Cmz = Impm[kqj|s @tecmhdesmb
43gq|bLfhmjb%koh ª1<=<
=
M|m jst Impm[kqj|s? Impm[kqj|s zmjst amnm{m |dhqofqmhme zmef cjimbmegme obdn jesdq|qdsdq.impm[kqj|s defjed* cdefme gdhmh|tme oaidks(oqjdesdc% Impm[kqj|s hdefmhajb adadqm|m nmb |o{jsj` cmqj amnm{m |dhqofqmhme bmje% [dkmqm {zesm~ Impm[kqj|s hdefmhajb cmqj adadqm|m amnm{m |dhqofqmhme bmje zmjst K"K''" cme Impm" emhte Impm[kqj|s adq{j`ms boo{dbz(sz|dc/vdmgbz(sz|dc cjhmem pmqjmadb sjcmg |dqbt cjgmjsgme cdefme sj|d cmsm sdqsdest% Oaidks cj Impm[kqj|s sjcmg {d|dqsj &{sqtks& cj K msmt &oaidks& cj K''/Impm" emhte bdajn hjqj| cdefme m{{o{jmsj` mqqmz cj \dqb.msmt \N\* zmef hdhdsmgme emhm msqjats gd{tmst ejbmj sdqsdest" qdftbmq d~|qd{joe cme o|dqm{j mqqmz hjqj| cdefme \dqb% Impm[kqj|s hdefftemgme hdgmej{hd |qososz|d(am{dc testg OO jendqjsmekd {d|dqsj amnm{m |dhqofqmhme [db`% Impm[kqj|s hdejqt amnm{m |dhqofqmhme [kndhd testg `teksjoe hocdb% Gdamezmgme Impm[kqj|s cjftemgme cj Vda aqov{dq cjhmem koqd(impm{kqj|s cjsmhamngme cdefme oaidks atjbs(je vda aqov{dq zmef hdhtefgjegme {kqj|s testg adqjesdqmg{j cdefme t{dq" hdefoesqob vda aqov{dq" cme hdeftamn j{j cogthde nshb% Nmb jej {dqjef cj{dats cdefme kbjdes({jcd Impm[kqj|s%
[dimqmn {jefgms Impm[kqj|s Impm[kqj|s cjatms obdn Aqdecme Djkn |mcm smnte =::4% Aqdecme Djkn hdqt|mgme hdqt|mgme {o`svmqd defjedq amqt cj Eds{km|d zmef cj stfm{gme testg hdhatms amnm{m |dhqofqmhme amqt zmef {jh|bd cme htcmn cjftemgme {damfmj |deffmesj sdgeobofj Impm M||bds cj Vda aqov{dq Eds{km|d zmjst Eds{km|d Empjfmsoq% \mcm mvmbezm |qozdg jej adqemhm Hoknm gdhtcjme adqtamn hdeimcj Bjpd[kqj|s" cme mgnjqezm hdeimcj Impm[kqj|s% Emhm Impm[kqj|s hdqt|mgme nm{jb gdqim{mhm hmqgdsjef mesmqm Eds{km|d cme [te" Eds{km|d hdhatecbd [te Impm qtesjhd cj vda aqov{dq Eds{km|d Empjfmsoq" Bjpd[kqj|s adqtamn hdeimcj Impm[kqj|s testg hdejefgmsgme |o|tbmqjsm{% Emhm !Impm[kqj|s! mcmbmn sqmcdhmqg cmqj [te Hjkqo{z{sdh% Gmqdem |o|tbmqjsm{ Impm[kqj|s" Hjkqo{o`s htbmj hdhatms amnm{m zmef goh|msjabd zmef cjadqjemhm cdefme I[kqj|s% Gdsjgm sdqimcj |dqmef vda aqov{dq mesmqm Eds{km|d cme Hjkqo{o`s htbmj htektb `jstq(`jstq zmef adqadcm mesmqm Impm[kqj|s Impm[k qj|s cme I[kqj|s% Nmb jej hdeztbjsgme |qofqmhhdq testg hdhatms {kqj|s zmef cm|ms adqimbme cj Eds{km|d Empjfmsoq hmt|te cj Jesdqeds D~|boqdq% Obdn 1
gmqdemezm Impm[kqj|s cj{smecmqj{m{j obdn Dtqo|dme Koh|tsdq Hmet`mkstqdq&{ M{{okjmsjoe cdefme emhm DKHM[kqj|s%
Impm[kqj|s adqadcm cdefme Impm Sdqgmcmef mcm gd{mbmn|mnmhme sdesmef Impm[kqj|s amnvm Impm[kqj|s hdqt|mgme pdq{j {jh|bd cmqj Impm% [dbmje mstqme {zesm~ zmef nmh|jq hjqj| cme gdctm(ctmezm aj{m hdezdcjmgme koesdes jesdqmgsj` cj vda aqov{dq" gdctm amnm{m jej ademq(ademq sjcmg mcm gdsdqgmjsme% Gdhjqj|me emhm nmezm testg hmqgdsjef obdn gdctm adbmn |jnmg [te cme Eds{km|d% Emhte" {dademqezm Impm[kqj|s aj{m &{kqj|s& Impm%
Impm[kqj|s sjcmg {jh|bd Impm[kqj|s {dqjef cj{dats {damfmj amnm{m {kqj|sjef cmqj|mcm amnm{m |dhqofqmhme gmqdem Impm[kqj|s cj imbmegme obdn jesdq|qdsdq atgme cjkoh|jbd obdn koh|jbdq% Htektbmn meffm|me amnvm amnm{m {kqj|sjef bdajn {jh|bd cme cjstitgme testg eoe|qofqmhhdq% [dademqezm Impm[kqj|s adq{j`ms boo{dbz(sz|dc zmef hdhtcmngme eoe|qofqmhhdq .d%f vda cd{jfedq* testg hdefdqimgme `tef{j(`tef{j sdqsdest% Emhte cjambjg &amnm{m {kqj|sjef& Impm[kqj|s hdqt|mgme amnm{m |dhqofqmhme zmef ktgt| goh|bdg% \qofqmhhdq zmef hdekoam testg hdefftemgme hdefftemgme Impm[kqj|s testg hdefdqimgme stfm{(stfm{ zmef sjcmg {d|dbd {dqjef hdedhtj gd{tbjsme" ijgm hdqdgm sjcmg hdh|tzmj |dhmnmhme zmef gtms cmqj amnm{m jej%
Impm[kqj|s cj bmje goesdg{ Impm[kqj|s hdqt|mgme amnm{m |dhqofqmhme fdedqmb(|tq|o{d" cme sjcmg cjftemgme {damsm{ cj vda aqov{dq% Impm[kqj|s cjqmekmef testg cm|ms cj&dhadc& cmbmh adqamfmj m|bjgm{j testg hdezdcjmgme `tef{j {kqj|sjef% Impm[kqj|s aj{m cjftemgme testg vda {dqpdq.d%f Eocd%i{*" cjftemgme {damfmj amnm{m {kqj|sjef Vjcfds" hdhatms pjdv cmsmam{d.d%f kotknca*" dsk% Adqamfmj |dqt{mnmme / oqfmej{m{j JS sdqemhm {d|dqsj Eds{km|d/Hoyjbbm .[|jcdqHoegdz WKX" Qnjeo WImpmX*" Foofbd .P>WK''X*" Hjkqo{o`s sdbmn hdhatms Impm[kqj|s defjed / jesdq|qdsdq zmef cm|ms cjftemgme obdn |qofqmhhdq zmef jefje hdef(dhadc Impm[kqj|s gdcmbmh m|bjgm{j zmef cjatms%
;
Amfmjhmem kmqm hdeimbmegme kbjdes({jcd Impm[kqj|s? Zmef mecm |dqbtgme nmezm vda aqov{dq .zmef mgme hdefdg{dgt{j* cme sd~s(dcjsoq.testg hdhatms {kqj|s*% Kmqm sdqhtcmn testg hdeimbmegme |dqjesmn Impm[kqj|s zmjst cdefme hdetbj{gmes
&impm{kqj|s9 2{smsdhdes Impm[kqj|s5& gdcmbmh
