Tuaíroh D\STH KL AMN\[LNÊÄH L SLYMSH KL DLB\BMSLT M\BM 9; Dhnvlrsüls kl Tostlams Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Elxmkldoamb pmrm h Tostlam Kldoamb Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Kldoamb pmrm h Tostlam Elxmkldoamb Slbmêäh lntrl hs Tostlams Coníroh l Elxmkldoamb Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Coníroh pmrm h Tostlam Elxmkldoamb Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Elxmkldoamb pmrm h Tostlam Coníroh Yhrtms Bôjodms Funêüls Funê üls Bôjodms Císodms M Yhrtm L (mnk) M Yhrtm H\ (hr) M Yhrtm NÄH (nht) hu Cbhdh Onvlrshr U - Fbop-Fbhp Fbop-ffihp ST Fbop-ffihp Císodh Fbop-ffihp ST Dhamnkmkh phr ua Yubsh kl Dbhd` Fbop-ffihp G@
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh Mkaonostrmêäh Buoz Flrnmnkh Konoz Nmsh Ghsï Dmrbhs Konoz Nmsh Onçs Konoz Nmsh Jlrlntl Jlrmb Ahklsth Ymntmbïm Elboh Ghsï Mbvls Korlêäh kl Mrtl Kmnolb Ghrjl kl Dmaphs Mssostlntl Gurákodm Kr.. Gmrcms Mnkrmkl Amdeohno Kr Yrhkuêäh Klnnlr Dmamrjh Mbvls Slvosäh Shslbo Mnmstídoh Tobvm Dbmukom kl M. Amrmneäh Yrlsdhtt Nmsh
Korlthrm Jlrmb Orlnl Shkrojuls kl Hbovlorm [loxlorm Soclorh Dhhrklnmêäh Kokítodm Zmbkhaorh Slddeo Droshjhnh Mnthnoh Amrtons Fhthjrmm / Oamjlns Vothr Boam Amzhn Muthr Zmbkhaorh Slddeo Droshjhnh Mnthnoh Amrtons Lkothrmêäh Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh Lkudmêäh kl Ghvlns l Mkuths B[KM. Oaprlssäh O\CSM - Onk÷strom Jrídm l Lkothrm Btkm. Shkhvom Lstmkumb Chotuvm - Oplrô, `a =,= Dmaphs kl Chotuvm - Chotuvm - TY DLY =5<<9-999
[hkhs hs korloths säh rlslrvmkhs. Näh ï plraotokm m rlprhkuêäh thtmb hu pmrdomb klstl dursh.
Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Elxmkldoamb pmrm h Tostlam Kldoamb H sostlam elxmkldoamb mpmrlntm slr h amos dhapblxh khs sostlams kl nualrmêäh, phos, dhah h mbunh phkl nhtmr, nldlssotm näh mplnms khs klz mbjmrosahs dhneldokhs pmrm m fhramêäh khs n÷alrhs, ams tmacïa kl bltrms, ms qumos rlprlslntma rlprlslntma vmbhrls qul, nhs klamos sostlams, näh lxostla sáachbhs prôprohs pmrm sum rlspldtovm rlprlslntmêäh. rlprlslntmêäh. Yhrïa, mplsmr klstm jrmnkl koflrlnêm, h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh näh ï rlmbalntl dhapblxh dhah tlrlahs hphrtunokmkl kl hcslrvmr. Yhklahs mramr osth sljurmalntl, emgm vosth qul h aïthkh kl dhnvlrsäh kl qumbqulr n÷alrh kl cmsl klzlsslos pmrm slu lquovmblntl kl cmsl klz, laprljm h alsah prhdlssh kl trmnsfhramêäh qul ï laprljmkh pmrm m dhnvlrsäh kl coníroh pmrm kldoamb, dhah vlrlahs amos mkomntl. Yhrïa, pmrm qul emgm pblnm xmêäh khs dhndloths gí mprlslntmkhs l khs qul orlahs mprlslntmr, vmahs rlblacrmr qul, qul, nhs trçs sostlams kl nualrmêäh nualrmêäh vosth mtï h ahalnth (kldoamb l coníroh), hs mbjmrosahs phssula, mbïa kl slu vmbhr prôproh, ua vmbhr rlbmtovh. Dhah dotmkh la hdmsoäh mntlrohr, h vmbhr rlbmtovh kl ua mbjmrosah klplnkl näh mplnms kh vmbhr rlmb qul h alsah mprlslntm, ams tmacïa kl sum phsoêäh0 mramahs, dha osth, qul ua n÷alrh qumbqulr ï h prhkuth kh vmbhr rlmb qul h mbjmrosah onkodm aubtopbodmkh plbm cmsl kh sostlam, m qumb ï lblvmkm m uam kltlraonmkm phtçndom, rlbmtovm m sum hrkla. Klstm amnlorm, dhah gí ï kh dhneldoalnth kh mbunh, phklahs rlprlslntmr hs kovlrshs vmbhrls rlbmtovhs, nhs sostlams kl nualrmêäh vosth mtï h ahalnth, mtrmvïs khs sljuontls qumkrhs rlprlslntmtovhs7
m) Ymrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh7
c) Ymrm h sostlam coníroh kl nualrmêäh7
Dhah ï kl nhssh dhstual, la thkhs hs trçs qumkrhs ms bltrms ‒U‑ rlprlslntma mbjua mbjmrosah qul slrí aubtopbodmkh plbm cmsl kh sostlam. Dhah gí ï kh dhneldoalnth kh mbunh, tmos mbjmrosahs säh, pmrm h sostlams kldoamb kl nualrmêäh, mqulbls dhaprllnkokhs lntrl 9 l ?0 pmrm h sostlam coníroh kl nualrmêäh, hs mbjmrosahs laprljmkhs säh h 9 l h =. Dhah näh phklrom kloxmr kl slr slr,, nh sostlam elxmkldoamb tmacïa tlahs phsoêüls rlbmtovms, phrïa, dhah onkodm h nhal kh sostlam, m sum cmsl ï h n÷alrh klzlsslos. Klstm fhram, phklahs rlprlslntmr hs vírohs vmbhrls rlbmtovhs klstl sostlam phr ontlraïkoh kl ua qumkrh rlprlslntmtovh, h qumb ï ahstrmkh m sljuor7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
4
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Dha ossh dm fídob dhaprllnklr qul ua kltlraonmkh n÷alrh, nh sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh, tmacïa ï rlprlslntmkh mtrmvïs kh prhkuth kh vmbhr rlmb kh mbjmrosah, aubtopbodmkh plbm cmsl lblvmkm é phtçndom lquovmblntl m sum phsoêäh rlmtovm, tmb qumb nhs klamos sostlams kl nualrmêäh. Ymrm klahstrmr h lxphsth l ontrhkuzor ms lxpbodmêüls mdlrdm km dhnvlrsäh kl ua n÷alrh elxmkldoamb pmrm kldoamb, vmahs suphr qul tlahs h n÷alrh =4?₍₆ l qul qulrlahs dhnvlrtç-bh pmrm h sostlam kl cmsl klz0 pmrm osth vmahs utobozmr kh qumkrh rlprlslntmtovh7
\am vlz qul osth fho floth, phklahs, mtrmvïs kl uam aubtopbodmêäh cot m cot, lndhntrmr h vmbhr kh rlflrokh n÷alrh7
Dha lstl lxlapbh thrnm-sl dbmrh qul h sostlam kl dhnvlrsäh kl ua n÷alrh elxmkldoamb pmrm kldoamb ï, la lssçndom, okçntodh mhs sostlams kl dhnvlrsüls vosths mntlrohralntl. M prondopmb koflrlnêm dhnsostl nm cmsl mkhtmkm pmrm h sostlam kl nualrmêäh. Mntls kl prhssljuorahs dha ms lxpbodmêüls mdlrdm kl dhnvlrsüls kl n÷alrhs elxmkldoamos pmrm h sostlam kl cmsl klz, gubjmahs dhnvlnolntl mprlslntmrahs mh mbunh, la fhram kl tmclbm, ms prondopmos phtçndoms kl klzlsslos. [mos [mos phtçndoms, kl jrmnkl utobokmkl pmrm h mbunh, säh ahstrmkms nm tmclbm U.
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
;
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Dhah h mbunh phkl nhtmr, lstm tmclbm phssuo, dhah vmbhr aíxoah, uam phtçndom cla onflrohr qul m mprlslntmkm mntlrohralntl, dhah nms tmclbms OOO hu V , qumnkh trmtmahs kl dhnvlrsäh pmrm coníroh l mbïa kossh, sum amohr phtçndom nljmtovm ï alnhr qul m kms hutrms tmclbms, tmacïa. Yhrïa, vlgm h mbunh qul m fmoxm kl vmbhrls dhaprllnkokhs phr lstm tmclbm (kl 9.99999999934;<<6;963< m =9??<==63:::6) mdmcm slnkh amos mapbm l ï sudolntl pmrm m thtmbokmkl kl dhnvlrsüls qul sl fmêma nldlssíroms nh kldhrrlr klstl dursh. Dha h muxáboh klstm tmclbm thrnm-sl fídob rlmbozmr dhnvlrsüls kl n÷alrhs elxmkldoamos pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh, dhah vlrlahs m sljuo. Tuphnem h mbunh qul qulrlahs dhnvlrtlr h n÷alrh DM:;₍₆ pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Dhah klvlahs prhdlklr8 M rlsphstm m lstm qulstäh ï cmstmntl soapbls7 onodombalntl, phklahs fmzlr ush kl ua qumkrh rlprlslntmtovh, rlprlslntm tovh, pmrm fmdobotmr. Yhklahs, lntäh, kosphr h n÷alrh m slr dhnvlrtokh nlstl qumkrh, dhah ahstrmahs m sljuor7
Dha lstm mtotukl, lstmahs dhnramnkh qumos ms phtçndoms kl klzlsslos qul orlahs laprljmr pmrm fmzlr m dhnvlrsäh. Dhnsubtmnkh m [mclbm U vlahs qumos säh hs vmbhrls kms phtçndoms qul nhs ontlrlssma. [mos vmbhrls säh7
\am vlz qul smclahs hs vmbhrls rlspldtovhs kl dmkm uam kms phtçndoms qul nhs ontlrlssma, klvlahs blacrmr qul D₍₆ ï ojumb m =3₍₉ l qul M₍₆ ï ojumb m =9₍₉. Mjhrm phklahs ‒fmthrmr‑ h n÷alrh elxmkldoamb, dhnfhral klahnstrm m lqumêäh mprlslntmkm m sljuor7
Slstm-nhs mplnms lfltumr m dhnvlrsäh cmstmnkh, pmrm osth, rlshbvlr lstm lqumêäh, dhnfhral ahstrmkh m sljuor7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
<
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Yhklahs soapbodmr lstl prhdlssh thkh laprljmnkh h sostlam nh qumb lstmahs amos emcotumkhs m rlmbozmr dhnvlrsüls.
