachery! because! it! relates! to! the! means,! methods,! manner!used!in!the!commission!of!the!crime.!(Again,! treachery!has!the!power!to!absorb!many!aggravating! circumstances,! provided! the! two! above! mentioned! requisites!are!present).% % Article%249%–%Homicide%% Any% person% who,% not% falling% within% the% provisions% of% Article% 246,% shall% kill% another% without% the% attendance% of% any% of% the% circumstances% enumerated% in% the% next% preceding% article,% shall% be% deemed%guilty%of%homicide%and%be%punished%by%reclusion%temporal.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(K–JIN)% 1. That!a!person!was!killed;! 2. That! the! accused! killed! him! without! any! justifying! circumstances;! 3. That!the!accused!had!the!intention!to!kill,!which!is!presumed;! 4. That! the! killing! was! not! attended! by! any! of! the! qualifying! circumstances! of! murder,! or! by! that! of! parricide! or! infanticide.! ! II.% “Shall% kill% another”% without% any% justifying% circumstances% (FIRST% and%SECOND%REQUISITE)% • Victim!must!be!killed!to!consummate!the!crime.! • If!the!accused!killed!in!self\defense,!defense!of!relative,!etc.,! he!is!not!liable!for!homicide!or!any!other!crime.! • Penalty! when! victim! of! homicide! is! under! 12! years! old! "! reclusion!perpetua.! % III.%Intent%to%Kill%(THIRD%REQUISITE)% o

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Intent!to!kill!presumed!when!death!resulted.% o Intent! to! kill! immediately! before! or! simultaneously! with! the! infliction! of! injuries! is! an! essential! element! of!homicide,!whether!in!its!consummated,!frustrated! or!attempted!stage.! ! Absence!of!intent!to!kill!would!make!offender! liable!for!physical!injuries!(Article%263Q266).! o Intent! to! kill! is! a! specific! intent,! which! the! prosecution! must! prove! by! direct! or! circumstantial! evidence!"!beyond!reasonable!doubt.! o How!determined,!inter*alia:!(Mahawan!v.!People)! i. means!used!by!the!malefactors;! ii. the! nature,! location! and! number! of! wounds! sustained!by!the!victim;! iii. the!conduct!of!the!malefactors!before,!at!the! time!of,!or!immediately!after!the!killing!of!the! victim;! iv. the!circumstances!under!which!the!crime!was! committed;! v. the!motive!of!the!accused.!! Presumption,! though! established,! may! be! overturned! by! contrary!evidence.!! Accidental*Homicide%" !the!death!of!a!person!brought!about! by! a! lawful! act! performed! with! proper! care! and! skill,! and! without!homicidal!intent.!

! IV.% “Without% the% attendance% of% any% of% the% circumstances% enumerated% in% the% next% preceding% article”% or% of% the% qualifying% circumstances%of%parricide%or%infanticide%(FOURTH%REQUISITE)% • Absent! any! clear! proof! of! any! circumstance! that! would! qualify! as! murder! the! killing! of! the! deceased,! the! guilty! person!should!be!sentenced!only!for!homicide.% ! V.%Elements% of%the%crime%of%Frustrated% Homicide% 1. The! accused! intended! to! kill! his! victim,! as! manifested! by! his!



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! use!of!a!deadly!weapon!in!his!assault;! 2. The!victim!sustained!fatal!or!mortal!wound/s!but!did!not!die! because!of!timely!medical!assistance;!and! 3. None!of!the!qualifying!circumstance!for!murder!under!Article% 248%RPC!is!present.!(Mahawan!v.!People)! ! VI.%Other%Notes% • Remember:! In! special! complex! crimes! like! robbery! with! homicide,! killing! a! person! (homicide)! is! always! used! in! the! generic!sense.!That’s!why!there!is!no!robbery!with!“murder”.! But! in! crimes! against! persons,! homicide! takes! in! a! special! meaning.! • The% present% rule% regarding% qualifying% circumstances:! You! have!to!allege!and!then!prove!it!for!it!to!be!considered!in!the! imposition! of! penalty.! If! the! circumstances! were! not! alleged! but! nevertheless! proven,! they! will! not! be! considered! in! the! imposition!of!penalty.!However,!it!can!be!used!for!fixing!civil! indemnity!only.! • Homicide! is! the! unlawful! killing! of! any! person,! which! is! neither!infanticide,!parricide,!nor!murder.! • Intent! to! kill! is! conclusively! presumed! when! death! resulted.! Hence,!evidence!of!intent!to!kill!is!required!only!in!attempted! or! frustrated! homicide! (but! it! is! still! an! essential! element! of! consummated!homicide!–!Atty.!de!Castro)! • There!is!no!crime!of!frustrated!homicide!through!negligence! or! imprudence.! Intent! to! kill! (which! is! required! in! frustrated! homicide)!is!incompatible!with!negligence!or!imprudence.! • When!two!different!persons!inflicted!wounds!that!caused!the! death,!even!if!they!were!not!in!conspiracy,!each!one!of!them! is!guilty!of!a!separate!crime!of!homicide.! • Corpus* delicti! "! actual! commission! of! the! crime! charged;! it! means! that! a! crime! was! actually! perpetuated.! It! does! not! refer!to!the!body!of!the!murdered!person.! o In!all!crimes!against!persons!in!which!the!death!of!the! victim! is! an! element,! there! must! be! satisfactory!

evidence!of:! ! The!fact!of!death!and! ! The!identity!of!the!victim! % Article%250%Q%Penalty%for%frustrated%parricide,%murder%or%homicide.% The% courts,% in% view% of% the% facts% of% the% case,% may% impose% upon% the% person% guilty% of% the% frustrated% crime% of% parricide,% murder% or% homicide,%defined%and%penalized%in%the%preceding%articles,%a%penalty% lower%by%one%degree%than%that%which%should%be%imposed%under%the% provision%of%Article%50.% % The%courts,%considering%the%facts%of%the%case,%may%likewise%reduce%by% one% degree% the% penalty% which% under% Article% 51% should% be% imposed% for%an%attempt%to%commit%any%of%such%crimes.% ! POINTS% I.%General%Rule:%Article%50%–%57%% Articles%50%–%57%% Participation% Consummated% Frustrated% Attempted% Principal% Penalty! 1!less! 2!less! imposed!by!law! Accomplice% 1!less! 2!less! 3!less! Accessory% 2!less! 3!less! 4!less! ! II.%Additional%Rule:%Provides!a!discretionary!authority!to!the!courts!to! lower! the! penalty! provided! by! Articles% 50% and% 51! by! on! or! two! degrees.! ! III.%Presidential%Decree%No.%1110QA% • Any!person!who!shall!attempt!on!or!conspire!against!the!life! of!the!Chief!Executive!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines,!that! of! any! member! of! his! family,! or! against! the! life! of! any! member!of!his!cabinet!or!that!of!any!member!of!the!latter’s! family!shall!suffer!the!penalty!of!death.! %



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! Article%251%Q%Death%caused%in%a%tumultuous%affray.% When,% while% several% persons,% not% composing% groups% organized% for% the% common% purpose% of% assaulting% and% attacking% each% other% reciprocally,% quarrel% and% assault% each% other% in% a% confused% and% tumultuous% manner,% and% in% the% course% of% the% affray% someone% is% killed,% and% it% cannot% be% ascertained% who% actually% killed% the% deceased,% but% the% person% or% persons% who% inflicted% serious% physical% injuries%can%be%identified,%such%person%or%persons%shall%be%punished% by%prision%mayor.% % If%it%cannot%be%determined%who%inflicted%the%serious%physical%injuries% on% the% deceased,% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% shall% be% imposed% upon% all% those% who% shall% have%used%violence%upon%the%person%of%the%victim.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(SOQ–KCP)% 1. That!there!be!several!persons;! 2. That!they!did!not!compose!groups!organized!for!the!common! purpose!of!assaulting!and!attacking!each!other!reciprocally;! 3. That! these! several! persons! quarreled! and! assaulted! one! another!in!a!confused!and!tumultuous!manner;! 4. That!someone!was!killed!in!the!course!of!the!affray;! 5. That! it! cannot! be! ascertained! who! actually! killed! the! deceased;! 6. That! the! person! or! persons! who! inflicted! serious! physical! injuries!or!who!used!violence!can!be!identified.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Several%Persons! • Tumultuous! "! more! than! three! persons! who! are! armed! or! provided!with!means!of!violence.!! • For!it!to!be!tumultuous!to!exist:! o At!least!4!persons!must!take!part!in!it.! o Must!be!in!a!chaotic,!confused!manner;!and! o The!persons!are!provided!with!arms.!

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% III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Not%groups%organized%for%common%purpose! of%assaulting%or%attacking%each%other%reciprocally% • When!there!are!two!identified!groups!of!men!who!assaulted! each!other,!there!is!no!tumultuous!affray.! o Unity! of! purpose! and! intention! among! the! persons! who!used!violence!is!an!important!consideration.! ! IV.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Someone%was%killed%% • The!person!killed!need!not!be!a!participant!in!the!affray.! ! V.%FIFTH%&%SIXTH%REQUISITE:%Identity%of%killer% • Those! who! used! violence! are! liable! only! if! it! cannot! be! determined!who!inflicted!the!serious!physical!injuries!on!the! deceased.! • Guide!to!the!provision:! 1. If!not!known!who!inflicted!death,!look!for!those!persons!who! inflicted!serious!physical!injuries.! 2. If!it!is!not!known!who!inflicted!serious!physical!injuries,!look! for!those!who!used!violence.! ! Remember:!Each!element!must!be!strictly!complied!with.!Otherwise,! it!is!homicide!or!murder.! ! VI.%Other%notes! • Q:! As! per! element! no.! 2,! what! if! the! composed! groups! are! organized!for!a!common!purpose?!! o No,!it!is!not!under!Article%251.! ! • Q:! When! is! it! tumultuous?! Does! having! 4! people! and! engaging!in!a!riot,!in!itself,!constitute!tumultuous!affray?!! o No,!there!must!be!arms!or!means!of!violence.! ! • Q:!Frat!wars?!! o Not! considered! as! tumultuous! affray.! Where! groups!



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! are! identified! and! subsequently! attacked! one! another,!it!cannot!be!considered!tumultuous!affray.!!

party.! If! the! one! who! caused! the! physical! injuries! is! known,! he!will!be!liable!for!the!physical!injuries!actually!committed.!

! Article%252%–%Physical%injuries%inflicted%in%a%tumultuous%affray.% When%in%a%tumultuous%affray%as%referred%to%in%the%preceding%article,% only% serious% physical% injuries% are% inflicted% upon% the% participants% thereof%and%the%person%responsible%therefor%cannot%be%identified,%all% those% who% appear% to% have% used% violence% upon% the% person% of% the% offended% party% shall% suffer% the% penalty% next% lower% in% degree% than% that%provided%for%the%physical%injuries%so%inflicted.% % When%the%physical%injuries%inflicted%are%of%a%less%serious%nature%and% the%person%responsible%therefor%cannot%be%identified,%all%those%who% appear%to%have%used%any%violence%upon%the%person%of%the%offended% party%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%mayor%from%five%to%fifteen%days.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(T–CUP)% 1. That! there! is! a! tumultuous! affray! as! referred! to! in! the! preceding!article;! 2. That! a! participant! or! some! participants! thereof! suffers! serious! physical! injuries! or! physical! injuries! of! a! less! serious! nature!only;! 3. That!the!person!responsible!therefor!cannot!be!identified;! 4. That! all! those! who! appear! to! have! used! violence! upon! the! person!of!the!offended!party!are!known.! Applicability% Rule:% Article% 252! is! applicable! when! ONLY! serious! physical!injuries!or!such!of!a!less!serious!nature!are!inflicted.! % II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Participant%% • Unlike! the! victim! in! Article% 251,! the! injured! party! in! this! article!contemplates!a!participant!in!the!actual!affray.! ! III.%Persons%liable:%! • Only!those!who!used!violence!on!the!person!of!the!offended!

! IV.%Other%notes:% • Q:!Is!slight!physical!injuries!included?!! o No,! the! penalty! provided! in! Article% 252! is! arresto! mayor.! Slight! physical! injuries! are! light! felonies! punishable!with!arresto!menor.! ! • Q:! What! if! slight! physical! injuries! were! caused! and! it! is! not! known!who!inflicted!it,!is!there!no!opportunity!for!redress?!! o There! is.! Determine! first! who! used! violence.! How! is! he! punished?! He! is! punished! with! a! penalty! one! degree!lower!than!that!for!slight!physical!injuries.! ! Article%253%Q%Giving%assistance%to%suicide.% Any% person% who% shall% assist% another% to% commit% suicide% shall% suffer% the%penalty%of%prision%mayor;%if%such%person%lends%his%assistance%to% another%to%the%extent%of%doing%the%killing%himself,%he%shall%suffer%the% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal.% However,% if% the% suicide% is% not% consummated,% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods,%shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%ACTS%PUNISHABLE:%(AK)% 1. Assisting! another! to! commit! suicide,! whether! the! suicide! is! consummated!or!not.! 2. Lending! his! assistance! to! another! to! commit! suicide! to! the! extent!of!doing!the!killing!himself.! % II.%Liability%in%suicides% • A! person! who! attempts! to! commit! suicide! is! not! criminally! liable.! • Article% 253! does! not! distinguish! and! does! not! make! any! reference! to! the! relation! of! the! offender! with! the! person!



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committing!the!suicide.! A!pregnant!woman!who!tried!to!commit!suicide!by!means!of! poison! but! instead! of! dying,! the! fetus! in! her! womb! was! expelled,!is!not!liable!for!unintentional!abortion!because!such! is! punishable! only! when! it! is! caused! by! violence,! not! by! poison.! Assistance! to! suicide! is! different! from! mercy! killing.! Euthanasia* or* mercy* killing! is! the! practice! of! painlessly! putting!to!death!a!person!suffering!from!an!incurable!disease.! In! this! case,! the! person! does! not! want! to! die.! A! doctor! who! resorts!to!euthanasia!may!be!held!liable!for!murder.! Penalty!is!mitigated!if!suicide!is!not!successful.!

• ! III.%Other%Notes% • Q:!Is!suicide!a!crime?!No.! ! • Q:!A!jumps!out!of!a!building!and!lands!on!someone.!What!is! his!liability?!! o No!criminal!liability.!However,!he!may!be!held!civilly! liable!under!the!law!on!torts.! ! • Q:!Is!there!a!distinction!as!to!the!extent!of!assistance!given?! Yes.!The!second!act!punishable!provides!for!assistance!to!the! extent!of!doing!the!killing!himself.!! o The! penalty! for! homicide! and! giving! assistance! to! suicide!are!similar.! ! • Q:!Pregnant!woman!attempts!commits!suicide!by!cutting!her! wrist! because! of! her! pregnancy.! It! was! frustrated! but! the! fetus!was!discharged.!Is!she!liable!for!any!crime?! o No!because!no!felony!was!being!committed.! ! • Q:! Is! euthanasia! giving! assistance! to! suicide?! Is! Article% 253! applicable!to!euthanasia?!! o If!the!patient!is!conscious!and!he!gives!his!consent!to!

Euthanasia,! Article% 253! is! applicable.! If! not,! person! who! resorts! to! euthanasia! may! be! liable! for! murder! or! homicide.! (Compare! with! Estrada,! p.! 319,! where! euthanasia!is!covered!by!this!article).! % Article%254%–%Discharge%of%firearms% Any%person%who%shall%shoot%at%another%with%any%firearm%shall%suffer% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods,% unless% the% facts% of% the% case% are% such% that% the% act% can% be% held% to% constitute% frustrated% or% attempted% parricide,% murder,% homicide%or%any%other%crime%for%which%a%higher%penalty%is%prescribed% by%any%of%the%articles%of%this%Code.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(DN)% 1. That!the!offender!discharges!a!firearm!against!or!at!another! person;!and! 2. That!the!offender!has!no!intention!to!kill!that!person.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%“Shall%shoot%at%another”% • The! act! constituting! the! offense! is! shooting! at! another! with! any!firearm!without!intent!to!kill!him.! • A!person!can!be!held!liable!for!discharge!even!if!the!gun!was! not!pointed!at!the!offended!party!when!it!fired!as!long!as!it! was!initially!aimed!by!the!accused!at!the!offended!party.! • If!the!firearm!was!not!discharged!AT!THE!PERSON,!there!is!no! crime!under!Article%254.! o Ex:!shooting!at!the!house!without!knowing!what!part! of!the!house!contained!people.! • Discharge! of! firearms! can! be! a! complex! crime.! (Ex:! absent! intent!to!kill,!physical!injuries!were!also!caused)! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%No%intent%to%kill% • If! there! is! intent! to! kill! coupled! with! the! discharge! of! the! firearm,! it! can! be! attempted! or! frustrated! parricide,! murder!



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or!homicide.! Here,! the! purpose! of! the! offender! is! only! to! intimidate! or! frighten!the!offended!party.! o Ex:! shooting! with! 200! yards! between! the! offender! and!offended!party.!

! IV.%Other%Notes% • Q:! Can! discharge! of! firearm! be! coupled! with! serious/less! serious!injuries!thereby!have!a!Complex!crime?! o Yes.!If!slight,!separate!indictments!will!be!charged.! ! • Q:! is! distance! material! in! determining! between! murder/homicide!v.!discharge!of!firearm?! o Yes.!It!can!be!material!in!determining!intent.! ! • Q:! A! discharges! a! firearm! at! B! without! intent! to! kill! "! discharge.! ! • Q:!A!discharges!and!causes!serious!injuries!"!complex!crime! of!discharge!and!injuries.! ! • Q:!A!discharges!and!causes!slight!injuries!"!separate!counts! of!discharge!and!slight!physical!injuries.! o Article% 48! provides! a! penalty! for! grave! or! less! grave! felonies.! Slight! physical! injuries! is! counted! as! a! light! felony.! ! Remember:! “any! other! crimes! for! which! a! higher! penalty! is! prescribed”!–!exemption!from!liability!under!this!article!is!not!limited! to!frustrated!or!attempted!parricide,!murder,!or!homicide! ! Section%2%–%Infanticide%and%Abortion%! % Article%255%Q%Infanticide% The%penalty%provided%for%parricide%in%Article%246%and%for%murder%in%

Article% 248% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% kill% any% child%less%than%three%days%of%age.% % If%the%crime%penalized%in%this%article%be%committed%by%the%mother%of% the%child%for%the%purpose%of%concealing%her%dishonor,%she%shall%suffer% the%penalty%of%prision%mayor%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods,% and% if% said% crime% be% committed% for% the% same% purpose% by% the% maternal% grandparents% or% either% of% them,% the% penalty% shall% be% reclusion%temporal.%(As*amended*by*RA*No.*7659)% ! POINTS% I.% Infanticide! "! the! killing! of! any! child! less! than! 3! days! of! age! whether!the!killer!is!the!parent!or!grandparent,!any!other!relative!or! a!stranger.! ! II.%Elements%of%Infanticide%(CQ3QA)% 1. That!a!child!was!killed;! 2. That! the! deceased! child! was! less! than! three! days! (72! hours)! of!age;!and! 3. That!the!accused!killed!the!child.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Child%was%killed% • Infanticide! necessitates! that! the! child! be! born! alive! and! by! viable,!i.e.,!capable!of!independent!existence! o Exception:! Considering! that! a! fetus! with! an! intrauterine! life! of! 6! months! is! NOT! VIABLE,! the! premature! expulsion! thereof! due! to! violence! intentionally! exerted! by! the! offender! would! constitute!abortion!notwithstanding!the!fact!that!the! fetus!was!alive!at!birth.! o Intrauterine! life!


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! treachery! is! not! necessary.! It! is! presumed! that! the! child! cannot!give!any!defense.! o Presence! of! treachery! "! killing! a! child! becomes! murder!and!not!simply!homicide.! % IV.%Identity!of%the%accused! • Q:!Is!the!penalty!mitigated!if!the!person!who!killed!the!child! is/are!the!paternal!grandparents?!! o No!mitigation.! ! • Q:! Is! there! a! situation! where! the! mother! can! avail! of! this! article!even!if!she!is!already!married?!! o Yes,!if!the!father!is!not!the!husband.! ! • When! the! offender! is! the! father,! mother! or! legitimate! ascendant,! he! shall! suffer! the! penalty! prescribed! for! parricide.! If! the! offender! is! any! other! person,! the! penalty! is! that! for! murder.! In! either! case,! the! proper! qualification! for! the!offense!is!infanticide.! • When! the! mother! or! maternal! grandmother! of! the! victim! commits! infanticide! in! order! to! conceal! the! mother’s! dishonor,!such!fact!is!only!mitigating.! • The! delinquent! mother! who! claims! that! she! committed! the! offense!to!conceal!the!dishonor!must!be!of!good!reputation.!! o If! she! is! a! prostitute,! she! is! not! entitled! to! a! lesser! penalty!because!she!has!no!honor!to!protect.! o If!she!killed!the!child!a!day!or!two!after!it’s!birth,!she! cannot!avail!of!this!article!and!claim!that!her!desire!to! erase! traces! of! her! dishonor! urged! her! to! do! such! a! passionate!act.! • There!is!no!infanticide!when:! o The!child!was!born!dead,!or! o Although! born! alive! it! could! not! sustain! an! independent! life! when! it! was! killed.! (See! People! v.! Paycana!cited!in!De!Castro,!supra)!

! V.%Difference%between%Parricide%and%Infanticide%(Estrada):% Parricide% Infanticide% Child’s!age:!3!days!and!above! Less!than!3!days!(72!hours)! Can! be! committed! if! victim! and! Offender! may! or! may! not! be! offender!are!related!by!blood! related!by!blood! Concealment! of! dishonor! not! Concealment! of! dishonor! is! mitigating! mitigating! ! VI.%Other%Notes:% • Infanticide!–!parricide!–!murder!–!homicide! o Infanticide!takes!precedence!to!parricide.! ! • Q:! A! is! the! father! of! B.! A! kills! B! with! treachery! (waiting! for! nighttime).!Is!it!murder!or!parricide?! o Parricide! because! parricide! takes! precedence! over! murder.!! ! Article%256%–%Intentional%abortion.% Any%person%who%shall%intentionally%cause%an%abortion%shall%suffer:% 1. The% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal,% if% he% shall% use% any% violence%upon%the%person%of%the%pregnant%woman.% 2. The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% if,% without% using% violence,% he% shall%act%without%the%consent%of%the%woman.% 3. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods,%if%the%woman%shall%have%consented.% % POINTS% I.% Abortion% " % the! willful! killing! of! the! fetus! in! the! uterus! or! the! violent!expulsion!of!the!fetus!from!the!maternal!womb!which!results! in!the!death!of!the!fetus.! • Under! the! RPC,! abortion! ordinarily! means! the! expulsion! before! the! 6th! month! or! before! the! term! of! its! viability! (capable!of!sustaining!life).!But!according!to!Viada,!Vol.!V,!as! long! as! the! fetus! dies! as! a! result! of! violence! used! or! drugs!



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administered,!abortion!exists!even!if!the!fetus!is!full!term.! Abortion%v.%Infanticide! If! the! fetus! could! sustain! an! independent! life! after! its! separation! from! the! maternal! womb! and! is! subsequently! killed,!the!crime!is!infanticide.!

% II.%Elements%of%Intentional%Abortion:%(PIFD)% 1. That!there!is!a!pregnant!woman;! 2. That!violence!is!exerted,!or!drugs!or!beverages!administered,! or! that! the! accused! otherwise! acts! upon! such! pregnant! woman;! 3. That!as!a!result!of!the!use!of!violence!or!drugs!or!beverages! upon! her,! or! any! other! act! of! the! accused,! the! fetus! dies,! either!in!the!womb!or!after!having!been!expelled!therefrom.! 4. That!the!abortion!is!intended.! ! III.%Ways%of%committing%intentional%abortion:% 1. By! using! any! violence! upon! the! person! of! the! pregnant! woman.! 2. By!acting,!but!without!using!violence,!without!the!consent!of! the!woman!(Ex.!By!administering!drugs!or!beverages!without! her!consent).! 3. By!acting!with!the!consent!of!the!pregnant!woman.! % IV.%Abortion%(which%results%in%the%death%of%the%fetus)%is%the:% 1. Willful!killing!of!the!fetus!in!the!uterus,!or! 2. The!violent!expulsion!of!the!fetus!from!the!maternal!wound.! ! Fetus% Intended%or%not% % Survives! \! Not!consummated! Survives! Intended! Frustrated! Intentional!Abortion! (in!view!of!intent)! Survives!despite! Not!Intended! Crime!is!physical! violence!exerted! injuries!only!(in!view!

of!lack!of!intent)! ! V.%Liability%of%persons% • Person!who!intentionally!caused!abortion!is!the!one!liable!in! this!article.! • Woman! o With!consent!"!liable!under!Article%258! o No!consent!"!Not!liable!at!all! ! VI.%Other%notes:% • Q:!Is!the!consent!of!the!woman!material?!! o If! violence! exists,! consent! is! not! material! (Par.! 1).! However,!for!par.%2!and!par.%3!consent!of!the!woman! makes!a!difference.! ! • Q:!How!do!you!consummate!abortion?!! o Death!of!the!fetus! ! • True! or! False?! If! the! fetus! is! 6! months! or! less! and! the! fetus! dies!outside!the!womb,!it!is!abortion.!TRUE.! ! • True!or!False?!If!the!fetus!dies!outside!the!womb,!the!term!of! the!fetus!is!material!(whether!it!can!sustain!life!or!not).!TRUE.! % Remember:!As!long!as!it!dies!inside!the!womb,!abortion.! Remember:!There!is!also!a!crime!of!dispensing!abortive!pills!(Article% 259)!and!it!falls!within!intentional!abortion!but!punished!differently! % Article%257%Q%Unintentional%abortion.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% cause% an% abortion%by%violence,%but%unintentionally.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(P%Q%Violence%without%intending%abortion%Q%ID)%



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! 1. That!there!is!a!pregnant!woman;! 2. That! violence! is! used! upon! such! pregnant! woman! without! intending!an!abortion;! 3. But!the!violence!is!intentionally!exerted;!and! 4. That! as! a! result! of! the! violence! the! fetus! dies,! either! in! the! womb!or!after!having!been!expelled!therefrom.!

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! II.%Unintentional%Abortion:%How%Committed% • Article% 257,! Unintentional! Abortion,! is! committed! only! through!violence!(that!is,!actual!physical!force).! o Violence!must!be!intentionally!exerted.! • Unintentional! abortion! can! also! be! committed! through! negligence/imprudence.!! o People! vs.! Jose! p.! 524! "! wherein! a! truck! driven! by! Romeo! Jose! bumped! a! calesa! causing! the! pregnant! woman!to!bump!her!abdomen!against!the!front!wall! of!the!calesa!subsequently!causing!blood!to!flow!out! of!the!woman’s!vagina.! • Knowledge! of! pregnancy! material:! The! accused! can! only! be! held! liable! if! he! knew! that! the! woman! was! pregnant.! (Compare! with! Estrada,! p.! 327:! It! is! not! material! that! the! offender!knows!that!the!woman!is!pregnant!or!not.)! o Cases! in! p.525! (US! v.! Jeffrey! contrast! to! People! v.! Carnaso,!CA)! • Unintentional!abortion!may!be!complexed!with!other!crimes! such!as!parricide!or!homicide.! • Article%256%and%257%do!not!apply!if:! o there!was!no!intention!to!cause!abortion;!and! o there!was!no!violence!exerted! % III.%Unintentional%Abortion%v.%Infanticide%(See%Article%255)% % IV.%Other%notes:% • Q:! Can! unintentional! abortion! be! committed! without! violence?!No.!!

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Q:! Is! a! woman’s! consent! material?! What! if! the! mother! is! a! masochist!who!consented!to!the!violence?!! o As! long! as! abortion! was! not! intended! and! violence! existed,! it! will! fall! under! Article% 257.! Knowledge! of! the!pregnancy!is!important.!

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Q:!The!woman!is!8!months!pregnant!and!man!punches!her!in! the!stomach.!Is!it!intentional!or!unintentional?!Intentional.! ! Q:! Woman! is! 2! months! pregnant,! man! points! a! gun! at! her.! She!got!so!nervous!she!aborted!her!child,!is!there!intentional! or!unintentional!abortion?!Neither.! o Intent!cannot!be!discerned!and!must!thus!be!induced! from!actions.! o Pointing!of!the!gun!is!not!violence!but!only!a!threat.! ! Q:! What! is! the! difference! between! violence! in! intentional! abortion!v.!unintentional!abortion?! o In! unintentional! abortion,! only! the! violence! the! intended.! Under! intentional! abortion,! you! seek! to! cause!an!abortion!by!means!of!violence.!

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% Article% 258% –% Abortion% practiced% by% the% woman% herself% or% by% her% parents.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods%shall%be%imposed%upon%a%woman%who%shall%practice%abortion% upon%herself%or%shall%consent%that%any%other%person%should%do%so.% % Any%woman%who%shall%commit%this%offense%to%conceal%her%dishonor,% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium%periods.% % If%this%crime%be%committed%by%the%parents%of%the%pregnant%woman%or% either%of%them,%and%they%act%with%the%consent%of%said%woman%for%the%



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! purpose% of% concealing% her% dishonor,% the% offenders% shall% suffer% the% penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PIC:%wop)% 1. That! there! is! a! pregnant! woman! who! has! suffered! an! abortion;! 2. That!the!abortion!is!intended;! 3. That!the!abortion!is!caused!by!–! a. the!pregnant!woman!herself! b. any!other!person,!with!her!consent,! c. any!of!her!parents,!with!her!consent!for!the!purpose! of!concealing!her!dishonor.! % II.%Liability%of%persons% The%woman%is%liable%under%Article%258%either:% 1. When!she!shall!practice!an!abortion!upon!herself! 2. When!she!shall!consent!that!any!other!persons!should!do!so! Persons%liable%under%Article%258:% 1. The! pregnant! woman! if! she! herself! committed! the! abortion! (WON!it!was!for!the!purpose!of!concealing!her!dishonor.!But! if! in! case! it! was! to! conceal! her! dishonor,! her! liability! is! mitigated.)! 2. The!parents!of!the!woman!if!they!committed!the!abortion!to! conceal!her!dishonor!and!with!the!latter’s!consent! % Note:% The! “other! person”! who! caused! the! abortion! even! if! with! the! pregnant!woman’s!consent!is!liable!under!Article%256!and!not!under! this! article.! (De! Castro:! The! person! other! than! the! woman! is! liable! under!Article%256.)% Note:%If!the!purpose!of!the!parents!was!not!to!conceal!her!dishonor,! they!are!liable!under!Article%256!and!not!under!this!article.! • If!the!abortion!was!done!by!the!parents!and!even!if!with!their! pregnant!daughter’s!consent,!there!is!no!mitigation!unlike!in! Infanticide.!

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% Other%note:% • This!article!is!parallel!to!infanticide!committed!by!the!mother! or!her!parents.! % Article% 259% –% Abortion% practiced% by% a% physician% or% midwife% and% dispensing%of%abortives.% The% penalties% provided% in% Article% 256% shall% be% imposed% in% its% maximum%period,%respectively,%upon%any%physician%or%midwife%who,% taking%advantage%of%their%scientific%knowledge%or%skill,%shall%cause%an% abortion%or%assist%in%causing%the%same.% % Any% pharmacist% who,% without% the% proper% prescription% from% a% physician,%shall%dispense%any%abortive%shall%suffer%arresto%mayor%and% a%fine%not%exceeding%1,000%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%for%the%physician%or%midwife:%(PIPA)% 1. That! there! is! a! pregnant! woman! who! has! suffered! an! abortion;! 2. That!the!abortion!is!intended;! 3. !That! the! offender,! who! must! be! a! physician! or! midwife,! causes!or!assists!in!causing!the!abortion;!and! 4. That!said!physician!or!midwife!takes!advantage!of!his!or!her! scientific!knowledge!or!skill.! ! II.%Elements%for%the%pharmacists:%(PNoD)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!pharmacist! 2. That!there!is!no!proper!prescription!from!a!physician! 3. That!the!offender!dispenses%any!abortive.! % III.%Other%Notes%with%regard%to%pharmacists:% • Why!is!it!a!crime!against!persons?! • It!is!not!necessary!that!the!pharmacist!knew!that!the!abortive! would! be! used! to! cause! abortion! or! that! the! abortive! be!



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actually! used.! What! is! punished! is! the! act! of! dispensing! an! abortive!without!the!proper!prescription.! If! the! pharmacist! knew! that! the! abortive! would! be! used! to! cause! abortion! and! abortion! results,! he! is! liable! as! an! accomplice.! R.A.% 4729! regulates! the! sale,! dispensation,! and/or! distribution!of!contraceptive!drugs!and!devices.! It! is! not! unlawful! if! the! sale,! dispensation,! or! distribution! of! contraceptive! drug! or! contraceptive! device! is! by! a! duly! licensed! drug! store! or! pharmaceutical! company! and! with! prescription!of!qualified!medical!practitioner!

! Section%3%–%Duel% ! Article%260%–%Responsibility%of%participants%in%a%duel.% The% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person%who%shall%kill%his%adversary%in%a%duel.% % If%he%shall%inflict%upon%the%latter%physical%injuries%only,%he%shall%suffer% the%penalty%provided%therefor,%according%to%their%nature.% % In%any%other%case,%the%combatants%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%arresto% mayor,%although%no%physical%injuries%have%been%inflicted.% % The%seconds%shall%in%all%events%be%punished%as%accomplices.% % POINTS% I.%Duel%" %a!formal!or!regular!combat!previously!concerted!between! two!parties!in!the!presence!of!two!or!more!seconds1!of!lawful!age!on! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!Each!party!would!name!a!trusted!representative!(a!"second")!who!would,!

between!them,!determine!a!suitable!"field!of!honour".!It!was!also!the!duty!of!each! party's!second!to!check!that!the!weapons!were!equal!and!that!the!duel!was!fair.! Although!generally!demanded!by!custom,!similarity!of!weapons!is!not!essential;! neither!are!witnesses,!seconds,!etc.!In!the!16th!and!early!17th!centuries,!it!was! normal!practice!for!the!seconds!as!well!as!the!principals!to!fight!each!other.!Later!

each! side! who! make! the! selection! of! arms! and! fix! all! the! other! conditions!of!the!fight.! ! II.%Acts%Punished:%(KSC)% 1. Killing!one’s!adversary!in!a!duel.! 2. Inflicting!upon!the!adversary!serious!physical!injuries.! 3. Making! combat! although! no! physical! injuries! have! been! inflicted.! % III.%Persons%liable:% 1. Person! who! killed! or! inflicted! physical! injuries! (whether! serious,! less! serious,! or! slight)! upon! his! adversary,! or! both! combatants!in!any!other!case,!as!principals! 2. The!seconds,!as!accomplices! • If!death!results!the!penalty!is!the!same!as!that!for!homicide! • When! there! is! an! agreement! to! fight! to! the! death,! there! is! intent!to!kill!on!the!part!of!the!combatants.!Normally,!when! there!is!intent!to!kill,!the!inflicting!of!physical!injuries!is!either! attempted! or! frustrated! homicide.! However,! the! Code! disregards!the!intent!to!kill!in!considering!the!penalty!for!duel! when!only!physical!injuries!are!inflicted!upon!the!adversary.! % IV.%Other%Notes:% • Even!if!no!injuries!were!inflicted,!there!would!still!be!liability! (Paragraph!3).! ! • Q:!What!if!there!are!no!seconds?!! o It!is!not!a!duel!anymore.!(Refer!to!legal!definition!of! duel!provided!in!the!footnote)! o The!situation!must!fall!strictly!within!the!definition!of! duel.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

the!seconds'!role!became!more!specific,!to!make!sure!the!rules!were!followed!and! to!try!to!achieve!reconciliation,!but!as!late!as!1777!the!Irish!code!still!allowed!the! seconds!an!option!to!exchange!shots.!



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! ! Article%261%–%Challenging%to%a%duel.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% challenge% another,% or% incite% another% to% give% or% accept% a% challenge% to% a% duel,% or% shall% scoff% at% or% decry% another% publicly% for% having% refused% to% accept% a% challenge% to% fight%a%duel.% ! POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable:%(CIS)% 1. Challenging!another!to!a!duel.! 2. Inciting!another!to!give!or!accept!a!challenge!to!a!duel.! 3. Scoffing!at!or!decrying!another!publicly!for!having!refused!to! accept!a!challenge!to!fight!a!duel.! % II.%Persons%responsible%under%Article%261:% 1. Challenger! 2. Instigators! % III.%“Shall%challenge%another%x%x%x%to%a%duel”% • The!person!making!the!challenge!must!have!in!mind!a!formal! combat.!A!challenge!to!fight,!without!contemplating!a!duel,!is! not!challenging!to!a!duel.! • Does!it!matter!that!the!duel!actually!happens?!! o No.! The! very! act! of! challenging! is! punishable.! Accepting(?)! • Remember:! Whatever! the! challenge! is,! it! must! pertain! to! a! duel.! % IV.%Other%Notes% • In! decrying! or! scoffing! a! person! for! denying! a! person:! (1)! public!is!a!material!factor!but!(2)!presence!of!person!scoffed! is! not! material.! Thus! a! person! may! be! guilty! of! decrying! or! scoffing! at! someone! for! refusing! a! duel! even! if! the! latter! is! absent.!

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Q:!A!challenges!B!to!a!fistfight.!D!and!C!screamed!A!is!coward! after!A!refused!to!fight.! o Is!B!liable!for!challenging!to!a!duel!under!Article%261?% No.!Duel!has!a!technical!meaning!and!challenge!must! specifically!refer!to!it.!

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Chapter%2:%Physical%Injuries! % Article%262%–%Mutilation%% The% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal% to% reclusion% perpetua% shall% be% imposed%upon%any%person%who%shall%intentionally%mutilate%another% by%depriving%him,%either%totally%or%partially,%of%some%essential%organ% of%reproduction.% % Any%other%intentional%mutilation%shall%be%punished%by%prision%mayor% in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods% % POINTS% I.%Mutilation%" %means!the!lopping!or!the!clipping!off!of!some!part!of! the!body! ! II.%Elements%of%Mutilation:%(CP)% 1. There! must! be! castration,! that! is,! mutilation! of! organs! necessary!for!generation,!such!as!the!penis!or!ovarium;! 2. The! mutilation! is! caused! purposely! and! deliberately,! that! is,! to! deprive! the! offended! party! of! some! essential! organ! for! reproduction.! % III.%Two%kinds%of%mutilation:% 1. By! intentionally! mutilating! another! by! depriving! him,! either! totally!or!partially,!of!some!essential!organ!for!reproduction.! 2. Intentionally! making! other! mutilation,! that! is,! by! lopping! or! clipping!off!any!part!of!the!body!of!the!offended!party,!other! than! the! essential! organ! for! reproduction,! to! deprive! him! of! that!part!of!his!body.!



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! Notes:%% • In! the! first! kind! of! mutilation,! the! castration! must! be! made! purposely.! Otherwise,! it! will! be! considered! as! mutilation! of! the!second!kind.! • Mayhem!refers!to!any!other!intentional!mutilation.! • Under! R.A.% 7610,! the! penalty! for! the! second! type! of! mutilation! shall! be! one! degree! higher! when! the! victim! is! below!12!years!old.! • The! offender! must! have! the! intention! to! purposely! and! deliberately! deprive! the! offended! party! of! his! body.! If! not,! the!case!will!be!considered!physical!injuries! ! IV.%Other%Notes% • Is!ligation!mutilation?!No,!nothing!is!clipped!off.! • Mutilation! is! the! clipping! or! lopping! off! of! an! organ.! If! the! organ!is!for!sexual!reproduction,!the!penalty!is!higher!as!long! as!there!is!intentional!lopping!or!cutting.! • If! there! is! no! cutting! off,! it! is! not! mutilation! but! physical! injuries.! • Difference! between! the! 2! kinds! of! mutilation! lies! in! the! penalty!imposable:! Severance%of%reproductive%organ% Severance%of%any%other%body%part% Reclusion!temporal!to!reclusion! Prision!!mayor!! (medium!and! perpetua!(even!higher!than!the! maximum!periods)! penalty!for!homicide,!which!is! reclusion!temporal)! % • Q:!is!cutting!off!hair!and!nails!mutilation?!Mutilation!needs!to! be!deliberate!lopping!off!of!an!essential!organ!or!body!part.! • Difference!between!mutilation!v.!Serious!physical!injuries! o Mutilation:!deprivation!of!body!part! o Serious!physical!injuries:!cutting!off! % Article%263%Q%Serious%physical%injuries.% Any% person% who% shall% wound,% beat,% or% assault% another,% shall% be% (

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guilty%of%the%crime%of%serious%physical%injuries%and%shall%suffer:% 1. The% penalty% of% prision% mayor,% if% in% consequence% of% the% physical% injuries% inflicted,% the% injured% person% shall% become% insane,%imbecile,%impotent,%or%blind;% 2. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods,%if%in%consequence%of%the%physical%injuries% inflicted,% the% person% injured% shall% have% lost% the% use% of% speech% or% the% power% to% hear% or% to% smell,% or% shall% have% lost% an%eye,%a%hand,%a%foot,%an%arm,%or%a%leg%or%shall%have%lost%the% use% of% any% such% member,% or% shall% have% become% incapacitated% for% the% work% in% which% he% was% therefor% habitually%engaged;% 3. The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods,% if% in% consequence% of% the% physical% injuries% inflicted,% the% person% injured% shall% have% become% deformed,% or% shall% have% lost% any% other% part% of% his% body,% or% shall% have% lost% the% use% thereof,% or% shall% have% been% ill% or% incapacitated% for% the% performance% of% the% work% in% which% he% as% habitually% engaged%for%a%period%of%more%than%ninety%days;% 4. The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period,% if% the% physical% injuries% inflicted% shall% have% caused% the% illness% or% incapacity% for%labor%of%the%injured%person%for%more%than%thirty%days.% % If%the%offense%shall%have%been%committed%against%any%of%the%persons% enumerated% in% Article% 246,% or% with% attendance% of% any% of% the% circumstances% mentioned% in% Article% 248,% the% case% covered% by% subdivision% number% 1% of% this% Article% shall% be% punished% by% reclusion% temporal%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods;%the%case%covered%by% subdivision%number%2%by%prision%correccional%in%its%maximum%period% to% prision% mayor% in% its% minimum% period;% the% case% covered% by% subdivision% number% 3% by% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods;%and%the%case%covered%by%subdivision%number%4%by% prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods.% %



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! The%provisions%of%the%preceding%paragraph%shall%not%be%applicable%to% a% parent% who% shall% inflict% physical% injuries% upon% his% child% by% excessive%chastisement.% % POINTS% I.%How%Committed:%(WQBAI)% 1. Wounding;! 2. Beating;! 3. Assaulting;! 4. By!administering!injurious!substance.! ! II.%Class%of%Serious%Physical%Injuries% 1. The!consequence!of!the!injuries!inflicted! 2. The!nature!and!character!of!the!wound!inflicted! 3. The!proper!penalty! ! III.%Important%Points:% • Serious! physical! injuries! may! be! committed! by! reckless! imprudence!or!by!simple!negligence!or!imprudence.! • There!must!be!no!intent!to!kill.! ! IV.%What%are%considered%Serious%Physical%Injuries?% 1. When!the!injured!person!becomes!insane,!imbecile,!impotent! or!blind!in!consequence!of!the!physical!injuries!inflicted.! 2. When!the!injured!person!–! a. Loses! the! use! of! speech! or! the! power! to! hear! or! to! smell,!or!loses!an!eye,!a!hand,!a!foot,!an!arm,!or!a!leg;! b. Loses!the!use!of!any!such!member;!or! c. Becomes!incapacitated!for!the!work!in!which!he!was! therefore! habitually! engaged,! in! consequence! of! the! physical!injuries!inflicted;! 3. When!the!person!injured:! a. Becomes!deformed;!or! b. Loses!any!other!member!of!his!body;!or!! c. Loses!the!use!thereof;!or!

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d. Becomes! ill! or! incapacitated! for! the! performance! of! the! work! in! which! he! was! habitually! engaged! for! more! than! 90! days! in! consequence! of! the! physical! injuries!inflicted;! 4. When! the! injured! person! becomes! ill! or! incapacitated! for! labor!for!more!than!30!days!(but!must!not!be!more!than!90! days),!as!a!result!of!the!physical!injuries!inflicted.! ! A.%PARAGRAPH%1:%Renders%you%insane,%imbecile,%impotent,%blind% • Impotence! includes! inability! to! copulate.! It! also! has! been! used!synonymously!with!sterility.! • Paragraph!1!requires!complete!blindness!of!both!eyes.!Mere! weakness!in!vision!is!not!contemplated.! ! B.%PARAGRAPH%2:%Loss%of%principal%organ%OR%totally%incapacitated% • Loss! of! power! to! hear! must! involve! both! ears.! Otherwise,! it! will!be!considered!as!serious!physical!injuries!under!par!3.! • Loss! of! the! power! to! hear! in! the! right! ear! is! considered! as! merely!loss!of!use!of!some!other!part!of!the!body.! • Loss!of!use!of!hand!or!incapacity!of!usual!work!in!paragraph!2! must!be!permanent.! • Paragraph! 2! refers! to! principal! members! of! the! body! while! paragraph!3!covers!any!other!member!that!is!not!a!principal! part!of!the!body.! ! C.% PARAGRAPH% 3:% deformity% OR% incapacitated% from% habitual% work% for%more%than%90%days% • Paragraph!3:!! o Deformity!means:! a. physical!ugliness,! b. permanent! and! definite! abnormality! that! is! not! curable!by!natural!means!or!by!nature! c. conspicuous!and!visible.! Note:! If! the! scar! is! usually! covered! by! a! dress,! it! would! not! be! conspicuous! and! visible.! Loss! of! teeth!



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! as!deformity!will!not!apply!to!child!or!old!man.! Other!Notes:! • The!loss!of!3!incisors!is!a!visible!deformity.!Loss!of!one!incisor! is! not.! However,! loss! of! one! tooth! which! impaired! appearance!is!a!deformity.! • Deformity! by! loss! of! teeth! refers! to! injury! which! cannot! be! repaired!by!the!action!of!nature.! • Loss!of!outer!ears,!loss!of!the!power!to!hear,!and!loss!of!the! lobule!of!the!ear!constitute!deformity.! • Loss!of!the!index!and!middle!fingers!is!either!a!deformity!or! loss! of! a! member,! not! a! principal! one,! of! his! body! or! use! of! the!same.! • Loss!of!front!tooth!(considered!a!member!of!the!body)!due!to! a!fist!blow!is!serious!physical!injuries!under!this!paragraph.! • Q:! what! if! the! deformity! made! you! look! more! normal! (e.g.! from! hunchback! to! straight! back)?! Would! this! mean! the! absence!of!requisite!number!2?! ! D.%PARAGRAPH%4:%illness%OR%incapacity%to%work%(any%kind)%for%more% than%30%days% 1. If!the!injury!would!require!medical!attendance!for!more!than! 30!days,!the!illness!of!the!offended!party!may!be!considered! as!lasting!more!than!30!days.!The!fact!that!there!was!medical! attendance! for! that! period! of! time! shows! that! the! injuries! were!not!cured!for!that!length!of!time.! 2. Under!paragraph!4,!all!that!is!required!is!illness!or!incapacity,! not!medical!attendance.! 3. In! determining! incapacity,! the! injured! party! must! have! a! vocation! or! work! at! the! time! of! the! injury.! Work! includes! studies!or!preparation!for!a!profession.! % V.%Determining%the%category%of%the%serious%injury% • When!the!category!of!the!offense!of!serious!physical!injuries! depends! on! the! period! of! the! illness! or! incapacity! for! labor,! there! must! be! evidence! of! the! length! of! that! period.!

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• •

Otherwise,! the! offense! will! only! be! considered! as! slight! physical!injuries.! There!is!no!incapacity!if!the!injured!party!could!still!engage!in! his!work!although!less!effectively!than!before.! Serious! physical! injuries! is! qualified! when! the! crime! is! committed! against! the! same! persons! enumerated! in! the! Article% 246! or! when! it! is! attended! by! any! of! the! circumstances! in! the! crime! of! murder.! However,! serious! physical! injuries! resulting! from! excessive! chastisement! by! parents!is!not!qualified!serious!physical!injuries.! Extent!of!Materiality!of!medical!attendance!"!depends!upon! then!gravity!of!the!result!of!the!act.! Is! treachery! applicable?! Yes! because! this! is! a! crime! against! persons.!

% VI.%Other%notes:% • Talking! a! friend! into! imbecility! is! not! contemplated! (wound,! beat,!assault)!in!this!article.! • Q:! scare! someone! without! laying! a! hand! on! them! causing! them!to!fall!down!the!stairs?! • Q:!injecting!an!injurious!substance!into!a!person?!Article!264! is!applicable! • The!first!type!of!serious!physical!injuries!does!not!require!any! number!of!days!for!incapacity!or!injury.! • Q:! For! the! second! type,! how! do! you! determine! if! mutilation! or!serious!physical!injuries?!! o Intent! to! deprive! that! person! of! that! body! part! is! mutilation! ! • Q:! For! the! third! type,! how! many! days! is! he! required! to! be! hospitalized?!! o More!than!90! ! • Q:! For! the! fourth! type,! how! many! days! is! he! required! to! be! hospitalized?!!



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More!than!30! Exactly!30!is!less!serious!physical!injuries.!

! The!four!paragraphs!graduate!in!terms!of!penalty.!But!all!are! physical!injuries.!Par.%4!is!the!floor.!Anything!higher!is!serious! physical!injuries.!

% Article%264%–%Administering%injurious%substances%or%beverages.% The% penalties% established% by% the% next% preceding% article% shall% be% applicable%in%the%respective%case%to%any%person%who,%without%intent% to% kill,% shall% inflict% upon% another% any% serious% physical% injury,% by% knowingly% administering% to% him% any% injurious% substance% or% beverages% or% by% taking% advantage% of% his% weakness% of% mind% or% credulity.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(SKN)% 1. The! offender! inflicted! upon! another! any! serious! physical! injury;! 2. It!was!done!by!knowingly!administering!to!him!any!injurious! substance! or! beverage! by! taking! advantage! of! his! weakness! of!mind!or!credulity;! 3. He!had!no!intent!to!kill.% % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Serious%physical%injury% • Article% 264! does! not! apply! when! the! physical! injuries! that! result!are!less!or!slight! % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Knowingly%administering% • Administering!injurious!substance!means!introducing!into!the! body!the!substance.! ! IV.%Other%Notes:% • Article% 264! is! also! serious! physical! injuries.! The! difference! though!lies!in!the!mode.!

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Mere! administration! is! not! punishable! because! the! law! requires!that!he!knows!that!the!substance!is!injurious.! Q:!Must!the!physical!injuries!be!serious?!Yes.! Q:! “Administering”! –! mere! act! of! giving?! No.! There! must! be! introduction!of!the!substance!into!the!body.! Q:! What! if! you! did! not! administer! injurious! substance! but! took!advantage!of!the!weakness!of!mind!or!credulity?!Should! there! be! administration?! It! seems! like! Article% 264! provides! for!a!different!mode!other!than!administration.!

! Article%265%–%Less%serious%physical%injuries.% Any% person% who% shall% inflict% upon% another% physical% injuries% not% described%in%the%preceding%articles,%but%which%shall%incapacitate%the% offended% party% for% labor% for% ten% days% or% more,% or% shall% require% medical%assistance%for%the%same%period,%shall%be%guilty%of%less%serious% physical%injuries%and%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%arresto%mayor% % Whenever% less% serious% physical% injuries% shall% have% been% inflicted% with% the% manifest% intent% to% insult% or% offend% the% injured% person,% or% under%circumstances%adding%ignominy%to%the%offense,%in%addition%to% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor,% a% fine% not% exceeding% 500% pesos% shall% be%imposed.% % Any% less% serious% physical% injuries% inflicted% upon% the% offender's% parents,% ascendants,% guardians,% curators,% teachers,% or% persons% of% rank,% or% persons% in% authority,% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods,%provided%that,%in% the% case% of% persons% in% authority,% the% deed% does% not% constitute% the% crime%of%assault%upon%such%person.% % POINTS% I.%What%can%be%considered%as%Less%Serious%Physical%Injuries?% 1. The! offender! is! incapacitated! for! labor! for! 10! days! or! more! but!not!more!than!30!days,!or!needs!medical!attendance!for! the!same!period!of!time;!



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! 2. The! physical! injuries! must! not! be! those! described! in! the! preceding!articles.! % II.%Qualified%less%serious%physical%injuries% 1. A!fine!not!exceeding!P500,!in!addition!to!arresto!mayor!shall! be!imposed!for!less!serious!physical!injuries!when! a. There! is! a! manifest! intent! to! insult! or! offend! the! injured!person! b. There! are! circumstances! adding! ignominy! to! the! offense.! 2. A!higher!penalty!is!imposed!when!the!victim!is!either! a. The! offender’s! parents,! ascendants,! guardians,! curators!or!teachers! b. Persons!of!rank!or!persons!in!authority,!provided!the! crime!is!not!direct!assault.! ! III.%Medical%attendance%+%Incapacity% • Medical! attendance! or! incapacity! is! required! in! less! serious! physical!injuries.!It!is!only!slight!physical!injury!when!there!is! no!medical!attendance!or!incapacity!for!labor.! o “shall!require”!"!refers!to!actual!medical!attendance! and!thus!requires!proof.! • Duration:!10!days!or!more!but!not!more!than!30! • Ex:!Less!Serious! o Wound! required! medical! attendance! for! 3! days! but! person! was! prevented! from! going! to! work! for! 29! days.! • Remember:! There! are! cases! when! it! is! not! required! to! be! incapacitated!for!the!entire!duration!provided,!such!as!partial! blindness!and!deformity.! ! IV.%Other%notes:% • In! serious! (incapacity! of! labor).! In! less! serious! (medical! attendance,!not!necessarily!incapacity)! • Q:! Is! incapacity! for! labor! required! for! the! whole! duration! or!

could!it!include!the!need!for!medical!assistance?!! o It!could!be!a!combination!of!both.!

! Article%266%–%Slight%physical%injuries%and%maltreatment.%% The%crime%of%slight%physical%injuries%shall%be%punished:% 1. By% arresto% menor% when% the% offender% has% inflicted% physical% injuries%which%shall%incapacitate%the%offended%party%for%labor% from%one%to%nine%days,%or%shall%require%medical%attendance% during%the%same%period.% 2. By% arresto% menor% or% a% fine% not% exceeding% 20% pesos% and% censure% when% the% offender% has% caused% physical% injuries% which% do% not% prevent% the% offended% party% from% engaging% in% his%habitual%work%nor%require%medical%assistance.% 3. By% arresto% menor% in% its% minimum% period% or% a% fine% not% exceeding%50%pesos%when%the%offender%shall%illQtreat%another% by%deed%without%causing%any%injury.% % POINTS% I.%3%Kinds%of%Slight%Physical%Injuries:% 1. Physical! injuries! which! incapacitated! the! offended! party! for! labor!from!1!to!9!days,!or!required!medical!attendance!during! the!same!period;! o Can!be!a!few!hours!more!than!9,!but!not!10!days! 2. Physical! injuries! which! did! not! prevent! the! offended! party! from!engaging!in!his!habitual!work!or!which!did!not!required! medical!attendance! 3. Ill\treatment! of! another! by! deed! without! causing! any! injury! (Maltreatment!Ex.!Slapping)! ! II.% When% there% is% no% evidence% of% actual% injury,% it% is% only% slight% physical%injuries.% • Supervening!event!converting!the!crime!into!serious!physical! injuries!after!filing!of!information!can!still!be!the!subject!of!a! new!charge.! • Article%266!is!a!general!law!that!punishes!ill\treatment.!



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Any! physical! violence! without! causing! injury! and! dishonor!"!slapping!the!face!of!the!offended.!

% III.%Other%notes:% • Q:!Is!the!slapping!of!someone!in!front!of!a!lot!of!people!under! Article%266?!! o If! ill\treatment! has! a! specific! purpose,! it! becomes! slander!by!deed.! • Ill\treatment! by! deed! constitutes! slight! physical! injuries! if! it! requires!hospitalization/medical!assistance!of!1!to!9!days.! • Slight! physical! injury! is! a! light! felony! incapable! of! being! complexed!under!Article%48.! !

Chapter%3:%Rape! % Article%266QA:%Rape:%When%And%How%Committed.% Rape%is%committed:% 1) By% a% man% who% shall% have% carnal% knowledge% of% a% woman% under%any%of%the%following%circumstances:% a) Through%force,%threat,%or%intimidation;% b) When% the% offended% party% is% deprived% of% reason% or% otherwise%unconscious;% c) By%means%of%fraudulent%machination%or%grave%abuse% of%authority;%and% d) When%the%offended%party%is%under%twelve%(12)%years% of% age% or% is% demented,% even% though% none% of% the% circumstances%mentioned%above%be%present.% 2) By% any% person% who,% under% any% of% the% circumstances% mentioned% in% paragraph% 1% hereof,% shall% commit% an% act% of% sexual% assault% by% inserting% his% penis% into% another% person's% mouth%or%anal%orifice,%or%any%instrument%or%object,%into%the% genital%or%anal%orifice%of%another%person.% ! POINTS% I.%Rape%as%crime%against%persons% (

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Reclassification! of! Rape! as! a! Crime! against! Persons! –! it! may! now!be!prosecuted!de!oficio:!Complaint!by!offended!party!is! NO!longer!necessary.! o Name! and! identity! of! the! rape! victim! and! her! immediate! family! or! household! members! are! NOT! disclosed!in!Rape!cases.! R.A.% No.% 8353% " % rape! can! be! committed! by! either! male! or! female!

% II.%General%Principles%in%Rape%Cases% • 3!well\entrenched!principles!in!determining!the!innocence!or! guilt! of! the! accused! in! Rape! cases! (as! a! result! of! these! principles,!CREDIBILITY!is!the!single!most!important!issue):! o An! accusation! of! rape! can! be! made! with! facility! and! while! the! accusation! is! difficult! to! prove,! it! is! even! more! difficult! for! the! accused,! thought! innocent,! to! disprove;! o Considering! that! in! the! nature! of! things,! only! 2! persons!are!usually!involved!in!the!crime!of!rape,!the! testimony! of! the! complainant! should! be! scrutinized! with!great!caution;!and! o The!evidence!of!the!prosecution!must!stand!or!fall!on! its! own! merits! and! cannot! be! allowed! to! draw! strength! from! the! weakness! of! the! evidence! for! the! defense.! • Penile! penetration! cannot! be! presumed! from! pain! alone;! some!other!piece!of!evidence!showing!that!there!was!indeed! carnal!knowledge!is!necessary,!i.e.:! o Positive!testimony!of!slight!penetration!of!the!vagina! o Testimony!that!the!penis!was!erect!at!the!time!that!it! was!touching!the!vagina! o That!the!vagina!bled!due!to!the!attempt!to!insert!the! penis! o That!there!were!abrasions!or!contusions!on!the!labia! of!the!vagina!