mccqd{{ amq |mcm vda aqov{dq% Koeson impm{kqj|s9 = ' = impm{kqj|s9 4 $ 1 impm{kqj|s9 mbdqs.!nmbbo!* impm{kqj|s9 pmq emhm8|qoh|s.!emhm mecm?!"!j{jgme emhm mecm!*7mbdqs.emhm*7!2n=5{dbmhms cmsmef !'emhm'!2/n=5!7
[dbmje jst gjsm cm|ms hdeimbmegme Impm[kqj|s cdefme hdefdhadc gdcmbmh NSHB% 2nshb5 2ndmc5 2sjsbd5Sd{ Impm[kqj|s2/sjsbd5 2{kqj|s sz|d8!sd~s/impm{kqj|s!5 mbdqs.!Msm{!*7 2/{kqj|s5 2/ndmc5 2aocz5 2{kqj|s sz|d8!sd~s/impm{kqj|s!5 mbdqs.!Sdefmn!*7 2/{kqj|s5 2/aocz5 2{kqj|s sz|d8!sd~s/impm{kqj|s!5 mbdqs.!Amvmn!*7 2/{kqj|s5 2/nshb5
Gjsm itfm cm|ms hdefftemgme `jbd {kqj|s d~sdqemb cdefme msqjats {qk |mcm smf {kqj|s" koeson 9 2{kqj|s sz|d8!sd~s/impm{kqj|s! {kq8!`jbdd~sdqemb%i{! 52/{kqj|s5
koeson cjmsm{ mgme hdbomc `jbd cjdg{dgt{j obdn vda aqov{dq%
&`jbdd~sdqemb%i{&
zmef gdhtcjme mgme
3
[sqtgstq Smsm Amnm{m Knmqmksdq [ds Impm[kqj|s |qofqmh cjstbj{ hdefftemgme Tejkocd Knmqmksdq [ds% Sjcmg {d|dqsj dekocjef M[KJJ 6 ajs zmef cm|ms cjftemgme obdn amnm{m jeffqj{ msmt > ajs dekocjef J[O Bmsje(= zmef cm|ms cjftemgme obdn amnm{m jeffqj{ cme gdamezmgme edfmqm cj dqo|m" =0 ajs Tejkocd cm|ms hdqd|qd{desm{jgme {dhtm amnm{m sdqstbj{ zmef thth cjftemgme cj athj% Nmb jej hdhtefgjegme |qofqmhhdq zmef eoe(defbj{n hdhmgmj gmqmgsdq amnm{m hdqdgm.d%f gmeij" qohmim" {me{dgdqsm" dsk*% Emhte |dhmgmjme tejkocd hm{jn sdqamsm{ testg gohdesmq cme [sqjef bjsdqmb%
Km{d [de{jsjpjsz Impm[kqj|s adq{j`ms km{d {de{jsj`% Cjhmem {dhtm gdzvoqc" pmqjmadb" emhm `tef{j cme jcdesj`jdq bmjezm nmqt{ cjgdsjg cdefme gm|jsmbj{m{j zmef goe{j{sde% [damfmj koeson &`oq& gdzvoqc nmqt{ cjgdsjg &`oq&" atgme &@OQ& hmt|te &@oq&% Testg pmqjmadb" imamsme" Imamsme" imAmsme" cme IMAMSME hdqt|mgme dh|ms emhm pmqjmadb zmef adqadcm% [damfmj kmsmsme NSHB sjcmg km{d {de{jsj`.hd{gj|te ^NSHB km{d {de{jsj`*% Gmqdem kbjdes({jcd Impm[kqj|s {mefms adqgmjsme dqms cdefme NSHB sdqgmcmef nmb jej hdhajeftefgme% Koeson testg emhm dpdes cmbmh nshb gjsm aj{m hdetbj{gme &oeKbjkg& emhte cmbmh Impm[kqj|s {smecmq emhm dpdes adqt|m ntqt` gdkjb &oekbjkg&%
Vnjsd{|mkd.{|m{j" Vnjsd{|mkd.{|m{j" sma* cme bjed aqdmg.fmesj amqj{* Impm[kqj|s sjcmg hdh|dqnmsjgme {|m{j" sma" amqj{ amqt zmef adqbdajn |mcm {kqj|s% Mecm cm|ms cdefme adam{ hdefftemgme {|m{j" sma cme amqj{ amqt cj |qofqmh mecm% Mecm cm|ms hdh`oqhms {kqj|s mecm mfmq bdajn htcmn cjamkm cme cjhdefdqsj% Emhte mecm nmqt{ adqnmsj(nmsj testg hdedh|msgme amqj{ amqt%
4
Smecm sjsjg gohm.[dhjkoboe* [smsdhdes {dcdqnmem cmbmh Impm[kqj|s cjmgnjqj obdn smecm {dhjkoboe.7* {d|dqsj K"K''"cme Impm% [dhjkoboe{ cjftemgme testg hdhj{mngme {smsdhdes zmef {mst cdefme zmef bmje% Emhte" mecm cm|ms hdefnjbmefgme {dhjkoboe ijgm sjm| {smsdhdes mecm adqmcm cj amqj{ zmef adqadcm" Koeson m 8 ;7 a 8 47
cm|ms cjstbj{ sme|m {dhjkoboe 9 m 8 ; a 8 4
Emhte gjsm nmqt{ hdhmgmj {dhjkoboe ijgm {smsdhdes cjmsm{ cjstbj{ {d|dqsj jej 9 m 8;7a847
[damjgezm mecm sjcmg hdefnjbmefgme {dhjkoboe vmbmt|te {smsdhdes mecm adqmcm cj amqj{ zmef adqadcm.fooc adqadcm.fooc |qmksjkd*% Hd{gj|te Impm[kqj|s {dkmqm sdoqj hdefjijegme amqj{ amqt {damfmj |dhj{mn {smsdhdes" |mcm gdezmsmmeezm Impm[kqj|s {dkmqm osohmsj{ hdemhamngme {dhjkoboe testg mecm% Nmb jej cm|ms hdezdamagme nmb zmef smg sdqctfm" |dqnmsjgme {kqj|s adqjgts% qdstqe sqtd7
Impm[kqj|s hdefjesdq|qdsm{jgme {damfmj9 qdstqe7 sqtd7
Emhte" htefgje mecm adqhmg{tc testg9 qdstqe sqtd7
0
Gohdesmq Impm[kqj|s {d|dqsj Impm% Gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme hdefftemgme fmzm gohdesmq gohdesmq K hmt|te K'' //jej gohdesmq {mh|mj mgnjq amqj{ jej /) gohdesmq bdajn cmqj {mst amqj{ )/
[dhtm sdg{ mesmqm
//
{mh|mj mgnjq amqj{ mgme cjbjnms {damfmj {damfmj
gohdesmq obdn Impm[kqj|s defjed% [dhtm sdg{ mesmqm gmqmgsdq
/)
cme
)/
itfm
cjbjnms {damfmj gohdesmq%
Bjsdqmb Bjsdqmb zmjst ejbmj cmsm zmef bmef{tef sdqstbj{ cj |qofqmh/{kqj|s% Adqjgts jej koeson bjsdqmb9 >1 // Mefgm cdbm|me|tbtn ctm ;%=3 // Mefgm sjfm |oje dh|ms adbm{ /|dkmnme !nmbo! // sdg{/{sqjef bjsdqmb &m|m gmamq?& gmamq?& // sdg{/{sqjef sdg{/{sqjef bjsdqmb bjsdqmb sqtd // ejbmj aoobdme bjsdqmb `mb{d // ejbmj aoobdme bjsdqmb /Impm[kqj|s/fj // qd qdftbmq d~ d~|qd{{joe bj bjsdqmb etbb // ejbmj go{oef w ~94"z9=x // Jej{jmbj{m{j Oaidks bjsdqmb W1";"4"6"==X // Jej{jmbj{m{j Mqqmz bjsdqmb
Bjsdqmb hdqt|mgme amfjme |desjef cj{dhtm amnm{m |dhqofqmhme" gmqdem gjsm sjcmg aj{m hdhatms |qofqmh sme|m bjsdqmb%