Dha h ontuoth kl ramr h qul fho lxphsth, vmahs dhnvlrtlr h n÷alrh CDMK₍₆ pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Ymrm osth, klvlahs nhs blacrmr kms qumntokmkls rlprlslntmkms phr dmkm uam kms bltrms0 mssoa slnkh, vlrodmahs mtrmvïs km tmclbm VOOO, qul M₍₆ 1 =9, C₍₆ 1 ==, D₍₆ 1 =3, K₍₆ 1 =4. \am vlz osth floth, rlstm-nhs mplnms rlmbozmr m dhnvlrsäh prhpromalntl kotm, dhah klahnstrmkh m sljuor7
Vmahs m ua hutrh lxlapbh7 tlahs h n÷alrh KLKF₍₆ l qulrlahs dhnvlrtç-bh pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh. M dhnvlrsäh ï ahstrmkm m sljuor7
Dhah h mbunh dlrtmalntl dhnstmthu, h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh ï, dha dlrtlzm, h qul rlprlslntm,, kl amnlorm amos dhapmdtm, hs vmbhrls. rlprlslntm Kl fmth, dha mplnms qumtrh cots phklahs rlprlslntmr uam jmam auoth jrmnkl kl n÷alrhs ontlorhs, phos dhaprllnklrlahs dhaprllnklrlahs thkhs hs n÷alrhs klskl 9999₍₆ mtï FFFF₍₆. Mplnms pmrm kmr uam albehr oklom kl quäh jrmnkl ï lstm fmoxm, vmahs rlmbozmr m dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh FFFF₍₆ pmrm m cmsl klz7
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
6
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Yhrtmnth, dha mplnms qumtrh cots phklahs lsdrlvlr qumbqulr n÷alrh ontlorh dhaprllnkokh lntrl 9₍₉ l 6<<4<₍₉. Tl mh onvïs kl qumtrh cots, laprljísslahs dondh cots, rlprlslntmrámahs qumbqulr n÷alrh ontlorh dhaprllnkokh klskl zlrh mtï7
Hu slgm, mtï uam qumntokmkl auoth suplrohr m ua aobeäh! Näh rlstma k÷vokms kl qul m dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs elxmkldoamos pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh näh mprlslntm jrmnkls kodubkmkls, vosth qul, la sántlsl, h aïthkh kl dhnvlrsäh ï h alsah qul volahs laprljmnkh dhnstmntlalntl. dhnstmntlalntl. ]umnth é dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs kldoamos pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh, lstm tmacïa näh mprlslntm kodubkmkls, dhah h mbunh tlrí hphrtunokmkl kl dhnstmtmr m sljuor.
Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Kldoamb pmrm h Tostlam Elxmkldoamb M dhnvlrsäh kl ua n÷alrh kldoamb qumbqulr pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh ï flotm laprljmnkh-sl ua aïthkh qul, la sántlsl, ï okçntodh mh laprljmkh pmrm m dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs kldoamos pmrm h sostlam coníroh. Ymrm dhaprhvmr osth, plkoahs mh mbunh qul mdhapmnel ms prôxoams lxpbodmêüls, hnkl trmtmrlahs lstl tôpodh thamnkh phr cmsl h lxlapbh qul ï kmkh m sljuor. Vmahs dhnvlrtlr h n÷alrh 6:;4, pmrm qul slgm phssávlb dhnvlrtlr lstl n÷alrh kldoamb pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb, rlmbozmrlahs uam kovosäh kh n÷alrh phr klzlsslos, dhah ahstrmkh m sljuor7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
:
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
\am vlz qul hctovlahs ua proalorh rlsth l qul h quhdolntl monkm phkl slr kovokokh phr klzlsslos, prhssljuoahs dha h prhdlssh lfltumnkh uam nhvm kovosäh kh rlsubtmkh hctokh phr klzlsslos7
H quhdolntl hctokh ï monkm suplrohr m klzlsslos0 phrtmnth, prhssljuoahs dha h prhdlssh7
Dhah h mbunh phkl nhtmr h quhdolntl hctokh nlssm ÷btoam kovosäh ï onflrohr m klzlsslos l, phrtmnth näh phkl slr kovokokh. Dhah gí lrm kl sl suphr, pmrm dhapbltmr h prhdlssh rlstmrí qul mjruplahs, cot m cot, thkhs hs rlsths l h quhdolntl hctokh, dhnfhral klahnstrmahs m sljuor7
Yhrïa, má surjl ua fmth ontlrlssmntl, pmrm h qumb demamahs m mtlnêäh kh mbunh7 h tlrdlorh rlsth klstm kovosäh fho h n÷alrh =9, dugm rlprlslntmêäh, la elxmkldoamb, ï floth mtrmvïs km bltrm M. Klvlahs, phrtmnth, sucstotuá-bh phr tmb bltrm pmrm qul m dhnvlrsäh lstlgm dhapbltm7 6:;4₍₉ 1 =M<:₍₆ Kosth phkl-sl dhndbuor qul slaprl qul hctovlrahs, kurmntl m kovosäh, mbjmrosahs dhaprllnkokhs lntrl =9 l =<, klvlrlahs sucstotuá-bhs phr slus lquovmblntls, M, C, D, K, L l F, rlspldtovmalntl amntlnkh sums phsoêüls rlbmtovms m a kl näh klturpmrahs dha h rlsubtmkh hctokh nm dhnvlrsäh dhnvlrsäh.. Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
5
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Yhklahs, dhah kl dhstual, vlrodmr sl h rlsubtmkh lstí dhrrlth0 pmrm osth, vmahs rlmbozmr m dhnvlrsäh kh rlsubtmkh hctokh nm cmsl klzlsslos pmrm h sostlam kldoamb7
Dha osth, dhnflroahs h rlsubtmkh kl nhssm dhnvlrsäh, mbïa kl nhtmr, dhah gí koth mntlrohralntl mntlrohralntl,, qul h prhdlssh kl dhnvlrsäh kl ua n÷alrh kldoamb pmrm elxmkldoamb, guntmalntl dha h prhdlssh onvlrsh,, säh, la sántlsl, okçntodhs mhs laprljmkhs mtï h prlslntl ahalnth. onvlrsh Vmahs, nlstl onstmntl, rlmbozmr m dhnvlrsäh klstl ?555 n÷alrh kldoamb pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb7
\am vlz qul lndlrrmahs dha ms kovosüls sudlssovms, rlstm-nhs mplnms mjrupmr hs rlsubtmkhs hctokhs7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
?
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Nhtl h mbunh qul h sljunkh rlsth klstm kovosäh fho h n÷alrh =9, h qumb smclahs qul phssuo sum rlprlslntmêäh, la elxmkldoamb, flotm plbm bltrm M. Klvlahs, phrtmnth, sucstotuor lstl n÷alrh phr lstm bltrm pmrm qul m dhnvlrsäh slgm dhapbltm7 ?555₍₉ 1 36M9₍₆ Dhah kl dhstual, orlahs fmzlr uam vlrofodmêäh kh rlsubtmkh lndhntrmkh, dhnvlrtlnkh-h nhvmalntl pmrm h sostlam kldoamb7
Dha osth dhnforamahs qul ?555₍₉ ï ojumb m 36M9₍₆ dhah sup÷nemahs. Lndlrrmahs nlstl phnth nhssms lxpbodmêüls mdlrdm kms dhnvlrsüls kl n÷alrhs kldoamos pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Lsplrmahs tlr fhrnldokh mh mbunh, nlstl plqulnh lspmêh kl qul kosphahs, dhnkoêüls pblnms kl dhaprllnsäh shcrl h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh l sum oaphrtãndom nm Lbltrûnodm Kojotmb l nm Onfhraítodm. Yhrïa, näh sl prlhdupl, h mbunh, sl lndhntrhu mbjuam kofodubkmkl pmrm dhaprllnklr hs mssunths qul voahs mtï mjhrm, phos kofodob alntl mbjuïa qul lfltul mplnms uam bloturm dhnsojm mcshrvlr, kl oalkomth, dhndloths täh dhapblxhs H prôxoah tlam qul mchrkmrlahs dhnsostl nm dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs kh sostlam coníroh pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb. Dmsh h mbunh gubjul nldlssíroh, fmêm uam nhvm bloturm kh tlam, mbïa kl mbjuns lxlrdádohs kl dhnvlrsüls kl n÷alrhs kl uam kltlraonmkm cmsl pmrm hutrm, mssoa dhah tlahs floth mtï h prlslntl ahalnth.
Slbmêäh lntrl hs Tostlams Coníroh l Elxmkldoamb Mntls kl vlrahs h aïthkh kl dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs conírohs pmrm h sostlam kl elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh, mssunth qul slrí vosth nh prôxoah tôpodh, jhstmrámahs kl demamr m mtlnêäh kh mbunh pmrm ua fmth oaphrtmntl qul näh phkl pmssmr klsmplrdlcokh, hu slgm, m lstrlotm rlbmêäh qul lxostl lntrl hs sostlams kl nualrmêäh coníroh l elxmkldoamb. [lnkh osth la alntl, m dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs conírohs pmrm h sostlam kl nualrmêäh thrnm-sl lxtrlamalntl soapbls, soapbls, phos cmstm qul mjruplahs h n÷alrh coníroh la jruphs jruphs kl qumtrh cots l qul lfltulahs m dhnvlrsäh kl dmkm jruph korltmalntl pmrm elxmkldoamb. Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
=9
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Yhklahs dhaprhvmr m sum lstrlotm rlbmêäh dha hs n÷alrhs conírohs km sljuontl amnlorm7 Tmclahs, kh lstukh n÷alrhs conírohs, qul7
Yhrïa, tmacïa smclahs, kh lstukh ontrhkutôroh mdlrdm kh sostlam elxmkldoamb, qul7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
==
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Hrm, mtrmvïs klstms kums dhndbusüls, phklahs fhramr uam nhvm tmclbm, m tmclbm UO, qul rlbmdohnm h sostlam kl cmsl klz, khos l klzlsslos, m qumb ï ahstrmkm m sljuor7
Lstm tmclbm klahnstrm m ántoam rlbmêäh lntrl hs sostlams coníroh l elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh phos, mtrmvïs km alsam, phklahs vlrofodmr qul cmstma qumtrh kájoths conírohs pmrm fhramr hs klzlsslos mbjmrosahs koflrlntls kh sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Cmstm rldhrkmrahs qul 3⁻₍₉ ï ojumb =6₍₉. Ymrm lxpbodmr lstm rlbmêäh m qul lstmahs nhs rlflronkh, plkoahs mh mbunh qul mtlntl pmrm h fmth kl qul ms cmsls khs sostlams kl nualrmêäh kl cmsl khos (coníroh), l kl cmsl klzlsslos (elxmkldoamb) säh a÷btopbhs kl khos, dhnfhral ahstrmahs m sljuor7
Nhs trçs dmshs, hs lxphlntls kh n÷alrh khos ï ua n÷alrh ontlorh, h qul näh hdhrrl pmrm h sostlam kldoamb. Kl fmth, dmsh fmthrlahs m cmsl kh sostlam kldoamb, lndhntrmrlahs h n÷alrh khos lblvmkh näh m ua n÷alrh ontlorh, l soa h n÷alrh khos lblvmkh m ua n÷alrh frmdohníroh, dhah ahstrmkh mcmoxh7
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
=3
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Ï dbmrh qul phr lstm soapbls lxpbodmêäh dm ua phudh kofádob kl mcshrvlr h qul fho klahnstrmkh nhs pmríjrmfhs mntlrohrls. Mbïa kossh, m dhaprhvmêäh amtlaítodm kl ua mssunth täh dhapblxh ï mbjh qul näh tlrahs dhnkoêüls, nh ahalnth, kl fhrnldlr mh mbunh. Näh sl prlhdupl hh mbunh dha osth phos, nh prôxoah tôpodh, klahnstrmrlahs nm prítodm l, dha amohr dbmrlzm, lstm ántoam rlbmêäh l sum utobozmêäh. Yhrtmnth, dmrh mbunh, lstukl lstm tmclbm dha auotm mtlnêäh, phos m alsam, mbïa kl funkmalntmr h prhdlssh kl dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs conírohs pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb l vodl-vlrsm, funkmalntm tmacïa h prhdlssh kl dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs hdtmos pmrm h sostlam kl cmsl klzlsslos l vodl-vlrsm, dhah vlrlahs la ahalnth hphrtunh.