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Best! evidence! of! victim’s! age:! ORIGINAL/CERTIFIED! TRUE! COPY!–!BIRTH!CERTIFICATE! o It! is! a! well\settled! rule! that! testimonies! of! young! victims!of!rape!deserve!full!credence!and!should!not! be! so! easily! dismissed! as! a! mere! fabrication! (People! v.!Mariano).! o Youth!and!immaturity!are!badges!of!truth.! Credibility!of!sole!testimony!of!a!rape!victim! o No! law! or! rule! requires! the! corroboration! of! the! testimony!of!a!single!witness!in!a!rape!case!(People!v.! Perez).! o The! sole! testimony! of! a! rape! victim,! if! credible,! suffices!to!convict!(People!v.!Anguac).! o Inaccuracies! and! inconsistencies! in! the! Rape! victim’s! testimony!are!to!be!expected!(People!v.!Veluz).! o The! complainant’s! testimony,! if! credible,! natural,! convincing!and!consistent!with!human!nature!and!the! normal! course! of! things,! may! suffice! to! support! a! conviction!for!rape!(People!v.!Lagarde).! Report!and!testimony!of!a!medico\legal!officer!that!there!are! hymenal! lacerations! on! the! victim’s! vagina! is! the! best! evidence! that! an! object,! such! as! an! erect! penis,! has! been! inserted!into!it.! o Such!report!and!testimony,!when!weighed!along!with! the! victim’s! positive! testimony! that! her! assailant,! armed!with!a!gun,!inserted!his!penis!into!her!vagina,! sufficiently! establish! the! essential! element! of! rape,! which!is!carnal!knowledge!against!her!will.! ! An! intact! hymen! does! not! negate! the! commission! of! rape! since! full! penetration! is! not! necessary! for! its! consummation.! It! suffices!that!there!is!proof!of!the!entrance!of! the! male! organ! into! the! labia! of! the! pudendum! of! the! female! organ! (People! v.! Ortoa).!

However,! medical! examination! and! the! doctor’s! certificate! thereon! are! NOT! INDISPENSIBLE! but! merely!CORROBORATIVE.! Time!and!date!of!commission!–!NOT!ELEMENTS! o Failure! to! specify! the! exact! date! or! time! when! the! rape! occurred! does! NOT! ipso! facto! make! the! information!defective!on!its!face.! o Discrepancy! on! the! actual! date! of! rape! does! NOT! constitute! serious! error! warranting! the! reversal! of! the!accused’s!conviction.! o Date! or! time! of! commission! is! NOT! an! element! of! Rape! because! the! gravamen! of! rape! is! CARNAL! KNOWLEDGE! of! a! woman! through! force! or! intimidation!(People!v.!Aure).! o Date! or! time! of! commission! becomes! significant! when! the! accused! poses! an! alibi! which! could! prove! his!innocence!in!the!crime!alleged!(People!v.!Erguiza).! In! view! of! the! material! differences! between! them,! rape! through!SEXUAL!INTERCOURSE!in!not!necessarily!included!in! rape!through!SEXUAL!ASSAULT!and!vice\versa! o Where!the!Information!charges!Rape!through!Sexual! Intercourse,! the! accused! CANNOT! be! found! guilty! of! Rape! through! SEXUAL! ASSAULT! (People! v.! Abulon),! but! he! can! be! found! guilty! of! Acts! of! Lasciviousness! (People!v.!Ceballos).! o To! allow! such! situation! would! violate! the! accused’s! right!to!be!informed!of!the!charges!against!him.! o

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! II.%Two%ways%of%committing%Rape% % SEXUAL% SEXUAL%ASSAULT% INTERCOURSE% Offender% Man! Man!or!woman! Offended%Party% Woman! Man!or!woman! Mode/Manner% Penile! • Insertion!of!penis!in!another! of%commission% penetration! person’s!mouth!or!anal!



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orifice.! Insertion!of!any!instrument! or!object!into!another! person’s!genital!or!anal! orifice.!

! A.%Paragraph%1:%Rape%by%Sexual%Intercourse:% • Committed! by! a! man! who! shall! have! carnal! knowledge! of! a! woman!under!any!of!the!following!circumstances:!(F\D\F\12)! a. Through!force,!threat!or!intimidation;! b. When! the! offended! party! is! deprived! of! reason! or! otherwise!unconscious;! c. By! means! of! fraudulent! machination! or! grave! abuse! of!authority;!and! d. When!the!offended!party!is!under!12!years!of!age,!is! demented,! even! though! none! of! the! circumstances! mentioned!above!be!present.! • Elements%of%Rape%by%Sexual%Intercourse:!(CAQfufu)! a. Accused!had!carnal!knowledge!of!the!victim;!and! b. Said!act!was!accomplished:! i. Through!the!use!of!force!or!intimidation,!or! ii. When! the! victim! is! deprived! of! reason! or! otherwise!unconscious,!or! iii. When! the! means! employed! involved! fraudulent! machination! or! grave! abuse! of! authority! iv. When! the! victim! is! under! 12! years! old! or! is! demented.! • FIRST%REQUISITE:%Carnal%Knowledge%of%the%victim! o Mere! introduction! of! the! penis! into! the! aperture! of! the! female! organ,! thereby! touching! the! labia! of! the! pudendum,!already!consummates!the!crime!of!rape.! ! There! must! be! sufficient! and! convincing! proof! that! the! penis! indeed! touched! the! labias!or!slide!into!the!female!organ,!and!not!

merely!stroked!the!external!surface!thereof.! Jurisprudence! dictates! that! the! labia! majora! must!be!entered!for!rape!to!consummate.2! ! A! broken! hymen! is! not! an! essential! element! of!rape.! o Absence!of!sperm!does!not!negate!rape!was!it!is!not! an!element!thereof!(People!v.!Pelagio).! o Sexual! congress! with! a! woman! by! force! and! without! consent!is!the!gravamen!of!rape.! o If! there! is! not! sexual! intercourse! and! only! acts! of! lewdness! are! performed,! the! crime! may! be! rape! though!sexual!assault!or!acts!of!lasciviousness.! • SECOND%REQUISITE:%Means%used%to%accomplish%rape! o Force%or%intimidation! Force! used! need! not! be! overpowering! or! absolutely! irresistible,!so!long!as!it!was!sufficient!to!bring!about! the!desired!result.! ! Factors:! age,! size,! strength! and! relationship! of!the!parties!(i.e.!victim!and!accused).! ! A!verbal!refusal!alone!will!not!do.!There!must! be! physical! struggle,! taxing! the! victim’s! powers!to!the!utmost.!! ! Resistance! when! futile,! does! not! amount! to! consent! so! long! as! the! the! threat! or! intimidation! produces! a! reasonable! fear! in! the! mind! of! the! victim! that! if! she! resists! or! does!not!yield!to!the!desires!of!the!accused,! the!threat!would!be!carried!out.!! Intimidation! must! be! viewed! in! light! of! the! victim’s! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !

2!The!pudendum!or!vulva!is!the!collective!term!for!the!female!genital!organs!that!

are!visible!in!the!perineal!area.!The!mons!pubis!is!the!rounded!eminence!that! becomes!hairy!after!puberty!and!is!instantly!visible!within!the!surface.!The!next! layer!is!the!labia!majora!or!the!outer!lips!of!the!female!organ!composed!of!the! outer!convex!surface!(covered!with!hair!follicles!and!pigmented)!and!the!inner! surface!(a!thin!hairless!skin!with!many!sebaceous!glands).!



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perception!and!judgment!at!the!time!of!rape!and!not! by!any!hard!and!fast!rule.! ! Moral!ascendancy!constitutes!intimidation.! ! Presence! of! moral! ascendancy! or! influence! over! the! victim! dispenses! with! the! requirement!of!determined!resistance.! Victim%is%deprived%of%reason%or%unconscious!"!does! this!cover!the!insane!or!demented?! ! Mental! retardation! can! be! proved! by! evidence! other! than! medial/clinical! evidence! i.e.! witness! testimonies! and! trial! court’s! observation!of!the!victim!on!the!stand.! Fraudulent%machination! ! Includes! deceit;! part! and! parcel! of! how! rape! is!committed.! ! Sex!with!a!woman!for!promise!of!money!but! later!did!not!pay.! ! False!promise!of!marriage!

% B.%Paragraph%2:%Rape%by%Sexual%Assault:% • By! any! person! who,! under! any! of! the! circumstances! mentioned! in! paragraph! 1! hereof,! shall! commit! an! act! of! sexual!assault;! a. By!inserting!his!penis!into!another!person’s!mouth!or! anal!orifice;! b. By!inserting!any!instrument!or!object!into!the!genital! or!anal!orifice!of!another!person.! • Elements%of%Rape%by%Sexual%Assault:! a. That!the!offender!commits!an!act!of!sexual!assault;! b. That!the!act!of!sexual!assault!is!committed!by!any!of! the!following!means:! i. By! inserting! his! penis! into! another! person’s! mouth!or!anal!orifice;!or! ii. By!inserting!any!instrument!or!object!into!the! genital!or!anal!orifice!of!another!person!

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c. That! the! act! of! sexual! assault! is! accomplished! under! any!of!the!following!circumstances:! i. By!using!force!or!intimidation’! ii. When! a! woman! is! deprived! or! reason! or! otherwise!unconscious;!! iii. When! committed! by! means! of! fraudulent! machination!or!grave!abuse!of!authority;! iv. When!the!offended!party!is!under!12!years!of! age!or!is!demented,!even!though!none!of!the! circumstances!mentioned!above!be!present.! When!fingers!are!used!as!the!assaulting!object,!there!should! be!evidence!of!at!least!the!slightest!penetration!of!the!sexual! organ!and!not!merely!a!brush!or!graze!of!its!surface.!Thus:! a. “Insertion”!is!necessary.! b. The!act!of!touching!the!female!sexual!organ,!in!itself,! is! NOT! equivalent! to! rape,! not! even! an! attempted! one!(People!v.!Mendoza).! Other!Notes:! o Q:! A! jams! a! banana! down! B's! throat.! Was! it! rape! under!b.ii.?! ! Take! note! of! the! kind! of! instrument/object! being!inserted!in!a!specific!orifice.! ! Insertion! of! finger! (considered! as! proper! instrument! for! rape)! in! another's! ear! is! NOT! rape.!

% C.%Statutory%Rape% • STATUTORY%RAPE!"!where!the!woman!is!under!12!years!of! age,! conviction! will! lie! provided! sexual! intercourse! is! proven! because!proof!of!force!is!NOT!an!element!and!the!absence!of! a!free!consent!is!PRESUMED.! • Elements%of%Statutory%Rape%(CU)! 1. That!the!accused!had!carnal!knowledge!of!a!woman.! 2. That!the!woman!was!below!12!years!of!age.! • General%Principles:!



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! The! law! presumes! that! a! 12\year\old! does! not! and! cannot! have! a! will! of! her! own! on! account! of! her! tender!years!"!consent!is!immaterial.! o If! the! woman! is! 12! YEARS! OF! AGE! OR! OLDER! at! the! time!she!was!violated,!the!sexual!intercourse!and!the! fact! that! it! was! done! through! force,! violence,! intimidation!or!threat!must!both!be!proven.! o If!victim!is!below!12!years!of!age,!the!offender!should! be! prosecuted! for! STATUTORY! RAPE! under! Article% 266QA%[1]%[d]%RPC%and!not!SEXUAL!ABUSE!(Sec.%5[b],% RA%7610)! o If! the! victim! is! 12! years! of! age! or! over,! offender! should! be! charged! with! either,! except! under! Article% 266QA%[1]%[d]%RPC.! o Sexual! congress! with! a! girl! UNDER! 12! YEARS! OLD! is! ALWAYS!rape.! The%prosecution%must%prove:% i. Age!of!the!complainant! ii. Identity!of!the!accused! iii. Carnal! knowledge! between! the! accused! and! the!complainant.! Guidelines%in%appreciating%the%age%of%the%victim%in%rape:% o The!original!or!certified!true!copy!of!birth!certificate! is!the!best!evidence!to!prove!the!age!of!the!victim.% o In! its! absence,! similar! authentic! documents! (e.g.! baptismal! certificate,! school! records)! showing! the! victim’s!date!of!birth!may!be!submitted!to!the!court.% o Should! the! foregoing! be! unavailable! on! account! of! loss! or! destruction,! the! credible! testimony! of! the! mother! or! any! relative! by! consanguinity! or! affinity! qualified! to! testify! on! matters! respecting! pedigree! shall!be!sufficient!under!certain!conditions.% o If!all!the!foregoing!cannot!be!obtained,!the!testimony! of! the! victim! will! suffice! provided! it! is! expressly! and! clearly!admitted!by!the!accused.% o

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% D.%QUALIFIED%RAPE% • Requires! that! at! least! 1! of! the! aggravating/qualifying! circumstances! in! Article% 266QB% RPC! MUST! be! specifically! alleged! in! the! information! and! duly! proven! (not! merely! by! testimony!but!also!by!documentary!evidence)!during!the!trial! (People!v.!Basmayor).! • Where! the! Information! alleges! that! the! rape! victim! was! UNDER! 12! years! old! but! likewise! explicitly! declares! the! said! victim!as!being!3!years!of!age,!the!crime!should!be!QUALIFIED! RAPE!under!Article%266QB,%par.%6(5),%and%not%statutory%rape.% (People!v.!Rentoria)! • Incestuous!rape!of!a!minor!–!doubts!as!to!the!weapon!used!is! immaterial! because! the! accused! father’s! moral! ascendancy! over! the! minor! victim! replaces! “force! and! intimidation”.! (People!v.!Garte!citing!People!v.!Rodavia)! % E.%Preference%in%charging%rape% 1. Under!7!"!qualified!rape! 2. 7\12!"!statutory!rape! 3. 12\18!"!Sexual!abuse!(Section%5(b),%R.A.%No.%7610)! Note:! Double! Jeopardy! attaches! upon! charging! either! in! RPC! or! R.A.! No.!7610! % III.%SWEETHEART%THEORY% • To! prove! this,! independent! proof! other! than! testimonial! evidence!is!required.! • A!love!affair!does!not!justify!rape!–!a!man!does!not!have!the! unbridled!license!to!subject!his!beloved!to!his!carnal!desires.! (People!v!Nogpo,!People!v.!Baldo,!People!v.!Corpuz,!etc)! ! IV.%Sexual%Abuse%against%a%Child%(Section%5(b),%R.A.%7610)% • This!special!law!applies!to!a!particular!class!in!society!and!the! prosecution!must!prove!that!the!victim!belongs!to!it.% • Elements%of%Sexual%Abuse%against%a%Child%



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! The!accused!commits!the!act!of!sexual!intercourse!or! lascivious!conduct.% o The! said! act! is! performed! with! a! child! exploited! in! prostitution!or!subjected!to!other!sexual!abuse.% o The!child!whether!male!or!female!is!below!18.% Lascivious* Conduct! "! a! crime! committed! through! the! intentional!touching,!either!directly!or!though!the!clothing!of! the!genitalia,!anus,!groin,!breast,!inner!thigh!or!buttocks!with! the!intent!to!abuse,!humiliate,!harass,!degrade,!or!arouse!or! gratify!the!sexual!desire!of!any!person,!among!others.% Other*Sexual*Abuse!"!covers!not!only!a!child!who!is!abused! for! profit,! but! also! one! who! engages! in! lascivious! conduct! through!the!coercion!or!intimidation!by!an!adult.% o

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% V.%Other%Notes% • Rape!is!a!special!kind!of!physical!injury.!Thus!those!qualifying! circumstances! applicable! to! crimes! against! persons! can! now! be!applied!to!rape.! • Exact!date!of!sexual!assault!not!an!essential!element!of!rape.! • Character!of!the!offended!woman!is!immaterial.! • Multiple! rape! by! two! or! more! offenders! –! each! one! is! responsible!not!only!for!rape!personally!committed,!but!also! for!rape!committed!by!others.! • Multiple!rape!within!the!same!day!\!each!is!a!separate!count! of!rape! • Rape!with!homicide!is!now!a!special!complex!crime.! o Rape! infecting! victim! with! gonorrhea! that! caused! death!is!an!illustration!of!rape!with!homicide.! ! • Q:!Is!treachery!applicable!to!rape?!! o Yes.! Aggravating! circumstances! applicable! to! crimes! against!persons!are!applicable!to!rape!because!of!its! reclassification!as!a!crime!against!person.! ! • Q:!Is!statutory!rape!qualified!rape?!No.! (

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! Q:! Can! statutory! rape! and! incestuous! rape! co\exist?! No.! Statutory! rape! is! ordinary! rape,! which! falls! under! 266QA.! Incestuous! rape! is! under! 266QB! and! provides! for! qualifying! circumstances.!

! Article%266QB%–%Penalty.% Rape% under% paragraph% 1% of% the% next% preceding% article% shall% be% punished%by%reclusion%perpetua.%% %% Whenever%the%rape%is%committed%with%the%use%of%a%deadly%weapon% or%by%two%or%more%persons,%the%penalty%shall%be%reclusion%perpetua% to%death.%% %% When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% of% the% rape,% the% victim% has% become% insane,% the% penalty% shall% become% reclusion% perpetua% to% death.%% %% When%the%rape%is%attempted%and%a%homicide%is%committed%by%reason% or%on%the%occasion%thereof,%the%penalty%shall%be%reclusion%perpetua% to%death.%% %% When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% of% the% rape,% homicide% is% committed,%the%penalty%shall%be%death.%% %% The% death% penalty% shall% also% be% imposed% if% the% crime% of% rape% is% committed% with% any% of% the% following% aggravating/qualifying% circumstances:%% 1) When%the%victim%is%under%eighteen%(18)%years%of%age%and% the% offender% is% a% parent,% ascendant,% stepQparent,% guardian,%relative%by%consanguinity%or%affinity%within%the% third% civil% degree,% or% the% commonQlaw% spouse% of% the% parent%of%the%victim;%% 2) When% the% victim% is% under% the% custody% of% the% police% or% military% authorities% or% any% law% enforcement% or% penal%



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! institution;%% 3) When%the%rape%is%committed%in%full%view%of%the%spouse,% parent,%any%of%the%children%or%other%relatives%within%the% third%civil%degree%of%consanguinity;%% 4) When% the% victim% is% a% religious% engaged% in% legitimate% religious% vocation% or% calling% and% is% personally% known% to% be% such% by% the% offender% before% or% at% the% time% of% the% commission%of%the%crime;%% 5) When%the%victim%is%a%child%below%seven%(7)%years%old;%% 6) When% the% offender% knows% that% he% is% afflicted% with% the% Human% ImmunoQDeficiency% Virus% (HIV)/Acquired% Immune% Deficiency% Syndrome% (AIDS)% or% any% other% sexually%transmissible%disease%and%the%virus%or%disease%is% transmitted%to%the%victim;%% 7) When% committed% by% any% member% of% the% Armed% Forces% of% the% Philippines% or% paraQmilitary% units% thereof% or% the% Philippine% National% Police% or% any% law% enforcement% agency% or% penal% institution,% when% the% offender% took% advantage%of%his%position%to%facilitate%the%commission%of% the%crime;%% 8) When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% of% the% rape,% the% victim% has% suffered% permanent% physical% mutilation% or% disability;%% 9) When% the% offender% knew% of% the% pregnancy% of% the% offended% party% at% the% time% of% the% commission% of% the% crime;%and%% 10) When% the% offender% knew% of% the% mental% disability,% emotional% disorder% and/or% physical% handicap% of% the% offended% party% at% the% time% of% the% commission% of% the% crime.%% %% Rape% under% paragraph% 2% of% the% next% preceding% article% shall% be% punished%by%prision%mayor.%% %% Whenever%the%rape%is%committed%with%the%use%of%a%deadly%weapon%

or% by% two% or% more% persons,% the% penalty% shall% be% prision% mayor% to% reclusion%temporal.%% %% When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% of% the% rape,% the% victim% has% become%insane,%the%penalty%shall%be%reclusion%temporal.%% %% When%the%rape%is%attempted%and%a%homicide%is%committed%by%reason% or%on%the%occasion%thereof,%the%penalty%shall%be%reclusion%temporal% to%reclusion%perpetua.%% %% When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% ofthe% rape,% homicide% is% committed,%the%penalty%shall%be%reclusion%perpetua.%% %% Reclusion%temporal%shall%be%imposed%if%the%rape%is%committed%with% any% of% the% ten% aggravating/% qualifying% circumstances% mentioned% in% this%article.% % POINTS% I.%When%rape%is%penalized%with%death% Rape!committed!under!paragraph!1!is!punishable!by:! • Reclusion!perpetua! • Reclusion!perpetua!to!DEATH!when:!(special!complex)! a. Victim!became!insane!by!reason!or!on!the!occasion!of! rape;!or! b. The! rape! is! attempted! and! a! homicide! is! committed! by!reason!or!on!the!occasion!thereof.! c. The!rape!is!consummated!and!homicide!is!committed! d. When!committed!with!the!use!of!a!deadly!weapon!or! by!two!or!more!persons! • DEATH!when:!(aggravating/qualifying!circumstances)! a. Homicide!is!committed;! b. Victim!is!under!18!years!old!and!offender!is:!! i. Parent,! ii. Ascendant,! iii. Step\parent,!



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! iv. v.

c.

d.

e.

f. g.

h.

i. j. k.

Guardian,! Relative! by! consanguinity! or! affinity! within!the!3rd!civil!degree,!! vi. Common!law!spouse!of!victim’s!parent;! Under! the! custody! of! the! police! or! military! authorities! or! any! law! enforcement! or! penal! institution;! Committed! in! full! view! of! the! spouse,! parent! or! any! of! the! children! or! other! relatives! within! the! 3rd! degree!of!consanguinity;! Victim! is! a! religious! engaged! in! legitimate! religious! vocation!or!calling!and!is!personally!known!to!be!such! by! the! offender! before! or! at! the! time! of! the! commission!of!the!crime;! A!child!below!7!years!old;! Offender!knows!he!is!afflicted!with!HIV!or!AIDS!or!any! other! sexually! transmissible! disease! and! the! virus! is! transmitted!to!the!victim;! Offender! is! a! member! of! the! AFP,! or! para\military! units! thereof,! or! the! PNP,! or! any! law! enforcement! agency! or! penal! institution,! when! the! offender! took! advantage!of!his!position!to!facilitate!the!commission! of!the!crime;! The!victim!suffered!permanent!physical!mutilation!or! disability;! The!offender!knew!of!the!pregnancy!of!the!offended! party!at!the!time!of!the!commission!of!the!crime;!and! When! the! offender! knew! of! the! mental! disability,! emotional! disorder! and/or! physical! handicap! of! the! offended!party!at!the!time!of!the!commission!of!the! crime.!

! II.%Indemnity%in%Rape% A.%Rape% • P!50,000!as!indemnity!ex!delicto!is!mandatory!

• P!75,000!as!indemnity!for!qualified!rape! B.%Rape%with%homicide% • P!100,000! ! III.%Damages%in%Rape% • Moral!Damages!"!P!50,000! • Exemplary!Damages!"!may!be!awarded!in!criminal!cases!as! part!of!the!civil!liability!if!the!crime!was!committed!with!one! or!more!aggravating!circumstances.! ! ARTICLE%266QC:%Effect%of%Pardon.% The% subsequent% valid% marriage% between% the% offended% party% shall% extinguish%the%criminal%action%or%the%penalty%imposed.% % In%case%it%is%the%legal%husband%who%is%the%offender,%the%subsequent% forgiveness% by% the% wife% as% the% offended% party% shall% extinguish% the% criminal%action%or%the%penalty:%Provided,%That%the%crime%shall%not%be% extinguished% or% the% penalty% shall% not% be% abated% if% the% marriage% is% void%ab%initio.% POINTS% I.%General%Points% • Marriage!extinguishes!not!only!the!penal!action,!but!likewise! the! penalty! that! may! be! imposed.! (Marriage! extinguished! only!as!to!the!principal!not!as!to!accomplices!and!accessories)! • In! case! when! multiple! rape! is! committed,! the! effects! and! benefits!of!marriage!with!one!defendant!does!not!extend!to! the!others.! • In! case! it! is! the! legal! husband! who! is! the! offender,! the! subsequent! forgiveness! by! the! wife! as! the! offended! party! shall!extinguish!criminal!liability.% BUT% • The!crime!will!be!not!be!extinguished!if!the!marriage!is!void! ab!initio.% ! ARTICLE%266QD:%Presumption.%



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! Any%physical%overt%act%manifesting%resistance%against%the%act%of%rape% in%any%degree%from%the%offended%party,%or%where%the%offended%party% is%so%situated%as%to%render%her/him%incapable%of%giving%valid%consent,% may% be% accepted% as% evidence% in% the% prosecution% of% the% acts% punished%under%Article%266QA.% % POINTS% I.%Evidence%which%may%be%accepted%in%the%prosecution%of%rape:% 1. Any!physical!over!act!manifesting!resistance!against!the!act!of! rape!in!any!degree!from!the!offended!party;!or! 2. Where!the!offended!party!is!so!situated!as!to!render!him/her! incapable!of!giving!consent! % Other%notes:% • People!v.!Lazo!doctrine!that!resistance!must!be!manifest!and! tenacious!has!been!superseded.!Under!RA%8353,!half\hearted! resistance!or!a!mere!act!of!trying!to!resist!the!sexual!assault! may!be!accepted!as!evidence!in!the!prosecution!of!rape.! • Consent!of!minors!(e.g.,!girl!under!12!years!of!age)!is!NOT!a! valid! defense.! Gravamen! of! statutory! rape! is! merely! carnal! knowledge!of!a!girl!below!12!years!of!age.! • In!statutory!rape,!proof!of!intimidation!or!force!used!on!the! victim,!or!lack!of!it,!is!immaterial.!(People!v.!Mangalino)! • Force!and!intimidation!xxx!may!be!present!or!absent!without! affecting!the!criminality!of!the!carnal!knowledge.!(Id.)! o Consent!obtained!by!fear!is!void.! o Complete!deprivation!of!reason!is!not!necessary.! o A! mentally! retarded! woman! cannot! give! valid! and! legal!consent!to!sexual!act.!(People!v!Daing)! o Lack!of!knowledge!of!the!victim’s!mental!condition!is! NOT! a! valid! defense! (People! v! Canillo).! However,! mistake!of!fact!may!be!invoked!as!defense!(People!v.! Ah!Chong).!Take!note,!however,!that!Ah!Chong!is!not! a!rape!case.! ( Original(Material(from(CROMBONDS((2011D2012).(Edited(by(Rachelle(Anne(Gutierrez((2012D2013)(


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ATTY.(JOSE(ARTURO(DE(CASTRO((

! ARTICLE(247:(Certain(Qualifying(circumstances(attended(the(killing((THIRD(REQUISITE)! ! Qualifying(Circumstance(

( a"

Treachery"

Intent(to(kill( The"very"presence"of" this"circumstance" qualifies"the"act"to" murder"

Taking"advantage"of"superior"strength" With"the"aid"of"armed"men" Employing"means"to"weaken"the"defense" Employing"means"or"persons"to"insure"or"afford"impunity"

b"

In"consideration"of"a"price,"reward"or"promise"

d" e"

On"the"occasion"of"inundation,"shipwreck,"etc.,"of"an" earthquake,"eruption"of"a"volcano,"epidemic"or"any"other" public"calamity" With"evident"premeditation"

f"

With"cruelty" Outraging"or"scoffing"the"person"or"corpse"of"the"victim"

c"

By"means"of"fire,"poison,"explosion,"etc."

Intent"to"kill"is" necessary"to"qualify" with"this"

Notes( !"Elements"of"Treachery"(PMCW)" 1. Crimes"against"persons" 2. Means/mode"of"attack"especially"sought"by"offender" 3. Directly"and"especially"ensure"commission"of"the"crime" 4. Without"risk"to"himself"arising"from"the"defense"the"offended"party" might"make" !"Exists"in"the"killing"a"child"of"tender"years" !"Superior"strength"must"be"taken"advantage"of" !"Armed"men"must"take"part"direct"or"indirect" !"Accused"must"avail"himself"of"their"aid"or"rely"on"them" !"Craft"such"as"throwing"a"cloak"over"the"head"or"casting"sand"on"the"eyes"of"the" victim" !"Means"or"persons"are"employed"by"the"accused"who"killed"the"deceased"to" prevent"his"being"recognized"or"to"secure"himself"against"detection"and" punishment,"he"may"be"held"liable"for"murder." !"Received"reward"!"principal"by"direct"participation" !"Gave"reward"!"principal"by"induction" !"Such"occasions"when"taken"advantage"of"by"the"offender"qualifies"the"crime"to" murder." !"Requisites"of"evident"premeditation:"(TOS)" 1. Time"when"the"plan"to"kill"was"conceived" 2. An"overt(act"of"the"offender"manifestly"indicating"that"he"clung"to"his" determination"to"kill"victim" 3. Sufficient(lapse(of(time"to"allow"meditation" !"Acts"not"necessary"for"the"killing"of"the"victim" !"Acts"which"prolong"the"victim’s"suffering"unnecessarily" !"Outraging"!"to"commit"an"extremely"vicious"or"deeply"insulting"act." !"Scoffing"!"to"jeer"and"implies"a"showing"of"irreverence." !"If"the"intent"of"the"fire"was"only"destruction"of"property,"and"it"resulted"to" deaths"!"homicide"only" !"If"the"intent"of"the"fire"was"to"kill"persons"!"murder" !"Treachery"and"premeditation"are"inherent"in"murder"by"poison."

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TITLE%IX:%CRIMES%AGAINST%PERSONAL%LIBERTY% AND%SECURITY! !

Chapter%1:%Crimes%Against%Liberty! % Section%1%–%Illegal%Detention% ! Article%267%–%Kidnapping%and%serious%illegal%detention.% Any%private%individual%who%shall%kidnap%or%detain%another,%or%in%any%other% manner% deprive% him% of% his% liberty,% shall% suffer% the% penalty% of% reclusion% perpetua%to%death:%% 1. If%the%kidnapping%or%detention%shall%have%lasted%more%than%three% days.% 2. If%it%shall%have%been%committed%simulating%public%authority.% 3. If%any%serious%physical%injuries%shall%have%been%inflicted%upon%the% person%kidnapped%or%detained;%or%if%threats%to%kill%him%shall%have% been%made.% 4. If%the%person%kidnapped%or%detained%shall%be%a%minor,%female%or%a% public%officer.% % The% penalty% shall% be% death% where% the% kidnapping% or% detention% was% committed% for% the% purpose% of% extorting% ransom% from% the% victim% or% any% other% person,% even% if% none% of% the% circumstances% aboveXmentioned% were% present%in%the%commission%of%the%offense.% % When%the%victim%is%killed%or%dies%as%a%consequence%of%the%detention,%or%is% raped% or% is% subjected% to% torture% or% dehumanizing% acts,% the% maximum% penalty%shall%be%imposed.%(As#amended#by#R.A.#No.#7659)% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PDIC:%3spXmfp)% 1. The!offender!is!a!private!individual;! 2. He!kidnaps!or!detains!another,!or!in!any!other!manner!deprives!the! latter!of!his!liberty;!

3. The!act!of!detention!or!kidnapping!must!be!illegal;! 4. In!the!commission!of!the!offense,!any!of!the!following!circumstances! is!present:! a. The!kidnapping!lasts!for!more!than!3!days;! b. It!is!committed!simulating!public!authority;! c. Any!serious!physical!injuries!are!inflicted!upon!the!person! kidnapped!or!detained!or!threats!to!kill!him!are!made;!or!! d. The!person!kidnapped!or!detained!is!a!minor!(except!when! the! accused! is! any! of! the! parents),! female! or! a! public! officer.! ! II.%Qualifying%instances% Death!is!imposed!in!the!following!instances:![death!penalty!suspended]! 1. If! kidnapping! is! committed! for! the! purpose! of! extorting! ransom! either!from!the!victim!or!from!any!other!person!even!if!none!of!the! aforementioned!circumstances!are!present!in!the!commission!of!the! offense;!and! 2. When!the!victim!is!killed!or!dies!as!a!consequence!of!the!detention! or!is!raped!or!is!subjected!to!torture!or!dehumanizing!acts.! ! III.%FIRST%ELEMENT:%Offender%is%a%private%individual% • This!article!requires!that!the!offender!is!a!private!individual,!because! if! the! offender! is! a! public! officer,! the! crime! is! arbitrary! detention.! However,! if! the! public! officer! acts! in! his! capacity! as! a! private! individual,!he!is!liable!under!this!article.% • When! a! public! officer! conspires! with! a! private! person! in! the! commission!of!any!of!the!crimes!under!Title%IX,!the!crime!is!also!one! committed! under! this! title! and! not! under! Title% II% (Arbitrary% Detention).% % IV.%SECOND%ELEMENT:%Deprives%another%of%his%liberty% • Detention!or!locking!up!of!the!victim!is!essential.!Thus,!if!the!alleged! victim! had! the! freedom! to! leave! the! premises! where! she! was! supposedly!detained,!there!is!no!crime!of!illegal!detention.! o People!v.!Ching!Suy!Siong,!et!al.!!!Although!the!offended!



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party!was!ordered!not!to!leave,!there!is!no!evidence!that! the! doors! of! the! agency! or! of! its! rooms! were! locked! or! closed!in!such!a!way!as!to!prevent!the!offended!party!from! going!out!had!she!wanted!to!go!out.!There!is!no!evidence! that!the!accused!conspired!to!instill!fear!into!her!mind!in! order!to!compel!her!to!remain!in!the!agency.! It!is!essential!that!there!be!actual!confinement!or!restriction!of!the! person!of!the!offended!party.! It!is!not!necessary!that!the!victim!be!placed!in!an!inclosure.! o Leaving! a! child! in! the! house! of! another,! where! had! the! freedom! of! locomotion! but! not! the! freedom! to! leave! at! will,!deprives!him!of!liberty!(People!v.!Acosta).! Restraint!need!not!be!permanent.! o If!the!child!two!years!old!was!held!and!tied!to!a!wooden! pillar!until!his!brother,!servant!of!the!two!accused,!should! appear! and! return! to! their! service,! because! said! brother! had!run!away,!there!is!illegal!detention!(US!v.!Peralta).!

% V.%THIRD%ELEMENT:%The%detention%or%kidnapping%is%illegal% • Detention!is!illegal!when!not!ordered!by!competent!authority!or!not! permitted!by!law.! o US!v.!Mendoza!!!that!the!boy!was!detailed!without!just! cause!on!the!suspicion!that!he!was!an!incendiarist!makes! his!captors!liable!for!illegal!detention.! • There!are!cases!where!it!is!lawful!to!detail!another.!! o People! v.! Tamorro! !! Owners! of! a! sugarcane! plantation! locked!up!a!boy!who!had!stolen!sugarcanes!from!them.! % VI.%FOURTH%ELEMENT:%Any%of%the%following%circumstances%are%present% • Detention!for!more!than!3!days!is!not!necessary!when!any!of!the! other!circumstances!in!Paragraph%1,%Article%267%is!present.% • When! the! kidnapping! is! committed! for! the! purpose! of! extorting! ransom,!it!is!not!necessary!that!one!or!any!of!the!circumstances!are! enumerated!therein!are!present.% !

V.%No%Complex%Crime%of%Illegal%Detention%with%Rape%under%Article%48% • Paragraph%3!does!not!provide!for!a!special!complex!crime.! • There! is! no! complex! crime! of! rape! with! illegal! detention! or! kidnapping! with! attempted! rape,! because! there! is! not! single! act! which!results!in!two!or!more!grave!or!less!grave!felonies! ! VI.%Illegal%Detention%v.%Arbitrary%Detention% Illegal%Detention% Arbitrary%Detention% Committed!by!anyone!in!his!capacity! Committed!by!a!public!officer!or! as!a!private!individual!without! employees!who!detains!a!person! justifiable!ground! without!legal!ground! Crime!against!personal!liberty!of! Crime!against!the!fundamental!law! persons! of!the!State! ____________________% Kidnapping% I.%Kidnapping%for%ransom% A.%Intention%to%deprive%the%person%of%liberty%FOR%THE%PURPOSE%of%extorting% ransom%is%essential% • Even! if! there! was! no! demand! for! ransom,! if! it! is! clear! that! the! purpose! of! the! offender! is! to! demand! for! ransom,! the! crime! is! kidnapping!with!a!demand!for!ransom.!(People!v.!Garcia)! • If!a!victim!is!kidnapped!for!the!purpose!of!ransom,!and!during!a!car! chase! the! victim! was! killed! by! the! abductors,! it! is! Kidnapping! for! Ransom! and! Murder,! not! a! complex! crime! of! Kidnapping! with! murder.! • Number% of% charges:% There! are! as! many! crimes! of! kidnapping! as! there!are!persons!whose!liberties!are!deprived.! • Mitigating%Circumstance:%If!the!victim!is!a!minor!and!the!accused!is! any!of!the!parents,!the!penalty!is!mitigated.! • Liability:! Conspiracy! to! extort! ransom! makes! all! the! conspirators! liable!under!the!Paragraph%2,%Article%267!including!those!who!did! not!take!any!part!of!the!money.! • Ransom!!!is!money,!price,!or!consideration!paid!or!demanded!for! redemption! of! a! captured! person! or! persons,! a! payment! that! releases!from!captivity.!



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! % B.% Carrying% away% can% be% made% forcibly% or% fraudulently% BUT% what% is% controlling%is%the%detention%of%the%victim% • The!victim!need!not!be!taken!by!the!accused!forcibly!or!against!his! will.! What! is! controlling! is! the! act! of! the! accused! in! detaining! the! victim!against!his!or!her!will!after!taking!the!victim!in!custody.% % II.%Special%Complex%Crime%of%Kidnapping%with%homicide/murder:% 1. Where!the!person!kidnapped!is!killed!in!the!course!of!the!detention,! regardless! of! whether! the! killing! was! purposely! sought! or! was! merely!an!afterthought,!the!kidnapping!and!murder!or!homicide!can! no!longer!be!complexed!under!Article%48,!nor!be!treated!as!separate! crimes! but! shall! be! punished! as! a! special! complex! crime! of! Kidnapping!with!Homicide.!(People!v!Rimorin)! o When!the!victim!is!taken!from!one!place!to!another!solely! for!the!purpose!of!killing!him,!the!crime!is!murder.! o Intent!(whether!to!deprive!of!liberty!or!to!kill)!is!controlling.! o Specific! intent! is! used! to! describe! a! state! of! mind! which! exists! where! circumstances! indicate! that! an! offender! actively! desired! a! certain! criminal! consequence! or! objectively! desired! a! specific! result! to! follow! his! actions.! This! must! be! alleged,! and! proved! with! direct! or! circumstantial!evidence.! o In! contrast,! motive! is! referred! to! as! the! reason! which! prompts!the!accused!to!engage!in!a!particular!activity.! 2. The!term!homicide!is!used!in!its!generic!sense.!Thus,!it!is!Kidnapping! with!Homicide!not!Kidnapping!with!Murder.! % When!motive!is!important:! Forcible%Abduction% Y!woman!taken!against!her!will!! Y!with!lewd!designs! Y!transported!from!one!place!to!another! Grave%Coercion% Y!woman!is!dragged!to!a!distance!of!5!meters! Y!against!her!will! Y!no!intention!to!deprive!person!of!liberty!

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Illegal%Detention%

Y!woman!is!taken! Y!against!her!will! Y!without!lewd!designs! Y!transported!from!one!place!to!another! Special%Complex%Crime:!Although!2!crimes!are!committed,!in!the!eyes!of!the! law!there!is!only!one!criminal!liability.!Also!known!as!component!crime!or! single!indivisible!offense.! ! Article%268%–%Slight%illegal%detention.% The% penalty% of% reclusion% temporal% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% private% individual% who% shall% commit% the% crimes% described% in% the% next% preceding% article% without% the% attendance% of% any% of% circumstances% enumerated% therein.% % The%same%penalty%shall%be%incurred%by%anyone%who%shall%furnish%the%place% for%the%perpetration%of%the%crime.% % If% the% offender% shall% voluntarily% release% the% person% so% kidnapped% or% detained% within% three% days% from% the% commencement% of% the% detention,% without%having%attained%the%purpose%intended,%and%before%the%institution%of% criminal%proceedings%against%him,%the%penalty%shall%be%prision%mayor%in%its% minimum% and% medium% periods% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% seven% hundred% pesos.%(As#amended#by#R.A.#No.#18)% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PKIW)% 1. The!offender!is!a!private!individual;! 2. He!kidnaps!or!detains!another,!or!in!any!other!manner!deprives!him! of!his!liberty;! 3. The!act!of!kidnapping!or!detention!is!illegal;! 4. The! crime! is! committed! without! the! attendance! of! any! of! the! circumstances!mentioned!in!Article%267.! ! II.%Liability%of%Accomplice% • CoYprincipal!!!the!same!penalty!is!incurred!by!the!accomplice!who!



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! furnished! the! place! for! the! perpetration! of! the! crime.! His! participation!is!raised!to!that!of!a!coYprincipal.! ! III.%Privileged%Mitigating%Circumstance%if%the%offender:%All%must%concur% 1. Voluntarily!releases!the!person!so!kidnapped!or!detained!within!3! days!from!the!commencement!of!the!detention;! 2. Without!having!attained!the!purpose!intended;!and! 3. Before!the!institution!of!criminal!proceedings!against!him.! ! Note:!It!must!be!shown!by!the!offender!that!he!was!in!a!position!to!prolong! the! detention! for! more! than! three! days! and! yet! he! released! the! person! detained!within!that!time.! 1. No!mitigation!when!the!proceedings!have!already!been!instituted.! The!accused!acted!through!fear!rather!than!through!repentance.! 2. When!the!victim!is!a!female,!the!detention!is!punished!under!Article% 267.!Voluntary!release!is!not!mitigating!under!that!article.! ! Article%269%–%Unlawful%arrest.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be% imposed%upon%any%person%who,%in%any%case%other%than%those%authorized%by% law,%or%without%reasonable%ground%therefor,%shall%arrest%or%detain%another% for%the%purpose%of%delivering%him%to%the%proper%authorities.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(AND)% 1. The!offender!arrests!or!detains!another!person;! 2. The! purpose! of! the! offender! is! to! deliver! him! to! the! proper! authorities;! 3. The! arrest! or! detention! is! not! authorized! by! law! or! there! is! no! reasonable!ground!therefor.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%arrests%or%details%another% • Any)Person! 1. Private!person! 2. Public!person!–!Must!have!no!authority!to!arrest!or!did!not!act!in!his!

official!capacity! Exception:!When!the!arrest!is!authorized!by!a!warrant!issued!by!court! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Purpose%is%to%deliver%him%to%the%proper%authorities% 1. Unlawful!Arrest!v.!Illegal!Detention! • Purpose!is!a!controlling!factor,!if!the!detention!was!for!the!reason!of! delivering!him!to!proper!authority!must!fall!under!this!article.! • Ex.!A!tied!B!with!a!piece!of!rope!and!conducted!him!to!the!municipal! court!and!was!detained!there!for!several!hours!until!the!Justice!of! peace!ordered!his!release.! • Note:! Motive! is! controlling;! if! his! purpose! is! to! deliver! him! to! the! proper! authorities,! it! is! still! unlawful! arrest.! But! absence! of! this! motive!may!be!shown!by!the!length!of!time!the!victim!is!detained.! Unlawful%Arrest% Illegal%Detention% Rule!by!exclusion!point:!Purpose!to! Any!other!purpose! deliver!to!authorities! ! 2. Unlawful!Arrest!v.!Article%125! Article%269:%Unlawful%Arrest% Article%125:%Delay%in%delivery%of% detained%person%to%proper%judicial% authorities% Rule!by!exclusion!point:!Purpose!to! Any!other!purpose! deliver!to!authorities! Detention!is!not!authorized!by!law! Detention!is!for!some!legal!ground! ! Section%2%–%Kidnapping%of%Minors% % Article%270%–%Kidnapping%and%failure%to%return%a%minor.% The%penalty%of%reclusion%perpetua%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who,% being%entrusted%with%the%custody%of%a%minor%person,%shall%deliberately%fail% to%restore%the%latter%to%his%parents%or%guardians.%(As#amended#by#R.A#No.# 18)# % POINTS% I.%Act%punished%



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“Deliberate! failure! of! the! custodian! of! such! minor! to! restore! the! latter!to!his!parents!or!guardian”! Ex.!A!is!entrusted!with!the!custody!of!C,!Jr.!He!left!the!house!of!his! employer,! the! Father! of! C.! After! two! days! A! was! caught! by! the! police.!However,!kidnapping!and!failure!to!return!a!minor!is!included! in!kidnapping!and!serious!illegal!detention.!

! II.%Elements:%(EF)% 1. The! offender! is! entrusted! with! the! custody! of! a! minor! person! (whether!over!or!under!7!years!but!less!than!18!years!of!age);! 2. He! deliberately! fails! to! restore! said! minor! to! his! parents! or! guardians.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Minor%is%entrusted% • De!Castro:!Minor!!!under!18!years!old!because!of!R.A.%6809! • Essential!element!is!that!the!offender!is!entrusted!with!the!custody! of!the!minor.!! o It! is! not! necessary! that! the! purpose! of! the! offender! is! to! separate!permanently!the!minor!from!parents!or!guardian.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Deliberate%failure%to%restore% A.%Who%can%commit%the%crime?% • The!person!entrusted!with!the!custody!of!the!child! • Father! and! mother! of! minor.! However! penalty! is! mitigated! to! arresto!mayor!or!a!fine!not!exceeding!300!or!both!(Estrada,!p.!374)! ! V.%Article%267%and%Article%270%compared% Article%267% Article%270% Kidnapping!is!punished! The!offender!is!not!entrusted!with! The!offender!is!entrusted!with!the! the!custody!of!the!victim.! custody!of!the!minor! Rule!by!exclusion!point:!Entrusted!with!the!custody!of!a!minor! ! Article%271%–%Inducing%a%minor%to%abandon%his%home.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%seven%hundred% (

pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon%anyone%who%shall%induce%a%minor%to%abandon% the% home% of% his% parent% or% guardians% or% the% persons% entrusted% with% his% custody.% % If%the%person%committing%any%of%the%crimes%covered%by%the%two%preceding% articles%shall%be%the%father%or%the%mother%of%the%minor,%the%penalty%shall%be% arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%three%hundred%pesos,%or%both.%(As# amended#by#R.A.#No.#18)## % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(MI)% 1. A!minor!(whether!under!or!over!7!years!of!age)!is!living!in!the!home! of!his!parents!or!guardians!or!the!person!entrusted!with!his!custody;! 2. Offender!induces!said!minor!to!abandon!such!home.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Minor%living%with%parents%or%guardians% • De!Castro:!Minor!!!under!18!years!old!because!of!R.A.%6809! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Inducement% • Inducement! must! be! actual,! committed! with! criminal! intent! and! determined!by!a!will!to!cause!damage.!(Estrada:!Mere!inducement! consummates!the!crime.)! o People!v.!Paalam!!!Z!a!maid!of!A!and!B,!is!entrusted!with! the!custody!of!C.!Z!describes!to!C!that!the!city!has!bigger! malls,!movie!houses!and!that!it!has!a!lot!of!exotic!candies.! Held:! It! does! not! equate! to! inducement.! The! phrase! to! induce! means,! “to! influence;! to! prevail! on;! t! move! by! persuasion;!to!incite!by!motives.”! • The!minor!should!not!leave!his!home!of!his!own!free!will.!Mitigated! if!committed!by!the!father!or!mother!of!the!victim.! • The! minor! need! not! actually! abandon! his! home! or! home! of! guardian.! Mere! commission! of! any! act! which! tends! to! influence,! persuade! or! prevail! on! a! minor! to! abandon! his! home! is! what! constitutes!a!crime.! o Inducement!(the!crime)!may!be!committed!by!the!parent!



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who!does!not!have!custody!of!the!minor.! Note:!Is!mere!inducement!punishable?! o Yes.! Reyes! said! that! it! is! not! necessary! that! the! minor! actually!abandons!the!home.!So!long!as!the!inducement!is! done!maliciously!and!with!criminal!intent,!its!effect!on!the! minor!(i.e.!whether!by!reason!thereof!he!actually!abandons! the!home)!is!immaterial.!

! IV.%Other%Notes:% • Purpose% of% the% Article:! The! law! is! intended! to! discourage! and! prevent!disruption!of!filial!relationships!and!undue!interference!with! the! parents’! right! and! duty! to! the! custody! of! their! minor! children! and!to!rear!them.% ! Section%3%–%Slavery%and%Servitude% % Article%272%–%Slavery.% The%penalty%of%prision%mayor%and%a%fine%of%not%exceeding%10,000%pesos%shall% be% imposed% upon% anyone% who% shall% purchase,% sell,% kidnap% or% detain% a% human%being%for%the%purpose%of%enslaving%him.% % If%the%crime%be%committed%for%the%purpose%of%assigning%the%offended%party% to% some% immoral% traffic,% the% penalty% shall% be% imposed% in% its% maximum% period.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PEI)% 1. The!offender!purchases,!sells,!kidnaps,!or!detains!a!human!being;!or! 2. The!purpose!of!the!offender!is!to!enslave!such!human!being;! 3. To!assign!the!victim!to!immoral!traffic.! ! II.%Qualifying%circumstance% • If!the!purpose!is!some!immoral!traffic!(Ex.!prostitution).! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%“For%the%purpose%of%enslaving%him”%

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There!must!be!specific!intent!to!enslave.!(De!Castro)! Ex.! A! was! obliged! to! be! a! servant! of! B! without! remuneration! whatever!and!to!remain!there!so!long!as!she!has!not!paid!her!debt.! There!is!slavery.!(Reyes!v.!Alojado)!

! IV.%Slavery%v.%Kidnapping%v.%Illegal%Detention% Slavery% Kidnapping% Illegal%Detention% Purpose!is!to!enslave! Purpose!is!for!extortion! Purpose!is!to!deprive! of!money! person!if!individual!liberty! ! Article%273%–%Exploitation%of%child%labor.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods%and% a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon%anyone%who,%under% the% pretext% of% reimbursing% himself% of% a% debt% incurred% by% an% ascendant,% guardian%or%person%entrusted%with%the%custody%of%a%minor,%shall,%against%the% latter's%will,%retain%him%in%his%service.% % POINTS! I.%Elements:%(MAR)% 1. Offender!retains!a!minor!in!his!services;! 2. It!is!against!the!will!of!the!minor;! 3. It!is!under!the!pretext!of!reimbursing!himself!of!a!debt!incurred!by! an! ascendant,! guardian! or! person! entrusted! with! the! custody! of! such!minor.! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Against%the%will%of%the%minor% • The!minor!must!not!consent,!otherwise!there!is!no!violation.% ! III.%%THIRD%REQUISITE:%%Purpose%is%reimbursing%a%debt%of%an%ascendant% • Indebtedness! is! not! a! ground! for! detention.! Existence! of! indebtedness!constitutes!no!legal!justification!for!the!detention.% % Article%274%X%Services%rendered%under%compulsion%in%payment%of%debt.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%in%its%maximum%period%to%prision%correccional% in%its%minimum%period%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who,%in%order%to%



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! require%or%enforce%the%payment%of%a%debt,%shall%compel%the%debtor%to%work% for%him,%against%his%will,%as%household%servant%or%farm%laborer.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(CAP)% 1. Offender!compels!a!debtor!to!work!for!him,!either!as!a!household! servant!or!farm!laborer;! 2. It!is!against!the!debtor’s!will;! 3. The!purpose!is!to!require!or!enforce!the!payment!of!a!debt.! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%“As%household%servant%or%farm%laborer”% • A!was!compelled!to!work!as!a!janitor!to!enforce!the!payment!of!his! debt!to!B.!It!will!not!be!punishable!under!this!article,!offended!party! must!be!compelled!to!work!as!household!servant!or!farm!laborer.! ! III.%Article%273%v.%Article%274%% Article%274% Article%273% This!article!does!not!distinguish!if!the! Enslaved!is!a!minor! victim!is!a!minor!or!not.! Debtor!himself!is!compelled!to!work! The!minor!is!compelled!to!render! services!to!pay!for!the!debt!of!his! ascendant!or!guardian!! Limited!to!household!and!farmwork! Not!limited!to!housework!or! farmwork! !

Chapter%2:%Crimes%Against%Security% % Section%1%–%Abandonment%of%Helpless%Persons%and%Exploitation%of%Minors% % Article%275%–%Abandonment%of%person%in%danger%and%abandonment%of%one's% own%victim.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Anyone%who%shall%fail%to%render%assistance%to%any%person%whom%he% shall%find%in%an%uninhabited%place%wounded%or%in%danger%of%dying,% when%he%can%render%such%assistance%without%detriment%to%himself,% (

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unless%such%omission%shall%constitute%a%more%serious%offense.% 2. Anyone% who% shall% fail% to% help% or% render% assistance% to% another% whom%he%has%accidentally%wounded%or%injured.% 3. Anyone%who,%having%found%an%abandoned%child%under%seven%years% of% age,% shall% fail% to% deliver% said% child% to% the% authorities% or% to% his% family,%or%shall%fail%to%take%him%to%a%safe%place.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punishable% 1. By! failing! to! render! assistance! to! any! person! whom! the! offender! finds!in!an!uninhabited!place!wounded!or!in!danger!of!dying!when! he!can!render!such!assistance!without!detriment!to!himself,!unless! such!omission!shall!constitute!a!more!serious!offense.! 2. By!failing!to!help!or!render!assistance!to!another!whom!the!offender! has!accidentally!wounded!or!injured.! 3. By! failing! to! deliver! a! child,! under! seven! years! of! age! whom! the! offender!has!found!abandoned,!to!the!authorities!or!to!his!family,!or! by!failing!to!take!him!to!safe!place.! % II.%PARAGRAPH%1:%Finds%in%an%uninhabited%place% A.%Elements%of%Paragraph%1:%(NW2F)% 1. The!place!is!not!inhabited;! 2. Accused!found!there!a!person!wounded!or!in!danger!of!dying;! 3. Accused!can!render!assistance!without!detriment!to!himself;! 4. Accused!fails!to!render!assistance.! % B.%“Shall%find%xxx%wounded%or%in%danger%of%dying”% • If!a!person!intentionally!wounded!another!in!an!uninhabited!place,! paragraph!1!is!not!applicable.! • Unless!such!omission!shall!constitute!a!more!serious!offense! Ex.!When!the!offender!had!the!custody!of!the!minor!under!7!years,! he!shall!be!punished!under!Article%276!!which!is!a!heavier!penalty.! ! III.%PARAGRAPH%2:%To%one%whom%the%offender%accidentally%injured% • Failing!to!help!or!render!assistance!to!another!whom!the!offender!



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has!accidentally!wounded!or!injured.! Offender! must! have! accidentally! wounded! another,! if! he! intentionally!did!it!he!will!be!prosecuted!for!the!offense!produced.!

! IV.%PARAGRAPH%3:%Deliver%an%abandoned%child%under%7%years% • By!failing!to!deliver!a!child,!under!7!years!of!age,!whom!the!offender! has!found!abandoned,!to!the!authorities!or!to!his!family,!or!by!failing! to!take!him!to!a!safe!place.! • The!child!under!7!must!be!found!by!the!accused!in!an!unsafe!place.! • It!is!immaterial!that!the!offender!did!not!know!that!the!child!is!under! 7!years.!Applies!also!to!lost!child.! ! Article%276%–%Abandoning%a%minor.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be% imposed%upon%any%one%who%shall%abandon%a%child%under%seven%years%of%age,% the%custody%of%which%is%incumbent%upon%him.% % When% the% death% of% the% minor% shall% result% from% such% abandonment,% the% culprit% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum%periods;%but%if%the%life%of%the%minor%shall%have%been%in%danger% only,%the%penalty%shall%be%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium% periods.% % The%provisions%contained%in%the%two%preceding%paragraphs%shall%not%prevent% the% imposition% of% the% penalty% provided% for% the% act% committed,% when% the% same%shall%constitute%a%more%serious%offense.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(CX7XAN)% 1. The!offender!has!custody!of!a!child;! 2. The!child!is!under!7!years!of!age;! 3. He!abandons!such!child;! 4. He!has!no!intent!to!kill!the!child!when!the!latter!was!abandoned.! ! II.%Qualifying%circumstances%

1. When!death!of!a!minor!results!from!the!abandonment.! 2. When!the!life!of!the!minor!shall!have!been!in!danger!only.! Note:! The! article! does! not! prevent! the! imposition! of! the! penalty! provided!for!the!act!committed!when!it!shall!constitute!a!more!serious! offense.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Abandonment% • Abandonment!must!be!permanent,!conscious!and!deliberate.! o Ex.!A!mother!leaves!her!child!in!the!forest!which!is!far!from! available!assistance.! • Law! punishes:! so! long! as! there! is! an! interruption! of! the! care! and! protection!he!needs!by!reason!of!his!tender!age.! • If!the!offender!is!the!parent!of!the!abandoned,!he!shall!be!deprived! of!parental!authority.! % IV.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%No%intent%to%kill% • When! there! is! intent! to! kill! this! provision! does! not! apply.! The! abandonment!is!to!avoid!the!obligation!of!taking!care!of!the!minor.! • If! there! is! intent! to! kill! and! the! child! dies,! the! crime! would! be! murder,!parricide!or!infanticide,!as!the!case!may!be.!! o Rationale:!Article%276,%paragraph%3! • Intent! to! kill! cannot! be! presumed! if! death! is! resulted! since! such! presumption!is!only!applicable!to!crimes!against!persons,!and!not!to! crimes!against!security.! ! Article%277%–%Abandonment%of%minor%by%person%entrusted%with%his%custody;% indifference%of%parents.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be% imposed%upon%anyone%who,%having%charge%of%the%rearing%or%education%of%a% minor,% shall% deliver% said% minor% to% a% public% institution% or% other% persons,% without%the%consent%of%the%one%who%entrusted%such%child%to%his%care%or%in% the%absence%of%the%latter,%without%the%consent%of%the%proper%authorities.% % The% same% penalty% shall% be% imposed% upon% the% parents% who% shall% neglect% their%children%by%not%giving%them%the%education%which%their%station%in%life%



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! requires%and%financial%conditions%permit.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punishable:% 1. Delivering!a!minor!to!a!public!institution!or!other!persons!without! the!consent!of!the!one!who!entrusted!such!minor!to!the!care!of!the! offender!or,!in!the!absence!of!that!one,!without!the!consent!of!the! proper!authorities;! 1. Neglecting! his! (offender’s)! children! by! not! giving! them! the! education,!which!their!station!in!life!requires!and!financial!condition! permits.! % II.%Qualifying%circumstances:% 1. When!the!death!of!the!minor!resulted!from!such!abandonment;!or!! 2. Life!of!the!minor!was!in!danger!because!of!the!abandonment.! ! III.%Paragraph%1:%Delivering%of%child%in%an%institution%without%consent% A.%Elements:%(RDN)% 1. Offender!has!charge!of!the!rearing!or!education!of!a!minor;! 2. He!delivers!said!minor!to!a!public!institution!or!other!persons;! 3. The! one! who! entrusted! such! child! to! the! offender! has! not! consented!to!such!act;!or!if!the!one!who!entrusted!such!child!to!the! offender!is!absent,!the!proper!authorities!have!not!consented!to!it.! % B.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%“Rearing%or%education”% • Rear!!!means,!to!bring!to!maturity!by!educating,!nourishing,!etc.:! as!to!rear!children.! ! Abandonment%of%Minor%under%Article%276%compared%with%Article%277% ! Article%276% Article%277% Type!of!Custody! Custody!in!general! Custody!in!specific! (rearing!or!educational)! Age!of!Minor! Under!7!years!old! Under!21! Act!punished! Abandoned!in!such!a! Delivered!to!a!public! way!as!to!deprive!him! institution!or!other!

