BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1.
LATAR BELAKANG
Generator merupakan alat yang berfungsi untuk mengubah energy mekanik berupa putaran menjadi energy listrik. Energi listrik merupakan sebuah kebutuhan yang utama, hal ini disebabkan karena hampir seluruh peralatan di darat maupun di lautan membutuhkan energi listrik. Dengan kita kita belajar memparalelkan generator ita dapat merencanakan merencanakan seberapa besar kebutuhan energi listrik yang diperlukan oleh sebuah kapal dan gejala apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja dari generator itu sendiri. sendiri. Selain paralel generator merupakan merupakan suatu cara yang sangat diperlukan dan harus diaplikasikan di kapal karena cara ini dapat memanfaatkan kerja dari generator itu sendiri. 1.2.
TUJUAN
Tujuan dari praktikum ini antara lain adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Menghubungkan secara paralel dua generator 3 phase dengan metode gelap – terang. 2. Menghubungkan secara paralel dua generator 3 phase dengan metode gelap – gelap. 1.3.
RUMUSAN MASALAH
Rumusan masalah dalam praktikum kali ini adalah 1. Apa saja syarat untuk memparalelkan dua buah atau lebih generator? 2. Apa manfaat dari memparalelkan generator? 3. Apa saja metode-metode yang digunakan untuk memparalelkan generator?
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BAB II DASAR TEORI 2.1.
Pengartian Generator
Generator adalah alat listrik yang berfungsi untuk mengkonversi energi mekanik berupa putaran menjadi energi listrik.
Gambar 2.1.1 konstruksi sederhana sebuah generator Sumber : blogs.itb.ac. blogs.itb.ac.id id
2.1.1
Prinsip Kerja Paralel Generator
Prinsip kerja dari generator ialah sebagai berikut : 1. Kumparan Kumparan medan yang terdapat pada rotor dihubungkan dengan sumber eksitasi tertentu yang akan mensuplai arus searah terhadap kumparan medan. Dengan adanya arus searah yang mengalir melalui kumparan medan maka akan menimbulkan fluks fluks yang besarnya terhadap waktu adalah tetap. 2. Penggerak mula (Prime Mover) yang sudah terkopel dengan rotor rotor segera dioperasikan sehingga rotor akan berputar pada kecepatan nominalnya. 3. Perputaran rotor tersebut sekaligus akan memutar medan medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh kumparan medan. Medan putar yang dihasilkan pada rotor, akan diinduksikan pada kumparan jangkar sehingga pada kumparan jangkar yang terletak di stator akan dihasilkan fluks magnetik yang berubah-ubah besarnya terhadap waktu. Adanya perubahan fluks magnetik yang melingkupi suatu kumparan akan menimbulkan ggl induksi pada ujung-ujung kumparan tersebut
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Gambar 2.1.2 kaidah tangan kanan Sumber : qtussama.wordpress.com 2.2 Pengertian Paralel Generator
Pararel generator adalah metode penggunaan dua atau lebih generator secara bersamaan yang dihubungkan secara paralel. Pararel generator ini bertujuan untuk: 1. Menjaga kontinuitas pelayanan energi listrik apabila salah satu generator akan diistirahatkan atau diperbaiki. 2. Untuk memperbesar kapasitas daya daya yang dihasilkan. Dalam memparalelkan dua atau lebih suatu generator, maka terdapat ketentuan-ketentuan yang harus dipenuhi. Tidak dapat dilakukan dengan sembarangan. Beberapa syarat yang harus dipenuhi, yaitu : 1. Tegangan kedua generator harus mempunyai amplitudo yang sama. 2. Tegangan kedua generator harus mempunyai frekwensi yang sama, dan 3. Tegangan antar generator harus sefasa.
Prinsip dasar kerja parallel generator
Pasokan listrik ke beban dimulai dengan menghidupkan satu generator, kemudian secara sedikit demi sedikit beban dimasukkan sampai dengan kemampuan generator tersebut, selanjutnya menghidupkan lagi generator berikutnya dan memparalelkan dengan generator pertama untuk memikul beban yang lebih besar lagi. Saat generator kedua diparalelkan dengan generator pertama yang sudah memikul beban diharapkan terjadinya pembagian beban yang semula ditanggung generator pertama, sehingga terjadi kerjasama yang meringankan sebelum beban-beban selanjutnya dimasukkan.