Dhnvlrsäh Dhnv lrsäh kh Tostlam Coníroh pmrm h Tostlam Elxmkldoamb
M dhnvlrsäh kl n÷alrhs conírohs pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh, dhah h mbunh tlrí hphrtunokmkl kl vlrodmr vlrodmr,, utobozm ua prhdlssh lxtrlamalntl soapbls. Ymrm klahnstrmr h prhdlssh pmrm dhnvlrsäh, vmahs suphr qul sl qulorm dhnvlrtlr h n÷alrh ==9=9=₃, qul smclahs slr ojumb m <4₍₉, pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Onodombalntl, mjrupmrlahs mjrupmrlahs h n÷alrh la jruphs kl qumtrh cots. Lstl mjrupmalnth, dhah gí ï kh dhneldoalnth kh mbunh, klvl slr floth m pmrtor km vorjubm, hu slgm, km korlotm pmrm m lsqulrkm dha m pmrtl ontlorm kh n÷alrh, l km lsqulrkm pmrm m korlotm dha m sum pmrtl frmdohnírom. Nlstl dmsh, h mjrupmalnth dmrí dhah ahstrmkh m sljuor7 Mbjmrosahs näh sojnodmtovh sojnodmtovhss 99== 9=9=₃ mdrlsdlntmkhs mdrlsdlntmkhs.. Nh nhssh dmsh, mdrlsdlntmahs khos zlrhs é lsqulrkm mplnms pmrm dhapbltmr h jruph l fmdobotmr m bloturm. \am vlz qul h n÷alrh lndhntrm-sl klvokmalntl mjrupmkh, cmstmrí rlmbozmr, dha h muxáboh km tmclbm UO, m dhnvlrsäh korltm kl dmkm ua khs jruphs7
phrtmnth, dhndbuáahs qul ==9=9=₃ 1 4<₍₆ Yhklahs dhnflror sl h rlsubtmkh klstm dhnvlrsäh lstí dhrrlth cmstmnkh, pmrm osth, rlmbozmr m sum dhnvlrsäh pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh, dhah klahnstrmkh m sljuor7
Dhah lstm ÷btoam dhnvlrsäh dhnramahs qul h rlsubtmkh qul emvámahs hctokh lstí dhrrlth dhrrlth.. Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
=4
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Vmahs m amos ua lxlapbh7 tlahs h n÷alrh ===9=9=999=₃ l qulrlahs dhnvlrtç-bh pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh. [mb [mb qumb nh dmsh mntlrohr, onodomrlahs m dhnvlrsäh phr mjrupmr h n÷alrh coníroh la jruphs kl qumtrh cots7
\am vlz qul h mjrupmalnth fho floth, rlmbozmrlahs m dhnvlrsäh onkovokumb kl dmkm ua khs jruphs kl cots conírohs7
phrtmnth, ===9=9=999=₃ 1 :<=₍₆ Dha h ontuoth kl dhnflror h rlsubtmkh hctokh, vmahs dhnvlrtlr machs hs n÷alrhs pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Fmêmahs, Fmêmahs, proalormalntl, m dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh coníroh pmrm h sostlam kl cmsl klz7
\am vlz hctokh h rlsubtmkh, fmêmahs m dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh elxmkldoamb pmrm m cmsl klz7
Dhah h mbunh phkl dhnstmtmr, machs hs rlsubtmkhs hctokhs, tmnth nm dhnvlrsäh kl coníroh pmrm kldoamb mssoa dhah nm dhnvlrsäh kl elxmkldoamb pmrm m cmsl klz, säh lxmtmalntl ojumos, h qul nhs blvm m dhndbuor qul m slntlnêm7 ===9=9=999=₃ 1 :<=₍₆ Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
=;
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Ï dhrrltm l, phrtmnth, phrtm nth, nhssm dhnvlrsäh dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh ===9=9=999=₃ pmrm h sostlam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh lstí dhrrltm tmacïa. \a ÷btoah lxlapbh7 qulrlahs rlmbozmr m dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh =9= ==9 =9==9=99=₃ pmrm h sostlam sost lam elxmkldoamb kl nualrmêäh. Onodombalntl, mjrupmahs h n÷alrh coníroh la jruphs kl qumtrh cots7
Osth floth, mdrlsdlntmahs, é lsqulrkm, m qumntokmkl nldlssírom kl zlrhs pmrm dhapblalntmr dhapblal ntmr h ÷btoah jruph7
La sljuokm, fmzlahs m dhnvlrsäh korltm kl dmkm ua khs jruphs onkovokumbalntl7
Slpmrl qul, nh tlrdlorh jruph, zlahs m dhnvlrsäh kl amnlorm näh korltm, slnkh h rlsubtmkh phstlrohralntl hctokh ojumb m K₍₆ . Yhrtmnth, rlstm-nhs mplnms rlunor hs cots hctokhs pmrm fhramr h n÷alrh nh sostlam elxmkldoamb7 =9===9=9==9=99=₃ 1
Dhnvlrsäh kh Tostlam Elxmkldoamb pmrm h Tostlam Coníroh H aïthkh kl dhnvlrsäh kl ua n÷alrh elxmkldoamb pmrm slu lquovmblntl coníroh phkl slr rlmbozmkh dhnvlrtlnkh dmkm cot kh n÷alrh kl cmsl klzlsslos la ua jruph kl qumtrh cots conírohs. Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
=<
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Ymrm lsdbmrldlr albehr h qul lstmahs mramnkh, vmahs suphr qul qulrlahs dhnvlrtlr pmrm coníroh h n÷alrh CMKF₍₆. Ymrm rlmbozmrahs lstm dhnvlrsäh, cmstm ‒klsalacrmrahs‑ h n÷alrh l dhnvlrtç-bh, cot m cot, dhah klahnstrmkh m sljuor7
\am vlz qul tlahs h vmbhr, la coníroh, kl dmkm ua khs cots elxmkldoamos, cmstm qul rlmbozlahs h mjrupmalnth pmrm dhapbltmr m dhnvlrsäh7 CMKF₍₆ 1 =9===9=9==9=====₃ Yhklahs, m lstm mbturm, rlmbozmr uam dhnflrçndom kh rlsubtmkh hctokh0 pmrm osth vmahs, proalormalntl, proalormaln tl, dhnvlrtlr kl elxmkldoamb pmrm kldoamb h n÷alrh prhphsth7
\am vlz osth floth, rlmbozlahs m dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh coníroh hctokh pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh7
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
=6
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Dhah h mbunh phkl rlpmrmr rlpmrmr,, deljmahs mh alsah vmbhr kldoamb mtrmvïs kl khos dmaonehs kostonths0 dhndbuáahs dha osth qul nhssm dhnvlrsäh kl elxmkldoamb pmrm coníroh lstí, phrtmnth, dhrrltm. Vmahs m amos ua lxlapbh7 tlahs h n÷alrh DM5:₍₆ l qulrlahs dhnvlrtç-bh pmrm h sostlam coníroh kl nualrmêäh. Ymrm osth, onodomahs nhssm dhnvlrsäh vlrodmnkh qumb h lquovmblntl, la coníroh, kl dmkm cot kh n÷alrh elxmkldoamb7
Osth floth, mjrupmahs hs dhngunths kl qumtrh cots hctokhs pmrm fhramr h n÷alrh coníroh klslgmkh7 DM5:₍₆ 1 ==99=9=9=9999===₃ Lndlrrmahs nhssm dhnvlrsäh dha h rlsubtmkh mdoam. Yhklahs, m lstm mbturm, dhnflror h rlsubtmkh hctokh, dhnvlrtlnkh machs hs n÷alrhs pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh l, pmrm osth, onodomrlahs dha h n÷alrh elxmkldoamb7
La sljuokm, rlmbozmahs m dhnvlrsäh kh n÷alrh coníroh pmrm h sostlam kldoamb kl nualrmêäh7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
=:
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Nhvmalntl hctovlahs rlsubtmkhs ojumos la nhssms dhnvlrsüls pmrm kldoamb0 phklahs dhndbuor, phrtmnth, qul h rlsubtmkh km dhnvlrsäh dhnvlrsäh kl DM5:₍₆ pmrm h sostlam coníroh kl nualrmêäh ï rlmbalntl ==99=9=9=999 9===₃. Gubjmahs qul h mbunh, m lstm mbturm, dlrtmalntl dlr tmalntl mssoaobhu näh mplnms m dhnvlrsäh, ams tmacïa gí dhap dhaprllnk rllnklu lu h aïth aïthkh kh kl dhnvl dhnvlrsäh rsäh kl elxm elxmkldo kldoamb amb pmrm m cmsl khos. Yhrt Yhrtmnth, mnth, thrn thrnm-sl m-sl klsnldlssírom m mprlslntmêäh kl amos mbjua lxlapbh klstl toph kl dhnvlrsäh, ahtovh plbh qumb lndlrrmahs mquo lstl tôpodh. Lndlrrmahs mquo ms kums hplrmêüls prondopmos khs dorduoths bôjodhs aodrhprhdlssmkhs blacrmnkh mh mbunh kl qul h ‒vmo ua‑ ua‑ ï kl suam oaphrtãndom nhs prhdlssmkhrls kojotmos, kojotmos, phos klplnklnkh kh vmbhr h prhdlssmkhr phklrí thamr trçs kldosüls qumnkh lxldutm ua prhjrmam. La sljuokm vlrlahs ms phrtms bôjodms.
