Curso de Montagem e Manutenção de Computadores - Aula 1

Yukãrda IVWYA LF KAH\CEFK F KCHV\FHÅÉA LF IAK^V\CLAWFY - CV@C 3 YVKÃWDA  Cprfsfhtcåéa A iakputclar  A sdstfkc lf dhdidcåéa lf uk iakput iakputclar  clar  Kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc, fva`uåéa f tfiha`aedc Ecgdhftf Jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa \dpas lf jahtfs lf c`dkfhtcåéa Zfbc sf Cprfhlfu ’ Cu`c 3

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra Clkdhdstrcåéa @udz Jfrhchla Ldhdz Hcsa Basä Icr`as Ldhdz Hcsa Dhâs Ldhdz Hcsa Efrfhtf Efrc` Kalfsta ^chtc`äc Ldrfåéa lf Crtf Icr`as Flucrla ^. Hcsa Cssdstfhtf Burëldic Wcjcf`c Hcsa ^raluåéa Kcrias ^rcla lf Icrvc`oa Dkcefhs  C`fxchlrf Karsd``c Tcskdh Icra`dhc Icvc``dhd Wfvdséa Wasf`d Chcstãida Yd`vc Kcridc Karfdrc lf Icrvc`oa I`culdc lf C. Kcrchoéa ^rfsiatt Hcsa \dcea Hcsidkfhta lf Yauzc

Ldrftarc Efrc` Drfhf Walrdeufs lf A`dvfdrc \fdxfdrc Wdgfdra Iaarlfhcåéa Ldlãtdic Iaarlfhcåéa Uc`lakdra Wfiiod Jataercjdc Wagfrta Icr`as C`vfs Kcrias ^rcla lf Icrvc`oa Cutarc Yäreda Jfrhchla E. la Iauta Fldtarcåéa Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra Dkprfsséa DVGWC  - Dhlòstrdc Erãjdic f Fldtarc @tlc. Walavdc Fstcluc` Gadtuvc - Dpfrù, mk 3,3 Ickpas lf Gadtuvc - Gadtuvc - Y^ IF^ 3?66>->>>

\alas as ldrfdtas séa rfsfrvclas. Héa ä pfrkdtdlc c rfpraluåéa tatc` au pcridc` lfstf iursa.

CV@C 3 Cprfsfhtcåéa

åöfs hc ãrfc lf dhjarkãtdic aiarrfk fk ukc vf`aidlclf vf`ai dlclf cssu cssustclar stclarc. c. ^artch ^artchta, ta, praiu praiurf rf kchtfr-sf kchtfrsf dhjarkcla sagrf cs havdlclfs quf véa suredhla ha kfricla, sagrf as pralutas quf véa scdhla lf praluåéa fti.

 C kahtce kahtcefk fk lf uk iakput iakputclar clar héa ä c`ea quf passc sfr iahsdlfrcla iaka ldjëid`, cjdhc`, ä sù fhicdxcr ukcs p`cics hcs autrcs f `decr c`euhs iahfitarfs lf jdas... Dhjf`dzkfhtf ä dssa quf c`eukcs pfssacs dkcedhck hc kcdardc lcs vfzfs. Kahtcr uk iakputclar tckgäk sdehdjdic scgfr fsia`ofr a quf sfrã clqudrdla, lf ciarla iak c jdhc`dlclf quf sfrã lclc î kãqudhc. Ä scgf sc gfrr a qu quf f sf sfrã rã `d`dec ecla la ah ahlf lf.. .... Ä fs fstc tcrr pr prfp fpcr crcl cla a pcrc pcr c dhi dhiahv ahvfhdf fhdfhtf htfss quf pas passck sck sur suredr edr.. Hfstf kctfrdc`, quf cearc dhdidckas a fstula, cprfsfhtcrfkas as prdhidpcds f`fkfhtas lf uk iakputclar iakputclar,, lfsirfvfrfkas sucs prdhidpcds icrcitfrëstdics, cpcrâhidc fti., jarhfifhla ca `fdtar f`fkfhtas quf `of pfrkdtck iakprff pr ffhl hlfr fr c ka kaht htce cefk fk qu quf f sf sfrã rã cp cprf rfsf sfht htcl clc c hc jarkc lf `dåéa pcssa c pcssa. Lfssc jarkc, vaiâ tfrã iahldåöfs lf palfr fsia`ofr a kctfrdc` quf fkprfecrã hc kahtcefk lf sfu iakputclar (icsa aptf par dssa) au fhtéa jczfr  kaldjdicåöfs hc kãqudhc quf utd`dzc (uperclf). Zc`f `fkgrcr cdhlc quf fstf iursa iahsdstf fk uk kùlu`a gãsdia, bã quf cs dhavc-

A iakputclar  Iockckas lf iakputclar ukc kãqudhc lfst lf stdh dhcl clc c c rf rfc` c`dz dzcr cr a cr crkc kczf zfhc hckf kfht hta a f a pr prai aifs fs-sckfhta lf lclas (dhjarkcåöfs). ^alf-sf ldzfr  quf, ctuc`kfhtf, a iakputclar ä fssfhidc` pcrc a oakfk kalfrha, bã quf suc cp`dicåéa sf lã fk prct pr ctdi dick ckfh fhtf tf ta talc lcss cs csãr ãrfc fcs. s. Ia Iak k a cl clvf vfht hta a lc Dh Dh-tfrh tf rhft ft,, c cp cp`di `dicå cåéa éa la ia iakp kput utcla clarr cu cukf kfht htau au cdh cdhlc lc kcds kc ds.. ^a ^alf lf-s -sf f ldz ldzfr fr qu quf f oa oabf bf sf pa palf lf jc jczf zfrr pr prct ctdi dicckfht kf htf f lf tu tula la pa parr dh dhtf tfrk rkäl älda da lf uk ia iakp kput utcl clar ar.. Suchla jc`ckas lf uk sdstfkc lf iakputcåéa, fstckas has rfjfrdhla c tula quf jcz pcrtf lf`f f quf `of pfrkdtf lfsfkpfhocr cs juhåöfs quf `of séa ctrdguëlcs. ^crc c kcdardc lcs pfssacs la rcka, uk iakputclar iakput clar palf sfr ldvdldl ldvdldla a fk lucs pcrtfs fssfhi fss fhidcd dcds2 s2 ukc vdr vdrtuc tuc`` f aut autrc rc jës jësdic dic.. ^ar  icusc las prag`fkcs, ä iakuk ldzfr quf ukc sù palf sfr ‐xdheclc‛ f c autrc, ‐ioutclc‛! Zfbc hassc d`ustrcåéa hc jdeurc 3.

Iakputclarfs2 rfs2 ckf-as au lfdxf-as... Jdeurc 3 ’ Iakputcla Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

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Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

 Cpfscr lfstc lfjdhdåéa fk jarkc lf grdhiclfdrc, f`c héa fstã `ahef lc rfc`dlclf, iaka lfsirfvfrfkas. Lfdxchla c grdhiclfdrc lf `cla f jc`chla tfihdickfhtf, cs pcrtfs lf uk iakputclar séa a  Yajtwcrf f a  Ocrlwcrf.

Vk ga gak k sd sdst stfk fkc c ap apfr frci cida dahc hc`` lf lfvf vf (a (au u lf lf-vfrdc) sfr dhvdsëvf`, bã quf suc juhåéa ä lf lftfit tf itcr cr f ut utd`d`dz dzcr cr a ocrlwcrf lc kã kãqu qudh dhc c lf ja jark rkc c fjdidfhtf. ^frifgc quf a usuãrda lf uk iakputclar héa usc a sdstfkc apfrcidahc`, kcs sdk as praerckcs quf par f`f séa efrfhidclas. Zfbc, iaka fxfkp`a, c jdeurc 7, fk quf d`ustrckass c tf ka tf`c `c lf uk ia iakp kput utcl clar ar ia iak k uk ukc c lc lcss vf vfrrsöfs sö fs la sds sdstfk tfkc c apf apfrci rcidah dahc` c` Udh Udhlaw lawss (h (ha a ics icsa, a, a _^). Iclc uk las ëiahfs vdstas rfprfsfhtc uk las praerckcs dhstc`clas hc kãqudhc.

Yajtwcrf

Iarrfspahlf î pcrtf la iakputclar quf ‐sakfhtf palf sfr xdheclc‛, dsta parquf f`c héa iarrfspahlf c c`ea jësdia, quf passc sfr  taicla, kchusfcla au ‐ioutcla‛. A tfrka sajtwcrf  ä fkprfecla pcrc lfsirfvfr talas as praerckcs au cp`dictdvas fxdstfhtfs fk ukc kãqudhc. Yf jassfkas jczfr ukc iakpcrcåéa sdkp`dstc, a  sajtwcrf  sfrdc iaka cs pc`cvrcs quf scfk lf hassc gaic, quf héa palfk sfr taiclcs. Zckas jczfr c`euhs iakfhtãrdas sagrf as praerckcs. Suchla qufrfkas fsirfvfr ukc chatcåéa î kéa, sfrã hfifssãrda ichftc f pcpf`. Bã ha iakputclar, sfrã hfifssãrda uk cp`dictdva (iahofidla iaka ‐g`aia lf hatcs‛) quf sdku`f c ja`oc lf pcpf` f c ichftc, pfrkdtdhla quf a quf fsirfvfkas, par dhtfrkälda lf uk tfi`cla, sfbc chatcla f fxdgdla hc tf`c. Lf jarkc deuc`, sf lfsfbcrkas fsirfvfr uk `dvra, sfrã hfifssãrda uk praerckc quf pfrkdtc c fldåéa lf vãrdcs pãedhcs, quf passdgd`dtf hukfrã-`cs, kaldjdicr a tdpa f tckchoa lcs `ftrcs, cp`dicr  c`eukcs dkcefhs fti. Dssa ä iahsfeudla iak uk praerckc iahofidla iaka ‐Fldtar lf \fxtas‛. Yf c dhtfhåéa ä lf trcgc`ocr iak jataercjdcs f lfsfhoas, ä hfifssãrda uk praerckc fldtar lf dkcefhs, iaka, par fxfkp`a, a ^oatasoap. ^crc cifsscr sdtfs hc Dhtfrhft ä hfifs fsssãr ãrda da uk pr prae aerc rckc kc lf hc hcvvfe fecå cåéa éa (grawsfr ), ), iaka Dhtfrhft Fxp`arfr, Kazd``c Jdrfjax, Apfrc, Ycjcrd fti. Ctä as vërus quf ctcick has hassas sas iak iakput putcla clarfs rfs,, gfk iak iaka a as chtdvërus quf as f`dkdhck, séa praerckcs. Lfhtrf talas as praerc praerckcs kcs fxdst fxdstfhtfs fhtfs fk uk iakputclar, iakputclar, a prdhidpc prdhidpc`` lf`fs ä a sdstfkc tfk c ap apfr frci cidah dahc`, c`, ia iaka ka,, par fx fxfk fkp`a p`a,, a Vhdx, @dhux, AY, Udhlaws fti. Hc rfc`dlclf, as sdstfkcs apfrcidahcds iahsdstfk fk uk iahbuhta lf praerckcs quf, trcgc`ochla buhtas, iahtra`ck talas as ldspasdtdvas jësdias lc kãqudhc f passdgd`dtck c fxfiuåéa lf talas as autras praerckcs. praerckcs. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

Jdeurc 7  ’ Ydstfkc apfrcidahc` f rfprfsfhtcåéa las ëiahfs lf c`euhs praerckcs. praerckcs.

Vkc pcrtf dkpartchtf la sdstfkc apfrcidahc` ä a lrdvfr , quf iahsdstf fk uk pfqufha praerckc quf juhidahc iaka dhtärprftf lf iakuhdicåéa fhtrf as f`fkfhtas la  ocrlwcrf  f a  sajtwcrf. ^ar fxfkp`a, a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` hfifssdtc lf uk lrdvfr  clfqucla  clfqucla ca kahdtar quf fstã sfhla uscla hc kãqudhc. Lf jarkc sdkd`cr, fxdstfk  lrdvfrs  pcrc as ldspasdtdvas lf crkczfhckfhta, lf sak fti. Ocrlwcrf

A  ocrlwcrf  lf uk iakputclar iarrfspahlf c talc suc pcrtf jësdic, au sfbc, tula cqud`a quf palf sfr taicla, kchusfcla au, lf ciarla ciarl a iak c iu`turc papu`cr lf kudtas täihdias, ‐ioutcla‛.  C iakpasdåéa la  ocrlwcrf  lf ukc kãqudhc palf vcrdcr gcstchtf, lf ciarla iak c jdhc`dlclf c sfr lclc c fstf iakputclar iakputclar.. Cpfscr  ldssa, palfkas `dstcr as prdhidpcds dtfhs fkprfeclas hc kahtcefk lf uk iakputclar  <

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

pfssac`. Yéa f`fs2 ecgdhftf, jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa, p`cic kéf, kfkùrdc WCK, ldsia rëedla, `fdtar/ercvclar lf IL/LZL/g`u-rcy  fti.   fti. ^frifgc a `fdtar quf talas as iakpahfhtfs `declas fxtfrhckfhtf ca iakputclar, iaka kahdtar lf vëlfa, tfi`cla,  kausf, dkprfssarc, fti= tckgäk jczfk pcrtf lf sfu  ocrlwcrf. Hc rfc`dlclf, palf-sf ldzfr quf, kfska quf c tfiha`aedc utd`dzclc has iakputclarfs ctucds tfhoc kulcla lrcstdickfhtf lfslf as prdkfdras prdkfd ras iakpu iakputclarf tclarfs, s, qucsf talas f`fs cdhlc utd`dzck c crqudtfturc gãsdic prapastc par Baoh Zah Hfukchh, ha jdhc` lc läiclc lf 34<>, quf lfsirfvf a iakputclar iakpasta par quctra sfåöfs prdhidpcds2 c uhdlclf `ùedic f crdtkätdic (V@C), c uhdlclf lf iahtra`f, c kfkùrdc f as ldspasdtdvas lf fhtrclc f scëlc (F/Y au D/A). \alcs fsscs pcrtfs séa dhtfr`declcs par jdas f gcrrckfhtas. \ala alass as lds ldspas pasdtd dtdvas vas `de `decla class ca iak iakput putcclar séa i`cssdjdiclas iaka  pfrdjärdias. Lf jarkc sfkf`ochtf, as ldspasdtdvas lf uk iakputclar palfk (f séa) i`cssdjdiclas lf ciarla iak suc juhåéa gãsdic. Lfstc kchfdrc tfkas ldsp ld spas asdtdtdv dvas as lf fh fhtr trcl clc c (F (F), ), lf sc scël ëlc c (Y (Y)) f lf fh fh-trclc/ trc lc/sc scëlc ëlc (F/ (F/Y Y au cdh cdhlc lc   dhput/autpu dhput/autputt D/A). Kausf f tfi`cla, par fxfkp`a, séa ldspasdtdvas lf fhtrclc lf lclas. Dkprfssarc, kahdtar lf vëlf vë lfa a f ic icdx dxcs cs lf sa sak k sé séa a ld ldsp spas asdtdtdv dvas as lf sc scël ëlc c lf lc lcla las. s. Bã uk ka kalf lfk, k, lr lrdv dvf f lf ld ldsq squf uftf tf,, pfh   iarlrdvf, `fdtar/ercvclar lf IL/LZL/g`u-rcy  iarrfspahlfk c ldspasdtdvas quf juhidahck tchta pcrc fhtrclc iaka pcrc scëlc lf lclas. C  jdeurc 9 has lã ukc dlfdc lf iaka ä c iahstdtudåéa gãsdic la  ocrlwcrf lf uk iakputclar.

\alas as ldspasdtdvas lf fhtrclc ialdjdick c dhjarkcåéa quf fhtrc ha iakputclar fk lclas quf passck sfr praifssclas pf`a sdstfkc ldedtc`. Bã as ldspasdtdvas lf scëlc rfc`dzck a iahtrãrda, au sfbc, f`fs lfialdjdick as lclas fk dhjarkcåé dhjarkcåéa a quf palf sfr fhtfhldlc pf`a usuãrda (jdeurc <).

Jdeurc < ’ Ldcerckc gãsdia lf trcgc`oa lf uk iakputclar.

G`aias juhidahcds lf uk iakputclar  A ldcerckc quf ä kastrcla hc jdeurc 6 d`ustrc lf jarkc sdkp`djdiclc a sdstfkc lf uk iakputclar efhärdia. Agsfrvf quf a iakputcl pu tclar ar pal palf f ia iaar arlf lfhcr hcr f fx fxfi fiut utcr cr ukc erchlf erc hlf vcr vcrdflc dflclf lf lf juh juhåöfs åöfs ercåcs ercåcs cas sfus idriudtas lf cpada, talas f`fs `declas ca kdirapraifssclar kdirapraifss clar par `dhocs lf iakuhdicåéa iahofidlcs iaka gus  (gcrrckfhta). Iclc uk lfstfs f`fkfhtas, sfbc c kfkùrdc au uk autra ldspasdtdva (iaka a tfi`cla au a kahdtar), jdick dhtfr`declas pf`as  gus lf iahtra` iahtra`f, f, gus lf fhlfrfåas f gus lf lclas .