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Jumlah masukan bahan bakar/ udara, uap air/ gas atau aliran udara ini in i diatur oleh peralatan atau katup yang digerakkan governor yang menerima sinyal dari perubahan frekuensi listrik yang stabil pada 50Hz, yang ekivalen dengan perubahan putaran (rpm) mesin penggerak utama generator listrik. Bila beban listrik naik maka frekuensi akan turun, sehingga governor harus memperbesar masukan ( bahan bakar/udara, air, uap/gas atau aliran udara) ke mesin penggerak utama untuk menaikkan frekuensinya sampai dengan frekuensi listrik kembali ke normalnya. Sebaliknya bila beban turun, governor mesin-mesin pembangkit harus mengurangi masukan bahan bakar/udara, air, uap air/gas atau aliran udara ke mesin-mesin penggerak sehingga putarannya turun sampai putaran normalnya atau frekuensinya kembali normal pada 50 Hz. Bila tidak ada governor maka mesin-mesin penggerak utama generator akan mengalami overspeed bila beban turun mendadak atau akan mengalami overload bila beban listrik naik.
2.3 Cara memparalelkan generator.
Beberapa cara untuk mempararelkan generator adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Lampu cahaya berputar voltmeter. Pada Gambar 2.3.1, pilih lampu dengan tegangan kerja dua kali tegangan phasa netral generator atau gunakan dua lampu yang dihubungkan secara seri. Dalam keadaan sakelar S terbuka operasikan generator, kemudian lihat urutan nyala lampu. Urutan lampu akan berubah menrut urutan L1 - L2 - L3 - L1 - L2 - L3.
Gambar 2.3.1 Voltmeter, Frekuensi Frekuensi Meter, dan Synchroscope Sumber : gustafparlindungan.blogspot.com
2) Voltmeter, Frekuensi meter, dan Syncronscope. Pada pusat-pusat pembangkit tenaga listrik, untuk indikator paralel generator banyak
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rendah dan bila searah jarum jam berarti frekuensi generator lebih tinggi. Pada saat jarum telah diam dan menunjuk pada kedudukan k edudukan vertikal, berarti beda fasa generator dan jala-jala telah 0 (Nol) dan selisih frekuensi telah 0 (Nol), maka pada kondisi ini saklar dimasukkan (ON). Alat synchroscope tidak bisa menunjukkan urutan fasa jala jala, sehingga untuk memparalelkan perlu dipakai dipaka i indikator urutan u rutan fasa jala-jala.Paralel generator secara otomatis biasanya menggunakan alat yang secara otomatis memonitor perbedaan fasa, tegangan, frekuensi, dan urutan fasa.Apabila semua kondisi telah tercapai alat memberi suatu sinyal bahwa saklar untuk paralel dapat dimasukkan.
Gambar 2.3.2 Sumber : electrici electricityguide.info tyguide.info
3) Otomatis Paralel generator secara otomatis biasanya menggunakan alat yang secara otomatis memonitor perbedaan fasa, tegangan, frekuensi, dan urutan fasa. Apabila semua kondisi telah tercapai alat memberi suatu sinyal bahwa saklar untuk paralel dapat dimasukkan. 2.4
Metode Paralel Generator
2.4.1 Metode hubungan lampu gelap - terang Misalkan generator G2 akan diparalel dengan generator
yang telah dioperasikan
sebelumnya yaitu generator G1. Mula-mula G2 diputar dengan penggerak mula mendekati putaran sinkronnya, lalu penguatan If diatur hingga tegangannya sama dengan tegangan G1. Untuk mendekati frekuensi dan urutan fasa kedua tegangan digunakan alat pendeteksi
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Pada metode ini, rangkaian disusun sebagai berikut :
Gambar 2.4.1. Metode Gelap-Terang Menurut buku Marine Electrical hal 57 pada gambar 2.1 diatas lampu sinkronoskop dapat nyala-mati dikarenakan bahwa dikarenakan ada lampu yang tidak dihubungkan dengan fase yang sama sehingga dua lampu akan terang dan yang lainnya akan gelap. Pada gambar tersebut tampak bahwa ketiga lampu dihubungkan pada phase-phase yang telah ditentukan. Lampu L1 dihubungkan pada phase R1 dan phase R2 ; lampu L 2 dihubungkan pada phase S1 dan phase T2 ; sedangkan lampu L3 dihubungkan pada phase T1 dan phase S2. Jika rangkaian untuk paralel itu benar (urutan fasa sama ), lampu L1, L2 dan L3 akan hidup mati secara bergantian dengan sangat lambat. Untuk mengetahui bahwa fasa kedua tegangan sama, saklar ditutup. Apabila fasa kedua tegangan sama maka L1 akan mati, sedangkan L2 dan L3 akan menyala. 2.4.2
Metode hubungan lampu gelap – gelap Pada metode ini, rangkaian disusun sebagai berikut :
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Gambar 2.4.2. Metode Gelap-Gelap Pada gambar tersebut tampak bahwa ketiga lampu dihubungkan pada phase-phase yang sama. Lampu L1 dihubungkan pada phase R1 dan phase R2 ; lampu L2 dihubungkan pada phase S1 dan phase S2 ; sedangkan lampu L3 dihubungkan pada phase T1 dan phase T2. Cara kerjanya sama dengan metode gelap-terang. Apabila rangkaian paralel itu itu benar ( urutan fasa sama ) ketiga lampu akan menyala-mati-menyala secara bersamaan dengan tempo yang lambat. Untuk mengetahui fasa kedua tegangan sama, saklar ditutup. Apabila fasake dua tegangan sama, maka ketiga lampu akan mati.