Jcdesj`jdq {tmst Jcdesj`jdq hdqt|mgme {tmst emhm testg hdefdembj {d{tmst% Cj Impm[kqj|s jcdesj`jdq cjftemgme testg hdhadqj emhm pmqjmadb" `tef{j cme bmadb% Mstqme jcdesj`jdq zmef bdfmb |mcm Impm[kqj|s zmjst testg gmqmgsdq |dqsmhm nmqt{ adqt|m ntqt`.m(Y*" tecdq{koqd._* msmt smecm cobbmq .#*% Testg gmqmgsdq {dbmeitsezm cm|ms adqt|m ntqt`" mefgm" msmt smecm cobbmq% Koeson9 emhm_pmqjmadb imcvmb;1 _sdh| #jc J
6
Qd{dqpdc Gdzvoqc Qd{dqpdc Gdzvoqc zmjst gdzvoqc zmef {tcmn msmt mgme cjftemgme obdn amnm{m jst {decjqj% Impm[kqj|s hdh|tezmj adadqm|m gdzvoqc zmef {damjgezm gjsm njecmqj {damfmj jcdesj`jdq% Gdzvoqc zmef cjftemgme9 aqdmg" co" j`" {vjskn" sz|do`" km{d" db{d" je" snj{" pmq" kmskn" `mb{d" je{smekdo`" snqov" pojc" koesjetd" `jembbz" edv" sqtd" vnjbd" cd`mtbs" `oq" etbb" sqz" vjsn" cdbdsd" `teksjoe" qdstqe
Gdzvo dzvoqqc zmef zmef cj|d cj|d{m {me e test testg g DKHM DKHM[k [kqj qj|s |s p3 cqm` cqm`ss |qo| |qo|o{ o{mb mb test testg g pdq{ pdq{jj Impm[kqj|s {dbmeitsezm9 {dbmeitsezm9 ma{sqmks" cotabd" foso" emsjpd" {smsjk" aoobdme" deth" jh|bdhdes{" |mkgmfd" {t|dq" azsd" d~|oqs" jh|oqs" |qjpmsd" {zeknqoejydc" knmq" d~sdec{" jes" |qosdksdc" snqov{" kbm{{" `jemb" jesdq`mkd" |tabjk" sqme{jdes" koe{s" `boms" boef" {noqs" pobmsjbd" cdatffdq
Mecm nmqt{ hdefnjecmqj |defftemme jcdesj`jdq cmqj pmqjmadb cme `tef{j fboamb zmef {tcmn cjcd`jej{jgme obdn Impm[kqj|s% Ijgm mecm hdhatms pmqjmadb pmqjmadb msmt `tef{j cdefme emhm zmef {mhm" mecm mgme hdecm|msgme |d{me dqqoq.ijgm pmqjmadb/`tef{j qdmc(oebz* msmt mecm mgme hdecd`jej{jgme tbmef pmqjmadb msmt `tef{j sdq{dats% Sjm| jh|bdhdesm{j Impm[kqj|s hdh|tezmj pmqjmadb cme `tef{j fboamb zmef adqadcm Cm`smq gdzvoqc zmef thth mcm |mcm kbjdes({jcd Impm[kqj|s9 mqfthdes{" dekocdTQJ" Je`jejsz" Oaidks" [sqjef" Mqqmz" Dqqoq" j{@jejsd" |mq{d@boms" [zesm~Dqqoq" Aoobdme" d{km|d" j{EmE" |mq{dJes" Sz|dDqqoq" Cmsd" dpmb" Hmsn" QmefdDqqoq" tecd`jedc" cdkocdTQJ" DpmbDqqoq" DpmbDqqoq" EmE" Qd`dqdekdDqqoq" ted{km|d" cdkocdTQJKoh|oedes" @teksjoe" Ethadq" QdfD~|" TQJDqqoq
Ejbmj cme Sj|d Cmsm \qofqmh goh|tsdq adqimbme cdefme hdhmej|tbm{j ejbmj/pmbtd" {d|dqsj ejbmj ;%=3 msmt sdg{ !{dbmhms cmsmef!% Sj|d ejbmj zmef cm|ms cjqd|qd{desm{jgme msmt cjhmej|tbm{j cmbmh amnm{m |dhqofqmhme cj{dats cdefme Sj|d cmsm% Vmbmt|te boo{dbz(sz|dc ejbmj/pmbtd cj Impm[kqj|s hm{jn hdh|tezmj sj|d cmsm% Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme sjfm |qjhjsj` sj|d cmsm zmjst Ethadq.mefgm*" [sqjef.sdg{*" cme Aoobdme.sqtd/`mb{d* {dbmje jst Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme sj|d cmsm |qjhjsj` smhamnme zmjst etbb cme tecd`jedc zmef hm{jef(hm{jef nmezm hdezjh|me {mst ejbmj% [dbmje sj|d cmsm |qjhjsj` Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme sj|d cmsm atmsme zmef cj{dats oaidks% [tmst oaidks hdqd|qd{desm{jgme {tmst gobdg{j ejbmj.aj{m adqt|m sj|d cmsm |qjhjsj` {d|dqsj Ethadq"[sqjef"Aoobdme msmt Oaidks jst {decjqj*% Oaidks cj Impm[kqj|s hdh|tezmj ctm sj|d zmef zmjst oaidks zmef hdqd|qd{desm{jgme gobdg{j smg sdqtqts cme oaidks zmef hdqd|qd{desm{jgme gobdg{j sdqtqts.amkm Mqqmz*% Impm[kqj|s hdh|tezmj sj|d oaidks zmef bmje zmjst `teksjoe% @teksjoe zmjst {tmst oaidks zmef hdhjbjgj kocd d~dktsmabd cjcmbmhezm% Impm[kqj|s itfm hdezdcjmgme adadqm|m kbm{{ oaidks zmjst Cmsd testg hdqd|qd{desm{jgme smeffmb" QdfD~| testg hdecd`jej{jgme qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe.mgme cjamnm{ emesj*" cme Dqqoq testg hdqd|qd{desm{jgme {zesm~ cme qtesjhd dqqoq zmef cm|ms sdqimcj cj Impm[kqj|s |qofqmh% >
Ethadq Impm[kqj|s sjcmg hdhadcmgme mesmqm ejbmj jesdfdq.ajb% atbms* cdefme `bomsjef(|ojes.ajb% `bomsjef( |ojes.ajb% |dkmnme*% [dhtm ajbmefme cjqd|qd{desm{jgme cjqd|qd{desm{jgme {damfmj ejbmj `bomsjef(|ojes `bomsjef(|ojes cdefme tgtqme 03 ajs .JDDD 643 mgm !cotabd!*% Ethadq cm|ms bmef{tef htektb cj {kqj|s {damfmj ethdqjk bjsdqmb% Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme adadqm|m `oqhms ethdqjk bjsdqmb% Jesdfdq Bjsdqmb Jesdfdq/Ajbmefme Jesdfdq/Ajbmefme atbms am{j{ =< cm|ms cjstbj{ {damfmj tqtsme cjfjs% pmq m 8 =<7 pmq a 8 67 pmq k8c847
Nd~mcd{jhmb Oksmb bjsdqmb Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme `oqhms testg Jesdfdq adqam{j{ =0% Nd~mcd{jhmb bjsdqmb cjhtbmj cdefme !<~! oq !<^! cjjgtsj cdefme tqtsme cjfjs nd~mcd{jhmb htbmj cmqj mefgm < {mh|mj : cjbmeitsgme cjbmeitsgme cdefme ntqt` m.msmt M* {mh|mj `.msmt @* zmef hdqd|qd{desm{jgme ejbmj =< {mh|mj =4% Oksmb.am{j{ >* bjsdqmb cjhtbmj cdefme mefgm < cjjgtsj cdefme mefgm < {mh|mj mefgm 6% Koeson 9 //nd~mcd{jhmb pmq nd~m8<~=<7 // =< nd~mcd{jhmb" =0 cmbmh cd{jhmb pmq sdh|8<~17 // 1 cmbmh cd{jhmb //Oksmb pmq ejbmj8<=<7 // =< nd~mcd{jhmb" > cmbmh cd{jhmb