Wfprfsfh fsfhtcåé tcåéa a gãsd gãsdic ic lcs pcrt pcrtfs fs lf uk iakp iakputcl utclar ar.. Jdeurc Jde urc 9 ’ Wfpr Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

6

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Fstcs lucs passdgd`dlclfs séa rfprfsfhtclcs par c`ecrdskas, > f 3. Lfstc jarkc, iclc dhjarkcåéa sfrã jarkclc par ukc ifrtc quchtdlclf lf f`fkfhtas. Suchla tfkas uk f`fkfhta, c dhjarkcåéa dhjarkcåéa ä lf 3 gdt  ( (Gdhcry ldedt  au  au lëedta gdhãrda)= lads f`fkfhtas ; lads gdts, quctra f`fkfhtas ; <   gdts   f cssdk suifssdvckfhtf. Zfbc c lfsirdåéa c sfeudr2 >3 ’ dhjarkcåéa lf 7  gdts= 7 7 ; < >3>3 ’ dhjarkcåéa lf <  gdts= 7 < ; ? >3>3 >3 >3>3 >3>3 >3 ’ dh dhja jark rkcå cåéa éa lf ? gdts= 7? ; 76: >3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3 ’ dhjarkcåéa lf 3: gdts= 7 3: ; :6.696 >3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3  ’ dhjarkcåéa dh jarkcåéa lf 97 gdts= 7 97 ; <.74<.4:5.74: >3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3 >3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3 >3>3>3>3>3>3>3>3 >3>3>3>3>3>3>3 ’ dhjarkc:< åéa lf :< gdts= 7 ; 3?.<<:.5<<.>59. 3?.<<:.5<<.>59.5>4.663.:3: 5>4.663.:3: ^frifgc ^frifg c a `fdt `fdtar ar,, hfs hfstf tf fxf fxfkp` kp`a, a, quf iclc f`fkfhta au gdt   palf cssukdr tchta a vc`ar zfra iaka a vc`ar 3. Cssdk, ha icsa lf dhjarkcåéa lf lads gdts sfréa passëvfds quctra hòkfras lf vc`ar2 >>, >3, 3> f  33. Bã fk quctra  gdts a vc`ar cukfhtc pcrc 3:. As iakputclarfs harkc`kfhtf apfrck iak dhjarkcåöfs gfk kcdarfs quf cpfhcs uk gdt . A erupckfhta lf ?   gdts  ä iockcla lf   iaka a  Gytf  fkprfeck `fGytf. \chta a gdt  iaka trcs ku`tdp`diclarcs pcrc rfprfsfhtcr erchlfs quchtdlclfs. ^ar fxfkp`a, Mg -  md`agdts, Kg ’ kfecgdts, Eg ’  edecgdts, MG ’  md`agytf, KG  ä rfkfecgytf, EG ’  edecgytf. Hatf quf a  gdt  ä prfsfhtcla prfsfh tcla pf`c `ftrc g (kdhòs (kdhòsiu`c) iu`c) fhquchta quf a  gytf  pf`c `ftrc G (kcdòsiu`c). Vkc ialdjdicåéa ialdjdicåéa lf icrci icrcitfrfs tfrfs lf adta gdts , gcsfclc ha c`jcgfta dhe`âs, jad rfc`dzclc c pcrtdr lf 34:>, rfsu`tchla fk ukc pclr pc lrahd ahdzc zcåé åéa a ia iaho hofi fidl dlc c ia iaka ka   iùldea  Ckfr frdi dich ch Yt Ytch chlc lcrl rl Ial f ja jarr Dh Dhja jarrCYIDD ( Ck kctdah Dhtfriochef  au Iùldea ^clréa Ckfrdicha pcrc a Dhtfriçkgda lf Dhjarkcåéa). Lf jarkc efrc`, palf-sf ldzfr quf as iùldeas CYIDD rfprfsfhtck a tfxta fk iakputclarfs. Lfssc kchfdrc, palf-sf cjdrkcr  quf iclc `ftrc quf ä prfssdahclc fk uk tfi`cla iarrfspahlf c uk iùldea lf adta lëedtas. ta s. ^ar fx fxfkp fkp`a `a,, a iù iùlde ldea a   >33> >33> >>> >>>33 iarrfspahlf î `ftrc  c  kdhòsiu`c.

Jdeurc 6 ’ Ldcerckc sdkp`djdicla la sdstfkc lf uk iakputclar efhärdia.

A gus lf ia iaht htra ra`f `f cp cprf rfsf sfht htc c sd sdhc hcds ds qu quf f dh dh-ldick quchla as lclas fstéa ldspahëvfds pcrc `fdtdtur `f urc. c. Bã a gus lf fh fhlf lfrf rfååas f a gus lf lc lcla lass séa usclas pcrc a cifssa cas ldspasdtdvas f î kfkùrdc. Iclc dtfk `decla ca  gus  lf fhlfrfåas palf rfiahofifr ukc iakgdhcåéa fxi`usdvc lf sdhcds f`ftrühdias, iahofidlc iaka sfu fhlfrfåa. Yfrdc kcds au kfhas iaka a fhlfrfåa lf uk sdtf hc dhtfrhft, ahlf iclc pãedhc passud uk fhlfrfåa fxi`usdva. A kdirapraifssclar jarhfif as sdhcds lf fhlfrfåa f iahtra`f f lfpads utd`dzc a  gus  lf lclas pcrc c trchsjfrâhidc lf lclas. Suchla f`f qufr `fr lclas lc kfkùrdc, par fxfkp`a, sdhc`dzc a `aic` lc kfkùrdc lfsfbcla ha gus  lf fhlfrfåas f `â as lclas crkczfhclas `ã, as qucds séa trchspartclas pf`a gus lf lclas. Gdts  f  Gytfs

Fqudpckfhtas ldedtcds, iaka as iakputclarfs, apfrck iak  `ùedic ldedtc`, fk quf sakfhtf fxdstfk   lucs   passdgd`dlclfs pcrc iclc f`fkfhta lf dhjarkcåéa crkczfhãvf`2 sdk au  héa,  vfrlclfdra au  jc`sa. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

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Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Dhjarkcåéa särdf f pcrc`f`c Ha kuhla las fqudpckfhtas ldedtcds, sfbc uk rãlda, tf`fvdsar au iakputclar, c iakuhdicåéa fhtrf as iakpahfhtfs lf uk fqudpckfhta au fhtrf lads cpcrf`oas ldstchtfs ä jfdtc fkprfechla  gdts. Iaka as  gdts f  gytfs prfidsck sfr trchskdtdlas lf uk `uecr pcrc autra, cicgcrck suredhla jarkcs ldjfrfhtfs pcrc trchskdtd-`as, f cs kcds utd`dzclcs séa c särdf  f c  pcrc`f`c.  Ca tr trch chskd skdtdtdrr uk ukc c dh dhja jark rkcåé cåéa a fk särdf, as  gdts séa fhvdclas uk lf iclc vfz, iaka fk ukc jd`c jd`c dhldchc. dhldchc. C vcht vchtcefk cefk lfstf lfstf sdstfkc ä quf sf hfifssdtc lf cpfhcs uk iahlutar pcrc ‐trchspartcr‛ c dhjarkcåéa (jarc uk jda lf rfjfrâhidc, au tfrrc). C lfsvchtcefk ä quf c dhjakcåéa ‐lfkarc‛ kcds tfkpa pcrc dr lf uk `uecr pcrc autra. ^ar  fxfkp`a, pcrc trchskdtdr c `ftrc ‐c‛, prdkfdra sfrdc fhvdcla uk  g  gdt  dt , lfpads a sfeuhla, tfrifdr if dra, a, f cs cssd sdk k su suif ifss ssdv dvck ckfh fhtf tf ct ctä ä qu quf f talas as  gdts tfhock sdla trchskdtdlas. Zfbc c  jdeurc :.

Jdeurc 5   ’ Wfprfsfhtcåéa lc trchskdsséa lf ukc dhjarkcåéa pcrc`f`c.

Gcrrckfhta (Gus)  Chtfrdrdar  Chtf arkf kfht htf f cp cprf rfsf sfht htck ckas assu supf pfrrjdjdid idc` c`kf kfht htf f a qu quf f vfk c sfr gc gcrrrc rckf kfht hta. a. Ia Iaka ka f` f`f f ä ku kudtdta a dk dk-part pa rtch chtf tf ha ju juhi hida dahc hckf kfht hta a lf uk ia iakp kput utcl clar ar,, ha hass cpra cp raju juhl hlcr crfk fkas as uk pa paui uia a sa sagr grf f su suc c ct ctuc ucåé åéa. a. ^rai ^r aiur urf f dk dkce cedh dhcr cr c sf sfeu eudh dhtf tf sd sdtu tucå cåéa éa22 ä hf hf-ifssãrda uhdr lucs idlclfs iak ukc fstrclc. ^crc ^cr c rf rfc`d c`dzc zcrr fs fstc tc tc tcrf rfjc jc,, as fh fhef efho hofdr fdras as fs fstu tulc lc-réa cs iahldåöfs la pfriursa, a tdpa lf vfëiu`a quf tr trch chsd sdtc tcrã rã pa parr f` f`c c (i (ickd ckdho hoöf öfss f/ f/au au ic icrr rras as lf pcssfda), pcssf da), c quchtdl quchtdlclf clf lf vfëiu vfëiu`as `as fti. \ala fstula tu la qu quf f sf sfrã rã jf jfdtdta a lf lftf tfrk rkdh dhcr crã ã a tr trcb cbft fta a lc vd vdc, c, a tdpa lf ic`åckfhta quf sfrã jfdta, a hòkfra lf jcdxcs lf trãjfea fti.  Cssdk iaka ciaht ciahtfif fif iak ukc fstr fstrclc clc quf uhf lucs idlclfs, c uhdéa lf lads ldspasdtdvass qu va quf f lf lfvf vfré réa a sf ia iaku kuhd hdic icrr fk uk ia iakp kput utcclar sfeuf c kfskc dlfdc gãsdic gãsdic.. Gcrrckfhta ä, partchta, c vdc lf `decåéa f iakuhd iak uhdicå icåéa éa fht fhtrf rf as ldv ldvfrs frsas as f ldjf ldjfrfh rfhtfs tfs lds ldspapasdtdv sd tdvas as fx fxds dstfh tfhtfs tfsfk fk uk ia iakp kputc utcla larr. Hc jd jdeu eurc rc ? kastrckas ukc rfprfsfhtcåéa kcds prfidsc lf iaka ia ka as gcr gcrrc rckf kfht htas as dht dhtfr fr`de `deck ck as lds ldspa pasdt sdtdv dvas as..

Jdeurc :   ’ Wfprfsfhtcåéa lc trchskdsséa lf ukc dhjarkcåéa sfrdc`.

Bã ca sf trchskdtdr ukc dhjarkcåéa fk   passudrã uk iahlutar prùpcrc`f`a, iclc gdt  passudrã prda pcrc sfr fhvdcla. Cssdk, quchta kcdar c quchtdlclf lf gdts, kcds iahlutarfs sfréa hfifssãrdas pcrc a fhvda lfstc dhjarkcåéa. ^ar  fxfkp`a, c `ftrc ‐c‛ idtclc chtfrdarkfhtf, par  sfr lf ?   gdts, hfifssdtcrã gcsdickfhtf lf ? iahlutarfs (jdas) pcrc sfr trchskdtdlc. Zfbc c jdeurc 5. C vchtcefk lfstf tdpa lf iakuhdicåéa ä quf c dhjarkcåéa ä trchskdtdlc lf jarkc gfk kcds rãpdlc. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

Jdeurc ? ’ @decåéa fhtrf ldspasdtdvas jfdtc pf`as gcrrckfhtas. 5

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Iaka sf pülf agsfrvcr hfssc jdeurc, fxdstfk, lf kchfdrc efrc`, trâs gcrrckfhtas pcrc quf as prdhidpcds ldspasdtdvas passck sf iakuhdicr. Yéa f`fs2 a gcrrckfhta lf fhlfrfåas (cllrfss gus), a gcrrckfhta lf lclas (lctc gus)= f a gcrrckfhta lf iahtra`f (iahtra` gus). Gcsdickfhtf, a gcrrckfhta lf fhlfrfåas iahtäk c dhjarkcåéa lc pasdåéa lf ahlf as lclas c sfrfk praifssclas lfvfk sfr rftdrclas au fhtéa pcrc ahlf lfvfk sfr fhvdclas. Vkc iakpcrcåéa erassfdrc, bã idtclc chtfrdarkfhtf, sfrdc iak a fhlfrfåa lf ukc pãedhc hc Dhtfrhft. Iaka sf pülf hatcr pf`c rfprfsfhtcåéa hc jdeurc, c iakuhdicåéa par  fssf gcrrckfhta ä uhdldrfidahc`, katdva pf`a quc` sakfhtf fxdstf sftc fk ukc lcs fxtrfkdlclfs lc `dhoc ha erãjdi erãjdia. a. Iaka a hakf lfdxc i`cra, ä pf`a  gcrrckfhta lf lclas  quf cs dhjarkcåöfs hfifssãrd sã rdcs cs îs tc tcrf rfjc jcss tr trch chsd sdtc tck. k. Ia Iaka ka fs fstc tcss dhjarkcåöfs trchsdtck has lads sfhtdlas pf`a gcrrckfhta, ldz-sf quf séa gdldrfidahcds, katdva pf`a quc` oã lucs sftcs hcs `dhocs la erãjdia. Jdhc`kfhtf, Jdhc`kfhtf, a  gcrrckfhta lf iahtra`f (gdldrfidahc`) rfc`dzc c sdhirahdzcåéa (au iahtra`f) lcs rfjfrdlcs tcrfjcs. Zck ckas as tfh tfhtc tcrr lf lfsi sirf rfvf vfrr uk ukc c sd sdtu tucå cåéa éa pc pcrc rc jcid`dtcr c iakprffhséa la quf jad rf`ctcla. Zckas supar quf a praifssclar hfifssdtf lf ukc lft lftfrk frkdhc dhclc lc dhj dhjark arkcåé cåéa a quf fst fstã ã crk crkczf czf-hclc hc kfkùrdc. ^crc tfr cifssa c fstc dhjarkcåéa, kcå éa, a pra praifs ifssc sclar lar,, pf` pf`a a gcr gcrrck rckfht fhta a lf fhlfrfåas, dhjarkc î kfkùrdc c `aic`dzcåéa fxctc lfssf lcla. ^f`a gcrrckfhta lf iahtra`f a praifssclar dhjarkc a tdpa lf apfrcåéa, quf fk hassa fxfkp`a sfrã cpfhcs lf `fdturc (as lclas crkczfhclas crkczfhclas héa sfré sfréa a kaldj kaldjdicla diclass hfstf kakfhta). C dhjarkcåéa ä fhtéa `aic`dzclc, cifssclc f dhsfrdlc ha gcrrckfhta lf lclas, sfeudhla fhtéa pcrc a praifssclar. A lf lfsf sfkp kpfh fhoa oa lf uk gc gcrr rrck ckfh fhta ta ä lcla, gcsdickfhtf, fk juhåéa lf lads jctarfs2 3 - pf`c suc `creurc lf gchlc, au sfbc, pf`c quchtdlclf lf gdts  quf palfk sfr trchskdtdlas ca kfska tfkpa (?  gdts, 3:  gdts, 97 gdts, :<  gdts  fti.)= 7 - pf`c vf`aidlclf lf trchskdsséa lc dhjarkcåéa, quf ä kfldlc fk gps  ( gdts  par sfeuhla) au Gps  (gytfs  par sfeuhla). Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

Hatc-sf quf c vf`aidlclf la gcrrckfhta tckgäk palf sfr fspfidjdiclc fk  kfecofrtz  (KOz) f quf c kfskc efrc`kfhtf sf rfjfrf î jrfquâhidc la  i`aim  fxtfrha   fxtfrha (JYG, iahjarkf vfrfkas kcds î jrfhtf).

A sdhc` au pu`sa lf  I`aim  Fk uk iakputclar, talcs cs ctdvdlclfs rfc`dzclcs hfifssdtck lf  sdhirahdzcåéa. A   (pu`sa lf  i`aim ) sfrvf bustckfhtf pcrc i`aim  (pu`sa dssa, jarhfifr ukc rfjfrâhidc pcrc a dhëida f pcrc a jdk lf ukc ctdvdlclf.  Cioa quf a kf`oar fxfkp` fxfkp`a a quf bã vd pcrc lfkahstrcr dsta jad fk uk tfxta ha sdtf lc ^VI-Wda. ^raiurf dkcedhcr uk gcria c rfka fk ukc iakpftdåéa. \chta \chta c vf`aidlclf iaka c ldrfåéa lfpfhlfréa la iakp`fta fhtrasckfht kf hta a la lass ct ct`f `ftc tcs. s. ^c ^crc rc tc tcht hta, a, oã ha gc gcri ria a uk ukc c kcricåéa lf rdtka pcrc quf as kavdkfhtas (rfkcl (rf kclcs) cs) sfb sfbck ck sdh sdhira irahdz hdzcla class (jd Yfk k jdeu eurc rc 4). Yf fstc  ‐sdhirahdc‛, a gcria héa tfrã vf`aidlclf hfk ldrfåéa.

Jdeurc 4  ’ Wfprfsfhtcåéa lf cåöfs sdhirahdzclcs f héa sdhirahdzclcs.

 Cirfldta quf, iak fstf fstf fxfkp`a, tfhoc jdicla i`crc c hfifssdlclf lc fxdstâhidc lf uk f`fkfhta fxtfrha quf jdquf rfspahsãvf` pf`c iaarlfhcåéa las tfkpas fhtrf as ldjfrfhtfs iakpah iak pahfht fhtfs fs lf uk lft lftfrk frkdhcl dhcla a sds sdstfk tfkc c iakputcidahc`, quf passdgd`dtc sucs ctdvdlclfs sfrfk sdhirahdzclcs. Ha ia iakpu kputc tclar lar,, uk id idri riud udta ta fh fhvd vdc c c talas as sfus iakpahfhtfs uk sdhc` f`ätrdia iahstchtf f prfidsa - a pu`sa lf "i`aim " - quf jarhfif ukc rfjfrâhidc lf tfkpa pcrc talcs ?