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Gambar 2.7.1 Skema Sinkronoskop Sinkronoskop Lampu Lampu Gelap Sumber : eprints.undip.ac.id
Pada hubungan ini jika tegangan antar fasa adalah sama maka ketiga lampu akan gelap yang disebabkan oleh beda tegangan yang ada adalah nol. Demikian juga sebaliknya, jika lampu menyala maka diantara fasa terdapat beda tegangan. b. Sinkronoskop Lampu Terang Jenis sinkronoskop lampu terang pada prinsipnya menghubungkan antara ketiga fasa, yaitu U dengan V, V dengan W dan W dengan U. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut:
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Sinkronoskop jenis ini merupakan kebalikan dari sinkronoskop lampu gelap. Jika antara fasa terdapat beda tegangan maka ketiga lampu akan menyala sama terang dan generator siap untuk diparalel. Kelemahan dari sinkronoskop ini adalah kita tidak mengetahui seberapa terang lampu tersebut sampai generator siap diparalel. c. Sinkronoskop Lampu Terang Gelap Sinkronoskop
jenis
ini
dapat
dikatakan
merupakan
perpaduan
antara
sinkronoskop lampu gelap dan terang. Prinsip dari sinkronoskop ini adalah dengan menghubungkan satu fasa sama dan dua fasa yang berlainan, yaitu fasa U dengan fasa U, fasa V dengan fasa W dan fasa W dengan fasa V. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada skema dibawah ini.
Gambar2.7.3 Skema sinkronoskop lampu terang gelap Sumber : eprints.undip.ac eprints.undip.ac.id .id
Pada sinkronoskop ini generator siap diparalel, jika satu lampu gelap dan dua lampu lainnya terang. Namun apabila persyaratan paralel antar generator tidak terpenuhi maka : 1. Jika Frekuensi tidak sama
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Diagram paralel 2 generator Sumber : meggitanu.blogspot.com
Dari diagram diatas, diketahui bahwa G1 dengan tegangan output E1 / phasa dan tegangan G2 adalah E2 / phase, dan Rbeban atau busbar » 0. Dengan hukum kirchoff, bahwa S E = 0 Pada loop 1, E1 – E2 – i1*Rbusbar = 0 E1 – E2 – i1* 0 = 0 Karena G1 paralel G2 maka, E1 = E2, sehingga E1 – E1 – i1*Rbusbar = 0 i1 = (0/ Rbusbar) = 0/0 = 0 Apabila E1 ¹ E2 maka, E1 – E2 = DE i1 = (DE / Rbusbar) = DE /0 = ~ Dan arus i1 akan memukul ke G2. 2.6
Peralatan Sinkronis S inkronisasi asi
Peralatan instrument yang di butuhkan dalam proses sinkronisasi adalah
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Gambar 2.8.1. double voltmeter Sumber : dunia-listr dunia-listrik.blogspot.com ik.blogspot.com
2. Double Frequency Meter Menampilkan nilai frekuensi dari kedua sumber AC.
Gambar 2.8.2. Double Frequency Meter Sumber : ilmulistrik.com
3. Synchroscope Alat yang digunakan untuk mengetahui sudut phase dari kedua sumber. Terdiri dari jarum berputar (rotating pointer), jika jarum berputar tersebut berada pada posisi tepat di jam 12, maka sudut phase dari kedua sumber sama dengan nol dan
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5. Phase Sequence Indikator Alat ini sama dengan yang digunakan untuk mengetahui sequence phase dari motor induksi. Dilengkapi dengan jarum berputar (rotating pointer), jika jarum berputar searah jarum jam, maka dapat dikatakan memiliki sequence positif RST dan jika berputar sebaliknya ber-sequence negative atau RTS.