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((((((ATTY.(JOSE(ARTURO(DE(CASTRO(( of!the!care!and! protection!that!his! tender!years!need!

person!

! IV.%Paragraph%2:%Neglecting%the%education% A.%Elements:%(PNS)% 1. Offender!is!a!parent;! 2. He!neglects!his!children!by!not!giving!them!education;! 3. His!station!in!life!requires!such!education!and!his!financial!condition! permits!it.! % B.%Intent%should%be%to%evade%obligation% • Failure!to!give!education!must!be!due!to!deliberate!desire!to!evade! such%obligation% • Example:! o (1)!A!Father!or!mother!who!deliberately!fails!to!give!their! children!education,!despite!having!ample!means!to!do!so.! o (2)!A!dried!fish!vendor!has!a!child!who!wants!to!study!law! school,!in!case!he!disapproves!of!the!child’s!act!of!studying! law,!will!he!be!liable!under!this!article?!No,!what!the!law! protects!is!the!basic!education!of!children!juxtaposed!to!the! means!of!the!family.! • Obligation! to! provide! education! to! children! terminates,! if! mother! and!children!refuse!without!good!reason!to!live!with!the!accused.! ! Article%278%–%Exploitation%of%minors.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods%and% a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any%person%who%shall%cause%any%boy%or%girl%under%sixteen%years%of% age%to%perform%any%dangerous%feat%of%balancing,%physical%strength,% or%contortion.% % 2. Any%person%who,%being%an%acrobat,%gymnast,%ropeXwalker,%diver,% wildXanimal% tamer% or% circus% manager% or% engaged% in% a% similar% calling,% shall% employ% in% exhibitions% of% these% kinds% children% under%



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! sixteen%years%of%age%who%are%not%his%children%or%descendants.% % 3. Any%person%engaged%in%any%of%the%callings%enumerated%in%the%next% paragraph% preceding% who% shall% employ% any% descendant% of% his% under%twelve%years%of%age%in%such%dangerous%exhibitions.% % 4. Any% ascendant,% guardian,% teacher% or% person% entrusted% in% any% capacity%with%the%care%of%a%child%under%sixteen%years%of%age,%who% shall%deliver%such%child%gratuitously%to%any%person%following%any%of% the%callings%enumerated%in%paragraph%2%hereof,%or%to%any%habitual% vagrant%or%beggar.% % If%the%delivery%shall%have%been%made%in%consideration%of%any%price,% compensation,% or% promise,% the% penalty% shall% in% every% case% be% imposed%in%its%maximum%period.% % In% either% case,% the% guardian% or% curator% convicted% shall% also% be% removed%from%office%as%guardian%or%curator;%and%in%the%case%of%the% parents% of% the% child,% they% may% be% deprived,% temporarily% or% perpetually,% in% the% discretion% of% the% court,% of% their% parental% authority.% % 5. Any%person%who%shall%induce%any%child%under%sixteen%years%of%age% to% abandon% the% home% of% its% ascendants,% guardians,% curators,% or% teachers% to% follow% any% person% engaged% in% any% of% the% callings% mentioned%in%paragraph%2%hereof,%or%to%accompany%any%habitual% vagrant%or%beggar.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punishable:%(DEEDI)% 1. By! causing! any! boy! or! girl! under! 16! years! of! age! to! perform! any! dangerous! feat! of! balancing,! physical! strength! or! contortion,! the! offender!being!any!person.! 2. By! employing! children! under! 16! years! of! age! who! are! not! the! children! or! descendants! of! the! offender! in! exhibitions! of! acrobat,!

gymnast,! rope! walker,! diver,! or! wild! animal! tamer,! the! offender! being! an! acrobat,! etc.,! or! circus! manager! or! person! engaged! in! a! similar!calling.! 3. By!employing!any!descendant!under!12!years!of!age!in!dangerous! exhibitions! enumerated! in! the! next! preceding! paragraph,! the! offender!being!engaged!in!any!of!the!said!callings! 4. By!delivering!a!child!under!16!years!of!age!gratuitously!to!any!person! following!any!of!the!callings!enumerated!in!paragraph!2,!or!to!any! habitual! vagrant! or! beggar,! the! offender! being! an! ascendant,! guardian,!teacher,!or!people!entrusted!in!any!capacity!with!the!care! of!such!child.! 5. By!inducing!any!child!under!16!years!of!age!to!abandon!the!home!of! its!ascendants,!guardian,!curators!or!teachers!to!follow!any!person! engaged! in! any! of! the! callings! mentioned! in! paragraph! 2! or! to! accompany!any!habitual!vagrant!or!beggar,!the!offender!being!any! person.! Note:! Exploitation! of! minor! must! refer! to! act! endangering! the! life! or! safety!of!such!minor.! % II.%Paragraph%5,%Article%278%(Exploitation%of%Minors)%v.%Article%271%(Inducing%a% Minor%to%Abandon%His%Home)% Paragraph%5,%Article%278% Article%271% The!purpose!of!inducing!the!minor!to!abandon! There!is!no!such!purpose! the!home!is!to!follow!any!person!engaged!in!any! of!the!callings!enumerated! Minor!is!under!16!years! Minor!is!under!18!years! ! III.%Qualifying%Circumstance%(Paragraph%4)% • The!penalty!is!higher!if!the!child!is!delivered!to!any!person!engaged! in!such!calling!in!consideration!of!a!price,!compensation!or!promise.! • The!guardian!shall!be!removed!or!parental!authority!removed.! ! Article%279:%Additional%penalties%for%other%offenses.% The% imposition% of% the% penalties% prescribed% in% the% preceding% articles,% shall% not%prevent%the%imposition%upon%the%same%person%of%the%penalty%provided%



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! for%any%other%felonies%defined%and%punished%by%this%Code.% % POINTS% • Imposition!of!penalties!prescribed!in!the!preceding!articles!shall!not! prevent! the! imposition! of! other! penalties! provided! for! any! other! felonies!defined!and!punished!in!the!RPC.! ! Section%2%–%Trespass%to%Dwelling% % Article%280%–%Qualified%trespass%to%dwelling.% Any% private% person% who% shall% enter% the% dwelling% of% another% against% the% latter's%will%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding% 1,000%pesos.% % If% the% offense% be% committed% by% means% of% violence% or% intimidation,% the% penalty%shall%be%prision%correccional%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods% and%a%fine%not%exceeding%1,000%pesos.% % The%provisions%of%this%article%shall%not%be%applicable%to%any%person%who%shall% enter%another's%dwelling%for%the%purpose%of%preventing%some%serious%harm% to%himself,%the%occupants%of%the%dwelling%or%a%third%person,%nor%shall%it%be% applicable% to% any% person% who% shall% enter% a% dwelling% for% the% purpose% of% rendering% some% service% to% humanity% or% justice,% nor% to% anyone% who% shall% enter%cafes,%taverns,%inn%and%other%public%houses,%while%the%same%are%open.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PEA)% 1. That!the!offender!is!a!private!person.! 2. That!he!enters!the!dwelling!of!another.! 3. That!such!entrance!is!against!the!latter’s!will.! % II.%Qualifying%circumstance:% • If!the!offense!is!committed!by!means!of!violence!or!intimidation,!the! penalty!is!higher! !

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III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%is%a%private%person% • Public! person! not! acting! in! such! capacity! –! otherwise! he! will! be! violating!Article%128%(Violation%of%domicile)! • Trespass!may!be!committed!by!the!owner!of!a!dwelling!if!he!does!so! against!the!will!of!the!actual!occupant.! % IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Dwelling% • Dwelling! !! any! building! or! structure! exclusively! devoted! for! rest! and!comfort!as!distinguished!from!those!used!for!business.!Whether! a!building!is!a!dwelling!depends!upon!the!use!to!which!it!is!put.! • Ex:!Store!of!cheap!goods!which!is!also!the!dwelling!of!the!owner!§! Room!when!occupied!by!another!person!(Boarding!rooms)! ! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Entrance%is%against%the%owner’s%will% A.%Prohibition%must%be%in%existence%prior%to%or%at%the%time%of%the%entrance% 1. Implied!!!i.e.!late!hours!and!the!room!is!occupied!by!a!woman!or! entrance!through!the!window.! 2. Expressed!!!i.e.!doors!are!locked.! ! B.%Other%Points% • Purpose:! What! is! intended! to! be! protected! and! preserved! by! the! law!in!punishing!trespass!is!the!privacy!of!one’s!dwelling.! o Except!for!Paragraph%3,%Article%280,!criminal!intent!inheres! in!the!unwelcome!visit!of!a!trespasser.!However,!if!there!is! not!overt!act!of!the!crime!intended!to!be!committed,!the! crime!committed!is!trespass!to!dwelling.! • Lack!of!permission!does!not!amount!to!prohibition.! • With! the! utmost! good! faith,! a! person! to! whom! entrance! has! not! been!denied!beforehand,!may!suppose!that!the!owner!o!the!house! has!not!objection!to!receiving!him!in!it.! • All!members!of!a!household!must!be!presumed!to!have!authority!to! extend!an!invitation!to!enter!(even!one!extended!by!a!12YyearYold).! % VI.%PARAGRAPH%2:%Qualifying%Circumstance:%Employment%of%violence% • Cuello! Calon! opines! that! violence! may! be! committed! not! only!



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against! persons! but! also! against! things.! So,! breaking! the! door! or! glass!of!a!window!or!door!constitutes!acts!of!violence.! The!Supreme!Court!followed!this!view!in!People!v.!Tayag.!Violence! or!intimidation!must,!however,!be!anterior!or!coetaneous!with!the! entrance!and!must!not!be!posterior.!But!if!the!violence!is!employed! immediately!after!the!entrance!without!the!consent!of!the!owner!of! the! house,! trespass! is! committed.! If! there! is! also! violence! or! intimidation,!proof!of!prohibition!to!enter!is!no!longer!necessary.! The! law! which! forbids! entry! (with! violence)! into! the! dwelling! of! another!relates!not!only!to!the!method!by!which!one!!may!pass!the! threshold! of! the! dwelling! of! another! but! also! to! the! conduct! immediately!after!entrance!of!one!who!so!enters.!

% VII.%PARAGRAPH%3:%Absolutory%causes% 1. Entrance! is! for! the! purpose! of! preventing! harm! to! himself,! the! occupants!or!a!third!person! 2. Purpose!is!to!render!some!service!to!humanity!or!justice! 3. Place&is&a&café,&tavern&etc.&while&open! 4. Hot!pursuit!of!a!person!who!has!committed!a!crime.! ! VIII.%Trespass%to%dwelling,%when%separate%from%other%offense%committed%in% the%dwelling% • In!People!v.!Medina,!it!seems!that!when!the!accused!entered!the! dwelling! through! the! window! he! had! no! intent! to! kill! any! person! inside,! but! that! the! intent! to! kill! came! to! his! mind! when! he! was! being! arrested! by! the! occupants! thereof,! the! crime! of! trespass! to! dwelling!is!a!separate!and!distinct!offense!from!frustrated!homicide.! ! Article%281%–%Other%forms%of%trespass.% The%penalty%of%arresto%menor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%200%pesos,%or%both,% shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who%shall%enter%the%closed%premises%or% the%fenced%estate%of%another,%while%either%or%them%are%uninhabited,%if%the% prohibition% to% enter% be% manifest% and% the% trespasser% has% not% secured% the% permission%of%the%owner%or%the%caretaker%thereof.% %

POINTS% I.%Elements:%(EUPP)% 1. That!the!offender!enters!the!closed!premises!or!the!fenced!estate!of! another.! 2. That!the!entrance!is!made!while!either!of!them!is!uninhabited.! 3. That!the!prohibition!to!enter!be!manifest.! 4. That!the!trespasser!has!not!secured!the!permission!of!the!owner!or! the!caretaker!thereof.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Closed%Premises% • Premise! !! signifies! distinct! and! definite! locality.! i.e.! room,! shop,! building!or!definite!area,!but!in!either!case,!locality!is!fixed.! • Ex.!Entering!a!warehouse,!or!a!fenced!property.! % Article%280%compared%with%Article%281% % Article%280% Article%281% Offender% Private!Person! Any!Person! Area% Dwelling!house! Closed!premises!or!fenced!estate! Nature% Inhabited! Uninhabited! Permission% Entering!the!dwelling! Without!securing!the!permission!of! against!the!will!of!the! the!owner!or!caretaker!thereof! owner! Prohibition% Express!or!implied! Manifest! ! Article%282%–%Grave%threats.% Any%person%who%shall%threaten%another%with%the%infliction%upon%the%person,% honor%or%property%of%the%latter%or%of%his%family%of%any%wrong%amounting%to%a% crime,%shall%suffer:% 1. The%penalty%next%lower%in%degree%than%that%prescribed%by%law%for% the% crime% be% threatened% to% commit,% if% the% offender% shall% have% made% the% threat% demanding% money% or% imposing% any% other% condition,%even%though%not%unlawful,%and%said%offender%shall%have% attained% his% purpose.% If% the% offender% shall% not% have% attained% his% purpose,%the%penalty%lower%by%two%degrees%shall%be%imposed.% %



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! If% the% threat% be% made% in% writing% or% through% a% middleman,% the% penalty%shall%be%imposed%in%its%maximum%period.% % 2. The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos,%if% the%threat%shall%not%have%been%made%subject%to%a%condition.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punishable:% 1. By!threatening!another!with!the!infliction!upon!his!person,!honor!or! property!that!of!his!family!of!any!wrong!amounting!to!a!crime!and! demanding! money! or! imposing! any! other! condition,! even! though! not!unlawful!and!the!offender!(Note:!threat!is!with!condition)! 2. By!making!such!threat!without!the!offender!attaining!his!purpose! 3. By!threatening!another!with!the!infliction!upon!his!person,!honor!or! property!or!that!of!his!family!of!any!wrong!amounting!to!a!crime,! the!threat!not!being!subject!to!a!condition!(Note:!threat!is!without! condition)! ! II.%Qualifying/Mitigating%circumstance:% 1. If!the!person!attained!his!purpose!the!penalty!is!one!degree!lower.! 2. If!he!did!not!attain!his!purpose!the!penalty!is!two!degrees!lower.! 3. If!threat!be!made!in!writing!or!through!a!middleman!the!penalty!is! imposed!in!its!maximum! ! III.%“Threat”% A.%General%Points% • Intimidation! !! there! is! a! promise! of! some! future! harm! or! injury,! either!to!the!person,!honor!or!property!of!the!offended!party!or!of! his!family.!Intimidation!is!the!essence!of!the!crime! o It!is!not!necessary!that!the!offended!party!was!present!at! the! time! the! threat! was! made! so! long! as! it! came! to! his! knowledge.!! • Threat!!!is!a!declaration!of!an!intention!or!determination!to!injure! another!by!the!commission!upon!his!person,!honor!or!property!or! upon! that! of! his! family! of! some! wrong! which! may! or! may! not!

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amount!to!a!crime! Generally! the! wrong! threatened! to! be! inflicted! must! amount! to! crimes! against! persons,! honor! or! property,! except! any! wrong! amounting!to!a!crime!against!the!family!of!the!person!threatened.! Threats! made! in! connection! with! the! commission! of! other! crimes! (especially!more!serious!ones!such!as!homicide)!are!absorbed!in!the! latter.!But!if!the!purpose!was!to!create!in!the!mind!of!the!offended! party! the! belief! that! such! would! be! carried! out,! the! crime! committed!is!grave!threats!and!the!minor!crime!which!accompanied! it!should!be!disregarded.!

! B.%When%it%is%consummated% • Crime!of!grave!threat!is!consummated!as!soon!as!the!threats!come! to!the!knowledge!of!the!person!threatened.!(People!v.!Villanueva)! • Indirect!challenge!to!a!gun!fight!amounted!to!intimidation,!especially! when!backed!by!two!warning!shots.!(People!v.!Sayon)! • If!there!is!another!crime!actually!committed!and!the!threat!is!only!a! means!to!commit!that!crime,!it!will!be!absorbed.! • When!that!act!is!consist!of!materially!taking!possession!of!a!personal! property! on! the! spot! accompanied! by! threat! or! intimidation,! the! crime!becomes!robbery.! ! Rule!by!exclusion!point:!Threat!of!a!future!harm! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%1:%GRAVE%THREATS%SUBJECT%TO%A%CONDITION% % I.%Elements:%(DACT)! 1. That!the!offender!threatens!another!person!with!the!infliction!upon! the!latter’s!person,!honor!or!property,!or!upon!that!of!the!latter’s! family,!of!any!wrong.! 2. That!such!wrong!amounts!to!a!crime.! 3. That! there! is! a! demand! for! money! or! that! any! other! condition! is! imposed,!even!though!not!unlawful.! 4. That!the!offender!attains!his!purpose.! !



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! II.%FIRST%ELEMENT:%Threats%on%another’s%person,%family,%honor%or%property% A.%Threats%upon%the%person%of%the%offended%party% • A!will!kill!B!unless!B!would!send!A!P1,000!!!homicide! B.%Threats%upon%the%property%of%the%offended%party% • A!will!burn!B’s!house!unless!B!sends!P1,000!!!arson% C.%Threats%upon%the%honor%of%the%offended%party% • A!will!frame!B!by!putting!opium!in!B’s!house!unless!he!sends!P1,000! !!crime!of!incriminating!an!innocent!person!(Article%363).% • Exception:%Article%356!(not!Article%282)!punishes!threats!to!publish!a! libel!and!offering!to!prevent!such!publication!for!money.% % III.%THIRD%ELEMENT:%A%demand%for%money%or%condition%is%imposed% • It!will!be!noted!that!threats!conditioned!upon!lawful!actions,!like!the! demand! to! marry! one’s! daughter,! are! not! unlawful.! Nevertheless,! since!a!threat!to!inflict!a!wrong!amounting!to!a!crime!was!made,!it! makes!one!criminally!liable!for!the!crime!of!grave!threats.! ! IV.%Penalty%(See%qualifying/mitigating%circumstances)% % V.%Other%Points% • Paragraph!1!consists!of!two!forms!of!grave!threats:% 1. Grave!threats!subject!to!a!condition!(whether!or!not!the!offender! succeeds!in!attaining!his!purpose)! 2. Grave! threats! subject! to! a! condition! made! through! writing! or! a! middle!man!(i.e.!this!possesses!the!qualifying!circumstance)!! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%2:%GRAVE%THREATS%NOT%SUBJECT%TO%A%CONDITION% % I.%Elements:%(TCN)% 1. That!the!offender!threatens!another!person!with!the!infliction!upon! the!latter’s!person,!honor!or!property,!or!upon!that!of!the!latter’s! family,!of!any!wrong.! 2. That!such!wrong!amounts!to!a!crime.! 3. That!the!threat!is!not!subject!to!a!condition! %

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II.%Third%form%of%grave%threats%must%be%serious%and%deliberate% • These!are!threats!made!with!the!deliberate!purpose!of!creating!in! the!mind!of!the!person!threatened!the!belief!that!the!threats!will!be! carried!into!effect.% • In!this!form!of!grave!threats,!there!is!no!demand!for!money!or!any! other!condition!imposed.!Thus,!if!a!condition!is!not!proved,!a!person! may!be!held!liable!under!Paragraph%2,%Article%282.% % III.%Penalty% • The!penalty!is!fixed:!arresto!mayor!and!a!fine!not!exceeding!P500% ! Article%283%–%Light%threats.% Any% threat% to% commit% a% wrong% not% constituting% a% crime,% made% in% the% manner% expressed% in% subdivision% 1% of% the% next% preceding% article,% shall% be% punished%by%arresto%mayor.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(TNDA)% 1. That!the!offender!makes!a!threat!to!commit!a!wrong.! 2. That!the!wrong!does!not!constitute!a!crime.! 3. That! there! is! a! demand! for! money! or! that! other! condition! is! imposed,!even!though!not!unlawful! 4. That! the! offender! has! attained! his! purpose! or,! that! he! has! not! attained!his!purpose! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Threat% • Light! threats! –! although! committed! in! the! same! manner! as! grave! threats!–!does!not!include!a!threat!to!commit!a!wrong!constituting!a! crime.!For!instance,!blackmailing!(punished!in!Article%283).! ! III.%Distinction%between%threat%and%coercion:% 1. The! essence! of! coercion! is! violence! or! intimidation.! There! is! no! condition!involved;!hence,!there!is!no!futurity!in!the!harm!or!wrong! done.! 2. In! threat,! the! wrong! or! harm! done! is! future! and! conditional.! In!



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! coercion,!it!is!direct!and!personal.% % IV.%Distinction%between%threat%and%robbery:% 1. As! to! intimidation! –! In! robbery,! the! intimidation! is! actual! and! immediate;!in!threat,!the!intimidation!is!future!and!conditional.! 2. As! to! nature! of! intimidation! –! In! robbery,! the! intimidation! is! personal;!in!threats,!it!may!be!through!an!intermediary.! 3. As!to!subject!matter!–!Robbery!refers!to!personal!property;!threat! may!refer!to!the!person,!honor!or!property.! 4. As!to!intent!to!gain!–!In!robbery,!there!is!intent!to!gain;!in!threats,! intent!to!gain!is!not!an!essential!element.! 5. In! robbery,! the! robber! makes! the! danger! involved! in! his! threats! directly! imminent! to! the! victim! and! the! obtainment! of! his! gain! immediate,! thereby! also! taking! rights! to! his! person! by! the! opposition!or!resistance!which!the!victim!might!offer;!in!threat,!the! danger!to!the!victim!is!not!instantly!imminent!nor!the!gain!of!the! culprit!immediate.! ! Article%284%–%Bond%for%good%behavior.% In%all%cases%falling%within%the%two%next%preceding%articles,%the%person%making% the% threats% may% also% be% required% to% give% bail% not% to% molest% the% person% threatened,% or% if% he% shall% fail% to% give% such% bail,% he% shall% be% sentenced% to% destierro.% % POINTS% I.%General%Points% • Bond! for! good! behavior! may! be! imposed! (only! in! these! offenses,! Article%282!and!Article%283)! ! II.%Cases%where%a%person%may%be%required%to%give%bail%not%to%molest%another:% 1. When!he!threatens!another!under!the!circumstances!mentioned!in! Article!282! 2. When!he!threatens!another!under!the!circumstances!mentioned!in! Article!283.! !

III.%Compared%with%Article%35:% Article%35% Article%284% “Bond!to!keep!the!peace”! “Bond!for!good!behavior”! Not!made!applicable!to!any! Applicable!to!cases!of!grave!threats! particular!case! and!light!threats! Failure!to!give!bond!–!detention!for!6! Failure!to!give!bail!–!destierro! months!(for!grave!or!less!grave! felony)!or!not!exceeding!30!days!(for! light!felony)! Distinct!Penalty! ! ! Article%285%–%Other%light%threats.% The%penalty%of%arresto%menor%in%its%minimum%period%or%a%fine%not%exceeding% 200%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon:% 1. Any%person%who,%without%being%included%in%the%provisions%of%the% next% preceding% article,% shall% threaten% another% with% a% weapon% or% draw%such%weapon%in%a%quarrel,%unless%it%be%in%lawful%selfXdefense.% 2. Any%person%who,%in%the%heat%of%anger,%shall%orally%threaten%another% with% some% harm% (not)% constituting% a% crime,% and% who% by% subsequent%acts%show%that%he%did%not%persist%in%the%idea%involved% in%his%threat,%provided%that%the%circumstances%of%the%offense%shall% not%bring%it%within%the%provisions%of%Article%282%of%this%Code.% 3. Any%person%who%shall%orally%threaten%to%do%another%any%harm%not% constituting%a%felony.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%Punishable:% 1. Person!shall!threaten!another!with!a!weapon,!or!draw!weapon!in!a! quarrel!unless!in!selfYdefense.! 2. In! the! heat! of! anger,! person! orally! threatens! another! with! some! harm!constituting!a!crime,!without!persisting!in!the!idea!involved!in! the!threat.!Subsequent!acts!did!not!persist.! 3. Person!orally!threatens!another!with!harm!not!constituting!a!felony.! ! II.% PARAGRAPH% 1:% “Without% being% included% in% the% provisions% of% the% next%



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! preceding%article”% A.%This%means%that%there%is%no%money%demand%or%condition.% % B.%Two%acts%punished%in%paragraph%1% 1. Threatening!another!with!a!weapon,!even!if!there!is!no!quarrel.! 2. Drawing!a!weapon!in!a!quarrel,!but!not!in!lawful!selfYdefense.! % III.%PARAGRAPH%2:%Threating%another%in%the%heat%of%anger% • People!v.!Untalan!!!A!person!who,!in!the!heat!of!anger,!threatened! to!kill!another!without!persisting!in!the!idea!involved!in!his!threat!is! liable!under!this!paragraph.% % IV.%Difference%with%282%and%283% Grave%Threats%% Light%Threats%% Other%Light%Threats% (Article%282)% (Article%283)% (Article%285)% Threat!to!be!committed! ! Par.2:%Threat!to!be! constitutes!a!crime! Y! committed!constitutes! a!crime! ! Threat!to!be!committed! Par.%3:%Threat!to!be! Y! NOT!constitute!a!crime! committed!NOT! constitute!a!crime! Demand!for!money!or! Demand!for!money!or! NO!demand!for!money! other!condition! other!condition! or!other!condition! Made!in!any!form! Can!be!made!in!writing! Can!only!be!made!orally! ! V.%Other%Points% • Orally!threatening!another,!in!the!heat!of!anger,!with!some!harm! constituting!a!crime!is!punished!in!paragraph!2.! • Threats,!which!ordinarily!are!grave!threats,!if!made!in!the!heat!of! anger,!may!be!other!light!threats.! • Other!light!threats!may!be!committed!even!if!the!person!to!whom!it! is!directed!is!absent.! ! Article%286%–%Grave%coercions.% The% penalty% of% prision% correctional% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 6,000% pesos%

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shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who,%without%authority%of%law,%shall,%by% means% of% violence,% threats% or% intimidation,% prevent% another% from% doing% something%not%prohibited%by%law,%or%compel%him%to%do%something%against% his%will,%whether%it%be%right%or%wrong.% % If% the% coercion% be% committed% in% violation% of% the% exercise% of% the% right% of% suffrage,%or%for%the%purpose%of%compelling%another%to%perform%any%religious% act%or%to%prevent%him%from%exercising%such%right%or%from%so%doing%such%act,% the%penalty%next%higher%in%degree%shall%be%imposed.%(As#amended#by#R.A.# No.#7890#which#took#effect#on#20#February#1995)# % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished:% 1. Preventing!another,!by!means!of!violence,!threats!or!intimidation,! from!doing!something!not!prohibited!by!law;! Ex.!Preventing!someone!from!harvesting!his!crops! 2. Compelling!another,!by!means!of!violence,!threats!or!intimidation,! to!do!something!against!his!will,!whether!it!be!right!or!wrong.! Ex.!Pushing!the!bridge!keeper!to!pass!the!bridge!(People!v.!Juan)! ! II.%Elements:%(PVA)% 1. That! a! person! prevented! another! from! doing! something! not! prohibited! by! law,! or! that! he! compelled! him! to! do! something! against!his!will,!be!it!right!or!wrong;! 2. That!the!prevention!or!compulsion!be!effected!by!violence,!threats! or!intimidation;! 3. That!the!person!that!restrained!the!will!and!liberty!by!another!had! not!the!authority!of!law!or!the!right!to!do!so,!or,!in!other!words,!that! the! restraint! shall! not! be! made! under! authority! of! law! or! in! the! exercise!of!any!lawful!right.! Note:! Coercion! is! consummated! even! if! the! offended! party! did! not! accede!to!the!purpose!of!the!coercion.! ! III.%Qualifying%Circumstances% 1. Coercion!in!violation!of!the!exercise!of!the!right!of!suffrage!



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! 2. Coercion!to!compel!another!to!perform!any!religious!act! 3. Coercion!to!prevent!another!from!performing!any!religious!act! % IV.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Prevented%or%compelled%another% A.%Act%of%preventing% • When!must!the!act!of!preventing?! o When! the! offended! party! is! about! to! do! the! act! to! be! prevented.! The! coercing! person! must! have! exerted! the! violence!on!his!victim!at!the!very!moment!that!the!latter!is! doing!or!is!about!to!do!something!he!wants!to!do.! o Otherwise!if!the!act!was!already!done,!the!crime!is!unjust! vexation!(People!v.!Madrid).! • When!the!act!of!preventing!is!another!crime! o Article%132%!%Public!officer!who!prevents!ceremonies!or! manifestation!of!any!religion.! o Article%143%!%Any!person!who!prevents!the!meeting!of!a! legislative!body.! o Article%145%!%Any!person!who!shall!prevent!a!member!of! congress!from!attending!the!meetings!thereof.!! • Purpose!of!the!law!in!penalizing!coercion!!!to!enforce!the!principle! that! no! person! may! take! the! law! into! his! hands,! and! that! our! government!is!one!of!law,!not!of!men.! ! B.%Compelling% • The!essence!of!coercion!is!an!attack!on!the!individual!liberty.! • Compelling!another!to!do!something!includes!the!offender’s!act!of! doing!it!himself!while!subjecting!another!to!his!will.! • Actual!Possession! o When! the! complainant! is! in! the! actual! possession! of! a! thing,!even!if!he!has!no!right!to!that!possession,!compelling! him!by!means!of!violence!to!give!up!the!possession!even!by! the!owner!himself!is!grave!coercion.! o US!v.!Mena!!!A’s!carabao!damaged!the!paddies!of!B,!A! used!violence!to!reacquire!the!said!carabao,!A!is!guilty.!If! the! carabao! returns! to! A! and! B! tried! to! get! the! carabao!

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from! him,! rendering! A! to! use! violence,! is! not! grave! coercion.!Right!to!use!force!may!be!reasonably!necessary! to!prevent!B!from!dispossessing!him!of!his!property.! When!the!act!of!compelling!is!another!crime! o Article%127!!!A!public!officer!who,!not!being!authorized!by! law,!compels!a!person!to!change!his!residence.! o Article%267%!%Kidnapping!a!debtor!to!compel!him!to!pay! his!debut!is!not!only!coercion,!but!kidnapping!for!ransom,! because!in!effect,!there!is!a!demand!for!payment.! “Whether%it%be%right%or%wrong”! o People!v.!Bautista!!!Even!assuming!it!was!right!for!A!to! have!the!pic!because!he!had!merely!entrusted!it!to!B,!still!A! cannot!(under!the!law)!compel!B!by!force!to!return!it.!

! V.%SECOND%REQUSIITE:%Violence%threat%or%intimidation% • Intimidation!is!sufficient,!without!necessity!of!actually!laying!hands! on!the!person!coerced!(U.S.!v.!Tupular)! o Ex.! Taxi! driver! who! threatened! to! bump! his! car! to! kill! himself,!if!the!passenger!will!not!go!out!with!him! • Surrounding! complainant! in! a! notoriously! threatening! attitude! is! sufficient.!(People!v.!Irlanda)! • Threat!must!be!immediate,!actual!or!imminent!(People!v.!Romero)! o Ex.!A!was!told!that!he!would!be!killed!if!he!does!not!deliver! the! money! to! the! house! of! B.! Threat! is! not! immediate,! actual!or!imminent.! • The! crime! is! not! grave! (but! light)! coercion! when! the! violence! is! employed!to!seize!anything!belonging!to!the!debtor!of!the!offender.! ! VI.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Without%authority%of%law% • The!person!who!restrains!the!will!and!liberty!of!another!has!not!the! right!to!do!so!as!a!private!person!or!does!not!act!in!the!exercise!of!a! duty.! • Ex.!When!A,!a!local!farmer,!prevented!B!from!buying!soap!in!a!store! with!the!use!of!violence.! !



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! VII.%Coercion%v.%Other%Crimes% Coercion%v.%Illegal%Detention% • In!coercion,!clear!intent!to!deprive!of!liberty!(an!element!of!illegal! detention)!is!absent.! ! Coercion%v.%Maltreatment%of%Prisoner%(Article%235)% • In!Article%235,!the!person!from!whom!the!information!is!extorted!by! means!of!violence!is!a!prisoner.! • In!Grave!Coercion,!the!person!coerced!is!not!a!prisoner.! ! Coercion%v.%Unlawful%Arrest% • ! ! Article%287%–%Light%coercions.% Any%person%who,%by%means%of%violence,%shall%seize%anything%belonging%to%his% debtor%for%the%purpose%of%applying%the%same%to%the%payment%of%the%debt,% shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%in%its%minimum%period%and%a%fine% equivalent%to%the%value%of%the%thing,%but%in%no%case%less%than%75%pesos.% % Any%other%coercions%or%unjust%vexations%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%menor% or%a%fine%ranging%from%5%pesos%to%200%pesos,%or%both.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(CSXVD)% 1. That!the!offender!must!be!a!creditor.! 2. That!he!seizes!anything!belonging!to!his!debtor.! 3. That!the!seizure!of!the!thing!be!accomplished!by!means!of!violence! or!a!display!of!material!force!producing!intimidation;! 4. That! the! purpose! of! the! offender! is! to! apply! the! same! to! the! payment!of!the!debt.! ! II.%FIRST%ELEMENT:%Offender%must%be%a%creditor%of%the%offended%party% % III.%SECOND%ELEMENT:%Seizure%of%debtor’s%property% • There!must!be!taking!for!the!payment!of!the!debt.!If!the!seized!thing!

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was!a!mere!security!for!the!payment!this!article!will!not!apply.! ! IV.%PARAGRAPH%2:%Unjust%vexation% A.%General%Points% • Unjust!Vexation!!!any!act!committed!without!violence,!but!which! unjustifiably!annoys!or!vexes!an!innocent!person!amounts!to!light! coercion.! • Taking! possession! of! the! thing! belonging! to! the! debtor,! through! deceit!and!misrepresentation,!for!the!purpose!of!applying!the!same! to! the! payment! of! the! debt,! is! unjust! vexation! under! the! 2nd% paragraph%of%Article%287.% • When!the!act!of!the!accused!has!no!connection!with!his!previous! acts!of!violence,!it!is!only!unjust!vexation.% • Actual!physical!violence!need!not!be!employed.! Ex.!Kissing!a!girl,!without!performing!acts!of!lasciviousness,!is!unjust! vexation.! ! B.%Grave%Coercion%v.%Unjust%Vexation% • The!1st!and!2nd!elements!of!Grave!Coercion!are!present.% • The!3rd!element!of!Grave!Coercion!is!lacking!in!unjust!vexation.% ! Article% 288% –% Other% similar% coercions;% (Compulsory% purchase% of% merchandise%and%payment%of%wages%by%means%of%tokens.)% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%ranging%from%200%to%500%pesos,%or% both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person,%agent%or%officer,%of%any%association% or% corporation% who% shall% force% or% compel,% directly% or% indirectly,% or% shall% knowingly% permit% any% laborer% or% employee% employed% by% him% or% by% such% firm%or%corporation%to%be%forced%or%compelled,%to%purchase%merchandise%or% commodities%of%any%kind.% % The%same%penalties%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who%shall%pay%the% wages%due%a%laborer%or%employee%employed%by%him,%by%means%of%tokens%or% objects%other%than%the%legal%tender%currency%of%the%laborer%or%employee.% % POINTS%



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! I.%Acts%Punishable:% 1. Compulsory!purchase!of!materials! Elements:%(PEP)% a. Offender!is!any!person,!agent!or!officer!of!any!association! or!corporation;! b. He! or! such! firm! or! corporation! has!employed! laborers! or! employees;! c. He! forces! or! compels,! directly! or! indirectly,! or! knowingly! permits!to!be!forced!or!compelled,!any!of!his!or!its!laborers! or!employees!to!purchase!merchandise!or!commodities!of! any!kind!from!him!or!from!said!firm!or!corporation.! 2. Payments!of!wages!by!means!of!tokens!! Elements:%(POE)% a. Offender! pays! the! wages! due! a! laborer! or! employee! employed!by!him!by!means!of!tokens!or!objects;! b. Those! tokens! or! objects! are! other! than! the! legal! tender! currency!of!the!Philippines;! c. Such!employee!or!laborer!does!not!expressly!request!that! he!be!paid!by!means!of!tokens!or!objects.! ! II.%Right%of%laborers%or%employees%to%receive%just%wages%in%legal%tender% • As! a! general! rule,! wages! should! be! paid! in! the! legal! tender.! Any! other!form!alleged!to!represent!legal!tender!is!absolutely!prohibited! even!when!expressly!requested!by!the!employee!(Section%1,%Rule% VIII,%Book%III,%Omnibus%Rules%Implementing%the%Labor%Code).% • Forcing! an! employee! to! give! up! any! part! of! his! wages! by! force,! stealth,! intimidation,! threat! or! by! any! other! means! is! unlawful! (Article%116,%Labor%Code).% ! Article% 289% –% Formation,% maintenance% and% prohibition% of% combination% of% capital%or%labor%through%violence%or%threats.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%300%pesos%shall%be% imposed%upon%any%person%who,%for%the%purpose%of%organizing,%maintaining% or%preventing%coalitions%or%capital%or%labor,%strike%of%laborers%or%lockXout%of% employees,%shall%employ%violence%or%threats%in%such%a%degree%as%to%compel%

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or% force% the% laborers% or% employers% in% the% free% and% legal% exercise% of% their% industry%or%work,%if%the%act%shall%not%constitute%a%more%serious%offense%in% accordance%with%the%provisions%of%this%Code.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(VP)% 1. Offender!employs!violence!or!threats,!in!such!a!degree!as!to!compel! or!force!the!laborers!or!employers!in!the!free!and!legal!exercise!of! their!industry!or!work;! 2. The!purpose!is!to!organize,!maintain!or!prevent!coalitions!of!capital! or!labor,!strike!of!laborers!or!lockout!of!employers.! ! II.%Notes:% 1. The!act!should!not!be!a!more!serious!offense.! 2. Peaceful!picketing!not!prohibited.! 3. Employing!violence!or!making!threat!by!picketers!may!make!them! liable!for!coercion.! 4. Preventing!employee!from!joining!any!registered!labor!organization! is!punished!under!the!Labor!Code,!not!under!the!RPC.! !

Chapter%3:%Discovery%and%Revelation%of%Secrets% ! Article%290%–%Discovering%secrets%through%seizure%of%correspondence.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods%and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 500% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% private% individual%who%in%order%to%discover%the%secrets%of%another,%shall%seize%his% papers%or%letters%and%reveal%the%contents%thereof.% % If% the% offender% shall% not% reveal% such% secrets,% the% penalty% shall% be% arresto% mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos.% % The% provision% shall% not% be% applicable% to% parents,% guardians,% or% persons% entrusted%with%the%custody%of%minors%with%respect%to%the%papers%or%letters% of%the%children%or%minors%placed%under%their%care%or%study,%nor%to%spouses% with%respect%to%the%papers%or%letters%of%either%of%them.%



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! % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PSXDI)% 1. Offender! is! a! private! individual! or! even! a! public! officer! not! in! the! exercise!of!his!official!function;! 2. He!seizes!the!papers!or!letters!of!another;! 3. The!purpose!is!to!discover!the!secrets!of!such!another!person;! 4. Offender!is!informed!of!the!contents!of!the!papers!or!letters!seized.! ! II.%Qualifying%Circumstances% • When!the!offender!reveals!the!contents!of!such!paper!or!letters!of! the!another!to!a!third!person.% % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Seizes%the%paper%or%letters% • Seize!!!to!place!in!the!control!of!someone!a!thing!or!to!give!him!the! possession!thereof.!It!is!not!necessary!that!in!the!act,!there!should! be!force!or!violence.! • Ex.!Taking!possession!of!papers!or!letters!of!another!even!for!a!short! time!only.! ! IIV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Purpose%is%to%discover%the%secrets%of%another% • Purpose!of!the!offender!must!be!to!discover!the!secrets!of!another.! Before! opening! the! accused! must! be! dictated! by! the! desire! to! discover!secrets.! ! V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Offender%must%be%informed%of%contents%% • Prejudice!is!not!an!element!of!the!offense.! • Exception:% Article% 290! is! not! applicable! to! letters! of! minors! or! spouses.! • If! mail! matter! is! opened! by! public! officers,! Sec.% 2756% of% the% Administrative%Code%punishes!the!unlawful!opening!of!mail!matter.! ! VI.%Public%Officer%revealing%secrets%v.%Private%Individual%revealing%secrets% Article%230% Article%290% The!public!officer!comes!to!know!the! Private!individual!seizes!papers!or!

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secrets!of!any!private!individual!by! letters! reason!of!his!office! Not!necessary!that!the!secrets!are!contained!in!the!papers!or!letters! Public!officer!reveals!the!contents! Not!necessary!that!the!secret!is! revealed! % VI.%Other%Notes% Notes!from!Atty.!De!Castro! • Revelation!is!not!an!element!of!this!crime.!It!is!only!qualifying.!! • Also!contemplates!a!ward!who!seizes!a!guardian’s!letters.! ! Q:!How!do!you!determine!whether!information!is!secret!or!not?! ! Article%291%–%Revealing%secrets%with%abuse%of%office.% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%and%a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be% imposed%upon%any%manager,%employee,%or%servant%who,%in%such%capacity,% shall% learn% the% secrets% of% his% principal% or% master% and% shall% reveal% such% secrets.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(MLR)% 1. Offenders!is!a!manager,!employee!or!servant;! 2. He!learns!the!secrets!of!his!principal!or!master!in!such!capacity;! 3. He!reveals!such!secrets.! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Learns%the%secrets% • Secrets!must!be!learned!by!reason!of!their!employment.!! o Ex:!A!bank!teller!who!knows!the!bank!safe!combination! o Secrets!not!necessarily!contained!in!papers/letters.!–!Atty.! De!Castro! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Reveals%such%secret% • The!secrets!must!be!revealed!by!the!offender! • Damage!is!not!necessary.! !



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! Article%292%–%Revelation%of%industrial%secrets.% The%penalty%of%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%and%medium%periods%and% a%fine%not%exceeding%500%pesos%shall%be%imposed%upon%the%person%in%charge,% employee% or% workman% of% any% manufacturing% or% industrial% establishment% who,%to%the%prejudice%of%the%owner%thereof,%shall%reveal%the%secrets%of%the% industry%of%the%latter.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(ESXRP)% 1. The! offender! is! a! person! in! charge,! employee! or! workman! of! a! manufacturing!or!industrial!establishment;! 2. The! manufacturing! or! industrial! establishment! has! a! secret! of! the! industry!which!the!offender!has!learned;! 3. Offender!reveals!such!secrets;! 4. Prejudice!is!caused!to!the!owner.! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Secrets%of%the%industry% • Secrets!must!relate!to!manufacturing!processes!invented!by!or!for!a! manufacturer!and!used!only!in!his!factory!or!in!a!limited!number!of! them.! o Ex.! “Good! burger”! secret! recipe! and! preparation.! (Welcome! to! good! burger,! home! of! the! good! burgers! movie)! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%The%act%constituting%the%crime%is%revealing%the%secret% of%the%industry%of%employer.!! • The!revelation!of!the!secret!might!be!made!after!the!employee!or! workman!had!ceased!to!be!connected!with!the!establishment.! ! IV.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Prejudice%is%an%essential%element%of%the%offense.%



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TITLEX:'CRIMES'AGAINST'PROPERTY! !

Chapter'1:'Robbery'in'General! ! Article'293'C'Who'are'guilty'of'robbery.' Any' person' who,' with' intent' to' gain,' shall' take' any' personal' property' belonging' to' another,' by' means' of' violence' or' intimidation' of' any' person,' or' using' force' upon' anything' shall' be' guilty'of'robbery.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'of'Robbery'in'general:'(PUVI)' 1. That! there! be! (1)! personal! property! (2)! belonging! to! another;! 2. That!there!is!(3)!unlawful!taking!of!that!property;! 3. That!the!taking!must!be!(4)!with!intent!to!gain;!and! 4. That! there! is! (5)! violence! against! or! intimidation! of! any! person,!or!force!upon!anything.! ! II.'2'classifications'of'robbery:' 1. Robbery! with! violence! and! intimidation! of! persons! (Article' 294,'297,'298)'' 2. Robbery!by!use!of!force!upon!things.!(Article'299,'302)! ! III.'Definition'of'Terms' 1. Personal)Property!!!must!be!a!movable!property,!if!it!is!real! property! occupied! and! is! usurped! by! means! of! violence! or! intimidation! the! crime! is! usurpation.! *Prohibited! articles! may!be!the!subject!matter!of!robbery!(i.e.!opium)! 2. Belonging)to)another!!!property!taken!does!not!belong!to! the!offender.!The!person!from!whom!the!personal!property! was! taken! need! not! be! the! owner.! Possession! is! sufficient! (i.e.!Robbery!may!be!committed!from!a!person!who!himself! has!stolen!it.)! o Naming)of)the)Owner!–!Generally!not!necessary,!but! (

it! is! necessary! if! the! crime! charged! is! robbery! with! homicide! because! of! the! capital! punishment! attached!to!the!crime.! 3. Taking!!!means!depriving!the!offended!party!of!ownership! of!the!thing!taken!with!character!of!permanency.! o !“Taking”)must)be)unlawful!–!this!is!an!essential!part! of! robbery.! If! the! taking! was! lawful! but! misappropriated!after!the!taking,!the!crime!is!Estafa! or! malversation.! Ex.! Police! lawfully! seized! opium! from! Chinese! individuals,! after! having! possession! they!misappropriated!it,!the!crime!would!be!Estafa.! o When!is!unlawful!taking!complete?! a. As)to)robbery)with)violence)and)intimidation!–!from! the! moment! the! offender! gains! possession! of! the! thing! even! if! offender! has! had! no! opportunity! to! dispose! of! the! same,! the! unlawful! taking! is! complete.! b. As)to)robbery)with)force)upon)things!–!thing!must!be! taken!out!of!the!building.! 4. Intent) to) gain! !! is! presumed! from! the! unlawful! taking.! Being! an! internal! act,! it! cannot! be! established! by! direct! evidence.! It! must! therefore! be! deduced! from! the! circumstances.! *Absence! of! intent! to! gain! will! make! the! taking!of!personal!property!grave!coercion.! o Intent! to! gain! and! personal! property! belonging! to! another! must! concur.! If! the! accused! with! intent! to! gain,! took! from! another,! personal! property! which! turned! out! to! be! his! own! property,! there! is! no! robbery.!Also,!if!the!accused!took!personal!property! from! another,! believing! that! it! was! his! own! property,! there! being! no! intent! to! gain,! there! is! no! robbery.! 5. Intimidation! !! Need! not! be! threat! of! bodily! harm.! For! instance,! closing! down! the! store! and! paying! a! fine! constitutes!enough!intimidation.!(People!v.!Palabao)!

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! Violence!or!intimidation!must!be!present!before!the! taking! of! the! personal! property.! However,! it! is! not! necessary! that! violence! be! present! from! the! very! beginning.! o Exception:! When! violence! results! in:! (1)! homicide,! (2)! rape,! (3)! intentional! mutilation,! or! (4)! any! serious! physical! injuries! punished! in! paragraphs' 1' and'2'of'Article'263.!The!robbery!with!any!of!those! crimes!is!a!special!complex!crime!under!Article'294,! even! if! the! taking! was! already! complete! when! the! violence! was! used! by! the! offender! (“by! reason”! or! “accompanied!by”).! ! Employment'of'violence'and' Force'upon'things' intimidation'against'persons' Violence!or!intimidation!against! Force!is!used!either!to!enter!the! persons! building!or!to!break!doors,! wardrobes,!chests,!or!any!kind! of!locked!sealed!furniture!or! receptacle!inside!the!building!or! to!force!them!open!outside!after! taking!the!same!from!the! building! ! Value! of! personal! property! is! If!committed!in!an!inhabited! immaterial,!the!penalty!depends! house,!public!building,!or!edifice! on:! devoted!for!religious!worship,! (a)!result!of!the!violence!used! the!penalty!is!based!on! (b)!existence!of!intimidation!only! (a)!value!of!the!property!taken! (b)! WON! the! offenders! carry! arms! (if! committed! in! an! inhabited! building! only! previous! condition!is!applicable)! ! Robbery'v.'Theft:'

Similarities' Involve!taking!of!transportation!

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Taking!of!personal!property!

With!intent!to!gain!

Distinctions' Robbery!is!done!with!violence!or! intimidation!or!with!force!upon! things! Theft!is!done!without!the! knowledge!or!consent!of!the! owner.!Also,!it!is!without! violence,!intimidation!or!force! upon!things! !

! Section'1'–'Robbery'with'Violence'Against'or'Intimidation'of' Persons' ' Article' 294' –' Robbery' with' violence' against' or' intimidation' of' persons;'Penalties' Any' person' guilty' of' robbery' with' the' use' of' violence' against' or' intimidation'of'any'person'shall'suffer:' 1. The' penalty' of' reclusion' perpetua' to' death,' when' by' reason' or' on' occasion' of' the' robbery,' the' crime' of' homicide'shall'have'been'committed;'or'when'the'robbery' shall' have' been' accompanied' by' rape' or' intentional' mutilation'or'arson;' 2. The'penalty'of'reclusion'temporal'in'its'medium'period'to' reclusion'perpetua'when'by'reason'or'on'occasion'of'such' robbery,' any' of' the' physical' injuries' penalized' in' subdivision'1'of'Article'263'shall'have'been'inflicted;' 3. The' penalty' of' reclusion' temporal,' when' by' reason' or' on' occasion' of' the' robbery,' any' of' the' physical' injuries' penalized' in' subdivision' 2' of' the' article' mentioned' in' the' next'preceding'paragraph,'shall'have'been'inflicted.' 4. The' penalty' of' prision' mayor' in' its' maximum' period' to' reclusion'temporal'in'its'medium'period,'if'the'violence'or' intimidation' employed' in' the' commission' of' the' robbery' shall'have'been'carried'to'a'degree'clearly'unnecessary'for'

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! the' commission' of' the' crime,' or' when' the' course' of' its' execution,' the' offender' shall' have' inflicted' upon' any' person' not' responsible' for' its' commission' any' of' the' physical' injuries' covered' by' subCdivisions' 3' and' 4' of' said' Article'263.' 5. The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' maximum' period' to' prision' mayor' in' its' medium' period' in' other' cases.' (As# amended#by#R.#A.#7659).' ' POINTS' I.'Acts'Punishable:' 1. When!by!reason!or!on!occasion!of!the!robbery,!the!crime!of! homicide!shall!have!been!committed;! 2. When! robbery! is! accompanied! by! rape! or! intentional! mutilation!or!arson;! 3. When!by!reason!or!on!occasion!of!such!robbery,!any!of!the! physical!injuries!resulting!in!insanity,!imbecility,!impotency,! or!blindness!is!inflicted;!! 4. When! by! reason! or! on! occasion! of! the! robbery,! any! of! the! physical!injuries!resulting!in!the!loss!of!the!use!of!speech!or! the!power!to!hear!or!to!smell,!or!the!loss!of!an!eye,!a!hand,! a! foot,! an! arm,! or! a! leg,! or! the! loss! of! the! use! of! any! such! member! or! incapacity! for! the! work! in! which! the! injured! person!is!theretofore!habitually!engaged!is!inflicted;! 5. If!the!violence!or!intimidation!employed!in!the!commission! of!the!robbery!is!carried!to!a!degree!clearly!unnecessary!for! the!commission!of!the!crime;! 6. When!in!the!course!of!its!execution,!the!offender!shall!have! inflicted! upon! any! person! not! responsible! for! the! commission! of! the! robbery! any! of! the! physical! injuries! in! consequence! of! which! the! person! injured! becomes! deformed! or! loses! any! other! member! of! his! body! or! loses! the! use! thereof! or! becomes! ill! or! incapacitated! for! the! performance! of! the! work! in! which! he! is! habitually! engaged! for!more!than!90!days!or!the!person!injured!becomes!ill!or!

incapacitated!for!labor!for!more!than!30!days;! 7. If!the!violence!employed!by!the!offender!does!not!cause!any! of! the! serious! physical! injuries! defined! in! Article! 263,! or! if! the!offender!employs!intimidation!only.! ! II.'Article'294'consists'of'SPECIAL'COMPLEX'CRIMES' • Article'48!does!not!apply!to!Article!294.!The!crimes!defined! in!this!article!are!special!complex!crimes.!Article!294!already! provides!a!specific!penalty!for!each.! • On)the)occasion!or!by)reason!of!the!robbery!mean!that!the! homicide! or! serious! physical! injuries! defined! must! be! committed!in!the!course!or!because!of!the!robbery.! • A! conviction! for! robbery! with! homicide! requires! certitude! that!the!robbery!was!the!main!purpose!and!objective!of!the! criminals!and!that!the!killing!was!merely!incidental.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH'1:'ROBBERY'WITH'HOMICIDE' ' I.'Definition'of'“HOMICIDE”' • Homicide! !! to! be! understood! in! its! generic! sense! as! to! include!parricide!and!murder.! • All!the!homicides!or!murders!are!merged!in!the!composite,! integrated!whole!that!is!robbery!with!homicide!! o So!long!as!all!the!killing!were!perpetrated!by!reason! or!on!the!occasion!of!the!robbery.! • If! robbery! with! homicide! is! committed! by! a! band! !! the! offense!would!still!be!robbery!with!homicide.!! o The! circumstance! of! band! is! not! an! element! of! the! crime! and! is! merely! a! generic! aggravating! circumstance! that! may! be! offset! by! mitigating! circumstances.! • No!such!crime!as!robbery!with!murder.!! o Treachery! must! be! considered! as! a! generic! aggravating!circumstance!and!not!qualifying.! !



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! II.'Homicide'committed'“BY'REASON'or'ON'THE'OCCASION”' • Is! it! necessary! that! a! robbery! has! actually! taken! place! first,! and!the!homicide!is!committed!on!the!occasion!or!by!reason! thereof?!! o No,! it! is! not! required;! however,! the! intent! to! take! personal! property! belonging! to! another! with! intent! to!gain!must!precede!the!killing.! o Homicide! may! precede! the! robbery.! Killing! the! first! victim! and! afterwards! taking! the! money! is! robbery! with! homicide.! But! the! offender! must! have! the! intent!to!take!personal!property!before!the!killing.! • By)reason!!!covers!homicide!committed!before!or!after!the! taking! of! personal! property! as! long! as! the! motive! of! the! offender! in! killing! a! person! is! to! deprive! the! victim! of! his! personal!property;!robbery!is!the!main!purpose.! o Homicide! to! eliminate! an! obstacle! to! the! commission! of! robbery! and! homicide! committed! to! remove! opposition! or! to! suppress! evidence! are! all! robbery! with! homicide.! Also,! killing! a! person! to! escape! after! the! commission! of! robbery! is! robbery! with! homicide! –! even! if! the! person! killed! was! an! innocent!bystander!or!a!robber!himself.! • Is! it! robbery! with! homicide! even! if! the! death! of! a! person! supervened!by!mere!accident?!! o It! is! enough! that! a! homicide! resulted! by! reason! or! on!the!occasion!of!the!robbery!even!if!the!one!killed! is!a!robber!himself.!! • If! the! original! design! is! not! to! commit! robbery,! but! it! is! committed! after! the! homicide! as! an! afterthought! and! a! minor!incident!in!the!homicide,!the!criminal!acts!should!be! viewed!as!two!distinct!offenses.! • Appreciable)lapse)of)time!!!when!a!certain!amount!of!time! has! passed! between! the! homicide! and! the! robbery,! it! may! become!to!separate!crimes!already.! !

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III.'Liability'of'persons'in'Robbery'with'Homicide' • Robbery!WITH!homicide!must!be!proved.! o If!homicide!is!not!proved,!the!crime!is!only!robbery.! o If!robbery!is!not!proved,!the!crime!is!only!homicide.! • NOTE:) In) conspiracy,) for) the) act) of) one) to) be) the) act) of) all,) there)must)be)agreement)AND)decision)to)do)both)crimes.! • Principals!!!! o All!those!who!took!part!as!principals!in!the!robbery! would! also! be! held! liable! as! principals! of! robbery! with! homicide! although! they! did! not! actually! take! part!in!the!killing,!unless!it!clearly!appears!that!they! endeavored!to!prevent!the!same!(nothing!short!of!a! clear! showing! that! they! prevented! the! killing! themselves).! o If!it!is!proved!that!he!tried!(or!could!have!tried!if!it! so!happens!that!he!was!not!present!at!the!scene)!to! prevent! the! homicide,! he! will! only! be! charged! with! robbery! (jurisprudence)! !! it! doesn’t! matter! that! the! others! who! conspired! to! commit! robbery! only! were! unaware! that! homicide! was! committed.! What! matters!is!that!they!endeavored!to!prevent!it.! • Accomplice!!!is!his!liability!to!be!computed!from!the!level! of!liability!of!principals!of!robbery!with!homicide?! o Thus,!his!level!of!liability!will!be!computed!from!the! principal’s!penalty!of!robbery.!! o Rule:!See!note!in!principals! • Accessories!!! ! IV.'Robbery'with'homicide'v.'Highway'robbery' • P.D.' No.' 532! !! conviction! for! highway! robbery! requires! proof! that! several! accused! were! organized! for! the! purpose! of!committing!it!indiscriminately.! ' V.'Other'Notes:' • A! is! robbing! a! bank.! The! cashier! fights! back.! Is! it! robbery!