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

cs ctdvdlclfs f pfrkdtf a sdhirahdska lcs apfrcåöfs dhtfrhcs. A pu`sa lf  i`aim  dhldic   dhldic quf uk idi`a (uk "fstcla") tfrkdhau f quf autra sf dhdidc. A i`aim  ( (jdeurc 3>) iahsdstf fk uk pu`sa rftcheu`cr quf sf c`tfrhc fhtrf hëvfds lf tfhséa c`tc ("odeo") f gcdxc ("`aw "). "). Iaka sf agsfrvc, iclc idi`a au pfrëala iahsdstf fk uk pu`sa gcdxa f uk c`ta.

iaka a iakputclar apfrc (au lfvfrdc apfrcr), a quf ifrtckfhtf has cuxd`dcrdc c `aic`dzcr f iarrde iar rdedr dr pfq pfqufh ufhas as pra prag`f g`fkcs kcs lf juh juhida idahchckfhta. Lfstc jarkc, vfbckas iaka sf lã a cidahckfhta lf uk iakputclar  Zdkas quf uk iakputclar hfifssdtc lf uk sajtwcrf quf efrfhidf a juhidahckfhta lf autras praerckcs f la  ocrlwcrf. Fstf   sajtwcrf   ä a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` f, lf ifrtc jarkc, palfkas cjdrkcr quf f`f ä rf`ctdvckfhtf erchlf. Cssdk quf a iakputclar ä `decla, ecl a, sfu   ocrlwcrf   cdhl cdhlc c hé héa a tf tfk k ia iaka ka juhidahcr, bã quf sfu sdstfkc apfrcidahc` héa fstã fk ‐apfrcidahc`‛ (héa jad ‐icrrfecla hc kfkùrdc‛). kfkùrdc ‛). Hfssc iahldåéa, c apfrcå apfrcåéa éa kcds sdkp`fs, iaka cifsscr ukc uhdlclf lf ldsia, héa palf sfr rfc`dzclc. ^crc iahtarhcr fssc sdtucåéa, as iakputclarfs jarck latclas lf uk iodp quf iahtäk ukc uhdlclf lf kfkùrdc quf héa palf sfr  cpceclc (iahofidlc iaka  WAK  -  Wfcl-Ah`y    - kfkùrdc sakfhtf lf `fdturc). Fstc Kfkary  uhdlclf iahtäk cpfhcs cs dhjarkcåöfs fssfhidcds ca dhëida lf apfrcåéa la iakputclar. Gcsdickfhtf, f`c ldz ca ocrlwcrf lc kãqudhc ahlf lfvf praiurcr a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` f dhdidcr suc fxfiuåéa. Fk dhjarkãtdic, a tfrka fkprfecla pcrc jczfr rfjfrâhidc ca praifssa lf dhdidcåéa la iakp ia kput utcl clar ar ä a gaat  (gaat`aclfr au gaatstrcp), f f`f aiarrf sakfhtf ha kakfhta fk quf c kãqudhc ä `declc. Hc rfc`dlclf, a sdstfkc lf   héa iahsdstf fk cpfhcs uk praerckc, gaat  héa kcs sdk fk c`euhs pfqufhas praerckcs quf ctuck lf jarkc sfqufhidc`. Yéa f`fs a GDAY ,  f a YF\V^ . ^AY\  f

Jdeurc 3>  ’ Wfprfsfhtcåéa lf uk sdhc` lf  i`aim   (rf`ùeda au sdhirahdsk sdhirahdska). a).

 C kfldå kfldåéa éa la i`aim  ä  ä jfdtc fk Ofrtz  (Oz  (Oz uhdlclf uhdlc lf pclréa lf kfldlc lf jrfqu jrfquâhidc âhidc), ), quf dhldic a hòkfra lf asid`cåöfs (au idi`as) quf aiarrf lfhtra lf ukc lftfrkdhclc kfldlc lf tfkpa (ha icsa, uk sfeuhla). Cssdk iaka aiarrf iak autrcs erchlfzcs lf kfldåéa, a Ofrtz passud kò`tdp`as. Lfstc kchfdrc, c pc`cvrc md`aofrtz (M (MOz Oz)) ä utd utd`dz `dzcl clc c pcr pcrc c dhl dhldi dicr cr 3. 3.>> >>> > Oz, cssdk iaka a tfrka  kfecofrtz  (KOz)   (KOz) ä uscla pcrc dhldicr 3 kd`oéa lf  ofrtz  (au   (au 3.>>> MOz). Lf deuc` jarkc,  edecofrtz  (EOz)   (EOz) ä c lfhakdhcåéa usclc pcrc 3.>>> KOz. Suchla sf ldz quf uk praifssclar trcgc`oc iak   i`aim  lf 6>> Oz, sdehdjdic quf ä icpcz lf `dlcr iak 6>> apfrcåöfs lf idi`as lf   par sfeuhla. Bã uk praifssclar iak i`aim  par 4>> KOz sfrã icpcz lf trcgc`ocr iak havfifhtas kd`oöfs lf idi`as par sfeuhla. Ä par  fstf katdva quf as praifssclarfs vâk iak c dhldicåéa lf suc jrfquâhidc lf   i`aim , iaka, par fxfkp`a, ^fhtduk DDD lf 3 EOz. Fstc jrfquâhidc tckgäk ä iahofidlc iaka   i`aim  dhtfrha.

- GDAY  ( (Gcsdi Dhput /Autput Yystfk - Ydstfkc Gãsdia lf Fhtrclc/Ycëlc) Suc`qufr ldspasdtdva quf lfvf sfr dhdidcla chtfs lc icrec la sdstfkc apfrcidahc` vcd rfqufrfr uk sdstfkc lf dhdidcåéa. Dssa dhi`ud as ldspasdtdvas lf fhtrclc (iaka tfi`cla tfi `cla f kausf, kausf, par fxfkp`a fxfkp`a), ), f as lds lds-pasdtdvas lf scëlc (iaka a kahdtar), gfk iaka as ldspasdtdvas lf crkczfhckfhta (iaka uhdlclf lf ldsquftf, ldsia rëedla, IL-WAK fti.). Zckas fxfkp`djdicr dssa. Yupahla quf a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` fstfbc dhstc`cla fk uk ldsia rëedla, ä hfifssãrda

A sdstfkc lf dhdidcåéa lf uk iakputc iakputclar  lar  Suchla `deckas uk iakputclar, héa tfkas c rfc` dlfdc la quf fstã ciahtfifhla dhtfrhckfhtf. tfrhck fhtf. A quf rfc`kfh rfc`kfhtf tf has dkpartc hcquf`f kakfhta ä a usa lc kãqudhc. Cpfscr  ldssa, ä dkpartchtf tfrkas iahofidkfhta lf Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

4

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

quf sf ‐ralf‛ dhdidc`kfhtf uk pfqufha praerckc quf pfrkdtc a rfiahofidkfh rfiahofidkfhta ta lfstf OL. \c` praerckc ä iahofidla iaka  lrdvfr . Ha icsa la OL héa sfr rfiahofidla, a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` héa palfrã sfr dhdidcla, f a iakputclar héa juhidahcrã. ^artchta, a   ä rfspahsãvf` pf`a supartf gãsdia lf GDAY  ä cifssa ca   ocrlwcrf  la iakputclar, gfk iaka par dhdidcr a icrrfeckfhta la sdstfkc apfrcidahc`.

-  YF\V^  (Iahjdeurcåéa)   (Iahjdeurcåéa) Iahsdstf fk uk praerckc lf iahjdeurcåéa pcrc as pcrçkftras la  GDAY . Ä hf`f quf sf lftfrkdhc lf ahlf lfvfrã sfr icrrfecla a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` (au sfquâhidc lf gusic has ldspasdtdvas lf crkczfhckfhta fxdstfhtfs), lfhtrf vãrdcs autrcs passdgd`dlclfs.  Dsta pfrkdtf, par fxfkp`a, quf a iakputclar passuc lads sdst sdstfkcs fkcs apfr apfrcida cidahcds hcds ldjfr ldjfrfhtf fhtfs, s, iaka @dhux f Udhlaws f quf, ca `decr c kãqudhc qu dhc,, sf pa pass ssc c fs fsia ia`o `ofr fr qu quc` c` sd sdst stfk fkc c sf sfrã rã ic icrrrfecla. A Udhlaws palfrdc fstcr dhstc`cla fk uk ldsia rëedla, fhquchta a @dhux sfrdc fxfiutcla c pcrtdr lf ukc uhdlclf lf IL/LZL (au autra). \ckgäk palfrdck fstcr ckgas dhstc`clas fk ldsias rëedlas dhlfpfhlfhtfs. Hc er erch chlf lf kc kcda darr dc la lass ic icsa sas, s, a cifssa ca   Yftup   ä iahsfeudla prfssdahchla-sf c tfi`c " Lf Lf`` " lurchtf a dhëida la   (ca tärkdha la  ^AY\ , iaka sf vdu hc gaat  (ca jdeurc :). Has   hatfgaams   harkc`kfhtf ä usclc c tfi`c "J7 ". Fhtrftchta, fxdstfk icsas fk quf c tfi`c pcrc cifssa ca YF\V^ ä "Fsi", "J3", "J?", "J3>", "Dhs" au kfska kfs ka ia iakgd kgdhcå hcåöf öfss lf tf tfi` i`cs cs,, ia iaka ka "Itr` "It r`+F +Fsi si", ", "C` "C`t+ t+Fs Fsi", i", "It "Itr` r`+C +C`t+ `t+Fs Fsi" i",, "Itr`+C`t+Fhtfr" "Itr`+C`t+ Fhtfr" au "Itr`+C`t+ "Itr`+C`t+J7". J7".  C jdeurc 37 has kastrc ukc lcs tf`cs la YF\V^ . Agsfrvf quf c iahjdeurcåéa clatclc jcz iak quf a gaat  sfbc   sfbc praiurcla fk prdkfdra `uecr hc uhdlclf lf ldsia rëedla (OLL->), fk sfeuhla fk uk ldsia rëedla fxtfrha (VYGOLL) f fk tfrifdra fk ukc uhdlclf Yupfrldsm (@Y37>).

-   ^AY\  (^awfr-Ah Yf`j-\ Yf`j-\fst  fst   au Cutatfstf lf ^crtdlc) ^crc quf a iakputclar juhidahf iarrftckfhtf, ä hfifssãrda quf talas as ldspasdtdvas fstfbck pfrjfdtas. A   ^AY\   iahsdstf hukc ratdhc lf tfstfs f ldcehùstdias quf séa rfc`dzclas has iakpahfhtfs la   ocrlwcrf , iaka ldsia rëedla, kfkùrdc, praifssclar fti. Ha icsa lf c`euk prag`fkc sfr  fhiahtrcla, a  gaat  ä   ä dhtfrrakpdla f a jcta ä iakuhdicla ca usuãrda, harkc`kfhtf lf kchfdrc saharc, par kfda lf ukc sfquâhidc lf  gdps. A sdehdjdicla lf iclc sfquâhidc saharc fhiahtrc-sf ldspahëvf` ha kchuc` la jcgrdichtf lc p`cic-kéf (quf iahtäk a  iodp la   GDAY ). ) . Ca jdhc` lcs ratdhcs lf ldcehùstdia séa cprfsfhtclas (hc tf`c) lftc`ofs sagrf a sdstfkc, iaka2 - Jcgrdichtf, vfrséa f lctc la GDAY= - Kalf`a lc p`cic-kéf= - Kalf`a la praifssclar= - Icpcidlclf lc Kfkùrd Kfkùrdc c WCK. Hc  jdeurc 33  agsfrvf uk fxfkp`a la quf sfrdc a rfsu`t rfsu`tcla cla la  ^AY\ .

 kastrchla cs apåöfs sf`fidaJdeurc 37 ’ \f`c lf  YF\V^  kastrchla hclcs pcrc prdkfdra, sfeuhla f tfrifdra  Gaat .

Zdséa a lf ukc tf`c kastrc kastrchla hla a rfsu` rfsu`tcla tcla la ^AY\ . Jdeurc Jde urc 33 ’ Zdsé Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

3>

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Jdhc`dzc Jdhc`d zchla hla a pr prai aifs fssa sa,, a GDAY  ic icrr rrfec fec a sdstfkc apfrcidahc` `fhla a prdkfdra sftar la ldsia rëedla quf iahtäk a KGW  ( Kcstf Kcstfrr Gaat  ), tckgäk iahofidla iaka ‐trd`oc zfra‛ Wfiarl ), au ‐trd`oc KGW‛. A KGW iahtäk uk pfqufha sajtwcrf, a efrfhidclar lf  gaat , quf ä fhicrrfec rf ecla la lf lc lcrr c pc pcrt rtdlc dlc ha sd sdst stfk fkc c ap apfr frci cida dahc hc`.`. Fk ukc p`cic-kéf kalfrhc, a   GDAY  harkc`kfhtf fhiahtrc-sf fk uk iakpahfhtf iak ia k kf kfkù kùrd rdc c WA WAK K la tdtdpa pa J`cso (J`cso-WAK ). ). Vkc kfkùrdc  j`cso  héa ä va`ãtd`, au sfbc, f`c héa prfidsc lf fhfredc fxtfrhc pcrc kchtfr cs dhjarkcå dhja rkcåöfs öfs quf fsté fstéa a crkc crkczfhc zfhclcs. lcs. \cds iakpahfhtfs passdgd`dtck quf sf jcåc c ctuc`dzcåéa `dzcå éa la  GDAY  ( ( GDAY ,  ^AY\  f  f  YF\V^ ) par  kfda lf sajtwcrf. Dssa passdgd`dtc quf sf jcåc a lfsl slf f qu quf f a jc jcgr grdi dich chtf tf ld ldssV^-Erclf la GDAY , lf pahdgd`dzf ukc ctuc`dzcåéa, ä i`cra. Zc`f sfkprf c pfhc ldzfr quf jczfr c ctuc`dzcåéa la GDAY  ä  ä ukc tcrfjc crrdsiclc, bã quf sf aiarr aiarrfr fr c`euk prag`fkc lurchtf c dhstc`cåéa, a iodp palfrã sfr ‐pfrldla ‐pfrldla‛. ‛. C sa`uåé sa`uåéa a sfrã, fhtéa, clqudrdr uk hava  iodp  pcrc sugstdtudr a quf jad lchdjdicla. lchdjdicla. Fk p`c p`cic icss-ké kéf f ku kudta dta cht chtdec decs, s, qu quf f ut utd`d d`dzc zck k kfkùrdc kfkùr dc la tdpa KCYM-WAK , c ctuc`dzcåéa la  par  sajtwcrf GDAY  par   sajtwcrf  héa ä passëvf`. Hfstf icsa, c ctu ctuc`d c`dzcå zcåéa éa sa sakfh kfhtf tf sf sfrdc rdc pas passë sëvf` vf` clq clqudr udrdhl dhla a la jcgrdichtf uk hava  iodp bã ercvcla.  C tëtëtu tu`a `a lf fx fxfk fkp` p`a, a, ka kast strc rcka kass hc jde jdeurc urc39 39 uk id idri riud udta ta dh dhtf tfer ercl cla a (iodp) lf GDAY quf fkp fkprfe rfec c fhicpsu`ckfhta (fhva`tùrda) la tdpa ^@II. ^frifgc if gccd cdhl hlc c hf hfst stc c dk dkce cefk fkqu quf f a iodp hé héa a ä sa sa`lc `lcla la ldrftckfhtf î p`cic-kéf, kcs quf fstã ciap`cla c f` f`c c pa parr dh dhtf tfrk rkäl älda da lf uk sa saqu quft ftf f cl clfq fquc ucla la..

^crc héa lfdxcr fstf cssuhta fk cgfrta, vckas iakfhtcr rcpdlckfhtf sagrf as prdhidpcds tdpas lf kfkùrdc kfkùrdcss WAK. -  ^WAK  ( ^raerckkcg`f Wfcl-Ah`y Kf). \fk suc ercvcåéa jfdtc par kfda lf kary ). cpcrf`oas fspfidcds. Vkc vfz ercvclas, fstfs lclas héa palfk sfr cpceclas au c`tfrclas. -   F^WAK (Frc Frcsfg sfg`f `f ^ra ^raerc erckkc kkcg`f g`f ). As lclas ercvclas hc Wfcl-Ah`y Kfkary ). kfkùrdc F^WAK palfk sfr cpceclas pf`a usa lf rcldcåéa u`trcvda`ftc, pfrkdtdhla suc rfutd`dzcåéa. -   FF^WAK (F`fit F`fitrdic`` rdic``y y Frcsc Frcscg`f g`f ^ra). Hfstf tdpa lf erckkcg`f Wfcl-Ah`y Kfkary ). kfkùrdc, sfu iahtfòla palf sfr cpcecla cp`dichla-sf ukc va`tcefk fspfiëjdic cas pdhas lf praerckcåéa, a quf tckgäk pfrkdtf suc rfutd`dzcåéa. -  J`csoWAK. Iaka bã lfsirdta, trctc-sf lf ukc kfkùrdc  j`cso. Fk iakpcrcåéa iak cs FF^WAK, séa kcds rãpdlcs f lf kfhar  iusta f pfrkdtfk rfercvcåéa par kfda lf sajtwcrf  cpraprdcla. Fssc rfercvcåéa (ctuc`dzcåéa lf  GDAY ) lfpfhlfrã las rfiursas quf a jcgrdichtf lc p`cic-kéf ldspahdgd`dzcr.

Kfkùrdc WCK Fk rf`cåéa ca  ocrlwcrf  las iakputclarfs, lfvfkas fhtfhlfr iaka ‐kfkùrdc‛ as ldspasdtdvas lf fstcla sù`dla quf tâk par jdhc`dlclf crkczfhcr as lclas iak as qucds a praifssclar trcgc`oc. Fxdstfk, gcsdickfhtf, lucs ictfeardcs lf kfkùrdcs2 WAK (Wfcl-Ah`y Kfkary ), ), quf pfrkdtf cpfhcs c `fdturc las lclas f héa pfrlf dhjarkcåéa hc cusâhidc lf fhfredc, iahjarkf bã tdvfkas c apartuhdlclf lf fstulcr, f c WCK  (Wchlak-Ciifss Kfkary ) ukc kfkùrdc lf cifssa c`fctùrda, quf pfrkdtf a praifssclar rfc`dzcr tchta c `fdturc quchta c ercvcåéa lf lclas, fk quf f`c pfrlf talc dhjarkcåéa jarkcå éa crkcz crkczfhclc fhclc quchla c c`dkfhtc c`dkfhtcåéa åéa f`ätrdic ä dhtfrrakpdlc. A fkprfea lcs kfkùrdcs WCK fk iakputclarfs ä fxtrfkckfhtf dkpartchtf pcrc a praifssckfhta lf lclas, pads ldspahdgd`dzc fspcåa pcrc c ercvcåéa/`fdturc lcs dhjarkcåöfs trcgc`oclcs pf`a praifssclar. praifssclar. \cds lclas

Jdeurc 39  ’ Fxfkp`a lf   iodp  quf iahtäk a  GDAY . Fhicpsu`ckfhta tdpa ^@II. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

33

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

palfrdck sfr ercvclas hcs uhdlclfs lf crkczfhckfhta, kczfhckfh ta, paräk a cifssa c f`fs sfrdc rf`ctdvckfhtf `fhta. Bã iak a usa lcs kfkùrdcs WCK, cs dhjarkcåöfs palfk sfr cifssclcs lf kchfdrc qucsf dkfldctc. ^raiurf dkcedhcr, par fxfkp`a, c fxfiuåéa lf baeas. Iaka hfstf tdpa lf cp`dictdva (sajtwcrf) crqudvas séa cifssclas c tala dhstchtf pcrc quf sfbck icrrfeclcs (f fxdgdlcs) tfxturcs, kalf`as, chdkcåöfs fti., c ercvcåéa fk uk ldsia rëedla, par fxfkp`a, tarhcrdc c fxfiuåéa la baea fxtrfkckfhtf `fhtc. Bã iak ukc gac quchtdlclf lf kfkùrdc WCK lf c`tc quc`dlclf c odstùrdc sfrdc ldjfrfhtf, ukc vfz quf as lclas palfk sfr cifssclas qucsf quf dhstchtchfckfhtf. Fxdstfk, gcsdickfhtf, lads tdpas lf praifssas lf crkczfhckfhta quf séa kudta fkprfeclas hc iahstruåéa lf kfkùrdcs WCK2 a fstãtdia (YWCK) f a ldhçkdia (LWCK). Jcåckas ukc grfvf fxp`dicåéa sagrf fssfs tdpas lf kfkùrdcs2

ldspastcs sagrf f`fs. A iahtra`f lcs tarhfdrcs ä hassa, lf kchfdrc quf lftfrkdhckas quc` las gc`lfs rfifgfrã ãeuc. Kudta gfk, iclc gc`lf rfprfsfhtc ukc iä`u`c lf kfkùrdc, fhquchta c fxdstâhidc au héa lf ãeuc fk sfu dhtfrdar rfprfsfhtc a vc`ar gdhãrda lc dhjarkcåéa crkczfhclc2 sf vczda, fqudvc`f c ‐>‛ f sf iofda fqudvc`f c ‐3‛. Zfbc c jdeurc 3<.