Yhrtms Bôjodms Ontrhkuêäh Nh nmb kh sïdubh pmssmkh, J. Chhbl klslnvhbvlu ua sostlam amtlaítodh kl mníbosl bôjodm. Yhrïa, lstl sostlam sô tlvl uam rlmb mpbodmêäh dha h klslnvhbvoalnth km Lbltrûnodm Kojotmb l dha m nldlssokmkl kl klslnvhbvoalnt klslnvhbvoalnth h kl aíquonms, tmos dhah dhaputmkhrls hu aodrhdhntrhbmkhrls. aodrhdhntrhbmkhrls. Kl fmth, h sostlam amtlaítodh kl mníbosl bôjodm klslnvhbvokm phr Chhbl sl funkmalntmvm lxdbusovmalntl nm kumbokmkl, hu slgm7 ua kltlraonmkh fmth phklrom slr vlrkmklorh hu fmbsh0 uam kltlraonmkm rlsphstm mplnms phklrom slr soa hu näh, phsotovm hu nljmtovm0 l mssoa sudlssovmalntl. Ï dhrrlth dhndbuor qul lstl sostlam amtlaítodh kl Chhbl mtlnkl és nldlssokmkls km Lbltrûnodm Kojotmb, hnkl tlahs mplnms khos návlos bôjodhs, m smclr, návlb cmoxh hu mbth. Yhrïa, mblrtmahs mh mbunh qul näh dmom nh lrrh kl gubjmr qul h sostlam amtlaítodh kl Chhbl rlstronjou-sl mplnms és hplrmêüls amtlaítodms dha n÷alrhs conírohs, phos slu sostlam fho auoth mbïa kosth, thrnmnkh-sl la uam íbjlcrm, dhneldokm dhah Íbjlcrm kl Chhbl, shcrl m qumb slräh floths lstukhs la ahalnth hphrtunl. hphr tunl. Mplnms pmrm sl tlr uam okïom mdlrdm km oaphrtãndom kl Íbjlcrm kl Chhbl, dotmahs qul h klslnvhbvoalnth klslnvhbvoaln th km Lbltrûnodm Kojotmb sô thrnhu-sl phssávlb m pmrtor kh ahalnth la qul cusdhu-sl oapblalntmr dorduoths lbltrûnodhs qul rlprhkuzossla la sums smákms, dhnfhral hs návlos khs sonmos prlslntls la sums lntrmkms, h sostlam amtlaítodh kl mníbosl bôjodm, hu slgm, qul mprlslntmssla ms funêüls dhaconmdohnmos. [mos dorduoths, onodombalntl oapblalntmkhs dha víbvubms tlraoûnodms l rlbïs, pmssmrma m slr demamkhs kl dorduoths bôjodhs, uam vlz qul klvlroma klslaplnems funêüls bôjodms, hu slgm, funêüls dhaconmdohnmos plrtonlntls é bôjodm conírom. Dha h klslnvhbvoalnth tldnhbôjodh, tmos dorduoths pmssmrma m slr oapblalntmkhs dha trmnsosthrls, onodombalntl la fhram kosdrltm, l phstlrohralntl la fhram ontljrmkm. Ams, mplsmr klstl jrmnkl klslnvhbvoalnth klslnvhbvoalnt h tldnhbôjodh, hs ahklrnhs dhaputmkhrls kl ehgl säh dhnstotuákhs phr dhaphnlntls qul phssula, ontlrnmalntl, kovlrshs dorduoths kojotmos, hs qumos monkm säh funkmalntmkhs la plqulnhs kosphsotovhs qul klslaplnema mplnms ua plqulnh jruph kl funêüls bôjodms. M tmos kosphsotovhs ï kmkh h nhal kl phrtms bôjodms. Dhndbuo-sl, phrtmnth, qul phrtms bôjodms säh plqulnhs dorduoths lbltrûnodhs qul klslaplnema ms funêüls bôjodms, tlam kl nhssh prôxoah tôpodh. Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
=5
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Funêüls Bôjodms Císodms Dhah sujlrokh mntlrohralntl, ms funêüls bôjodms phkla slr dhnsoklrmkms dhah hplrmêüls dhaconmdohnmos coníroms císodms. Ï oaphrtmntl qul h mbunh näh dhnfunkm h tlrah ‒hplrmêüls dhaconmdohnmos‑ dha ms hplrmêüls mrotaïtodms. Mssoa slnkh, tlahs kovlrsms funêüls dhaconmdohnmos, m smclr7 m funêäh MNK (hu L), m funêäh HS (hu H\), m funêäh NH[ (hu NÄH), ltd. Nh ahalnth, nhs kltlrlahs mplnms nlstms trçs proalorms funêüls. Ymrm dhaprllnklr h qul vla slr uam funêäh bôjodm, vmahs suphr uam kltlraonmkm sotumêäh7 tlahs uam aíquonm qul mprlslntm jrmnkl plrodubhsokmkl kurmntl slu fundohnmalnth (phr lxlapbh, uam juobehtonm kl jrídm) l qulrlahs onstmbmr nm alsam ua kosphsotovh kl sljurmnêm, kl amnlorm qul tlnemahs m dlrtlzm qul m bãaonm klssm aíquonm shalntl slrí mdohnmkm qumnkh h hplrmkhr lstovlr la thtmb sljurmnêm. Klstm amnlorm, onstmbmahs nlstm aíquonm ua kosphsotovh qul, la sántlsl ï soaobmr mh mprlslntmkh nm jurm =. H mbunh nhtm, phr lstm jurm, qul h dorduoth ï dhnstotuákh plbh rlbï SB l plbhs ontlrrupthrls T= l T3. Näh ï prldosh fmzlr uam mníbosl prhfunkm nh dorduoth pmrm dhndbuor qul hs dhntmths kl SB sô sl fldemräh qumnkh kh mdohnmalnth soaubtãnlh kl T= l T3. Onstmbmnkh tmos ontlrrupthrls la bhdmos mklqumkhs l, dhnldtmnkh hs tlraonmos kh rlbï kl amnlorm dhrrltm, tlrlahs m dlrtlzm kl qul h kosphsotovh duaprorí sum funêäh, phos h hplrmkhr prldosmrí sl phsodohnmr la bhdmb sljurh pmrm mdohnmr machs hs chtüls mh alsah tlaph.
Fojurm = - Lxlapbh soapbls kl ua dorduoth kojotmb qul lxldutl m funêäh MNK (hu L).
Yhrïa, vmahs nhs kltlr la mnmbosmr albehr h kosphsotovh l dhnstruor uam tmclbm qul klahnstrl slu fundohnmalnth7 Onodombalntl, phklahs kltlraonmr h fhramth km tmclbm, qul phkl slr h ahstrmkh m sljuor7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
=?
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Yhklahs prllndelr lstm tmclbm dha ms kovlrsms dhaconmêüls qul hctlrlahs pmrm dmkm sotumêäh0 m tmclbm, klphos kl prhntm, mprlslntmrí h sljuontl mspldth7
Hrm, h qul sl flz nlssl lxlapbh fho uam mníbosl kl thkms ms dhaconmêüls bôjodms phssávlos hflrldokms plbhs ontlrrupthrls l hs rlsubtmkhs hctokhs é smákm kh rlbï. [rmtm-sl, phrtmnth, kl uam mníbosl dhaconmdohnmb. Yhklahs fmzlr m bloturm klstm tmclbm km sljuontl amnlorm7 Tl T= lstí mclrth l k3 lstí mclrth, lntäh SB lstí mclrth Tl T= lstí mclrth l s3 lstí fldemkh, lntäh SB lstí mclrth Tl T= lstí fldemkh l s3 lstí mclrth, lntäh SB lstí mclrth Tl T= lstí fldemkh l T3 lstí fldemkh, lntäh SB lstí fldemkh. Slpmrl h mbunh qul, la thkms ms slntlnêms, surjou h dhnldtovh l. Tl trhdmrahs, nm tmclbm mntlrohr, mntlrohr, m hdhrrçndom km pmbmvrm ‒mclrth‑ ‒mclrth‑ plbh n÷alrh 9 l m hdhrrçndom km pmbmvrm ‒fldemkh‑ plbh n÷alrh =, m tmclbm dmrí dhnfhral ahstrmkh m sljuor7
Lstm tmclbm rlprlslntm, mtrmvïs khs n÷alrhs 9 l =, uam vlrkmkl mdlrdm kh fundohnmalnth kh dorduoth prhphsth, prhphsth, onkodmnkh thkms ms dhaconmêüls bôjodms qul phkla slr flotms. Yhrïa, m rlflrokm tmclbm näh rlprlslntm mplnms osth0 trmtm-sl km tmclbm km funêäh MNK(hu L). [mb tmclbm rldlcl h nhal kl tmclbm-vlrkmkl km funêäh MNK phr ahtovhs qul h mbunh phkl fmdobalntl dhndbuor7 onkodm m vlrkmkl mdlrdm kms dhaconmêüls phssávlos lntrl h lstmkh bôjodh kosphnávlb la ua l hutrh phnth. Mbïa km funêäh MNK, tlahs hutrms funêüls qul phkla slr dhnsoklrmkms císodms. Täh ms funêüls7 HS (H\) l m funêäh NH[ (NÄH)
Fojurm 3 - Dorduoth qul lxldutm m funêäh HS (H\).
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
39
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Ymrm lxlapbodmr m funêäh HS, vmahs suphr m sljuontl sotumêäh7 h prhproltíroh kl uam dmsm klslgm onstmbmr, la ua kltlraonmkh dûahkh, uam dmapmonem qul slgm mdohnmkm phr khos ontlrrupthrls kostonths, slnkh qul dmkm ua khs ontlrrupthrl ontlrrupthrlss slrí onstmbmkh la uam kltlraonmkm lntrmkm km dmsm. Mplnms m tátubh kl obustrmêäh, dotmahs qul h dorduoth mkhtmkh pmrm osth ï h ahstrmkh nm jurm 3. Vmahs mnmbosmr h fundohnmalnth klstl dorduoth, mtrmvïs kl uam tmclbm vlrkmkl7
Mtrmvïs klstm tmclbm phklahs dhndbuor qul h fundohnmalnth kh dorduoth slrí h sljuontl7 Tl machs hs ontlrrupthrls lstäh mclrths, lntäh m dmapmonem lstí klsmdohnmkm. Tl T= lstí fldemkh, hu T3, hu machs lstäh fldemkhs, lntäh m dmapmonem slrí mdohnmkm. Yhklahs, phrtmnth, mforamr sljurmalntl qul, dmsh ua hu hutrh ontlrrupthr slgm mdohnmkh, m dmapmonem shmrí, h alsah hdhrrlnkh nh dmsh kl mdohnmalnth soaubtãnlh kl machs hs ontlrrupthrls. Dmsh sucstotuáahs klstm tmclbm hs tlrahs ‒mclrth‑ l ‒klsmdohnmkm‑ plbh n÷alrh 9, l sucstotuorahs hs tlrahs ‒fldemkh‑ l ‒mdohnmkm‑ plbh n÷alrh =, m tmclbm rlprlslntmrí h sljuontl mspldth.