Oksmb bjsdqmb atgme sdqhm{tg DKHM[kqj|s {smecmqc" sdqgmcmef adadqm|m jh|bdhdesm{j {t||oqs Oksmb bjsdqmb cme adadqm|m sjcmg % [damjgezm mecm hdefnjecmqj |defftemme oksmb bjsdqmb% @bomsjef(|ojes @bomsjef(|ojes bjsdqmb @bomsjef(|ojes @bomsjef(|ojes msmt |dkmnme cm|ms cjstbj{ cj Impm[kqj|s {damfmj adqjgts9 ;%=3 pmq |j8;%=37 pmq {dsdefmn8%47 3%;=<3d4 34D(3
// 3%;=<3 ~ =<4 // 34 ~ =<(3
Ejbmj {|d{jmb Impm[kqj|s hdh|tezmj adadqm|m ejbmj zmef hdqd|qd{desm{jgme ajbmefme sdqsdest% Je`jejsz EmE
9 Hdqd|qd{desm{jgme ejbmj smg sdqnjeffm 9 Eos ‛ m Ethadq " hdqd|qd{desm{jgme ejbmj atgme
eohoq 9 Ejbmj sdqad{mq zmef cm|ms cjqd|qd{desm{jgme Ethadq%HM^_PMBTD 9 Ejbmj sdqgdkjb zmef cm|ms cjqd|qd{desm{jgme Ethadq%HJE_PMBTD 9 [mhm {d|dqsj EmE Ethadq%EmE 9 ejbmj smg sdqamsm{ |o{jsj` Ethadq%\O[JSJPD_JE@JEJSZ Ethadq%EDFMSJPD_JE@JEJSZ 9 ejbmj smg sdqamsm{ edfmsjpd :
|dqbt cj kmsmsm amnvm ejbmj EmE sjcmg {mhm cdefme ejbmj EmE jst {decjqj" adfjst itfm testg ejbmj Je`jejsz% Testg hdbmgtgme sd{s mecm |dqbt hdefftemgme `tef{j j{EmE.* cme j{@jejsd.*
[sqjef [sqjef zmjst qmefgmjme ntqt`" mefgm" smecm amkm" msmt gmqmgsdq% [sqjef cjftemgme cj Impm[kqj|s testg hdqd|qd{desm{jgme sdg{% [sqjef bjsdqmb cmbmh Impm[kqj|s cjm|js obdn smecm |dsjg steffmb hmt|te fmecm% Koeson 9 pmq emhm 8 &emhm mecm&7 pmq gdbm{8!M;=
D{km|d [d}tdekd Sjcmg {dhtm sohaob zmef mcm |mcm gdzaomqc cm|ms cjqd|qd{desm{jgme obdn gmqmgsdq ajm{m% Koesonezm gjsm sjcmg aj{m hdqd|qd{desm{jgme sohaob desdq cdefme gmqmgsdq ajm{m % Abmkg{bm{n gmqmgsdq &R& hdh|tezmj `tef{j sdq{decjqj cj Impm[kqj|s% Amkg{bm{n cj{dats itfm {damfmj d{km|d gmqmgsdq" gmqdem gmqmgsdq {dsdbmn abmkg{bm{n mgme cj|dqbmgtgme {dkmqm adqadcm% Sohaob desdq msmt edvbjed cm|ms cjqd|qd{desm{jgme cdefme gohajem{j gohajem{j gmqmgsdq &Re&% R< Ra Rs Re Rq R! R& RR R~^^ Rt^^^^
Etb gmqmgsdq .Rt<<<<* Amkg{|mkd .Rt<<<>* Noqjyoesmb Sma .Rt<<<:* Edv bjed .Rt<<
^^
cmbmh nd~mcd{jhmb
O|dqm{j [sqjef Cj Impm[kqj|s gjsm cm|ms cdefme htcmn hdeffmatefgme {sqjef hdefftemgme o|dqmsoq ' " o|dqmsoq jej mgme hdeithbmngme ijgm mecm hdefftemgmeezm |mcm ejbmj ethadq% h{f8!nmbbo !'!ctejmRe!7 |d{me8!j{j |d{meR! !' h{f '!R!!7
Testg hdefdsmntj ithbmn gmqmgsdq gjsm cm|ms hdefmg{d{ |qo|dqsj bdefsn |mcm {sqjef% mbdqs.h{f%bdefsn*7 //hdefdbtmqgme ejbmj =1
testg hdefmg{d{ gmqmgsdq |mcm jecd~ sdqsdest gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme `tef{j knmqMs" jecd~ cjhtbmj cmqj <" mbdqs.h{f%knmqMs.=**7 //hdefdbtmqgme ejbmj m
testg hdefmhajb {damfjme sd~s gjsm ftemgme `tef{j {ta{sqjef" mbdqs.h{f%{ta{sqjef.0"==** // hdefdbtmqgme ejbmj ctejm =<
|mqmhdsdq |dqsmhm hdqt|mgme ejbmj jecd~ cjhmem {sqjef htbmj cjmhajb% [ta{sqjef mgme hdefmhajb amfjme {sqjef {mh|mj {dadbth |mqmhdsdq gdctm% Testg hdekmqj amfjme {sqjef cmbmh {tmst {sqjef gjsm ftemgme `tef{j jecd~O` pmq jec~8h{f%jecd~O`.! !*7 pmq jec~18h{f%jecd~O`.!ctejm!*7
Goepdq{j Ethadq gd [sqjef Ethadq mgme osohmsj{ cjgoepdq{jgme gd {sqjef ijgm cj|dqbtgme% Ijgm Ethadq cjftemgme |mcm |qo{d{ |deffmatefme {sqjef% pmq |j8;%=37 pmq {sq8|j '! mcmbmn |dhatbmsme 11/6 !7
Mecm cm|ms {dkmqm d~|bj{js hdefgoepdq{j ethadq gd {sqjef cdefme hdefftemgme hdefftemgme `tef{j [sqjef.*% pmq {sq18[sqjef.;=1;*7
msmt hdefftemgme hdsnoc cmqj oaidks Ethadq so[sqjef.* pmq ejbmj8;<<7 pmq {sq_ejbmj8ejbmj%so[sqjef.*7
Gjsm cm|ms hdefj{jgme |mqmhdsdq smhamnme gd hdsnoc so[sqjef.* zmef adqt|m am{j{ ajbmefme zmef gjsm jefjegme pmq pmq pmq pmq
{sq_ajedq8ejbmj%so[sqjef.1*7 {sq_oksmb8ejbmj%so[sqjef.>*7 {sq_nd~m8ejbmj%so[sqjef.=0*7 {sq_am{j{;0 8 ejbmj%so[sqjef.;0*7
Testg ajbmefme |dkmnme sdq{dcjm `tef{j so@j~dc.* hdefgoepdq{j cdefme |dhatbmsme sdqsdest" soD~|oedesjmb.* hdefgoepdq{j gd eosm{j d~|oede{jmb" cme so\qdkj{joe.* hdefgoepdq{j gd {dithbmn {jfej`jgme cjfjs% pmq |j 8 Hmsn%\J7 |j%so@j~dc.<*7 |j%so@j~dc.1*7 |j%soD~|oedesjmb.<*7 |j%soD~|oedesjmb.;*7 //ithbmn mefgm cjadbmgmef gohm |j%so\qdkj{joe.=*7 |j%so\qdkj{joe.=<*7 //ithbmn {jfej`jgme cjfjs
Goe`dq{j {sqjef gd ethadq Gdsjgm ejbmj zmef cjnmqm|gme ethadq atgme {sqjef Impm[kqj|s {dkmqm osohmsj{ hdefgoepdq{j {sqjef hdeimcj ethadq pmq btm{_bjefgmqme 8 !;%=3! ) !=
Mecm cm|ms cdefme htcmn hdefgoepdq{j cdefme hdeftqmefj ejbmj {sqjef ==
cdefme mefgm < pmq |j8!;%=3!( <7
Msmt mecm aj{m {dkmqm d~|bj{js hdefftemgme `tef{j Ethadq.* pmq |j8Ethadq.!;%=3!*7
Kmqm cjmsm{ hdh|tezmj {mst gdbdhmnme zmjst nmezm hdectgtef ajbmefme am{j{ =<% Testg hdefgoepdq{j {sqjef cdefme ejbmj mefgm atgme adqam{j{gme =< gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme hdefftemgme `tef{j |mq{dJes.* cme |mq{d@boms.* pmq pmq pmq pmq