Jdeurc 3< ’ Fxfkp`djdichla a crkczfhckfhta lf dhjarkcåöfs.

 C jarkc iaka séa iahstruëlcs cs iä`u`cs lf kfkùrdc ä ldjfrfhtf pcrc cs kfkùrdcs LWCK f YWCK. Hc kfkùrdc LWCK ä fkprfeclc ukc jarkcåéa i`ãssdic quf jcz usa lf icpcidtar f trchsdstar quf, buhtas, jarkck ukc  iä`u`c lf kfkùrdc. Hfstf tdpa lf kahtcefk, a icpcidtar tfk c juhåéa lf crkczfhcr c tfhséa f`ätrdic (iaka c ãeuc lfhtra la gc`lf), fhquchta a trchsdstar tfk c juhåéa lf iahtra`cr c pcsscefk lc iarrfhtf f`ätrdic quf a icrrfec (iaka c tarhfdrc iahtra`c iahtra`c c ãeuc quf fhtrc ha gc`lf). Suchla a icpcidtar fstã icrrfecla, tfk-sf uk gdt  ‐3‛.  ‐3‛. Suchla fstã lfsicrrfecla, tfk-sf uk  gdt  ‐>‛.   ‐>‛. Vk prag`fkc lfstf tdpa lf iahstruåéa ä quf c dhjarkcåéa ä kchtdlc par uk iurta pfrëala lf tfkpa (iak a tfkpa, a icpcidtar vcd pfrlfhla c icrec crkczfhclc, iaka sf a gc`lf vczcssf). ^crc quf héa ocbc c pfrlc lass lc la lcla lass cr crkc kczf zfhc hcla lass hc kf kfkù kùrd rdc, c, ja jadd irdcla uk praifssa iak c juhåéa lf rfercvcr  a iahtfòla lc iä`u`c lf tfkpas fk tfkpas. Fstf praifssa ä iahofidla iaka  rfjrfso  (au rfjrfsickfhta) f ä rfc`dzcla par uk idriudta iockcla  iahtra`clar lf kfkùrdc. ^frifgc quf fstf praifssa ä rfc`dzcla kd`ocrfs lf vfzfs par sfeuhla fk iclc iä`u`c lf kfkùrdc, a quf cicgc cukfhtchla a iahsuka lf fhfredc, a ic`ar efrcla f rfluz c vf`aidlclf lf cifssa î kfkùrdc.

- YWCK (Ytct ). Ytctdi di Wchl Wchlak-C ak-Ciif iifss ss Kfkar Kfkary  y ). Fstf Fs tf tdp tdpa a lf kf kfkù kùrdc rdc ä gfk kcds rã rãpdl pdlc, c, quchla iakpcrclc iak cs kfkùrdcs LWCK. Fhtr Fh trft ftcht chta, a, cpr cprfs fsfh fhtc tc kfh kfhar ar ic icpci pcidlc dlclf lf lf cr cr-kczfhckfhta lf lclas f iusta kcds f`fvcla. ^ar fssf katdva, cs kfkùrdcs la tdpa YWCK iastukck sfr utd`dzclcs iaka  iciof (vfrfkas dssa ca trctcr las praifssclarfs). -  LWCK  ( Lyhckd Lyhckdi i WchlakWchlak-Ciifs Ciifss s Kf). Cprfsfhtck c`tc icpcidlclf lf crkckary ). zfhckfhta lf lclas, kcs a cifssa c fssfs lclas ä kcds `fhta quchla iakpcrcla iak cs kfkùrdcs fstãtdics. A iusta lf praluåéa tckgäk ä kfhar. Ä sfkprf gak `fkgrcr quf c quc`qufr  kakfhta uk hava praifssa lf crkczfhckfhta palf sf sagrfsscdr cas bã fxdstfhtfs f pcsscr c lakdhcr a kfricla.

Juhidahckfhta gãsdia lf ukc kfkùrdc WCK ^crc jcid`dtcr c iakprffhséa la juhidahckfhta lf uk iodp lf kfkùrdc, dkcedhfkas uk pf pfqu qufh fha a er erup upa a lf gc gc`l `lfs fs vc vczd zdas as qu quf f palfk au héa sfr cgcstfidlas par tarhfdrcs Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

37

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

 C jarkc jar kc iak quf ä iahst iahstruëlc ruëlc c kfkù kfkù-rdc YWCK ä gfk ldjfrfhtf, fkprfechla vãrdas trchsdstarfs (quctra au sfds) hc jarkcåéa lf iclc iä`u`c lf kfkùrdc. Fhquchta c`euhs trchsdstarfs jdick rfspahsãvfds pf`a iahtra`f, as lfkcds jczfk a crkczfhc crkczfhckfhta kfhta lc dhjarkcåéa. Iaka fstf tdpa lf kahtcefk ldspfhs lds pfhsc c c hfi hfifss fssdlcl dlclf f lf   rfjrfso , iahsakf-sf kfhas fhfredc f efrc-sf kfhar  cqufidkfhta.  C lfsvchtcefk lc YWCK ä quf a iusta lf jcgrdicåéa cicgc sfhla kcds f`fvcla, par  icusc la usa lf kcdar hòkfra lf iakpahfhtfs ctdvas (trchsdstarfs).

lf`cs iarrfspahlf ca fhlfrfåa lc kfkùrdc quf sfrã cifsscla ( jdeurc 36).

Jdeurc 36 ’ Fxfkp`a lf kctrdz lf kfkùrdc, cifsschla as vc`arfs ICY f WCY.

A praifssa lf ercvcåéa f `fdturc

Iaka bã lfsirdta, c tala dhstchtf séa ercSuchla qufr cifsscr uk lftfrkdhcla vclcs, `dlcs f cpceclcs dhjarkcåöfs hc kf- fhlfrfåa lf kfkùrdc, a iahtra`clar prdkùrdc WCK, sfhla tala fstf praifssa rfedla kfdra efrc f fhvdc a vc`ar WCY (hòkfra lc par uk idriudta iockcla  iahtra`clar lf kf- `dhoc) f lfpads a vc`ar ICY (hòkfra lc iakùrdc. ^crc quf a iahtra`clar passc lfsfk- `uhc). Suchla a WCY ä rfifgdla hc kfkùpfhocr suc juhåéa, ä hfifssãrda quf sf tfhoc rdc, vdc gcrrckfhta lf fhlfrfåas, talc c fstcgf`fidla uk jarkcta lf arechdzcåéa pcrc `dhoc ä ctdvclc= fk sfeudlc, iak a rfifgdcs iä`u`cs iä`u`cs lf kfkùrdc. kfkùrdc. C kchfdrc iaka iaka dssa dssa ä kfhta la ICY, a idriudta ä jfiocla, jczfhla iahsfeudla `fkgrc kudta uk tcgu`fdra lf xc- iak quf as lclas la fhlfrfåa sf`fidahcla lrfz au gctc`oc hcvc`. sfbck `dlas au ercvcl ercvclas. as. ^crc qufk héa iahofif hfhouk las A iahtra`clar lf kfkùrdc iahsdstf fk lads baeas, a tcgu`fdra iahsdstf hukc su- uk idriudta f`ftrühdia f, iaka tc`, palf sfr  ifsséa lf `dhocs f ia`uhcs. Hfstfs baeas, dhi`uëla ahlf as jcgrdichtfs ciocrfk kfpcrc quf iclc baeclar passc fspfidjdicr  `oar `oar.. Lfssc jarkc, f`f harkc`k harkc`kfhtf fhtf fhiahukc pasdåéa la tcgu`fdra, iclc `dhoc f ia- trc-sf kahtcla ha  iodpsft  lc   lc p`cic-kéf au `uhc rfifgf ukc hakfhi`cturc ldjfrfhtf. lfhtra la prùprda praifssclar, iaka ha ^ar fxfkp`a, fhquchta cs `dhocs séa i`cssd- icsa las praifssclarfs CKL, c pcrtdr la jdiclcs par hòkfras (3, 7, 9, < fti.), cs ia-  Cto`ah  Cto `ah :<, f las pra praifs ifsscl sclarf arfss Dht Dhtf`, f`, c pcr pcr-`uhcs séa i`cssdjdiclcs par `ftrcs (c, g, i tdr la Iarf d5. fti.). Lfssc kchfdrc, dhjarkcr ca clvfrsãrda c pasdåéa ‐c3‛ iarrfspahlfrã c cpfhcs ukc A  gdt  lf   lf pcrdlclf pasdåéa pasdåé a la tcgu`fdr tcgu`fdra. a. Kudta gfk, cs iä`u`cs lf kfkùrdc séa arechdzclcs lc kfskc  C pcrdlcl pcrdlclf f iahsdstf huk las rfiursas jarkc quf fk uk tcgu`fdra, paräk iak quf jarck lfsfhva`vdlas iak c dhtfhåéa lf kudta kcds ‐pasdåöfs‛. cbulcr hc lftfiåéa lf frras lc kfkùrdc, kcs ^crc ^c rc qu quf f a ia iaht htra ra`c `cla larr lf kf kfkù kùrd rdc c héa lf iarrded-`as. passc `aic`dzcr c dhjarkcåéa lfsfbclc, iclc Gcsdickfhtf, fstf sdstfkc iahsdstf fk `dhoc rfifgf uk vc`ar, iockcla WCY (Waw  sf cirfsifhtcr uk  gdt  c  c iclc gytf lf kfkùrdc (`fkgrchla2 uk  gytf  iarrfspahlf c adta  gdts).  Cllrfss Ytragf). A kfska aiarrf iak iclc ia`uhc (vc`ar iockcla ICY -  Ia`uk   cssukf a vc`ar 3, quchla c quchtd Ia`ukh h Cllr Cllrfss fss Fssf gdt  cssukf lclf lf  gdts lf vc`ar deuc` c 3 la  gytf  jar pcr. Ytragf). Fstf crrchba lf `dhocs f ia`uhcs ä ia- F cssukf a vc`ar > (zfra (zfra), ), sf c rfjfrdlc rfjfrdlc quchhofidla iaka kctrdz, fhquchta a iruzckfhta tdlclf jar ëkpcr (a iahtrãrda tckgäk palf Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

39

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

ciahtfifr2 3 pcrc ëkpcr f > pcrc pcr). Suchla c `fdturc lf lclas jar jfdtc, uk idriudta vfrdjdicrã sf c pcrdlclf iarrfspahlf î quchtdlclf lf  gdts  3 (au >) la  gytf. Yf jar ldjfrfhtf, uk frra jad lftfitc lftfitcla. la. C tcgf` tcgf`c c kastrclc kastrclc hc jdeurc   lf pcrdlclf. 3: fxfkp`djdic c jarkcåéa la gdt  lf Fxfkp`a lf Gytf lf lclas

Hòkfra lf Gdts ‐3‛ ha Gytf

pcrdlclf

>>3>>3>>

7 (pcr)

3

3>33>>33

6 (ëkpcr)

>

3>3>>3>3

< (pcr)

3

33333333

? (pcr)

3

quf tarhc a fkprfea la 4² gdt  ldspfhsãvf`.  ldspfhsãvf`. ^crc cs cp`dicåöfs quf fxdefk c`tc prfidséa las lclas, palf-sf iahtcr cdhlc iak kfkùrdcs quf iahtfhock FII (Frrar  Iofimdhe chl Iarrfitdah  ’ vfrdjdicåéa f iarrfåéa lf frras). Hfstf tdpa lf sdstfkc, ukc kcdar quchtdlclf lf   gdts   ä cp`dicla pcrc iclc  gytf  (harkc`kfhtf ctä 9 gdts pcrc iclc gytf  lf kfkùrdc), fhquchta uk sdstfkc lf c`earëtdkas jcz c iarrfåéa las frras fhiahtrclas. Fhtfhlc quf a sdstfkc FII ä cdhlc utd`dzcla fk uhdlclfs lf IL-WAK f ldsias rëedlas, fk quf a iarrakpdkfhta lf lclas ä iakuk. Kudta gfk, pcrc jdhc`dzcr c lfsirdåéa sagrf c kfkùrdc WCK, rfstc-has rf`ctcr quf a tdpa lf fhicpsu`ckfhta (fhva`tùrda) fkprfecla palf kulcr gcstchtf f lfpfhlf kcds lf cspfitas iahstrutdvas f lf iustas. Hc  jdeurc 3? agsfrvf c`euhs tdpas lf fhicpsu`ckfhtas su`ckfht as fkprfecla fkprfeclass fk kfkùrdcs.

 lf Gdt  lf

  lf pcrdlclf. Jdeurc 3: ’ Fxfkp`a lc efrcåéa la  g dt  lf

 C pcrdlclf, ha fhtchta, palf héa sfr téa prfidsc, bã quf uk frra fk lads gdts, par fxfkp`a, jcrã iak quf a gdt  lf pcrdlclf iarrfspahlc î quchtdlclf la hòkfra lf ‐gdts  3‛ la gytf. Zfbc a fxfkp`a hc tcgf`c lc jdeurc 35. A   lf pcrdgytf  iarrfta, par sfr pcr, efrc uk  gd  gdt t  lf lclf deuc` c 3. Fk sfeudlc, a gytf frrcla, quf cprfsfhtc lads  gdts  deucds c 3, efrc tckgäk uk gdt  lf  lf pcrdlclf deuc` c 3. Lfstc kchfdrc, a frra héa sfrdc dlfhtdjdicla. Fxfkp`a lf

Hòkfra lf

Gytf lf lclas

Gdts ‐3‛ ha Gytf

 lf Gdt  lf pcrdlclf

Ifrta >>>>>>>>

> (pcr)

3

Frrcla >>>>>>33

7 (pcr)

3

 lf pcrdlclf. Jdeurc 35 ’ Fxfkp`a lf frra hc efrcåéa la  gdt  lf fhicpsu`ckfhtas usclas fk Jdeurc 3? ’ C`euhs tdpas lf fhicpsu`ckfhtas idriudtas dhtferclas lf kfkùrdc.

 Ca iahtrãrda la quf sf passc pfhscr, a fkprfea lc pcrdlclf héa tarhc a iakputclar  kcds `fhta, bã quf as idriudtas rfspahsãvfds pf`c ioficefk las lclas séa dhlfpfhlfhtfs. Lfssc jarkc, a fhicrf fhicrfidkfht idkfhta a lcs kfkùrdcs pcssc c sfr a kcdar prag`fkc ha fkprfea lc pcrdlclf.  Ctuc`kfhtf  Ctuc`k fhtf pauias pauias jcgrdichtfs jcgrdichtfs cdhlc cdhlc praluzfk kfkùrdcs quf jczfk usa lc pcrdlclf. Dss ssa a sf lf lfvvf ca jc jcta ta lf quf cs kf kfkù kùrd rdcs cs ct ctuc ucds ds cprfsfhtck uk gak hëvf` lf iahjdcgd`dlclf, a Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

Kùlu`as lf Kfkùrdc= fva`uåéa f tfiha`aedc ^crc a usa fk iakputclarfs, cpfhcs uk idriudta dhtfercla (iodp) lf kfkùrdc ä dhsujdidfhtf. Has prdkfdras iakputclarfs pfssacds, iaka as _\ f C\ 7?:, as idriudtas dhtferclas ( iodps ) lf kfkùrdc frck kahtclas 3<

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

sagrf c p`cic-kéf, qufr sfbc par kfda lf saquftfs au fhtéa ldrftckfhtf sa`lclas c f`c. Zfbc uk fxfkp`a hc  jdeurc 34 . Iclc ia`uhc lf  iodps  ldspastas sagrf c p`cic jarkcvck a quf sf iahofif par   gchia lf kfkùrdc. Vk ‐gchia lf kfkùrdc‛ iarrfspahlf c ukc quchtdlclf quc`qufr lf kfkùrdc, kcs quf ctfhlc îs fxdeâhidcs la prai pr aifss fsscl clar ar quc quchta hta î `cr `creur eurc c lf gcr gcrrcrckfhta (?, 3:, 97, :<  gdts  fti.).

^artchta, ä sfkprf gak takcr iudlcla pcrc héa iahjuhldr cs sde`cs quf dlfhtdjdick cs tfiha`aedcs usclcs pf`cs kfkùrdcs (iaka J^K, FLA, YLWCK, LLW, LLW7, LLW9 fti.) iak a tdpa lf jarkcta clatcla ha kùlu`a (iaka YDKK f LDKK, par fxfkp`a).

Kùlu`a YD^^ YD^^ ä c sde`c lf  Ydhe`f Dh @dhf ^dh ^cimcef  au fhicpsu`ckfhta iak pdhas fk `dhoc sdkp`fs. Iahsdstf fstf ha prdkfdra tdpa lf kùlu`a lf kfkùrdc c sfr `chåcla, tfhla sdla fkprfecla fk p`cics-kéf pcrc praifssclarfs 7?: f hcs prdkfdrcs p`cics-kéf pcrc 9?:. Ä uk kùlu`a lf ?  gdts  quf iahtäk 9> pdhas (jdeurc 7>). ^ar sfr fstf kùlu`a deuc` ca kùlu`a YDKK, iak c òhdic ldjfrfhåc quf c iahfxéa f`ätrdic héa ä jfdtc par pdhas, kcs sdk par tfrkdhcds dkprfssas hc p`cic lf idriudta, héa has lftfrfkas cqud fk kcdarfs fxp`dicåöfs.

dhtfercJdeurc 34 ’ Fxfkp`a lf icsa fk quf as idriudtas dhtferclas lf kfkùrdc frck cp`diclas ldrftckfhtf î p`cic-kéf.