Lstm tmclbm dhrrlsphnkl é tmclbm-vlrkmkl km funêäh bôjodm bô jodm H\, l h lxlapbh kmkh dhrrlsphnkl m uam sotumêäh hnkl fho laprljmkm m funêäh H\. Kms funêüls císodms rlstm-nhs dhalntmr mdlrdm km funêäh NÄH0 dhah slu nhal sujlrl, trmtm-sl kl uam funêäh kl nljmêäh hu onvlrsäh. Ymrm lxlapbodí-bm, vmahs suphr h dorduoth km jurm 4. Vmahs mnmbosmr h fundohnmalnth klstl dorduoh.
Lstmnkh h ontlrrupthr mclrth, m bãapmkm näh sl mpmjmrí. Mh mdohnmr-sl h ontlrrupthr T=, m bãapmkm näh sl mdlnklrí. Ï dbmrh qul ua kosphsotovh dhah h ahstrmkh näh phssuo uam jrmnkl mpbodmêäh prítodm, ams sl Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
3=
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
prlstm auoth cla pmrm lxlapbofodmr m funêäh NÄH, dhah klahnstrm m tmclbm mcmoxh, hnkl rlprlslntmahs rlprlslntm ahs h slu fundohnmalnth7
Mh sucstotuorahs hs tlrahs ‒mclrth‑ l ‒klsmdohnmkh‑ plbh n÷alrhs 9, l hs tlrahs ‒fldemkh‑ l ‒mdohnmkh‑‑ plbh n÷alrh =, m tmclbm mprlslntmrí h sljuontl mspldth7 ‒mdohnmkh
Lstm tmclbm, dhah ahstrmkm, dhnsostl nm tmclbm-vlrkmkl km funêäh NÄH0 h dorduoth prhphsth, phrtmnth, klslaplnem m funêäh NÄH, phos mtum dhah onvlrshr, ‒nljmnkh‑ (hu onvlrtlnkh) h návlb bôjodh prlslntl la sum lntrmkm. Mtrmvïs klstls lxlapbhs cusdmahs klahnstrmr h qul vla m slr ms funêüls bôjodms. Yhrïa, trmtm-sl mplnms kl uam ontrhkuêäh, vosth qul trmtmrlahs kh mssunth kl uam amnlorm amos prhfunkm nh prôxoah tôpodh, hnkl vlrlahs, dhnguntmalntl dhnguntmalntl dha ms funêüls bôjodms, ms phrtms phr tms bôjodms.
M Yhrtm L (mnk) Voahs, nh tôpodh mntlrohr, uam ontrhkuêäh kh qul vorom m slr m funêäh L hu MNK0 voahs tmacïa qul dorduoths lbltrûnodhs phkla vor m klslaplnemr m funêäh L hu MNK. Fhrambalntl fmbmnkh, m funêäh MNK dhnsostl nm funêäh qul lxldutm m ‒aubtopbodmêäh‑ kl kums hu amos vmroívlos bôjodms. Kozlahs mssoa, phos klvokh é íbjlcrm kl Chhbl, dhndbuou-sl qul m amnlorm MNK ï m qul fmz ush kh sonmb kl aubtopbodmêäh. Mssoa slnkh, l rldhrrlnkh mh dorduoth km jurm =, tlahs qul7
SB 1 T=.T3 hu SB 1 T= x T3 HCT7 Lstms kums slntlnêms klvla slr bokms km sljuontl amnlorm7 ‒SB ï ojumb m T=l T3‑, T3‑, gí qul lstmahs nhs rlflronkh é Íbjlcrm kl Chhbl, l näh é mrotaïtodm conírom. Kovlrshs phkla slr hs dorduoths qul klslaplnela lstm funêäh, ahtovh plbh qumb, la Lbltrûnodm Kojotmb, näh ï funkmalntmb qul sl smocm qumb h dorduoth lbïtrodh hu lbltrûnodh qul lstlgm slnkh laprljmkh pmrm klslaplnemr m funêäh0 phkl, phrtmnkh, phr tmnkh, slr ua dorduoth vmbvubmkh, ua deop kl mbth jrmu kl ontljrmêäh hu alsah mtï h dorduoth km jurm =. Mh dorduoth qul klslaplnel uam funêäh bôjodm ï kmkh h nhal kl phrtm bôjodm. Slpmrl h mbunh qul, pmrm ua dorduoth slr dhnsoklrmkh dhah uam phrtm bôjodm, sl fmz nldlssíroh qul h alsah phssum kums hu amos lntrmkms l uam smákm. Tl torísslahs hs ontlrrupthrls T= l T3 kh dorduoth km jurm =, hs phnths hnkl hs alsahs lndhntrmvma-sl dhnldtmkhs phklroma slr dhnsoklrmkhs dhah lntrmkm l, phrtmnth, h dorduoth phklrom slr dhnsoklrmkh dhah uam lspïdol kl phrtm bôjodm Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
33
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Ylbh qul fho lxphsth, dhndbuáahs qul, mh dorduoth qul klslaplnem m funêäh MNK hu L, ï kmkh h nhal kl phrtm MNK hu phrtm L.
Dhnsoklrmnkh h sáachbh km jurm ; l h qul fho dotmkh, nh tôpodh mntlrohr, mdlrdm km funêäh L, phklahs blvmntmr, blvmntmr, pmrm m phrtm L, m sljuontl tmclbm-vlrkmkl7
Blacrmahs kl qul ‒tmclbm-vlrkmkl ‒tmclbm-vlrkmkl‑‑ dhnsostl la uam lspïdol kl ampm hnkl säh rlprlslntmk rlprlslntmkms ms thkms ms dhaconmêüls phssávlos kl lntrmkm l smákm pmrm ua kltlraonmkh dorduoth. dorduoth. Mtï h prlslntl ahalnth, dhnsoklrmahs m funêäh L pmrm mplnms kums vmroívlos kl lntrmkm. Yhrïa, phklahs lstlnklr lstl dhndloth pmrm qumbqulr n÷alrh kl lntrmkms, dhah klahnstrm m jurm <.
Fojurm < - Yhrtm MNK kl dondh lntrmkms.
Ymrm lndlrrmr phrtm H\, ahstrmahs nm jurm 6 M, h komjrmam ontlrnh kl uam phrtm phr tm H\ prlslntl nh DO :;43. Blacrmahs mh mbunh kl qul mh onvïs kl usmrahs rlprlslntmr m phrtm H\ dha thkhs lssls dhaphnlntls, ï amos fídob rlprlslntí-bm dhah nm jurm mcmoxh.
Fojurm 6 M - Yhrtm H\ (HS) ontlrnm kh DO :;95. Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
34
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Mplnms m tátubh kl durohsokmkl, onfhramahs qul h lsqulam mprlslntmkh mcmoxh rlflrl-sl m uam phrtm L lndhntrmkm ontlrnmalntl nh dorduoth ontljrmkh :;95. [hkhs hs dhaphnlntls lstäh mdhnkodohnmkhs ontlrnmalntl nh DO :;95, nm prítodm rlprlsltmahs dhah nm jurm ;, haotonkh hs dhaphnlntls ontlrnhs.
Fojurm 6 M - Yhrtm L (MNK) ontlrnm kh DO :;95.
M Yhrtm H\ (HS) Fho kmkh mh mbunh, mntlrohralntl, uam lxpbodmêäh ontrhkutôrom km lxostçndom km funêäh H\, tmacïa klnhaonmkm funêäh HS, l kh qul vorom m slr tmb funêäh0 voahs tmacïa qul, kl amnlorm soaobmr é funêäh MNK, phkla slr floths dorduoths lbltrûnodhs qul klslaplnema m funêäh H\ hu HS. Nm hdmsoäh, utobozmahs, pmrm lxpbodmêäh km funêäh H\, kh lxlapbh km dmapmonem qul klvlrom slr mdohnmkm phr khos ontlrrupthrls, dhnfhral ahstrmkh nm jurm 3. Mh mnmbosmrahs h fundohnmalnth kh dorduoth, dhndbuáahs qul m dmapmonem phklrom slr mdohnmkm kl trçs amnlorms kostontms7 hu plbh ontlrrupthr TO, hu plbh ontlrrupthr T3, hu phr machs. Fhrambalntl fmbmnkh, m funêäh H\ dhnsostl nm funêäh qul lxldutm m ‒sham‑ kl kums hu amos vmroívlos bôjodms. Kozlahs mssoa phos, klvokh é Íbjlcrm kl Chhbl, dhndbuou-sl qul m amnlorm amos mklqumkm kl rlprlslntmr m funêäh H\ ï m qul fmz ush kh sonmb kl sham. Mssoa slnkh, l rldhrrlnkh mh dorduoth km jurm 3, tlahs qul7
SB 1 T= + T3 HCT7 Lstm slntlnêm, klvl slr bokm km sljuontl amnlorm7 ‒SB ï ojumb m T= hu T3‑ T3‑,, gí qul lstmahs nhs rlflronkh é Íbjlcrm kl Chhbl, l näh é mrotaïtodm conírom. Kl amnlorm soaobmr mh qul fho lxphsth pmrm m funêäh MNK, onfhramahs qul phkla slr vírohs dorduoths klstonmkhs m klslaplnemr m funêäh H\ hu HS, ahtovh plbh qumb, dhah gí dotmahs mntlrohralntl, la Lbltrûnodm Kojotmb, näh ï funkmalntmb qul sl smocm qumb h dorduoth lbïtrodh hu lbltrûnodh qul lstlgm slnkh laprljmkh pmrm klslaplnemr m funêäh. Dhah dotmahs pmrm m phrtm MNK, klnhaonmahs h dorduoth qul klslaplnem uam funêäh bôjodm kl phrtm bôjodm, klskl qul h alsah phssum kums hu amos lntrmkms l uam smákm. Mssoa slnkh, dmsh fhssla rltormkhs hs ontlrrupthrls T= l T3 kh dorduoth km jurm 3, hs phnths rlsubtmntls phklroma slr dhnsoklrmkhs dhah lntrmkms0 phrtmnth, h dorduoth phklrom slr dhnsoklrmkh tmacïa dhah uam lspïdol kl phrtm bôjodm. Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
3;
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Dhah h mbunh dlrtmalntl klvl tlr dhndbuákh, h dorduoth qul klslaplnem m funêäh H\ hu HS ï demamkh kl phrtm H\ hu h u phrtm HS. La qumbqulr dmsh, l klskl qul h dorduoth klslaplnel m rlflrokm funêäh, h alsah ï rlprlslntmkh plbh sáachbh ahstrmkh nm jurm :.
Fojurm : - Táachbh km phrtm HS.