adqms8|mq{dJes.!3 GF!*7 {smst{8|mq{dJes.!=
Ijgm |mqmhdsdq zmef cj|m{{ gd `tef{j |mq{dJes cme |mq{d@boms cjhtbmj {dbmje mefgm cme smecm ' msmt (" |mq{dJes cme |mq{d@boms mgme hdefdhambjgme ejbmj EmE%
Ejbmj Aoobdme Aoobdme nmezm hdh|tezmj ctm ejbmj zmjst sqtd msmt `mb{d% Ejbmj jej hdqd|qd{desm{j ejbmj gdademqme cmqj {tmst dg{|qd{j% pmq m847 m8847 //hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj sqtd zmef hdemecmgme d~|qd{j m884 ademq
Ejbmj aoobdme gdamezmgme cjftemgme testg {sqtgstq goesqob |qofqmh% j`.m$188<*w mbdqs.m'! ajb% Fdem|!*7 xdb{dw mbdqs.m'! ajb% Fmeijb!*7 x
Ejbmj zmef cjmeffm| {mbmn |mcm Impm[kqj|s 9 `mb{d" etbb" go{oef*" <" EmE% [dbmje ejbmj sdq{dats cjmeffm| ademq%
tecd`jedc" !!.{sqjef
Testg hdegoepdq{j {tmst pmqjmadb gd aoobdme {dkmqm d~|bj{js gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme hdefftemgme `tef{j Aoobdme% pmq m8!{mbmn!7 pmq a8Aoobdme.m*7
msmt hdefftemgme o|dqmsoq edfm{j ctm gmbj% pmq a8--m7
=1
@teksjoe `teksjoe msmt `tef{j zmjst gth|tbme gocd |qofqmh zmef cm|ms cjimbmegme zmef {tcmn cj`dej{jgme {dadbthezm obdn |qofqmh Impm[kqj|s hmt|te atjbs(je cmqj jh|bdhdesm{j Impm[kqj|s% Hd{gj|te `tef{j nmezm cjcd`jej{jgme {mst gmbj" Impm[kqj|s |qofqmh cm|ms hdhmeffjb msmt hdefdg{dgt{j `tef{j adqgmbj(gmbj msmt htefgje {mhm {dgmbj sjcmg hdhmeffjb `tef{j% Gjsm cm|ms hdefjqjhgme mqfthdes msmt |mqmhdsdq gd `tef{j zmef gjsm |meffjb% [dbmeitsezm |mqmhdsdq msmt mqfthdes jej cm|ms cj|mgmj obdn `tef{j zmef gjsm |meffjb% Jh|bdhdesm{j Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme adadqm|m `tef{j atjbs(je {d|dqsj Hmsn%|ov.* testg hdefnjstef ejbmj |mefgms {tmst ajbmefme% Testg hdecd`jej{jgme `tef{j gjsm {decjqj ftemgme gdzvoqc `teksjoe cj{dqsmj emhm `tef{j" mqfthdes" cme gocd |qofqmh `tef{j% Emhm `tef{j cme mqfthdes `tef{j adq{j`ms o|{joemb% `teksjoe pobthdGtat{.{j{j*w qdstqe Hmsn%|ov.{j{j";*7 x
@teksjoe Bjsdqmb Cj Impm[kqj|s `tef{j mcmbmn oaidks% Gjsm cm|ms hdefj{j/m{{jfe {tmst `tef{j gdcmbmh {tmst pmqjmadb% Testg |qo{d{ m{{jfehdes jej gjsm ftemgme `teksjoe bjsdqmb% pmq pobthdGtat{8`teksjoe.{j{j*w qdstqe Hmsn%|ov.{j{j";*7 x
cdgbmqm{j `tef{j hdefftemgme kmqm {d|dqsj jej cj{dats cdefme bmhacm `teksjoe. j{sjbmn jej adqm{mb cmqj |dhqofqmhme BJ[\*% Mcm {mst kmqm bmje testg hdecdgbmqm{jgme {tmst `tef{j zmjst hdefftemgme goe{sqtgsoq @teksjoe.*% pmq pobthdGtat{8edv @teksjoe.!{j{j!"!qdstqe Hmsn%|ov.{j{j";*!*7
Oaidks Oaidks hdqt|mgme gth|tbme ejbmj zmef cjm{o{jm{jgme cdefme {tmst gtekj% Ejbmj cmqj {tmst oaidks {dqjef cj{dats cdefme msqjats% Testg hdefmg{d{ {tmst msqjats cjcmbmh oaidks gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme hdefftemgme o|dqmsoq sjsjg &%&" {damfmj koeson oaidks ambog pmq ambog8 edv Oaidks.*7 ambog%|meimef837 //hdefd{ds msqjats/|qo|dqsj |meimef ambog%bdamq817 ambog%sjeffj847 mbdqs.ambog%|meimef*7 //hdefmg{d{ msqjats/|qo|dqsj |meimef =;
ejbmj msqjats msmt |qo|dqsj cmqj {tmst oaidks cm|ms adqt|m {dhtm sj|d cmsm" sdqhm{tg mqqmz" `teksjoe cme oaidks% [dbmje hdefftemgme o|dqmsoq &%& gjsm aj{m hdefftemgme m{{o{jmsj` mqqmz testg hdefmg{d{ msqjats cmqj {tmst oaidks% pmq pobthd8 ambogW&|meimef&X)ambogW&bdamq&X)ambogW&sjeffj&X7 mbdqs.!Pobthd ambog 8 !'pobthd*7
Hdhatms Oaidks Gjsm cm|ms hdhatms oaidks cdefme hdhmeffjb `teksjoe koe{sqtksoq" {d|dqsj pmq oai 8 edv Oaidks.*7 pmq sfb 8 edv Cmsd.*7 pmq |obm 8 edv QdfD~|.!RR{jssdbgohRR{!"!j!*7 Gjsm cm|ms hdemhamngme |qo|dqsj amqt {dkmqm bmef{tef amjg hdefftemgme o|dqmsoq &%& msmt m{{o{jmsj` mqqmz% pmq hn{8edv Oaidks.*7 hn{%emhm8!eoemhd!7 hn{W&ejh&X8===111;;;7 hn{%kdsmgHn{8`teksjoe.*w mbdqs.snj{%ejh'!" !'snj{%emhm*7 x hn{%kdsmgHn{.*7
Oaidks bjsdqmb% [dbmje kmqm cjmsm{" gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme oaidks bjsdqmb testg hdhatms oaidks% pmq oai8edv Oaidks.*7
gjsm cm|ms hdetbj{ezm cdefme oaidks bjsdqmb pmq oai8wx7
[dadbthezm gjsm hdhatms oaidks hdefftemgme kmqm adqjgts pmq hn{ 8 edv Oaidks.*7 hn{%emhm8!eoemhd!7 hn{%ejh8===111;;;7 hn{%kdsmgHn{8`teksjoe.*w mbdqs.snj{%ejh'!" !'snj{%emhm*7 x
Ijgm hdefftemgme oaidks bjsdqmb gjsm ftemgme smecm w cme x% pmq hn{8w emhm9!eoemhd!" ejh9===111;;;" kdsmgHn{9`teksjoe.*w mbdqs.snj{%ejh'!" !'snj{%emhm*7 x x
=3