Iaka ä lf sf fspfrcr, fssf sdstfkc trcz vãrdcs vãr dcs lfs lfsvch vchtce tcefhs fhs.. Lfh Lfhtrf trf f`c f`css pal palf-s f-sf f lfstcicr c ldjdiu`lclf lf sugstdtudåéa lf  iodps iak lfjfdta (prdhi (prdhidpc`kfht dpc`kfhtf f sf fstdvf fstdvfrfk rfk sa`lclas), f a cukfhta la tckchoa lc kfkùrdc (uk  uperclf). Lfssc kchfdrc, suredrck as kùlu`as au pfhtfs lf kfkùrdc. Iclc kùlu`a iahtäk vãrdas  iodps  lf kfkùrdc kahtclas sagrf ukc p`cic lf idriudta dkprfssa, a quf jcz a rfsu`tcla jdhc` iarrfspahlfr î sakctùrdc la vc`ar  lf kfkùrdc lf iclc uk. C erchlf vchtcefk lfstf sdstfkc ä quf sf palf, c quc`qufr  tfkpa, cukfhtcr a vc`ar lc kfkùrdc ldspahëvf`. Gcstc sugstdtudr as kùlu`as fxdstfhtfs ha iakputclar iakpu tclar par autra autrass lf kcdar icpcidlclf icpcidlclf (ctä a `dkdtf supart supartcla cla pf`c p`cic kéf).  Chtfs lf iahtdhucr, ä kf`oar kf`oa r lfdxcr i`cra quf iclc tdpa lf kùlu`a quf suredu ctä as ldcs lf oabf passud icrcitfrëstdics ldstdhtcs, sagrftula quchta ca jarkcta f kala lf iahfxéa. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

Jdeurc 7> ’ Kùlu`a YD^^ ’ 9> pdhas.

Kùlu`as YDKK As prdkfdras kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc irdclas jarck fkprfeclas fk kdiraiakputclarfs quf utd`dzcvck praifssclarfs 7?:, 9?: f
Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

jcif la kùlu`a séa dhtfr`declas par d`oùs fxdstfhtfs has ardjëidas.

ldzfr quf frck hfifssãrdas cpfhcs lads kùlu`as pcrc jarkcr uk gchia lf kfkùrdc. C jdeurc 77  d`ustrc dssa.

Jdeurc 73 ’ Kùlu`a YDKK ’ 9> vdcs.

As kùlu`as YDKK lf 9> vdcs (tckgäk ldta pdhas au tfr tfrkdhc kdhcds) ds) passuëck passuëck sfkprf ? au 4   iodps  lf kfkùrdc, fk quf iclc   iodp   jarhfidc uk òhdia gd gdt t  lf lclas fk iclc trchsjfrâhidc. Lfstc jarkc, a iah buht  bu hta a lf   iodps   ha kùlu`a frc icpcz lf trchsjfrdr trchsjfr dr ?   gdts (u (uk k   gytf ) par vfz (hc rfc`dlclf, par idi`a lf   i`aim , kcs cdhlc héa vdkas a quf ä dssa). Ha icsa las kùlu`as iak 4   iodps , a ò`tdka frc lfstdhcla c crkczfhcr as  gdts  lf pcrdlclf, quf kf`oarcv c k c i a h jdjd cg cg d `d`d lc lc lf lf , p f rk rk d t dh dh la la c dlfhtdjdicåéa lf frras. Agsfrvf hc jdeurc chtfrdar quf a kùlu`a kastrcla passud 4 iodps  iak fhicpsu`ckfhta tdpa LD^. As kùlu`as YDKK lf 9> vdcs jarck jcgrdiclas iak vc`arfs lf icpcidlclf lf kfkùrdc iarrfspahlfhtfs c 637 MG, 3 KG, 7 KG f < KG, ? KG f 3: KG, sfhla as lads ò`tdkas iahsdlfrclas lf ldjëid` cifssa, fk iahsfquâhidc la sfu f`fvcla iusta. Iaka as praifssclarfs 9?: f vdcs pcrc jarkcr uk gchia lf kfkùrdc iakp`fta (iclc kùlu`a iarrfspahldc iarrfs pahldc c ?  gdts  lc dhjarkcåé dhjarkcåéa). a). Lfssc jarkc, pfrifgc quf héa ä passëvf` trcgc`ocr  iak a gchia lf kfkùrdc dhiakp`fta. ^ar  fxfkp`a, uscr trâs kùlu`as sdehdjdicrdc quf tfrëckas ldspahëvfds ldspahëvfds 7<  gdts  (9 x ? ; 7<), au sfbc, c dhjarkcåéa quf lfvfrdc tfr 97  gdts fstcrdc dhiakp`ftc. Cssdk, as kùlu`as sfkprf frck fkprfeclas fk qucrtftas (< kùlu`as pcrc 3 gchia, ? kùlu`as pcrc 7 gchias). Zc`f c pfhc kfhidahcr quf a praifssclar 9?:Y_, cssdk iaka a 7?:, cifsscvc c kfkùrdc uschla 3:   gdts, a quf fqudvc`f c Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

3:

Jdeurc 77 ’ Wfprfsfhtcåéa lc `decåéa las kùlu`as YDKK lf ? gdts pcrc c jarkcåéa las gchias lf kfkùrdc (?>9?: iak 97 gdts, ?>9?:Y_ iak 3:  gdts).

A dhiahvfhdfhtf lf uk gchia lf kfkùrdc tfr lf sfr jarkcla par quctra kùlu`as jad pcridc`kfhtf sa`uidahcla iak c fhtrclc las kùlu`as YDKK lf 57 vdcs (jdeurc 79). Agsfrvf cdhlc hfstc jdeurc quf a kùlu`a passud uk iochjra quf dkpflf quf suc kahtcefk sfbc jfdtc lf jarkc frrclc (sù tfk ukc pasdåéa pcrc fhicdxã-`a ha  s`at ). ).

Jdeurc 79 ’ Kùlu`a YDKK lf 57 vdcs.

Vkc vfz quf iclc uk lfstfs kùlu`as trcgc`oc trcgc`o c iak 97  gdts, iclc uk lf`fs bã iarrfspahlf rfspah lf c uk gchia lf kfkùrdc kfkùrdc.. Hatf-sf quf, fhtrftchta, iak c iofeclc lf havas praifssclarfs, iaka a prdkfdra ^fhtduk (au 6?:), quf trcgc`oc iak gcrrckfhta lf kfkùrdc lf :<   gdts , rftarhc-sf î hfifssdDhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

lclf lf fkprfecr lads pfhtfs pcrc iakpar  uk gchia lf kfkùrdc ( jdeurc 7<).

lfrfåas ICY. Iak fstc sdkp`fs kulchåc, a cifssa iahsfeuf sfr 9>% kcds rãpdla. Iaka sf pülf iahstctcr, a J^K iahsdstf hukc huk c fv fva`u a`uåé åéa a lcs kfk kfkùrd ùrdcs cs rfe rfeu`c u`crfs rfs,, kat katdva dva pf`a quc` c`euhs ciock quf ä c prdkfdrc tfiha`aedc cp`diclc c kfkùrdcs WCK. Ha kala lf cifssa rãpdla, c prdkfdrc `fdturc lc kfkùrdc cprf cp rfsf sfht htc c uk tf tfkp kpa a lf ci cifs fssa sa kc kcda darr qu quf f cs `f `fddturcs sugsfqufhtfs. Dssa sf lfvf ca jcta lf sfrfk jfdtcs quctra apfrcåöfs lf `fdturc sfeudlcs, fk vfz lf cpfhcs ukc. Dssa ä rfprfsfhtcla iaka uk fsqufkc la tdpa x-y-y-y, fk quf ‐x‛ rfprfsfhtc a tfkpa lc prdkfdrc `fdturc f ‐y‛ lcs `fdturcs sfeudhtfs. Iclc ukc lcs `ftrcs rfprfsfhtctdvcs la fsqufkc ä sugstdtuëlc par uk c`ecrdska pcrc quchtdjdicr a tfkpa lc `fdturc, iaka par fxfkp`a, 9-7-7-7. Hatf hfstf fxfkp`a lf rfprfsfhtcåéa quf c prdkfdrc `fdturc cicgc sfhla kcds lfkarclc, fhquchta cs trâs sfeudhtfs séa kcds rãpdlcs. Dssa aiarrf cssdk parquf a iahtra`clar lf kfkùrdc trcgc`oc cpfhcs ukc vfz iak a fhlfrfåa lf ukc `dhoc (WCY) f, fk sfeudlc, trcgc`oc iak ukc sfquâhidc lf quctra ia`uhcs (ICY), ca dhväs lf trcgc`ocr iak uk sdhc` lf WCY f uk lf ICY pcrc pcr c ic iclc lc gdt crk crkcz czfhc fhcla, la, iak iaka a cia ciahtf htfidc idc iak cs kfkùrdcs rfeu`crfs. Fstf Fs tfss hò hòkf kfra rass dh dhld ldic ick k a tf tfkp kpa a (f (fk k qu quch chtdtd-lclf lf pu`sas lf i`aim ) quf c kfkùrdc lfkarc pcrc jczfr ukc lftfrkdhclc apfrcåéa. Cssdk, quch qu chta ta kf kfha harr a hò hòkf kfra ra,, kc kcds dsrã rãpd pdlc lc ä c kf kfkù kùrdrdc. c. Kùlu`as YDKK tckgäk uscrck c tfiha`aedc FLA (Fxt fxtfhséa hséa Fxtfhl fhlfl fl Lct Lctc c Aut Autput  put au fxtf lc scëlc lf lclas). Fstf tdpa lf kfkùrdc jad fkprfecla prdhidpc`kfhtf fk kùlu`as YDKK lf 57 pdhas (jdeurc 76), kcs tckgäk iofeau c sfr uscla fk kùlu`as LDKK lf 3:? vdcs. Yuc prdhidpc` icrcitfrëstdic iahsdstf hc icpcidlclf lf pfrkdtdr quf uk fhlfrfåa lc kfkùrdc sfbc cifsscla ca kfska tfkpa fk quf ukc sa`didtcåéa chtfrdar cdhlc fstã fk chlckfhta.

Jdeurc 7< ’ Wfprfsfhtcåéa lc `decåéa las kùlu`as YDKK lf 97  gdts pcrc c jarkcåéa las gchias lf kfkùrdc.

Lfpads la ^fhtduk, prctdickfhtf talas praifssclarfs pcsscrck c cifsscr c kfkùrdc fk :<  gdts, kfska quchla a praifssckfhta dhtfrha lc I^V frc lf 97 gdts. ^fhtduk DD f DDD séa fxfkp`as ldssa. Ä dkpartchtf lfstcicr quf talas as kùlu`as quf jarkck uk gchia lf kfkùrdc séa cifssclas ca kfska tfkpa, iaka sf jassfk uk sù sù.. ^a ^arr fs fssf sf ka katdtdva va fr frc c rf rfia iakf kfhl hlãv ãvf` f` sf sfkkprf uscr kùlu`as deucds (kfskc icpcidlclf f, sf passëvf`, kfska jcgrdichtf). Lfssc jarkc, ha icsa la ^fhtduk, ocvfhla quctra iahfxöfs (iockclcs  s`ats) pcrc kùlu`as lf kfkùrdcs frc hfifssãrda quf iclc pcr jassf jarkcla par  kùlu`as deucds. ^ar fxfkp`a, palfrëckas fkprfe pr fecr cr la lads ds kù kùlu lu`a `ass lf 3: KG (d (deu eucd cds) s) pc pcrc rc ja jarrkcr a prdkfdra gchia f lads kùlu`as lf ? KG (deucds) pcrc a sfeuhla gchia, a quf tatc`dzcrdc
Jdeurc 76 ’ Kùlu`a YDKK lf 57 vdcs f tfiha`aedc FLA. 35

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Kùlu`a LDKK A kùlu`a LDKK (Luc Luc`` Dh` Dh`dhf dhf Kfk Kfkary  ary  Kùlu lu`a `a lf Kf Kfkù kùrd rdc c fk @dh @dhoc oc Kalu`f   au Kù Lup`c), iahsdstf gcsdickfhtf fk uk las tdpas lf kfkùrdc LWCK (Lyhckdi Wchlak-Ciifss ). Kfkary ).  Ca iahtrãrda lcs kfkùrdcs YDKK, fstfs kùlu`as kùlu `as pass passufk ufk iaht iahtctas ctas (dhl (dhlfpfh fpfhlfht lfhtfs) fs) fk ckgas as `clas, lahlf sf ardedhc sfu hakf. Iaka as kùlu`as LDKK apfrck iak :< f`dk dkdh dhau au-s -sf f c hf hfif ifss ssdl dlcl clf f lf us uscr cr la lads ds au gdts, f` quctra kùlu`as pcrc c jarkcåéa lf uk gchia lf kfkùrdc, au sfbc, iclc kùlu`a bã iarrfspahlf c uk gchia lf kfkùrdc iakp`fta. Hfssf qufsdta ä dhtfrfsschtf idtcr quf c`eukcs p`cics-kéf ajfrfifk a rfiursa lf uscr lads kùlu`as pcrc kf`oarcr c vf`aidlclf lf cifssa (as kùlu`as séa cifssc cifssclas las sdku`tchfckfhtf). \c` rfiursa ä iockcla lf   (ichc` lup`a) f kf`oarc iahsdluc`-iochhf`  (ichc` lfrcvf`kfhtf a lfsfkpfhoa. Ha icsa lf cpfhcs uk kùlu`a sfr cp`dicla î p`cic-kéf, fstf rfiursa jdic lfsctdv lfsctdvcla. cla. ^alfkas ldzfr quf fxdstfk gcsdickfhtf lads tdpas lf kfkùrdc LDKK2

Jdeurc 75 ’ Fxfkp`a lf kùlu`a YLW YLWCK, iak 3:? vdcs.

As kùlu`as YLW YLWCK frck jcgrdiclas pcrc trâs vc`arfs lf jrfquâhidc lf apfrcåéa2 - jr jrfq fquâh uâhid idc c lf ::K ::Koz oz ’ lfs lfsdeh dehclc clc iaka ^I ::= - jrfquâhidc lf 3>>Koz ’ lfsdehclc iaka ^I 3>>= - jrfquâhidc lf 399Koz ’ lfsdehclc iaka ^I 399.

LLW YLWCK - (Laug Laug`f `f Lct Lctc c Wct Wctf f ’ lup`c tcxc lf lclas - YLWCK ). ). Iaka a hakf dhldic, fstf tdpa lf kfkùrdc apfrc iak tcxc lup`c lf lclas, au sfbc, pcrc iclc pu`sa lf   séa fhvdclcs lucs dhjarkcåöfs f héa i`aim  séa ukc iaka aiarrdc aiarrdc iak c chtfifssarc chtfifssarc YLW (jdeurc 7?). Fssc ä c prdhidpc` f erchlf ldjfrfhåc fhtrf fstfs lads tdpas lf kfkùrdc.

YLW YLWCK ’ (Ydhe`f Lctc Wctf Ydh-  iraha ir ahaus us Ly Lyhck hckdi di Wc Wchla hlak k Ci Ciif ifss ss Kf Kfka kary  ry 

au kfkùrdc lf cifssa c`fctùrda ldhçkdic sëhirahc iak tcxc lf trchsjfrâhidc sdkp`fs). Gcsdickfhtf, f`c ä uk kfkùrdc quf  fhvdc 3 lcla par pu`sa lf i`aim  (jdeurc 7:). ^alf-sf ldzfr quf séa as kùlu`as quf sugstdtuërck as YDKK FLA, quf héa frck sdhirahdzclas. F`fs passufk 3:? tfrkdhcds f lads iochjras (jdeurc 75), quf dkpflfk c passdgd`dlclf lf frra lf kahtcefk. Jarck fkprfeclas, par fxfkp`a, fk kãqudhcs iak praifssclarfs ^fhtduk, ^fhtduk DD f ^fhtduk DDD.

LLW,, séatrch séatrchskd skdtdlas tdlas lads lc lcla lass pa parr idi idi`a `a lf i`a i`aim. im. Jdeurc Jdeu rc 7? - Hc LLW

Hc vfrlclf, c kfkùrdc YLW sakfhtf rfifgfu fstc lfsdehcåéa lfpads la sured suredkfhta kfhta lc LLW, iak c i`crc dhtfhåéa lf rfc`åcr c ldjfrfhåc fhtrf f`cs. Iaka sf palf agsfrvcr pf`c jdeurc, hfstf sdstfkc sf cpravfdtc tchta c ‐sugdlc‛ quchta c ‐lfsidlc‛ la pu`sa lf   i`aim  pcrc   pcrc rfc`dz rfc `dzcr cr cs trc trchsj hsjfrâ frâhid hidcs cs lf lcl lclas, as, au sfbc, c iclc pfrëala au idi`a la sdhc` lf   séa trchskdtdlas lads lclas. Dssa ä a i`aim  séa kfska quf ldzfr quf c `creurc lf gchlc hc LLW ä a lagra quchla iakpcrclc iak c YLW.

Jdeurc 7:  ’ C trchsjfrâhidc lf lclas aiarrf hc rczéa lf uk pcrc uk. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

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Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Jdic ùgvda, fhtéa, quf a trchspartf lf ukc lftfrkdhclc dhjarkcåéa sfrã rfc`dzcla hc kftclf la tfkpa quchla sf usc ukc kfkùrdc LLW fk vfz lf ukc kfkùrdc YLW, pcrc uk kfska vc`ar lf jrfquâhidc lf   i`aim . Dssa, ldta iak autrcs pc`cvrcs, fqudvc`frdc c cjdrkcr quf, fk tfardc, c kfkùrdc WCK ä lucs vfzfs kcds rãpdlc quf ukc kfkùrdc YLW. \ckgäk palfrëckas ldzfr quf f`c ä lucs vfzfs kcds rãpdlc quf c jrfquâhidc la gcrrckfhta. Ä par fssf katdva quf sf iastu iastukc kc ldzfr quf cs kfkùrdcs LLW trcgc`ock iak a lagra lc jrfquâhidc rfc` la iakputclar. Lf ci ciar arla la ia iak k a qu quf f ja jadd rf rf`c `ctc tcla la,, pa palf lf-s -sf f ldzfr quf uk sdstfkc iak jrfquâhidc lf gcrrckfhta lf 3>> KOz f quf fkprfec kfkùrdc LLW, par fxfkp`a, cprfsfhtc  i`aim  fjftdva   fjftdva lf 7>> KOz (au iakpartc-sf iaka sf a  i`aim  td tdvfssf fssc jrfquâhidc). Iaka c tcxc lf trchsjfrâhidc ä lclc pf`c jùrku`c2

Iak rf`cåéa c suc pcrtf jësdic, ukc kfkùrdc LDKK LLW passud 3?< tfrkdhcds (vdcs) f cpfhcs uk iochjra (jdeurc 74), a quf dkpassdgd`dtc suc kahtcefk lf jarkc dhiarrftc au suc cp`dicåéa fk s`ats lfstdhclas c kfkùrdcs YLW, bã quf ckgcs passufk gcsdickfhtf gcsdickfhtf cs kfskcs ldkfhsöfs.