Gambar 2.8.4. Phase Sequence Indikator sumber : Directindus Directindustry.com try.com
2.7
Pengaruh Load Share
Load Sharer adalah pembagian beban pada 2 buah generator. Pada awal mala dioperasikan hanya menggunakan 1 buah generator yang menanggung semua beban, setelah 2 generator bisa dioperasikan secara paralel maka beban akan dibagi rata pada tiap generator. Saat memparalelkan generator pasti akan terjadi over load pada generator
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Diagram Karakteristik Karakteristik Frekwensi Terhadap Daya Dua Genset.
dimana, a. Frekuensi atau putaran bersama. b. Beban pada genset 1. c. Beban pada genset 2 d. Kapasitas genset 1. e. Kapasitas genset 2 f. Total beban kedua genset. g. Putaran atau frekwensi tanpa beban dari kedua genset.
2.8
Aplikasi Load share
Agar terjadi distribusi beban antar genset yang demikian maka dipergunakan alat load sharer untuk membagi beban genset secara proporsional berdasarkan kapasitas generator. Beberapa merek dipasaran menggunakan parameter tambahan selain parameter diatas yaitu persentase diviasi total kuat arus genset atau total kuat arus genset dan tranformator arus yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian genset dengan
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Synchronization T4000
2.9
Kelebihan dan kekurangan Paralel Generator
Kelebihan : 1. Mendapatkan daya yang lebih besar. 2. Untuk efisiensi (Menghemat biaya pemakaian operasional menghemat biaya pembelian) 3. Untuk memudahkan penentuan kapasitas generator. 4. Menjaga kontinuitas pelayanan energi listrik apabila salah satu generator akan diistirahatkan atau diperbaiki 5. Untuk menambah masa pemakaian generator 6. Beban yang diteriman generator tidak terlalu 7. Lebih stabil untuk menerima beban yang berubah ubah Kekurangan : 1. Lebih memakan ruangan yang lebih besar 2. Rangkaian parallel generator cenderung rumit 3. biaya standby generator lebih mahal karena untuk mempertahankan performa generator agar tetap mahal. 4. Polusi suara lebih besar karena memakai lebih dari 2 generator.
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BAB III DATA PRAKTIKUM III.I Peralatan dan Fungsi No.
1.
2.
Nama
Gambar
Fungsi
Generator Sinkron 2
Sebagai penghasil tegangan
buah
listrik
Motor Penggerak AC
Sebagai penggerak dengan sumber arus AC
3.
Motor Penggerak DC
Sebagai penggerak dengan
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6.
Tangmeter
Sebagai pengukur arus dan tegangan
7.
Frekwensimeter
Sebagai pengukur frekwensi
8.
Lampu Sinkronoskop 3
Sebagai indikator sinkron
buah
9.
lampu TL (6 buah @36 watt)
sebagai beban
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12.
Voltmeter
Pengukur tegangan
III.II Langkah Kerja
Percobaan paralel generator dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut : 1. Menyusun rangkaian sesuai pada gambar dalam buku petunjuk praktikum listrik
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III.III Tabel Data
a. Tanpa Mengunakan Beban Simbol
Metode gelap - terang
Metode gelap - gelap
V1
220
220
V2
220
220
F1
53 Hz
53 Hz
F2
53 Hz
53 Hz
Im1
0.62 A
0.64 A
Im2
0.4 A
0.38 A
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BAB IV ANALISA DATA DAN PEMBAHASAN IV.I ANALISA DATA 1) Beban Nol
1. Metode gelap terang Pada generator G1 : P
= 3.V.I = 3. 220. 0,62
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Pada saat generator di paralelkan, maka : Itot
= I1 + I2 = 0.64 + 0.38 =1.44 Ampere, sehingga
P
= 3. V. Itot = 3. 220 . 1,44 = 950,4 Watt
2) Berbeban Lampu Pijar 1. Metode Gelap terang Pada Generator 1
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Pada Generator 2 P
= 3.V.I =3 . 220 . 1.6 = 1056 Watt
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2. Metode Gelap gelap Pada Generator 1 P
= 3.V.I
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IV.II Tabel Pengamatan a. Percobaan Parallel Generator tanpa beban
Generator G1
Generator G2 Itotal
V1
F1
Im1
P1
V2
F2
Im2
P2
Ptotal
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c. Percobaan berbeban metode gelap - gelap
Generator G1
Generator G2
V1
F1
Im1
P1
V2
F2
Im2
P2
(volt)
(Hz)
(A)
(watt)
(volt)
(Hz)
(A)
(watt)
Itotal
Ptotal
(ampere)
(watt)
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IV.III Pembahasan
1. Pada saat praktikum kedua generator memiliki tegangan, frekuensi yang sama yaitu sebesar 220 v dan 53 Hz. Hal ini sesuai dengan syarat yang telah ditetapkan pada saat memparalelkan kedua generator 2. Dilihat dari table hasil analisa, daya total generator yang dihasilkan bertambah besar. Hal ini
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