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! with!homicide?!YES.' What!if!it!was!proven!that!the!policeman!was!the!one!who! killed!the!cashier,!would!A!(robber)!still!be!liable!for!robbery! with!homicide?!YES.' • A!threatens!C!with!a!gun!(who!he!did!not!know!was!loaded).! A!“shot”!C.!Robbery!with!homicide?!YES.' ____________________! PARAGRAPH'2:'ROBBERY'WITH'RAPE' ' I.'Intent'to'“take'personal'property”'must'PRECEDE'the'rape' • The!offender!must!have!the!intent!to!take!personal!property! belonging! to! another! with! intent! to! gain,! and! such! intent! must!precede!the!rape.! o It! is! not! necessary! the! rape! be! prior! to! or! simultaneous! with! the! robbery.! So! the! law! says,! in! the!definition!of!the!crime,!that!when!the!robbery!is! accompanied!by!rape!or!mutilation,!etc.! o Even!if!the!rape!was!committed!before!the!taking!of! property,! the! accused! were! guilty! of! robbery! with! rape.!Rape!was!not!their!primary!objective.! o If! rape! was! the! primary! objective! of! the! accused,! and! his! taking! of! the! victim’s! jewels! was! not! with! intent! to! gain! but! just! to! have! some! tokens! of! her! supposed! consent,! the! accused! committed! two! distinct!crimes!of!rape!and!unjust!vexation.! • But! if! the! rape! is! committed! against! a! woman! in! a! house! other! than! that! where! the! robbery! is! committed,! the! rape! should!be!considered!a!separate!offense.! • No!such!crime!as!robbery!with!rape.!Both!crimes!cannot!be! the!result!of!a!single!act!contemplated!in!Article!48.! • Additional!rapes!will!not!increase!the!penalty.!Also,!there!is! no! law! providing! that! the! additional! rape(s)! or! homicide(s)! should! be! considered! as! aggravating! circumstances.! Article' 14!is!an!exclusive!list!of!aggravating!circumstances.! • When! rape! and! homicide! coeexist! in! the! commission! of! •

robbery,! the! rape! is! to! be! considered! as! an! aggravating! circumstance.! The! crime! is! still! designated! as! robbery! with! homicide.! ' II.'Robbery'AND'Attempted'Rape' • There!is!no!such!crime!as!“robbery!with!attempted!rape”! • There!is!no!complex!crime!(under!Article'48)!of!robbery!and! attempted!rape.! o They!are!considered!as!two!separate!crimes.! ! III.'Rape'and'Homicide'coCexist'with'Robbery'(People'v.'Ganal)' • Crime:!Robbery!with!homicide.! • Rape!will!be!considered!an!aggravating!circumstance! ____________________! Paragraph'3:'ROBBERY'WITH'SERIOUS'PHYSICAL'INJURIES' ! • People! v.! Hernandez! !! Loss! of! hearing! should! be! due! to! loss! of! both! ears! resulting! from! violence! employed! during! robbery.!The!offended!party!can!hear!from!his!left!ear.!The! case!falls!within!Article'262,'paragraph'4.' ____________________! Paragraph' 4:' ROBBERY' WITH' UNECESSARY' VIOLENCE' AND' INTIMIDATION'(Article'294,'paragraph'4)' ' I.'Application'of'Article'294,'paragraph'4' • The!violence!need!not!result!in!serious!physical!injuries.!All! that! Article' 294,' paragraph' 4' requires! is! that! the! violence! be!unnecessary!for!the!commission!of!the!robbery.! o Example:! Tying! the! victim! after! wounding! him! and! leaving!him!tied!to!the!trunk!of!a!tree.! • When!the!violence!or!intimidation!is!necessary,!Article'294,' paragraph'4'is!not!applicable.!! o Example:! It! appears! that! the! beating! was! for! the! purpose!of!compelling!him!to!show!the!place!where! he!kept!his!money.!



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What! if! in! the! course! of! the! execution! of! the! crime! of! robbery,!one!of!the!offenders!inflicted!upon!another!robber,! physical! injuries! which! resulted! in! the! latter’s! deformity,! is! the!crime!robbery!with!serious!physical!injuries?!! o The! wording! of! the! law! as! regards! this! question! is! “upon! any! person! not! responsible! for! its! commission.”! It! would! seem! that! the! penalty! in! paragraph! 4! of! Article! 294! should! not! be! applied.! The! offender! would! be! liable! for! two! crimes,! namely:!(1)!robbery,!and!(2)!serious!physical!injuries! under!263,!paragraph!3.! The!serious!physical!injuries!defined!in!subdivisions'3'and'4' of' Article' 263! must! be! inflicted! “in! the! course! of! its! execution.”! If! they! were! inflicted! after! the! taking! of! the! personal! property! had! been! complete,! the! serious! physical! injuries! mentioned! should! be! considered! as! separate! offense.!

! II.'Requisites'of'Robbery'under'the'second'case'of'par.'4'of'294' 1. That!any!of!the!physical!injuries!defined!in!paragraphs'3'and' 4'of'Article'263'was!inflicted!in!the!course!of!the!robbery.! 2. That! any! of! them! was! inflicted! upon! any! person! not! responsible!for!the!commission!of!the!robbery.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH'5:'SIMPLE'ROBBERY' ' I.'Robbery'with'the'use'of'Violence'Against'or'Intimidation'of'any' person'under'paragraph'5'of'Article'294' • The! robbery! under! this! paragraph! is! known! as! simple' robbery! because! the! use! of! violence! against! any! person! does!not!result!in!homicide,!rape,!intentional!mutilation,!or! any! of! the! serious! physical! injuries! defined! in! Article! 263,! which!may!give!rise!to!a!special!complex!crime.! • When! the! injury! inflicted! upon! the! offended! party! on! the! occasion! of! robbery! can! be! qualified! only! as! less! serious!

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physical! injuries! or! slight! physical! injuries,! the! crime! is! that! defined!and!penalized!in!paragraph'5'of'Article'294.! Violence! or! intimidation! may! enter! at! any! time! before! the! owner!is!finally!deprived!of!his!property.!

! II.'Robbery'with'Violence'or'Intimidation'“in'other'cases”'referred' to'in'paragraph'5'is'committed'by:' 1. Snatching!money!from!the!hands!of!the!victim!and!pushing! her! to! prevent! her! from! recovering! the! seized! property.! (U.S.!v.!Samonte)! 2. Grabbing! pawn! ticket! from! the! hands! of! another! and! intimidating!him.!(U.S.!v.!Blanco)! • In! Robbery! with! intimidation,! there! must! be! acts! done! by! the!accused,!which,!either!by!their!own!nature!or!by!reason! of!the!circumstances!under!which!they!are!executed,!inspire! fear!in!the!person!against!whom!they!are!directed.!! o The! intimidation! consists! in! causing! or! creating! a! fear!in!the!mind!of!a!person!or!in!bringing!in!a!sense! of! mental! distress! in! view! of! a! rise! or! evil! that! may! be!impending!really!or!in!imagination.! Robbery'v.'Grave'Threats'v.'Grave'Coercion' Robbery'w/' Grave'threats' Grave'coercion' violence' Intent!to!gain! Intent!to!gain!is! No!intent!to!gaine! is!immediate! future/conditional! Immediate! Intimidation;! Intimidation!(effect)!is! harm! promises!some! immediate!and!offended!party! future!harm!or! is!compelled!to!do!something! injury! against!his!will!(w/n!right!or! wrong)! Personal! Person,!honor!or! ! injury! property!of!the! offended!party!or! his!family! Robbery'v.'Bribery'



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! Robbery' Bribery' The!victim!did!not!commit!a! The!victim!has!committed!a! crime!and!he!is!intimidated!with! crime!and!gives!money!or!gift!to! arrest!and/or!prosecution!to! avoid!arrest!or!prosecution! deprive!him!of!his!personal! property! The!victim!is!deprived!of!his! He!parts!with!his!money!or! money!or!property!by!force!or! property!in!a!sense!voluntarily.! intimidation.! ! Article' 295' –' Robbery' with' physical' injuries,' committed' in' an' uninhabited' place' and' by' a' band,' or' with' the' use' of' firearm' on' a' street,'road'or'alley.' If' the' offenses' mentioned' in' subdivisions' three,' four,' and' five' of' the' next' preceding' article' shall' have' been' committed' in' an' uninhabited' place' or' by' a' band,' or' by' attacking' a' moving' train,' street'car,'motor'vehicle'or'airship,'or'by'entering'the'passenger's' compartments'in'a'train'or,'in'any'manner,'taking'the'passengers' thereof' by' surprise' in' the' respective' conveyances,' or' on' a' street,' road,'highway,'or'alley,'and'the'intimidation'is'made'with'the'use' of' a' firearm,' the' offender' shall' be' punished' by' the' maximum' period'of'the'proper'penalties.'(As#amended#by#R.A.#No.12,#Sec.12,# and#R.A.#No.#373).' ! POINTS' I.'Application'of'Article'295' A.'If'any'of'the'offense'defined'in'subdivision'3,'4'and'5'of'Article' 294'is'committed:' 1. In!an!uninhabited!place.! 2. By!a!band.!(Article'296)! 3. Attacking! a! moving! train,! street! car,! motor! vehicle,! or! airship.!! 4. By! entering! the! passengers’! compartment! in! a! train! or! in! any!manner!taking!the!passengers!thereof!by!surprise!in!the! respective!conveyances.!

5. On! a! street,! road,! highway! or! alley,! and! the! intimidation! is! made!with!the!use!of!firearms.! Penalty:'The!offender!shall!be!punished!by!the!maximum!period! of!the!proper!penalties!in!Article!294.! ' B.'Qualifying'v.'Aggravating' 1. These! circumstances! are! qualifying! only! if! the! crimes! are! NOT!one!of!the!special!complex!crimes.! a. Being! qualifying,! it! cannot! be! offset! by! a! generic! mitigating! circumstance.! Ex:! If! robbery! by! a! band! is! committed! in! an! uninhabited! place,! “by! a! band”! is! qualifying!and!“uninhabited!place”!would!be!generic! aggravating!circumstance!only.! 2. These!circumstances!are!aggravating!only!in!special!complex! crimes!(Article'294,'Par.'1&2).! • These! five! qualifying! circumstances! must! be! alleged! in! the! information!and!proved!during!trial.! ! C.'This'article'does'not'apply:' 1. When!by!reason!or!on!occasion!of!the!robbery,!the!crime!of! homicide!is!committed!(subdivision'1,!Article!294)! 2. When! the! robbery! is! accompanied! by! rape! or! intentional! mutilation,!or!arson!(subdivision'2,!Article!294)! 3. If! by! reason! or! on! occasion! of! robbery,! any! of! the! serious! physical! injuries! in! insanity,! imbecility,! impotency! or! blindness!is!inflicted!(subdivision'2,!Article!294)! • The!reason!is!that!this!article!mentions!subdivision'3,'4,'and' 5'of'Article'294,!omitting!subdivision'1'and'2.! ' II.'Other'Notes:' • A! was! riding! his! car.! While! on! stop,! B! pointed! a! pistol! at! A! making! the! latter! go! down.! B! speeds! off! with! the! car.! Robbery?!' o Yes,! but! it! is! punishable! under! the! AntieCarnapping! Law.'



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! ' Article' 296' –' Definition' of' a' band' and' penalty' incurred' by' the' members'thereof.' When' more' than' three' armed' malefactors' take' part' in' the' commission' of' a' robbery,' it' shall' be' deemed' to' have' been' committed' by' a' band.' When' any' of' the' arms' used' in' the' commission' of' the' offense' be' an' unlicensed' firearm,' the' penalty' to' be' imposed' upon' all' the' malefactors' shall' be' the' maximum' of' the' corresponding' penalty' provided' by' law,' without' prejudice' of' the' criminal' liability' for' illegal' possession' of' such' unlicensed' firearms.' ' Any' member' of' a' band' who' is' present' at' the' commission' of' a' robbery' by' the' band,' shall' be' punished' as' principal' of' any' of' the' assaults' committed' by' the' band,' unless' it' be' shown' that' he' tried' to'prevent'the'same.' ! POINTS' I.'Outline'of'the'provisions:' 1. When! at! least! four! armed! malefactors! take! part! in! the! commission! of! a! robbery,! it! is! deemed! committed! by! a! band.! 2. When! any! of! the! arms! used! in! the! commission! of! the! robbery! is! not! licensed,! the! penalty! upon! all! malefactors! shall! be! the! maximum! of! the! corresponding! penalty! provided! by! law,! without! prejudice! to! the! criminal! liability! for!illegal!possession!of!such!firearms.! 3. Any! member! of! the! band! who! was! present! at! the! commission! of! a! robbery! by! a! band,! shall! be! punished! as! principal! of! any! of! the! assaults! committed! by! the! band,! unless!it!be!shown!that!he!attempted!to!prevent!the!same.! ! II.'Requisites'for'liability'for'acts'of'other'members'of'the'band:' A!member!of!the!band!is!liable!for!any!of!the!assaults!committed!by! the!other!members!thereof,!when!the!following!requisites!concur:!

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He!was!a!member!of!the!band! He!was!present!at!the!commission!of!a!robbery!by!that!band! The!other!members!committed!an!assault! He!did!not!attempt!to!prevent!the!assault.!

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There!must!be!proof!that!he!made!an!endeavor!to!prevent! the! assault! committed! by! another! member! of! the! band,! in! order!that!he!may!not!be!held!liable!for!such!assault.! When!is!the!robbery!deemed!committed!by!a!band?!At!least! four! armed! persons! must! take! part! in! the! commission! of! robbery.! When!the!robbery!was!not!by!a!band!and!homicide!was!not! determined! by! the! accused! when! they! plotted! the! crime,! the! one! who! did! not! participate! in! the! killing! is! liable! for! robbery!only.! But! when! there! is! conspiracy! to! commit! homicide! and! robbery,! all! the! conspirators,! even! if! less! than! four! armed! men,! are! liable! for! the! special! complex! crime! of! robbery! with!homicide.! Article!296'is!not!applicable!to! principal'by'induction,!who! was! not! present! at! the! commission! of! the! robbery,! if! the! agreement!was!only!to!commit!robbery.!But!the!principal!by! induction! would! be! liable! for! the! homicide! or! other! crimes! that! might! have! resulted,! if! he! also! ordered! the! killing! of! a! particular!person!or!any!one!who!would!resist!the!robbery,! or!the!commission!of!other!crimes.! Conspiracy! was! for! robbery! only! but! homicide! was! also! committed! on! the! occasion! thereof! –! all! members! of! the! band! are! liable! for! robbery! with! homicide! unless! they! can! show!that!they!endeavored!to!prevent!the!homicide.! Proof! of! conspiracy! is! not! necessary! when! four! or! more! armed!persons!committed!robbery.! Where!in!the!course!of!the!robbery!by!a!band.!The!offended! woman! was! taken! by! one! of! the! accused! to! a! place! away! from! the! house,! where! the! robbery! was! committed,! and!

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there! he! raped! her! without! the! knowledge! of! his! companions,!he!alone!is!guilty!of!robbery!with!rape.! The! use! of! unlicensed! firearm! is! not! a! special! aggravating! circumstance!in!robbery!with!rape!or!intentional!mutilation,! and! in! robbery! with! physical! injuries! defined! in! subdivision' 1'of'Article'263.' In! robbery! defined! in! any! of! the! paragraphs' 3,' 4,' and' 5' of' Article' 294,! perpetrated! by! a! band! using! unlicensed! firearms,! the! penalty! is! the! maximum! of! the! maximum! period! of! the! proper! penalty.! It! is! not! an! aggravating! circumstance.!

! Article' 297' –' Attempted' and' frustrated' robbery' committed' under' certain'circumstances' When' by' reason' or' on' occasion' of' an' attempted' or' frustrated' robbery' a' homicide' is' committed,' the' person' guilty' of' such' offenses' shall' be' punished' by' reclusion' temporal' in' its' maximum' period'to'reclusion'perpetua,'unless'the'homicide'committed'shall' deserve'a'higher'penalty'under'the'provisions'of'this'Code.' ! POINTS' I.'“Homicide'is'committed”' • The!term!homicide!in!Article'297!is!used!in!a!generic!sense.! Hence,!it!includes!multiple!homicides,!murder,!parricide,!or! even!infanticide.!! • As!long!as!homicide!is!committed!by!reason!or!on!occasion! of! an! attempted! or! frustrated! robbery,! the! penalty! of! reclusion! temporal! in! its! maximum! period! to! reclusion! perpetua!shall!be!imposed.!! ! II.'“Unless'the'homicide'committed'shall'deserve'a'higher'penalty”' • If! in! an! attempted! or! frustrated! robbery,! the! killing! of! the! victim! is! qualified! by! treachery! or! relationship,! the! proper! penalty!for!murder!or!parricide!shall!be!imposed!because!it! is!more!severe.!!

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Attempted!or!Frustrated!Robbery!with!homicide!are!special! complex! crimes! not! governed! by! Article' 48,! but! by! the! special!provisions!of!Articles'294'and'297,!respectively.!!

' III.'Applicability'of'Article'48'in'robbery' • When! is! Article' 48! applicable! in! robbery?! If! attempted! or! frustrated! robbery! with! serious! physical! injuries,! Article' 48! is! applicable,! since! the! felony! would! fall! neither! under! Article' 294! which! covers! consummated! robbery! with! homicide! nor! under! Article' 297! which! covers! attempted! or! frustrated!robbery!with!homicide.!! • There!is!only!one!crime!of!attempted!robbery!with!homicide! even! if! slight! physical! injuries! were! inflicted! on! other! persons!on!the!occasion!or!by!reason!of!the!robbery.! ! ARTICLE' 298' C' Execution' of' deeds' by' means' of' violence' or' intimidation.' Any' person' who,' with' intent' to' defraud' another,' by' means' of' violence' or' intimidation,' shall' compel' him' to' sign,' execute' or' deliver'any'public'instrument'or'documents,'shall'be'held'guilty'of' robbery' and' punished' by' the' penalties' respectively' prescribed' in' this'Chapter.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements:'(VIC)' 1. That!the!offender!has!intent!to!defraud!another.! 2. That! the! offender! compels! him! to! sign,! execute! or! deliver! any!public!instrument!or!document.! 3. That!the!compulsion!is!by!means!of!violence!or!intimidation.! ! • If! the! violence! used! resulted! in! the! death! of! the! person! to! be! defrauded,! the! crime! is! robbery! with! homicide! and! the! penalty! as! prescribed! in! par.' 1' of' Article' 294! shall! be! imposed.! • If!the!execution!of!deeds!by!means!of!violence!is!only!in!the!



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attempted! or! frustrated! stage! and! the! violence! resulted! in! the! death! of! the! person! to! be! defrauded,! the! penalty! prescribed!in!Article'297!shall!be!imposed.! Must! the! document! be! public?! The! adjective! “public”! describes! the! word! “instrument”! only.! Hence,! this! article! applies!even!if!the!document!signed,!executed!or!delivered! is!a!private!or!commercial!document.! Article'298!is!not!applicable!if!the!document!is!void.! When! the! offended! party! is! under! obligation! to! sign,! execute,!or!deliver!the!document!under!the!law,!there!is!no! robbery.!

! Section'2'–'Robbery'by'use'of'force'upon'things' ! I.'Robbery'by'the'use'of'force'upon'things'is'committed'when:' 1. The! offender! entered! a! house! or! building! by! any! of! the! means!specified!in!Article!299'or'Article'302,!or! 2. Even! if! there! was! no! entrance! by! any! of! those! means,! he! broke! a! wardrobe,! chest,! or! any! other! kind! of! locked! or! closed! or! sealed! furniture! or! receptacle! in! the! house! or! building,! or! he! took! it! away! to! be! broken! or! forced! open! outside.! ! I.'Two'kinds'of'robbery'with'force'upon'things:' 1. Robbery! in! an! inhabited! house! or! public! building! or! edifice! devoted!to!religious!worship.!(Article'299)! 2. Robbery! in! an! uninhabited! place! or! in! a! private! building! (Article! 302).! One! essential! requisite! of! robbery! with! force! upon! things! under! Article! 299! and! 302! is! that! the! malefactor! should! enter! the! building! or! dependency! where! the!object!to!be!taken!is!found.! ! Article' 299' C' Robbery' in' an' inhabited' house' or' public' building' or' edifice'devoted'to'worship.' Any' armed' person' who' shall' commit' robbery' in' an' inhabited'

house' or' public' building' or' edifice' devoted' to' religious' worship,' shall' be' punished' by' reclusion' temporal,' if' the' value' of' the' property'taken'shall'exceed'250'pesos,'and'if:' (a)'The'malefactors'shall'enter'the'house'or'building'in'which'the' robbery'was'committed,'by'any'of'the'following'means:' 1.'Through'a'opening'not'intended'for'entrance'or'egress.' 2.' By' breaking' any' wall,' roof,' or' floor' or' breaking' any' door' or' window.' 3.'By'using'false'keys,'picklocks'or'similar'tools.' 4.'By'using'any'fictitious'name'or'pretending'the'exercise'of'public' authority.' ' Or'if'—' (b)' The' robbery' be' committed' under' any' of' the' following' circumstances:' 1.' By' the' breaking' of' doors,' wardrobes,' chests,' or' any' other' kind' of'locked'or'sealed'furniture'or'receptacle;' 2.'By'taking'such'furniture'or'objects'to'be'broken'or'forced'open' outside'the'place'of'the'robbery.' ' When' the' offenders' do' not' carry' arms,' and' the' value' of' the' property' taken' exceeds' 250' pesos,' the' penalty' next' lower' in' degree'shall'be'imposed.' ' The'same'rule'shall'be'applied'when'the'offenders'are'armed,'but' the'value'of'the'property'taken'does'not'exceed'250'pesos.' ' When' said' offenders' do' not' carry' arms' and' the' value' of' the' property' taken' does' not' exceed' 250' pesos,' they' shall' suffer' the' penalty' prescribed' in' the' two' next' preceding' paragraphs,' in' its' minimum'period.' ' If' the' robbery' be' committed' in' one' of' the' dependencies' of' an' inhabited'house,'public'building,'or'building'dedicated'to'religious' worship,'the'penalties'next'lower'in'degree'than'those'prescribed'



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! in'this'article'shall'be'imposed.' ' POINTS' Robbery'with'force'upon'things'under'Subdivision'A:'' ' I.'Elements' 1. That! the! offender! entered! (a)! an! inhabited! place,! or! (b)! public!building,!or!(c)!edifice!devoted!to!religious!worship.! 2. That! the! entrance! was! effected! by! any! of! the! following! means:! a. Through! an! opening! not! intended! for! entrance! or! egress! b. By!breaking!any!wall,!roof,!or!floor,!or!breaking!any! door!or!window! c. By!using!false!keys,!picklocks!or!similar!tools! d. By! using! any! fictitious! name! or! pretending! the! exercise!of!public!authority! 3. That! once! inside! the! building,! the! offender! took! personal! property!belonging!to!another!with!intent!to!gain.! ' II.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Entered.' • The! offender! must! “enter! the! house! or! building”.! If! the! offender!merely!inserted!his!hand!through!an!opening!in!the! wall! or! used! a! pole! to! get! the! clothes! inside! the! room,! the! crime!is!theft,!not!robbery.! • The!facts!must!show!that!the!accused!entered!the!dwelling! house! or! building! by! any! of! the! means! enumerated! in! Subdivision' A! of! Article! 299.! The! reason! for! this! ruling! is! that!one!of!the!elements!of!robbery!under!Article'299!states! that!the!entrance!is!effected!by!any!of!the!means!described! in!Subdivision'A.! • Where!the!manner!of!entrance!was!not!proven,!the!crime!is! theft! and! not! robbery.! This! ruling! applies! where! both! the! outside! door! and! window! are! open,! so! that! it! is! possible! that! the! accused! might! have! passed! through! the! door.! In!

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entering! the! building,! the! offender! must! have! an! intention! to! take! personal! property.! If! there! is! no! evidence! to! show! that! the! intention! of! the! accused! was! to! commit! robbery,! the!crime!committed!is!attempted!trespass!to!dwelling.! The! place! entered! must! be! a! house! or! building.! An! automobile!is!not!a!house!or!a!building.! Inhabited)house!!!is!any!shelter,!ship,!or!vessel!constituting! the! dwelling! of! one! or! more! persons! even! though! the! inhabitants! thereof! are! temporarily! absent! when! the! robbery!is!committed.! Public) building! !! is! every! building! owned! by! the! Government! or! belonging! to! a! private! person! but! used! or! rented!by!the!govt.,!although!temporarily!unoccupied!by!the! same.! What! makes! a! building! public! is! not! its! inauguration! but!the!fact!the!State!or!its!agencies!have!title!thereto.! Any!of!the!four!means!described!in!Subdivision'A!of!Article! 299!must!be!resorted!to!by!the!offender!to!enter!a!house!or! building,!not!to!get!out.!

' II.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Entered'through'one'not'for'such'purpose' A.'Through'an'opening'not'intended'for'entrance'or'egress' • The!window!or!a!hole!through!the!wall!already!in!existence! is! not! intended! for! entrance! or! egress.! If! the! culprit! enters! through! such! opening! and! once! inside! he! takes! personal! property! belonging! to! the! occupants! therein,! the! crime! is! robbery.! • The!whole!body!of!the!culprit!must!be!inside!the!building!to! constitute!entering.!When!only!his!hand!is!introduced,!there! is!no!robbery.! ' B.' By' breaking' any' wall,' roof,' or' floor,' or' breaking' any' door' or' window' • The!force!used!must!be!actual.! • The! wall! must! be! an! outside! wall! and! not! a! wall! between! rooms! because! the! breaking! must! be! for! the! purpose! of!



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entering!the!house!or!building.! The!outside!door!must!be!broken.!Where!the!door!itself!was! intact,! and! entered! by! removing! the! hinges! or! hooks,! the! crime! was! simple! theft.! Where! the! entrance! is! effected! through! a! means! intended! for! entrance! or! egress,! there! must!be!an!actual!breaking!or!smashing.! Door! !! refers! to! an! outside! door.! It! can! be! no! other! than! the!main!or!back!door.! Exception:!If!the!place!is!a!dormitory!or!a!condominium,!the! mere! breaking! of! doors! –! even! though! indoor! –! are! considered! as! robbery! since! these! separate! one! dwelling! from!another.!

' C.'By'using'false'keys,'picklocks,'or'similar'tools' • False! keys! are! genuine! keys! stolen! from! the! owner! or! any! keys!other!than!those!intended!by!the!owner!for!use!in!the! lock! forcibly! opened! by! the! offender.! Picklocks! are! those! specially!adopted!to!the!commission!of!robbery.! • The!genuine!key!must!be!stolen,!not!taken!by!force!or!with! intimidation.!Where!the!offenders!intimidated!the!inmates,! the!crime!was!robbery!with!intimidation!of!persons.! • The!false!key!or!picklock!must!be!used!to!enter!the!building! and!not!open!a!trunk!or!open!the!drawer!of!a!cabinet.! • It!is!only!theft!when!the!false!key!is!used!to!open!wardrobe! or!locked!receptacle!or!drawer!or!inside!door.! ! D.' The' use' of' fictitious' name' or' the' act' of' pretending' to' exercise' authority'must'be'to'enter'the'building' • Ex:! When! robbers! represented! themselves! as! detectives! by! displaying!metal!badges!and!once!inside,!took!the!money!of! the!offended!party.!! • Using! fictitious! names! must! be! the! efficient! cause! of! the! opening! by! the! offended! party! of! the! door! of! his! house! to! the!accused.! !

III.'Other'Notes:' • A!enters!the!house!through!the!door!(which!was!open),!and! kicked!open!the!locked!master’s!bedroom.!A!did!not!have!to! forcibly!open!the!safe.!Robbery!under!subparagraph!A?!' o NO.!It’s!theft!aggravated!by!breaking!of!a!door.' ____________________' Robbery'with'force'upon'things'under'Subdivison'B'' ' I.'Elements:' 1. That!the!offender!is!inside!a!dwelling!house,!public!building,! or! edifice! devoted! to! religious! worship,! regardless! of! the! circumstances!under!which!he!entered.! 2. That! the! offender! takes! personal! property! belonging! to! another,! with! intent! to! gain,! under! any! of! the! following! circumstances:! a. by!the!breaking!of!doors,!wardrobes,!chests,!or!any! other! kind! of! locked! or! sealed! furniture! or! receptacle;!or! b. by! taking! such! furniture! or! objects! away! to! be! broken! or! forced! open! outside! the! place! of! the! robbery.! ! • Each! subdivision! is! independent! of! the! other.! Hence,! it! is! not!necessary!that!the!offender!entered!the!building!by!any! of!the!means!mention!in!Subdivision!A.!Thus,!a!guest!in!the! house! of! the! offended! party! may! be! guilty! of! this! kind! of! robbery!if!he!breaks!open!a!locked!wardrobe!or!chest!inside! that! house! or! if! he! takes! it! outside! to! be! broken! and! once! broken,!takes!the!personal!property.! • Breaking! or! destroying! the! keyhole! of! the! door! of! an! aparador!is!virtually!destroying!a!“locked!furniture”.! • A!person!who!carries!away!a!sealed!box!for!the!purpose!of! breaking! the! same! and! taking! out! its! contents! outside! the! place! of! robbery! is! guilty! of! consummated! robbery! even! though!he!does!not!success!in!opening!the!box.!



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A! person! who! opens! by! force! a! certain! locked! receptable! which! has! been! confided! into! his! custody! and! takes! the! money!therein,!is!guilty!of!Estafa!and!not!robbery,!because! the! accused! does! not! commit! the! act! in! the! house! of! the! offended!party!or!does!not!take!the!receptacle!out!from!the! house!of!its!owner.! The!penalty!for!robbery!with!force!upon!things!in!inhabited! house,! public! building,! or! edifice! devoted! to! religious! worship! depends! on! the! value! of! property! taken! and! on! whether!or!not!offender!carries!arm.! o The!arm!carried!must!not!be!used!to!intimidate.! o The! liability! for! carrying! arms! while! robbing! an! inhabited! house! is! extended! to! each! of! the! offenders! who! take! part! in! the! robbery,! even! if! some!of!them!do!not!carry!arms.! o The! reason! why! a! heavier! penalty! is! imposed! for! robbery! in! a! dwelling! house! is! that! the! inhabitants! might! suffer! bodily! harm! during! the! commission! of! the!robbery.!

! Article'300'–!Robbery'in'an'uninhabited'place'and'by'a'band.' The'robbery'mentioned'in'the'next'preceding'article,'if'committed' in' an' uninhabited' place' and' by' a' band,' shall' be' punished' by' the' maximum'period'of'the'penalty'provided'therefor.' ' POINTS ! • Robbery! in! an! inhabited! house,! public! building! or! edifice! devoted!to!religious!worship!is!qualified!when!committed!by! a!band!and!in!an!uninhabited!place.! • The! inhabited! house,! public! building,! or! edifice! devoted! to! religious!worship!must!be!located!in!an!uninhabited!place.! • Robbery!with!force!upon!things!(Article!299),!in!order!to!be! qualified,! must! be! committed! in! an! uninhabited! place! and! by!a!band!(Article!300);!while!robbery!with!violence!against! or! intimidation! of! persons! must! be! committed! in! an!

uninhabited!place!or!by!a!band.!(Article!295).! ! Article' 301' –' What' is' an' inhabited' house,' public' building' or' building'dedicated'to'religious'worship'and'their'dependencies.' Inhabited'house'means'any'shelter,'ship'or'vessel'constituting'the' dwelling' of' one' or' more' persons,' even' though' the' inhabitants' thereof'shall'temporarily'be'absent'therefrom'when'the'robbery'is' committed.' ' All' interior' courts,' corrals,' waterhouses,' granaries,' barns,' coachC houses,' stables' or' other' departments' or' inclosed' places' contiguous' to' the' building' or' edifice,' having' an' interior' entrance' connected' therewith,' and' which' form' part' of' the' whole,' shall' be' deemed' dependencies' of' an' inhabited' house,' public' building' or' building'dedicated'to'religious'worship.' ' Orchards' and' other' lands' used' for' cultivation' or' production' are' not'included'in'the'terms'of'the'next'preceding'paragraph,'even'if' closed,' contiguous' to' the' building' and' having' direct' connection' therewith.' ' The' term' "public' building"' includes' every' building' owned' by' the' Government'or'belonging'to'a'private'person'not'included'used'or' rented' by' the' Government,' although' temporarily' unoccupied' by' the'same.' ' POINTS' • Notwithstanding! the! fact! that! for! a! period! of! almost! a! month,!the!house!was!actually!uninhabited,!it!is!still!robbery! in!an!inhabited!house!because!the!building!in!question!was! ordinarily!inhabited!and!intended!as!a!dwelling.! • Dependencies!!!are!all!interior!courts,!corrals,!warehouses,! granaries! or! inclosed! places! contiguous! to! the! building! or! edifice,! having! an! interior! entrance! connected! therewith,! and! which! form! part! of! the! whole.! (Article' 301' par.' 2).!



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Three!requisites:! a. Must!be!contiguous!to!the!building;! b. Must!have!an!interior!entrance!connected!therewith! c. Must!form!part!of!the!whole! If! the! information! alleges! that! the! robbery! was! committed! in!a!garage,!that!allegation!is!not!equivalent!to!a!charge!that! the!robbery!was!committed!in!a!dependency!of!an!inhabited! house!for!a!garage!may!or!may!not!be!a!dependency!of!the! house.! It! will! only! be! a! dependency! if! the! three! requisites! mentioned!are!present.! Ex:! A! small! store! located! on! the! ground! floor! of! the! house,! belonging!to!the!owner!of!the!store! Orchards!and!lands!used!for!cultivation,!not!dependencies!

! Article' 302' –' Robbery' is' an' uninhabited' place' or' in' a' private' building.' Any' robbery' committed' in' an' uninhabited' place' or' in' a' building' other'than'those'mentioned'in'the'first'paragraph'of'Article'299,'if' the' value' of' the' property' taken' exceeds' 250' pesos,' shall' be' punished' by' prision' correccional' if' any' of' the' following' circumstances'is'present:' 1. If'the'entrance'has'been'effected'through'any'opening'not' intended'for'entrance'or'egress;' 2. If'any'wall,'roof,'flour'or'outside'door'or'window'has'been' broken;' 3. If'the'entrance'has'been'effected'through'the'use'of'false' keys,'picklocks'or'other'similar'tools;' 4. If' any' dorm,' wardrobe,' chest' or' by' sealed' or' closed' furniture'or'receptacle'has'been'broken;' 5. If' any' closed' or' sealed' receptacle,' as' mentioned' in' the' preceding' paragraph,' has' been' removed' even' if' the' same' be'broken'open'elsewhere;' ' When'the'value'of'the'property'takes'does'not'exceed'250'pesos,' the'penalty'next'lower'in'degree'shall'be'imposed.'

' In'the'cases'specified'in'Articles'294,'295,'297,'299,'300,'and'302'of' this'Code,'when'the'property'taken'is'mail'matter'or'large'cattle,' the' offender' shall' suffer' the' penalties' next' higher' in' degree' than' those'provided'in'said'articles.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements:' 1. That! the! offender! entered! an! uninhabited! place! or! a! building! which! was! not! a! dwelling! house,! not! a! public! building,!or!not!an!edifice!devoted!to!religious!worship.! 2. That!any!of!the!following!circumstances!was!present:! a. The! entrance! was! effected! through! an! opening! not! intended!for!entrance!or!egress;! b. A! wall,! roof,! floor,! or! outside! door! or! window! was! broken;! c. The! entrance! was! effected! through! the! use! of! false! keys,!picklocks!or!other!similar!tools;! d. A! door,! wardrobe,! chest,! or! any! sealed! or! closed! furniture!or!receptacle!was!broken;! e. A! closed! or! sealed! receptacle! was! removed,! even! if! the!same!be!broken!open!elsewhere.! 3. That! with! intent! to! gain,! the! offender! took! therefrom! personal!property!belonging!to!another! ! • Uninhabited)place!!!mentioned!in!Article!302!is!a!building.! A!warehouse!is!considered!an!uninhabited!place.! • “Building!other!than!those!mentioned!in!the!first!paragraph! of! Article' 299”! means! that! the! place! where! the! robbery! is! committed! is! not! an! inhabited! house! or! public! building! or! edifice!devoted!to!religious!worship.! • Building! !! includes! any! kind! of! structure! used! for! storage! or! safekeeping! of! personal! property,! such! as! (a)! freight! car! and!(b)!warehouse.! • Paragraphs'Nos.'4'and'5'of'Article'302!do!not!require!that!



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the! offender! must! have! entered! the! uninhabited! building! through!an!opening!not!intended!for!entrance!or!egress,!or! after! breaking! a! wall,! roof,! floor,! door,! or! window,! or! through! the! use! of! false! keys,! picklocks,! or! other! similar! tools.! Receptacle!must!be!“closed”!or!“sealed”.! Is!the!mere!removal!of!closed!or!sealed!receptacle!sufficient! under! par.' 5' of' Article' 302?! No.! This! kind! of! robbery! requires!at!least!an!intention!to!open!it!by!force.! The! penalty! is! based! only! on! value! of! property! taken.! The! offender!being!armed!is!not!important!under!this!article!for! the! reason! that! there! is! no! person! who! can! be! injured! or! killed.!

! Article' 303' –' Robbery' of' cereals,' fruits,' or' firewood' in' an' uninhabited'place'or'private'building.' In'the'cases'enumerated'in'Articles'299'and'302,'when'the'robbery' consists' in' the' taking' of' cereals,' fruits,' or' firewood,' the' culprit' shall'suffer'the'penalty'next'lower'in'degree'than'that'prescribed' in'said'articles.! ' POINTS' I.'Reason'for'the'Rule' • Penalty! is! lowered! because! the! things! stolen! are! basic! necessities,! so! gain! may! not! necessarily! be! the! reason! for! the!robbery.' ! I.'Definition'of'Terms' • Cereals!!!unprocessed!produce!of!the!soil.' • When!the!robbery!described!in!Article!299!and!302!consists! in!the!taking!of!cereals,!fruits!or!firewood,!the!penalty!next! lower!in!degree!than!that!prescribed!in!the!articles!shall!be! imposed.! • Next! lower! in! degree! only! when! the! robbery! is! committed! by!the!use!of!force!upon!things,!without!violence!against!or!

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intimidation! of! any! person,! in! an! inhabited! house,! public! building,! or! edifice! devoted! to! religious! worship! (Article! 299)!or!in!an!uninhabited!place!or!private!building.! Even! if! the! offender! took! from! the! camarin! about! 15! sacks! of! palay,! since! the! robbery! committed! with! force! upon! things! was! accompanied! with! violence! against! or! intimidation! of! persons,! Article! 303! is! not! applicable.! The! offender!should!be!punished!under!Article!294.!

! Article'304'–'Possession'of'picklocks'or'similar'tools.' Any'person'who'shall'without'lawful'cause'have'in'his'possession' picklocks'or'similar'tools'especially'adopted'to'the'commission'of' the' crime' of' robbery,' shall' be' punished' by' arresto' mayor' in' its' maximum'period'to'prision'correccional'in'its'minimum'period.' ' The' same' penalty' shall' be' imposed' upon' any' person' who' shall' make'such'tools.'If'the'offender'be'a'locksmith,'he'shall'suffer'the' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' and' maximum' periods.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'of'illegal'possession'of'picklocks'or'similar'tools:' 1. That! the! offender! has! in! his! possession! picklocks! or! similar! tools.! 2. That!such!picklocks!or!similar!tools!are!specially!adopted!to! the!commission!of!robbery.! 3. That! the! offender! does! not! have! lawful! cause! for! such! possession.! ! • Actual! use! of! picklocks! or! similar! tools,! not! necessary! in! illegal!possession!thereof.! • If! the! person! who! makes! such! tools! is! a! locksmith,! the! penalty!is!higher.' ' Article'305'–'False'keys.'



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! The'term'"false'keys"'shall'be'deemed'to'include:' 1. The'tools'mentioned'in'the'next'preceding'articles.'' 2. Genuine'keys'stolen'from'the'owner.' 3. Any' keys' other' than' those' intended' by' the' owner' for' use' in'the'lock'forcibly'opened'by'the'offender.' ' POINTS' • Possession! of! false! keys! in! paragraphs' 2' and' 3! are! not! punishable.! • Ex:! A! proposed! to! B,! a! porter! of! a! warehouse,! to! get! some! cases! if! whisky! from! the! warehouse,! offering! to! pay! P16! a! case.!A!suggested!to!B!that!he!should!take!an!impression!of! the! key! of! the! warehouse! in! soap! paste! and! have! another! made! by! a! locksmith.! With! the! key! made! from! the! impression! B! was! able! to! open! the! warehouse! from! which! he!took!the!cases!of!whisky.! '

Chapter'2:'Brigandage' ' Article'306'C'Who'are'brigands;'Penalty.' When' more' than' three' armed' persons' form' a' band' of' robbers' for' the' purpose' of' committing' robbery' in' the' highway,' or' kidnapping' persons'for'the'purpose'of'extortion'or'to'obtain'ransom'or'for'any' other'purpose'to'be'attained'by'means'of'force'and'violence,'they' shall'be'deemed'highway'robbers'or'brigands.' ' Persons' found' guilty' of' this' offense' shall' be' punished' by' prision' mayor' in' its' medium' period' to' reclusion' temporal' in' its' minimum' period'if'the'act'or'acts'committed'by'them'are'not'punishable'by' higher'penalties,'in'which'case,'they'shall'suffer'such'high'penalties.' ' If' any' of' the' arms' carried' by' any' of' said' persons' be' an' unlicensed' firearms,' it' shall' be' presumed' that' said' persons' are' highway' robbers'or'brigands,'and'in'case'of'convictions'the'penalty'shall'be' imposed'in'the'maximum'period.'

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! POINTS' I.'Definitions' • Brigandage! !! committed! by! more! than! three! armed! persons! who! form! a! band! of! robbers! for! the! purpose! of! committing! robbery! in! the! highway! or! kidnapping! persons! for!the!purpose!of!extortion!or!to!obtain!ransom,!or!for!any! other!purpose!to!be!attained!by!means!of!force!or!violence.! o Must! be! a! band! of! robbers.! A! band! of! dissidents! whose! purpose! is! to! attain! by! means! of! force! and! violence,! the! destruction! of! army! installations,! cannot!be!convicted!of!brigandage.! • Highway!!!includes!streets!within!and!outside!the!cities.! • The! main! objective! in! enacting! this! law! is! to! prevent! the! formation!of!such!band.! ' II.'Requisites' There'is'brigandage'when:' 1. There!be!at!least!four!armed!persons! 2. They!formed!a!band!of!robbers! The'purpose'is'any'of'the'following:! 1. To!commit!robbery!in!the!highway;!or! 2. To!kidnap!persons!for!the!purpose!of!extortion!or!to!obtain! ransom;!or! 3. To!attain!by!means!of!force!and!violence!any!other!purpose.! The'only'things'to'prove'are:' 1. That! there! is! an! organization! of! more! than! three! armed! persons!forming!a!band!of!robbers.! 2. That!the!purpose!of!the!band!is!any!of!those!enumerated!in! Article!306! 3. That! they! went! upon! the! highway! or! roamed! upon! the! country!for!that!purpose.! 4. That!the!accused!is!a!member!of!such!band.! ! • It! would! not! be! necessary! to! show! that! the! band! actually!



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committed!highway!robbery!in!order!to!convict!them.! Brigandage!may!be!committed!without!the!use!of!firearms.! The!term!“armed”!covers!arms!and!weapons!in!general,!not! necessarily!firearms.! o If!the!accused!were!members!of!a!lawless!band!and! that! the! firearms! possessed! by! them! were! unlicensed,! it! is! to! be! presumed! that! they! were! highway!robbers!or!brigands.! o All! are! presumed! highway! robbers! or! brigands,! if! any!of!them!carries!unlicensed!firearm.! When! the! armed! band,! previous! to! kidnapping! and! taking! personal!property!of!the!offended!party,!had!kidnapped!and! looted!other!persons!on!two!other!occasions,!the!band!was! held! to! be! that! of! brigands.! The! previous! activities! of! the! armed! band! were! considered,! because! they! proved! the! purpose!of!the!band.! If! the! brigands! only! committed! robbery! with! homicide! or! kidnapping! with! a! demand! for! ransom,! which! is! penalized! with! higher! penalty,! they! shall! be! prosecuted! for! robbery! with!homicide!or!kidnapping.!

! III.'Brigandage'v.'Robbery'in'a'Band' Brigandage' Robbery'in'Band' The!purpose!is!any!of!the!ff:! The!purpose!of!the!offenders!is! 1)!To!commit!robbery!in!the! only!to!commit!robbery,!not! highway! necessarily!in!the!highway.! 2)!To!kidnap!persons!for!the! ! purpose!of!extortion!or!to!obtain! If!the!agreement!was!to!commit! ransom! only!a!particular!robbery,!the! 3)!For!any!other!purpose!to!be! offense!is!not!brigandage! attained!by!means!of!force!and! violence! Mere!formation!of!a!band!for! It!is!necessary!to!prove!that!the! any!of!the!purposes!mentioned! band!actually!committed! in!the!law!is!sufficient,!as!it! robbery!

would!not!be!necessary!to!show! that!the!band!actually! committed!robbery!in!the! highway.! ! Article'307'–'Aiding'and'abetting'a'band'of'brigands.' Any' person' knowingly' and' in' any' manner' aiding,' abetting' or' protecting' a' band' of' brigands' as' described' in' the' next' preceding' article,'or'giving'them'information'of'the'movements'of'the'police' or'other'peace'officers'of'the'Government'(or'of'the'forces'of'the' United' States' Army),' when' the' latter' are' acting' in' aid' of' the' Government,'or'acquiring'or'receiving'the'property'taken'by'such' brigands' shall' be' punished' by' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' period'to'prision'mayor'in'its'minimum'period.' ' It' shall' be' presumed' that' the' person' performing' any' of' the' acts' provided'in'this'article'has'performed'them'knowingly,'unless'the' contrary'is'proven.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'in'aiding'or'abetting'a'band'or'brigands:' 1. That!there!is!a!band!of!brigands.! 2. That!the!offender!knows!the!band!to!be!of!brigands.! 3. That!the!offender!does!any!of!the!following!acts:! a. He!in!any!manner!aids,!abets!or!protects!such!band! of!brigands;!or!! b. He!gives!them!information!of!the!movements!of!the! police!or!other!peace!officers!of!the!Government;!or! c. He! acquires! or! receives! the! property! taken! by! such! brigands.! ! II.'Presumption' • It!shall!be!presumed!that!the!person!performing!any!of!the! acts!provided!in!this!article!has!performed!them!knowingly,! unless!the!contrary!is!proven.!



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Any! person! who! aids! or! protects! highway! robbers! or! abets! the! commission! of! highway! robbery! or! brigandage! shall! be! considered! as! an! accomplice! under! that! crime,! but! will! be! penalized!as!principal!under!this!article.!

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Chapter'3:'Theft' ' Article'308'C'Who'are'liable'for'theft.' Theft' is' committed' by' any' person' who,' with' intent' to' gain' but' without' violence' against' or' intimidation' of' persons' nor' force' upon' things,' shall' take' personal' property' of' another' without' the' latter's' consent.' ' Theft'is'likewise'committed'by:' 1. Any' person' who,' having' found' lost' property,' shall' fail' to' deliver'the'same'to'the'local'authorities'or'to'its'owner;' 2. Any' person' who,' after' having' maliciously' damaged' the' property'of'another,'shall'remove'or'make'use'of'the'fruits'or' object'of'the'damage'caused'by'him;'and' 3. Any' person' who' shall' enter' an' inclosed' estate' or' a' field' where'trespass'is'forbidden'or'which'belongs'to'another'and' without'the'consent'of'its'owner,'shall'hunt'or'fish'upon'the' same'or'shall'gather'cereals,'or'other'forest'or'farm'products.' ! POINTS' I.'Definition' • Theft! !! is! committed! by! any! person! who,! with! intent! to! gain!but!without!violence!against!or!intimidation!of!persons! nor! force! upon! things,! shall! take! personal! property! of! another!without!the!latter’s!consent.! • Theft!is!not!a!continuing!offense.! ' II.'Who'are'liable'for'theft:' 1. Those!who,!(a)!with!intent!to!gain,!(b)!but!without!violence! against!or!intimidation!of!persons!nor!force!upon!things,!(c)! (

take,! (d)! personal! property,! (e)! of! another,! (f)! without! the! latter’s!consent.! 2. Those!who,!(a)!having!found!lost!property,!(b)!fail!to!deliver! the!same!to!the!local!authorities!or!to!its!owner.!! 3. Those! who,! (a)! after! having! maliciously! damaged! the! property!of!another,!(b)!remove!or!make!use!of!the!fruits!or! object!of!the!damage!caused!by!them.! 4. Those!who!(a)!enter!an!inclosed! estate!or!a!field!where!(b)! trespass! is! forbidden! or! which! belongs! to! another! and,! without! the! consent! of! its! owner,! (c)! hunt! or! fish! upon! the! same! or! gather! fruits,! cereals! or! other! forest! or! farm! products.! ! III.'Elements'of'theft:' 1. That!there!be!taking!of!personal!property! 2. That!said!property!belongs!to!another! 3. That!the!taking!be!done!with!intent!to!gain! 4. That!the!taking!be!done!without!the!consent!of!the!owner! 5. That!the!taking!be!accomplished!without!the!use!of!violence! against! or! intimidation! of! persons! or! use! of! force! upon! things.! ! IV.'Theft'v.'Robbery' • In!theft,!the!offender!does!not!use!violence!or!intimidation! or! does! not! enter! a! house! or! building! through! any! of! the! means! in! Article! 299! or! Article! 302! in! taking! personal! property!of!another!with!intent!to!gain.! ! V.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Taking'of'personal'property' The'theft'is'consummated'when'the'offender'is'able'to:' 1. Place! the! thing! taken! under! his! control! and! in! such! a! situation!as!he!could!dispose!of!it!at!once!(People!v.!Naval).! 2. From! the! moment! the! offender! had! full! possession! of! the! things,!even!if!he!did!not!have!an!opportunity!to!dispose!of! the!same.!



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It! is! not! an! indispensable! element! of! theft! that! the! thief! carry,!more!or!less!far!away,!the!thing!taken!by!him.! ! Taking! !in! theft! must! have! the! character! of! permanency.! By!gain!is!meant!not!only!the!acquisition!of!a!thing!useful!to! the!purposes!of!life!but!also!the!benefit!which!in!any!other! sense! may! be! derived! or! expected! from! the! act! which! is! performed! (People! v.! Fernandez).! The! element! of! “taking”! means! the! act! of! depriving! another! of! the! possession! and! dominion!of!a!movable!thing!coupled!with!the!intention,!at! the!time!of!the!“taking”,!of!withholding!it!with!the!character! of!permanency!(People!v.!Galang)! o The!offender!must!have!the!intention!of!placing!the! property! taken! under! his! control! and! of! making! himself!the!owner!thereof.! o If!there!is!no!taking!of!personal!property,!the!crime! of!theft!is!not!committed.! People!v.!Diño!applies!only!to!bulky!goods!!!rejected!by!SC! o Obviously,! while! the! truck! and! the! van! were! still! within!the!compound,!the!appellant!could!not!have! disposed! of! the! goods! “at! once.”! This! is! different! from! the! case! where! a! much! less! bulky! and! more! common!thing!as!money!was!the!object!of!crime.! Character!of!permanency!(Defense)!!The!element!of!taking! referred!to!in!the!law!means!the!act!of!depriving!another!of! the!possession!and!dominion!of!movable!thing!coupled!with! the! intention,! at! the! time! of! the! “taking”! of! withholding! it! with!the!character!of!permanency.!

' VI.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Personal'property'belonging'to'another' • Personal) property) belonging) to) another! !! includes! electricity! and! gas! because! electricity! is! valuable! merchandise! bought! and! sold! like! other! personal! property! and!is!capable!of!appropriation!by!another.! • In!the!sale!of!measurable!goods,!transfer!of!ownership!does!

not!take!place!until!after!measuring!or!weighing.!! ' VI.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'Intent'to'gain' • Intent) to) gain! !! is! presumed! from! the! unlawful! taking! of! personal! property! belonging! to! another.! But! if! a! person! takes! personal! property! from! another! believing! it! to! be! his! own,! presumption! of! intent! to! gain! is! rebutted! and,! therefore,!he!is!not!guilty!of!theft.! • It! is! not! necessary! that! there! was! real! or! actual! gain.! It! is! enough! that! the! accused,! on! taking! them,! was! actuated! by! the!desire!or!intent!to!gain.! o Joy!ride!or!using!car!of!another!to!learn!how!to!drive! is!sufficient!gain!!!guilty!of!theft.! • There! is! no! theft! when! the! taking! of! personal! property! is! with!the!consent!of!its!owner.! ' VII.'Robbery'v.'Theft' Robbery' Theft' It!is!necessary!that!there!should! It!suffices!that!consent!on!the! be!a!taking!against!the!will!of! part!of!the!owner!is!lacking! the!owner! Must!be!accomplished!with! Must!be!accomplished!without! violence!against!or!intimidation! violence!against!or!intimidation! of!persons! of!persons! Force!upon!things!is!employed! Force!upon!things!is!not! to!enter!a!building! employed!to!enter!a!building! ____________________' PARAGRAPH'1:'Finder'of'lost'property' ' I.'Definition' • Lost)property!!!embraces!loss!by!stealing! ' II.'Presumption'regarding'possession'of'multiple'stolen'items' • When!a!person!has!in!possession,!part!of!the!recently!stolen! property,! he! is! presumed! to! be! the! thief! of! all,! in! the!



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! absence! of! satisfactory! explanation! of! his! possession.! But! this! rule! applies! only! when! all! the! goods! were! lost! at! the! same!time,!in!the!same!place,!and!on!the!same!occasion.! ' III.'How'to'prove'this'kind'of'theft:' 1. The!time!of!the!seizure!of!the!thing;! 2. That!it!was!a!lost!property!belonging!to!another;! 3. That! the! accused! having! had! the! opportunity! to! return! or! deliver!the!lost!property!to!its!owner!or!to!local!authorities,! refrained!from!doing!so.! • Intent! to! gain! is! inferred! from! deliberate! failure! to! deliver! the!lost!property!to!the!proper!person.! o Delay! in! delivery! of! lost! property! to! the! local! authorities! is! immaterial,! when! the! finder! surrendered! it! voluntarily! to! the! owner! when! the! latter!came!to!his!house!to!get!it.! • This!is!not!limited!to!actual!finder.!! o Ex:! A! found! a! purse! containing! money! and! jewelry! left!by!a!passenger.!A!delivered!it!to!B,!a!policeman,! with! a! request! to! give! it! to! C,! the! owner! thereof.! B! did!not!give!it!to!C!and!appropriated!it.!B!is!liable!for! theft,!because!although!B!is!not!a!finder!in!fact,!he!is! a!finder!in!law.! • The! law! does! not! require! knowledge! of! the! owner! of! the! lost!property.! • The! finder! of! hidden! treasure! on! the! property! of! another! and! by! chance! is! entitled! to! oneehalf! thereof.! If! he! misappropriated! the! other! half! pertaining! to! the! owner! of! the!property!on!which!the!hidden!treasure!was!found!he!is! liable!to!theft!as!to!that!misappropriated!share.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 2:' Removing' or' making' use' of' fruits' or' object' of' property'maliciously'damaged' ' • People! v.! Morillo! !! A! defendant! who! shot,! killed! and!

slaughtered! the! cattle! of! another,! which! had! destroyed! defendant’s! plantation,! and! distributed! the! meat! among! himself!and!his!neighbors.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 3:' Hunting,' fishing,' or' gathering' fruits,' etc.,' in' enclosed'estate' ' I.'Elements:! 1. There! is! an! enclosed! estate! or! a! field! where! trespass! is! forbidden!or!which!belongs!to!another;! 2. The!offender!enters!the!same! 3. The! offender! hunts! or! fishes! upon! the! same! or! gathers! fruits,!cereals,!or!other!forest!or!farm!products!in!the!estate! or!field;!and! 4. The! hunting! or! fishing! or! gathering! of! products! is! without! the!consent!of!the!owner.! ! II.!Other'Notes:' • Q:! A! found! a! device! to! make! international! calls.! He! connected!it!to!the!PLDT!lines!and!sold!the!service.!Theft?' o What!was!taken?!The!international!calls;!a!business! property!capable!of!appropriation!and!being!stolen.' o From!whom!was!it!taken!(offended!party)?!Provider! of!the!business!service.' ' • Q:!A!and!B!found!a!P1000!on!the!ground.!A!gets!it!first,!and! both!spend!all!the!money.!Would!B!also!be!liable!for!theft?' o B! is! an! accessory! because! with! full! knowledge! that! the!money!was!a!product!of!crime,!profited!himself! by!joining!A!in!spending!it.'' ' Article'309'C'Penalties' Any'person'guilty'of'theft'shall'be'punished'by:' 1. The' penalty' of' prision' mayor' in' its' minimum' and' medium' periods,'if'the'value'of'the'thing'stolen'is'more'than'12,000'



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2.

3.

4.

5. 6. 7.

8.

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pesos'but'does'not'exceed'22,000'pesos,'but'if'the'value'of' the' thing' stolen' exceeds' the' latter' amount' the' penalty' shall'be'the'maximum'period'of'the'one'prescribed'in'this' paragraph,'and'one'year'for'each'additional'ten'thousand' pesos,'but'the'total'of'the'penalty'which'may'be'imposed' shall' not' exceed' twenty' years.' In' such' cases,' and' in' connection' with' the' accessory' penalties' which' may' be' imposed'and'for'the'purpose'of'the'other'provisions'of'this' Code,' the' penalty' shall' be' termed' prision' mayor' or' reclusion'temporal,'as'the'case'may'be.' The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' and' maximum'periods,'if'the'value'of'the'thing'stolen'is'more' than'6,000'pesos'but'does'not'exceed'12,000'pesos.' The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' and' medium'periods,'if'the'value'of'the'property'stolen'is'more' than'200'pesos'but'does'not'exceed'6,000'pesos.' Arresto'mayor'in'its'medium'period'to'prision'correccional' in'its'minimum'period,'if'the'value'of'the'property'stolen'is' over'50'pesos'but'does'not'exceed'200'pesos.' Arresto' mayor' to' its' full' extent,' if' such' value' is' over' 5' pesos'but'does'not'exceed'50'pesos.' Arresto'mayor'in'its'minimum'and'medium'periods,'if'such' value'does'not'exceed'5'pesos.' Arresto' menor' or' a' fine' not' exceeding' 200' pesos,' if' the' theft'is'committed'under'the'circumstances'enumerated'in' paragraph'3'of'the'next'preceding'article'and'the'value'of' the' thing' stolen' does' not' exceed' 5' pesos.' If' such' value' exceeds' said' amount,' the' provision' of' any' of' the' five' preceding'subdivisions'shall'be'made'applicable.' Arresto' menor' in' its' minimum' period' or' a' fine' not' exceeding' 50' pesos,' when' the' value' of' the' thing' stolen' is' not'over'5'pesos,'and'the'offender'shall'have'acted'under' the'impulse'of'hunger,'poverty,'or'the'difficulty'of'earning' a'livelihood'for'the'support'of'himself'or'his'family.'

POINTS' Basis'of'penalty'in'theft:' 1. The!value!of!the!thing!stolen;!in!some!cases…! 2. The!value!and!also!the!nature!of!the!property!taken,!or! 3. The! circumstances! or! causes! that! impelled! the! culprit! to! commit!the!crime.! ! Article'310'–'Qualified'Theft.' The' crime' of' theft' shall' be' punished' by' the' penalties' next' higher' by' two' degrees' than' those' respectively' specified' in' the' next' preceding' article,' if' committed' by' a' domestic' servant,' or' with' grave' abuse' of' confidence,' or' if' the' property' stolen' is' motor' vehicle,' mail' matter' or' large' cattle' or' consists' of' coconuts' taken' from'the'premises'of'the'plantation'or'fish'taken'from'a'fishpond' or' fishery,' or' if' property' is' taken' on' the' occasion' of' fire,' earthquake,' typhoon,' volcanic' erruption,' or' any' other' calamity,' vehicular' accident' or' civil' disturbance.' (As# amended# by# R.A.# 120# and#B.P.#Blg.#71.#May#1,#1980).' ' POINTS' I.'Theft'is'qualified'–' 1. If!committed!by!a!domestic!servant! 2. If!committed!with!grave!abuse!of!confidence! 3. If!the!property!stolen!is!a!(a)!motor!vehicle,!(b)!mail!matter,! or!(c)!large!cattle! 4. If! the! property! stolen! consists! of! coconuts! taken! from! the! premises!of!a!plantation! 5. If!the!property!stolen!is!fish!taken!from!a!fishpond!or!fishery! 6. If! property! is! taken! on! the! occasion! of! fire,! earthquake,! typhoon! volcanic! eruption,! or! any! other! calamity,! vehicular! accident!or!civil!disturbance.! ' II.'Domestic'Servant' • When!the!offender!is!a!domestic!servant,!it!is!not!necessary! to! show! that! he! committed! the! crime! with! grave! abuse! of!