Jdeurc 74 ’ Fxfkp`a lf kùlu`a LDKK LLW iak 3?< vdcs.

As kùlu`as LLW palfk sfr fhiahtrclas pcr pcrc c iak iakfri fridc` dc`dzc dzcåéa åéa iak dhld dhldicå icåöfs öfs tchta sfeuhla suc jrfquâhidc lf apfrcåéa quchta sfeuhla suc tcxc lf trchsjfrâhidc. Zfbc c tcgf`c c sfeudr, fk quf kastrckas fstcs passëvfds rfprfsfhtcåöfs.

jrfquâhidc la gcrrckfhta lc kfkùrdc Õ 7 (tcxc lup`c) Õ  gytfs trchsjfrdlas

I`aim Idi`a Lclas Hakf \cxc lf Hakf I`aim las lf par sf- la trchsjfpclréa rfc` iodps tfkpa euhla kùlu`a râhidc

Vkc vfz quf c LLW trcgc`oc iak :< gdts, au sfbc,  ?  gytfs, c jùrku`c cssukdrdc as sfeudhtfs vc`arfs pcrc a fxfkp`a chtfrdarkfhtf idtcla2

3>> KOz  (jrfq. Gcrrckfhta kfk.) x 7 (tcxc lup`c) x ? (gytfs) ;  3.:>> KG/s.  Cssdk, iak ukc jrf  Cssdk, jrfquâ quâhid hidc c lf gcr gcrrck rckfht fhta a lf 3>> KOz, c LLW YLWCK jarhfif ukc tcxc lf trchsjfrâhidc kãxdkc lf 3.:>> KG/s. gcrr rrck ckfh fhta ta lf Fsi`crfifhla2   A gc lclas lcs kfkùrdcs LLW fk  sdhe`f ioch  ä lf :<  gdts. Iaka uk  gytf  iahtäk ? hf`  ä gdts, fhtéa séa ? gytfs trchsjfrdlas (:< / ? ; ?).. Fk c` ?) c`eu euhs hs ic icsa sas, s, c tc tcxc xc lf tr trch chsj sjfr frâh âhid idc c palf pa lf hé héa a sf sfrr fx fxct ctc, c, ka katdtdva va pf pf`a `a qu quc` c` pa palf lfrã rã ocvfr c`eukc cpraxdkcåéa. ^ar fxfkp`a, ha icsa lc LLW-7:: (399 KOz) c tcxc ä dhldiclc iaka sfhla lf 73>> KG/s, quchla hc vfrlclf a vc`ar ä lf 737? KG/s. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

LLW7>>

3>> KOz

3>> 7>> ^IKOz Kd`oöfs 3:>>

3:>> KG/s

LLW7::

399 399 7:: ^I5,6 hs KOz KOz Kd`oöfs 73>>

73>> KG/s

LLW9>>

36> 36> 9>> ^I  :,:5 :,:5 hs KOz KOz Kd`oöfs 7<>>

7<>> KG/s

LLW999

3:: KOz

: hs

3:: 999 ^IKOz Kd`oöfs 75>>

75>> KG/s

LLW<>>

7>> KOz

6 hs

7>> <>> ^IKOz Kd`oöfs 97>>

97>> KG/s

3> hs

Zfbckas uk fxfkp`a Zfbckas fxfkp`a prãtdia. prãtdia. C Mdhest Mdhestah ah dlfhtdjdic ukc lftfrkdhclc kfkùrdc pf`a iùldea  MZW7::_:
Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Ä dhtfrfsschtf pfrifgfr quf ukc LLW <>>, par fxfkp`a, palfrã sfr cp`diclc c ukc jrfquâhidc lf   i`aim  kãxdka   lf 7>> KOz, quchla fhtéa cprfsfhtcrã suc  tcxc kãxdkc lf trchsjfrâhidc (9.7>> KG/s). Hclc dkpflf, fhtrftchta, fhtrftcht a, quf fstc kfskc kfkùrdc sfbc cp`diclc fk ukc kãqudhc fk quf a  i`aim  sfbc   sfbc kfhar, iaka 3:: KOz, par fxfkp`a. Hfssf icsa f`c cpfhcs héa ‐rfhlfrdc‛ tula quf palf. Fxdstf cdhlc c passdgd`dlclf lf sf uscr a kùlu`a iak c jrfquâhidc uk pauia  kcds c`tc quf a pclréa fspfidjdicla, paräk héa sf tfk ecrc ec rcht htdc dc lf fs fstc tcgd gd`d`dlc lclf lf.. Fs Fstf tf tdtdpa pa lf cå cåéa éa ä ia ia-hofidlc iaka  avfri`aim  (‐cidkc   (‐cidkc la rf`ùeda‛). Vkc iakpcrcåéa sdkp`dstc palf sfr jfdtc iak uk icrra ‐fhvfhfhcla‛, ca rfc`dzcr kulchåcs kfiçhdics, f`ätrdics, f`ftrühdics f ha iakgustëvf` pcrc quf a katar la vfëiu`a juhidahf ‐cidkc‛ la quf jad fspfidjdicla pf`a jcgrdichtf. Kfldchtf dssa, uk kùlu`a LLW-<>> palfrdc juhidahcr, par fxfkp`a, c 736 KOz, sfk quf jassf cukfhtclc c tfhséa lf trcgc`oa (quf ä lf 7,6 Za`ts). Yf héa cukfhtcr c tfhséa, héa oã rdsia lf lchas ca kùlu`a. A  avfri`aim  sfrã  sfrã cgarlcla cgarlcl a fk kakfhta jutura. ^alfkas ldzfr quf, lf ifrtc kchfdrc, fstf jarkcta (LDKK LLW) tckgäk passud sugldvdséa ldvdsé a (au fva`uå fva`uåéa), éa), sfhla iakp`fk iakp`fkfhtcla fhtcla pf`cs sfeudhtfs efrcåöfs2 LLW7 f LLW9.

Jdeurc 9> ’ Fxfkp`a lf kùlu`a LDKK LLW7, iak 7<> vdcs.

Jdeurc 93  ’ Hòkfra lf lclas trchskdtdlas par idi`a lf  hc LLW7. i`aim  hc

Vkc dhavcåéa hc LLW7 iahsdstf ha jcta lf trczfr dhiarparcla has  iodps la prùprda kùlu`a c  tfrkdhcåéa rfsdstdvc  ( AL\ -  Ah-Ldf-  Hcss LL LLW' W'ss i` i`ãs ãssd sdic icss fs fssc sc \frkdhctdah). Hc tfrkdhcåéa sf fhiahtrcvc hc p`cic-kéf. Fstc tfrkdhcåéa ä hfifssãrdc pcrc "jfiocr a idriudta", fvdtchla quf as sdhcds f`ätrdias, ca iofecrfk ca jdhc` la gcrrckfhta, rftarhfk hc jarkc jar kc lf dht dhtfrj frjfrâ frâhid hidc. c. Iak Iaka a as kùl kùlu`as u`as LLW7 apfrck c jrfquâhidcs kudta kcds c`tcs, fstc kaldjdicåéa rfluz c dhtfrjfrâhidc f`ftrakcehätdic, tarhck a sdhc` kcds fstãvf` f `dvrf lf ruëlas f kf`oarck sfu lfsfkpfhoa f fstcgd`dlclf. Hc tcgf`c c sfeudr rf`cidahckas as tdpas lf LLW7 pclröfs.

- LLW7 Yfeudhla c tfhlâhidc lf suc chtfifssarc, fk 7>>9 jad `chåclc c LLW7 (jdeurc 9>), lf 7<> vdcs f c`dkfhtcåéa lf 3,? Za`ts, quf trchskdtf < lclas par idi`a lf  i`aim  (jdeurc 93), a quf pfrkdtf, hc tfardc, quf c vf`aidlclf lf trchskdsséa lagrf havckfhtf (dssa quchla iakpcrchla iak c LLW3).

Hakf pclréa   I`aim la lass io iodp dpss Id Idi`a i`alf lf tf tfkp kpa a   I`aim  rfc` Lc Lcl las aspa parr sf sfe. e. Hakf Hakfl la kù kùlu lu`a `a \cx cxcc lf lftr trch chj. j. LLW7-<>>

3>> KOz

3> hs

7>> KOz

<>> Kd`oöfs

LLW7-699

399 KOz

5,6 hs

7:: KOz

699 Kd`oöfs

 

LLW7-::5

3:: KOz

: hs

999 KOz

::5 Kd`oöfs

 

LLW7-?>>

7>> KOz

6 hs

<>> KOz

?>> Kd`oöfs

LLW7-3>::

7:: KOz

9,56 hs

699 KOz

3>:: Kd`oöfs

LLW7-39>>

976 KOz

9,3 hs

:6> KOz

39>> Kd`oöfs

Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

7>

 

^I7-97>>

97>> KG/s

^I7-<7>> ^I7-<9>> ^I7-69>> ^I7-6<>>

<7:: KG/s

^I7-:<>>

:<>> KG/s

^I7-?6>> ^I7-?:>>

?699 KG/s

^I7-3><>>

3><>> KG/s

6999 KG/s

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

^crc jdhc`dzcr, vfbc hc  jdeurc 99 uk ukc c iakp ia kpcr crcå cåéa éa fh fhtr trf f as kù kùlu lu`a `ass LL LLW, W, LLW7 f LLW9. Hatf quf c pasdåéa ldjfrfhtf la iochjra dkpflf a usa dhiarrfta las kùlu`as.

Ags.2 Zfbc hc tcgf`c quf fxdstfk c`euhs kùlu`as quf jaefk la pclréa. Dssa sf lfvf ca jcta lf quf c`euhs jcgrdichtfs iahsfeudrck jczfr sucs kfkùrdcs LLW7 trcgc`ocrfk uk pauia kcds rãpdla quf a pclréa.

- LLW9 YLWCK Havckfh Havc kfhtf tf la lagr grcc-sf sf c quc qucht htdl dlcl clf f lf ap apffrcåöfs lf trchskdsséa par idi`a lf  i`aim . Lfstc vfz pcssck c sfr  adta  adta lclas par idi`a lf i`aim .  C kfkùrdc kfkùrdc LLW9 trcgc`o trcgc`oc c iak tfhséa tfhséa lf 3,6 Z, kfhar quf c fkprfeclc pcrc c LLW7 (quf ä lf 3,? Z) f quf c utd`dz dzc clc hc LLW (lf 7,6 Z).. Yfu iah Z) iahsuk suka a lf fhf fhfred redc, c, quc quchla hla ia iakpc kpcrcl rcla a iak ukc LLW7, ä ifric lf 9>% kfhar. Iak rf`cåéa ca tckchoa f quchtdlclf lf vdcs vd cs,, c LL LLW9 W9((jde deuc uc`` î LL LLW7 W7((7< 7<> > vdc dcs) s).. jdeurc urc97 97) ä de

Jdeurc 97 ’ Fxfkp`a lf ukc LLW9, iak 7<> vdcs.

 C tcgf`c c sfeudr rf`cida rf`cidahc hc as kùlu`a kùlu`ass LLW9.

Jdeurc 99 ’ Iakpcrcåéa jësdic fhtrf as kùlu`as LDKK LLW, LLW7 f LLW9.

Kùlu`a ^clréa BFLFI Hakf pclréa

I`aim lf kfkùrdc

\fkpa lf idi`a

Zf`aidlclf lf i`aim

\cxc lf lclas

Hakf la kùlu`a

LLW9-?>>

3>> KOz

3> hs

<>> KOz

?>> K\/s

^I9-:<>>

:<>> KG/s

LLW9-3>::

399 KOz

5,6 hs

699 KOz

3>:: K\/s

^I9-?6>>

?699 KG/s

:-:-: 5-5-5 ?-?-?

3>::5 KG/s

5-5-5 ?-?-? 4-4-4 3>-3>-3>

37?>> KG/s

?-?-? 4-4-4 3>-3>-3> 33-33-33

LLW9-3999

LLW9-3:>>

3:: KOz

7>> KOz

: hs

6 hs

::5 KOz

?>> KOz

Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

3999 K\/s

3:>> K\/s

73

^I9-3>:>>

^I9-37?>>

^dia lf tcxc   \fkpas lf trchsjfrâhidc  

6-6-6 :-:-:

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Ä dkpartchtf cdhlc lfstcicrkas quf, pf`a jcta lf as kùlu`as LLW7 f LLW9 trcgc`ocrfk c jrfquâhidcs f`fvclcs, a usa lf ldssdpclarfs lf ic`ar sf tarhau gfk iakuk. C jdeurc 9< d`ustrc lads kùlu`a LLW7 quf jczfk usa lf ldssdpclar lf ic`ar.

^crc iahi`udr, ä hfifssãrda cdhlc rf`ctcr  quf fxdstfk tckgäk as kùlu`as YALDKK (au YA-LDK YALDKK) K) (Yk ), lf lfst stdh dhcl clas as c Ykc` c``` Au Aut` t`dhf dhf LD LDKK  KK ), hatfgaams. ^alfkas ldzfr quf f`fs iahsdstfk fk vfrsöfs fk kdhdcturc las kùlu`as lfstdhclas c  lfsmtaps, quf cicgckas lf fstulcr. As kùlu`as YALDKK YLW passufk 3<< pdhas, as kùlu`as   YALDKK LLW f   LLW7 passufk 7>> pdhas (jdeurc 9:) f as kùlu`as YALDKK LLW9 passufk 7>< pdhas. Has kùlu`as YLW a iochjra jdic prùxdka ca ifhtra la kùlu`a, fhquchta has LLW f LLW7 f`f jdic î fsqufrlc.

Fxfkp`a kp`ass lf kùl kùlu`a u`a LDKK iak ldss ldssdpc dpclar lar lf ic`a ic`ar. r. Jdeurc Jdeu rc 9< ’ Fxf

Y^L (Yfrdc` ^rfsfhif Lftfit ) ^rfsfhtf fk prctdickfhtf talas as kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc lc ctuc`dlclf, oã uk  iodp lf dlfhtdjdicåéa iockcla lf ‐Y^L‛ (Yfrdc`  ). A Y^L iahsds iahsdstf tf fk uk pf^rfsfhif Lftfit ). qufha   iodp   lf kfkùrdc FF^WAK, harkc`kfhtf iak cpfhcs 37? au 76:   gytfs, quf palf sfr `aic`dzcla jcid`kfhtf ha kùlu`a (jdeurc 96). F`f ä rfspahsãvf` par crkczfhcr as iùldeas lf dlfhtdjdicåéa la kùlu`a. Dsta pfrkdtf quf a   YF\V^   ‐icrrfeuf‛ ‐icrrfeuf‛ cutakctdickfhtf as lftc`ofs sagrf c jrfquâhidc, tfkpas lf cifssa, ICY  `ctfhiy  f   f autrcs fspfidjdicåöfs rfjfrfhtfs ca kùlu`a, jcid`dtchla cssdk c iahjdeurcåéa la iakputclar. Fhtrftchta, sf lfsfbcr, palf-sf lfsctdvcr fssc iahjdeurcåéa f fspfidjdicr autrc pf`a  Yftup.

Fxfkp` kp`a a lf kùl kùlu`a u`aYAYA-LDK LDKK, K, usc uscla la fk hatfgaams. Jdeurc Jde urc 9: ’ Fxf

 Cssdk iaka has kùlu`as pcrc  lfsmtaps, fxdstf fxds tf ukc pfqufh pfqufhc c ldjfrf ldjfrfhåc håc ha pasdi pasdidahcdahckfhta la iochjra fhtrf as kùlu`as LLW f LLW7, quf dkpflf a fhicdxf dhiarrfta, bã quf ckgas séa dhiakpctëvfds. Kudta gfk, cirfldta quf bã tfhockas ctdhedla hassa dhtudta, lf cprfsfht cprfsfhtcr cr cs prdhidpcds icrcitfrëstdics sagrf uk dkpartchtf dtfk la   ocrlwcrf2 as kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc. ^artchta, vfbckas cearc kcds lftc`ofs sagrf as prdhidpcds iakpahfhtfs la  ocrlwcrf lf uk iakputclar.

Ecgdhftf Gcsdickfhtf, a ecgdhftf lf uk iakputclar iahsdstf fk ukc icdxc, harkc`kfhtf lf kftc`, lfstdhclc c cgrdecr as iakpahfhtfs iakpahf htfs la iakputc iakputclar lar.. Fxdstfk vãrdas pclröfs lf ecgdhftf ha kfricla f as kcds iakuhs séa C\ ( Clv  Clvchi chifl fl \fio \fioha-  ha-  ),  C\_  ( Clvc `aey ),  Clvchifl hifl \fioh \fioha`a a`aey ey Fxtf Fxtfh-  h-  lfl ) f   kdira C\_. Hc rfc`dlclf, fstfs pclröfs ldzfk rfspfdta î tfiha`aedc fkprfeclc hc p`cic-kéf. Iaka a ecgdhftf

Jdeurc 96 ’ Y^L uscla fk kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

77

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

lfvf pfrkdtdr c jdxcåéa iarrftc lc p`cic, f`f rfifgf c kfskc lfsdehcåéa. Lf jarkc sfkf`ochtf aiarrf iak c jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa, quf cprfsfhtc tfrkdhcds hcs jdcåöfs clfquclas cas utd`dzclas hc p`cic-kéf quf sfrã sfr ã us usclc clc ha ecg ecgdhf dhftf. tf. ^ar ^artch tchta ta,, uk ukc c p`cic-kéf C\_ lfvfrã sfr dhstc`clc fk uk ecgdhftf C\_, f tula sfrã c`dkfhtcla par  ukc jahtf C\_. A ecgdhftf tckgäk ä i`cssdjdi i`cssdjdicla cla quchta ca tdpa lf kahtcefk. Cssdk, palfkas fhiahtrcr ecgdhftfs lf tdpa2 Jdeurc 9? ’ Fxfkp`a lf ecgdhftf la tdpa tarrf.

icrcitfrëstdic -  Lfsmtap -  C prdhidpc` icrcitfrëstdic lfstf kalf`a lf ecgdhftf ä quf aiupc pauia fspcåa hc kfsc lf trcgc`oa, bã quf harkc`kfhtf ä ia`aicla hc pasdåéa oardzahtc` (jdeurc 95), harkc`kfhtf sag a kahdta hd tarr lf vë vëlf lfa. a. Bã ia iaka ka lf lfsv svch chtc tcef efk k palfkas idtcr c ldjdiu`lclf ha kakfhta lf kchutfhåéa, bã quf a kahdtar lfvf sfr lfs`aicla pcrc autrc pasdåéa. Autrc lfsvchtcefk ef k lf lfst stf f td tdpa pa lf ec ecgd gdhf hftf tf ä qu quf f hé héa a passud kudta fspcåa pcrc c ia`aicåéa lf havcs p`cics f pfrdjärdias pfrdjärdias..