Goepdq{j Oaidks Gdsjgm oaidks cjgoepdq{j hdeimcj sj|d cmsm aoobdme mgme hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj sqtd% Hdefdhambjgme ejbmj `mb{d ijgm oaidks sdq{dats adqejbmj etbb% Testg goepdq{j gd {sqjef oaidks hdefftemgme `tef{j so[sqjef.* cmqj oaidks jst {decjqj adfjst itfm testg goepdq{j gd ethadq oaidks hdefftemgme `tef{j pmbtdO`.*% @tef{j so[sqjef.* cme pmbtdO`.* hdqt|mgme `tef{j stqteme cmqj oaidks Oaidks% [dkmqm cd`mtbs `tef{j pmbtdO`.* |mcm oaidks mgme hdefdhambjgme oaidks jst {decjqj% [dnjeffm goepdq{j gd ethadq mgme cjbmgtgme cdefme kmqm hdegoepdq{j oaidks sdq{dats gd {sqjef gdhtcjme cmqj {sqjef gd ethadq% Mecm aj{m hdeffmesj msmt opdqqjcd amjg `tef{j so[sqjef hmt|te pmbtdO`.*
Mqqmz Mqqmz {d|dqsj oaidks adqt|m gth|tbme ejbmj% Emhte emhm msqjats cmbmh mqqmz adqt|m eohoq jecd~" adqadcm cdefme oaidks zmef gjsm cm|ms sdestgme emhm mssqjatsezm% Cj Impm[kqj|s jecd~ cmqj {tmst mqqmz htbmj cmqj ejbmj <% Testg hdefmg{d{ dbdhde cmbmh mqqmz gjsm ftemgme smecm gtqtef {jgt &W& &X&% Sj|d cmsm cmbmh {tmst mqqmz sjcmg nmqt{ {mhm% Hdhatms mqqmz testg hdhatms mqqmz gjsm cm|ms ftemgme `tef{j Mqqmz.*% pmq cm`smq 8 edv Mqqmz.*7 cm`smqW
Gjsm cm|ms hdefjej{jmbj{m{j ejbmj mqqmz cdefme hdefjqjhgme |mqmhdsdq adqt|m dbdhde(dbdhde mqqmz gd `tef{j Mqqmz.*% pmq cm`smq18 edv Mqqmz.!atcj!";%=3"`mb{d"wb93"|9:"s94x*7
Ijgm |mqmhdsdq zmef gjsm gjqjh nmezm {mst cme adqt|m ethadq% @tef{j Mqqmz.* mgme hdefjej{jmbj{m{j dbdhde {dithbmn |mqmhdsdq cdefme ejbmj mvmb tecd`jedc% pmq mqq_go{oef 8 edv Mqqmz.=<*7
Mqqmz bjsdqmb Gjsm cm|ms hdhatms mqqmz hdefftemgme mqqmz bjsdqmb% Adqjgts jej mqqmz bjsdqmb cj Impm[kqj|s% pmq cm`smq;8W!atcj!";%=3"`mb{d"wb93"|9:"s94xX7
ejbmj cmqj dbdhde {tmst mqqmz cm|ms adqt|m mqqmz" pmq ctmCjhde{j8WW;"3X"W4"1XX7 mbdqs.ctmCjhde{jW
Testg jej{jmbj{m{j ejbmj gjsm aj{m hdefftemgme d~|qd{j {dbmje koe{smes% pmq ~837 pmq |mefgms8W~"~)~"~)~)~"Hmsn%|ov.~"3*X7 mbdqs.|mefgms*7
gjsm cm|ms sjcmg hdefj{j ejbmj {tmst dbdhde zmef {dkmqm cd`mtbs mgme hdeimcj tecd`jedc% pmq mcmGo{oef8W4""3"""X7
smecm gohm sdqmgnjq zmef adqbdajn mgme cjajmqgme%
etbb Gdzvoqc etbb cj Impm[kqj|s hdh|tezmj mqsj sjcmg hdh|tezmj ejbmj% [tmst pmqjmadb zmef adqejbmj etbb adqmqsj pmqjmadb sdq{dats sjcmg hdh|tezmj {tmst ejbmj pmbjc% Ijgm cjgoepdq{j gd aoobdme etbb adqtamn hdeimcj `mb{d" adqtamn hdeimcj < ijgm cjgoepdq{j gd ethadq cme adqtamn hdeimcj {sqjef !etbb! ijgm cjgoepdq{j hdeimcj {sqjef%
tecd`jedc tecd`jedc hdqt|mgme ejbmj cj Impm[kqj|s% Gdsjgm gjsm hdecdgbmqm{jgme {tmst pmqjmadb emhte gjsm sjcmg hdhadqj ejbmj mvmb" pmqjmadb sdq{dats {dkmqm osohmsj{ mgme adqejbmj tecd`jedc% [dbmje jst gdsjgm gjsm hdekoam hdefmg{d{ msqjats cmqj oaidks emhte msqjats sdq{dats sjcmg mcm hmgm ejbmj tecd`jedc zmef mgme cjgdhambjgme% etbb cme tecd`jedc hdqt|mgme ejbmj zmef adqadcm" emhte ijgm mecm koam hdhamecjefgme cdefme o|dqmsoq |dhamecjef 88 " etbb 88 tecd`jedc
mgme hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj sqtd% Testg ademq(ademq hdhamecjefgme sj|d cmsm mesmqm etbb cme tecd`jedc mecm aj{m hdefftemgme hdefftemgme jcdesjsz o|dqmsoq 888" etbb 888 tecd`jedc //hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj `mb{d
Az Pmbtd " Az Qd`dqdekd Cj Impm[kqj|s cme itfm |mcm amnm{m |dhqofqmhhme |dhqofqmhhme bmjeezm" mecm aj{m hdhmej|tbm{j cmsm cdefme sjfm kmqm% \dqsmhm mecm aj{m hdezmbje/ko|z cmsm" {damfmj koeson mecm hdbmgtgme |qo{d{ m{{jfehdes/|dhadqjme ejbmj gd pmqjmadb amqt% Gdctm" mecm aj{m hdefjqjhgmeezm gd `tef{j {damfmj mqfthdes msmt |mqmhdsdq% Gdsjfm mecm cm|ms hdhamecjefgme ejbmj cmsm cdefme o|dqmsoq |dhamecjef% Testg hdhmnmhj amnm{m |dhqofqmhme mecm sdqbdajn cmntbt nmqt{ hdhmnmhj amfmjhmem gdsjfm o|dqm{j cjmsm{ cjimbmegme% =0
[dkmqm hdecm{mq sdqcm|ms ctm kmqm cmbmh hdhmej|tbm{j cmsm zmjst az pmbtd cme az qd`dqdekd% Gdsjgm cmsm pmqjadb cjhmej|tbm{j az pmbtd% Ejbmj cmqj {mbjeme ejbmj cmsm sdq{dats zmef cjftemgme% Hj{mbezm ijgm mecm hdbmgtgme m{{jfehdes gd {tmst pmqjmadb amqt" hmgm pmqjmadb amqt sdq{dats mgme adqj{j ko|z ejbmj zmef {mhm cdefme pmqjmadb zmef gjsm |tezm% Ejbmj pmqjmadb amqt sdq{dats jecd|decde cdefme ejbmj pmqjmadb {dadbthezm% Ijgm gjsm hdefjqjhgme pmqjmadb gd `tef{j az pmbtd" hmgm o|dqm{j zmef cjbmgtgme cj `tef{j |mcm pmqjmadb sdq{dats sjcmg mgme adq|defmqtn |mcm pmqjmadb zmef {dademqezm% Az qd`dqdekd adqadcm" az qd`dqdekd sjcmg hdefko|z ejbmj cmsm cmqj {tmst pmqjmadb hdbmjegme qd`dqdekd cmqj {tmst pmqjmadb% Qd`dqdekd {dqjef cm|ms cj{dats itfm {damfmj bjeg msmt |ojesdq% Cdefme sdgejg jej adadqm|m pmqjmadb aj{m hdeteitg ejbmj cmsm zmef {mhm% [dnjeffm |dqtamnme |mcm {tmst pmqjmadb cm|ms hdqtamn pmqjmadb zmef bmje% Smadb Smadb |dqamecjefme |dqamecjefm e O|dqm{j
Az Pmbtd
Az Qd`dqdekd
Ko|z" m{{jfehdes
Ejbmj {dademqezm cmqj pmqjmadb zmef cjko|z gd pmqjmadb amqt" sjcmg mcm ntatefme mesmqm gdctm pmqjmadb%