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confidence.! People! v.! Evangelista! !! house! boy! who! stole! P42.50! belonging!to!his!master.!

!! III.'Grave'abuse'of'confidence' • In! the! second! kind! of! qualified! theft,! there! must! be! allegation! in! the! information! and! proof! of! a! relation,! by! reason! of! dependence,! guardianship! or! vigilance,! between! the!accused!and!the!offended!party,!that!has!created!a!high! degree! of! confidence! between! them,! which! the! accused! abused! • The!grave!abuse!of!confidence!need!not!be!premeditated.! • Theft! by! housemate! is! not! always! qualified.! The! abuse! of! confidence!here!is!not!necessarily!grave.! • The! confidence! gravely! abused! must! be! that! existing! between!the!offended!party!and!the!offender.! o Theft!by!a!laborer!may!be!qualified! *P.D.' No.' 133! !! punishes! theft! of! article! or! spare! parts!committed!by!laborers!or!employees.! ! IV.'Property'stolen'is…' A.'Motor'Vehicle' • The! term! motor) vehicle! includes! all! vehicles! propelled! by! power,!other!than!muscular!power.! • When!the!purpose!of!taking!the!car!is!to!destroy!by!burning! it,!the!crime!is!arson.! • Theft! of! motor! vehicle! is! punished! under! R.A.' No.6539' (AntiCCarnapping' Act' of' 1992).! This! law! now! covers! the! unlawful!taking!of!motor!vehicles.! B.'Mail'Matter' • What! makes! the! theft! of! mail! matter! qualified! is! the! fact! that! the! subject! thereof! is! mail! matter,! regardless! of! whether! the! offender! is! a! postal! employee! or! a! private! individual.! • If! it! was! a! postmaster! who! committed! this,! he! would! be! (

guilty! of! faithlessness! in! the! custody! of! documents! (US! v.! Gorospe).! C.'Large'Cattle' • Cattle!!!is!defined!as!including!horses,!asses,!mules,!sheep,! goats!and!swine.! o All! animals! of! the! bovine! family! (related! to! or! resembling!oxen!or!cows).! • Animal!must!be!taken!alive.! o People! v.! Morillo! !! Killing! a! cow! and! taking! its! means!is!simple!theft.! • AntiCCattle'Rustling'Law'of'1974'(P.D.'No.'533)! ! V.'Coconuts'taken'from'premises'of'a'plantation' • Stealing! coconuts! when! they! are! still! in! the! tree! or! deposited!on!the!ground!of!the!plantation!is!qualified!theft.' • In!any!other!place,!it!is!simple!theft.' • Purpose:!to!protect!the!coconut!industry.' ' VI.'Fish'taken'from'fishpond'or'fishery' • Fish!!!includes!other!aquatic!animals.! • Q:! A! goes! to! the! market,! grabs! a! fish! and! gobbles! it! down.! Qualified! theft?! No.! The! article! requires! that! the! fish! be! taken!from!the!fishpond!or!fishery.! ! ANTICFENCING'LAW'(P.D.'No.'1612)' ' Article'311'C'THEFT'OF'THE'PROPERTY'OF'THE'NATIONAL'LIBRARY' AND'NATIONAL'MUSEUM.' If' the' property' stolen' be' any' property' of' the' National' Library' or' the'National'Museum,'the'penalty'shall'be'arresto'mayor'or'a'fine' ranging' from' 200' to' 500' pesos,' or' both,' unless' a' higher' penalty' should' be' provided' under' other' provisions' of' this' Code,' in' which' case,'the'offender'shall'be'punished'by'such'higher'penalty.' ' POINTS'



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Under! this! article,! the! penalty! is! fix! without! regard! to! the! value! of! the! property! of! the! National! Library! or! National! Museum.! But! if! the! crime! is! committed! with! grave! abuse! of! confidence,!the!penalty!for!qualified!theft!shall!be!imposed.!

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Chapter'4:'Usurpation' ' Article' 312' –' Occupations' of' real' property' or' usurpation' of' real' rights'in'property.' Any' person' who,' by' means' of' violence' against' or' intimidation' of' persons,' shall' take' possession' of' any' real' property' or' shall' usurp' any'real'rights'in'property'belonging'to'another,'in'addition'to'the' penalty'incurred'for'the'acts'of'violence'executed'by'him,'shall'be' punished'by'a'fine'from'50'to'100'per'centum'of'the'gain'which'he' shall'have'obtained,'but'not'less'than'75'pesos.' ' If'the'value'of'the'gain'cannot'be'ascertained,'a'fine'of'from'200'to' 500'pesos'shall'be'imposed.' ' POINTS' I.'Acts'punishable:' 1. By! taking! possession! of! any! real! property! belonging! to! another! by! means! of! violence! against! or! intimidation! of! persons.! 2. By!usurping!any!real!rights!in!property!belonging!to!another! by!means!of!violence!against!or!intimidation!of!persons.! ' II.' Elements:'(PAVI)' 1. That! the! offender! takes! possession! of! any! real! property! or! usurps!any!real!rights!in!property.! 2. That!the!real!property!or!real!rights!belong!to!another! 3. That! violence! against! or! intimidation! of! persons! is! used! by! the! offender! in! occupying! real! property! or! usurping! real! rights!in!property.!!

4. That!there!is!intent!to!gain.! ! III.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Usurpation'of'real'rights' • People!v.!Calleja!!!The!accused,!who!had!lost!the!case!in!a! cadastral! proceeding,! took! possession! of! the! land! adjudicated! in! favor! of! the! offended! party! and! harvested! the!palay,!by!means!of!threat!and!intimidation.!Guilty.! ' IV.' SECOND' REQUISITE:' The' real' property' or' real' rights' MUST' belong'to'another.' • If! the! offended! party! was! a! mere! possessor! and! not! the! owner!of!the!property,!only!grave!coercion!may!be!charged! if!violence!was!used!(U.S.!v.!Fuster).!! ! V.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'Violence'or'intimidation'was'used' • There! is! only! civil! liability! if! there! is! no! violence! or! intimidation!in!taking!possession!of!real!property.! • Violence! or! intimidation! must! be! the! means! used! in! occupying! real! property! or! usurping! real! right! belonging! to! another.! Article! 312! does! not! apply! when! the! violence! or! intimidation! took! place! subsequent! to! the! entry! into! the! property.! • Stubborn! refusal! of! the! accused! to! vacate! the! land! in! open! defiance!of!the!writ!of!execution!issued!does!not!constitute! usurpation! in! Article! 312! because! the! accused! did! not! secure! possession! of! the! land! by! means! of! violence! or! intimidation!(People!v.!Leyson).! ! VI.'Usurpation'v.'Theft/Robbery' Usurpation' Theft/Robbery' There!is!occupation!or! There!is!taking!or!asportation! usurpation! Real!property!or!real!right!is! Personal!property!is!taken! involved! In!both,!there!is!intent!to!gain!



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! ' VII.'Other'Notes' • Criminal!action!for!usurpation!is!not!a!bar!to!civil!action!for! forcible! entry,! because! the! causes! of! actions! are! different,! although!it!stems!from!the!same!event/facts.' • Article' 312! does! not! provide! imprisonment! as! a! penalty,! only!fines.!But!if!physical!injuries!were!inflicted!as!a!result!of! the! use! of! violence! or! intimidation,! then! such! will! be! punished!according!to!the!provisions!on!physical!injuries.' • R.A.' No.' 947! punishes! entering! or! occupying! public! agricultural! land! including! public! lands! granted! to! private! individuals!by!a!fine!not!exceeding!P1,000!or!imprisonment! for!not!more!than!one!year!or!both.' Examples:' • A!wanted!to!occupy!B’s!property.!A!kicked!and!stabbed!B!in! order!to!eject!B!from!the!property!!!A!is!guilty.! o There! is! a! separate! crime! against! persons! committed! by! A.! It! may! either! be! attempted,! frustrated!and!consummated!homicide.' ' Article'313'–'Altering'boundaries'and'landmarks.' Any'person'who'shall'alter'the'boundary'marks'or'monuments'of' towns,' provinces,' or' estates,' or' any' other' marks' intended' to' designate' the' boundaries' of' the' same,' shall' be' punished' by' arresto'menor'or'a'fine'not'exceeding'100'pesos,'or'both.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'of'altering'boundaries'or'landmarks:'(BA)' 1. That! there! be! boundary! marks! or! monuments! of! towns,! provinces,! or! estates,! or! any! other! marks! intended! to! designate!the!boundaries!of!the!same.! 2. That!the!offender!alters!said!boundary!marks.! ' II.'Other'Notes' • Intent!to!gain!and!fraudulent!intent!are!not!necessary!

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The! offense! consists! in! carrying! out! a! felonious! intent! to! usurp! realty! and! this! intent! must! be! established!as!the!moral!element!before!the!penalty! fixed!in!Article'313!can!be!applied.! Are!private!estates!included?!YES.! Alter! !! has! a! general! and! indefinite! meaning.! Any! alteration! of! boundary! marks! is! enough! to! constitute! the! material!element!of!the!crime.!(This!is!the!actus)reus).! o Destruction! of! a! stone! monument! or! taking! it! to! another!place,!or!removing!a!fence!is!altering.! o Vandalizing/defacing!is!not!considered!an!alteration.! o

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Chapter'5:'Culpable'Insolvency' ' Article'314'–'Fraudulent'Insolvency.' Any' person' who' shall' abscond' with' his' property' to' the' prejudice' of'his'creditors,'shall'suffer'the'penalty'of'prision'mayor,'if'he'be'a' merchant' and' the' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' maximum' period' to' prision' mayor' in' its' medium' period,' if' he' be' not' a' merchant.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'of'Fraudulent'Insolvency:'(DAP)' 1. That!the!offender!is!a!debtor;!that!is,!he!has!obligation!due! and!payable! 2. That!he!absconds!with!his!property.! 3. That!there!be!prejudice!to!his!creditors.! ! II.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'The'offender'is'a'debtor' • Being!a!merchant!is!not!an!element!of!this!offense.!! • If! the! accused! is! a! merchant,! a! higher! penalty! shall! be! imposed.! ! III.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'That'he'absconds'with'his'property' • Real!property!may!be!involved.!



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Abscond!!!does!not!requires!that!the!debtor!should!depart! and!physically!conceal!his!property.!

! IV.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'That'there'be'prejudice'to'his'creditors' • Actual! prejudice! to! the! creditor! of! the! debtor! –! not! intention!alone!–!is!required.!Fraudulent!insolvency!requires! malice.! o Thus,! if! someone! else’s! creditor! (e.g.! accused’s! husband)! –! and! not! those! of! the! debtor! (e.g.! accused)!–!were!prejudiced,!then!the!accused!would! not! be! liable! for! complicity! under! this! article.! (People!v.!Tan!Diong).! ! V.'Other'Notes' • Distinguished!from!the!Insolvency'Law:!The!Insolvency!Law! requires!for!its!application!that!the!criminal!act!should!have! been! committed! after! the! institution! of! insolvency! proceedings.! Under! Article! 314,! there! is! no! such! requirement.! Examples! • A! is! indebted! to! B,! and! relocates! without! informing! the! latter! !! if! the! obligation! is! demandable,! there! is! no! culpable!insolvency.! • A!is!indebted!to!B!with!10B.!A!buys!a!car!!!No,!unless!the! creditor!can!proved!that!he!suffered!actual!prejudice.! !

Chapter'6:'Swindling'and'other'Deceits' ' Article'315'–'Swindling'(Estafa)' Any' person' who' shall' defraud' another' by' any' of' the' means' mentioned'herein'below'shall'be'punished'by:' ' 1st.' The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' maximum' period' to' prision'mayor'in'its'minimum'period,'if'the'amount'of'the'fraud'is' over' 12,000' pesos' but' does' not' exceed' 22,000' pesos,' and' if' such' (

amount' exceeds' the' latter' sum,' the' penalty' provided' in' this' paragraph' shall' be' imposed' in' its' maximum' period,' adding' one' year'for'each'additional'10,000'pesos;'but'the'total'penalty'which' may'be'imposed'shall'not'exceed'twenty'years.'In'such'cases,'and' in'connection'with'the'accessory'penalties'which'may'be'imposed' under' the' provisions' of' this' Code,' the' penalty' shall' be' termed' prision'mayor'or'reclusion'temporal,'as'the'case'may'be.' ' 2nd.' The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' and' medium'periods,'if'the'amount'of'the'fraud'is'over'6,000'pesos'but' does'not'exceed'12,000'pesos;' ' 3rd.'The'penalty'of'arresto'mayor'in'its'maximum'period'to'prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' period' if' such' amount' is' over' 200' pesos'but'does'not'exceed'6,000'pesos;'and' ' 4th.'By'arresto'mayor'in'its'maximum'period,'if'such'amount'does' not'exceed'200'pesos,'provided'that'in'the'four'cases'mentioned,' the'fraud'be'committed'by'any'of'the'following'means:' ' 1. With'unfaithfulness'or'abuse'of'confidence,'namely:'' (a) By' altering' the' substance,'quantity,' or' quality' or' anything' of' value' which' the' offender' shall' deliver' by' virtue' of' an' obligation'to'do'so,'even'though'such'obligation'be'based' on'an'immoral'or'illegal'consideration.' (b) By' misappropriating' or' converting,' to' the' prejudice' of' another,' money,' goods,' or' any' other' personal' property' received'by'the'offender'in'trust'or'on'commission,'or'for' administration,'or'under'any'other'obligation'involving'the' duty' to' make' delivery' of' or' to' return' the' same,' even' though' such' obligation' be' totally' or' partially' guaranteed' by' a' bond;' or' by' denying' having' received' such' money,' goods,'or'other'property.'' (c) By' taking' undue' advantage' of' the' signature' of' the' offended' party' in' blank,' and' by' writing' any' document'



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2. (a)

(b) (c)

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above' such' signature' in' blank,' to' the' prejudice' of' the' offended'party'or'of'any'third'person.' ' By' means' of' any' of' the' following' false' pretenses' or' fraudulent' acts' executed' prior' to' or' simultaneously' with' the'commission'of'the'fraud:'' By' using' fictitious' name,' or' falsely' pretending' to' possess' power,' influence,' qualifications,' property,' credit,' agency,' business' or' imaginary' transactions,' or' by' means' of' other' similar'deceits.' By' altering' the' quality,' fineness' or' weight' of' anything' pertaining'to'his'art'or'business.' By' pretending' to' have' bribed' any' Government' employee,' without' prejudice' to' the' action' for' calumny' which' the' offended' party' may' deem' proper' to' bring' against' the' offender.' In' this' case,' the' offender' shall' be' punished' by' the'maximum'period'of'the'penalty.' By'postCdating'a'check,'or'issuing'a'check'in'payment'of'an' obligation' when' the' offender' therein' were' not' sufficient' to' cover' the' amount' of' the' check.' The' failure' of' the' drawer' of' the' check' to' deposit' the' amount' necessary' to' cover'his'check'within'three'(3)'days'from'receipt'of'notice' from'the'bank'and/or'the'payee'or'holder'that'said'check' has'been'dishonored'for'lack'of'insufficiency'of'funds'shall' be' prima' facie' evidence' of' deceit' constituting' false' pretense' or' fraudulent' act.' (As# amended# by# R.A.# 4885,# approved#June#17,#1967.)' By'obtaining'any'food,'refreshment'or'accommodation'at'a' hotel,' inn,' restaurant,' boarding' house,' lodging' house,' or' apartment' house' and' the' like' without' paying' therefor,' with'intent'to'defraud'the'proprietor'or'manager'thereof,' or' by' obtaining' credit' at' hotel,' inn,' restaurant,' boarding' house,' lodging' house,' or' apartment' house' by' the' use' of' any' false' pretense,' or' by' abandoning' or' surreptitiously' removing' any' part' of' his' baggage' from' a' hotel,' inn,'

restaurant,' boarding' house,' lodging' house' or' apartment' house' after' obtaining' credit,' food,' refreshment' or' accommodation' therein' without' paying' for' his' food,' refreshment'or'accommodation.' ' 3. Through'any'of'the'following'fraudulent'means:''' (a) By' inducing' another,' by' means' of' deceit,' to' sign' any' document.' (b) By'resorting'to'some'fraudulent'practice'to'insure'success' in'a'gambling'game.' (c) By'removing,'concealing'or'destroying,'in'whole'or'in'part,' any' court' record,' office' files,' document' or' any' other' papers.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'of'Estafa'in'general:' 1. That! the! accused! defrauded! another! (a)! by! abuse! of! confidence,!or!(b)!by!means!of!deceit.! 2. That!damage!or!prejudice!capable!of!pecuniary!estimation!is! caused!to!the!offended!party!or!third!person.! ! II.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Covers'three'ways'of'committing'Estafa' 1. With!unfaithfulness!or!abuse!of!confidence!(under!a)! 2. By!means!of!false!pretenses!or!fraudulent!acts!(under!b)! 3. Through!fraudulent!means!(under!b)! • Deceit! –! not! an! essential! requisite! of! Estafa! with! abuse! of! confidence! • The!essence!of!Estafa!is!fraud.!! • )Fraud!!!the!presence!of!(a)!or!(b).! ! III.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Basis'of'the'penalty'! 'Pecuniary! • It! is! necessary! that! the! damage! or! prejudice! be! capable! of! pecuniary!estimation!!!basis!of!the!penalty.! o If! the! damage! is! incapable! of! pecuniary! estimation,! but! damage! is! clearly! present,! the! courts! will! use!



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the!lowest!amount!as!basis!of!penalty.! If! there! is! no! deceit,! no! abuse! of! confidence! !! no! Estafa,! just!civil!liability.! Element'of'damage'may'consist'in' a. The! offended! party! being! deprived! of! his! money! or! property,!as!result!of!the!defraudation! b. Disturbance!in!property!rights!(p.!848)! c. Temporary!prejudice!(p.!849)! The! crime! of! Estafa! is! not! obliterated! by! acceptance! of! the! offended!property!of!a!promissory!note.! The! accused! cannot! be! convicted! of! Estafa! with! abuse! of! confidence! under! an! information! alleging! Estafa! by! means! of!deceit.! There!can!be!a!complex!crime!of!theft!and!Estafa!(p.!850)!

• ! IV.'Other'Notes' • A! person! charged! of! one! subsection! cannot! be! convicted! with!another!subsection.! • Estafa!can!be!complexed!with!theft!if!theft!was!a!necessary! means! to! commit! estafa! by! fictitious! name! –! misrepresentation!of!ownership!(People!v.!Yunsay)! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 1:' Types' of' Estafa' according' to' unfaithfulness' or' abuse'of'confidence' ' I.'ESTAFA'WITH'UNFAITHFULNESS' A.'Elements:'(OAD)' 1. That! the! offender! has! an! onerous! obligation! to! deliver! something!of!value.! 2. That!he!alters!its!substance,!quantity,!or!quality.! 3. That!damage!or!prejudice!is!caused!to!another.! ' B.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Onerous'obligation' • “By' virtue' of' an' onerous' obligation”! –! the! delivery! of! anything!of!value!must!be!by!virtue!of!an!onerous!obligation!

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to!do!so.! Thus,! if! the! thing! delivered! had! not! been! fully! or! partially! paid,! there! is! no! Estafa! even! if! the! quality! of! the! item! was! altered!since!no!damage!is!caused.!

! C.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Alters'its'substance,'quantity,'or'quality' • Altering!the!substance,!quality,!or!quantity!(examples)!! a. Substance! o Delivering!molasses!instead!of!the!opium!promised.! b. Quantity! o Delivering!98!instead!of!100!shirts!promised.! c. Quality! o Delivering! poor! class! instead! of! the! first! class! rice! promised.!! • When!there!is!no!agreement!as!to!the!quality!–!the!delivery! of!the!thing!not!acceptable!to!the!complainant!is!not!Estafa! • “Even' though' such' obligation' be' based' on' an' immoral' or' illegal'consideration”!–!the!crime!of!Estafa!may!arise!even!if! the! thing! to! be! delivered! is! not! a! subject! of! lawful! commerce,!such!as!opium.! ! II.'ESTAFA'WITH'ABUSE'OF'CONFIDENCE' A.'Elements:!(TMPD)! 1. That!money,!goods,!or!other!personal!property!be!received! by! the! offender! in! trust,! or! on! commission,! or! for! administration,! or! under! any! other! obligation! involving! the! duty!to!make!delivery!of,!or!to!return!the!same! 2. That! there! be! misappropriation! or! conversion! of! such! money!or!property!by!the!offender,!or!denial!on!his!part!of! such!receipt! 3. That!such!misappropriation!or!conversion!or!denial!is!to!the! prejudice!of!another! 4. That!there!is!a!demand!made!by!the!offended!party! • Note:! 4th! element! is! not! necessary! when! there! is! evidence! of!misappropriation!of!the!goods!by!the!defendant!



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! ' B.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Personal'goods'received'in'trust,'commission,' administration,'or'under'obligation'to'deliver'or'return'the'same.! • Check!is!included!in!the!word!“money”! • Money,! goods,! or! other! personal! property! must! be! “received”! by! the! offender! (if! taken! without! consent! of! the! owner,!the!crime!maybe!theft,!not!Estafa).! • Must! be! received! under! certain! kinds! of! transaction! transferring!judicial!possession!to!him!–!acquisition!of!both! physical!and!juridical!possession!of!the!thing!received:!(1)!in! trust,!(2)!on!commission,!(3)!for!administration,!or!(4)!under! any!other!obligation!involving!the!duty!to!make'delivery!of,! or!to!return!the!same.! o “Juridical) possession”! –! possession! which! gives! the! transferee! a! right! over! the! thing! which! the! transferee!may!set!up!against!the!owner! o Juridical! possession! may! arise! from! several! situations!such!as:!agreements!(e.g.!lease)!! o When!the!delivery!of!a!chattel!has!not!the!effect!of! transferring! the! juridical! possession,! or! title,! it! is! presumed! that! the! possession! of,! and! title! to,! the! thing!so!delivered!remain!in!the!owner.! Illustrations:' a. “In)trust”!–!instead!of!returning!something!left!in!trust!with! them,! they! appropriated! it! to! their! own! use! (e.g.! failure! to! turn! over! to! the! bank! the! proceeds! of! the! sale! of! goods! covered!by!trust!receipts!–!p.786)! i. Trust! ii. Bank! deposits! are! loans! to! the! bank! with! the! latter! having!an!obligation!to!return!such!upon!demand!of! the!depositor!through!withdrawal.! b. “On) commission”! –! A! received! money! from! B! to! deliver! to! the!municipal!treasurer!which!A!did!not!do!so.!(p.788)! i. Concerns! agency.! Example:! denial! of! possession! of! proceeds!of!the!jewelry!makes!one!liable!for!estafa.!

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c. “For) administration”! –! when! appointed! to! the! court! to! administer! the! property! of! the! deceased,! offender! misappropriated!the!money!for!his!personal!benefit! d. The!phrase!“or)under)any)other)obligation)involving)the)duty) to) make) delivery) of,) or) to) return) the) same”! includes! quasie contracts!and!certain!contracts!of!bailment.! o In! quasi! contracts! and! contracts! of! bailment,! juridical! possession! is! passed! (they! also! require! the! return!of!the!very!same!thing!received/loaned).! o Bank!deposits!differ!from!deposits.!In!the!latter,!the! very!same!thing!given!for!safekeeping!is!returned.! • Obligation! to! return! or! deliver! the! thing! –! must! be! contractual! without! transferring! to! the! accused! the! ownership!of!the!thing!received!(see!p.791).! o Amounts! paid! by! students! to! the! school! to! answer! for! the! value! of! materials! broken! are! not! mere! deposits! and! must! be! returned! by! the! school! after! due!deductions!(p.793).! • When! ownership! of! the! thing! is! transferred! to! the! person! who! has! received! it,! his! failure! to! return! it! will! give! rise! to! civil!liability!only!(p.!791!e!792).! o When! the! thing! is! received! under! a! transaction! of! purchase!and!sale,!even!if!the!price!is!not!paid,!the! ownership!is!transferred!to!the!buyer!upon!delivery.! o In!the!same!way,!the!advance!payment!made!to!the! seller! prior! to! delivery! is! owned! by! the! seller! and! cannot!be!expected!to!be!returned.! • When!the!money!or!other!personal!property!received!by!the! accused! is! not! to! be! used! for! a! particular! purpose! or! to! be! returned!!!no!Estafa.! • When!the!thing!is!received!under!a!contract!of!sale!on!credit! !!no!Estafa.! • Criminal! liability! for! Estafa! is! not! affected! by! novation! of! contract!(p.!794!–!795).! o However,! novation! of! contract! from! one! of! agency!



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! to!one!of!sale,!or!to!one!of!loan,!relieves!defendant! from! incipient! criminal! liability! under! the! first! contract.! ' C.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Misappropriation'or'conversion'of'such' • Three!ways!of!committing…! a. Misappropriating!the!thing!received! b. Converting!the!thing!received! c. Denying!that!the!thing!was!received! • When!misappropriation!or!conversion!is!evident,!there!is!no! need!for!demand!before!Estafa!is!considered!committed.! • “By'misappropriating”'! o Misappropriating! !! to! own,! to! take! something! for! one’s!own!benefit.! o Estafa! by! misappropriation! does! not! make! any! distinction! between! temporary! and! permanent! misappropriation! !! as! long! as! there! was! misappropriation,!there!is!Estafa.! • “By'converting”! o Converting!!!connotes!the!act!of!using!or!disposing! of!another’s!property!as!it!if!were!one’s!own.! o Conversion! !! presupposes! that! the! thing! has! been! devoted! to! a! purpose! or! use! different! from! that! agreed!upon.! o Example! of! Estafa! by! conversion! –! attempts! to! dispose! of! the! property! of! another! without! right! (e.g.! getting! a! subeagent! when! such! was! not! within! the!contemplation!of!the!agreement!p.!797!–!800).! o Withholding!application!by!agent!of!money!received! –! must! be! judged! on! a! caseetoecase! basis! (e.g.! cannot!be!indicted!for!Estafa!if!there!was!good!faith! to! retain! the! money! for! the! purpose! of! necessary! protection).! • Right! of! agent! to! deduct! commission! from! amounts! collected!

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o If!authorized!–!no!Estafa! o Otherwise!–!Estafa! “By'denying'having'received'the'thing”! o Example:!A!borrowed!a!ring!from!B.!When!B!asked!A! to! return! it,! the! latter! denied! having! received! it! !! Estafa.!

' D.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'Prejudice'is'caused'to'the'offended'party' • Gain!for!the!offender!is!not!necessary!!!Estafa!may!still!be! charged!even!if!there!was!no!benefit! • “To' the' prejudice' of' another”! !! not! necessarily! to! the! owner! of! the! property;! immaterial! whether! the! loss! was! suffered!by!the!owner!or!by!a!third!person! • Partnership!!!liability!of!partners!for!Estafa! o Partners! are! not! liable! for! Estafa! of! money! or! property! received! for! the! partnership! when! the! business!commenced!and!profits!accrued.! " The! nature! of! the! contract! does! not! entail! the! return! of! the! exact! same! property! contributed.!What!a!partner!is!entitled!to!is! the!profits!of!the!partnership.! o Failure!of!a!partner!to!account!for!partnership!funds! may!give!rise!to!only!a!civil!obligation,!not!Estafa.! o Exception:!if!a!partner!misappropriates!the!share!of! another! in! the! profits,! there! is! Estafa! through! misappropriation.! o Exception:! when! the! money! or! property! had! been! received! for! a! specific! purpose! and! but! was! misappropriated,!there!is!Estafa.! • Coeownership!!!A!coeowner!is!not!liable!for!Estafa! o Exception:!he!is!liable!if,!after!the!termination!of!the! coeownership,! he! misappropriates! the! things! which! has!become!the!exclusive!property!of!the!other.! ' E.'FOURTH'REQUISITE:'Demand'made'by'the'offended'party'



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This! is! the! only! kind! of! Estafa! under! Article' 315' wherein! “demand”!is!a!necessary!element.! Demand! is! not! required! by! law,! but! it! is! NECESSARY! in! this! kinds! of! estafa,! because! failure! to! account! upon! demand! is! circumstantial!evidence!of!misappropriation.! Presumption! of! misappropriation! arises! when! explanation! of!the!accused!is!absolutely!devoid!of!merit.! People! v.! Pendon! (ruling! doctrine)!! Even! if! the! offender! cannot! be! located,! or! there! was! agreement! upon! specific! time! for! delivery! or! return! of! the! thing! received,! demand! cannot! be! dispensed! with.! To! uphold! such! rational! is! to! depart! unwarrantedly! from! the! constant! doctrine! of! the! Supreme!Court!on!the!subject.! BUT! People! v.! Villegas! !! held! that! if! the! offender! is! in! hiding,! prior!demand!is!not!necessary!to!institute!criminal!action!as! the!disappearing!act!of!the!offender!is!a!clear!indication!of!a! premeditated! intention! to! abscond! with! the! thing! of! the! offended.! People!v.!Liberea!!!the!receipt!signed!by!the!accused!which! stipulated!that!he!should!turn!over!the!proceeds!of!the!sale! or! make! an! accounting! thereof! on! a! specified! date,! is! in! itself!a!demand.!

' F.'Points'to'Remember:'Some'principles'in'Estafa' • NO!Estafa!through!negligence! • Gravity! of! the! crime! !! determined! on! the! basis! of! the! amount! not! returned! before! the! institution! of! the! criminal! action.! ! G.'Theft'v.'Estafa'with'Abuse'of'Confidence' Theft' Estafa'with'Abuse'of'Confidence' Material!possession! Juridical!possession! Offender!takes!the!thing! Offender!receives!the!thing! The!owner!expects!an! The!owner!does!not!expect!an! (

immediate!return!

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immediate!return!–!subject!to! agreement! o Exception! !! when! a! servant,! domestic,! or! employee! who! misappropriates! the! thing! he! received!from!his!master!or!employer!is!not!guilty!of! Estafa,! but! theft! (juridical! possession! remains! with! the!owner).! o Constructive) Possession! !! is! the! relation! between! the!owner!of!the!thing!and!the!thing!itself!when!the! owner! is! not! in! the! actual! physical! possession,! but! when! it! is! still! under! his! control! and! management! and!subject!to!his!disposition!(U.S.!v.!Juan).! o A! teller! of! a! bank! will! have! constructive! possession! over! the! money! BUT! an! agent! of! a! principal! would! have! juridical! possession! over! a! property! like! money.! Selling! the! thing! received! to! be! pledged! for! the! owner! is! theft,! when! the! intent! to! appropriate! existed! at! the! time! when!it!was!received!

! H.'Estafa'with'Abuse'of'Confidence'v.'Malversation' Estafa' Malversation' Offenders!are!entrusted!with!funds!or!property! Continuing!offense! Always!private!funds!or!property! Usually!public!funds!or!property! Offender!is!a!private!individual! Offender!is!a!public!officer! or!a!public!officer!not! accountable!for!public!funds!or! accountable!for!public!funds!or! property! property! Committed!by!misappropriating,! Committed!by!appropriating,! converting!or!denying!having! taking,!or!misappropriation!or! received!the!goods! consenting,!abandonment!or! negligence! Examples:' • When!in!the!prosecution!for!malversation!the!public!officer!



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accountable! for! public! funds! is! acquitted,! the! private! individual! allegedly! in! conspiracy! with! him! may! be! held! liable!for!Estafa!since!the!element!of!accountability!of!public! funds!are!deleted!from!the!charge.! Misappropriation! of! firearms! received! by! a! policeman! is! Estafa,!if!it!is!not!involved!in!the!commission!of!a!crime;!it!is! malversation!if!it!is!involved!in!the!commission!of!a!crime.!

' III.'ESTAFA'BY'TAKING'UNDUE'ADVANTAGE'OF'THE'SIGNATURE'OF' THE'OFFENDED'PARTY'IN'BLANK' A.'Elements:'(SDWD)' 1. That!the!paper!with!the!signature!of!the!offended!party!be! in!blank.! 2. That! the! offended! party! should! have! delivered! it! to! the! offender.! 3. That!above!the!signature!of!the!offended!party!a!document! is!written!by!the!offender!without!authority!to!do!so.! 4. That!the!document!so!written!creates!a!liability!of,!or!causes! damage!to,!the!offended!party!or!any!third!person.! • Note:! the! paper! with! the! signature! in! blank! must! be! delivered! by! the! offended! party! to! the! offended! party! (if! stolen,!crime!is!falsification)! ! B.'Article'315,'Par.1(c)'and'Article'48'(from'class'discussion)' • A!complex!crime!ay!result!from!the!commission!of!this!kind! of!Estafa!such!as:! o Estafa! by! means! of! falsification! of! documents! !! compound!complex!crime!(one!is!a!necessary!means! to!commit!the!other).! ____________________! Estafa'by'means'of'deceit! ' I.'Elements'of'Estafa'by'means'of'deceit:'(FPRD)' 1. That! there! must! be! a! false! pretense,! fraudulent! act! or! fraudulent!means!

2. That! such! false! pretense,! fraudulent! act! or! fraudulent! means! must! be! made! or! executed! prior! or! simultaneously! with!the!commission!of!the!fraud! 3. That! the! offended! party! must! have! relied! on! the! false! pretense,! fraudulent! act,! or! fraudulent! means,! that! is,! he! was!induced!to!part!with!his!money!or!property!because!of! the!false!pretense,!fraudulent!act,!or!fraudulent!means! 4. That! as! a! result! thereof,! the! offended! party! suffered! damage! • Note:!there!is!no!deceit!if!the!complainant!was!aware!of!the! fictitious!nature!of!the!pretense! • Fraud!must!be!proved!with!clear!and!positive!evidence! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 2:' Types' of' Estafa' by' means' of' any' of' the' following' false' pretenses' or' fraudulent' acts' executed' prior' to' or' simultaneously'with'the'commission'of'the'fraud)' ' I.'ESTAFA'BY'FOLLOWING'FALSE'PRETENSES' A.'Three'ways'of'committing:'(FCPIQPCABCS)' 1. By!using!fictitious!name! 2. By!falsely!pretending!to!possess!(a)!power,!(b)!influence,!(c)! qualifications,! (d)! property,! (e)! credit,! (f)! agency,! (g)! business!or!imaginary!transactions! 3. By!means!of!other!similar!deceits! ! B.'Guiding'Principles' • Indispensible' requirement! !! the! element! of! deceit,! (consisting! in! the! false! statement! or! fraudulent! representation)!be!made!prior!to!or!at!least!simultaneously! with! the! delivery! of! the! thing! by! the! complainant,! it! being! essential! that! such! constitute! the! cause! or! the! only! motive! which!induces!the!complainant!to!part!with!the!thing.! • Pretense'must'be'false' • Offended!party!must'be'deprived!of!his!property! !



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! C.'“By'using'fictitious'name”' • Fictitious' name! –! person! uses! a! name! other! than! his! real! name! ' D.'“By'falsely'pretending'to…”' • Possessing'power!–!e.g.!falsely!pretending!that!a!worthless! piece! of! paper! possessed! power;! pretending! to! be! a! magician!with!powers!to!discover!hidden!treasure! • Possessing'influence!–!e.g.$falsely$representing$that$one$had$ influence(in(Malacañang! • Possessing' qualifications! –! e.g.! the! accused! falsely! represented!himself!as!qualified!in!law.! • Possessing' property' (money)! –! e.g.! pretending! the! presence!of!sufficient!funds!to!pay!in!cash.! • Possessing'credit!–!e.g.!falsely!presenting!oneself!as!having! credits!to!pay!for!a!service.! • Possessing'agency!–!e.g.!pretending!to!be!the!depositary!of! goods.! • Possessing'business!–!e.g.!pretending!to!have!a!business.! ' E.'“By'other'similar'deceits”' • By' means' of' other' similar' deceits! –! e.g.! pretending! that! a! deed!was!validly!made.! • Deceit!not!covered!in!any!of!those!specifically!mentioned!in! Subdivision!2,!paragraph!(a),!but!similar!to!any!of!them,!may! give!rise!to!Estafa!under!this!phrase.! ! F.'Estafa'by'means'of'deceit'v.'Theft' • Immaterial!!!Presence!or!absence!of!deceit!or!fraud.! • Material! !! transfer! of! material! possession! or! juridical! and! physical!possession.! ! G.'Other'Notes' • Estafa' through' falsification! –! any! person! who! falsifies,! counterfeits! or! imitates! the! signatures! of! others! may! by! (

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liable!for!Estafa!thru!falsification!! o Estafa!through!false!pretense!made!in!writing!is!only! a! simple! crime! of! Estafa,! not! Estafa! through! falsification! ! II.'ESTAFA'BY'ALTERING'THE'QUALITY,'FINENESS'OR'WEIGHT' • Estafa' by' altering' the' quality,' fineness' or' weight' of' anything' pertaining' to' his' art' or' business! –! may! be! illustrated!wherein!a!jeweler!defrauded!a!person!who!asked! for! a! gold! ring! but! was! given! a! ring! created! from! a! stone! with!lower!value.! • Manipulation! of! scale! is! punished! under! the! Revised' Administrative'Code.! ' III.'ESTAFA'BY'PRETENDING'TO'HAVE'GIVEN'BRIBE' • Estafa' by' pretending' to' have' given' bribe! –! committed! by! any! person! who! would! ask! money! from! another! for! the! alleged!purpose!of!bribing!a!government!employee,!when!in! truth! and! in! fact! the! offender! intended! to! convert! the! money! to! his! own! personal! use! and! benefit.! But! if! the! money! was! really! used! to! bribe,! the! crime! is! corruption! of! public!officer.! • In!addition!to!Estafa,!the!offender!may!still!be!liable!for!the! crime! of! defamation! which! the! government! employee! allegedly!bribed!may!deem!proper!to!bring!against!offender.! • Calumny!!!the!making!of!false!and!defamatory!statements! about!someone!in!order!to!damage!their!reputation;!slander) o Not! double! jeopardy! because! the! basis! of! offended! party! is! Estafa,! while! the! government! officials! you! said!you’d!bribe!can!file!for!calumny.) ' ESTAFA'BY'MEANS'OF'FRAUDULENT'ACTS' • The! acts! must! be! fraudulent! !! acts! characterized! by,! or! founded!on,!deceit,!trick!or!cheat.! !



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! IV.' ESTAFA' BY' POSTDATING' A' CHECK' OR' ISSUING' A' CHECK' IN' PAYMENT'OF'AN'OBLIGATION' • Estafa!by!issuing!a!bad!check!is!a!continuing!crime!(p.842)! A.'Elements:'(PN)' 1. That! the! offender! postdated! a! check,! or! issued! a! check! in! payment!of!an!obligation! 2. That!such!postdating!or!issuing!a!check!was!done!when!the! offender! had! no! funds! in! the! bank,! or! his! funds! deposited! therein!were!not!sufficient!to!cover!the!amount!of!the!check! ! B.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Issued'a'check'for'an'obligation' • The!check!issued!must!be!genuine,!not!falsified!(if!falsified,! the! crime! is! Estafa! through! falsification! of! a! commercial! document).! • The! check! must! be! postdated! or! issued! in! payment! of! an! obligation! contracted! at! the! time! of! the! issuance! and! delivery! of! the! check! !! check! should! not! be! issued! in! payment!of!a!preeexisting!obligation.! o When!a!check!is!issued!in!lieu!of!a!promissory!note,! it!is!in!payment!of!a!preeexisting!obligation.! • In!order!to!convict!an!accused!for!Estafa!under!Article'315,' par.' 2(d)! the! accused! must! have! obtained! the! goods! because!of!the!check.!! o The! accused! MUST! be! able! to! obtain! something! from! the! offended! party! by! means! of! the! check! he! issues!and!delivers! • Exception:! when! the! check! is! issued! not! “in! payment! of! an! obligation”! o When! postdated! checks! are! issued! by! the! parties! only! as! promissory! notes! –! no! Estafa! even! if! there! are!no!sufficient!funds.! o When!the!check!is!issued!by!a!guarantor!–!no!Estafa! ! C.' SECOND' REQUISITE:' Issuance' was' done' when' there' were' insufficient'funds'to'cover'the'check'

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R.A.' No.' 4885b' eliminated! the! phrase! “the! offender! knowing!that!at!the!time!he!had!no!funds!in!the!bank”.!! o It! is! no! longer! a! defense! that! the! drawer,! through! oversight,! did! not! know! that! he! had! insufficient! or! no! funds! in! the! bank! when! he! postdated! or! issued! the!check.! Prima!facie!evidence!of!deceit!!!the!drawer!is!given!three! days! to! make! good! the! said! check! by! depositing! the! necessary! funds! to! cover! the! amount! thereof;! otherwise,! a! prima! facie! presumption! will! arise! as! to! existence! of! fraud,! which!is!an!element!in!the!crime!of!Estafa.! GOOD!FAITH!!!defense!in!a!charge!of!Estafa!by!postdating! or! issuing! a! check! (belief! that! one! may! by! able! to! deposit! sufficient!funds!in!the!bank).! One!who!uses!the!check!may!also!be!liable!–!there!must!be! knowledge!that!the!drawer!had!no!sufficient!funds! The!payee!receiving!the!check!must!be!defrauded.! PRESIDENTIAL'DECREES'NO.'818'

I.'Application' • Applies! only! to! Estafa! under! paragraph' 2(d)! of! Article' 315,! and!does!not!apply!to!other!forms!of!Estafa!under!the!other! paragraphs!of!the!same!article.! • Penalty!prescribed!in!P.D.'No.'818,!not!the!penalty!provided! for! in! Article' 315! should! be! imposed! when! the! Estafa! committed!is!covered!by!paragraph'2(d),'Article'315.! ' BATAS'PAMBANSA'BLG.'22' SECTION'1' I.'Paragraph'1,'Section'1' A.'Elements' 1. That!a!person!makes!or!draws!and!issues!any!check.! 2. That! the! check! is! made! or! drawn! and! issued! to! apply! on! account!or!for!value.! 3. That! the! person! who! makes! or! draws! and! issues! the! check!



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! knows! at! the! time! of! issue! that! he! does! not! have! sufficient! funds! in! or! credit! with! the! drawee! bank! for! the! payment! of! such!check!in!full!upon!its!presentment.! 4. That! the! check! is! subsequently! dishonored! by! the! drawee! bank!for!insufficiency!of!funds!or!credit,!or!would!have!been! dishonored!for!the!same!reason!had!not!the!drawer,!without! any!valid!reason,!ordered!the!bank!to!stop!payment.!

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' B.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Drawing'or'issuing'a'check' • B.P.'22'is'Mala'Prohibitum!! o Gravamen!of!B.P.'22!is!the!issuance!of!a!check! o Deceit!is!not!required!under!B.P.'22! • If! the! offender! issues! a! check! in! payment! (of)! or! contemporaneously! with! incurring! an! obligation! –! he! may! be!punished!by!both!the!RPC!and!B.P.'22.! • In! case! the! check! is! drawn! by! a! corporation,! company! or! entity,!the!person!or!persons!who!actually!signed!the!check! in!behalf!of!such!drawer!shall!be!liable!under!this!Act.! ' Difference'of'B.P.'22'with'Article'315,'Par.2(d)' Batas'Pambansa'Blg.'22' Article'315,'Par.'2(d)' Mere!issuance! Issuance!caused!the!other!to!part! with!his!personal!property! Applicable!when!the!obligation! Applicable!only!when!the! was!incurred!simultaneous!or! obligation!was!incurred! prior!to!issuance! simultaneous!with!issuance! 5!days! 3!days! Knowledge!is!material! Knowledge!is!immaterial! Damage!is!immaterial! There!must!be!damage! ' C.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'“Knowing'of'the'insufficiency'of'funds'at'the' time'the'time'the'check'is'issued”' • B.P.' 22! requires! that! the! person! who! made! or! drew! and! issued! the! check! knew! at! the! time! of! issue! that! he! didn’t! have!sufficient!funds.! (

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If!he!had!sufficient!funds!in!or!credit!with!the!draw!bank!at! the! time! he! issued! the! check,! but! later! he! withdrew! all! his! funds!from!or!lost!credit!with!the!draw!bank,!he!is!not!liable! under!paragraph!1,!but!may!be!liable!under!paragraph!2.! If!the!payment!of!the!check!was!ordered!to!be!stopped!for! no!valid!reason,!the!person!who!ordered!such!may!be!liable! under!this!Act.!! The! act! of! the! offender! when! he! “orders”! the! bank! to! stop! payment!of!the!check,!it!is!not!a!valid!defense!if!he!had!no! sufficient!funds!that!would!have!made!the!check!dishonored! anyway!

' II.'Elements'of'the'offense'under'paragraph'2,'Section'1!! 1. That! a! person! has! sufficient! funds! in! or! credit! with! the! drawee!bank!when!he!makes!or!draws!and!issues!a!check.! 2. That!he!fails!to!keep!sufficient!funds!or!to!maintain!a!credit! to! cover! the! full! amount! of! the! check! if! presented! within! a! period!of!90!days!from!the!date!appearing!thereon.! 3. That!the!check!is!dishonored!by!the!drawee!bank.! ! • Lack! of! written! notice! of! dishonor! is! fatal! –! a! mere! oral! notice!or!demand!to!pay!would!appear!to!be!insufficient!for! conviction!under!the!law! • Notice! of! dishonor! to! corporation! is! NOT! notice! to! officer! who!issued!the!check! ' SECTION'2' • Presumption!–!Drawer!had!knowledge!of!the!insufficiency!of! funds.! Exceptions:! o Check! is! presented! after! 90! days! from! the! date! of! the!check.! o Drawer! pays! the! holder! of! the! check! the! amount! due! thereon! within! 5! banking! days! after! receiving! notice! that! such! check! has! not! been! paid! by! the!



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! drawee.! Drawer! makes! arrangements! for! payment! in! full! by! the! drawee! of! such! check! within! 5! banking! days! after!notice!of!nonepayment.! Prima! facie! evidence! does! not! arise! where! notice! of! nonpayment!is!not!sent!to!the!maker!or!drawer!of!the!check! o

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SECTION'3' Section' 3! requires! the! drawee! to! cause! to! be! written,! printed! or! stamped! in! plain! language! the! reason! for! his! dishonor!or!refusal!to!pay!the!same.! In! all! prosecutions! under! B.P.' 22,! the! introduction! of! evidence! of! any! unpaid! and! dishonored! check! with! the! drawee’s!refusal!to!pay!shall!be!prima!facie!evidence!of:! o The!making!or!issuance!of!the!check! o The! due! presentment! to! the! drawee! for! payment! and!the!dishonor!thereof! o The!fact!that!the!same!was!properly!dishonored!for! the! reason! written,! stamped,! or! attached! by! the! draw!on!such!dishonored!check.!

! ' V.' ESTAFA' BY' OBTAINING' FOOD' OR' ACCOMMODATION' AT' A' HOTEL,'ETC.'' A.'Acts'punishable:' 1. By! obtaining! food,! refreshment! or! accommodation! at! a! hotel,! inn,! restaurant,! boarding! house,! lodging! house! or! apartment! house! without! paying! therefor,! with! intent! to! defraud!the!proprietor!or!manager!thereof! 2. By!obtaining!credit!at!any!of!said!establishments!by!the!use! of!any!false!pretense! 3. By! abandoning! or! surreptitiously! removing! any! part! of! his! baggage! from! any! of! said! establishments! after! obtaining! credit,! food,! refreshment! or! accommodation! therein,! without!paying!therefor.!

____________________! PARAGRAPH' 3:' Estafa' committed' through' any' of' the' following' fraudulent'means' ' I.'ESTAFA'BY'INDUCING'ANOTHER'TO'SIGN'ANY'DOCUMENT'' A.'Elements:'(IDSP)' 1. That! the! offender! induced! the! offended! party! to! sign! a! document! 2. That!deceit!be!employed!to!make!him!sign!the!document! 3. That!the!offended!party!personally!signed!the!document! 4. That!prejudice!be!caused! ! B.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Inducement'must'be'present' • There!must!be!an!inducement!to!sign!the!document.! • If!the!offended!party!is!willing!and!ready!from!the!beginning! to! sign! the! document,! and! there! is! merely! deceit! as! to! the! character! or! contents! of! the! document,! because! the! contents!are!different!from!those!which!the!offended!party! told! the! accused! to! state! in! the! document,! the! crime! is! falsification.! ! C.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Deceit'must'be'employed' • Deceit! must! be! employed! –! there! can! be! no! conviction! in! the! absence! of! proof! that! defendant! made! statements! tending!to!mislead'complainant.! ' II.' ESTAFA' BY' RESORTING' TO' SOME' FRAUDULENT' PRACTICE' TO' INSURE'SUCCESS' A.'Examples' • People!v.!Romero!!!The!offended!party,!who!did!not!know! how! to! play! blackjack,! was! induced! by! the! accused! to! allegedly! cheat! a! rich! friend.! Instead! the! offended! party! incurred!losses!to!the!game!twice.!There!is!Estafa.! • U.S.! v.! Neri! !! Estafa! was! committed! when! the! offender,! moments! before! the! cockfight,! replaced! one! of! the!



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! gamecocks!without!consent!of!the!owner!thereby!fixing!the! game!and!making!the!owner!incur!losses.! ' III.'ESTAFA'BY'REMOVING,'CONCEALING,'OR'DESTROYING'DOCS' A.'Elements:(DRI)' 1. That! there! be! court! record,! office! files,! documents' or! any! other!papers! 2. That!the!offender!removed,!concealed,!or!destroyed!any!of! them! 3. That!the!offender!had!intent'to!defraud!another! • If!there!was!no!intent!to!defraud,!the!act!of!destroying!court! records!would!be!malicious!mischief.! • Destroying!a!promissory!note!intended!to!pay!for!something! –!prima!facie!evidence!for!Estafa! ' B.' Estafa' through' fraudulent' means' v.' Infidelity' in' custody' of' documents'v.'Malicious'mischief' Estafa'through' Infidelity'in'the' Malicious' fraudulent'means' custody'of'documents' Mischief' (Article'315)' (Article'226)' Same!in!the!manner!of!committing!the!offense! Offender!is!a!private! Offender!is!a!public! Offender!is!a! individual!or!even!a! officer!who!is!officially! private!individual! public!officer!NOT! entrusted!with!the! officially!entrusted! document! with!the!document! There!is!intent!to! Intent!to!defraud!is! No!intent!to! defraud! not!required! defraud! ! Article'316'C'Other'forms'of'swindling.' The' penalty' of' arresto' mayor' in' its' minimum' and' medium' period' and'a'fine'of'not'less'than'the'value'of'the'damage'caused'and'not' more'than'three'times'such'value,'shall'be'imposed'upon:' 1. Any' person' who,' pretending' to' be' owner' of' any' real' property,'shall'convey,'sell,'encumber'or'mortgage'the'

same.' 2. Any' person,' who,' knowing' that' real' property' is' encumbered,'shall'dispose'of'the'same,'although'such' encumbrance'be'not'recorded.' 3. The' owner' of' any' personal' property' who' shall' wrongfully' take' it' from' its' lawful' possessor,' to' the' prejudice'of'the'latter'or'any'third'person.' 4. Any' person' who,' to' the' prejudice' of' another,' shall' execute'any'fictitious'contract.' 5. Any' person' who' shall' accept' any' compensation' given' him'under'the'belief'that'it'was'in'payment'of'services' rendered' or' labor' performed' by' him,' when' in' fact' he' did'not'actually'perform'such'services'or'labor.' 6. Any' person' who,' while' being' a' surety' in' a' bond' given' in' a' criminal' or' civil' action,' without' express' authority' from'the'court'or'before'the'cancellation'of'his'bond'or' before' being' relieved' from' the' obligation' contracted' by' him,' shall' sell,' mortgage,' or,' in' any' other' manner,' encumber' the' real' property' or' properties' with' which' he'guaranteed'the'fulfillment'of'such'obligation.' ' POINTS' PARAGRAPH'1:'By'conveying,'selling,'encumbering,'or'mortgaging' any'real'property,'pretending'to'be'the'owner'of'the'same' ' I.'Elements:'(IRAP)' 1. That! the! thing! be! immovable,! such! as! a! parcel! of! land! or! a! building! 2. That!the!offender!who!is!not!the!owner!of!the!said!property! should!represent!that!he!is!the!owner!thereof.! 3. That!the!offender!should!have!executed!an!act!of!ownership! (selling,! leasing,! encumbering! or! mortgaging! the! real! property).! 4. That! the! act! be! made! to! the! prejudice! of! the! owner! or! a! third!person.!



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! ! II.'Other'Points' • Actus!Reus:!passing!oneself!off!as!owner.! o Is! it! significant! if! it! is! the! owner! who! does! this! crime?! • Building! !! true! buildings! (not! the! ones! merely! superimposed! on! the! soil)! are! real! property! by! incorporation,!whether!they!be!erected!by!the!owner!of!the! land!or!by!a!usurfructuary!or!lessee.! o Ex:! A! sold! a! parcel! of! land! to! B.! Later,! A! sold! the! same! parcel! of! land! to! C,! representing! to! the! latter! that! he! (A)! was! the! owner! thereof.! At! the! time! he! sold!the!land!to!C,!A!was!no!longer!the!owner!of!the! property.! • The!thing!disposed!of!must!be!real!property.!If!the!property! is! a! chattel,! the! act! is! punishable! as! Estafa! under! Article! 315,!that!is,!by!falsely!pretending!to!possess!property!or!by! means!of!other!similar!deceits.! • There! must! be! existing! real! property.! Where! the! accused! sold! noneexistent! land,! he! is! guilty! of! Estafa! by! means! of! false!pretenses.! • Article'316,'Par.'1!penalizes!only!a!person!who!pretends!to! be!the!owner!and!not!one!who!claims!to!be!the!owner.! o Even! if! the! deceit! is! practiced! against! the! second! purchaser,! and! the! damage! is! incurred! by! the! first! purchaser,!there!is!violation!of!Par.'1,'Article'316.! o Example:!A!sold!a!piece!of!land!with!pact!de!retro!to! B.! A! failed! to! repurchase,! B! became! the! owner.! While!still!in!possession!of!the!land,!and!pretending! to! be! the! owner! thereof,! A! sold! the! land! to! C! who! registered!it!before!B!could!do!the!same.! • Since! the! penalty! is! based! on! the! “value! of! the! damage! caused”,! mere! intent! to! cause! damage! is! not! sufficient.! There!must!be!actual!damage!caused.!

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! Article'316,'Par.'1' Article'315,'Par.2(a)' Covers!a!specific!situation!where! This!circumstance!need!not!be! the!offender!exercises!or! present!under!this!article.! executes,!some!act!of!dominion! or!ownership!over!the!property! to!the!damage!and!prejudice!of! the!real!owner!of!the!thing.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 2:' By' disposing' of' real' property' as' free' from' encumbrance,'although'such'encumbrance'be'not'recorded' ' I.'Elements:'(RERD)' 1. That!the!thing!disposed!of!be!real!property.! 2. That! the! offender! knew! that! the! real! property! was! encumbered!whether!the!encumbrance!is!recorded!or!not! 3. That! there! must! be! express! representation! by! the! offender! that!the!real!property!is!free!from!encumbrance! 4. That!the!act!of!disposing!of!the!real!property!be!made!to!the! damage!of!another! ! II.'Other'Points' • A! mortgaged! his! property! to! B.! Later,! A,! misrepresenting! that! said! property! is! free! from! encumbrance,! mortgaged! it! again,! this! time! to! C.! But! if! C! knew! that! the! property! had! already!been!mortgaged!to!B,!C!cannot!complain,!as!there!is! neither!deceit!nor!fraud.! • “Shall'dispose'of'the'same”! o The! act! constituting! the! offense! is! disposing! of! the! real!property!falsely!representing!that!it!is!free!from! encumbrance.! o Encumbrance! !! includes! every! right! or! interest! in! the!land!which!exists!in!favor!of!third!persons.!! o Ex:! mortgage,! ordinary! lease,! attachment,! lien! of! a! judgment,!execution!sale!subject!to!redemption.!



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There!must!have!been!deceit! o The!offended!party!would!not!have!granted!the!loan! had! he! known! that! the! property! was! already! encumbered.! When! the! loan! had! already! been! granted! when! defendant! offered! the! property! as! security! for! the! payment! of! the! loan,!Article'316,'Par.'2!is!not!applicable.! “Although'such'encumbrance'be'not'recorded”! o There! are! several! types! of! encumbrances.! Some! require! registration! to! be! valid.! Under! this! article,! although! such! encumbrance! be! not! recorded,! it! must!be!valid.! Actus'Reus:!misrepresentation!of!the!property's!availability! Mortgage! operate! in! terms! of! priority.! If! the! property! is! mortgaged! a! second! time,! the! second! mortgagee! cannot! make! an! action! on! the! property! until! the! first! mortgagee! has!been!able!to!get!what!is!rightfully!his!from!the!property.! Due! Diligence! is! required! of! the! second! mortgagor.! Registration! of! the! mortgagee! the! Registry! of! Deds! is! due! notice!to!the!public.!

! III.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Real'property' • The! thing! disposed! of! must! be! real! property.! If! personal! property,!Article!319'(Chattel!Mortgage)!applies.! ! IV.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Property'is'known'to'be'encumbered' • The! offender! must! know! that! the! real! property! is! encumbered.! ! V.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'Misrepresentation,'fraud'or'deceit' • These! words! involve! acts! or! spoken! or! written! words! by! a! party!to!mislead!another!into!believing!something!to!be!true! when!it!is!not!in!fact.! • It! is! necessary! to! prove! fraud! or! deceit.! The! mere! fact! that! the! encumbered! real! property! is! disposed! of! again! by! the! (

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owner!does!not!in!itself!constitute!swindling.! When! the! third! element! is! not! established,! there! is! no! crime.! Passive! attitude! is! insufficient! to! constitute! fraud.! The! fraud! contemplated! in! the! law! must! be! the! result! of! some!overt!acts!!!express!representation.!

! VI.'FOURTH'REQUISITE:'Damage'caused' • There! must! be! damage! caused.! If! no! damage,! no! crime! of! Estafa.! Intention! to! cause! damage! is! not! sufficient! because! the!basis!of!the!fine!is!the!“value!of!the!damage!caused”! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 3:' By' wrongfully' taking' by' the' owner' his' personal' property'from'its'lawful'possessor' ' I.'Elements:'(OCTAP)' 1. That!the!offender!is!the!owner!of!personal!property! 2. That!said!property!is!in!the!lawful!possession!of!another.! 3. That! the! offender! wrongfully! takes! it! from! its! lawful! possessor.!! 4. That! prejudice! is! thereby! cause! to! the! possessor! or! third! person.! Example:! • The! accused! pawned! his! watch! to! the! complainant.! Later,! pretending!to!have!the!money!for!redeeming!the!watch,!the! accused! asked! the! offended! party! to! give! him! the! watch.! Once! in! possession! of! it,! he! carried! it! away! without! paying! the!loan.! ! II.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Offender'is'the'owner' • The!offender!must!be!the!owner!of!the!personal!property.!If! he!is!a!third!person!and!his!purpose!in!taking!it!is!to!return!it! to!the!owner,!it!is!theft!since!the!abstraction!was!made!with! the!intent!that!another!might!profit!thereby.! • In!no!case!may!the!owner!be!held!guilty!of!theft!of!his!own! property!EXCEPT!if!after!taking!it,!he!charges!the!possessor!