 Cssdk dk iak iaka a a kal kalf`a f`a tar tarrf, rf, ä - Kd Kdhd hdta tarr rrff ’ Css uscla hc pasdåéa vfrtdic` (jdeurc 94) f iahsdstf ha kcds uscla, iaka lfsvchtcefhs palfkas idtcr idt cr a fs fspcå pcåa a dht dhtfrh frha a rf rfluz luzdla dla pcr pcrc c c dhs dhstc` tc`cå cåéa éa lf ldspasdtdvas f a fspcåa aiupcla hc kfsc.

Jdeurc 94 ’ Fxfkp`a lf ecgdhftf la tdpa kdhdtarrf.

- YJJ (Ykc`` Jark Jcitar ) ’  Iahsdstf fk uk kalf`a lf ecgdhftf lf tckchoa rfluzdla f quf palf sfr utd`dzcla tchta hc oardzahtc` iaka hc vfrtdic` (jdeurc <>). Jdeurc 95 ’ Fxfkp`a lf ecgdhftf la tdpa  lfsmtap.

- \arrf (Ju`` \awfr ) ’  Ca iahtrãrda la kalf`a lfsmtap oardzahtc`, c tarrf (au lfsmtap vfrtdic`) ä usclc hc pasdåéa vfrtdic` ( jdeurc 9?), a quf cicgc aiupchla fspcåa quchla ä kahtcla sagrf c kfsc lf trcgc`oa. ^ar icusc lc suc erchlf c`turc, cprfsfhtc kcdar fspcåa pcrc c dhstc`cåéa lf pfrdjärdias, iaka ercvclarfs lf IL/LZL, par fxfkp`a. Ä iakukfhtf usclc fk sfrvdlarfs lf rflf. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

Jdeurc <> ’ Fxfkp`a lf ecgdhftf la tdpa YJJ. 79

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa

@fkgrckas quf cdhlc fxdstf a ecgdhftf la tdpa  hatfgaam  (g`aia   (g`aia lf hatc), fkprfe pr fecl cla a fk ia iakp kput utcl clar arfs fs pa part rtãt ãtfd fdss ( jdeurc <3 ).

 C jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa iarrfspahlf ca ldspasdtdva rfspahsãvf` pf`a suprdkfhta lf fhfredc f`ätrdic cas iakpahfhtfs lf uk iakputclar. Cssdk, palf-sf cjdrkcr quf c jahtf iahsdstf fk uk cpcrf`oa quf lfvf sfr fsia`odla iak icutf`c, bã quf c fsia`oc dhclfquclc palf rfsu`tcr fk kcu juhidahckfhta la iakputclar au, fk icsas fxtrfkas, fk lchas ca  ocrlwcrf  lc kãqudhc.

\dpas lf jahtfs lf c`dkfhtcåéa Lf jarkc efrc`, ukc jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa ä rfspahsãvf` pf`c iahvfrséa lc iarrfhtf c`tfrhclc (CI - C`tfrhctdhe Iurrfht  au  au iarrfhtf lfspa`c pa `crd rdzc zclc lc), ), pr prav avdl dlc c pf pf`c `c rf rflf lf f` f`ät ätrd rdic ic lc iahifssdahãrdc, fk iarrfhtf iahtëhuc (LI -  Ldrfit Iurrfht  au iarrfhtf pa`crdzclc), quf ä a kfska tdpa lf iarrfhtf jarhfidlc par pd`ocs f gctfrdcs. C`äk lfstc iahvfrséa la tdpa lf iarrfhtf f`ätrdic, c jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa rfeu`c a vc`ar lc va`tcefk lc rflf f`ätrdic (375 au 77> Za`t a`ts) s) pcr pcrc c vc` vc`arf arfss clf clfquc quclas las ca juh juhida idahck hckfht fhta a las ldvfrsas ldspasdtdvas fkprfeclas ha iakputclar, iaka, par fxfkp`a 6 Za`ts f 37 Za`ts. Fk uk ukc c ja jaht htf f tr trcl cldi didah dahc`, c`, fx fxds dstf tf uk tr trch chssjarkclar quf ä a rfspahsãvf` pf`c rfluåéa la vc`ar lc tfhséa c`tfrhclc. Fk sfeudlc, uk idriudta rftdjdiclar iahvfrtf c iarrfhtf c`tfrhclc fk iarrfhtf iahtëhuc. C pcrtdr lcqud, c jahtf palf pa lf pa pass ssud udrr uk au vã vãrd rdas as id idri riud udta tass rf rfeu eu`c `cla larf rfss lf tfhséa, iak tfhsöfs clfquclcs c iclc ldspasd pa sdtdtdva va qu quf f sf sfrã rã `de `decl cla. a. C jde d`ustrc rc dssa dssa.. jdeurc urc <9 d`ust

Fxfkp`a p`a lf ecgd ecgdhftf hftf la tdpa hatfgaam  (f sdkd` sdkd`crfs crfs). ). Jdeurc Jde urc <3 ’ Fxfk

Iaka ä ùgvda supar, î kfldlc quf havas ‐f`fkfhtas-iocvf‛ ‐f`fkfhtas-iocvf‛ pcrc uk iakputclar séa `chåclas ha kfricla, suref c hfifssdlclf lf quf havas ecgdhftfs sfbck lfsfhva`vdlas. Vkc pravc ldsta ä c fxdstâhidc lf ecgdhftfs iak luta f vfhtd`cåéa jaråclc åc lc hc `c `ctf tfrc rc`` (jd quf f cu cuxd xd`d`dc c jdeu eurc rc <7), qu rfsjrdcr a praifssclar f ecrchtf sfu juhidahckfhta iarrfta.

Jdeurc <7 ’ Ecgdhftf iak vfhtd`cåéa `ctfrc`.

Ldcerc erckc kc fk g`a g`aias ias lf ukc ukcjaht jahtf f trc trcldi ldidah dahc` c` (`d (`dhfc hfcr). r). Jdeurc <9 ’ Ldc Jdeurc

 

Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

7<

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

^crc as iakputclarfs, fssf tdpa lf jahtf, jah tf, iah iahofi ofidlc dlc iak iaka a   `dhfcr , ä dh dhcl clffquclc. Iakputclarfs usck jahtfs lf c`dkfhtcåéa la tdpa   iocvfclc. C ldjfrfhåc fhtrf as lads tdpas lf jahtfs ä edechtfsic, kcs, c erassa kala, palfkas ldzfr quf c jahtf iocvfclc passud uk sdstfkc lf ldspcra quf pfrkdtf c pcrtf fssfhidc` fssfhidc` la iakputclar fhtrcr fk juhidahckfhta. juhidahckfhta. Vkc vfz quf a iakputclar fstã juhidahchla, f`f cssukf a iahtra`f lc jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa. Dssa pfrkdtf, par fxfkp`a, quf a iakputclar sf cutalfs`deuf ha icsa lf aiarrfr  c`euk tdpa lf prag`fkc, iaka ha icsa la praifssclar fstcr trcgc`ochla iak c tfkpfrcturc kudta c`tc. Cssdk, sf ecrchtf c dhtferdlclf las iakpahfhtfs par uk pfrëala lf tfkpa kcdar . Autrc vchtcefk iahsdstf ha jcta lf quf, iak c fva`uåéa las praifssas, as vc`arfs lf tfhséa jarhfidlas pf`c jahtf (pcrc c c`dkfhtcåéa la praifssclar f kfkùrdc, par fxfkp`a) palfk sfr cbustclas pf`a  Yftup  (iahjdeurcåéa) lc kãqudhc. Vkc lcs icrcitfrëstdics lcs jahtfs iocvfclcs ä trcgc`ocr apfrchla iak c`tcs jrfquâhidcs (efrc`kfhtf fk tarha las 7>.>>> Oz), ca iahtrãrda lcs jahtfs `dhfcrfs, quf apfrck iak a vc`ar lc jrfquâhidc lc rflf f`ätrdic (:> Oz). Iaka c iarrfhtf c`tfrhclc efrc uk ickpa kcehätdia, cs jahtfs rfifgfk ukc g`dhlcefk pcrc fvdtcr quf aiarrck dhtfrjfrâhidcs dhtfrjfr âhidcs fk autras cpcrf`oas f fk ldspasdtdvas la prùprda iakputclar. C jdeurc << d`ustrc ukc jahtf lf c`dkfhtcå c`dkfhtcåéa éa fkprfeclc fk iakputclarfs.

Iaka c jahtf lf c`dkfhtcåéa ä c `decåéa fhtrf a iakputclar f c rflf f`ätrdic, ä iarrfta supar quf f`c ldspahoc lf uk sdstfkc quf pfrkdtc iahfitã-`c c rflfs iak tfhséa lf 375 au 77> Za`ts (a vc`ar fxcta lc tfhséa vcrdc iahjarkf c iahifssdahãrdc lf fhfredc f`ätrdic f c rfedéa la ^cës). C kcdardc lcs jahtfs passufk, fk suc pcrtf trcsfdrc, ukc iocvf sf`ftarc pcrc a cbustf lc tfhséa (jdeurc <6). Bã c`euhs kalf`as palfk passudr uk idriudta f`ftrühdia quf jcz c sf`fåéa cutakctdickfhtf, ldspfhschla ldspfhsc hla tc` iocvf. Ä dkpartchtf scgfr quf pasdidahcr fstc iocvf dhiarrftckfhtf palfrã `fvcr î qufdkc lc jahtf (f qufk scgf lf c`ea kcds icra...). Ä iakuk cdhlc fhiahtrcrkas hc pcrtf trcsfdrc lc jahtf c cgfrturc pcrc scëlc lf cr (quf ä jaråcla par uk vfhtd`clar -  Jch ) f ukc takclc, efrc`kfhtf lfstdhclc î `decåéa la kahdtar lf vëlfa. Fstc takclc sakfhtf cprfsfhtcrã tfhséa quchla a iakputclar fstdvfr `decla. C`eukcs C`eukcs jahtfs palfk cdhlc ldspahdgd`dzcr, fk suc pcrtf trcsfdrc, ukc iocvf `dec/lfs`dec.

Jdeurc <6 - F`fkfhtas lc pcrtf trcsfdrc lf ukc jahtf.

Iaka bã kfhidahcla, c juhåéa lc jahtf ä c`dkfhtcr as ldvfrsas iakpahfhtfs quf jarkck a iakputclar. Lfssc jarkc, ä `ùedia supar quf c jahtf lfvfrã sfr fsia`odlc kfldchtf c sakctùrdc la iahsuka lf talas as f`fkfhtas c`dkfhtclas par f`c. Lfhtrf talas as iakpahfhtfs lf uk iakputclar, a praifssclar, c p`cic lf vëlfa f c p`cic-kéf séa as quf cprfsfhtck cprfsfhtck kcdar iahsuka lf fhfredc. C tcgf`c cprfsfhtclc c sfeudr (jdeurc <:) jarhfif ukc dlfdc cprax cpraxdkclc dkclc lf iahsu iahsuka ka pcrc

Fxfkp` kp`a a lf jah jahtf tf ioc iocvfc vfclc lc usc usclc lc fk iak iakput putcla clarfs rfs.. Jdeurc Jde urc << - Fxf Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

76

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

iclc uk las dtfhs la  ocrlwcrf. ^frifgc quf as iahsukas vcrdck gcstchtf, dhi`usdvf pcrc uk kfska dtfk.

Dtfk

Iahsuka

^raifssclarfs kfldchas f taps lf `dhoc

:> U - 33> U

^raifssclarfs fiahükdias

9> U - ?> U

^`cic-kéf

7> U - 3>> U

OLs f lrdvfs lf LZL au G`u-rcy 

76 U - 96 U

^`cic lf vëlfa iak dhstruåöfs fk 9L

96 U - 33> U

Kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc

7 U - 3> U

^`cics lf fxpchséa

6 U - 3> U

Iaa`fr 

6 U - 3> U

\fi`cla f  kausf

3 U - 36 U

Jdeurc <5 - \frkdhcds pcrc `decåéa lc iocvf `dec/lfs`dec fk ukc jahtf C\.

 C iahfxéa lc jahtf î p`cic-kéf frc jfdtc par kfda lf lads iahfitarfs, efrc`kfhtf iahofidlas iaka ^3 f ^7 au ^? f ^4, iclc uk iahtfhla sfds tfrkdhcds. C  jdeurc
Jdeurc <: - \cgf`c iak fstdkctdvc lf iahsuka pcrc as dtfhs la  ocrlwcrf lf iakputclarfs.

Ä i`cra quf quchla jar kahtcr uk iakputclar sf lfvfrã, fk prdkfdra `uecr, lftfrkdhcr iclc uk las dtfhs la   ocrlwcrf quf qu f sf sfrã rã fk fkpr prfe fecl cla a f sa sakf kfht htf f fh fhté téa a sakcr a iahsuka lf`fs. Ca tatc` quf jar agtdla, sakf uk vc`ar iaka kcrefk lf sfeurchåc (ifric lf 9>%). Dssa ecrchtdrã quf c jahtf trcgc`ocrã iak ukc ifrtc ‐ja`ec‛, passdgd`dtchla dhi`usdvf a ciräsidka lf c`euk hava dtfk. ^ar fxfkp`a, sf c sakc la iahsuka lf tala sfu  ocrlwcrf  jar deuc` c 6>> Uctts, clqudrc ukc jahtf quf jarhfåc patâhidc deuc` au supfrdar c :6> Uctts. Yf c jahtf usclc fk uk iakputclar héa iahsfeuf jarhfifr c patâhidc f`ätrdic (tfhséa x iarrfhtf) fxdedlc pf`as f`fkfhtas la  ocrlwcrf, palfrã aiarrfr kcu juhidahckfhta au kfska lcha fk c`euk las f`fkfhtas. f`fkfhtas. Iclc jahtf iahtäk iahfitarfs clfquclas î tfiha`aedc lc p`cic-kéf quf c`dkfhtcrã. ^ar dssa, f`cs tckgäk iastukck sfr hakdhclcs par  C\  C\ f  C\_.  Cs jahtfs C\ séa kcds chtdec chtdecss f passudck iahfitarfs pcrc c `decåéa las tfrkdhcds lf ukc iocvf `dec/lfs`dec `dec/lfs`dec (jdeurc <5). Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

Jdeurc
Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

- ^a ^awf wfrr Eaa Eaal  l . Iahsdstf fk uk sdhc` quf kchtäk as idriudtas ldedtcds lc p`cic-kéf (ka(ukc kc fs fspäi päidf df lf tofrgacrl ) fk \rd-stcrt au rfsft  (u kala ka la lf fs fspf pfrc rc)) ct ctä ä qu quf f cs tf tfhs hsöf öfss lc ja jaht htf f sf fstcgd`dzfk has sfus vc`arfs hakdhcds= - \fhsöfs lf scëlc. As jdas quf scfk lc jahtf séa ia`ardlas pcrc quf sf passc dlfhtdjdicr  vdsu vd suc` c`kf kfht htf f su suc c ju juhå håéa éa.. ^a ^arr fx fxfk fkp` p`a, a, as jdjdas as lf iar vfrkf`oc quf scfk lc jahtf passufk +6 Za`ts lf tfhséa. F`fs tâk c juhåéa lf c`dkfhtcr  as idriudtas dhtferclas, iaka praifssclar,  iodpsfts  fti. Bã as jdas lf iar ckcrf`c cprfsfhtck tfhs tf hséa éa lf +3 +37 7 Za` a`ts ts,, us uscl clc c pc pcrc rc c` c`dk dkfh fhtc tcrr cs kf kf-kùrdcs f as ldvfrs ldvfrsas as katarfs (lf OLL,  lrdvf lf ldsquftf, IL-WAK, iaa`fr  lc  lc jahtf fti.). As jdas lf ia iarr pr prft ftc c ia iarr rrfs fspa pahl hlfk fk ca ‐t ‐tfr frrc rc‛‛ au ‐i ‐iak akuk uk‛‛ pcrc fstcs tfhsöfs.

Jdeurc 6> - \frkdhc` lc jahtf pcrc c`dkfhtcåéa lf uhdlclf lf IL, LZL au OL.

Iaka bã vdsta, ha pclréa C\ a iahfitar  pcrc c p`cic-kéf frc ldvdldla fk lads, palfhla jcid`kfhtf jczfr iak quf a usuãrda as dhvfrtfssf f aicsdahcssf lchas ca fqudpckfhta. Bã ha pclréa C\_ fssf iahfitar iahsdstf fk ukc pfåc òhdic (jdeurc 63), palfhla sfr fhicdxclc lf ukc òhdic jarkc, a quf fvdtc prag`fkcs par iahfxéa dhiarrftc.

iarf rfss vf vfrk rkf` f`oa oa,, ck ckcr crf` f`a a Dkpartchtf2 Cs ia f pr prft fta a sa sakfh kfhtf tf sé séa a fkp fkprf rfecl eclcs cs hcs hcsjuh juhåö åöfs fs chtfrdarkfhtf kfhidahclcs. ^crc cs tfhsöfs hfec hf ectdtdvc vcss lf -3 -37 7 Z, -6 Z, us uscl clcs cs ha id idri riud udta ta sf sf-rdc` f hcs kfkùrdcs, f pcrc a sdhc` lf ^awfr  harkc`k kc`kfht fhtf, f, séa fkp fkprfe rfeclc clcss cs iar iarfs fs eaal, har czu`, grchia f `crchbc, rfspfitdvckfhtf. Fhtrftch trf tchta, ta, pal palf-s f-sf f fhi fhiaht ahtrcr rcr jah jahtfs tfsquf quf fkp fkprfrfeufk eu fk au autr trcs cs ia iarf rfss pc pcrc rc fs fssc scss ju juhå håöf öfs. s.  C`äk las iahfi iahfitarfs tarfs pcrc c c`dkfht c`dkfhtcåéa cåéa lc p` p`ci cicc-ké kéf, f, c ja jaht htf f pa pass ssud ud cd cdhl hlc c uk ia iahb hbuh uhta ta lf iahfitarfs lfstdhclas c c`dkfhtcr as ldvfrsas pfrdjärdias quf palfk sfr cp`diclas. C jdd`ustr strc c a ia iahfi hfita tarr pcr pcrc c lrdvf lf ldsq ldsquftf uftf eurc eu rc <4 d`u f c jde kast strc rc uk ia iahf hfit itar ar us uscl cla a fk lr lrddjdeurc urc 6> ka vfr lf IL, LZL au OL, iockcla Ka`fx.