Nmezm qd`dqdekd zmef cjko|z" gdctm pmqjmadb {mbjef sdqgmjs%
\m{{" hdefjqjhgme gd `tef{j
Ejbmj zmef cjgjqjhgme hdqt|mgme ko|z ejbmj cmqj pmqjmadb% Sjcmg mcm d`dg ijgm `tef{j hdqtamn ejbmj |mqmhdsdq% |mqmhdsdq%
Qd`dqdekd cj gjqjh gd `tef{j" ijgm `tef{j hdeftamn ejbmj pmqjmadb pmqjmadb zmef m{bj itfm jgts adqtamn%
Koh|mqd" hdhamecjefgme ejbmj pmqjmadb
Ejbmj {dademqezm zmef cjamecjefgme
Ejbmj qd`dqdekd zmef cjamecjefgme
Cmbmh Impm[kqj|s sj|d |qjhjsjpd cjhmej|tbmj az Pmbtd" {dcmefgme oaidks cjhmej|tbm{j az Qd`dqdekd% //az pmbtd `teksjoe smhamn.jc*w jc8jc'j7 x pmq ~847 smhamn.~*7 mbdqs.~*7 //ejbmj ~ hm{jn 4 //az qd`dqdekd `teksjoe smhamn1.jc*w jcW
=6
Pmqjmadb Pmqjmadb zmjst {tmst emhm zmef cjm{o{jm{jgme cdefme {tmst ejbmj% Pmqjmadb adqj{j cme hdezjh|me {tmst ejbmj% Cdefme pmqjmadb mecm aj{m hdhmej|tbm{j ejbmj cj |qofqmh mecm% Impm[kqj|s adqadcm cdefme adadqm|m amnm{m |dhqofqmhme {d|dqsj Impm cme K/K''% Cj Impm[kqj|s gjsm sjcmg |dqbt hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme sj|d cmsm {tmst pmqjmadb% [dsjm| pmqjmadb cj Impm[kqj|s aj{m hdezjh|me ejbmj cdefme cdefme adqamfmj hmkmh sj|d cmsm% Koeson9 jecd~8=7 jecd~8!gdctm!7
[smsdhdes cjmsm{ jbdfmb cmbmh amnm{m |dhqofqmhme zmef {sqoefbz(sz|dc {d|dqsj K/K'' cme Impm% Cdgbmqm{j pmqjmadb [dadbth mecm hdhmgmj pmqjmadb mecm nmqt{ hdecdgbmqm{jgmeezm% Testg hdecdgbmqm{jgme pmqjmadb cmbmh Impm[kqj|s mecm hdefftemgme gdzvoqc pmq% pmq m7 pmq qmsm17
Ijgm mecm sjcmg hdecdgbmqm{jgme pmqjmadb sdqbdajn cmntbt Impm[kqj|s mgme {dkmqm jh|bj{js hdecdgbmqm{jgmeezm testg mecm% Mecm cm|ms hdeffmatefgme |qo{d{ cdgbmqm{j cdefme |qo{d{ m{{jfehdes% pmq m81"qmsm18:1%47
Ijgm mecm hdecdgbmqm{jgme pmqjmadb bdajn cmqj {mst gmbj" Impm[kqj|s sjcmg mgme hdefjej{jmbj{mj pmqjmadb sdq{dats" gdktmbj ijgm mcm |qo{d{ m{{jfehdes% pmq m817 pmq m7 mbdqs.m*7 //m hm{jn adqejbmj ctm pmq m8;7 mbdqs.m*7 //{dgmqmef m adqejbmj sjfm
Pmqjmadb Pmqjmadb {ko|d Pmqjmadb {ko|d zmjst vjbmzmn cjhmem pmqjmadb sdq{dats cjgdembj msmt cjcd`jej{jgme% Fboamb pmqjmadb hdh|tezmj {ko|d fboamb" {dcmefgme pmqjmadb .pmqjmadb bogmb* zmef cjcdgbmqm{jgme |mcm {tmst `tef{j nmezm cm|ms cjmg{d{ obdn `tef{j jst {decjqj% \mqmhdsdq `tef{j itfm sdqhm{tg pmqjmadb bogmb `tef{j% pmq kmgt|me8!fboamb!7 `teksjoe kdgKmgt|me.*w pmq kmgt|me8!bogmb!7 mbdqs.kmgt|me*7 //hdemh|jbgme |o|t| cdefme ejbmj !bogmb! x =>
kdgKmgt|me.*7 mbdqs.kmgt|me*7 //hdemh|jbgme |o|t| cdefme ejbmj !fboamb!
Hd{gj|te mecm cm|ms sjcmg hdefftemgme pmq testg cdgbmqm{j pmqjmadb" emhte testg pmqjmadb bogmb mecm nmqt{ hdefftemgme gdzvoqc pmq% pmq kmgt|me8!fboamb!7 `teksjoe kdgKmgt|me.*w kmgt|me8!bogmb!7 mbdqs.kmgt|me*7 //hdemh|jbgme |o|t| cdefme ejbmj !bogmb! x kdgKmgt|me.*7 mbdqs.kmgt|me*7 //hdemh|jbgme |o|t| cdefme ejbmj !bogmb!
\mcm ththezm" `teksjoe sjcmg hdefdsmntj pmqjmadb m|m zmef mcm |mcm {ko|d fboamb msmt testg m|m pmqjmadb sdq{dats cjftemgme% Obdn gmqdem jst ijgm {tmst `tef{j hdefftemgme pmqjmadb fboamb hdbmjegme pmqjmadb bogmb testg `tef{j sdq{dats" nmb jej hdejefgmsgme qd{jgo |dqtamnme ejbmj pmqjmadb fboamb zmef htefgje pmqjmadb sdq{dats cjftemgme testg gd|dqbtme sdqsdest% [damjgezm mecm hdefftemgme pmq testg pmqjmadb bogmb cj `tef{j% Cj Impm[kqj|s nmezm mcm {ko|d `teksjoe atgme abokg `teksjoe% Imcj |dqadcmme {ko|d nmezm cm|ms cjatms obdn `teksjoe atgme abokg% j847 `teksjoe `.*w j867 j`.j886*w pmq j8>7 x mbdqs.j*7 //ejbmj j8>7 x `.*7 mbdqs.j*7 //ejbmj j847
Fmqamfd Kobbdksjoe Sj|d qd`dqdekd sjcmg hdh|tezmj tgtqme zmef {mhm {d|dqsj {sqjef" oaidks cme mqqmz% Kmqm |dezjh|meme sj|d cmsm {d|dqsj jej cjcmbmh hdhoqj nmqt{ cjbmgtgme {dkmqm cjemhj{" zmjst gdsjgm tgtqme cmqj oaidks sdq{dats cjgdsmntj% [dsjm| gmbj |qofmh Impm[kqj|s hdhatms {sqjef"mqqmz msmt oaidks amqt Impm[kqj|s defjed nmqt{ hdefmbogm{jgme hdhoqj testg hdezjh|me cmsm sdq{dats% Gmqdem hdhoqz cjmbogm{jgme {dkmqm cjemhj{ hmgm sdqcm|ms hdgmej{hd testg hdefnm|t{/hdqdbogm{j hdhoqz zmef {dadbthezm sdbmn cj|mgmj testg cjftemgme gdhambj" ijgm sjcmg hdhoqz mgme |detn cme |qofqmh kqm{n% Impm[kqj|s hdefftemgme Fmqamfd Kobbdksjoe testg hdecdmbogm{j hdhoqj % Impm[kqj|s defjed cm|ms hdecdsdg{j gm|me oaidks sjcmg mgme bmfj cjftemgme% =:
pmq |d{me8!nmbo!7 //mbogm{j hdhoqj testg {sqjef pmq t8|d{me%soT||dqKm{d.*7 //hdhatms {sqjef amqt |d{me8t7 //hdejh|m qd`dqde{j cdefme qd`dqde{j {sqjef amqt
Sjcmg mcm pmqjmadb zmef hdhdfmef qd`dqde{j gd {sqjef !nmbo!% Obdn gmqdem jst |qofqmh sjcmg htefgje mgme hdefftemgme {sqjef !nmbo!% Impm[kqj|s defjed hdecdsdg{j cme hdqdbogm{j hdhoqj zmef {dadbthezm cjftemgme obdn {sqjef !nmbo!