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! for!its!value!(U.S.!v.!Albao).! ! III.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'In'the'lawful'possession'of'another! • A! is! not! guilty! of! returning! a! ring! found! by! B! to! its! owner,! although!done!without!B’s!knowledge!or!consent.!B!was!not! the!lawful!possessor!of!the!ring.! • The!finder!of!lost!property!has!no!right!to!possess!the!same,! it!being!his!obligation!to!give!it!to!its!owner!or!authorities.! ! IV.'THIRD'REQUISITE:'Wrongfully'takes'from'lawful'possessor' • The!taking!is!wrongful!when!it!is!without!the!consent!of!the! possessor,!or!when!deceit!is!employed!by!the!owner!of!the! personal! property! in! inducing! the! possessor! to! give! it! to! him.! • U.S.!v.!Albao!!!taking!possession!from!the!lawful!possessor! with!intent!to!charge!for!its!value!is!robbery.! • Article' 286! (Grave! Coercion)! applies! if! the! object! is! taken! without!intent!to!gain.! ! V.'FOURTH'REQUISITE:'Damage'is'essential.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 4:' By' executing' any' fictitious' contract' to' the' prejudice'of'another' ' • A! person! who! simulates! a! conveyance! of! his! property! to! another!for!the!purpose!of!defrauding!his!creditors!(causing! prejudice! thereto)! would! be! guilty! under! this! paragraph.! BUT! if! the! contract! was! real! and! for! a! consideration,! it! would!be!a!case!of!fraudulent'insolvency!(Article'314).' ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 5:' By' accepting' any' compensation' for' services' not' rendered'or'for'labor'not'performed.' ' • This!kind!of!Estafa!requires!fraud!as!an!important!element.! If!there!is!no!fraud,!it!becomes!payment!not!owing,!known!

as! solutio' indebiti! (which! results! to! civil! liability! only).! It! would! seem! that! what! constitutes! Estafa! under! this! paragraph! is! the! malicious! failure! to! return! the! compensation!wrongfully!received.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 6:' By' selling,' mortgaging' or' encumbering' real' property' or' properties' with' which' the' offender' guaranteed' the' fulfillment'of'his'obligation'as'surety.' ' I.'Elements:'(SRECACR)' 1. That!the!offender!is!a!surety!in!a!bond!given!in!a!criminal!or! civil!action.! 2. That! he! guaranteed! the! fulfillment! of! such! obligation! with! his!real!property!or!properties.! 3. That!he!sells,!mortgages,!or!in!any!other!manner!encumbers! said!real!property.! 4. That! such! sale,! mortgage! or! encumbrance! is! (a)! without! express! authority! from! the! court! or! (b)! made! before! the! cancellation! of! his! bond,! or! (c)! before! being! relieved! from! the!obligation!contracted!by!him.! • Important' Element:' There! must! be! damage! caused.! The! damage!should!not!be!merely!potential!or!speculative.! ! Article'317'–'Swindling'a'minor.' Any'person'who'taking'advantage'of'the'inexperience'or'emotions' or'feelings'of'a'minor,'to'his'detriment,'shall'induce'him'to'assume' any' obligation' or' to' give' any' release' or' execute' a' transfer' of' any' property' right' in' consideration' of' some' loan' of' money,' credit' or' other' personal' property,' whether' the' loan' clearly' appears' in' the' document'or'is'shown'in'any'other'form,'shall'suffer'the'penalty'of' arresto'mayor'and'a'fine'of'a'sum'ranging'from'10'to'50'per'cent' of'the'value'of'the'obligation'contracted'by'the'minor.' ! POINTS' I.'Elements:'(ACARECPLCCD)'



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! 1. That! the! offender! takes! advantage! of! the! inexperience! or! emotions!or!feeling!of!a!minor.! 2. That! he! induces! such! minor! (1)! to! assume! an! obligation,! or! (2)! to! give! release,! or! (3)! to! execute! a! transfer! of! any! property!right.! 3. That!the!consideration!is!(1)!some!loan!of!money,!(2)!credit,! or!(3)!other!personal!property! 4. That!the!transaction!is!to!the!detriment!of!such!minor.! ! II.'Other'Points' • Minor!!!under!18!years!of!age!(R.A.'6809).! • Example:! The! act! of! causing! a! minor! to! sign! a! receipt! for! P480!when!as!a!matter!of!fact!the!minor!received!P400!only,! coupled!with!the!circumstance!that!the!minor!was!a!fugitive! from!the!house!of!his!parents!and!was!very!badly!in!need!of! money.! • Actual! proof! of! deceit! or! misrepresentation! is! not! essential! as! it! is! sufficient! that! the! offender! takes! advantage! of! the! inexperience!or!emotions!of!the!minor.! • Real!property!not!included!since!a!minor!cannot!convey!real! property!without!judicial!authority.! ! Article'318'–'Other'deceits.' The' penalty' of' arresto' mayor' and' a' fine' of' not' less' than' the' amount' of' the' damage' caused' and' not' more' than' twice' such' amount' shall' be' imposed' upon' any' person' who' shall' defraud' or' damage' another' by' any' other' deceit' not' mentioned' in' the' preceding'articles'of'this'chapter.' ' Any' person' who,' for' profit' or' gain,' shall' interpret' dreams,' make' forecasts,' tell' fortunes,' or' take' advantage' of' the' credulity' of' the' public' in' any' other' similar' manner,' shall' suffer' the' penalty' of' arresto'menor'or'a'fine'not'exceeding'200'pesos.' ' POINTS'

I.'Other'deceits'are:' 1. By!defrauding!or!damaging!another!by!any!other!deceit!not! mentioned!in!the!preceding!articles.! 2. By! interpreting! dreams,! by! making! forecasts,! by! telling! fortunes,! or! by! taking! advantage! of! the! credulity! of! the! public!in!any!other!similar!manner,!for!profit!or!gain.! ! II.'Other'Points' • Damage!is!required.! o People!v.!Santiago!!!The!accused!hired!and!used!a! vehicle! and! then! failed! to! pay! the! fare,! because! he! had!no!money.! • The! deceits! in! this! article! include! false! pretenses! and! fraudulent!acts.! o US! v.! Basco! !! To! give! copper! cents! whitened! by! quicksilver! and! representing! them! as! silver! pesetas! thereby! deceiving! the! persons! with! regard! to! the! real!value!of!the!coins.!(By!fraudulent!act)! o People! v.! Panlileo! !! A! person! who! represents! himself! as! a! house! helper! to! borrow! money! in! advance!but!later!leaves.!(By!false!pretense)! • Other!examples:! o Palm! reader! in! front! of! DOJ,! why! is! he! not! being! prosecuted?! Because! he! is! not! able! to! take! advantage!of!the!credulity!of!the!public.! !

Chapter'7:'Chattel'Mortgage' ' Article'319'–'Removal,'sale'or'pledge'of'mortgaged'property.'' The' penalty' or' arresto' mayor' or' a' fine' amounting' to' twice' the' value'of'the'property'shall'be'imposed'upon:' 1. Any' person' who' shall' knowingly' remove' any' personal' property' mortgaged' under' the' Chattel' Mortgage' Law' to' any' province' or' city' other' than' the' one' in' which' it' was' located' at' the' time' of' the' execution' of' the' mortgage,'



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! without' the' written' consent' of' the' mortgagee,' or' his' executors,'administrators'or'assigns.' 2. Any' mortgagor' who' shall' sell' or' pledge' personal' property' already' pledged,' or' any' part' thereof,' under' the' terms' of' the' Chattel' Mortgage' Law,' without' the' consent' of' the' mortgagee'written'on'the'back'of'the'mortgage'and'noted' on'the'record'hereof'in'the'office'of'the'Register'of'Deeds' of'the'province'where'such'property'is'located.' ' POINTS' I.'Object'of'Article'319:' • The!sanctions!provided!by!this!article!aim!to!deter!mortgage! debtors! from! violating! it! provisions! so! that! mortgage! creditors! may! be! protected! against! loss! or! inconvenience! resulting! from! the! wrongful! removal! or! sale! of! the! mortgaged!property.! ! II.'Purpose'of'Paragraph'1,'Article'319' • The! protection! of! the! mortgagee! who! should! be! able! to! have! a! ready! access! to,! and! easy! reach! of! the! property! subject!of!the!mortgage.! ! III.'Acts'punishable'under'Article'319' 1. By! knowingly! removing! any! personal! property! mortgaged! under! the! Chattel! Mortgage! Law! to! any! province! or! city! other! than! the! one! in! which! it! was! located! at! the! time! of! execution! of! the! mortgage,! without! the! written! consent! of! the!mortgagee!or!his!executors,!administrators,!or!assigns.! 2. By!selling!or!pledging!personal!property!already!pledged,!or! any! part! thereof,! under! the! terms! of! the! Chattel! Mortgage! Law,! without! the! consent! of! the! mortgagee! written! on! the! back!of!the!mortgage!and!noted!on!the!record!thereof!in!the! office! of! the! register! of! deeds! of! the! province! where! such! property!is!located.! ____________________!

PARAGRAPH' 1:' Knowingly' remove' any' personal' property' mortgaged'under'the'Chattel'Mortgage'Law' ' I.'Elements:'(LKRPN)' 1. That! personal! property! is! mortgaged! under! the! Chattel! Mortgage!Law.! 2. That!the!offender!knows!that!such!property!is!so!mortgaged! 3. That! he! removes! such! mortgaged! personal! property! to! any! province! or! city! other! than! the! one! in! which! it! was! located! at!the!time!of!the!execution!of!the!mortgage.! 4. That!the!removal!is!permanent.! 5. That! there! is! no! written! consent! of! the! mortgagee! or! his! executors,!administrators,!or!assigns!to!such!removal.! ! II.'Other'Points' • The!third!person!who!removed!the!property!is!liable!under! this! article! because! of! the! phrase! “the! offender! is! any! person”! • If! the! chattel! mortgage! is! not! registered,! there! is! no! violation!of!Article'319.! • No! felonious! intent! when! transfer! of! personal! property! is! due!to!change!of!residence.! o What! if! you! didnt! notify! the! bank! regarding! your! change!in!residence?! o What! if! your! change! of! residences! as! abroad! and! you!didn't!notify!the!mortgagee?! • The!removal!must!be!coupled!with!intent!to!defraud.! • Filing! a! civil! for! collection,! not! for! foreclosure! of! chattel! mortgage,!relieves!the!accused!of!criminal!responsibility.! o Such! action! abandons! the! mortgage! as! a! basis! of! relief.! • You!and!your!friends!go!to!Baguio!with!your!car!for!5!weeks.! You!failed!to!pay!the!monthly!amortization,!and!did!so!only! when!you!got!back.!can!the!bank!file!a!case!against!you!for! violating!Article!319?!No!since!removal!is!not!permanent.!



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! ____________________! PARAGRAPH' 2:' Selling' or' pledging' personal' property' already' pledged' ' I.'Elements:'(ASN)' 1. That! personal! property! is! already! pledged! under! the! terms! of!the!Chattel!Mortgage!Law! 2. That! the! offender,! who! is! the! mortgagor! of! such! property,! sells!or!pledges!the!same!or!any!part!thereof! 3. That! there! is! no! consent! of! the! mortgagee! written! on! the! back! of! the! mortgage! and! noted! on! the! record! thereof! in! the!office!of!the!register!of!deeds.! ! II.'Other'Points' • Second! chattel! mortgage! is,! aside! from! sale! or! pledge,! contemplated!by!the!law!as!within!the!prohibition.! • Consent! of! the! mortgage! must! be! (1)! in! writing,! (2)! on! the! back! of! the! mortgage,! and! (3)! noted! on! the! record! thereof! in!the!office!of!the!register!of!deeds.! • Damage!is!not!necessary.! • Violation! of! Article! 316(2)! and! Article! 319! can! be! violated! simultaneously!if!the!real!property!is!agreed!to!be!under!the! Chattel!Mortgage!Law! ! Article'316' Article'319' In!Par.'2'of'Article'316,!the! The!property!involved!is! property!involved!is!real! personal!property.! property! ' ! Purpose:!to!protect!the! Purpose:!to!protect!the! mortgagee! purchaser! !

Chapter' 8:' Arson' and' Other' Crimes' Involving' Destructions'

' Article'320'–'Destructive'Arson.' The'penalty'of'reclusion'temporal'in'its'maximum'period'to'death' shall'be'imposed'upon'any'person'who'shall'burn:' 1. One' (1)' or' more' buildings' or' edifices,' consequent' to' one' single'act'of'burning,'or'as'result'of'simultaneous'burnings,' or'committed'on'several'or'different'occasions.' 2. Any'building'of'public'or'private'ownership,'devoted'to'the' use' of' the' public' in' general,' or' where' people' usually' gather' or' congregated' for' a' definite' purpose' such' as' but' not' limited' to' official' governmental' function' or' business,' private' transaction,' commerce,' trade,' worship,' meetings' and'conferences,'or'merely'incidental'to'a'definite'purpose' such' as' but' not' limited' to' hotels,' motels,' transient' dwellings,' public' conveyance' or' stops' or' terminals,' regardless' of' whether' the' offender' had' knowledge' that' there'are'persons'in'said'building'or'edifice'at'the'time'it'is' set' on' fire,' and' regardless' also' of' whether' the' building' is' actually'inhabited'or'not.' 3. Any'train'or'locomotive,'ship'or'vessel,'airship'or'airplane,' devoted' to' transportation' or' convenience,' or' public' use,' entertainment'or'leisure.' 4. Any' building,' factory,' warehouse' installation' and' any' appurtenances' thereto,' which' are' devoted' to' the' service' of'public'utilities.' 5. Any' building,' the' burning' of' which' is' for' the' purpose' of' concealing' or' destroying' evidence' of' another' violation' of' law,' or' for' the' purpose' of' concealing' bankruptcy' or' defrauding'creditors'or'to'collect'from'insurance.' ' Irrespective'of'the'application'of'the'above'enumerated'qualifying' circumstances,' the' penalty' of' death' shall' likewise' be' imposed' when' the' arson' is' perpetrated' or' committed' by' two' (2)' or' more' persons' or' by' a' group' of' persons,' regardless' of' whether' their' purpose'is'merely'to'burn'or'destroy'the'building'or'the'edifice,'or'



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! the' burning' merely' constitutes' an' overt' act' in' the' commission' or' another'violation'of'law.' ' The'penalty'of'reclusion'temporal'in'its'maximum'period'to'death' shall'also'be'imposed'upon'any'person'who'shall'burn:' 1. Any' arsenal,' shipyard,' storehouse' or' military' powder' or' fireworks' factory,' ordinance' storehouse,' archives' or' general'museum'of'the'government.' 2. In' an' inhabited' place,' any' storehouse' or' factory' of' inflammable'or'explosive'materials.' ' If'as'a'consequence'of'the'commission'of'any'of'the'acts'penalized' under' this' Article,' death' or' injury' results,' or' any' valuable' documents,'equipment,'machineries,'apparatus,'or'other'valuable' properties' were' burned' or' destroyed,' the' mandatory' penalty' of' death'shall'be'imposed.'(As#amended#by#R.A.#No.#7659)# ' POINTS' I.'Destructive'Arson' • Contemplates! the! malicious! burning! (by! fire)! of! structure,! both!public!and!private!by!any!person!or!group!of!persons.' • The!article!takes!into!consideration:!(People!v.!Soriano)' o The!extreme!danger!to!human!lives!exposed!by!the! malicious!burning!of!these!structures.' o The! danger! to! property! resulting! from! the! conflagration.' o The! fact! that! it! is! normally! difficult! to! adopt! precautions!against!its!commission.' o The!difficulty!in!pinpointing!the!perpetrators.' o The!greater!impact!on!the!social,!economic,!security! and!political!fabric!of!the!nation.' • Purpose:! to! effectively! discourage! and! deter! the! commission! of! this! dastardly! crime,! to! prevent! the! destruction! of! properties! and! protect! the! lives! of! innocent! people.'

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The' power' to' destroy' your' own' property' is' part' of' your' ownership' power' so' long' as' it' does' not' pose' danger' to' other'people'and'their'property'

' II.'Penalty'for'destructive'arson'resulting'in'death' • Reclusion!perpetua!with!no!eligibility!for!parole.! ' Article'321.'Other'forms'of'arson.'' When' the' arson' consists' in' the' burning' of' other' property' and' under' the' circumstances' given' hereunder,' the' offender' shall' be' punishable:' 1. By'reclusion'temporal'or'reclusion'perpetua:'' a. If' the' offender' shall' set' fire' to' any' building,' farmhouse,' warehouse,' hut,' shelter,' or' vessel' in' port,'knowing'it'to'be'occupied'at'the'time'by'one' or'more'persons;' b. If'the'building'burned'is'a'public'building'and'value' of'the'damage'caused'exceeds'6,000'pesos;' c. If' the' building' burned' is' a' public' building' and' the' purpose' is' to' destroy' evidence' kept' therein' to' be' used' in' instituting' prosecution' for' the' punishment' of' violators' of' the' law,' irrespective' of' the' amount' of'the'damage;'' d. If' the' building' burned' is' a' public' building' and' the' purpose' is' to' destroy' evidence' kept' therein' to' be' used' in' legislative,' judicial' or' administrative' proceedings,' irrespective' of' the' amount' of' the' damage;' Provided,' however,' That' if' the' evidence' destroyed' is' to' be' used' against' the' defendant' for' the' prosecution' of' any' crime' punishable' under' existing' laws,' the' penalty' shall' be' reclusion' perpetua;' e. If' the' arson' shall' have' been' committed' with' the' intention' of' collecting' under' an' insurance' policy' against'loss'or'damage'by'fire.'



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! 2. By'reclusion'temporal:'' a. If' an' inhabited' house' or' any' other' building' in' which' people' are' accustomed' to' meet' is' set' on' fire,' and' the' culprit' did' not' know' that' such' house' or'building'was'occupied'at'the'time,'or'if'he'shall' set' fire' to' a' moving' freight' train' or' motor' vehicle,' and'the'value'of'the'damage'caused'exceeds'6,000' pesos;' b. If'the'value'of'the'damage'caused'in'paragraph'(b)' of'the'preceding'subdivision'does'not'exceed'6,000' pesos;' c. If'a'farm,'sugar'mill,'cane'mill,'mill'central,'bamboo' groves' or' any' similar' plantation' is' set' on' fire' and' the'damage'caused'exceeds'6,000'pesos;'and' d. If'grain'fields,'pasture'lands,'or'forests,'or'plantings' are' set' on' fire,' and' the' damage' caused' exceeds' 6,000'pesos.' 3. By'prision'mayor:'' a. If' the' value' of' the' damage' caused' in' the' case' mentioned' in' paragraphs' (a),' (c),' and' (d)' in' the' next' preceding' subdivision' does' not' exceed' 6,000' pesos;' b. If' a' building' not' used' as' a' dwelling' or' place' of' assembly,' located' in' a' populated' place,' is' set' on' fire,'and'the'damage'caused'exceeds'6,000'pesos;' 4. By' prision' correccional' in' its' maximum' period' to' prision' mayor'in'its'medium'period:''' a. If' a' building' used' as' dwelling' located' in' an' uninhabited' place' is' set' on' fire' and' the' damage' caused'exceeds'1,000'pesos;' b. If' the' value' or' the' damage' caused' in' the' case' mentioned'in'paragraphs'(c)'and'(d)'of'subdivision' 2'of'this'article'does'not'exceed'200'pesos.' 5. By' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' period' to' prision' mayor'in'its'minimum'period,'when'the'damage'caused'is'

over' 200' pesos' but' does' not' exceed' 1,000' pesos,' and' the' property' referred' to' in' paragraph' (a)' of' the' preceding' subdivision' is' set' on' fire;' but' when' the' value' of' such' property' does' not' exceed' 200' pesos,' the' penalty' next' lower' in' degree' than' that' prescribed' in' this' subdivision' shall'be'imposed.' 6. The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' and' maximum' periods,' if' the' damage' caused' in' the' case' mentioned' in' paragraph' (b)' of' subdivision' 3' of' this' article' does'not'exceed'6,000'pesos'but'is'over'200'pesos.' 7. The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' and' medium' periods,' if' the' damage' caused' in' the' case' mentioned'paragraph'(b)'subdivision'3'of'this'article'does' not'exceed'200'pesos.' 8. The'penalty'of'arresto'mayor'and'a'fine'ranging'from'fifty' to'one'hundred'per'centum'if'the'damage'caused'shall'be' imposed,' when' the' property' burned' consists' of' grain' fields,' pasture' lands,' forests,' or' plantations' when' the' value' of' such' property' does' not' exceed' 200' pesos.' (As' amended'by'R.A.'5467,'approved'May'12,'1969).' ' Article'322.'Cases'of'arson'not'included'in'the'preceding'articles.'' Cases'of'arson'not'included'in'the'next'preceding'articles'shall'be' punished:' 1. By' arresto' mayor' in' its' medium' and' maximum' periods,' when'the'damage'caused'does'not'exceed'50'pesos;' 2. By' arresto' mayor' in' its' maximum' period' to' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' period,' when' the' damage' caused'is'over'50'pesos'but'does'not'exceed'200'pesos;' 3. By' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' and' medium' periods,' if' the' damage' caused' is' over' 200' pesos' but' does' not'exceed'1,000'pesos;'and' 4. By' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' and' maximum' periods,'if'it'is'over'1,000'pesos.' '



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! Article'323.'Arson'of'property'of'small'value.'' The' arson' of' any' uninhabited' hut,' storehouse,' barn,' shed,' or' any' other' property' the' value' of' which' does' not' exceed' 25' pesos,' committed'at'a'time'or'under'circumstances'which'clearly'exclude' all' danger' of' the' fire' spreading,' shall' not' be' punished' by' the' penalties'respectively'prescribed'in'this'chapter,'but'in'accordance' with'the'damage'caused'and'under'the'provisions'of'the'following' chapter.' ' Article'324.'Crimes'involving'destruction.'' Any' person' who' shall' cause' destruction' by' means' of' explosion,' discharge'of'electric'current,'inundation,'sinking'or'stranding'of'a' vessel,'intentional'damaging'of'the'engine'of'said'vessel,'taking'up' the'rails'from'a'railway'track,'maliciously'changing'railway'signals' for' the' safety' of' moving' trains,' destroying' telegraph' wires' and' telegraph'posts,'or'those'of'any'other'system,'and,'in'general,'by' using' any' other' agency' or' means' of' destruction' as' effective' as' those'above'enumerated,'shall'be'punished'by'reclusion'temporal' if' the' commission' has' endangered' the' safety' of' any' person,' otherwise,'the'penalty'of'prision'mayor'shall'be'imposed.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements'of'Crimes'involving'destruction'(DCEXCRRTO)' 1. The!offender!causes!destruction! 2. Destruction!caused!by!any!of!the!following!means:! a. Explosion! b. Discharge!of!electric!current! c. Inundation,! sinking! or! stranding! of! a! vessel,! or! intentional!damaging!of!the!engine!of!said!vessel.! d. Taking!up!the!rails!from!a!railway!track.! e. Maliciously!changing!railway!signals!for!the!safety!of! moving!trains.! f. Destroying! telegraph! wires! and! telegraph! posts,! or! those!of!any!other!system.! g. Using! any! other! agency! or! means! of! destruction! as!

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effective!as!those!above!mentioned.! ' Article' 325.' Burning' one's' own' property' as' means' to' commit' arson.'' Any' person' guilty' of' arson' or' causing' great' destruction' of' the' property'belonging'to'another'shall'suffer'the'penalties'prescribed' in'this'chapter,'even'though'he'shall'have'set'fire'to'or'destroyed' his'own'property'for'the'purposes'of'committing'the'crime.' ' Article' 326.' Setting' fire' to' property' exclusively' owned' by' the' offender.'' If' the' property' burned' shall' be' the' exclusive' property' of' the' offender,' he' shall' be' punished' by' arresto' mayor' in' its' maximum' period' to' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' period,' if' the' arson' shall' have' been' committed' for' the' purpose' of' defrauding' or' causing' damage' to' another,' or' prejudice' shall' actually' have' been' caused,' or' if' the' thing' burned' shall' have' been' a' building' in' an' inhabited'place.' ' Article' 326CA.' In' cases' where' death' resulted' as' a' consequence' of' arson.' If' death' resulted' as' a' consequence' of' arson' committed' on' any' of' the' properties' and' under' any' of' the' circumstances' mentioned' in' the'preceding'articles,'the'court'shall'impose'the'death'penalty.' ' Article'326CB.'Prima'facie'evidence'of'arson.' Any' of' the' following' circumstances' shall' constitute' prima' facie' evidence'of'arson:' 1. If' after' the' fire,' are' found' materials' or' substances' soaked' in' gasoline,' kerosene,' petroleum,' or' other' inflammables,' or' any' mechanical,' electrical' chemical' or' traces' or' any' of' the'foregoing.' 2. That' substantial' amount' of' inflammable' substance' or' materials'were'stored'within'the'building'not'necessary'in' the'course'of'the'defendant's'business;'and'



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! 3. That'the'fire'started'simultaneously'in'more'than'one'part' of' the' building' or' locale' under' circumstances' that' cannot' normally' be' due' to' accidental' or' unintentional' causes:' Provided,' however,' That' at' least' one' of' the' following' is' present' in' any' of' the' three' aboveCmentioned' circumstances:'' 4. That' the' total' insurance' carried' on' the' building' and/or' goods' is' more' than' 80' per' cent' of' the' value' of' such' building'and/or'goods'at'the'time'of'the'fire;' 5. That' the' defendant' after' the' fire' has' presented' a' fraudulent'claim'for'loss.' ' PRESIDENTIAL'DECREE'NO.'1613:'AMENDING'THE'LAW'ON'ARSON' ' Section'1.'Arson.'Any'person'who'burns'or'sets'fire'to'the'property' of'another'shall'be'punished'by'Prision'Mayor.' ' The'same'penalty'shall'be'imposed'when'a'person'sets'fire'to'his' own'property'under'circumstances'which'expose'to'danger'the'life' or'property'of'another.' ' Section'2.'Destructive'Arson.'The'penalty'of'Reclusion'Temporal'in' its'maximum'period'to'Reclusion'Perpetua'shall'be'imposed'if'the' property'burned'is'any'of'the'following:' 1. Any' ammunition' factory' and' other' establishment' where' explosives,' inflammable' or' combustible' materials' are' stored.' 2. Any' archive,' museum,' whether' public' or' private,' or' any' edifice'devoted'to'culture,'education'or'social'services.' 3. Any' church' or' place' of' worship' or' other' building' where' people'usually'assemble.' 4. Any'train,'airplane'or'any'aircraft,'vessel'or'watercraft,'or' conveyance'for'transportation'of'persons'or'property' 5. Any' building' where' evidence' is' kept' for' use' in' any' legislative,' judicial,' administrative' or' other' official'

proceedings.' 6. Any' hospital,' hotel,' dormitory,' lodging' house,' housing' tenement,' shopping' center,' public' or' private' market,' theater'or'movie'house'or'any'similar'place'or'building.' 7. Any' building,' whether' used' as' a' dwelling' or' not,' situated' in'a'populated'or'congested'area.' ' Section' 3.' Other' Cases' of' Arson.' The' penalty' of' Reclusion' Temporal' to' Reclusion' Perpetua' shall' be' imposed' if' the' property' burned'is'any'of'the'following:' 1. Any' building' used' as' offices' of' the' government' or' any' of' its'agencies;'2.'Any'inhabited'house'or'dwelling;' 2. Any' industrial' establishment,' shipyard,' oil' well' or' mine' shaft,'platform'or'tunnel;' 3. Any' plantation,' farm,' pastureland,' growing' crop,' grain' field,'orchard,'bamboo'grove'or'forest;' 4. Any'rice'mill,'sugar'mill,'cane'mill'or'mill'central;'and' 5. Any'railway'or'bus'station,'airport,'wharf'or'warehouse.' ' Section'4.'Special'Aggravating'Circumstances'in'Arson.'The'penalty' in'any'case'of'arson'shall'be'imposed'in'its'maximum'period;' 1. If'committed'with'intent'to'gain;' 2. If'committed'for'the'benefit'of'another;' 3. If'the'offender'is'motivated'by'spite'or'hatred'towards'the' owner'or'occupant'of'the'property'burned;' 4. If'committed'by'a'syndicate.' ' The'offense'is'committed'by'a'syndicate'if'it'is'planned'or'carried' out'by'a'group'of'three'(3)'or'more'persons.' ' Section' 5.' Where' Death' Results' from' Arson.' If' by' reason' of' or' on' the' occasion' of' the' arson' death' results,' the' penalty' of' Reclusion' Perpetua'to'death'shall'be'imposed.' ' Section' 6.' Prima' Facie' evidence' of' Arson.' Any' of' the' following'



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! circumstances'shall'constitute'prima'facie'evidence'of'arson:' 1. If'the'fire'started'simultaneously'in'more'than'one'part'of' the'building'or'establishment.' 2. If' substantial' amount' of' flammable' substances' or' materials' are' stored' within' the' building' note' necessary' in' the'business'of'the'offender'nor'for'household'us.' 3. If' gasoline,' kerosene,' petroleum' or' other' flammable' or' combustible' substances' or' materials' soaked' therewith' or' containers'thereof,'or'any'mechanical,'electrical,'chemical,' or'electronic'contrivance'designed'to'start'a'fire,'or'ashes' or'traces'of'any'of'the'foregoing'are'found'in'the'ruins'or' premises'of'the'burned'building'or'property.' 4. If'the'building'or'property'is'insured'for'substantially'more' than' its' actual' value' at' the' time' of' the' issuance' of' the' policy.' 5. If' during' the' lifetime' of' the' corresponding' fire' insurance' policy' more' than' two' fires' have' occurred' in' the' same' or' other'premises'owned'or'under'the'control'of'the'offender' and/or'insured.' 6. If' shortly' before' the' fire,' a' substantial' portion' of' the' effects' insured' and' stored' in' a' building' or' property' had' been'withdrawn'from'the'premises'except'in'the'ordinary' course'of'business.' 7. If'a'demand'for'money'or'other'valuable'consideration'was' made'before'the'fire'in'exchange'for'the'desistance'of'the' offender'or'for'the'safety'of'the'person'or'property'of'the' victim.' ' Section' 7.' Conspiracy' to' commit' Arson.' Conspiracy' to' commit' arson'shall'be'punished'by'Prision'Mayor'in'its'minimum'period.' ' Section' 8.' Confiscation' of' Object' of' Arson.' The' building' which' is' the'object'of'arson'including'the'land'on'which'it'is'situated'shall' be' confiscated' and' escheated' to' the' State,' unless' the' owner' thereof'can'prove'that'he'has'no'participation'in'nor'knowledge'of'

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such'arson'despite'the'exercise'of'due'diligence'on'his'part.' ' Section'9.'Repealing'Clause.'The'provisions'of'Articles'320'to'326CB' of'the'Revised'Penal'Code'and'all'laws,'executive'orders,'rules'and' regulations,' or' parts' thereof,' inconsistent' with' the' provisions' of' this'Decree'are'hereby'repealed'or'amended'accordingly.' ' Section' 10.' Effectivity.' This' Decree' shall' take' effect' immediately' upon' publication' thereof' at' least' once' in' a' newspaper' of' general' circulation.' The'penalty'of'reclusion'temporal'in'its'maximum'period'to'death' shall'be'imposed'upon'any'person'who'shall'burn:' ' POINTS' ' I.'Destructive'is'distinguished'from'Simple'by'degree'of'perversity' or'viciousness'of'the'criminal'offender' Destructive'Arson'(Article'320)' Simple'Arson'(P.D.'No.'1613)' Characterized!as!a!heinous! Seen!as!crimes!with!a!lesser! crime.! degree!of!perversity!and! viciousness!that!the!law! Simple!arson!qualified!by! punishes!with!a!lesser!penalty! circumstances!listed!in!Article' 320' Depending!on!what!you!burn,! Any!property,!even!his!own! the!penalty!may!be!increased! ! II.'Arson' A.'Defined' • Arson!!!defined!as!the!malicious!destruction!of!property!by! fire.' ! B.'Kinds'of'Arson' • Simple!Arson!(Section'1,'P.D.'No.'1613)! o Burning! of! houses,! contemplating! inhabited! houses! or!dwellings,!is!considered!Simple!Arson.!



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Destructive!Arson!(Article'320,'amended'by'R.A.'No.'7659)! Other!cases!of!arson!(Section'3,'P.D.'No.'1613)!

' C.'Stages:'Attempted'or'Consummated' 1. Attempted:!burning!of!materials!only! 2. Conssumated:!burning!of!any!part!of!the!building.! ! III.'Other'Points' • P.D.' 1613! remains! the! governing! law! for! Simple! Arson.! Destructive!Arson!is!still!governed!by!Article'320.! • The! purpose! of! the! law! on! Simple! Arson! is! to! prevent! the! high! incidence! of! fires! and! other! crimes! involving! destruction,!protect!the!national!economy!and!preserve!the! social,! economic! and! political! stability! of! the! nation.! P.D.' No.'1613!tempers!the!penalty!to!be!meted!to!offenders.! • Prima'facie'evidence'of'arson:!Any!of!the!7!circumstances.!! • Homicide! is! absorbed! in! Arsons! punishable! under! P.D.' No.' 1613.! There! is! no! complex! crime! of! arson! with! homicide.! P.D.! No.! 1613! provides! a! higher! penalty! for! death!resulting! from!arson.! • Arson!under!P.D.'No.'1613!as!Terrorism! o R.A.' No.' 9372! penalizes! a! person! who! commits! Arson! under! P.D.' No.' 1613! with! the! purpose! of! sowing! and! creating! a! condition! of! widespread! and! extraordinary!fear!and!panic!among!the!populace!in! order! to! coerce! the! government! into! giving! into! an! unlawful!demand.!

' Chapter'9:'Malicious'Mischief' ' POINTS' I.'Defined' • Malicious) Mischief! !! is! the! willful! damaging! of! another’s! property! for! the! sake! of! causing! damage! due! to! hate,!

revenge,!or!other!evil!motive! ! II.'Crimes'classified'as'malicious'mischief' 1. Special!cases!of!malicious!mischief!(Article'328)! 2. Other!mischiefs!(Article'329)! 3. Damage! and! obstruction! to! means! of! communication! (Article'330)! 4. Destroying! or! damaging! statues,! public! monuments,! or! paintings!(Article'331)! ' Article'327'–'Who'are'liable'for'malicious'mischief.' Any' person' who' shall' deliberately' cause' the' property' of' another' any' damage' not' falling' within' the' terms' of' the' next' preceding' chapter'shall'be'guilty'of'malicious'mischief.' ' POINTS' I.'Elements:'(DNM)' 1. That! the! offender! deliberately! caused! damage! to! the! property!of!another.! 2. That! such! act! does! not! constitute! arson! or! other! crimes! involving!destruction.! 3. That! the! act! of! damaging! another’s! property! be! committed! merely!for!the!sake!of!damaging!it.! Note:! This! third! element! presupposed! that! the! offender! acted! due!to!hate,!revenge,!or!other!evil!motive.! ! II.' FIRST' REQUISITE:' “Shall' deliberately' cause' to' the' property' of' another'any'damage”' • The! offender! should! act! under! this! impulse! of! a! specific! desire!to!inflict!injury!to!another.! • Malicious! mischief! cannot! be! committed! through! negligence,! since! culpa! and! malice! are! essentially! incompatible.! • Malicious! mischief! embraces! sometimes! the! mere! pleasure! of!destroying.!!



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If!no!malice,!only!civil!liability!(Article'2176,'New'Civil'Code)! Examples:! o If!the!only!evidence!of!the!prosecution!was!that!the! defendant! shot! two! pigs! belonging! to! another,! and! that! the! motive! was! that! the! animals! were! loose! inside!his!rice!plantation,!the!defendant!is!not!guilty! of!malicious!mischief!because!he!was!not!prompted! by!hatred!or!desire!for!revenge.! The!crime!of!malicious!mischief!is!not!determined!solely!by! the!mere!act!of!inflicting!injury!upon!the!property!of!a!third! person,!but!it!must!be!shown!that!the!act!had!for!its!object,! the!injury!of!the!property!merely!for!the!sake!of!damaging!it! (U.S.!v.!Gerale,!supra).! Damage! !! means! not! only! loss! but! also! any! type! of! diminution! of! what! is! a! man’s! own.! Hence,! vandalism! of! school!property!is!malicious!mischief.! o The! concept! of! damage! here! may! include! damage! capable! of! pecuniarly! estimation,! although! it! may! also!not!be!as!long!as!there!is!damage.! o If! after! damaging! the! property,! the! offender! removes! or! makes! use! of! the! fruits! of! the! damage,! there!is!theft.! o Damage! must! not! result! from! the! commission! of! another!crime.! May! a! person! charged! with! malicious! mischief! be! found! guilty!of!damage!to!property!through!reckless!imprudence?! Yes.!Reckless!imprudence!is!not!a!crime!in!itself.!It!is!simply! a!way!of!committing!it.!

! Article'328'–'Special'cases'of'malicious'mischief.' Any' person' who' shall' cause' damage' to' obstruct' the' performance' of'public'functions,'or'using'any'poisonous'or'corrosive'substance;' or' spreading' any' infection' or' contagion' among' cattle;' or' who' cause'damage'to'the'property'of'the'National'Museum'or'National' Library,' or' to' any' archive' or' registry,' waterworks,' road,'

promenade,' or' any' other' thing' used' in' common' by' the' public,' shall'be'punished:' 1. By' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum' and' medium' periods,' if' the' value' of' the' damage' caused' exceeds' 1,000' pesos;' 2. By' arresto' mayor,' if' such' value' does' not' exceed' the' abovementioned'amount'but'it'is'over'200'pesos;'and' 3. By' arresto' menor,' in' such' value' does' not' exceed' 200' pesos.' ' POINTS' I.'These'special'cases'of'malicious'mischief'are:' 1. Causing! damage! to! obstruct! the! performance! of! public! functions! 2. Using!any!poisonous!or!corrosive!substance! 3. Spreading!any!infection!or!contagion!among!cattle! 4. Causing!damage!to!the!property!of!the!National!Museum!or! National! Library,! or! to! any! archive! or! registry,! waterworks,! road,! promenade,! or! any! other! thing! used! in! common! by! the!public.! ! II.'Other'Points' • Note:! These! cases! of! malicious! mischief! are! the! soecalled! qualified!malicious!mischief.! • The!first!case!of!qualified!malicious!mischief!is!distinguished! from!sedition!in!that!the!element!of!public!and!tumultuous! uprising!is!not!present!in!this!crime.! ' Article'329'–'Other'mishciefs.' The' mischiefs' not' included' in' the' next' preceding' article' shall' be' punished:' 1. By' arresto' mayor' in' its' medium' and' maximum' periods,' if' the'value'of'the'damage'caused'exceeds'1,000'pesos;' 2. By' arresto' mayor' in' its' minimum' and' medium' periods,' if' such' value' is' over' 200' pesos' but' does' not' exceed' 1,000'



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! pesos;'and' 3. By' arresto' menor' or' fine' of' not' less' than' the' value' of' the' damage' caused' and' not' more' than' 200' pesos,' if' the' amount' involved' does' not' exceed' 200' pesos' or' cannot' be' estimated.' ' POINTS' I.'General'Points' • Mischiefs!not!included!in!Article'328!are!punished!according! to!the!value!of!damage!caused.! • If!the!amount!involved!cannot!be!estimated,!the!penalty!of! arresto!menor!or!fine!not!exceeding!P200!is!fixed!by!law.! ! Article'330'–'Damage'and'obstruction'to'means'of'communication.' The' penalty' of' prision' correccional' in' its' medium' and' maximum' periods' shall' be' imposed' upon' any' person' who' shall' damage' any' railway,'telegraph'or'telephone'lines.' ' If' the' damage' shall' result' in' any' derailment' of' cars,' collision' or' other' accident,' the' penalty' of' prision' mayor' shall' be' imposed,' without' prejudice' to' the' criminal' liability' of' the' offender' for' the' other'consequences'of'his'criminal'act.' ' For'the'purpose'of'the'provisions'of'the'article,'the'electric'wires,' traction' cables,' signal' system' and' other' things' pertaining' to' railways,' shall' be' deemed' to' constitute' an' integral' part' of' a' railway'system.' ' POINTS' I.'General'Points' • Damage! and! obstruction! to! means! of! communication! is! committed!by!damaging!any!railway,!telegraph!or!telephone! lines.! • Qualifying! circumstance:! If! the! damage! shall! result! in! any! derailment! of! cars,! collision,! or! other! accident! !! higher!

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penalty!shall!be!imposed.! The!derailment!or!the!collision!of!cars!should!not!have!been! purposely!sought!for!by!the!offender.!It!must!have!resulted! from!damage!to!railway,!telegraph,!or!telephone!lines.! When!a!person!is!killed!!!! o If! there! is! no! intent! to! kill,! it! is! “damages! to! means! of! communication”! with! homicide! because! of! the! first!part!of!Article'4!and!Article'48.!! o If! there! is! intent! to! kill,! and! damaging! the! railways! was! the! means! to! accomplish! the! criminal! purpose,! it!is!murder.!

! Article' 331' –' Destroying' or' damaging' statues,' public' monuments' or'paintings.' Any' person' who' shall' destroy' or' damage' statues' or' any' other' useful'or'ornamental'public'monument'shall'suffer'the'penalty'of' arresto' mayor' in' its' medium' period' to' prision' correccional' in' its' minimum'period.' ' Any'person'who'shall'destroy'or'damage'any'useful'or'ornamental' painting' of' a' public' nature' shall' suffer' the' penalty' of' arresto' menor' or' a' fine' not' exceeding' 200' pesos,' or' both' such' fine' and' imprisonment,'in'the'discretion'of'the'court.' '

Chapter'10:'Exemption'from'Criminal'Liability'in'Crimes' Against'Property' ' Article'332'–'Persons'exempt'from'criminal'liability.' No' criminal,' but' only' civil' liability,' shall' result' from' the' commission' of' the' crime' of' theft,' swindling' or' malicious' mischief' committed'or'caused'mutually'by'the'following'persons:' 1. Spouses,' ascendants' and' descendants,' or' relatives' by' affinity'in'the'same'line.' 2. The' widowed' spouse' with' respect' to' the' property' which' belonged' to' the' deceased' spouse' before' the' same' shall'



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! have'passed'into'the'possession'of'another;'and' 3. Brothers'and'sisters'and'brothersCinClaw'and'sistersCinClaw,' if'living'together.' ' The'exemption'established'by'this'article'shall'not'be'applicable'to' strangers'participating'in'the'commission'of'the'crime.' ' POINTS' I.'Crimes'involved'in'the'exemption:' 1. Theft! 2. Swindling!(Estafa)!! 3. Malicious!Mischief! Note:!If!the!crime!is!robbery!or!Estafa!through!falsification,!this! article!does!not!apply.! Note:! This! article! is! not! applicable! when! any! of! said! crimes! is! complexed! with! another! crime,! or! those! involving! public! interest!(see!p.900!–!901).! ! II.' Persons' exempted' from' criminal' liability:' No' criminal' liability' but'only'civil'liability.' 1. Spouses,! ascendants! and! descendants,! or! relatives! by! affinity!in!the!same!line.! 2. The! widowed! spouse! with! respect! to! the! property! which! belonged! to! the! deceased! spouse! before! the! same! passed! into!the!possession!of!another.! 3. Brothers! and! sisters! and! brotherseinelaw! and! sisterseinelaw,! if!living!together.! • Stepfather,!stepsons,!adoptive!father,!natural!children!(even! illegitimate),!concubine,!paramour,!included.! • Article' 332! applies! to! commonelaw! spouses! since! in! actual! life,!there!is!no!difference!in!the!relationship.! • For!the!purposes!of!Article'332,!the!relationships!by!affinity! created!between!surviving!spouse!and!the!blood!relatives!of! the!deceased!spouse!survives!the!death!of!either!part!to!the! marriage!which!created!the!affinity.!

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This! article! does! not! apply! to! stranger! who! participates! in! the!commission!of!the!crime.! Reason! for! exemption! from! criminal! liability! is! the! recognition!by!the!law!of!the!presumed!coeownership!of!the! property!between!the!offender!and!the!offended!party.! The! widowed! spouse! who! commits! theft,! Estafa,! or! malicious! mischief! with! respect! to! property! of! deceased! to! be!exempt!from!criminal!liability,!it!is!required!that:! o The!property!belongs!to!the!deceased!spouse;!and! o It! has! not! passed! into! the! possession! of! a! third! person.! Brothers! and! sisters! and! brotherseinelaw! and! sisterseinelaw! must!be!living!together!at!the!time!of!the!commission!of!any! of!the!crimes!of!theft,!Estafa!or!malicious!mischief.!! You!and!your!dad!commit!theft!against!your!brothereinelaw,! only!you!would!exempt!from!criminal!liability.!



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TITLE%XI:%CRIMES%AGAINST%CHASTITY! !

Chapter%1:%Adultery%and%Concubinage% % Article%333%–%Who%are%guilty%of%adultery% Adultery% is% committed% by% any% married% woman% who% shall% have% sexual% intercourse% with% a% man% not% her% husband% and% by% the% man% who%has%carnal%knowledge%of%her%knowing%her%to%be%married,%even% if%the%marriage%be%subsequently%declared%void.% % Adultery% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and%maximum%periods.% % If%the%person%guilty%of%adultery%committed%this%offense%while%being% abandoned% without% justification% by% the% offended% spouse,% the% penalty% next% lower% in% degree% than% that% provided% in% the% next% preceding%paragraph%shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%Essence%of%Adultery:% • The!violation!of!marital!vows! • Gist!of!crime!!!The!danger!of!introducing!spurious!heirs!into! the! family.! Rights! of! real! heirs! may! be! impaired! and! man! may!be!charged!with!maintenance!of!a!family!not!his!own.! % II.%Elements:%(MSK)% 1. That!the!woman!is!married;! 2. That! she! has! sexual! intercourse! with! the! man! not! her! husband;! 3. That! as! regards! the! man! with! whom! she! has! sexual! intercourse,!he!must!know!her!to!be!married.! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Woman%is%married! • There!must!be!a!legal!marriage!between!the!offended!party!

and!the!defendant,!at!the!time!of!the!filing!of!the!complaint.! o It! is! not! necessary! that! such! is! valid! since! prior! to! declaration! of! nullity,! the! attack! on! the! vows! taken! and!on!the!family!exists.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Sexual%intercourse% A.%Actus%Reus:%Sexual%intercourse%with%a%man%not%her%husband% • Carnal!knowledge!may!be!proved!by!circumstantial!evidence.! The!legal!tenet!has!been,!and!still!is,!that!circumstantial!and! corroborative! evidence! will! suffice! to! bring! about! the! conviction!for!that!crime.! • People!v.!Dante!!!The!offenders!lived!as!husband!and!wife,! were! seen! lying! together! at! night! in! their! underwears! and! caressing!and!embracing!each!other.! Note:% This! kind! of! evidence! is! not! sufficient! for! conviction! under! Article% 247! (Death! or! physical! injuries! inflicted! under! exceptional! circumstances),! which! requires! that! a! married! person! should! surprise! his! spouse! in! the! act$ of$ sexual$ intercourse.! ! B.%Consummation:% • The! crime! of! adultery! is! an! instantaneous! crime,! consummated! and! completed! at! the! moment! of! carnal! union.! • Each! sexual! intercourse! constitutes! a! separate! crime! of! adultery.!Adultery!therefore!is!not!a!continuing!offense.! ! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Other%man%knows%her%to%be%married% • Offenders:! The! married! woman! and! man! not! her! husband! who!knows!her!to!be!married.% • The! man,! single! or! married,! must! have! knowledge! of! the! married!status!of!the!woman!before!carnal!union!to!be!guilty! of!adultery.! • A!married!man!who!is!not!liable!for!adultery,!because!he!did! not! know! that! the! woman! was! married,! may! be! held! liable!



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! for!concubinage.! % VI.%Mitigating%Circumstances%in%Adultery:% • Abandonment! without! justification! !! one! degree! lower! (U.S.!v!Serrano,!et!al.)! o Abandonment! as! mitigating! circumstance! should! be! applied!for!both!offenders.! • Sheer!necessity!!!two!degrees!lower!(People!v!Alberto)! ! VII.%Extinguishment%of%proceedings% • Effect! of! the! acquittal! of! one! of! the! defendants! does! not! operate! as! a! cause! for! acquittal! of! the! other.! Nor! does! the! death! of! any! of! the! offending! parties.! But! if! offended! party! dies! before! a! complaint! could! be! filed,! the! case! cannot! go! on,!because!no!once!can!sign!and!file!the!complaint.! ! VIII.%Pardon:% For!pardon!to!apply,!it!must:! 1. Come!before!the!institution!of!the!criminal!prosecution;!and! 2. Both! offenders! must! be! pardoned! by! the! offended! party! as! required!in!Article%344.! • The!act!of!having!intercourse!of!the!offended!party!with!the! offending!spouse!subsequent!to!the!adulterous!conduct!is!at! best! an! implied! pardon! of! said! adulterous! act.! (People! v! Muguerza,!et!al.,!13!C.A.!Rep.!1079)! • When! husband! does! nothing! to! interfere! with! the! relations! of! his! wife! with! her! coYaccused,! he! may! be! considered! as! having!consented!to!the!infidelity!of!his!wife,!which!bars!him! from!instituting!criminal!complaint.!(People!v.!Guinucud)! ! Note:%Under%the%law,%there%is%no%accomplice%in%adultery.% ! Article%334%–%Concubinage% Any%husband%who%shall%keep%a%mistress%in%the%conjugal%dwelling,%or% shall% have% sexual% intercourse,% under% scandalous% circumstances,%

with%a%woman%who%is%not%his%wife,%or%shall%cohabit%with%her%in%any% other% place,% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum%and%medium%periods.% % The%concubine%shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%destierro.% % POINTS% I.%Essence%of%the%crime%of%concubinage% • Violation! of! the! marital! vows! (although! unlike! adultery,! this! infidelity! by! the! husband! does! not! bring! spurious! heirs! into! the!family)! % II.%Three%ways%of%committing%the%crime%of%concubinage% 1. By!keeping!a!mistress!in!the!conjugal!dwelling! 2. By! having! sexual! intercourse! under! scandalous! circumstances!with!a!woman!who!is!not!his!wife! 3. By!Cohabiting!with!her!in!any!other!place! % III.%Elements:%(MKSCK)% 1. That!the!man!must!be!married.! 2. That!he!committed!any!of!the!following!acts:! a. Keeping!a!mistress!in!the!conjugal!dwelling,! b. Having! sexual! intercourse! under! scandalous! circumstances!with!a!woman!who!is!not!his!wife;! c. Cohabiting!with!her!in!any!other!place.! 3. That! as! regards! the! woman,! she! must! know! him! to! be! married.! ! IV.%FIRST%&%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Man%is%married,%and%woman%knows% • The!woman!is!liable!only!when!she!knew!him!to!be!married! prior!to!the!commission!of!the!crime.! ! V.% SECOND% REQUISITE:% That% the% man% committed% the% following% acts…% • A!married!man!is!not!liable!for!concubinage!for!mere!sexual!



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! relations! with! a! woman! not! his! wife.! The! sexual! relations! must! fall! under! the! three! circumstances! mentioned! for! him! to!be!criminally!liable.! ! A.%Keeping%a%concubine%in%the%conjugal%dwelling% • For! the! circumstance! of! concubinage! by! keeping! a! mistress! in!the!conjugal!dwelling!to!apply,!the!husband!must!take!into! the! conjugal! house! his! concubine! and! they! lived! there! together!conjugally.! • For!this!circumstance,!no!positive!proof!of!actual!intercourse! is!necessary.! • Mistress!!!One!who!did!not!live!in!the!spouses’!dwelling!in! any!other!capacity!other!than!as!their!child!is!not!a!mistress! (People!v.!Jesus!Hilao,!et!al.,!CA)! • Conjugal$dwelling!!!is!meant!the!home!of!the!husband!and! wife! even! if! the! wife! happens! to! be! temporarily! absent! on! any!account.! ! B.%Sexual%intercourse%under%scandalous%circumstances% • Scandalous! !! means! any! imprudent! and! wanton! conduct! offensive!to!the!public!that!redounds!to!the!detriment!of!the! feelings!of!honest!persons.! o Instance!of!scandalous!circumstances:! " He!and!his!mistress!live!in!the!same!room!of! a!house! " They!appear!together!in!public! " They!perform!acts!in!sight!of!the!community! which! give! rise! to! criticism! and! general! protest!among!the!neighbors! o As! such,! this! may! be! proved! by! circumstantial! evidence.! • It!is!only!when!the!mistress!is!kept!elsewhere!(outside!of!the! conjugal!dwelling)!that!"scandalous!circumstances"!becomes! an!element!of!the!crime.!(U.S.!V!Macabagbag,!et!al.)!! • If! none! of! the! acts! of! the! defendants! were! provide! by! the!

testimony! of! the! people! from! the! vicinity,! there! is! no! scandal.! (US! v.! Casipong,! et! al)! Thus,! when! spies! are! employed,!there!is!no!evidence!of!scandalous!circumstances! appearing! that! none! of! the! people! living! in! the! vicinity! has! observed!any!suspicious!conduct.!(US!v.!Campos!Rueda)! ! C.%Cohabiting%with%her%in%any%other%place% • Cohabits! !! means! to! dwell! together,! in! the! manner! of! husband!and!wife,!for!some!period!of!time,!as!distinguished! from! occasional,! transient! interviews! for! unlawful! intercourse.! • The!offense!is!not!a!single!act!of!adultery;!it!is!cohabiting!in!a! state!of!adultery!which!may!be!a!week,!a!year,!or!longer.! • Mere! cohabitation! in! any! other! place! is! sufficient.! Proof! of! scandalous!circumstances!is!not!necessary!even!disregarding! proofs!of!actual!sexual!intercourse.! • That! the! accused! is! really! the! father! of! the! child,! alone! and! by!itself,!is!not!sufficient!to!prove!the!offense!charged.!What! must! be! proved! is! the! presence! of! the! three! stated! circumstances.!(People!v!Benlot,!et!al.,!16!C.A.!Rep.!539)! ! VI.%Other%Notes% • Note:!Adultery!is!more!severely!punished!than!concubinage! because!adultery!makes!possible!the!introduction!of!another! man's! blood! into! the! family! so! that! the! offended! husband! may!have!another!man's!son!bearing!his!name!and!receiving! support!from!him.! !

Chapter%2:%Rape%and%acts%of%Lasciviousness% % Article%335%a%When%and%how%rape%is%committed% Rape%is%committed%by%having%carnal%knowledge%of%a%woman%under% any%of%the%following%circumstances:% 1. By%using%force%or%intimidation;% 2. When% the% woman% is% deprived% of% reason% or% otherwise%



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! unconscious;%and% 3. When% the% woman% is% under% twelve% years% of% age,% even% though%neither%of%the%circumstances%mentioned%in%the%two% next%preceding%paragraphs%shall%be%present.% % The%crime%of%rape%shall%be%punished%by%reclusion%perpetua.% % Whenever%the%crime%of%rape%is%committed%with%the%use%of%a%deadly% weapon%or%by%two%or%more%persons,%the%penalty%shall%be%reclusion% perpetua%to%death.% % When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% of% the% rape,% the% victim% has% become%insane,%the%penalty%shall%be%death.% % When%rape%is%attempted%or%frustrated%and%a%homicide%is%committed% by%reason%or%on%the%occasion%thereof,%the%penalty%shall%be%likewise% death.% % When% by% reason% or% on% the% occasion% of% the% rape,% a% homicide% is% committed,%the%penalty%shall%be%death.% % POINTS% Repealed,!check!Article%266!for!the!revised!version! ! Article%336%–%Acts%of%lasciviousness% Any%person%who%shall%commit%any%act%of%lasciviousness%upon%other% persons%of%either%sex,%under%any%of%the%circumstances%mentioned%in% the%preceding%article,%shall%be%punished%by%prision%correccional.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(CAaFDFUD)% 1. That! the! offender! commits! any! act! of! lasciviousness! of! lewdness;! 2. That!the!act!of!Lasciviousness!is!committed!against!a!person! of!either!sex;!

3. That!it!is!done!under!any!of!the!following!circumstances;! a. By!using!force!or!intimidation;!or! b. When! the! offended! party! is! deprived! of! reason! or! otherwise!unconscious;! c. By!means!of!fraudulent!machinations!or!grave!abuse! of!authority;! d. When!the!offended!party!is!under!12!years!of!age!or! is!demented.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Lasciviousness% • Lewd!!!obscene,!lustful,!indecent,!lecherous.!It!signifies!the! form!of!immorality!which!has!relation!to!moral!impurity;!or! that!which!is!carried!on!a!wanton!manner.! • Motive! of! lascivious! acts! is! not! important! because! the! essence!of!lewdness!is!in!the!very!act!itself.! • The!presence!or!absence!of!lewd!designs!is!inferred!from!the! nature! of! the! acts! themselves! and! the! environmental! circumstances.! Being! a! purely! mental! process! discernible! only!by!overt!acts,!no!inflexible!rule!can!be!laid!down!as!an! accurate! measure.! What! constitutes! lewd! or! lascivious! conduct!must!be!determined!from!the!circumstances!of!each! case.! Examples:% • U.S.! v.! Bailoses! !! Compelling! a! girl! to! dance! naked! before! men!is!an!act!of!lasciviousness,!even!if!the!dominant!motive! is! revenge,! for! her! failure! to! pay! a! debt,! for! it! cannot! be! believed!that!there!was!no!admixture!of!lasciviousness!in!the! thought! and! purposes! of! the! defendant! who! could! devise! such!method.! • U.S.!v.!Tan!Teng!!!Placing!a!man's!private!parts!over!a!girl's! organ!is!an!act!of!lasciviousness.!! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Committed%in%any%of%3%circumstances%of%rape% A.%Force%or%intimidation% • The! intimidation! or! physical! force! need! not! necessarily! be!



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! irresistible.! It! is! sufficient! that! some! compulsion! equivalent! to! intimidation! annuls! or! subdues! the! free! exercise! of! the! will!of!the!offended!party.! % IV.%Other%Notes% A.%Consummation%of%Acts%of%Lasciviousness% • No! attempted! or! frustrated! crime! of! acts! of! lasciviousness,! because! no! matter! how! far! the! offender! may! have! gone! towards! he! realization! of! his! purpose,! if! his! participation! amounts!to!performing!all!the!acts!of!execution,!the!felony!is! necessarily!produced!as!a!consequence!thereof.! % B.%Acts%of%Lasciviousness%punished%in%Section%5(b),%R.A.%No.%7610% • When!performed!on!a!child!below!18!years!of!age!exploited! in!prostitution!or!subjected!to!other!sexual!abuse.! • Elements! o The!accused!commits!an!act!of!sexual!intercourse!or! lascivious!conduct! o The! said! act! performed! with! a! child! exploited! in! prostitution!or!subjected!to!other!sexual!abuse! o The!child!is!below!18!years!old! % V.%Acts%of%Lasciviousness%compared%to%other%crimes% Acts%of%Lasciviousness%v.%Sexual%Abuse%Section%5(b),%R.A.%No.%7610% Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Sexual%Abuse% Includes!intentional!touching,! The!child!is!subjected!to!other! either!directly!or!through! sexual!abuse!when!the!child! clothing,!of!the!genitalia!and! indulges!in!lascivious!conduct! inner!thigh!with!intent!to!arouse! under!the!coercion!or!influence! or!gratify!the!sexual!desire!of!any! of!any!adult.! person! % Acts%of%Lasciviousness%v.%Grave%Coercion% Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Grave%Coercion% (Article%336)!