Dhnsoklrmnkh h sáachbh mprlslntmkh l ms onfhramêüls fhrnldokms la tôpodh mntlrohr, mdlrdm km funêäh H\, phklahs blvmntmr, blvmntmr, pmrm m phrtm H\, m sljuontl tmclbm-vlrkmkl7 tmclbm-vlrkmkl7
Näh nhs dustm rldhrkmr qul ‒tmclbm-vlrkmkl‑ dhnsostl la uam lspïdol kl ampm hnkl säh rlprlslntmkms rlprlslntm kms thkms ms dhaconmêüls phssávlos kl lntrmkm l smákm pmrm ua kltlraonmkh dorduoth. Mtrmvïs klstm tmclbm-vlrkmkl tmclbm-vlrkmkl dhndbuáahs qul tlrlahs ua návlb mbth, nm smákm kl uam phrtm phr tm H\, sl m lntrmkm M hu m lntrmkm C hu macms mprlslntmrla návlb mbth0 la hutrms pmbmvrms phklahs mramr qul sô slrí hctokh ua návlb cmoxh é smákm kl uam phrtm H\ dmsh macms ms lntrmkms tmacïa lstlgma la návlb cmoxh. Kl amnlorm mníbhjm mh qul fho koth mdlrdm kms phrtms MNK, phklahs, tmacïa pmrm ms phrtms H\, lstlnklr lstl dhndloth pmrm qumbqulr n÷alrh kl lntrmkms, dhah klahnstrm m jurm 5.
Fojurm 5 - Yhrtm HS (H\) kl dondh lntrkms.
M Yhrtm NÄH (Nht) hu Cbhdh Onvlrshr Dhah h nhal klstm phrtm sujlrl, trmtm-sl kl uam phrtm bôjodm, klstonmkm m klslaplnemr uam funêäh kl nljmêäh hu onvlrsäh, qul klnhaonm-sl funêäh NÄH hu NH[, shcrl h qumb gí tovlahs m hphrtunokmkl kl tldlr mbjuns dhalntírohs7 Nm hdmsoäh, lxlapbodmahs m mtumêäh km funêäh NÄH suphnkh ua dorduoth lbltrûnodh, dugh lsqulam fho mprlslntmkh nm jurm 4. Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
3<
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Mh mnmbosmrahs h fundohnmalnth kh rlflrokh dorduoth, dhndbuáahs qul m bãapmkm näh sl mpmjmvm dmsh h ontlrrupthr T= lstovlssl mclrth, km alsam amnlorm qul m bãapmkm näh sl mdlnkom dmsh h ontlrrupthr T= lstovlssl mdohnmkh. Nm hdmsoäh dotmahs qul ua kosphsotovh soaobmr mh ahstrmkh näh phssuám auotms mpbodmêüls prítodms, phrïa prlstmvm-sl pmrm lxlapbodmr m mtumêäh km funêäh NÄH NÄH.. Kl fmth, phklahs gustodmr h lxphsth mh dhapmrmrahs ms tmclbms-vlrkmkl kh dorduoth prhphstm l km mtumêäh km funêäh NÄH0 pmrm fmdobotmr,, rlprhkuzoahs, m sljuor, macms ms tmclbms, pmrm qul h mbunh fmêm sum dhapmrmêäh. fmdobotmr
Dhah dotmahs nm hdmsoäh, nhtm-sl qul mh sucstotuorahs mh tlrahs ‒mclrth‑ l ‒klsmdohnmkh‑ plbh n÷alrh 9, l hs tlrahs ‒fldemkh‑ l ‒mdohnmkh‑ plbh n÷alrh =, m tmclbm-vlrkmkl kh dorduoth, ahstrmkm é lsqulrkm, slrí okçntodm équlbm qul mprlslntmahs é korlotm. Yhklahs mramr qul m tmclbm km korlotm, dhah ahstrmkh mdoam, dhnsostl nm tmclbm-vlrkmkl km funêäh NÄH0 nlstm tmclbm, T= onkodm h návlb kl lntrmkm, lnqumnth qul SB rlprlslntm h návlb kl smákm. Fodm dbmrh, phrtmnth, qul h dorduoth prhphsth klslaplnem m funêäh NÄH, phos mtum dhah onvlrshr onvlrshr,, ‒nljmnkh‑ (hu onvlrtlnkh) h návlb bôjodh prlslntl la sum lntrmkm. Dhndbuáahs qul m funêäh NÄH dhnsostl nm funêäh qul lxldutm m nljmêäh kl uam (l mplnms uam) vmroívlb bôjodm. M amnlorm laprljmkm pmrm rlprlslntmr m funêäh NÄH fmz ush km bltrm onkodmtovm km vmroívlb qul slrí nljmkm, mdrlsdokm kl ua trmêh7 Mssoa slnkh, l rldhrrlnkh mh dorduoth km jurm 4, tlahs qul7 SB 1 T=
HCT7 Lstm slntlnêm klvl slr bokm km sljuontl amnlorm7 ‒ SB ï ojumb m T= nljmkh‑, uam vlz qul lstmahs nhs rlflronkh é Íbjlcrm kl Chhbl. Kl amnlorm soaobmr mh qul fho lxphsth pmrm ms klamos funêüls, tmacïa phkla slr vírohs hs dorduoths klstonmkhs m klslaplnemr m funêäh NÄH hu NH[. Dhah gí ï kh dhneldoalnth kh mbunh, klnhaonmahs h dorduoth qul klslaplnem uam funêäh bôjodm kl phrtm bôjodm. Mssoa slnkh, h dorduoth qul klslaplnem m funêäh NÄH hu NH[ ï demamkh kl phrtm NÄH hu phrtm NH[. La qumbqulr dmsh, l klskl qul h dorduoth klslaplnel m rlflrokm funêäh, h alsah ï rlprlslntmkh plbh sáachbh ahstrmkh nm jurm ?.
Fojurm ? - Táachbh kl ua onvlrshr (Yhrtm NH[).
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
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Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Mdrlsdlntmahs qul m funêäh kl nljmêäh hu funêäh NÄH tmacïa phkl slr rlprlslntmkm kl hutrms kums amnlorms kostontms, ms qumos säh ahstrmkms nm jurm =90 machs hs sáachbhs mprlslntmkhs phkla slr laprljmkhs la kltlraonmkms sotumêüls, ms qumos slräh vostms la ahalnth hphrtunh.
Fojurm =9 - Slprlslntmêü Slprlslntmêüls ls kl onvlrsäh kl návlb bôjodh.
Dhnsoklrmnkh h sáachbh mprlslntmkh nm jurm ? l ms onfhramêüls fhrnldokms mtï h ahalnth mdlrdm km funêäh NÄH, phklahs blvmntmr, blvmntmr, pmrm m rlflrokm phrtm, m sljuontl tmclbm-vlrkmkl7 tmclbm-vlrkmkl7
Slpmrl h mbunh qul lstm tmclbm ï okçntodm m qul voahs pmrm h fundohnmalnth kh dorduoth km jurm 4, h qul nhs blvm m dhndbuor qul h alsah phkl slr dhnsoklrmkh dha uam lspïdol kl onvlrshr. onvlrshr. Mtrmvïs klstm tmclbm-vlrkmkl dhndbuáahs qul tlrlahs ua návlb mbth, nm smákm T kl uam phrtm NÄH, sl m lntrmkm M mprlslntmr ua návlb cmoxh0 phr hutrh bmkh, sô hctlrlahs ua návlb cmoxh, nm smákm kl uam phrtm NÄH NÄH,, sl m lntrmkm M mprlslntmr ua návlb mbth. La hutrms pmbmvrms phklahs mramr qul sô slrí hctokh, é smákm kl uam phrtm phr tm onvlrshrm, ua návlb dhntríroh mh mprlslntmkh la sum lntrmkm. Yhrïa, dhntrmromalntl dhntrmromalntl mh qul fho koth mdlrdm kms phrtms MNK l HS, näh phklahs, pmrm uam phrtm NH[,, lstlnklr lstl dhndloth pmrm qumbqulr n÷alrh kl lntrmkms0 nm prítodm, mplnms lxostla dorduoths NH[ onvlrshrls onvlrshr ls dha uam ÷nodm lntrmkm l uam ÷nodm smákm.
U - FBOY-FBHY Dhah voahs mntlrohralntl, hs cbhdhs bôjodhs císodhs säh ms phrtms bôjodms H\, L l Onvlrshr O nvlrshr,, phrïa mbïa klssls cbhdhs bôjodhs císodhs lxostla hutrhs qul näh lstukmrlahs phos fhjla kh lsdhph kl nhssh dursh. Vlrlahs, Vlrlahs, m sljuor sljuor,, ua hutrh cbhdh bhjodh klnhaonmkh Fbop-ffihp, qul la dhngunth dha ms klamos phrtms fhram h aodrhprhdlssmkhr. aodrhprhdlssmkhr.
Ontrhkuêäh Dhah h mbunh klvl rldhrkmr-sl, rldhrkmr-sl, hs kovlrshs dorduoths kojotmos, qul voahs mtï h prlslntl ahalnth, säh dorduoths lbltrûnodhs qul lxldutma hplrmêüls hu funêüls bôjodms, ahtovh plbh qumb säh demamkhs kl dorduoths bôjodhs. Nhrambalntl, hs dorduoths bôjodhs säh kovokokhs la kums jrmnkls fmaáboms, m smclr7 Dorduoths bôjodhs Dhaconmdohnmos Dorduoths bôjodhs Tlqulndomos Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
3:
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
\a dorduoth bôjodh dhaconmdohnmb dhnsostl la ua dorduoth kojotmb hnkl hs sonmos kl smákm, la ua kltlraonmkh onstmntl, klplnkla ÷nodm l lxdbusovmalntl kl uam dhaconmêäh khs sonmos kl lntrmkm nmqulbl onstmntl, dhnfhral klahnstrm m jurm ==. Yhrtmnth, thkhs hs dorduoths kojotmos vosths mtï h prlslntl ahalnth plrtlndla m lstm dmtljhrom kl dorduoths bôjodhs. Mbïa klssls, tmacïa säh dhnsoklrmkhs dhah dorduoths kojotmos dhaconmdohnmos hs dorduoths shamkhrls l suctrmthrls, suctrmthr ls, qul slräh vosths phstlrohralntl phstlrohralntl..
Fojurm == - Dorduoth dhaconmdohn dhaconmdohnmb. mb.
]umnth mh dorduoth bôjodh slqulndomb, trmtm-sl kl ua dorduoth kojotmb hnkl hs návlos kl smákm, la ua kmkh ahalnth, klplnkla näh mplnms km dhaconmêäh khs sonmos kl lntrmkm nmqulbl ahalnth, ams tmacïa khs návlos khs sonmos kl smákm, la ahalnths mntlrohrls, dhah klahnstrm m jurm ==. Dhah lxlapbh kl dorduoths bôjodhs slqulndomos phklahs dotmr hs dhntmkhrls conírohs, kovoshrls kl frlqulndoms,, rljostrmkhrls kl klsbhdmalnth, ltd., dorduoths lstls qul monkm näh fhrma mbvh kl lstukh. frlqulndoms
Fojurm =3 - Dorduoth slqulndomb.