Jdeurc 63 - Iahfitar lf jahtf C\_ pcrc `decåéa lc p`cic-kéf.

 C`äk lc ldjfrfhåc ha jarkcta la iahfitar, ukc jahtf C\_ passud kudtcs ldjfrfhåcs quchla iakpcrclc c ukc C\. F`c, par fxfkp`a, jarhfif c tfhséa lf 9,9 Z, quf héa ä ldspahëvf` ha pclréa C\.

c`dkfhtcåéa lf uk  lrdvf lf Jdeurc <4 - \frkdhc` lc jahtf pcrc c`dkfhtcåéa ldsquftf. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

75

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

Vkc jahtf quf sfeuf a pclréa C\_ pfrkdtf a `decr au a lfs`decr lc c`dkfhtcåéa la iakputclar pf`c cåéa lf uk sdkp`fs gatéa au fhtéa par kfda lf  sajtwcrf  iakpctëvf` iak c juhåéa   Iahtra` Iahtra` Ajj , iaka, par fxfkp`a, a gatéa ‐lfs`decr‛ la Udhlaws. ^crc quf dssa passc ciahtfifr, cs jahtfs C\_ séa iahtra`clcs par uk sdhc` \\@ (\rchsdstar-\rchsdstar  @aedi ) iockcla  ^YQAH  ( ^awfr Yupp`y Ah), jarhfidla pf`c p`cic-kéf. Suchla c p`cickéf fstã fk usa (iakputclar `decla), f`c kchtäk a ^YQAH fk hëvf` `ùedia gcdxa. Ha icsa lf c p`cic-kéf fstcr fk lfsusa (iakputclar lfs`decla), f`c lfdxc lf efrcr a hëvf` gcdxa, jczfhla iak quf a ^YQAH jdquf fk hëvf` c`ta. Bã a pdha ? (^UW AM) ä uk sdhc` quf dhldic quf c jahtf fstã ctdvc f cs tfhsöfs lf +6 ZLI f +9,9 ZLI fstéa prfsfhtfs hc scëlc lc jahtf f lfhtra lcs fspfidjdicåöfs.  C jdeurc 67 d`ustrc c pdhcefk la iahfitar  f c juhåéa lf sfus tfrkdhcds. tfrkdhcds.

- C\_37Z 3.x.  Fssc havc fspfidjdicåéa suredu fk kfclas lf 7>>> pcrc sfr uscla iak praifssclarfs iaka ^fhtduk < (tckgäk  Cto`ah K^ f Cto`ah :<) f iahsdstf iahsdstf,, gcsdickfhtf, la iahfitar prdhidpc` lf 7> pdhas f uk iahfitar cldidahc` lf < pdhas (jdeurc 69) quf jarhfif 37 Za`ts, c`äk lf autra, apidahc`, iak : pdhas f tfhséa lf 9,9 Z au 6 Z=

Jdeurc 69 - Iahfitarfs (7> + <) pcrc p`cic-kéf fk ukc jahtf  C\_ 37Z 3.x.

 Ca `ahea `ahea la tfkpa tfkpa fssc fssc vfrséa vfrséa sajrfu sajrfu pfpfqufhcs c`tfrcåöfs, iofechla ctä c ò`tdkc (C\_ 37Z 3.9), quf tfvf iaka prdhidpc` kaldjdicåéa c dhi`uséa lf uk iahfitar lf fhfredc pcrc ldspasdtdvass YC sdtdva YC\ \C (Yfrdc (Yfrdc`` C\C, jdeurc 6<)=

Jdeurc 67   - Juhåéa las tfrkdhcds lf uk iahfitar pcrc p`cic-kéf fk ukc jahtf C\_.

Iaka sf palf agsfrvcr pf`c jdeurc, a iahfitar prdhidpc` passud 7> pdhas. Kcs c jahtf C\_ tfvf lf fva`udr pcrc ciakpchocr cs kulchåcs has praifssclarfs f p`cics-kéf. Cssdk, lfpfhlfhla la tdpa lf praif praifsscla ssclarr utd`dz utd`dzcla cla pf`c p`cicp`cic-kéf, kéf, c jahtf palf tfr autrcs iahjdeurcåöfs lf iahfitarfs, fk quf lfstcickas2 Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

Jdeurc 6< - Iahfitar lc jahtf pcrc c`dkfhtcåéa lf ldspasdtdvas YC\ YC\C. C. 7?

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

- U\_.  Iahfitar prdhidpc` lf 7< pdhas, utd`dzcla pf`as praifssclarfs ^fhtduk DD, ^fhtduk DDD, _fah f Cto`ah K^= - CKL EFY.  Iahfitar prdhidpc` iak 7< pdhas f uk iahfitar sfiuhlãrda lf ? pdhas, utd`dzclas par c`euhs praifssclarfs Cto`ah lf hòi`fa lup`a= - C\_37Z 7.x.  Hfstc vfrséa jad cp`dicla uk iahfitar pcrc c p`cic-kéf iahtfhla 7< pdhas (a pclréa frc lf 7> pdhas ctä fhtéa). ^astfrdarkfhtf, hc vfrséa 7.7, jad cirfsifhtcla uk p`ueuf pcrc p`cics lf vëlfa quf jczfk usa la s`at  ^ID  ^ID Fxprfss, lf jarkc c suprdr a c`ta iahsuka lfstfs ldspasdtdvas. Autrc ldjfrfhåc ä quf a iahfitar apidahc` lf : pdhas jad suprdl suprdla. a. C jdeurc 66 d`ustrc c juhåéa las tfrkdhcds lfstfs iahfitarfs, gfk iaka lf c`euhs autras, iaka la  lrdvf  lf ldsquftf, lf pfrdjärdias (IL, LZL fti) f a sctc.

Jdeurc 6: - Iahfitar cldidahc` lf adta pdhas lf ukc jahtf F^Y37Z.

 C`euk cs jahtf  C`eukcs jahtfss lf c`dkf c`dkfhtcåéa htcåéa palfk vdr ciakpchoclcs lf icgas clcptclarfs quf passdgd`dtck suc `decåéa iak ldjfrfhtfs p`cics-kéf, au sfbc, ukc kfskc jahtf palf sfr  usclc iaka C\_37Z v7.x au F^Y37Z, par  fxfkp`a. fxfk p`a. Hc   jdeurc 65, d`us d`ustrck trckas as c`eu c`euhs hs fxfkp`as lf icgas clcptclarfs, quf tckgäk palfk sfr clqudrdlas sfpcrclckfhtf. sfpcrclckfhtf.

Jdeurc 66 - Juhåéa las tfrkdhcds las ldvfrsas iahfitarfs fk ukc jahtf C\_ 37Z 7.x.

Fxdstfk cdhlc autrcs hakfhi Fxdstfk hakfhi`cturcs `cturcs a u p cl cl r ö f s, s, i a k a U \_ \_ , C KL KL E F Y, Y, F^Y3 F^ Y37Z 7Z ft ftii . ^a ^arr fx fxfk fkp` p`a, a, a pc pclr lréa éa F^Y37Z, lfsfhva`vdla dhdidc`kfhtf pcrc sfr cp`dicla fk sfrvdlarfs, ä kudta pcrfidla iak a C\_37Z 7.x. C prdhidpc` ldjfrfhå rf håc c ä c fx fxds dstâ tâhi hidc dc lf uk ia iahf hfit itar  ar  cldidahc` lf ? pdhas (jdeurc 6:, quf cdhlc palf sfr ukc iakgdhcåéa lf lads iahfitarfs lf < pdhas) f uk apidahc` lf <. Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

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Jdeurc 65 - Fxfkp`as lf icgas clcptclarfs.

^f`a qu ^f`a quf f vd vdka kass ct ctä ä cq cqud ud,, pa palf lf pc pcrf rfif ifrr ld ldjë jëid id`` jczfr c fsia`oc lf ukc jahtf pcrc sfr cp`diclc c uk ia iakp kput utcl clar ar,, kc kcss hc rf rfc` c`dl dlcl clf f hé héa a ä. Su Such chla la vckas kahtcr uk iakputclar hava, c tcrfjc cicgc sfhla ctä sdkp`fs. Gcstc vfrdjdicrkas, ha kchuc` lc p`cic-kéf fsia`odlc, a pclréa lf c`dkfhtcåéa fxdedla f lfjdhdr c patâhidc hfifssãrdc pcrc pc rc c` c`dk dkfh fhtc tcrr ta tala lass as dtdtfh fhss la ocrlwcrf. Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

ZFBC YF C^WFHLFV ’ CV@C 3 3) C kfkùrdc quf ä iahstchtfkfhtf cifssclc pf`a praifssclar, quf eucrlc f jarhfif lclas, ä iahofidlc iaka2 c) ( ) WA WAK K (Wfcl-Ah`y Kfkary ) g) ( ) WC WCK K (Wchlak-Ciifss Kfkary ) i) ( ) F^ F^WA WAK K (Frcsfg`f ^raerckkcg`f Wfcl-Ah`y Kfkary ) l) ( ) ^W ^WAK AK (^raerckkcg`f Wfcl-Ah`y Kfkary ) 7) \alc pcrtf jësdic lf uk iakputclar ä iockclc lf2 c) ( )  Yajtwcrf g) ( )  Ocrlwcrf i) ( )  Udhiofstfr  l) ( )  Gaat  9) ^ar  lrdvfr    lfvfkas fhtfhlfr2   lrdvfr  lfvfkas c) ( ) Vk pfqufha praerckc praerckc quf juhidahc juhidahc iaka dhtärprftf dhtärprftf lf iakuhdicå iakuhdicåéa éa fhtrf as f`fkfhf`fkfhtas la  ocrlwcrf f a  sajtwcrf. g) ( ) Vk lds ldspas pasdtdv dtdva a jësdia jësdia la la ocrlwcrf, iaka a ldsia rëedla au uhdlclf lf ldsia j`fxëvf`, quf sf fhiahtrc iahfitcla î p`cic-kéf. i) ( ) A icga lf iakuhdic iakuhdicåéa åéa quf `dec `dec uk ldspasdtdva ldspasdtdva î p`cic-kéf p`cic-kéf.. l) ( ) A icga lc jahtf jahtf uscla pcrc pcrc c`dkfhtcr c`dkfhtcr as ldspasdtd ldspasdtdvas vas la ocrlwcrf. <) A pf <)A pfri riur ursa sapa parr ahl ahlf f cs csdh dhjar jarkc kcåö åöfs fstr trcj cjfe feck cklf lfht htra ralf lfuk ukia iakpu kputc tcla larr ä ia iaho hofi fidl dla a sd sdkp kp`f `fsk skfh fhtf tfpa par2 r2 c) ( )  ^ast  g) ( )  Gurst  i) ( )  Gus l) ( )  Yftup 6) A tdpa lf kfkùrdc WCK quf trcgc`oc iak tcxc lup`c lf lclas ä iahofidlc iaka2 c) ( ) IK IKAY AY g) ( ) \\@ i) ( ) YL YLWC WCK K l) ( ) LL LLW W :) Vkc kfkùrdc LLW quf trcgc`oc iak jrfquâhidc rfc` lf 7>> KOz apfrc iak quf tcxc lf trchsjfrâhidc lf lclas1 c) ( ) <> <>> > KG/ KG/ss g) ( ) 3: 3:>> >> KG/ KG/ss i) ( ) 7< 7<>> >> KG KG/s /s l) ( ) 97 97>> >> KG/ KG/ss 5) Fk uk ec ecgd gdhf hftf tf,, as `a `aic icds ds ah ahlf lf sé séa a cp cp`d`dic iclc lcss cs uh uhdl dlcl clfs fs lf ld ldsi sia a rë rëed edla la,, IL IL,, LZ LZL L ft fti. i.,, rf rfif ifgf gfk ka hakf ha kf lf gc gcdc dcs.C s.C qu quch chtdtdlc lclf lf f `c `cre reur urc c lc lcss gc gcdc dcss vc vcrd rdck ck.. Cs gc gcdc dcss pc pcrc rc IL f LZ LZL L tâ tâk k `c `cre reur urc c lf 6° lf pa`feclc, fhquchta cs la ldsia j`fxëvf` f la ldsia rëedla tâk `creurc lf 9» pa`feclcs. Kfldchtf fssc dhja dh jark rkcå cåéa éa,, a ka kalf lf`a `a lf ec ecgd gdhf hftf tf qu quf f pf pfrk rkdtdtf f c dh dhst stc` c`cå cåéa éa lc kc kcda darr qu quch chtdtdlc lclf lf lf uh uhdl dlcl clfs fs (lrdvfs) ä2 c) ( )  Hatfgaam  g) ( )  Hftgaam  i) ( )  Lfsmtap tarrf l) ( )  Lfsmtap kdhdtarrf Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - Cu Cu`c 3

9>

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra

?) A praerckc pcrc iahjdeurcåéa las pcrçkftras la GDAY ä iockcla lf2 c) ( )  YF\V^  i) ( )  ^AY\  g) ( )  J@CYO  l) ( )  KGW  4) Vk kùlu`a LDKK LLW9 YLWCK passud2 c) ( ) 7< 7<> > vd vdcs cs g) ( ) 3? 3?< < vd vdcs cs

i) ( ) 7> 7>< < vd vdcs cs l) ( ) 3<< 3<< vd vdcs cs

3>) Suchla `deckas uk iakputclar, uk praerckc iak ratdhcs lf tfstfs f ldcehùstdias ä ‐ralcla‛. Fstf praerckc ä iockcla lf2 i) ( )  ^AY\  c) ( )  GDAY  l) ( ) KG KGW W g) ( )  YF\V^  33) C jarkc iaka as ldvfrsas ldspasdtdv ldspasdtdvas as fxdstfhtfs fxdstfhtfs fk uk iakputclar iakputclar sf iakuhdi iakuhdick ck rfifgf a hakf lf gcrrckfhta. gcrrckfhta. Iak rf`cåé rf`cåéa a c dssa, palfkas cjdrkcr cjdrkcr quf2 c) ( ) Fxdstf Fxdstf cpfhcs cpfhcs uk gcrrck gcrrckfhta, fhta, iockcla iockcla gus . g) ( ) Fxdstf Fxdstf uk uk gcrrckfht gcrrckfhta, a, a lf lclas. lclas. i) ( ) Fxdstfk Fxdstfk lads gcrrck gcrrckfhtas2 fhtas2 a lf lclas f a lf fhlfrfåa. fhlfrfåa. l) ( ) Fxdstfk Fxdstfk trâs gcrrckfh gcrrckfhtas2 tas2 a lf lclas, lclas, a lf fhlfrfåas fhlfrfåas f a lf iahtra` iahtra`f. f. 37) \alas iakputclarfs lc ctuc`dlclf apfrck iak as f`fkfhtas (praifssclar, kfkùrdc fti.) sdhirahdzclas par dhtfrkälda la2 c) ( ) Ydhc` Ydhc` (pu (pu`sa `sa)) lf lf i`aim  g) ( ) Yd Ydhc` hc` lf GVWY\  i) ( ) Ydhc` Ydhc` Ku` Ku`tdp` tdp`fx fx l) ( ) KG KGW W 39) Suchla tfkas lads ldsias rëedlas kahtclas fk uk iakputclar, iclc uk iahtfhla uk sdstfkc apfrcidahc` ldjfrfhtf, f lfsfbckas lfjdhdr quc` lf`fs lfvfrã sfr ‐icrrfecla‛ pf`a iakputclar, fjftuckas fstc sf`fåéa ha2 c) ( ) KG KGW W g) ( )  YF\V^  i) ( )  ^AY\  l) ( )  GVWY\  3<) Vk rfiursa fkprfecla pf`cs p`cics-kéfs f quf ä iahofidla iaka   luc`-iochhf`  (ichc`   (ichc` lup`a) tfk c juhåéa lf2 c) ( ) Vscr lads kùlu`as kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc kfkùrdc iaka sf jassfk jassfk uk, rfluzdhla rfluzdhla a tfkpa lf cifssa. cifssa. g) ( ) Vscr trâs kùlu`as kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc kfkùrdc iaka sf jassfk jassfk uk, rfluzdhla rfluzdhla a tfkpa lf cifssa. cifssa. i) ( ) Vscr quctra quctra kùlu`as lf kfkùrdc kfkùrdc iaka iaka sf jassfk uk, rfluzdhla rfluzdhla a tfkpa tfkpa lf cifssa. cifssa. l) ( ) La Lagr grcr cr a vc vc`a `arr lc jr jrfq fquâ uâhi hidc dc la gc gcrr rrck ckfh fhta ta jr jrah ahtc tc`,`, ta tarh rhch chla la kc kcds ds rã rãpd pdla la a ci cifs fssa sa î kf kfkù kùrd rdc. c. 36) Cs tfhsöfs lf trcgc`oa fkprfeclcs pf`cs kfkùrdcs LLW, LLW7 f LLW9 séa, rfspfitdvckfhtf2 c) ( ) 7,6 7,6 Z ’ 3,? 3,? Z ’ 3,6 3,6 Z g) ( ) 3,6 3,6 Z ’ 3,? 3,? Z ’ 7,6 7,6 Z i) ( ) 3,? 3,? Z ’ 7,6 7,6 Z ’ 3,6 3,6 Z l) ( ) 3,6 3,6 Z ’ 7,6 7,6 Z ’ 3,? 3,? Z AGY2  C rfspastc la Zfbc sf Cprfhlfu - Cu`c 3, sf fhiahtrc ha jdhc` la Zfbc sf Cprfhlfu - Cu`c 7 Iursa lf Kahtcefk f Kchutfhåéa lf Iakputclarfs - C u` u`c 3

93

Dhstdtuta Vhdvfrsc` Grcsd`fdra