(US!v.!Bailoses)!the!compulsion! by!beating!the!girl!is!included!in! the!constructive!element!of! force!in!the!crime!of!acts!of! lasciviousness.!

(People!v!Fernando)!where!a!60! year!old!woman!was!slapped,! stripped!off,!and!tied!by!the! accused!to!compel!her!to!admit! that!she!stole!the!shoes!of!a! certain!person!the!compulsion!is! the!very!act!constituting!the! offense!of!grave!coercion.!

% Acts%of%Lasciviousness%v.%Offenses%against%Chastity% Abuses%against%Chastity% Acts%of%Lasciviousness% (Article%246)% (Article%336)% Committed!by!a!public!officer! Most!of!the!time,!committed!by! a!private!individual! Mere!immoral!or!indecent! It!is!necessary!that!some!actual! proposals!made!earnestly!and! act!of!lasciviousness!should!have! persistently! been!executed! ! Acts%of%Lasciviousness%v.%Attempted%Rape:% Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Attempted%Rape% Either!Sex! Performance!of!acts!of!lasciviousness! Lewd!intent! Intent!to!lie!with!offended!party! Lasciviousness!acts!are!the!final! Lasciviousness!acts!merely! objective! preparatory!acts!to!the! commission! • Desistance! of! the! offender! in! the! commission! of! attempted! rape!may!constitute!acts!of!lasciviousness.! ! Acts%of%Lasciviousness%v.%Unjust%Vexation% Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Unjust%Vexation% With!lewd!designs! Out!of!passion!or!other!motives! People!v.!Panopio!!!when!the! US!v.!Gomez!!!The!accused! accused!not!only!kissed!and! merely!kissed!and!embraced!the!



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complainant,!either!out!of! passion!or!other!motive,!the! touching!of!the!breasts!being! purely!incidental.!

Not!committed!under!the!4! circumstances!in!rape!

Chapter% 3:% Seduction,% Corruption% of% Minors,% and% White% Slave%Trade% % Article%337%–%Qualified%seduction% The% seduction% of% a% virgin% over% twelve% years% and% under% eighteen% years% of% age,% committed% by% any% person% in% public% authority,% priest,% homeaservant,% domestic,% guardian,% teacher,% or% any% person% who,% in% any% capacity,% shall% be% entrusted% with% the% education% or% custody% of% the%woman%seduced,%shall%be%punished%by%prision%correccional%in%its% minimum%and%medium%periods.% % The% penalty% next% higher% in% degree% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% seduce% his% sister% or% descendant,% whether% or% not% she%be%a%virgin%or%over%eighteen%years%of%age.% % Under%the%provisions%of%this%Chapter,%seduction%is%committed%when% the%offender%has%carnal%knowledge%of%any%of%the%persons%and%under% the%circumstances%described%herein.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(Va12/18aSaA)% 1. That!the!offended!party!is!a!virgin! 2. That!she!must!be!over!12!and!under!18!years!of!age! 3. That!the!offender!has!sexual!intercourse!with!her! 4. That! there! is! abuse! of! authority,! confidence! or! relationship!

on!the!part!of!the!offender.!! ! II.%Two%Classes%of%Qualified%Seduction:% 1. Seduction!of!a!virgin!over!12!years!old!and!under!18!years!of! age!by!certain!persons,!such!as,!a!person!in!authority,!priest,! teacher,!etc.! 2. Seduction! of! a! sister! by! her! brother! or! descendant! by! her! ascendant,!regardless!of!their!age!or!reputation! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offended%party%is%a%virgin% • Seduction! !! means! enticing! a! woman! to! unlawful! sexual! intercourse! by! promise! of! marriage! or! other! means! of! persuasion!without!the!use!of!force.! • Virgin!!!does!not!necessarily!mean!material!virginity!in!law.! It!is!presumed!of!a!virtuous!woman!of!good!reputation.!! o Good!reputation!of!the!woman!is!significant!because! if!she!is!a!woman!of!loose!morals,!the!act!would!not! be!penalized!in!this!Code.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISTE:%Offended%party%is%over%12%and%under%18% • If!the!victim!is!less!than!12,!the!crime!is!rape.! • If! the! victim! is! over! 18,! there! is! no! crime! at! all! (given! that! there! is! no! force! or! intimidation! or! the! woman! is! not! unconscious!or!other!wise!deprived!of!reason)! % V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%The%offender%has%sexual%intercourse%with%her% • There! must! be! sexual! intercourse,! otherwise! the! crime! is! acts!of!lasciviousness!under!Article%339.! ! VI.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Authority,%confidence%or%relationship% A.%Offenders%in%Qualified%Seduction:% 1. Those!who!abused!their!authority:! a. Person!in!public!authority! b. Guardian! c. Teacher!



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! d. Person! who,! in! any! capacity,! is! entrusted! with! the! education!or!custody!of!the!woman!seduced! 2. Those!who!abused!confidence!reposed!in!them:! a. Priest! b. House!Servant!! c. Domestic! 3. Those!who!abused!their!relationship:!! a. Brother!who!seduced!sister! b. Ascendant!who!seduced!his!descendant! ! B.%Those%who%abused%their%authority% • Deceit!is!not!an!element!of!qualified!seduction.!It!is!replaced! by!abuse!of!confidence.! • What!makes!the!crime!of!qualified!seduction!is!the!character! of!the!person!committing!the!same!on!account!of!the!excess! of! power! or! abuse! of! confidence! of! which! the! offender! availed!himself.! • People! v! Alvarez! !! Actual! ascendancy! is! not! necessary! as! moral! ascendancy! used! for! immoral! purposes! is! more! than! ample!justification!for!punishing!the!act,!i.e.!brotherYinYlaw.!! • Santos! v.! People! !! It! is! sufficient! that! the! accused! is! a! teacher! in! the! same! school,! even! if! not! the! teacher! of! the! victim.!! • A! master! who! shall! have! sexual! intercourse! with! his! female! servant!if!such!was!between!12Y18!years!old.! ! C.%Those%who%abused%confidence%reposed%in%them% • Domestic! !! is! a! person! usually! living! under! the! same! roof,! pertaining! to! the! same! house.! It! includes! all! those! persons! residing! with! the! family! and! who! are! members! of! the! same! household,! regardless! of! the! fact! that! their! residence! may! only!be!temporary!or!that!they!may!be!paying!for!their!board! and!lodging.!(U.S.!v!Santiago)! • But! if! a! man! is! merely! stopping! at! a! public! inn! or! tavern! when! he! seduced! the! landlord's! daughter,! the! man! is! not! a!

•

domestic! because! no! such! confidential! manifestations! of! intimacy!is!tendered!or!expected!from!such.!(US!v.!Santiago)!! What! distinguishes! a! domestic! from! a! house$ servant$ is! the! intimacy! and! confidence! existing! among! those! members! of! the! household! where! opportunities! for! committing! seduction!are!more!frequent.!

! D.%Those%who%abused%their%relationship% • When! the! victim! is! the! sister! or! descendant,! also! known! as! incest,!virginity!is!not!required!and!she!may!be!over!18!years! old.! What! is! required! is! that! the! relationship! be! by! consanguinity!although!it!need!not!be!legitimate.! ! VII.%Qualified%Seduction%v.%Other%Crimes% Qualified%Seduction%v.%Rape% Qualified%Seduction% Rape% 4!circumstances!of!rape!is!absent! 4!circumstances!of!Rape!is! present! Note:%Consent!is!not!an!element!of!the!offense,!but!its!absence!may! put!the!crime!in!the!purview!of!rape! Note:%A!person!convicted!of!Qualified!Seduction!cannot!be!convicted! of!rape!under!the!same!information! ! Qualified%Seduction%v.%Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Qualified%Seduction% Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Sexual!Intercourse! No!Sexual!Intercourse! ! Article%338%–%Simple%seduction% The% seduction% of% a% woman% who% is% single% or% a% widow% of% good% reputation,% over% twelve% but% under% eighteen% years% of% age,% committed%by%means%of%deceit,%shall%be%punished%by%arresto%mayor.% % POINTS% I.%Purpose:% • To! punish! the! seducer! who! by! means! of! a! promise! of!



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! marriage,! destroys! the! chastity! of! an! unmarried! female! of! previous! chaste! character,! and! who! thus! draws! her! aside! from!the!path!of!virtue!and!rectitude!and!then!fails!to!fulfill! his!promise.! % II.%Elements:%(Va12/18aSaD)% 1. That!she!must!be!of!good!reputation,!single!or!widow!(virgin)!! 2. That!the!offended!party!is!over!12!and!under!18!years!of!age!! 3. That!the!offender!has!sexual!intercourse!with!her! 4. That!it!is!committed!by!means!of!deceit! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Woman%of%good%reputation% Note:!There!is!no!continuing!offense!of!seduction.! • A!woman!who!was!raped!before!may!be!the!victim!of!simple! seduction,!provided!she!is!a!woman!of!good!reputation.! % IV.%SECOND%to%THIRD%REQUISITES:%See%explanations%in%Article%337! % V.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Deceit%is%employed% A.%Deceit%is%present% • Deceit! generally! takes! the! form! of! unfulfilled! promise! of! marriage.!This!need!not!immediately!precede!the!carnal!act.! (People!v.!Iman)! • The! promise! of! marriage! must! be! the! inducement! and! the! woman! must! yield! to! that! inducement,! not! merely! from! carnal!lust.!(U.S.!v!Sarmiento)! • A!man!who!is!willing!and!ready!to!marry!the!girl!seduced!by! him! may! be! held! liable! for! simple! seduction! when! the! man! knows! that! the! girl! cannot! legally! consent! to! the! marriage,! yet!he!makes!a!promise!to!marry!her.! % B.%Promises%not%considered%deceit:%(US!v.!Sarmiento)% 1. Promise!of!marriage!of!a!married!man!(provided!the!woman! knows!he!is!married)!! 2. Promise!of!material!things!

3. Promise!of!marriage!after!sexual!intercourse!! ! Article% 339% –% Acts% of% lasciviousness% with% the% consent% of% the% offended%party% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%shall%be%imposed%to%punish%any%other% acts% of% lasciviousness% committed% by% the% same% persons% and% the% same%circumstances%as%those%provided%in%Articles%337%and%338.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(Aa12/18aS/DaA/D)% 1. That!the!offender!commits!acts!of!lasciviousness!or!lewdness! 2. That!the!acts!are!committed!upon!a!woman!who!is!virgin!or! single! or! widow! of! good! reputation,! under! 18! years! of! age! but!over!12!years,!or!a!sister!or!descendant!regardless!of!her! reputation!or!age.! 3. That! the! offender! accomplishes! the! acts! by! abuse! of! authority,!confidence,!relationship,!or!deceit.! ! II.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Woman%is%virgin,%12a18,%sister%or%descendant% • Male!cannot!be!the!offended!party!in!this!crime! • It! is! necessary! that! this! crime! is! committed! under! the! circumstances! which! would! make! it! qualified! or! simple! seduction!had!there!been!sexual!intercourse,!instead!of!acts! of!lewdness!only.! ! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%“With%consent%of%the%offended%party”% • The! consent! contemplated! here! is! obtained! by! abuse! of! authority,!confidence!or!relationship!or!by!means!of!deceit.! ! IV.% Acts% of% Lasciviousness% (Article% 336)% v.% Acts% of% Lasciviousness% with%Consent%of%the%offended%party%(Article%339)% % No%Sexual%Intercourse% Sexual%Intercourse% Article%336% Acts!of!Lasciviousness! Rape! Article%339% Acts!of!Lasciviousness!! Qualified!(through!abuse!of! with!consent!of!the! confidence,!authority,!



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conduct!with!a!child!exploited!in!prostitution!or!subjected!to! other!sexual!abuse! 3. Those!who!derive!profit!or!advantage!therefrom!

relationship)!or!Simple! (through!deceit)!Seduction!

! Article%340%–%Corruption%of%minors% Any% person% who% shall% promote% or% facilitate% the% prostitution% or% corruption%of%persons%underage%to%satisfy%the%lust%of%another,%shall% be%punished%by%prision%mayor,%and%if%the%culprit%is%a%pubic%officer%or% employee,% including% those% in% governmentaowned% or% controlled% corporations,%he%shall%also%suffer%the%penalty%of%temporary%absolute% disqualification.% (As$ amended$ by$ B.P.$ Blg.$ 92,$ approved$ on$ December$24,$1980)$ % POINTS% I.%Nature%of%the%crime:% • As!amended!by!Batas%Pambansa%Blg.%92,!habitually!or!abuse! of! authority! or! confidence,! not! necessary! in! promoting! or! facilitating!the!prostitution!or!corruption!of!a!minor.! • It!must!be!to!satisfy!the!lust!of!another.!Therefore,!one!who! casts!for!his!own!ends!does!not!incur!the!sanction!of!the!law.! • Single!act!without!abuse!of!authority!or!confidence!is!now!a! crime! • It! is! not! necessary! that! the! unchaste! acts! shall! have! been! done.! A! mere! proposal! (of! the! pimp! of! unchaste! acts)! will! consummate!the!offense.! • The!offended!minor!can!be!from!either!sex.!She!or!he!must! be!of!good!reputation,!not!a!prostitute!or!corrupted!person.! • The!penalty!shall!be!one!degree!higher!than!that!imposed!by! law!when!the!victim!is!under!12!years!of!age.! ! II.%Child%Prostitution%under%Rep.%Act%No.%7610% The!penalty!of!reclusion!temporal!in!its!medium!period!to!reclusion! perpetua!shall!be!imposed!upon!the!following:! 1. Those! who! engage! in! or! promote,! facilitate! or! induce! child! prostitution!! 2. Those!who!commit!the!act!of!sexual!intercourse!or!lascivious!

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•

There! is! attempt! to! commit! child! prostitution! when! any! person! who,! not! being! a! relative! of! a! child,! is! found! alone! with!the!said!child!inside!a!place!under!circumstances!which! lead!a!reasonable!person!to!believe!that!the!child!is!about!to! be!exploited!in!prostitution!and!other!sexual!abuse.! There!is!also!attempt!to!commit!this!crime!when!any!person! is! receiving! services! from! a! child! in! a! sauna! parlor! or! bath,! massage!clinic,!health!club!and!other!similar!establishments! under!Section%5(b)%of%this%Act.!

! Article%341%–%White%slave%trade% The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% in% its% medium% and% maximum% period% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,% in% any% manner,% or% under% any% pretext,% shall% engage% in% the% business% or% shall% profit% by% prostitution%or%shall%enlist%the%services%of%any%other%for%the%purpose% of%prostitution.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%penalized:% 1. Engaging!in!the!business!of!prostitution! 2. Profiting!by!prostitution! 3. Enlisting! the! services! of! women! for! the! purpose! of! prostitution! ! II.%Nature%of%the%crime:% • Habituality! is! not! a! necessary! element! of! white! slave! trade.! One!of!those!aboveYmentioned!acts!is!sufficient!to!constitute! the!offense.! o Once! it! is! proved! that! the! accused! enlisted! the! services!of!women!for!prostitution,!he!is!liable!even! thought!there!is!no!proof!he!shared!in!the!profit.!



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! Once!it!is!proved!that!the!accused!share!in!the!profit,! he!is!liable!even!if!there!is!no!proof!that!he!engaged! the!services!of!women!for!prostitution.! A!person!engaged!in!the!business!of!prostitution!need!not!be! the!owner!of!the!house.!Even!managers!are!liable.! “Under%any%pretext”%! %One!who!is!engaged!the!services!of! a!woman!ostensibly!as!a!maid!but!in!reality!for!purposes!of! prostitution! and! who! in! fact! dedicated! her! to! such! immoral! purposes! for! profit,! is! guilty! of! white! slave! trade! as! contemplated!in!"under!any!pretext"!stated!in!the!provision.! (People!v!Isidro)! o

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! III.%Penalty:% • Penalty! shall! be! one! degree! higher! than! imposed! by! law! when!the!victims!under!12!years!old.! !

Chapter%4:%Abduction% % Article%342%–%Forcible%abduction% The%abduction%of%any%woman%against%her%will%and%with%lewd%designs% shall%be%punished%by%reclusion%temporal.% % The% same% penalty% shall% be% imposed% in% every% case,% if% the% female% abducted%be%under%twelve%years%of%age.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(WAL)% 1. That! the! person! abducted! is! any! woman,! regardless! of! her! age,!civil!status,!or!reputation! 2. That!the!abduction!is!against!her!will! 3. That!the!abduction!is!with!lewd!designs! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Woman%is%abducted% • The!virginity!of!the!offended!woman!is!immaterial.!

! % Crimes% against% chastity% where% age% and% reputation% of% victim% are% immaterial:% 1. Rape! 2. Acts!of!lasciviousness!against!the!will!or!without!the!consent! of!the!offended!party! 3. Qualified!Seduction!of!sister!or!descendant! 4. Forcible!abduction! % % III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Abduction%against%her%will% • Abduction!!!is!meant!the!taking!away!of!a!woman!from!her! house! or! the! place! where! she! may! be! for! the! purpose! of! carrying! her! to! another! place! with! intent! to! marry! or! to! corrupt!her.! • The!act!is!violative!of!the!individual!liberty!of!the!abducted,! her!honor!and!reputation,!and!of!public!order.! • The! taking! away! of! the! woman! must! be! against! her! will,! when!force!or!intimidation!is!used!by!the!offender! • The!taking!of!the!woman!may!be!accomplished!by!means!of! deceit!first!then!by!means!of!violence!and!intimidation.!(U.S.! v.!De!Vivar)! • If!the!female!abducted!is!under!12!years!of!age,!it!need!not! be! necessary! that! the! abduction! is! against! her! will! because! she! has! no! will! of! her! own! or! her! free! will! is! wanting! therefore!is!incapable!of!giving!consent.! • Sexual!intercourse!is!not!necessary!in!forcible!abduction.!The! intent!to!seduce!the!girl!is!sufficient.! ! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%With%lewd%designs% • When!there!are!several!defendants,!it!is!enough!that!one!of! them!had!lewd!designs!(People!v.!Deleguiado,!et!al.)! • A!husband!cannot!be!found!liable!for!abduction!of!his!wife,!



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as!the!element!of!lewd!design!is!wanting.!(People!v.!Omar)! When!there!is!deprivation!of!liberty!and!no!lewd!designs,!it! is!kidnapping!and!serious!illegal!detention!under!Article%267.! Abduction! is! one! of! the! ways! in! which! illegal! detention! can! be!committed.!

! V.%Rules%on%Complex%Crime%of%Forcible%Abduction:% A.%Forcible%Abduction%with%rape/several%acts%or%attempted%rape% • There!could!only!be!one!complex!crime!of!forcible!abduction! with!rape.!Subsequent!acts!of!rape!should!be!detached!and! considered! independently! of! the! forcible! abduction! with! rape.! o If! there! was! abduction! but! the! resistance! of! the! woman! to! the! alleged! rape! was! not! tenacious,! the! accused! would! be! guilty! of! only! of! abduction.! (People!v!Lopez)! • There! is! no! complex! crime! of! forcible! abduction! with! attempted! rape! as! the! attempt% to% rape% is% absorbed! by! the! abduction,!being!the!element!of!lewd!design!of!the!latter.! • Rape% may% absorb% forcible% abduction% if% the% main% objective! was!to!rape!the!victim! • Conviction!of!acts!of!lasciviousness!is!not!a!bar!to!conviction! of!forcible!abduction.!One!of!these!two!crimes!involves!some! important! act! which! is! not! an! element! of! the! other.! Therefore,! there! would! be! no! double! jeopardy.! (People! v! Franco)! ! B.%Forcible%Abduction%with%Serious%Illegal%Detention% • Commission!of!other!crimes!during!confinement!of!victim!is! immaterial! to! a! charge! of! kidnapping! with! serious! illegal! detention! especially! if! such! crimes! (e.g.! rape)! were! committed! with! the! intent! to! break! the! victim’s! spirit! and! were!not!!the!main!purpose!of!the!kidnapping.! ! VI.%Forcible%Abduction%v.%Other%Crimes%

Forcible%Abduction%v.%Grave%Coercion%v.%Serious%Illegal%Detention% Forcible%Abduction! Grave%Coercion% Kidnapping%and% Serious%Illegal% Detention% There!is!violence!or!intimidation!employed! N/A! Lewd!designs! No!lewd!design! No!lewd!design! No!deprivation!of! No!deprivation!of! There!is!deprivation! liberty!at!all! liberty!for!an! of!liberty!for!an! appreciable!length!of! appreciable!length!of! time! time! % Forcible%Abduction%v.%Corruption%of%Minors:% Forcible%Abduction! Corruption%of%Minors! Lewd!designs! Lending!her!to!illicit!intercourse! with!others! ! Forcible%Abduction%with%Rape%v.%Kidnapping:% Forcible%Abduction%with%Rape! Kidnapping! When!the!violent!taking!of!a! When!the!violent!taking!of!a! woman!is!motivated!by!lewd! woman!is!NOT!motivated!by! designs! lewd!designs! ! Article%343%–%Consented%abduction% The% abduction% of% a% virgin% over% twelve% years% and% under% eighteen% years% of% age,% carried% out% with% her% consent% and% with% lewd% designs,% shall% be% punished% by% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum%and%medium%periods.% % POINTS% I.%Purpose:% • To! prescribe! punishment! for! the! disgrace! to! her! family! and! the! alarm! caused! therein! by! the! disappearance! of! the! one! who! is,! by! her! age! and! sex,! susceptible! to! cajolery! and! deceit.! %



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! II.%Elements:%(Va12/18aCaL)% 1. That!the!offended!party!must!be!a!virgin! 2. That!she!must!be!over!12!and!under!18!years!of!age! 3. That!the!taking!away!of!the!offended!party!must!be!with!her! consent,!after!solicitation!or!cajolery!from!the!offender! 4. That! the! taking! away! of! the! offended! party! must! be! with! lewd!designs! ! III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offended%party%is%a%virgin% • The! meaning! of! virgin! is! the! same! as! contemplated! in! the! preceding!sections.! ! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Over%12%and%under%18% • If! the! offended! party! is! under! 12! years! of! age,! the! crime! committed!is!forcible!abduction,!even!if!the!girl!agrees!to!the! elopement.! % V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Taking%away%with%consent%of%offended%party% • The! taking! of! the! virgin! need! not! have! the! character! of! permanency.! No! matter! how! short! is! the! taking! away! the! crime!exists.!(People!v.!Ingayo)! • Offered! party! need! not! be! taken! actually! and! personally! from!her!house!or!induced!to!abandon!it.!It!is!sufficient!that! he!was!instrumental!in!her!escape.!(People!v.!Moreno)! • Consent! of! the! minor! being! taken! away! may! be! due! to! honeyed!promises!of!marriage!by!the!offender.! • When!there!was!no!solicitation!or!cajolery!and!no!deceit!and! the! girl! voluntarily! went! with! the! man,! there! is! no! crime! committed!even!if!they!had!sexual!intercourse.! ! VI.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Taking%away%with%lewd%designs% • The! taking! must! be! with! lewd! designs.! Actual! sex! is! not! necessary.! • Where!the!victim!is!later!forcibly!violated!by!the!accused,!he! is!guilty!of!consented!abduction!with!rape!

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Chapter% 5:% Provisions% relative% to% the% preceding% Chapters% of%Title%XI% % Article% 344% –% Prosecution% of% the% crimes% of% adultery,% concubinage,% seduction,%abduction,%rape%and%acts%of%lasciviousness% The% crimes% of% adultery% and% concubinage% shall% not% be% prosecuted% except%upon%a%complaint%filed%by%the%offended%spouse.% % The% offended% party% cannot% institute% criminal% prosecution% without% including%both%the%guilty%parties,%if%they%are%both%alive,%nor,%in%any% case,%if%he%shall%have%consented%or%pardoned%the%offenders.% % The%offenses%of%seduction,%abduction,%rape%or%acts%of%lasciviousness,% shall% not% be% prosecuted% except% upon% a% complaint% filed% by% the% offended% party% or% her% parents,% grandparents,% or% guardian,% nor,% in% any%case,%if%the%offender%has%been%expressly%pardoned%by%the%above% named%persons,%as%the%case%may%be.% % In% cases% of% seduction,% abduction,% acts% of% lasciviousness% and% rape,% the% marriage% of% the% offender% with% the% offended% party% shall% extinguish%the%criminal%action%or%remit%the%penalty%already%imposed% upon%him.%The%provisions%of%this%paragraph%shall%also%be%applicable% to% the% coaprincipals,% accomplices% and% accessories% after% the% fact% of% the%aboveamentioned%crimes.% % POINTS% I.%Why%Crimes%against%Chastity%can’t%be%prosecuted%de%oficio:% • Out!of!consideration!for!the!offended!woman!and!her!family! who!might!prefer!to!suffer!the!outrage!in!silence!rather!than! go!through!the!scandal!of!a!public!trial.! ! II.%Prosecution:% 1. Adultery! and! concubinage! must! be! prosecuted! upon! complaint!signed!by!the!offended!spouse!



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! 2. Seduction,! abduction! or! acts! of! lasciviousness! must! be! prosecuted!upon!complaint!signed!by:! a. Offended!party! b. Her!parents! c. Grandparents,!or! d. Guardian! in! the! order! in! which! they! are! named! above! • Pursuant!to!R.A.%No.%8535,!the!AntiaRape%Law%of%1997,!rape! is!now!a!crime!against!persons!which!may!be!prosecuted!de! oficio! or! by! the! public.! Prosecution! of! the! crime! of! prostitution!also!can!be!prosecuted!de!oficio.! ! A.%PARAGRAPH%1:%Rules%in%Prosecution%of%adultery%and%concubinage% 1. Only!the!offended!spouse!can!files!a!complaint! Note:% Even! in! the! case! where! the! offended! is! underage,! or! he!or!she!becomes!incapacitated.! 2. Both!the!guilty!parties,!if!both!alive,!must!be!included!in!the! complaint!for!adultery!or!concubinage! Note:% Both! parties! must! be! included! even! if! one! of! them! is! not!guilty!because!such!question!is!left!to!the!courts.! ! B.%PARAGRAPH%2:%Seduction,%abduction%or%acts%of%lasciviousness:% • The!offended!party,!even!if!a!minor,!has!the!right!to!institute! the! prosecution! for! these! offenses! independently! of! her! parents,! grandparents! or! guardians! –! UNLESS! she! is! incompetent!or!incapable!of!doing!so.! • For! the! prosecution! of! seduction,! abduction! or! acts! of! lasciviousness,!the!exclusive!order!should!be!followed.!There! must! be! no! refusal! or! contradiction! form! the! person! preceding!in!the!list! • Guardian! mean! legal,! not! natural! guardian! whom! is! one! legally!appointed!by!the!court.! ! III.%Filing%of%the%complaint% • The!complaint!which!must!be!signed!by!the!offended!party,!

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must!be!filed!in!court,!not!with!the!fiscal.! When! complexed! with! another! (public)! crime,! complaint! need!not!be!signed!by!the!offended!woman.!

! IV.%Pardon:% A.%PARAGRAPH%1:%Pardon%in%adultery%and%concubinage% • Pardon!!!of!the!offenders!by!the!offended!party!is!a!bar!to! prosecution!for!adultery!or!concubinage.!The!pardon!may!be! express!or!implied.!It!must!come!before!the!institution!of!the! criminal! action! and! both! offenders! must! be! pardoned! for! it! to!be!effective.! • Only!the!offended!spouse!can!validly!pardon!the!offenders.! • Express! agreement! to! live! separately! is! an! evidence! of! consent.!(Matubis!v.!Praxedes)! o Consent! !! differs! from! pardon! in! that! it! is! given! prior!to!the!commission!of!the!offense.! • Condonation! is! not! pardon! in! concubinage! or! adultery.! As! condonation!is!forgiveness!based!upon!the!presumption!and! belief! that! the! guilty! party! has! repented,! any! subsequent! acts! of! the! offender! showing! that! there! was! no! repentance! will! not! bar! the! prosecution! of! the! offense.! Any! act! of! infidelity! to! the! vows! of! marriage! subsequent! to! in! the! condonation! constitutes! a! new! offense! that! is! subject! to! criminal!prosecution.! • Delay! in! filing! of! complaint,! if! satisfactorily! explained,! does! not!indicate!pardon.! ! B.%PARAGRAPH%2:%Seduction,%abduction%or%acts%of%lasciviousness% • In!seduction,!abduction!or!acts!of!lasciviousness,!the!pardon! must!be!expressly!given!by!the!offended!girl.!It!is!only!when! she! is! dead! or! otherwise! incapacitated! to! grant! it! that! her! parents,!grandparents!or!guardian!may!do!so!for!her.! • Pardon!by!the!offended!party!who!is!a!minor!must!have!the! concurrence!of!parents!for!due!to!her!tender!age!and!lack!of! sufficient! knowledge,! would! hardly! know! the! impact! and!



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! consequences!of!her!acts.!(People!v.!Lacson)! o Exception:!When!the!offended!minor!has!no!parents! who!could!concur!in!the!pardon!

2. To!acknowledge!the!offspring,!unless!the!law!should!prevent! him!from!doing!so!! 3. In!every!case!to!support!the!offspring!

! C.%Effect%of%Subsequent%Marriage% • Marriage! of! the! offender! with! the! offended! party! in! seduction,!abduction!and!acts!of!lasciviousness!extinguishes! criminal! action! or! remits! the! penalty! already! imposed.! This! rule! applies! not! only! to! principals! but! also! the! accomplices! accessories.! • But! the! marriage! entered! must! be! enter! into! in! good! faith! and! with! the! intent! of! fulfilling! the! marital! duties! and! obligations.! • In! rape,! actual! marriage! extinguishes! the! criminal! action! or! the! penalty! imposed! only! as! to! the! principal! and! not! as! to! the!accomplices!and!accessories.! • In! adultery! and! concubinage,! marriage! of! parties! has! no! effect!since!both!are!offenders.! ! Article% 345% –% Civil% liability% of% persons% guilty% of% crimes% against% chastity% Person% guilty% of% rape,% seduction% or% abduction,% shall% also% be% sentenced:% 1. To%indemnify%the%offended%woman.% 2. To% acknowledge% the% offspring,% unless% the% law% should% prevent%him%from%so%doing.% 3. In%every%case%to%support%the%offspring.% The%adulterer%and%the%concubine%in%the%case%provided%for%in%Articles% 333%and%334%may%also%be%sentenced,%in%the%same%proceeding%or%in%a% separate%civil%proceeding,%to%indemnify%for%damages%caused%to%the% offended%spouse.% % POINTS% I.%Civil%liability%of%persons%guilty%of%rape,%seduction%or%abduction:% 1. To!indemnify!the!offended!woman!

! II.%Civil%liability%of%the%adulterer%and%the%concubine% • Civil! liability! of! the! adulterer! and! the! concubine! is! only! for! indemnity! for! damages! caused! to! the! offended! party.! This! does! not! apply! to! the! guilty! wife! in! adultery! nor! to! guilty! husband!in!concubinage.! • Sentence! is! only! limited! to! indemnity! because! acknowledgement! of! the! offspring! is! not! legally! possible,! because! only! children! born! of! parents! who! could! marry! at! the!time!of!conception!may!be!acknowledged.! • Moral! damages! may! also! be! recovered! in! crime! against! chastity!both!by!the!offended!party!and!by!her!parents.! • All!the!offenders!in!multiple!rape!must!support!the!offspring! as! any! one! of! them! may! be! the! father! and! is! directly! responsible! that! an! unwilling! mother! may! give! birth! to! an! undesired!offspring.!(People!v.!Velo)! ! II.%Judgment%to%recognize%offspring:%When%proper% • Prohibition! against! acknowledgement! of! offspring! when! offender!is!married,!not!applicable!under!the!Family!Code.!At! present,! children! are! classified! as! only! either! legitimate! or! illegitimate,! with! no! further! positive! act! required! of! the! parent!as!the!law!itself!provides!the!child's!status.! • When!more!than!person,!one!after!another,!raped!a!woman,! not! one! may! be! required! to! recognize! the! offspring! of! the! offended! woman,! it! being! impossible! to! determine! the! paternity!thereof.!(People!v.!Pedro)! • Civil! liability! in! rape! of! married! woman! is! only! indemnity.! (People!v.!Sanico)! ! Article% 346% –% Liability% of% ascendants,% guardians,% teachers,% or% other% persons%entrusted%with%the%custody%of%the%offended%party%



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! The%ascendants,%guardians,%curators,%teachers%and%any%person%who,% by%abuse%of%authority%or%confidential%relationships,%shall%cooperate% as% accomplices% in% the% perpetration% of% the% crimes% embraced% in% chapters,%second,%third%and%fourth,%of%this%title,%shall%be%punished%as% principals.% % Teachers%or%other%persons%in%any%other%capacity%entrusted%with%the% education% and% guidance% of% youth,% shall% also% suffer% the% penalty% of% temporary% special% disqualification% in% its% maximum% period% to% perpetual%special%disqualification.% % Any% person% falling% within% the% terms% of% this% article,% and% any% other% person% guilty% of% corruption% of% minors% for% the% benefit% of% another,% shall% be% punished% by% special% disqualification% from% filling% the% office% of%guardian.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1:%% A.%Accomplices%punished%as%principals:% Persons! mentioned! in! the! provision! who! cooperate! as! accomplices! are!punished!as!principals!in!crimes!against!chastity.! 1. Ascendants! 2. Guardians! 3. Curators! 4. Teachers! 5. Any!other!person,!who!cooperates!as!accomplice!with!abuse! of!authority!or!confidential!relationship! ! B.% “Crimes% embraced% in% chapters% second,% third% and% fourth% of% this% title”% 1. Rape! 2. Acts!of!Lasciviousness! 3. Qualified!Seduction! 4. Simple!Seduction! 5. Acts!of!lasciviousness!with!consent!of!the!offended!party!

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Corruption!of!minors! White!slave!trade! Forcible!abduction! Consented!abduction!



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TITLE%XII:%CRIMES%AGAINST%THE%CIVIL%STATUS%OF% PERSONS! !

Chapter% 1:% Simulation% of% Births% and% Usurpation% of% Civil% Status% ! Article% 347% –% Simulation% of% births,% substitution% of% one% child% for% another,%and%concealment%of%abandonment%of%a%legitimate%child.% The% simulation% of% births% and% the% substitution% of% one% child% for% another% shall% be% punished% by% prision% mayor% and% a% fine% of% not% exceeding%1,000%pesos.% % The% same% penalties% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% conceal% or% abandon% any% legitimate% child% with% intent% to% cause% such% child%to%lose%its%civil%status.% % Any% physician% or% surgeon% or% public% officer% who,% in% violation% of% the% duties% of% his% profession% or% office,% shall% cooperate% in% the% execution% of% any% of% the% crimes% mentioned% in% the% two% next% preceding% paragraphs,% shall% suffer% the% penalties% therein% prescribed% and% also% the%penalty%of%temporary%special%disqualification.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished:%(SSC)% 1. Simulation!of!births.! 2. Substitution!of!one!child!for!another.! 3. Concealing!or!abandoning!any!legitimate!child!with!intent!to! cause!such!child!to!lose!its!civil!status.! ! II.%The%object%of%the%crime% • Creation!of!false,!or!the!causing!of!the!loss!of,!civil!status.! ! III.%FIRST%ACT%PUNISHED:%Simulation%of%births% • Simulation*of*Birth!!!takes!place!when!the!woman!pretends!

to!be!pregnant!when!in!fact!she!is!not,!and!on!the!day!of!the! supposed!delivery,!takes!the!child!of!another!as!her!own.! • Woman!introduces!a!stranger!in!the!family!and!defrauds!the! legitimate!heirs.! • Those!responsible!as!principals:! 1. Woman!who!simulates!the!birth! 2. One!who!furnishes!the!child! • A! woman,! who! pretends! to! be! pregnant! and! simulates! a! birth! with! the! sole! purpose! of! belying! the! reputation! that! she!is!sterile!but!introduces!no!stranger!in!the!family,!is!not! criminally!liable.! • The!fact!that!the!child!will!be!benefited!by!the!simulation!is! not!a!defense.! ! IV.%SECOND%ACT%PUNISHED:%Substituting%one%child%for%another% • The!substitution!may!be!effected!by!placing!a!live!child!of!a! woman!in!place!of!a!dead!one!of!another!woman.! % V.%THIRD%ACT%PUNISHED:%Concealing%or%abandoning%legitimate%child% A.%Elements%(LCL)% 1. Child!must!be!legitimate! 2. Offender!conceals!or!abandons!such!child;!and! 3. Offender!has!intent!to!cause!such!child!to!lose!its!civil!status! ! B.%Other%Points% • The!child!must!be!legitimate!and!a!fully!developed!and!living! being,!as!a!child!born!not!capable!of!living!has!no!status,!nor! can!he!transmit!any!rights!whatsoever.! • Unlawful!sale!of!a!child!by!its!father!is!not!a!crime!under!this! article!as!there!is!no!abandonment.! • Abandons!!!leaving!the!child!at!a!public!place!where!other! people! may! find! it,! and! causing! the! child! to! lose! its! civil! status.! o Historical! basis! is! the! wellGknown! practice! in! Spain! where!newGborn!infants!and!very!young!children!are!



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! abandoned! at! the! door! of! hospitals,! churches! and! other!religious!institutions.!! ! VI.% Abandonment% as% crime% against% security% (Article% 276)% or% as% a% crime%against%the%civil%status%of%a%person%(Article%347):% % Article%276% Article%347% Offender% Must!be!one!with!custody!of! Any!person! the!child! Purpose% To!avoid!the!obligation!of! To!cause!the!child!to! rearing!and!caring!for!the!child! lose!its!civil!status! Note:! If! the! child! was! left! in! the! forest! after! its! birth,! the! crime! is! infanticide.! ! VII.%Liability%of%physician%or%surgeon% • A!physician,!surgeon!or!public!officer,!who!cooperates!in!the! execution! of! any! of! these! crimes! is! also! liable! if! he! acts! in! violation!of!the!duties!of!his!profession!or!office.! ! Article%348%–%Usurpation%of%civil%status% The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who%shall%usurp%the%civil%status%of%another,%should%he%do%so%for%the% purpose% of% defrauding% the% offended% party% or% his% heirs;% otherwise,% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods%shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%Usurping%the%civil%status%of%another%–%how%committed:% 1. By!assuming!the!filiation!of!another! 2. By!assuming!the!parental!or!conjugal!rights!of!another! • Usurpation!of!profession!may!be!punished!under!this!article! ! II.%Other%notes% • “Civil* Status”! !! includes! one’s! public! station,! or! the! rights,! duties,! capacities! and! incapacities! that! determine! a! person! to!a!given!class.!

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There!must!be!intent!to!enjoy!the!rights!arising!from! the! civil! status! of! another.! Otherwise,! it! would! constitute! a! violation! of! Article% 178! (assuming! or! using!fictitious!name)!or!Article%315!(estafa)! Purpose! of! defrauding! the! offended! party! qualifies! the!crime.!

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Chapter%2:%Illegal%Marriages% % Article%349%–%Bigamy% The% penalty% of% prision% mayor% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who%shall%usurp%the%civil%status%of%another,%should%he%do%so%for%the% purpose% of% defrauding% the% offended% party% or% his% heirs;% otherwise,% the% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods%shall%be%imposed.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(LNSV)% 1. That!the!offender!has!been!legally!married.! 2. That! the! marriage! has! not! been! legally! dissolved! or,! in! case! his!or!her!spouse!is!absent,!the!absent!spouse!could!not!yet! be!presumed!dead!according!to!the!Civil!Code.! 3. That!he!contracts!a!second!or!subsequent!marriage.! 4. That!the!second!or!subsequent!marriage!has!all!the!essential! requisites!for!validity.! ! II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Offender%has%been%legally%married% • Nullity!of!1st!marriage!is!not!a!defense!in!bigamy!cases! o Void!Marriages!!!See!p.!973!–!974!! o Voidable!Marriages!!!See!p.!974!–!975!! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%First%marriage%has%not%been%dissolved% • Causes! which! may! produce! the! legal! dissolution! of! the! first! marriage:! o Death!of!one!of!the!contracting!parties;!



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o Judicial!declaration!annulling!a!void!marriage;!and! o Judicial!decree!annulling!a!voidable!marriage.! The! death! of! the! 1st! spouse! during! the! pendency! of! the! bigamy!case!does!not!extinguish!the!crime! Divorce!!!sought!from!a!foreign!court!by!a!person!domiciled! in!the!Philippines!is!not!valid.! o Effect! of! divorce! obtained! abroad! by! alien! spouse:! Filipino!spouse!shall!have!capacity!to!remarry!under! Philippine!law.!(Article%26,%par.%2,%Family%Code)% Divorce* by* a* Moro* Datu! !! even! though! with! their! customs! and!usages!is!not!recognized.! Defense!has!the!burden!of!proof!of!dissolution!of!1!marriage.! “Before* the* absent* spouse* has* been* declared* presumptively* dead”! !! Contracting! subsequent! marriage! before! the! declaration! of! presumptive! death! of! the! absent! spouse! is! bigamous.!

% IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Contracts%a%subsequent%marriage% • The! 2nd! marriage! must! have! all! the! essential! requisites! for! validity.! o Validity! of! second! marriage! is! a! prejudicial! question! to!liability!for!bigamy.! o Judgment! of! annulment! of! 2nd! marriage! precludes! verdict! of! guilt! in! a! bigamy! charge.! (De! la! Cruz! v.! Ejercito)! • Who!else!may!be!liable!for!bigamy?! 1. 2nd!spouse!!!NOT!necessarily!liable!for!bigamy! 2. 2nd!husband/wife!who!knew!of!the!1st!marriage!!! ACCOMPLICE! Witness! who! falsely! vouched! for! the! capacity! of! either! of! the! contracting! parties! –! ACCOMPLICE! o But! if! the! witness! merely! attested! to! the! marriage! ceremony! and! did! not! vouch! not! assert! anything! as! to! the! personal! condition! of! the! contracting! parties! !!NOT!liable.!

! V.%Other%Notes% • Bigamy! !! is! not! a! private! crime! but! a! public! offense.! Thus! any!person!(e.g.!civicGspirited!citizen)!can!file!a!case.! • Person! convicted! of! bigamy! may! still! be! prosecuted! for! concubinage.! Bigamy% Concubinage% Offense!against!civil!status! Offense!against!chastity! Can!be!prosecuted!by!the!State! Prosecuted!only!at!the!instance! of!the!offended!party! Actus!Reus:!Celebration!of!a! Actus!Reus:!Cohabitation!of!a! subsequent!marriage!while!the! married!man/woman!with! first!was!still!subsisting! another! ! ! Article%350%–%Marriage%contracted%against%provisions%of%laws.% The% penalty% of% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% and% maximum% periods% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,% without% being% included% in% the% provisions% of% the% next% proceeding% article,% shall% contract% marriage% knowing% that% the% requirements% of% the% law% have% not% been% complied% with% or% that% the% marriage% is% in% disregard% of% a% legal%impediment.% % If% either% of% the% contracting% parties% shall% obtain% the% consent% of% the% other% by% means% of% violence,% intimidation% or% fraud,% he% shall% be% punished% by% the% maximum% period% of% the% penalty% provided% in% the% next%preceding%paragraph.% % POINTS% I.%Elements%(MK)% 1. That!the!offender!contracted!marriage;!! 2. That!he!knew!at!the!time!that!–! a. The! requirements! of! the! law! were! not! complied! with;!or! b. The!marriage!was!in!disregard!of!a!legal!impediment.!



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! ! II.%Qualifying%Circumstances%(Paragraph%2)% • Obtains! the! consent! of! the! other! by! means! of! violence,! intimidation!or!fraud! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Knew%that%(a)%or%(b)% A.%The%requirement%of%the%law%were%not%complied%with% • Requisites!for!valid!marriage!(Article%2%&%3,%Family%Code)% o Legal! capacity! of! the! contracting! parties! who! must! be!a!male!and!a!female% o Consent! freely! given! in! the! presence! of! the! solemnizing!officer.% o Authority!of!the!solemnizing!officer% o A! valid! marriage! license,! except! in! marriages! of! exceptional!cricumstances% o A!marriage!ceremony% % B.%The%marriage%was%in%disregard%of%a%legal%impediment% • Marriage!between!uncles!and!nieces!is!against!public!policy! • Undissolved!first!marriage!(People!v.!Peralta)! % IV.%Other%Notes:% • “Without! being! included! in! the! provisions! of! the! next! preceding! article”! !! The! offender! must! not! be! guilty! of! bigamy.! • Marriage! contracted! by! minors! who! had! legal! capacity! is! valid.! • Conviction! of! a! violation! of! Article% 350! involves! moral! turpitude.! ! Article%351%–%Premature%marriages% Any% widow% who% shall% marry% within% three% hundred% and% one% day% from% the% date% of% the% death% of% her% husband,% or% before% having% delivered%if%she%shall%have%been%pregnant%at%the%time%of%his%death,% shall% be% punished% by% arresto% mayor% and% a% fine% not% exceeding% 500%

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pesos.% % The% same% penalties% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% woman% whose% marriage% shall% have% been% annulled% or% dissolved,% if% she% shall% marry% before%her%delivery%or%before%the%expiration%of%the%period%of%three% hundred%and%one%day%after%the%legal%separation.% % POINTS% I.%Persons%liable%for%premature%marriages:% 1. Widow! !! marries! within! 301! days! from! the! date! of! the! death! of! her! husband,! or! before! having! delivered! if! she! is! pregnant!at!the!time!of!his!death.! 2. Woman! !! 1st! marriage! having! been! annulled! or! dissolved,! marries! before! her! delivery! or! before! the! expiration! of! the! 301Gday!period!after!the!date!of!the!legal!separation.! ! II.%Other%Details% • 301! days! !! ordinary! duration! of! pregnancy! is! nine! months! and!some!days.! • Intent! !! to! prevent! confusion! as! regards! filiation! and! paternity! of! a! child! in! case! a! widow! might! have! conceived! and!become!pregnant!by!her!late!husband.! • 301Gday! rule! may! be! disregarded! if! the! 1st! husband! was! impotent!or!sterile.! • 301Gday! rule! important! only! for! cases! where! the! woman! is! NOT! pregnant! (or! was! not! known! to! be! pregnant;! thus,! the! rule!admits!the!possibility!of!pregnancy)! • Purpose! of! the! law! in! punishing! premature! marriages! is! to! prevent!doubtful!paternity.! ! Article%352%–%Performance%of%illegal%marriage%ceremony.% Priests% or% ministers% of% any% religious% denomination% or% sect,% or% civil% authorities% who% shall% perform% or% authorize% any% illegal% marriage% ceremony% shall% be% punished% in% accordance% with% the% provisions% of% the%Marriage%Law.%



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! % POINTS% I.%Offender%% • Offender!under!Article%352!must!be!authorized!to!solemnize! marriages.! • Offender!is!punished!under!the!Marriage!Law.! o Penalty! –! imprisonment! for! not! less! than! 1! month! nor! more! than! 2! years,! or! a! fine! not! less! than! P200! not! more! than! P2,000! (Sec.% 39,% Act% No.% 3613,% Marriage%Law)% • Clergyman! who! performed! marriage! ceremony,! NOT! knowing! the! minority! of! one! of! the! contracting! parties! is! NOT!LIABLE.!


CRIMINAL(LAW(II(REVIEWER( (

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TITLE%XIII:%CRIMES%AGAINST%HONOR!

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Chapter%1:%Libel% ! Section%1%–%Definition,%forms,%and%punishment%of%the%crime% % Article%353%–%Definition%of%libel% A%libel%is%a%public%and%malicious%imputation%of%a%crime,%or%of%a%vice% or%defect,%real%or%imaginary,%or%any%act%omission,%condition,%status,% or% circumstance% tending% to% cause% the% dishonor,% discredit,% or% contempt%of%a%natural%or%juridical%person,%or%to%blacken%the%memory% of%one%who%is%dead.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(PMIPD)% 1. That!there!must!be!an!imputation!of!a!crime,!or!of!a!vice!or! defect,! real! or! imaginary,! or! any! act,! omission,! condition,! status,!or!circumstances.! 2. That!the!imputation!must!be!made!publicly.! 3. That!it!must!be!malicious.! 4. That!the!imputation!must!be!directed!at!a!natural!or!juridical! person,!or!one!who!is!dead.! 5. That! the! imputation! must! tend! to! cause! the! dishonor,! discredit!or!contempt!of!the!person!defamed.! ! II.%Definitions:% • Defamation! !! the! offense! of! injuring! a! person’s! character,! fame,!or!reputation!through!false!and!malicious!statements.! o It! is! an! invasion! of! a! relationship! interest! since! it! involves!the!opinion!which!others!in!the!community! may!have,!or!tend!to!have,!of!the!plaintiff.! • Libel! !! Defamation! committed! by! means! of! writing,! printing,!lithography,!engraving,!radio,!phonograph,!painting,! or! theatrical! or! cinematographic! exhibition,! or! any! similar! means.!Oral!defamation!is!called!slander.! (

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Is!there!a!distinction!between!calumny,!insult!and!libel?!No,! the! RPC! punishes! all! kinds! of! attack! against! honor! and! reputation.! Seditious1 libel! !! punished! in! Article% 142.! Difference! is! the! nature! of! the! imputation.! In! seditious! libel,! one! is! punished! if:! a. Incites! others! to! the! accomplishment! of! any! of! the! acts!which!constitute!sedition!by!means!of!speeches,! proclamations,!writings,!emblems,!etc.! b. Uttering! seditious! words! or! speeches! which! tend! to! disturb!the!public!peace! c. Writing,! publishing,! or! circulating! scurrilous! libels! against! the! Government! or! any! of! the! duly! constituted! authorities! thereof,! which! tend! to! disturb!public!peace.! Reason1 for1 punishment! !! The! enjoyment! of! a! private! reputation! is! as! much! as! a! constitutional! right! as! the! possession!of!life,!liberty!or!property.!

% III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%There%is%an%imputation% A.%Imputation%of%a%Criminal%Act% When%is%it%not%libelous?% • Imputation!of!criminal!intention!is!not!libelous.!A!will!rape!B,! is!not!libelous,!it!is!a!mere!assertion/!expression!of!opinion.! (People!v.!Baja)! • An! expression! of! opinion! by! one! affected! by! the! act! of! another!based!on!actual!fact!is!not!libelous.!A!expressed!his! opinion!that!the!partition!is!not!fair!since!his!wife!had!been! deprived!of!her!share!is!not!libelous.!(People!v.!Baja)! • When!the!communication!was!made!in!the!performance!of!a! “legal,!moral,!or!social!duty”.!A,!an!employee,!writes!a!letter! to! the! Director! of! printing! that! the! resources! of! the! Bureau! of! Printing! is! misappropriated! because! they! printed! cards! and! other! papers! for! college! students! not! part! of! the! Bureau’s!function.!Defendant!had!no!“legal,!moral,!or!social!



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duty”.!(Orfanel!v.!People)! o Note:! He! was! not! able! to! prove! such! claims! other! than!his!statement.! When%is%it%libelous?% • Writing! an! article! that! portrays! the! offended! party! as! a! swindler,!who!prior!to!his!election!to!office,!collected!money! through! fraud! and! deceit,! after! which! constructed! a! house,! imputes!the!commission!of!estafa.!(People!v.!Bailo)! • Branding! somebody! as! having! murdered! his! brotherWinWlaw! and! enriching! himself,! voteWbuying! because! of! the! influence! of! brotherWinWlaw! can! also! be! prosecuted! under! this! article.! (People!v.!Dianalan)! • It! can! also! apply! if! the! imputation! is! implied.! A! confronted! the! complainant! B! that! she! was! the! only! one! who! approached! her! table! and! as! soon! as! B! left,! the! money! disappeared.!Such!statements!were!made!in!a!loud!voice!in! the!presence!of!many!persons!subjecting!the!offended!party! to!embarrassment.!De!Guzman!v.!People! ! B.%Imputation%of%a%Vice%or%Act% • An! article! which! imputes! upon! the! person! mentioned! as! having! lascivious! and! immoral! habits,! which! tends! to! discredit!a!person.!(People!v.!Suarez)! ! C.%Imputation%of%an%Act%or%Omission% • An!Article!published!in!the!Philippine!Herald!which!says!that! the! offended! party! to! borrow! money! without! intention! to! pay;!and!ordered!to!have!his!teeth!fixed!without!paying!the! fees,!is!defamatory.!(People!v.!Tolentino)! ! D.%Imputation%of%Condition,%Status%or%Circumstance% • Calling!a!person!a!bastard!or!leper! • Publishing! an! Article! which! contains,! “coward,! vile! soul,! dirtysucker,! savage,! hog! who! always! looks! toward! the! ground”.!(U.S.!v.!Ortiz)!

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% E.%Test%of%defamatory%character%of%the%words%used:% 1. If!the!words!are!calculated!to!induce!the!hearers!to!suppose! and! understand! that! the! person! against! whom! they! were! uttered! was! guilty! of! certain! offenses,! or! are! sufficient! to! impeach!his!honesty,!virtue!or!reputation,!or!to!hold!him!up! to!public!ridicule.!(U.S.!v.!O’Connell)! 2. Generally,! it! must! be! defamatory,! malicious,! made! with! publicity!and!the!victim!is!identifiable.! 3. Meaning!of!the!writer!is!immaterial,!what!is!being!tested!is!if! the!mean!of!the!words!in!fact!conveyed!on!the!minds!of!the! persons!of!reasonable!understanding,!discretion!and!candor,! taking! into! consideration! the! surrounding! circumstances! which! were! known! to! the! hearer! or! reader.! (People! v.! Encarnacion)! 4. Whether!or!not!it!is!libelous!depends!upon!the!scope,!spirit! and!motive!of!the!publication!taken!in!its!entirety.!(Imperial,! et!al.!v.!The!Manila!Publishing!Co.)! 5. A!defamation!is!alleged!to!have!been!directed!at!a!group!or! class,!it!is!essential!that!the!statement!must!be!so!sweeping! or!allWembracing!as!to!apply!to!every!individual!in!that!group! or!class,!or!sufficiently!specific!so!that!each!individual!in!the! class! or! group! can! prove! that! the! defamatory! statement! specifically! pointed! to! him,! so! that! he! can! bring! the! action! separately,! if! need! be.! Otherwise! the! claim! cannot! prosper.! (MVRS! Publications! v.! Islamic! Da’wah! Council);! see! also! (Newsweek,!Inc.!v.!Intermediate!Appellate!Court)! ! • Innuendo! !! A! clause! in! the! indictment! or! other! pleading! containing! an! averment! which! is! explanatory! of! some! preceding!word!or!statement.! o Example:!The!innuendo!of!the!statement,!“A!burned! down!his!house”,!can!be!shown!by!pleading!that!the! statement! was! understood! to! mean! that! David! was! defrauding!his!insurance!company.!


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Criminal! and! civil! action! for! damages! in! cases! of! written! defamations!shall!be!filed!simultaneously!or!separately!with! the!RTC!to!the!exclusion!of!all!other!courts;!The!grant!to!the! Sandiganbayan! of! jurisdiction! over! offenses! committed! in! relation! to! (public)! office! did! not! divest! the! RTC! of! its! exclusive! and! original! jurisdiction! to! try! written! defamation! cases! regardless! of! whether! the! offense! is! committed! in! relation! to! office.! An! express! repeal! or! modification! of! the! provision!in!the!RPC!vesting!in!the!RTC!original!jurisdiction!is! necessary.!People!v.!Benipayo!(De!Castro)!

! IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Publication% • Publication! !! is! the! communication! of! the! defamatory! matter!to!some!third!person!or!third!persons! Example! o Delivering! the! article! to! the! typesetter! is! sufficient! publication.!(U.S.!v.!Crame)! o Writing! a! letter! to! another! person! other! than! the! person! defamed! is! sufficient! to! constitute! publication.!(Orfanel!v.!People)! o Sending! a! sealed! envelope! through! a! messenger! is! not!publication.!(Lopez!v.!Delgado)! o However,! if! the! letter! is! not! shown! to! be! sealed,! it! equates!to!be!a!publication.!(U.S.!v.!Grino)! ! V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Malicious% • Malice! !! term! used! to! indicate! that! the! offender! is! prompted! by! personal! illWwill! or! spite! and! speaks! not! in! response!to!duty,!but!merely!to!injure!the!reputation!of!the! person!defamed.! ! A.%Kinds%of%Malice:% 1. Malice! in! Fact! !! This! refers! to! malice! as! a! fact! (Acts).! The! presence! and! existence! of! personal! illWwill! or! spite! may! still! appear! even! if! the! statement! is! not! defamatory.! So,! where!

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the!defamatory!acts!may!be!presumed!from!the!publication! of! the! defamatory! acts! imputed! refer! to! the! private! life! of! the!individual,!malice!may!be!presumed!from!the!publication! of! the! defamatory! statement! because! no! one! has! a! right! to! invade!another’s!privacy.! o “Proving!malice!of!fact”!(Extrinsic!Evidence)! i. That! the! defendant! bore! a! grudge! against! the!offended!party;! ii. That! there! was! a! rivalry! or! illWfeeling! between! them! which! existed! at! the! date! of! the!publication;! iii. Intention! to! injure! the! reputation! of! the! offended!party.! Example:! o Republication!of!a!defamatory!matter!subsequent!to! the!commencement!of!an!action!(U.S.!v.!Montalvo)! 2. Malice! in! Law! !! assumed! and! is! inferred! from! the! defamatory!character!of!an!imputation.!The!presumption!of! malice! attaches! to! the! defamatory! statement! especially! if! it! appears! to! be! insulting! per! se.! The! law! presumes! that! the! defamer! made! the! imputation! without! good! intention! or! justifiable!motive.! % B.% How% to% overcome% the% presumption% of% malice.% The% presumption% of%malice%is%rebutted%by%showing:% 1. That!the!accused!published!the!defamatory!imputation!with! good!intention;! 2. That!there!is!justifiable!motive!for!making!it;! 3. That!the!communication!made!is!privileged;!and! 4. Accused!must!prove!the!truth!of!the!defamatory!imputation! in!those!cases!wherein!truth!is!a!defense.! Note:! In! the! interchange! of! captions! of! pictures! made! by! mistake,!the!Supreme!Court!(in!Lopez!v.!CA)!said!that!such!is!not! a!defense!sufficient!to!overcome!the!presumption!of!malice.! !