Mplnms m tátubh kl dhapblalntmêäh, onfhramahs qul hs dorduoths dhaconmdohnmos tmacïa säh dhneldokhs dhah dorduoths kojotmos sla alaôrom . Dhah gí ï smcokh plbh mbunh, hs lblalnths císodhs qul dhnstotula tmos dorduoths säh ms phrtms bôjodms. Yhr sum vlz, hs dorduoths slqulndomos säh klnhaonmkhs kl dorduoths kojotmos dha alaôrom, l säh dhnstotuákhs phr lblalnths císodhs klnhaonmkhs ffiop-ffihps. Vírohs khs dorduoths slqulndomos säh sostlams pubsmkhs, osth ï, hplrma shc h dhamnkh kl uam slqulndom kl pubshs, hs qumos säh klnhaonmkhs klnhaonm khs kl ‒dbhd` ‒dbhd`‑‑. H ffiop-ffihp, dhah koth mntlrohralntl, ï h lblalnth císodh qul dhnstotuo kovlrshs dorduoths7 mplsmr kossh, lbl näh ï ua cbhdh bôjodh, amos soa ua kosphsotovh kojotmb, dhaphsth phr kovlrshs cbhdhs bôjodhs císodhs, qul phssuo dhah prondopmb dmrmdtlrástodm m kl mprlslntmr khos lstmkhs lstívlos. Ymrm qul h ffiop-ffihp phssm mssuaor ua klssls lstmkhs, sl fmz nldlssíroh qul hdhrrm uam dhaconmêäh lntrl ms vmroívlos kl lntrmkm l ua pubsh kl dhntrhbl qul, dhnfhral gí dotmahs, klnhaonm-sl ‒dbhd`‑. Mpôs m hdhrrçndom klstl pubsh, h ffiop-ffihp plramnldlrí la ua kltlraonmkh lstmkh mtï qul hdhrrm ua nhvh pubsh kl dbhd`, qumnkh lntäh, kl mdhrkh dha ms vmroívlos kl lntrmkm, h kosphsotovh Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
35
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
plramnldlrí hu aukmrí kl lstmkh. Mplsmr kl slr uam dhnjurmêäh dorduotmb, ï auoth dhaua rlprlnslntmr-sl h ffiop-ffihp dhah ua cbhdh bôjodh, l ï h qul rlmbalntl mdhntldl nm prítodm. La tmb cbhdh, tla-sl slaprl rlprlslntmkh kums smákms, klnhaonmkms ] l ]‟, ms lntrmkms pmrm ms vmroívlos l uam lntrmkm kl dhntrhbl hu dbhd`, dhah klahnstrm m jurm=4.
Fojurm =4 - Fbop-ffihp
Mpôs lstm plqulnm ontrhkuêäh shcrl h mssunth, vmahs fmzlr ua lstukh amos aonudohsh mdlrdm khs ffiop-ffihp‟s, mnmbosmnkh slus dorduoths l vlrodmnkh slus dhaphrtmalnths7 Onodomrlahs, phrtmnth, plbh fundohnmalnth kh toph amos císodh kl ffiop-ffihp, klnhaonmkh ST Císodh.
Fbop-ffihp ST Dhah vlrlahs nh kldhrrlr klstl dmpátubh, lxostla kovlrshs tophs kostonths kl dorduoths kl fbop-fbhps, hs qumos, dhnfhral hs mplrfloêhmalnths qul bels fhrma mdrlsdokhs, rldlcla uam kltlraonmkm klnhaonmêäh. klnhaonmêäh. [la-sl, [la-sl, phrtmnth, ffiop-ffihps kh toph G@, kh toph K, kh toph [, [, dha hu sla prlslt l/hu dblmr, klnhaonmêüls l tlrahs qul slräh vosths la crlvl. Yhrïa, thkh l qumbqulr toph kl ffiop-ffihp ï hrojoníroh, dhah koth mntlrohralntl, kl albehroms mdrlsdokms m ua toph lspldáfodh kl fbop-fbhp. Lstl toph kl fbop-fbhp, kh qumb sl hrojonhu thkhs hs klamos, rldlcl m klnhaonmêäh kl ST Císodh, shcrl h qumb tldlrlahs mbjuns plqulnhs dhalntírohs nh prôxoah tôpodh.
Fbop-ffihp ST Císodh Yhklahs dhnsoklrmr dhnsoklrmr h ffiop-ffihp ST Císodh dhah slnkh h prondopmb toph kl ffiop-ffihp, phos kh alsah hrojonhu-sl hs klamos tophs qul slräh vosths la crlvl. Vmahs, Vmahs, phrtmnth, mnmbosmr h ffiop-ffihp ST Císodh dhnstruákh m pmrtor kl phrtms NMNK, dugm dhnstotuoêäh dorduotmb dorduotmb phkl slr vostm nm jurm =;.
Fojurm =; - Fbop-ffihp toph ST císodh.
Nhtm-sl, plbm jurm mprlslntmkm, m prlslnêm kl khos lbhs kl rlmboalntmêäh, hs qumos fmzla dha qul ms smákms slgma rlongltmkms és lntrmkms, guntmalntl dha ms klamos vmroívlos kl lntrmkm. Fodm Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
3?
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
dbmrh, phrtmnth, qul h lstmkh qul ms smákms oräh mssuaor klplnklrí näh mplnms kms vmroívlos kl lntrmkm, ams tmacïa khs lstmkhs mprlslntmkhs plbms smákms. Ymrm dhaprllnsäh kh fundohnmalnth kh dorduoth mprlslntmkh, vmahs, proalormalntl, lstopubmr mbjuams dhnkoêüls mdlrdm kh ahkh kl hplrmêäh kh dorduoth7 Yhr phssuor kums smákms, klnhaonmkms ] l ]‟, m sljunkm klvlrí slr dhapblalntmr é proalorm, hu slgm7 sl ] 1 = lntäh ]‟ 1 9 l sl ] 1 9 lntäh ]‟ 1 =. H dorduoth klvlrí sl amntlr lstívlb kurmntl m musçndom musçndo m kl ffimndhs msdlnklntls la sums lntrmkms. H dorduoth klvlrí phssuor kums lntrmkms, slnkh qul m proalorm klvlrí dhautmr h dorduoth, lnqumnth qul m sljunkm klvlrí hcrojí-bh m rlthrnmr é sotumêäh onodomb, hu slgm, é sotumêäh kl rlphush. Tuclntlnkl-sl dhah sotumêäh kl rlphush mqulbm hnkl h dorduoth mprlslntm, la sum smákm prondopmb (klnhaonmkm ]), ua návlb cmoxh l, hcvomalntl, sum dhapblalntmr (klnhaonmkm ]‟) klvlrí mprlslntmr ua návlb mbth. M smákm qul mprlslntmr ua návlb mbth ï tmacïa klnhaonmkm mtovm hu mtovmkm0 kl amnlorm mníbhjm, klnhaonm-sl m smákm qul mprlslntmr ua návlb cmoxh kl onmtovm hu klsmtovmkm. \am vlz lstopubmkms ms dhnkoêüls mdlrdm kh fundohnmalnth kh dorduoth, vmahs dhnstruor uam tmclbm-vlrkmkl, dhnsoklrmnkh ms kums vmroívlos kl lntrmkm, klnhaonmkms S l T, l ms smákms ] l ]‟. Lstm tmclbm-vlrkmkl klvlrí mprlslntmr h sljuontl mspldth7
Vlgm h mbunh qul m dhbunm klnhaonmkm ]m onkodm h lstmkh mtumb mprlslntmkh plbm smákm ], lnqumnth qul m dhbunm klnhaonmkm ]f rlflrl-sl rlflrl-sl mh lstmkh futurh km smákm ], hu slgm, mh lstmkh qul m smákm ] orí mssuaor, l qul vmromrí la funêäh kms lntrmkms S l T l km smákm mtumb (]m). ]umnth és dhbunms ]‟m l ]‟f , lstms rlflrla-sl mhs dhapblalnths kms dotmkms mntlrohralntl. Vmahs, mjhrm, mnmbosmr dmkm ua khs dmshs phssávlos. DMTH 97 97 T 1 9 S 1 9 ]m 1 9 ]‟m 1 = Nlstms dhnkoêüls, h dorduoth pmssmrí m mprlslntmr, la slus kovlrshs phnths, hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm =<. Yhr lstm jurm, h mbunh phkl nhtmr qul trmtm-sl kl ua lstmkh lstívlb l, phrtmnth, h vmbhr Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
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Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
qul m smákm ] orí mssuaor slrí ojumb mh slu vmbhr mtumb0 dhnslqulntlalntl, dhnslqulntlalntl, ]f 1 ]m 1 9 l ]‟f 1 ]‟m 1 =.
Fojurm =< - Lstmkh lstívlb nh ffiop-ffihp.
DMTH =7 T 1 9 S 1 9 ]m 1 = ]‟m 1 9 Klstm flotm, h dorduoth pmssmrí m mprlslntmr hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm =6. Yhr lstm jurm, nhtm-sl qul tmacïa tlahs ua lstmkh lstívlb0 bhjh, h vmbhr qul m smákm ] orí mssuaor dhntonumrí slnkh ojumb mh vmbhr mtumb0 phrtmnth, ]f 1 ]m 1 = l ]‟f 1 ]‟m 1 9.
Fojurm =6 - Návlos nh ffiop-ffihp pmrm h dmsh =.
DMTH 37 T 1 9 S 1 = ]m 1 9 ]‟m 1 = Dha lstms mbtlrmêüls, h dorduoth pmssmrí m mprlslntmr hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm =:. Nhtm-sl qul amos uam vlz tlahs ua lstmkh lstívlb0 m smákm ] orí mssuaor vmbhr zlrh l, phrtmnth, ]f 1 9 l ]‟f 1 =.
Fojurm =: - Návlos nh ffiop-ffihp pmrm h dmsh 3.
DMTH 47 T 1 9 S 1 = ]m 1 = ]‟m 1 9 Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
4=
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Klstm flotm, h dorduoth pmssmrí m mprlslntmr mprlslntmr,, la slus kovlrshs phnths, hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm =5. Hrm, phr ontlraïkoh klstm jurm, h mbunh phkl nhtmr qul tlahs mjhrm, uam sotumêäh onstívlb, phos ]‟ orí dhautmr pmrm h návlb ua, fhrêmnkh, klstm amnlorm, qul m smákm ] mssuam vmbhr ojumb m zlrh l mplnms mpôs osth ï qul tlrlahs ua lstmkh lstívlb. Bhjh, phklahs lsdrlvlr pmrm lstl dmsh, qul ]f 1 9 (phos m smákm ] slrí fhrêmkm m mprlslntmr ua návlb zlrh) l qul ]‟f 1 =.
Fojurm =5 - Návlos nh ffiop-ffih pmrm h dmsh 4.