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C.%Defense%on%presumption% • The! fact! that! a! communication! is! privileged! is! not! a! proper! ground! for! the! dismissal! of! a! complaint! for! libel.! In! the! first! place,! it! is! a! matter! of! defense.! Secondly,! the! fact! that! a! communication! is! privileged! does! not! mean! that! it! is! not! actionable.! The! privileged! character! simply! does! away! with! the! presumption! of! malice! which! the! prosecution! has! to! prove!in!such!a!case.!(Lu!Chu!Sing,!et!al.,!v.!Lu!Tiong!Gui)! • Libel!in!answer!to!another!libel!is!not!a!defense.!(Pellicena!v.! Gonzales)! • If!the!defamatory!imputation!is!in!the!nature!of!selfWdefense! under! Article% 11% of% the% Revised% Penal% Code! such! that! the! publication! was! done! in! good! faith,! without! malice! and! just! adequate! enough! to! protect! his! good! name,! the! statement! may!be!considered!privileged.!(People!v.!Baja!and!People!v.! Mendoza)! o However!retaliation!or!vindictiveness!cannot!be!selfW! defense.!(People!v.!Rayo;!see!also!People!v.!Pelay)! o RULE:!The!statement!made!must!be!a!fair!answer!to! the!libel!made!and!must!be!related!to!the!imputation! made,!it!must!not!be!unnecessarily!libelous.! • For!libel!filed!by!public!officers,!truth!is!a!defense.! % VI.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Person%libeled%must%be%identified.% • The!publication!need!not!refer!by!name!to!the!libeled!party.! If! not! named! it! must! be! shown! that! the! description! of! the! person! referred! to! in! the! defamatory! publication! was! sufficiently! clear! so! that! at! least! a! third! person! would! have! identified!the!plaintiff.! • Libel! in! different! parts! may! be! taken! together! to! establish! the! identification! of! the! offended! party.! For! instance,! the! first! publication! contains! words! and! phrases! which! are! defamatory,! and! the! second! publication! are! caricatures! by! name!and!attached!are!defamatory!words!and!phrases.!(U.S.! v.!Sotto)!

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When!a!libel!is!addressed!to!several!persons,!unless!they!are! identified!in!the!same!libel,!even!if!there!are!several!persons! offended! by! the! libelous! utterance! or! statement,! there! will! only!be!one!count!of!libel.!For!instance,!“You,!Merra!lawyers,! are! stealers! xxx! shameless! xxx! impolite”,! there! can! only! be! one!offense.!(People!v.!Aquino)! If!the!offended!parties!in!the!libel!were!distinctly!identified,! even! though! the! libel! was! committed! at! one! and! the! same! time,! there! will! be! as! many! libels! as! there! are! persons! dishonored.! For! instance,! the! slanderous! utterances! were! committed! on! the! same! date! and! at! the! same! place! but! against! two! different! and! identifiable! persons,! there! are! as! many! offenses! as! there! were! persons! defamed.! (People! v.! Del!Rosario;!see!also!People!v.!Gil,!et!al.)! One! is! liable! for! publication! of! defamatory! words! against! another! although! he! is! only! repeating! what! he! heard! and! names!the!source!of!his!information.!A!person!who!repeats!a! slander!or!libelous!publication!heard!or!read!from!another!is! presumed!to!indorse!it.!(People!v.!Salumbides!&!Reanzares)! Editor! or! manager! of! a! newspaper,! who! has! active! charge! and! control! of! its! management,! conduct,! and! policy,! generally!is!held!to!be!equally!liable!with!the!owner!for!the! publication!therein!of!a!libelous!article.!(Tulfo!v.!People)!!

! VII.%FIFTH%REQUISITE:%It%must%tend%to%cause%dishonor,%discredit,%etc.% • The!intention!of!the!offender!in!publishing!was!to!discredit,! dishonor!or!contempt!the!person!allegedly!libeled.! o Dishonor!!!disgrace,!shame,!or!ignominy.! o Discredit!!!loss!of!credit!or!reputation! o Contempt!!!state!of!being!despised! o To!blacken!the!memory!of!one!who!is!dead! ! VIII.%Rule%on%Public%Officer:% • Under!our!libel!law,!defamatory!remarks!against!government! employees! with! respect! to! facts! related! to! the! discharge! of!



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their! official! duties! will! not! constitute! libel,! if! defendant! is! able!to!prove!the!truth!of!the!imputations.!But!any!attack!on! the!private!character!of!the!officer!on!matters!which!are!not! related! to! the! discharge! of! his! official! functions! may! constitute!libel!since!under!our!laws,!the!right!of!the!press!to! criticize! public! officers! does! not! authorize! defamation.! (U.S.! v.!Bustos,!supra;!Sazon!v.!Court!of!Appeals)! Where! malice! cannot! be! inferred! from! false! defamatory! statements,! the! ruling! appears! to! be! the! true! only! if! the! offended! party! is! a! government! employee,! with! respect! to! facts!related!to!the!discharge!of!his!official!duties.!With!this! jurisprudence,! it! should! now! be! emphasized! that! ‘actual! malice”!is!now!required!to!be!proven.!It!is!enough!to!rely!on! presumed! malice! in! libel! cases! involving! a! public! official! or! public!figure.!(N.Y.!Times!v.!Sullivan)! Burden! of! proof! is! on! the! plaintiff! to! prove! libel,! but! must! also! prove! that! there! was! malice! by! clear! and! convincing! evidence.! o Be! mindful! of! burden! of! proof! and! burden! of! evidence.!! “Criticism%v.%defamation”! o Criticism!!!Deals!only!with!such!things!as!shall!invite! public! attention! or! call! for! public! comment.! The! attack! is! on! the! fabric! of! his! statesmanship! not! his! person!or!the!man!himself.! o Defamation!!!Delves!into!his!private!life!which!has! no! connection! with! the! performance! of! his! public! duties! and! falsely! charges! him! with! evil! motives,! clearly! designed! to! destroy! his! reputation! or! besmirch!his!name.! Conduct! or! acts! of! public! officers! which! are! related! to! the! discharge! of! their! official! duties! are! matters! of! public! interest.! Being! of! public! interest! is! a! common! property;! hence!anybody!may!express!an!opinion!about!it.!

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Article%354%–%Requirement%for%publicity% Every%defamatory%imputation%is%presumed%to%be%malicious,%even%if% it%be%true,%if%no%good%intention%and%justifiable%motive%for%making%it% is%shown%except%in%the%following%cases:% 1. A%private%communication%made%by%any%person%to%another%in% the%performance%of%any%legal,%moral,%or%social%duty.% 2. A% fair% and% true% report,% made% in% good% faith,% without% any% comments% or% remarks,% of% any% judicial,% legislative,% or% other% official%proceeding%which%are%not%of%confidential%nature,%or% of% any% statement,% report,% or% speech% delivered% in% said% proceedings,% or% og% any% other% act% performed% by% public% officers%in%the%exercise%of%their%functions.% % POINTS% I.%Malice%in%Law% A.% General% Rule:% Malice! is! presumed! inherent! in! every! defamatory! statement! % B.%Exception:%Privileged%Communication% 1. Private! communications! made! by! any! person! to! another! in! the!performance!of!any!legal,!moral!or!social!duty.! 2. A! fair! and! true! report,! made! in! good! faith,! without! any! comments! or! remarks,! of! any! judicial,! legislative,! or! other! official! proceedings! which! are! not! of! confidential! nature,! or! of! any! statement,! report,! or! speech! delivered! in! said! proceedings,!or!of!any!other!act!performed!by!public!officers! in!the!exercise!of!their!functions.! ! II.%Kinds%of%Privileged%Communication:% A.% Absolute! !! not! actionable,! even! if! its! author! had! acted! in! bad! faith!BUT!is!lost!upon!proof!of!malice!(in!fact).! • Official! communications! made! by! members! of! congress! in! the!discharge!of!their!functions!as!such.! • Answers! of! the! witnesses! in! reply! to! the! questions! propounded! to! them,! during! the! hearing! of! judicial!



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proceedings,! provided! that! said! allegations! or! statements! are!relevant!to!the!questions!asked.! Limited! to! the! legislative,! judicial! and! other! acts! of! state,! including! communications! made! in! the! discharge! of! a! duty! under! express! authority! of! law,! heads! of! executive! departments,!foreign!relations!and!military!affairs.! It!does!not!cover!those!engaged!in!public!service,!enactment! or!administration!of!law,!as!well!as!to!jurors,!and!lawyers.!

! B.% Conditional% or% Qualified% !! although! containing! defamatory! imputations,! would! not! be! actionable! unless! made! with! malice! or! bad!faith.! • If! the! case! is! not! covered! by! absolute! privilege,! it! may! be! tested!in!light!of!the!qualified!privilege!extended!to!a!private! communication! made! by! any! person! to! another! in! the! performance!of!any!legal,!moral!or!social!duty.! • The!reason!for!privileged!communication!is!on!the!ground!of! public! policy,! the! welfare! of! society! and! orderly! administration! of! the! government! which! demanded! protection!from!public!opinion.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%1:%LEGAL,%MORAL%OR%SOCIAL%DUTY% % I. Elements:%(DOG)% 1. That! the! person! who! made! the! communication! had! a! legal,! moral!or!social!duty!to!make!the!communication,!or,!at!least,! he!had!an!interest!to!be!upheld;! 2. That! the! [private]! communication! is! addressed! to! an! officer! or! a! board,! or! superior,! having! some! interest! or! duty! in! the! matter;! 3. That!the!statements!in!the!communication!are!made!in!good! faith!without!malice!(in!fact).! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%“Performance%of%a%legal,%moral%or%social%duty”% 1. Legal% Duty% !! it! presupposes! a! provision! of! law! conferring!

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upon! the! accused! the! duty! to! communicate.! Absent! such! provision,!privilege!would!not!apply.!(People!v.!Hogan)! o A!communication!sent!by!an!official!to!his!immediate! superior,! using! somewhat! harsh! and! uncalled! for! language,! discussing! an! indorsement! sent! to! him! by! his! superior! is! considered! a! privileged! communication.!(Deano!v.!Godinez)! o An!administratrix!of!the!estate!of!a!deceased!filed!an! objection! with! the! commissioners,! wherein! the! defendant! made! statements! which! reflected! upon! the! virtue,! honor! and! reputation! of! the! plaintiff,! is! also!privileged.!(Zurbito!v.!Bayot)! 2. Moral% Duty% !! depends! upon! the! relationship! between! the! giver! and! receiver! of! the! communication;! and! whether! said! communication!is!voluntarily!given!out.! o Complaint!in!good!faith!made!against!a!priest!to!his! superior! allegedly! for! drunkenness,! taking! indecent! liberties!of!women,!illicit!relationship!with!a!woman,! is! considered! as! privilege.! Members! of! a! religious! organization! have! a! moral! duty! to! bring! to! the! attention! of! church! authorities! misbehavior! of! their! spiritual!leader.!(People!v.!Canete)! o The! key! point! here! is! the! relationship.! A! wrote! a! letter!to!Caltex!using!libelous!language,!he!admitted! that! he! is! neither! connected! with! the! company! nor! was! answering! to! a! query,! the! privilege! cannot! be! awarded.!(People!v.!Hogan)! 3. Social% Duty! !! It! is! dependent! upon! the! relationship;! however,! the! character! must! be! social.! There! must! be! a! social!duty!to!perform.! o Complaint! against! a! teacher! was! addressed! to! the! principal! is! privileged! communication.! (People! v.! Fabia)! ! III.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Private%communication%to%superior%



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“Private! communication”! !! the! law! recognizes! the! right! of! an! individual! to! enjoy! immunity! from! publication! of! untruthful! charges! derogatory! to! his! character! is! not! absolute!and!must!at!times!yield!to!the!superior!necessity!of! subjecting! to! investigation! the! conduct! of! persons! charged! with!wrongdoing.! When! o In!the!performance!of!any!legal,!moral!or!social!duty.! o It! is! the! duty! and! right! of! a! citizen! to! make! a! complaint! of! any! misconduct! on! the! part! of! public! charged! with! the! supervision! over! them,! unless! it! appears! that! the! charges! made! were! made! maliciously! and! without! any! reasonable! ground! for! believing!them!to!be!true.!(U.S.!v.!Galeza)! o An! accusation! made! in! a! public! meeting! is! not! a! private!communication!(People!v.!Jaring)! Form! o Not!necessarily!a!private!document;!may!also!be!in!a! public!document,!like!an!affidavit.!(People!v.!Cantos)! o The! privilege! communication! covers! also! complaints! against! individuals! who! are! not! public! officers,! like! the!priests.!(U.S.!v.!Canete)! Addressed%to%whom% o Must! be! addressed! to! an! officer! or! superior! having! some!interest!or!duty!in!the!matter.!Sending!a!letter! to!a!coW!counselor!therefore!is!not!permissible,!since! he! may! have! brought! such! claims! in! open! session.! (People!v.!Pelayo)! o If! a! party! applies! to! a! wrong! person! through! an! honest! mistake,! such! intentional! error! will! not! take! the!case!out!of!privilege.!(U.S.!v.!Bustos)!

! IV.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Made%in%good%faith%without%malice% • Unnecessary! publicity! destroys! good! faith.! When! a! copy! of! the! privileged! communication! is! sent! to! a! newspaper!

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publication.!(People!v.!Cruz)! Executing!an!affidavit!alleging!that!the!judge!did!not!give!her! the!benefit!check!because!she!did!not!give!him!a!share,!and! showing!it!to!other!people!is!not!privileged.!(U.S.!v.!Sotto)!

% V.%Privilege%as%a%defense% • General% Rule! !! it! is! incumbent! upon! the! accused,! as! a! matter!of!defense,!to!establish!such!privilege.! • Exceptions:! 1. Except!when!such!publication!is!made!to!show!the!abuse!of! power!that!a!judge!made.!The!material!stated!that!the!judge! of! the! case! boards! in! the! house! of! the! defendant! and! uses! one! of! the! cars! of! the! defendant’s! son! at! his! convenience.! (Lu!Chu!Sing,!et!al.!v.!Lu!Tiong!Gui)! 2. When! in! the! information! itself! it! appears! that! the! communication! alleged! to! be! libelous! is! contained! in! an! appropriate! pleading! in! a! court! proceeding,! the! privilege! becomes!at!one!apparent!and!defendant!need!not!wait!until! the! trial! and! produce! evidence! before! he! can! raise! the! question! of! privilege.! However! the! imputations! must! be! really!pertinent!and!relevant!to!the!plea!for!reconsideration.! (Smith,!Bell!&!Co.!v.!Ellis)! o Note:!Pleadings!are!presumed!to!contain!allegations! and! assertions! lawful! and! legal! in! nature,! which! is! presumed!to!be!in!good!faith,!but!it!will!be!under!the! scrutiny!of!courts.!Cuenco!v.!Cuenco! 3. If! the! matter! is! of! irrelevant! and! impropriety! then! it! cannot! be!considered!as!absolute!privileged.!(People!v.!Andres)! 4. If!statements!are!false!but!there!is!probable!cause!for!belief! in! their! truthfulness! and! the! charge! is! made! in! good! faith,! but!it!must!be!made!under!an!honest!sense!of!duty,!then!it! may!fall!under!the!privilege.!(U.S.!v.!Bustos)! o Example:!34!citizens!sent!a!petition!to!the!Executive! Secretary! for! the! removal! of! a! judge! with! malfeasance! in! office.! The! judge! was! acquitted! and!



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filed! charges.! The! court! held! that! these! are! not! simple! accusations! published! in! the! press,! but! of! charges! predicated! on! affidavits! made! to! a! proper! official.! ____________________% PARAGRAPH%2:%FAIR%AND%TRUE%REPORT% % I.%Elements%(FRNcGW)% 1. That! it! is! a! fair! and! true! report! of! a! judicial,! legislative,! or! other! official! proceedings! which! are! not! of! confidential! nature,!or!of!a!statement,!report!or!speech!delivered!in!said! proceedings,! or! of! any! other! act! performed! by! a! public! officer!in!the!exercise!of!his!functions;! 2. That!it!is!made!in!good!faith;!and! 3. That!it!is!without!any!comments!or!remarks.! Note:! If! all! these! requirements! are! present,! the! person! who! makes!the!report!is!not!guilty!of!libel.! % II.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Report%of%noncconfidential%proceeding%or%act% A.%“Fair%and%true”% • Fair! and! true! when! it! is! only! a! narration! of! what! had! taken! place,!even!if!it!is!libelous!and!even!if!some!errors!had!been! committed!in!the!process!of!publication.!(People!v.!Roble)! • Not! fair! and! true! when! the! report! of! the! complaint! is! contrary!to!the!report!made.!(Macleod!v.!Phil.!Pub.!Co.)!! ! B.%%“Proceedings”%% • Judicial! o True! report! of! judicial! proceedings! is! privileged.! Prosecution!must!show!malice!(U.S.!v.!Perfecto)! o Allegations! and! averments! in! pleadings! are! absolutely! privileged! only! insofar! as! they! are! relevant! or! pertinent! to! the! issue.! In! an! affidavit! to! support! by! a! widow,! containing! libelous! charge! that! the! widow! had! been! sustaining! illicit! relations! with!

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one! of! her! material! witnesses! is! privilege! since! it! is! relevant.!(Tupas!v.!Parreno).!However!in!a!collection! for!professional!fees!and!it!alleged!that!the!offended! party! evaded! his! obligations! and! disgusted! by! his! creditors! were! held! to! be! impertinent! and! unnecessary.!(Montenegro!v.!Medina)! o An!action!for!libel!on!a!defamatory!matter!uttered!in! the! course! of! a! judicial! proceeding! might! be! instituted!even!if!the!defamatory!matter!had!not!yet! been! stricken! out! of! record.! An! action! for! libel! accrues!from!the!date!of!the!publication.! o Parties,! counsels,! and! witnesses! are! exempted! from! liability! in! libel! or! slander! for! words! otherwise! defamatory! published! in! the! course! of! judicial! proceedings,! provided! that! the! statement! are! pertinent!or!relevant!to!the!case.!(Santiago!v.!Calvo).! However!defamation!by!a!client!against!his!lawyer!(a! third! person,! since! there! is! no! principal! –! agent! relationship)! prior! to! the! judicial! proceeding,! such! privilege!is!not!applicable.!(People!v.!Fernandez)! Legislative! o Congressional!proceedings! o A! reporter! can! publish! records! of! the! proceedings,! provided! that! he! does! not! give! any! comment! or! remark! thereon! and! such! is! not! of! confidential! nature.! Other!official!proceedings! o Official! proceedings! by! other! public! officers! in! the! exercise! of! their! function.! Example:! Mayor,! City/Provincial!councils.!

! C.%“Not%of%confidential%nature”% • When! not! forbidden! by! the! court! for! publication! in! the! interest! of! morality! or! decency! (Sec.% 2,% Rule% 135,% Rules% of% Court)%



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Proceedings! for! disbarment! of! attorneys! are! private! and! confidential,! except! the! final! order! of! the! court! which! may! be!made!in!public.!(Sec.%10,%Rule%139,%Rules%of%Court)% Limited! to! cases! in! which! the! right! of! access! is! secured! by! law,!and!in!which!the!purpose!and!object!of!the!law!is!to!give! publicity! to! the! contents! of! the! record! or! document! in! the! interest,!or!for!the!protection,!of!the!public!generally.!(U.S.!v.! Santos)!

! III.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%“Without%comments%or%remarks”% • Doctrine% of% Fair% Comment:! While! every! false! imputation! is! deemed! malicious,! nevertheless,! when! the! discreditable! imputation! is! directed1 against1 a1 public1 person1 in1 his1 public1 capacity,1it1is1not1necessarily1actionable.! • A!public!officer!must!not!be!too!thinWskilled!with!reference!to! comment! upon! his! official! acts.! Only! thus,! can! the! intelligence!and!dignity!of!the!individual!be!exalted.! • The!accused!published!the!following!statement,!“The!people! will!know!because!to!his!dying!day!Ganzon!will!not!live!down! this! incident! where! while! the! nation! mourned! the! death! of! Magsaysay,! he,! Ganzon! rejoiced! in! the! same! way! that! buzzards! and! coyotes! rejoice! over! the! same! thing”.! The! accused! should! have! stopped! at! reciting! the! facts! only.! (People!v.!Rico)! ! Article%355%–%Requirement%for%publicity% A% libel% committed% by% means% of% writing,% printing,% lithography,% engraving,% radio,% phonograph,% painting,% theatrical% exhibition,% cinematographic% exhibition,% or% any% similar% means,% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 6,000% pesos,% or% both,% in% addition%to%the%civil%action%which%may%be%brought%by%the%offended% party.% % POINTS%

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I.%Article%355%gives%the%court%the%discretion%to%impose%the%penalty%of% imprisonment%or%fine%or%both%for%the%crime%of%libel% • Notwithstanding!this,!a!civil!action!for!damages!may!be!filed! simultaneously!or!separately!with!the!criminal!action.! % II.%Libel%may%be%committed%by%means%of:% 1. Writing! 2. Printing! 3. Lithography! 4. Engraving! 5. Radio! 6. Photograph! 7. Painting! 8. Theatrical!exhibition! 9. Cinematographic!exhibition! 10. Any!similar!means! ! III.%Case%law%on%the%matter:% 1. In! the! enumeration! above,! television! is! not! included,! probably! because! at! the! time! the! Revised! Penal! Code! was! conceived,! television! had! not! yet! been! invented.! However,! the! law! provides,! “or! any! similar! means”! which! easily! qualifies! television! is! such! species! or! category.! (People! v.! Casten,!C.A.)! 2. Defamation! through! amplifier! is! not! libel! but! oral! defamation.! The! character! of! the! enumerations! have! their! permanent! nature! as! a! means! of! publication,! an! amplifier! does!not!have!such!characteristic.!(People!v.!Santiago)! 3. When!coupled!with!threats:!Mainly!case!to!case!basis,!but!if! the! offense! committed! is! clearly! and! principally! that! of! threats! and! that! the! statements! derogatory! to! a! person! named!do!not!constitute!an!independent!crime!of!libel.!It!is! considered!as!part!of!the!more!important!offense!of!threats.! (People!v.!Yebra)! Article% 356% –% Threatening% to% publish% and% offer% to% present% such%



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publication%for%a%compensation% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%from%200%to%2,000%pesos,%or% both,%shall%be%imposed%upon%any%person%who%threatens%another%to% publish% a% libel% concerning% him% or% the% parents,% spouse,% child,% or% other% members% of% the% family% of% the% latter% or% upon% anyone% who% shall% offer% to% prevent% the% publication% of% such% libel% for% a% compensation%or%money%consideration.% % POINTS% I.%Acts%punished:% 1. Threatening!another!to!publish!a!libel!concerning!him,!or!his! parents,!spouse,!child,!or!other!members!of!his!family! 2. Offering! to! prevent! the! publication! of! such! libel! for! compensation!or!money!consideration! ! II.%Blackmail:% • Blackmail! !! in! its! metaphorical! sense,! blackmail! may! be! defined! as! any! unlawful! extortion! of! money! by! threats! of! accusation! or! exposure.! Two! words! are! expressive! of! the! crime!–!hush!money.!(US!v.!Eguia)! o It! involves! the! unlawful! extortion! of! money! by! appealing! to! the! fear! of! the! victim,! through! threats! of! accusation! or! exposure.! It! contemplates! of! two! offenses:!a!threat!to!establish!a!libel!and!an!offer!to! prevent!such!publication.!The!gravamen!of!the!crime! is! the! intent! to! extort! money! or! other! things! of! value.! o Example:! A! threatened! to! publish! in! a! weekly! periodical,!certain!letters,!amorous!in!nation,!written! by!a!married!woman!and!addressed!by!her!to!a!man,! not!her!husband,!unless!she!pays!4k!to!them! • Blackmail! is! possible! in! (1)! light! threats! under! Article% 283;! and! (2)! threatening! to! publish,! or! offering! to! prevent! the! publication!of,!a!libel!for!compensation,!under!Article%356.! Article%357%–%Prohibited%publication%of%acts%referred%to%in%the%course%

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of%official%proceedings% The%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%or%a%fine%of%from%20%to%2,000%pesos,%or% both,% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% reporter,% editor% or% manager% or% a% newspaper,% daily% or% magazine,% who% shall% publish% facts% connected% with% the% private% life% of% another% and% offensive% to% the% honor,% virtue% and% reputation% of% said% person,% even% though% said% publication% be% made%in%connection%with%or%under%the%pretext%that%it%is%necessary%in% the%narration%of%any%judicial%or%administrative%proceedings%wherein% such%facts%have%been%mentioned.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(ROP)% 1. That! the! offender! is! a! reporter,! editor! or! manager! of! a! newspaper,!daily!or!magazine.! 2. That! he! publishes! facts! connected! with! the! private! life! of! another.! 3. That! such! facts! are! offensive! to! the! honor,! virtue! and! reputation!of!said!person.! Note:%Applicable!even!if!the!facts!involved!are!in!official!proceedings.! % II.%The%Gag%Law%requires%two%concurring%things%for%a%violation:% 1. Article! published! contains! facts! connected! with! the! private! life!of!an!individual;!and! 2. That! such! facts! are! offensive! to! the! honor,! virtue! and! reputation!of!the!said!person.! ! III.%Other%Notes% • Newspaper!reports!on!cases!pertaining!to!adultery,!divorce,! issues!about!legitimacy!of!children,!etc.!will!be!barred.! • Example:!Conjugal!troubles!and!quarrels,!adultery!or!divorce! based!on!infidelity!of!the!husband!or!the!wife!and!attempts! against!the!honor!and!virtue!of!woman.! • Suit! for! alimony! (support)! is! not! offensive! to! the! honor! of! such!person.! • News!item!containing!the!testimony!of!a!prosecuting!witness!



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against! the! complainant! is! offensive! to! his! honor! but! is! not! connected!with!his!private!life.! Calling!a!priest!savage,!a!carabao!and!alleging!that!he!had!a! concubine;! then! subsequently! published! in! the! papers! is! an! example!of!this!violation.!(People!v.!Dino)! Under! Republic% Act% No.% 1477,! amending! Rep.% Act.% No.% 58,! the! publisher,! editor,! columnist! or! duly! accredited! reporter! of! any! newspaper,! magazine! or! periodical! of! general! circulation!cannot!be!compelled!to!reveal!the!source!of!any! news! report! information! appearing! in! the! said! publication! which!was!related!to!him!in!confidence!unless!the!court!or!a! house!or!committee!of!Congress!finds!that!such!revelation!is! demanded!by!the!security!of!the!State.!

! Article%358%–%Slander% Oral% defamation% shall% be% punished% by% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum%period%to%prision%correccional%in%its%minimum%period%if%it% is%of%a%serious%and%insulting%nature;%otherwise%the%penalty%shall%be% arresto%menor%or%a%fine%not%exceeding%200%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Definition% • Slander! !! is! oral! defamation;! committed! by! oral! (spoken)! means,!instead!of!writing! % II.%Kinds%of%oral%defamation:% 1. Action!of!a!serious!and!insulting!nature!(Grave!slander)! o A! woman! who! hurled! at! the! complainant! with! offensive! and! scurrilous! epithets,! including! words! imputing! unchastity! to! the! mother! and! tending! to! injure!the!character!of!the!daughters.!(U.S.!v.!Tolosa)! o Reciting! scurrilous! words! to! impute! the! victim! in! a! crime! of! estafa,! by! using! words! such! as,! “he! bribed! money”,! “has! sold! the! union”,! “he! is! engaged! in! racketeering”.!(Balite!v.!People)!

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2. Light! insult! or! defamation! –! not! serious! in! nature! (Simple! slander)! o With!a!purpose!to!correct!an!improper!conduct,!the! offender! accuses! the! victim! of! living! successively! with! several! men.! (People! v.! Clarin;! compare! with! Tolosa.!Diff!is!purpose!and!character!of!the!party)! o Calling!a!person!a!ganster.!(Arcand!v.!People)! o Uttering! defamatory! words! in! the! heat! of! anger.! (People!v.!De!Modesto)! o Defamation!uttered!in!a!political!meeting.!(People!v.! Laroga)! Note:! the! word! “puta”! does! not! impute! that! the! complainant! is! a! prostitute.! (People! v.! Atienza);! “Putang! ina! mo”! is! an! expression! of! anger!and!displeasure.!(Reyes!v.!People);!It!is!not!necessary!that!the! person!must!hear!the!slanderous!words!because!a!man’s!reputation! is!the!estimate!in!which!others!hold!him.!(People!v.!Clarin)! ! III.%Factors%that%determine%gravity%of%the%offense:% 1. Expressions!used! 2. Personal!relations!of!the!accused!and!the!offended!party! 3. Circumstances!surrounding!the!case! 4. Social! standing! and! position! of! the! offended! party! are! also! taken!into!account! ! Article%359%–%Slander%by%deed% The% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% maximum% period% to% prision% correccional% in% its% minimum% period% or% a% fine% ranging% from% 200% to% 1,000% pesos% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who% shall% perform% any% act% not% included% and% punished% in% this% title,% which% shall% cast% dishonor,%discredit%or%contempt%upon%another%person.%If%said%act%is% not%of%a%serious%nature,%the%penalty%shall%be%arresto%menor%or%a%fine% not%exceeding%200%pesos.% % POINTS% I.%Elements:%(NPD)%



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1. That!the!offender!performs!any!act!not!included!in!any!other! crime!against!honor.! 2. That! such! act! is! performed! in! the! presence! of! other! person! or!persons.! 3. That!such!act!casts!dishonor,!discredit!or!contempt!upon!the! offended!party.! ! II.%Slander%by%deed:% • Slander1by1deed!!!a!defamation!committed!by!the!offender! against!the!complainant!through!the!performance!of!any!act! which! casts! dishonor,! discredit! or! contempt! upon! another! person.!Slander!by!deed!refers!to!performance!of!an!act,!not! use!of!words.! • Example:!! o Slapping! someone! to! ridicule! and! shame! her! in! public.!(People!v.!Delfin)!! o Slapping! a! priest! while! officiating! a! religious! ceremony.!(People!v.!Nosce)!! o Slapping!a!teacher!during!a!dance.!(People!v.!Roque)! o Fighting! the! offended! party! with! intention! to! insult! him!is!slander!by!deed!(US!v.!Kanleon)! ! III.%Two%kinds%of%slander%by%deed:% 1. Simple!slander!by!deed! 2. Grave!slander!by!deed!–!of!a!serious!nature.! Determining%if%serious%or%not:% 1. On!the!social!standing!of!the!offended!party;! 2. The!circumstances!under!which!the!act!was!committed;! 3. The!occasion,!etc.! Note:! The! courts! have! discretion! on! determining! the! degree! of! the! slander.!(People!v.!Motita)! ! IV.%Distinctions:% Slander%by%deed%v.%Maltreatment:% • The! nature! and! effects! determine! the! crime.! If! there! is!

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shame!or!humiliation!it!becomes!slander!by!deed.! Example:! Holding! a! teacher! by! the! hair! and! shaking! him! in! the!presence!of!a!lot!of!people!is!slander!by!deed.!

% Slander%by%Deed%v.%Unjust%Vexation%v.%Acts%of%Lasciviousness% Slander!by!Deed! Unjust!Vexation! Acts!of!Lasciviouness! Irritation!and!annoyance! +!Publicity!and! +!None! +!3!Circumstances! dishonor!or! for!rape!(Article%335)! contempt! or!lewd!designs! ! Section%2%–%General%provisions% % Article%360%–%Persons%responsible% Any% person% who% shall% publish,% exhibit,% or% cause% the% publication% or% exhibition% of% any% defamation% in% writing% or% by% similar% means,% shall% be%responsible%for%the%same.% % The% author% or% editor% of% a% book% or% pamphlet,% or% the% editor% or% business% manager% of% a% daily% newspaper,% magazine% or% serial% publication,% shall% be% responsible% for% the% defamations% contained% therein%to%the%same%extent%as%if%he%were%the%author%thereof.% % The% criminal% and% civil% action% for% damages% in% cases% of% written% defamations% as% provided% for% in% this% chapter,% shall% be% filed% simultaneously%or%separately%with%the%court%of%first%instance%of%the% province% or% city% where% the% libelous% Article% is% printed% and% first% published%or%where%any%of%the%offended%parties%actually%resides%at% the% time% of% the% commission% of% the% offense:% Provided,% however,% That% where% one% of% the% offended% parties% is% a% public% officer% whose% office%is%in%the%City%of%Manila%at%the%time%of%the%commission%of%the% offense,%the%action%shall%be%filed%in%the%Court%of%First%Instance%of%the% City%of%Manila,%or%of%the%city%or%province%where%the%libelous%Article% is% printed% and% first% published,% and% in% case% such% public% officer% does% not%hold%office%in%the%City%of%Manila,%the%action%shall%be%filed%in%the%



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Court%of%First%Instance%of%the%province%or%city%where%he%held%office% at%the%time%of%the%commission%of%the%offense%or%where%the%libelous% Article% is% printed% and% first% published% and% in% case% one% of% the% offended%parties%is%a%private%individual,%the%action%shall%be%filed%in% the%Court%of%First%Instance%of%the%province%or%city%where%he%actually% resides%at%the%time%of%the%commission%of%the%offense%or%where%the% libelous% matter% is% printed% and% first% published:% Provided,% further,% That% the% civil% action% shall% be% filed% in% the% same% court% where% the% criminal%action%is%filed%and%vice%versa:%Provided,%furthermore,%That% the% court% where% the% criminal% action% or% civil% action% for% damages% is% first%filed,%shall%acquire%jurisdiction%to%the%exclusion%of%other%courts:% And,% provided,% finally,% That% this% amendment% shall% not% apply% to% cases% of% written% defamations,% the% civil% and/or% criminal% actions% which%have%been%filed%in%court%at%the%time%of%the%effectivity%of%this% law.% % Preliminary%investigation%of%criminal%action%for%written%defamations% as%provided%for%in%the%chapter%shall%be%conducted%by%the%provincial% or%city%fiscal%of%the%province%or%city,%or%by%the%municipal%court%of%the% city%or%capital%of%the%province%where%such%action%may%be%instituted% in%accordance%with%the%provisions%of%this%Article.% % No%criminal%action%for%defamation%which%consists%in%the%imputation% of% a% crime% which% cannot% be% prosecuted% de% oficio% shall% be% brought% except%at%the%instance%of%and%upon%complaint%expressly%filed%by%the% offended%party.% % POINTS% PARAGRAPH%1c2:%PUBLICATION%OR%AUTHOR/EDITOR% % I.%Who%are%liable:% 1. Person! who! publishes,! exhibits! or! causes! the! publication! or! exhibition! of! any! defamation! in! writing! or! similar! means! (par.1)! 2. Author!or!editor!of!a!book!or!pamphlet!

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3. Editor! or! business! manager! of! a! daily! newspaper! magazine! or!serial!publication!(par.2)! 4. Owner!of!the!printing!plant!which!publishes!a!libelous!article! with! his! consent! and! all! other! persons! who! in! any! way! participate! in! or! have! connection! with! its! publication! (US! v! Ortiz)! ! A.% The% prime% requisite% of% the% crime% of% libel% is% not% necessarily% the% composing%of%the%article,%but%the%publishing%of%it.% • A! sent! a! letter! to! B! containing! very! intimate! expressions,! after! breaking! up,! B! published! the! letter,! thus! he! liable! for! libel.! ! B.%Author%or%editor% • Editor!is!liable!for!the!defamations!contained!therein!to!the! same!extent!as!if!he!were!the!author.!(People!v.!Bailo)! ! C.%Editor%of%the%newspaper% • It!is!the!duty!of!the!editor!to!know!and!control!the!contents! of!the!paper.!He!cannot!evade!responsibility!by!abandoning! the!dutes!to!employees! % D.%Lack%of%participation%in%the%preparation%of%libelous%articles%does% not%shield%the%persons%responsible%for%libel%from%liability% ____________________! PARAGRAPH%3:%CRIMINAL%AND%CIVIL%ACTIONS%FOR%LIBEL% % I.%Venue:% • For!criminal!and!civil!action!for!damages!in!cases!of!written! defamation!it!shall!be!filed!simultaneously!or!separately!with! the!court!of!first!instance!of!the!province!or!city:! o Where! the! libelous! article! is! printed! and! 1st! published!or! o Where!any!of!the!offended!parties!actually!resides!at! the!time!of!the!commission!of!the!offense!



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Libel! cases! are! within! the! original! and! exclusive! jurisdiction! of! the! Regional! Trial! Courts.! Inferior! courts! have! no! jurisdiction!to!try!written!defamation.!(People!v.!Hechanova)!

! II.%Where%one%of%the%offended%parties%is%a%public%officer:% • If!his!office!is!in!the!City!of!Manila!! o RTC!of!Manila!OR! o City/province! where! the! article! is! printed! and! 1st! published!! ! III.%Otherwise:%(if%there%is%a%private%individual)% o RTC!of!the!city/province!where!he!held!office!at!the! time!of!offense;!or! o Where!the!article!is!1st!published! ! IV.%Other%Notes:% • Civil!and!Criminal!actions!must!be!filed!in!the!same!court!to! the!exclusion!of!all!other!courts.! • In!order!to!prevent!controversies!as!to!the!venue!of!criminal! actions!for!written!defamation,!the!information!or!complaint! must!contain!averments!as!to!whether!the!offended!party!is! a! private! or! public! officer! at! the! time! of! the! commission! of! the! offense! and! whenever! possible,! the! place! where! the! written! defamation! was! printed! and! first! published.! (Agbayani,!et!al.,!v.!Hon.!Sayo,!et!al)! • The! Philippines! follows! the! multiple! publication! rule! which! means! that! every! time! the! same! written! matter! is! communicated,!such!communication!is!considered!a!distinct! and!separate!publication!of!libel.!(Soriano!v.!IAC)! !____________________! PARAGRAPH%4:%PRELIMINARY%INVESTIGATION% ! • Preliminary! investigation! of! criminal! actions! for! written! defamations! shall! be! conducted! by! the! provincial! or! city! fiscal! of! the! province! or! city! or! by! the! municipal! (now! city)!

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court!of!the!city!or!capital!of!the!province!where!the!actions! may!be!instituted.! ____________________! PARAGRAPH%5:%PROSECUTED%DE%OFICIO%OR%NOT% ! I.%Crimes%which%may%not%be%prosecuted%de%oficio% • Adultery! • Concubinage! • Seduction! • Abduction! • Acts!of!Lasciviousness! ! II.% Libel% imputing% a% vice% or% defect% is% always% prosecuted% upon% information%signed%and%filed%by%the%fiscal% % III.%Other%Notes% • Damage! o Where! the! publication! is! libelous! per! se,! actual! damages!need!not!be!established.!This!is!so!because! libel,! by! its! very! nature,! causes! dishonor,! disrepute! and! discredit! and! injury! to! the! reputation! of! the! offended!party.!It!is!something!inherent!and!natural! in!the!crime!of!libel.!(Lu!Chu!Sing!v.!Lu!Tiong!Gui)! o An! action! for! exemplary! damage! in! libel! may! be! awarded!if!the!action!is!based!on!quasiWdelict.!(Lopez! v.!CA,!under!Article%2231%of%the%Civil%Code)! ! Article%361%–%Proof%of%the%truth% In% every% criminal% prosecution% for% libel,% the% truth% may% be% given% in% evidence%to%the%court%and%if%it%appears%that%the%matter%charged%as% libelous% is% true,% and,% moreover,% that% it% was% published% with% good% motives%and%for%justifiable%ends,%the%defendants%shall%be%acquitted.% % Proof% of% the% truth% of% an% imputation% of% an% act% or% omission% not% constituting% a% crime% shall% not% be% admitted,% unless% the% imputation%



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shall%have%been%made%against%Government%employees%with%respect% to%facts%related%to%the%discharge%of%their%official%duties.% % In% such% cases% if% the% defendant% proves% the% truth% of% the% imputation% made%by%him,%he%shall%be%acquitted.% % POINTS% I.%Admissible%when:% 1. The! act! or! omission! imputed! constitutes! a! crime! regardless! of! whether! the! offended! party! is! a! private! individual! or! a! public!officer;! 2. The! offended! party! is! a! government! employee,! even! if! the! act! or! omission! imputed! does! not! constitute! a! crime! provided!it!is!related!to!the!discharge!of!his!official!duties.! ! II.%Last%paragraph:% Proof!of!truth!may!be!admitted:! 1. If!the!act!or!omission!imputed!constitutes!a!crime;! 2. If! the! imputation! not! constituting! a! crime! is! made! against! government! employees! with! respect! to! facts! related! to! the! discharge!of!their!duties.! o Proof!of!his!good!motives!and!justifiable!ends!is!not! necessary.! ! III.%Proof%of%truth:% • It! cannot! be! made! to! rely! upon! mere! hearsay,! rumors! or! suspicion.! • It! must! rest! upon! positive,! direct! evidence! upon! which! a! definite! finding! may! be! made! by! the! court.! (U.S.! v.! Sotto.)! But!probable!cause!in!the!truth!of!the!statement!is!sufficient.! ! IV.%When%not%admissible:% 1. When!it!refers!to!condition.! o A! imputed! B! to! be! a! drunkard! and! suffering! from! a! contagious! disease,! he! will! not! be! allowed! to! prove!

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the!truth.!! 2. When!it!refers!to!acts!not!constituting!a!crime! o Where! the! offended! party! imputed! some! commission! of! a! crime! and! some! not! constituting! a! crime,!the!court!allowed!him!to!prove!the!truth!as!to! the!imputation!of!the!commission!of!a!crime!but!not! to!the!latter.!Tumang!v.!People.! 3. For!Public!officers,!truth!is!a!good!defense! o B! imputed! M! (mayor)! to! have! been! sleeping! on! his! duties.! ! V.%Requisite%of%defense%in%defamation%(TGJ)% 1. “If!it!appears!that!the!matter!charged!as!libelous!is!true”! o Act! or! omission! constituting! a! crime! and! Act! or! omission!of!a!public!officer!not!a!crime!related!of!his! duties.!! 2. “It!was!published!with!good!motives”! o Determined! by! the! court! taking! into! consideration! the!intention!of!the!author!and!other!circumstances! 3. “And!for!justifiable!ends”! o Goodness! of! intention! is! not! always! sufficient.! (U.S.! v.!Prautch).!Publishing!must!be!justified.! o Imputation! of! a! contagious! disease.! (People! v.! Chavez).! Good! motives! and! justifiable! ends! negate! malice.! ! VI.%Retraction%may%mitigate%the%damage.% • A! periodical! which! gives! currency! issued! a! false! statement! and!subsequently!issuing!a!statement!of!retraction.! • Requirement! is! admission! of! falsity! and! evinced! by! a! desire! to!repair!the!wrong!done.!(Matti!v.!Bulleting!Publishing!Co.)! • Publication!due!to!an!honest!mistake!may!only!mitigate!the! damage!and!not!extinguish!it.!(Phee!v.!La!Vanguardia.)! ! Article%362%–%Libelous%remarks%



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Libelous% remarks% or% comments% connected% with% the% matter% privileged%under%the%provisions%of%Article%354,%if%made%with%malice,% shall% not% exempt% the% author% thereof% nor% the% editor% or% managing% editor%of%a%newspaper%from%criminal%liability.% % POINTS% • The! main! thrust! of! the! law! is! to! punish! libelous! remarks! or! comments! on! matters! which! are! privileged,! if! made! with! malice! in! fact.! So,! a! newspaper! reporter! who! distorts! facts! connected! with! official! proceedings! or! who! adds! comments! thereon!as!to!cast!aspersion!on!the!character!of!the!parties! involved,! is! guilty! of! libel! even! through! the! defamatory! matter! is! published! in! connection! with! a! privileged! communication.!(Dorr!v.!US)!



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TITLE%XIV:%QUASI%OFFENSES% % SOLE%CHAPTER% % CRIMINAL%NEGLIGENCE% % Article%365%–%Imprudence%and%negligence%% Any% person% who,% by% reckless% imprudence,% shall% commit% any% act% which,% had% it% been% intentional,% would% constitute% a% grave% felony,% shall%suffer%the%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%in%its%maximum%period%to% prision% correccional% in% its% medium% period;% if% it% would% have% constituted% a% less% grave% felony,% the% penalty% of% arresto% mayor% in% its% minimum% and% medium% periods% shall% be% imposed;% if% it% would% have% constituted% a% light% felony,% the% penalty% of% arresto% menor% in% its% maximum%period%shall%be%imposed.% % Any%person%who,%by%simple%imprudence%or%negligence,%shall%commit% an%act%which%would%otherwise%constitute%a%grave%felony,%shall%suffer% the%penalty%of%arresto%mayor%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods;% if% it% would% have% constituted% a% less% serious% felony,% the% penalty% of% arresto%mayor%in%its%minimum%period%shall%be%imposed.% % When%the%execution%of%the%act%covered%by%this%article%shall%have%only% resulted%in%damage%to%the%property%of%another,%the%offender%shall%be% punished% by% a% fine% ranging% from% an% amount% equal% to% the% value% of% said%damages%to%three%times%such%value,%but%which%shall%in%no%case% be%less%than%twentyVfive%pesos.% % A% fine% not% exceeding% two% hundred% pesos% and% censure% shall% be% imposed% upon% any% person% who,% by% simple% imprudence% or% negligence,% shall% cause% some% wrong% which,% if% done% maliciously,% would%have%constituted%a%light%felony.% % In% the% imposition% of% these% penalties,% the% court% shall% exercise% their% sound% discretion,% without% regard% to% the% rules% prescribed% in% Article%

sixtyVfour.% % The%provisions%contained%in%this%article%shall%not%be%applicable:% 1. When% the% penalty% provided% for% the% offense% is% equal% to% or% lower%than%those%provided%in%the%first%two%paragraphs%of%this% article,%in%which%case%the%court%shall%impose%the%penalty%next% lower% in% degree% than% that% which% should% be% imposed% in% the% period%which%they%may%deem%proper%to%apply.% 2. When,% by% imprudence% or% negligence% and% with% violation% of% the%Automobile%Law,%to%death%of%a%person%shall%be%caused,%in% which% case% the% defendant% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods.% % Reckless% imprudence% consists% in% voluntary,% but% without% malice,% doing%or%falling%to%do%an%act%from%which%material%damage%results%by% reason% of% inexcusable% lack%of% precaution% on% the% part% of% the% person% performing%of%failing%to%perform%such%act,%taking%into%consideration% his% employment% or% occupation,% degree% of% intelligence,% physical% condition% and% other% circumstances% regarding% persons,% time% and% place.% % Simple% imprudence% consists% in% the% lack% of% precaution% displayed% in% those% cases% in% which% the% damage% impending% to% be% caused% is% not% immediate%nor%the%danger%clearly%manifest.% % The% penalty% next% higher% in% degree% to% those% provided% for% in% this% article%shall%be%imposed%upon%the%offender%who%fails%to%lend%on%the% spot%to%the%injured%parties%such%help%as%may%be%in%this%hand%to%give.% (As$amended$by$R.A.$1790,$approved$June$21,$1957).% % POINTS% I.%The%quasiVoffenses%under%Article%365%are%committed%in%4%ways:% 1. By% committing% through% reckless% imprudence% any% act% which,% had%it%been%intentional,%would%constitute%a%grave%or%less%grave% felony%or%light%felony%(Paragraph%1)%



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! 2. By% committing% through% simple% imprudence% or% negligence% an% act%which%would%otherwise%constitute%a%grave%or%a%less%serious% felony%(Paragraph%2)% 3. By% causing% damage% to% the% property% of% another% through% reckless% imprudence% or% simple% imprudence% % or% negligence% (Paragraph%3)% 4. By% causing% through% simple% imprudence% or% negligence% some% wrong% which,% if% done% maliciously,% would% have% constituted% a% light%felony.% % II.%General%Points% A.%Negligence%under%the%Revised%Penal%Code%and%the%Civil%Code% • A% negligent% act% causing% damage% may% produce% civil% liability% arising% from% crime% or% create% an% action% for% quasiDdelict% under% the%Civil%Code.% • The%injured%party%may%choose%which%remedy%to%enforce.%% • He%cannot%recover%damages%twice%for%the%same%act.% % B.%Imprudence%v.%Negligence%% Imprudence% Negligence% Indicates%deficiency%of%action% Indicates%deficiency%of%perception% Failure%in%precaution% Faire%in%advertence% Avoided%by%taking%the%necessary% Avoided%by%paying%proper% precaution%once%they%are% attention%and%using%due%diligence% foreseen% % C.%Test%of%Negligence% • Would%a%prudent%man,%in%the%position%of%the%person%to%whom% negligence% is% attributed,% foresee% harm% to% the% person% injured% as% a% reasonable% consequence% of% the% course% about% to% be% pursued?%If%so,%the%law%imposes%a%duty%on%the%actor%to%refrain% from% that% course% or% to% take% precaution% against% its% mischievous% results,% and% the% failure% to% do% so% constitutes% negligence.% • Reasonable%foresight%of%harm,%followed%by%the%ignoring%of%the% (

admonition% born% of% this% provision,% is% the% constitutive% fact% in% negligence.% % D.%Proof%of%Negligence% • Violation%of%a%rule%or%regulation%or%law%is%proof%of%negligence% • BUT% negligence% cannot% be% predicated% upon% the% mere% fact% of% minority%or%lack%of%an%operator’s%license.% % III.%Liability% • Defendant% is% not% criminally% liable% for% the% death% or% injuries% caused% by% his% recklessly% negligent% acts% to% trespassers% whose% presence%in%the%premises%he%was%not%aware%of.% o No% man% can% be% punished% for% not% taking% precautions% to%prevent%injuries%to%persons%that%act%at%his%back.% • Those% who% know% that% they% lack% the% skill% needed% for% something%are%negligent%(e.g.%Quack%Doctors)% • Legitimate% doctors% who% fail% to% cure% the% patient% are% not% necessarily%liable%for%the%death%of%the%patient%unless%it%can%be% shown%that%they%have%been%grossly%negligent.% ____________________% PARAGRAPH%6:%DEFINITIONS% % I.%Reckless%Imprudence% Reckless%imprudence%consists%in%voluntary,%but%without%malice,%doing% or%falling%to%do%an%act%from%which%material%damage%results%by%reason% of% inexcusable% lack% of% precaution% on% the% part% of% the% person% performing% of% failing% to% perform% such% act,% taking% into% consideration% his% employment% or% occupation,% degree% of% intelligence,% physical% condition%and%other%circumstances%regarding%persons,%time%and%place.% % II.%Simple%Imprudence% Simple% imprudence% consists% in% the% lack% of% precaution% displayed% in% those% cases% in% which% the% damage% impending% to% be% caused% is% not% immediate%nor%the%danger%clearly%manifest.% ____________________%



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! PARAGRAPH%1:%RECKLESS%IMPRUDENCE% % I.%General%Points% A.%“Any%act%which,%had%it%been%intentional,%would%constitute%a%grave% felony%x%x%x;%x%x%x%a%less%grave%felony%x%x%x%a%light%felony”% • Parricide% or% homicide% if% committed% through% reckless% imprudence,%Article%365%is%applicable.% • If% the% act% performed% would% not% constitute% a% grave,% a% less% grave% or% a% light% felony% under% the% RPC% provisions% defining% intentional%felonies,%Article%365%is%not%applicable.% • US%v.%Villanueva%!%there%is%no%crime%because%the%act%of%taking% the%bolo%from%its%sheath%is%not%defined%as%a%crime.% o If%the%accused,%in%drawing%the%bolo%from%its%scabbard% should,% by% not% employing% proper% care,% wound% the% latter,% clearly% then,% he% would% have% to% answer% for% his% act% of% injuring% another.% But% the% defendant% did% not% wound% Benter.% It% was% Benter’s% act% of% grabbing% the% blade%of%the%bolo%that%caused%the%wound.% • In%intentional%crimes,%the%act%itself%is%punished.%In%negligence% or% imprudence,% what% is% principally% penalized% is% the% mental% attitude% or% condition% behind% the% act:% the% dangerous% recklessness,%or%lack%of%care%or%foresight.% • It%can%be%seen%that%the%actual%penalty%for%criminal%negligence% bears% no% relation% to% the% individual% willful% crime,% but% is% set% in% relation%to%a%whole%class%or%series%of%crimes.% % B.% Imprudence% or% negligence% is% not% a% crime% in% itself,% it% is% simply% a% way%of%committing%a%crime% • Imprudence%or%negligence%merely%determines%a%lower%degree% of%criminal%liability.%% • It%is%punishable%only%when%it%results%in%a%crime.% % C.%“Reckless%Imprudence%resulting%in…”% • Reckless%imprudence%resulting%in%homicide% • Simply%imprudence%causing%damages%to%property%

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% II.%Elements%of%Reckless%Imprudence%(AVWDIVEIC)% 1. That%the%offender%does%or%fails%to%do%an%act% 2. That%the%doing%of%or%the%failure%to%do%that%act%is%voluntary% 3. That%it%be%without%malice% 4. That%material%damage%results% 5. That%there%is%inexcusable%lack%of%precaution%on%the%part%of%the% offender%taking%into%consideration%–% a. His%employment%or%occupation% b. Degree%of%intelligence,%physical%condition% c. Other% circumstances% regarding% persons,% time% and% place% % III.%FIRST%REQUISITE:%Doing%or%failing%to%do%an%act% A.%Doing%an%act% • People%v.%Ramirez%!%While%hunting%at%night,%defendant%shot% one%of%his%companions%believe%him%to%be%a%deer.% % B.%Failing%to%do%an%act% • A’s%failure%to%put%the%hand%break%or%to%put%an%obstacle%on%the% rear% wheels% of% the% car,% and% it% suddenly% moved% back% thus% causing% the% death% of% the% children% playing% behind% it% is% negligence.% % C.%Doing%or%failing%to%do%an%act% • People% v.% Lumo,% et% al.% !% Failing% to% keep% the% animals% in% the% corral% or% to% keep% them% tied% thus% resulting% in% the% destruction% of%the%crops%of%the%complainant.% % IV.%SECOND%REQUISITE:%Voluntariness% • If% accused% is% prevented% by% irresistible% force,% insanity% or% because% of% uncontrollable% fear,% he% cannot% be% held% liable% for% criminal%negligence.% % V.%THIRD%REQUISITE:%Without%malice%



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Criminal%negligence%presupposes%lack%of%intention%to%commit% the% wrong% done,% but% that% it% came% about% due% to% imprudence% on%the%part%of%the%offender.%

% VI.%FOURTH%REQUISITE:%Material%damage%results% • There% must% be% injury% to% person% or% damage% to% property% as% a% consequence%of%the%imprudence.% % VII.%FIFTH%REQUISITE:%Inexcusable%lack%of%precaution% • Employment%or%occupation% o People%v.%Castillo%et%al%!%The%profession%of%pharmacy% demands% care% and% skill;% and% druggists% must% exercise% care%of%a%specially%high%degree.% • Other%Circumstances%regarding%persons% o People%v.%Azaola%!%At%the%time%of%the%accident,%it%was% drizzling%and%the%road%was%slippery.%The%victim%was%an% old%woman%ambling%along%the%edge%of%the%road.% % VIII.%Reckless%Imprudence%v.%Force%Majeure% Reckless%Imprudence% Force%Majeure% Where%immediate%personal%harm% An%even%which%cannot%be% or%damage%to%property,% foreseen,%or%which%being% preventable%by%the%exercise%of% foreseen%is%inevitable.%It%implies% reasonable%care,%is%threatened% an%extraordinary%circumstance% upon%another%by%reason%of%the% independent%of%the%will%of%the% course%of%conduct%about%to%be% actor.% pursued%by%the%actor,%his%failure% to%use%reasonable%care%to%prevent% injury%constitutes%negligence.% Failure%to%detect%mechanical% When%the%driver%could%not%have% defect%is%negligence,%IF%accused% known%the%defect%of%brakes,%he%is% driver%assumed%the%duty%of% not%liable% inspecting%the%vehicle’s%safety%or% readiness%for%use% %

IX.%Complex%Crime% • Reckless% Imprudence% may% be% complexed% with% multiple% homicide%and%physical%injuries.% ____________________% PARAGRAPH%2:%SIMPLE%IMPRUDENCE% % I.%Elements%of%Simple%Imprudence%(LN)% 1. That%there%is%lack%of%precaution%on%the%part%of%the%offender% 2. That%the%damage%impending%to%be%caused%is%not%immediate%or% the%danger%is%not%clearly%manifest% Note:% The% essence% of% a% negligent% act% is% that% it% be% in% every% case% voluntary.% ____________________% PARAGRAPH%3:%RESULTS%INTO%DAMAGE%TO%PROPERTY% % I.% “When% the% execution% of% the% act% covered% by% this% article% x% x% x% resulted%in%damage%to%property%of%another,”%the%penalty%is%only%fine.% • The%measure%of%the%damage%should%be%the%difference%in%value% of% the% property% immediately% before% the% incident% and% immediately%after%the%repair.% ____________________% PARAGRAPH%5:%PENALTIES% % I.% Article% 64% relative% to% mitigating% and% aggravating% circumstances% is% not%applicable%to%crimes%committed%through%negligence% • The% imprudence% or% negligence% which% characterizes% the% wrongful% act% may% vary% from% one% situation% to% another.% Thus% the%courts%have%discretion%in%the%imposition%of%penalties.% % II.%The%penalties%provided%in%Article%365%are%not%applicable%in%the%ff:% 1. When% the% penalty% provided% for% the% offense% is% equal% to% or% lower%than%those%provided%in%the%first%two%paragraphs%of%this% article,%in%which%case%the%court%shall%impose%the%penalty%next% lower% in% degree% than% that% which% should% be% imposed% in% the% period%which%they%may%deem%proper%to%apply.%



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! The%underlying%reason%for%this%reduction%in%penalty%is% to% preserve% the% difference% between% an% act% willfully% performed%from%one%committed%through%negligence.% 2. When,%by%imprudence%or%negligence%and%with%violation%of%the% Automobile% Law,% to% death% of% a% person% shall% be% caused,% in% which% case% the% defendant% shall% be% punished% by% prision% correccional%in%its%medium%and%maximum%periods.% o When% death% or% serious% bodily% injury% to% any% person% has% resulted,% the% motor% vehicle% driver% shall% be% punished%under%the%Penal%Code.% o

% III.%Contributory%Negligence% • Contributory% negligence% is% not% a% defense% but% serves% to% mitigate%only.% • Where% the% concurrent% or% successive% negligent% acts% or% omission% of% 2% or% more% persons,% although% acting% independently% of% each% other% are% in% combination% the% direct% and%proximate%cause%of%a%single%injury%to%a%third%person,%and% it% is% impossible% to% determine% in% what% proportion% each% contributed%to%the%injury,%either%is%responsible%for%the%whole% injury,%even%though%his%act%alone%might%not%have%caused%the% entire%injury.% % A.%“Last%Clear%Chance”% • The% contributory% negligence% of% the% party% injured% will% not% defeat% the% action% if% it% be% shown% that% the% accused% might,% by% the% exercise% of% reasonable% care% and% prudence,% have% avoided% the%consequences%of%the%negligence%of%the%injured%party.% % B.%Emergency%Rule% • An%automobile%driver%who,%by%the%negligence%of%another%and% not% by% his% own% negligence,% is% suddenly% placed% in% an% emergency%and%compelled%to%act%instantly%to%avoid%a%collision% or%injury%is%not%guilty%of%negligence%if%he%makes%such%a%choice% which% a% person% of% ordinary% prudence% placed% in% such% a%

position%might%make%even%though%he%did%not%make%the%wisest% choice.% • This% rule% applies% only% where% the% situation% which% arises% is% sudden%and%unexpected,%and%is%such%as%to%deprive%him%of%all% opportunity%for%deliberation.% ____________________% PARAGRAPH%7:%QUALIFYING%CIRCUMSTANCE% % I.% The% penalty% next% higher% in% degree% to% be% imposed% if% the% offender% fails%to%lend%on%the%spot%help%to%the%injured%parties% %


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