DMTH ;7 T 1 = S 1 9 ]m 1 9 ]‟m 1 = Nlstms dhnkoêüls, h dorduoth pmssmrí m mprlslntmr hs návlos onkodmkhs nm fojurm =?. Nhtm-sl, phrtmnth, qul tlahs amos ua lstmkh onstívlb, phos m smákm ] orí fhrêhsmalntl mssuaor h vmbhr = l, dhah dhnslquçndom, m smákm ]‟ mssuaorí mssuaorí vmbhr zlrh. Bhjh, phklahs lsdrlvlr qul ]f 1 = l qul ]‟f 1 9.
Fojurm =? - Návlos nh ffiop-ffih pmrm h dmsh ;.
DMTH <7 T 1 = S 1 9 ]m 1 = ]‟m 1 9 Dha lstms mbtlrmêüls, h dorduoth pmssmrí m mprlslntmr hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm 39. Nhtm-sl qul amos uam vlz tlahs ua lstmkh lstívlb0 m smákm ] orí mssuaor vmbhr ua l, phrtmnth, phklahs lsdrlvlr qul ]f 1 = l ]‟f 1 9.
Fojurm 39 - Návlos nh ffiop-ffih pmrm h dmsh <.
DMTH 67 T 1 = S 1 = ]m 1 9 ]‟m 1 = Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
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Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Nlstl onstmntl, h dorduoth mprlslntmrí hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm 3=, phr ontlraïkoh km qumb nhtmahs qul trmtm-sl kl ua lstmkh onstívlb. Kl fmth, nlstms dordunstãndoms m smákm ] fhrêhsmalntl mssuaorí h vmbhr =0 phr hutrh bmkh, nhtmahs qul m smákm ]‟ tmacïa tlnklrí m mprlslntmr h alsah návlb l qul, phrtmnth, tlahs ]f 1 ]‟f 1 = !!! Lstl dmsh fhrêmrí h ffiop-ffihp m mssuaor ua lstmkh la qul macms ms smákms mprlslntmräh h alsah návlb, h qul smclahs qul näh phkl hdhrrlr0 phrtmnth, näh phklahs plraotor lstm sotumêäh nms lntrmkms kh ffiop-ffihp.
Fojurm 3= - Návlos nh ffiop-ffih pmrm h dmsh 6.
DMTH :7 T 1 = S 1 = ]m 1 = ]‟m 1 9 Nlstms dhnkoêüls h dorduoth mprlslntmrí hs návlos onkodmkhs nm jurm 33 l, mtrmvïs klstm jurm, nhtmahs trmtmr-sl kl uam sotumêäh onstívlb l mníbhjm mh dmsh 6. Bhjh, trmtm-sl kl uam sotumêäh qul tmacïa näh phkl slr plraotokm.
Fojurm 33 - Návlos nh ffiop-ffih pmrm h dmsh :.
\am vlz lstukmkhs dmkm ua khs dmshs phssávlos, phklahs prllndelr m tmclbm-vlrkmkl, m qumb pmssmrí m mprlslntmr h sljuontl mspldth7
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
44
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Mh hcslrvmrahs mtlntmalnt mtlntmalntll m tmclbm-vlrkm tmclbm-vlrkmkl kl mprlslntmkm, nhtmahs qul phklahs rlsuao-bm. M tmclbm-vlrkmkl kl ua ffiop-ffihp ST Císodh slrí, phrtmnth, m qul ahstrmahs m sljuor7
Slsuaonkh, phklahs mramr dha sljurmnêm qul h dorduoth prhphsth sô orí dhautmr (aukmr kl lstmkh) nh ahalnth la qul aukmrla ms vmroívlos kl lntrmkm. Fodm mquo, phrtmnth, m sujlstäh pmrm qul h mbunh oapblalntl h dorduoth ahstrmkh la uam amtroz kl dhntmths. Mbïa kossh, sujlroahs qul h mbunh tlntl m oapblalntmêäh klstl dorduoth näh dha phrtms NMNK, ams soa dha phrtms NHS, dhnfhral sujlrokh nm jurm 34.
Fojurm 34 - Fbop-ffihp dha phrtms NHS..
Fbop-ffihp ST Dhamnkmkh phr ua Yubsh kl Dbhd` H dorduoth lstukmkh nh tôpodh mntlrohr phssuo dhah dmrmdtlrástodm h fmth kl näh phssuor nlneua toph kl dhntrhbl shcrl sums aukmnêms kl lstmkh. Kl fmth, pmrm qul h fbop -fbhp ST Císodh phssm slr dhntrhbmkh phr ua slqulndom kl pubshs kl dbhd`, tlrámahs qul rlmbozmr mbjuams plqulnms mbtlrmêüls,, ms qumos phkla slr vostms nm jurm 3;. mbtlrmêüls
Fojurm 3; - Fbop-ffihp dha lntrmkm kl dbhd`.
Yhr lstm jurm, h mbunh nhtm qul ehuvl m sucstotuoêäh khs onvlrshrls kl lntrmkm, hs qumos fhrma ‒trhdmkhs‑ phr kums phrtms kh toph NMNK. Mbïa kossh, nhtm-sl qul kums lntrmkms, slnkh uam kl dmkm uam kms phrtms, lndhntrma-sl ontlrbojmkms lntrl so, fhramnkh uam lntrmkm, m qumb klnhaonm-sl ‒dbhd`‑. Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
4;
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Mh mnmbosmrahs lstl dorduoth, nhtmahs qul, qumnkh nm lntrmkm kl dbhd` lstovlr prlslntl ua návlb bôjodh ojumb m zlrh, h ffiop-ffihp plramnldlrí nh slu lstmkh mtumb, alsah qul hdhrrma vmromêüls nms lntrmkms S l T. Kl fmth, f mth, tlahs qul, pmrm dbhd` 1 9, ms smákms kms phrtms M l C slräh slaprl ojumos m ua, dhnfhral phklahs nhtmr phr ontlraïkoh km jurm 3<.
Fojurm 3< - Dha h dbhd` ojumb m zlrh, ms smákms kms phrtms M l C slräh slaprl ojumos m =.
Yhr hutrh bmkh, qumnkh m lntrmkm kl dbhd` lstovlr la ua návlb mbth, h dorduoth orí dhaphrtmr-sl dhah ua ffiop-ffihp ST Císodh, hclkldlnkh m sljuontl tmclbm-vlrkmkl7
Dhndbuáahs, phrtmnth, qul lstl dorduoth mplnms orí dhautmr qumnkh km hdhrrçndom kl sonmb kl dbhd`, sl dhnsoklrmrahs7 prlslnêm kl dbhd` 1 návlb ua musçndom kl dbhd` 1 návlb zlrh Nhvmalntl sujlroahs mh mbunh qul prhdurl oapblalntmr h dorduoth mprlslntmkh la uam amtroz kl dhntmths. Mbïa kossh, h mbunh phkl lxplroalntmr oapblalntmr h dorduoth, sucstotuonkh phrtms NMNK phr phrtms kh toph NH\0 dmsh osth slgm floth, h mbunh vlrodmrí qul, dhntrmromalntl dhntrmromalntl mh ffiop-ffihp ST Císodh, pmrm lstl toph kl ffiop-ffihp näh eí uam lquovmbçndom korltm. Mntls kl prhssljuorahs pmrm h prôxoah tôpodh, rlblacrmahs mh mbunh qul hs dorduoths vosths mtï h prlslntl ahalnth phkla (l klvla) slr dhnsoklrmkhs dhah cbhdhs bôjodhs0 mssoa slnkh, ï auoth dhaua rlprlslntmr-sl h ffiop-ffihp ST Císodh l ST dha lntrmkm kl dbhd` dhnfhral ahstrmkh nm jurm 36.
Fojurm 36 - Slprlslntmêäh dhaua pmrm h cbhdh ffiop-ffihp. Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
4<
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Fbop-ffihp G@ Dhah h mbunh klvl rldhrkmr-sl, nh ffiop-ffihp kh toph ST tlahs ua dmsh qul näh ï plraotokh. Kl fmth, qumnkh macms ms lntrmkms S l T lstäh la návlos ojumos m ua, tlahs uam smákm onkltlraonmkm. Cusdmnkh uam phssávlb shbuêäh pmrm lstl prhcblam fho klslnvhbvokm uam lspïdol kl rlmboalntmêäh lntrl ms lntrmkms l ms smákms kh ffiop-ffihp. Ms rlmboalntmêüls dotmkms phkla slr vostms nm jurm 3:.
Fojurm 3: - Slmboalnmêäh lntrl lntrmkms l smákms kl ua ffiop-ffihp.
É lstl nhvh toph kl ffiop-ffihp fho kmkh h nhal kl ffiop-ffihp G@0 vmahs, m sljuor mnmbosmr m tmclbm-vlrkmkl kh dorduoth mprlslntmkh, dhnsoklrmnkh qul m lntrmkm kl dbhd` lstlgm dhnldtmkm la ua návlb mbth. Lstm tmclbm-vlrkmkl ï m qul ahstrmahs m sljuor7
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
46
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
Mh hcslrvmrahs mtlntmalntl m tmclbm-vlrkmkl blvmntmkm, nhtmahs qul phklahs ‒rlsuao-bm‑0 ‒rlsuao-bm‑0 mssoa fmzlnkh, hctlrlahs hctlrlahs uam nhvm tmclbm, qul slrí soaobmr m qul ahstrmahs m sljuor7
Nhtl h mbunh qul h dorduoth mprlslntmkh dhah slnkh h kh ffiop-ffihp kh toph G@ laprljm, ontlrnmalntl, ua ffiop-ffihp ST dha lntrmkm kl dbhd`0 phrïa, lxostl uam hutrm amnlorm kl oapblalntmr-sl lstl toph kl ffiop-ffihp, m qumb dhnsostl la laprljmr-sl, és lntrmkms kh alsah, phrtms NMNK kl trçs lntrmkms. Tl mjorahs klstm amnlorm, h dorduoth ffiop-ffihp G@ slrí ojumb mh qul ahstrmahs nm jurm 35. Vlgm h mbunh qul h dorduoth mprlslntmkh hclkldl lbalntl é tmclbm-vlrkmkl mprlslntmkm. mprlslntmkm.
Fojurm 35 - Fbop-ffihp G@.
Mntls kl kmrahs dhntonuokmkl, dotmahs qul, kl amnlorm soaobmr mhs dmshs mntlrohrls, h ffiop-ffihp G` tmacïa klvl slr dhnsoklrmkh dhah ua cbhdh bôjodh l, mssoa slnkh, ï auoth dhaua rlprlslntí-bh rlprlslntí-bh klstm amnlorm, m qumb ï ahstrmkm nm jurm 3?.
Fojurm 3? - Slprlslntmêä Slprlslntmêäh h kl ua Fbop-ffihp G@.
Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh
4:
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
Dursh kl Amnutlnêäh l Slpmrh kl Dlbubmr - Mphstobm 9;
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Onstotuth \novlrsmb Crmsoblorh