Impm[kqj|s O|dqmsoq [damfjme ad{mq o|dqmsoq Impm[kqj|s hjqj| |dq{j{ cdefme o|dqmsoq cj Impm cme K/K''% Adqjgts jej cm`smq o|dqmsoq |mcm Impm[kqj|s tqts adqcm{mqgme |qjoqjsm{ testg cjimbmegme cmqj sjeffj gd qdecmn% \q% M{%
=4
O|dqmsoq
Sj|d O|dqmec
O|dqm{j zmef cjbmgtgme
Gq%
%
Oaidks % jcdesj`jdq
Hdefmg{d{ |qo|dqsj msmt msqjats
Gq%
WX
mqqmzWjesdfdqX
Hdefmg{d{ dbdhde mqqmz
Gq%
.*
`teksjoe.mqfthdes*
Hdeimbmegme `tef{j
Ge% edv
edv `teksjoe koe{sqtksoq
Hdhatms oaidks amqt
Ge% ''
pmqjmadb
\qd msmt |o{s jekqdhdes.temqz*
Ge% ((
pmqjmadb
\qd msmt |o{s cdkqdhdes.temqz*
Ge% (
ethadq
Hjet{ .temqz*
Ge% '
ethadq
\bt{ .temqz*
Ge% u
jesdfdq
O|dqm{j ajs koh|bdhdes.temqz*
Ge% -
aoobdme
Bofjkmb koh|bdhdes.temqz*
Ge% cdbdsd
pmqjmadb
Hdefnm|t{ |qo|dqsj msmt pmqjmadb.temqz*
Ge% sz|do`
[dhtm sj|d
Hdefdhambjgme {sqjef emhm sj|d cmsm.temqz*
Ge% pojc
[dhtm sj|d
Hdefdhambjgme ejbmj tecd`jedc.temqz*
=;
Gq%
)"/"$
ethadq
Gmbj" amfj" hoctbt{
=1
Gq%
'"(
ethadq
\demhamnme" |deftqmefme
Gq%
'
{sqjef
Hdeffmatefgme {sqjef
Gq%
22
jesdfdq
Hdeffd{dq ajs gdgjqj
=3
==
1<
Gq%
55
jesdfdq
Hdeffd{dq ajs gdgmeme cdefme smecm%
Gq%
555
jesdfdq
Hdeffd{dq ajs gdgmeme cjj{j cdefme ajs <%
Gq%
2"28
Ethadq msmt {sqjef
Gtqmef" gtqmef cmqj {mhm cdefme
Gq%
5"58
Ethadq msmt {sqjef
Bdajn" bdajn cmqj {mhm cdefme
Gq%
je{smekdo`
Oaidks je je{smekdo` koe{sqtksoq
Hdefdkdg sj|d oaidks
Gq%
je
[sqjef je oaidks
Hdefdkdg m|mgmn {tmst msqjats/|qo|dqsj msqjats/|qo|dqsj mcm cmbmh oaidks
Gq%
88
[dhtm sj|d
Sd{ gd{mhmme
Gq%
-8
[dhtm sj|d
Sd{ |dqadcmme
Gq%
888
[dhtm sj|d
Sd{ jcdesjsm{
Gq%
-88
[dhtm sj|d
Sd{ eoe(jcdesjsm{
>
Gq%
jesdfdq
O|dqm{j ajs MEC
6
Gq%
U
jesdfdq
O|dqm{j ajs ^OQ
0
Gq%
r
jesdfdq
O|dqm{j ajs OQ
4
Gq%
aoobdme
Bofjgm MEC
3
Gq%
rr
aoobdme
Bofjgm OQ
;
Ge% ?9
Aoobdme?{dhtm sj|d9 {dhtmsj|d
O|dqmsoq |dqkmamefme.sdqemqz*
1
Ge% 8
pmqjmadb8{dhtm sj|d
M{{jfehdes/|dhadqjme ejbmj
=<
:
Ge% Ge% )8"/ )8"/8" 8"$8 $8"' "'8" 8"(( pmqjmadb.o|dqmsoq*{dh \dhadqjme ejbmj cdefme 8"228"558"5 tm sj|d o|dqm{j 558"8"U8"r 8 = Gq% " Gds9 \q% \q% 8 \qjoqjsm{ M{% 8 M{o{jmsj`
[dhtm sj|d
Htbsj|bd dpmbtmsjoe
[dhmgje sjeffj |qjoqjsm{ o|dqmsoq hmgm o|dqmsoq sdq{dats mgme cjcmntbtgme cmbmh |dqnjstefme% Testg m{o{jmsj` o|dqmsoq mcm ctm hmkmh zmjst gjqj.Gq%* cme gmeme.Ge%*% Gmqdem cjhtefgjegme cmbmh d~|qd{j htektb o|dqmsoq cdefme |qjoqjsm{ zmef {mhm" hmgm o|dqmsoq sdq{dats mgme cjdpmbtm{j adqam{mqgme sj|d m{o{jmsj` o|dqmsoq sdq{dats" koeson9 m8a8k8c8d847 sosmb8 m ' a ' k ' c 'd7 1=
{mhm {d|dqsj m8.a8.k8.c8.d84****7 sosmb8 ....m ' a* ' k* ' c* 'd*7
\dqjesmn/{smsdhdes \dqjesmn/{smsdhdes koesqob [smsdhdes koesqob cmbmh Impm[kqj|s |dq{j{ {d|dqsj K/K'' cme Impm% [smsdhdes koesqob zmjst |dqjsmn/kocd |dqjsmn/kocd zmef mcm |mcm |qofqmh Impm[kqj|s Impm[kqj|s zmef cjftemgme testg hdefdecmbjgme mbtq dg{dgt{j |qofqmh%
\dqkmamefme Cmbmh |dqkmamefme sdqcm|ms |defdsd{me goecj{j" ijgm goecj{j sdq|detnj gjsm aj{m hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme {smsdhdes bmje zmef mgme cjimbmegme" adfjst itfm ijgm goecj{j sjcmg sdq|detnj j` .goecj{j*w {smsdhdes zmef cjimbmegme gdsjgm sdq|detnj x j` .goecj{j*w {smsdhdes zmef cjimbmegme gdsjgm sdq|detnj xdb{dw {smsdhdes zmef cjimbmegme gdsjgm sjcmg sdq|detnj x j` .goecj{j=*w {smsdhdes zmef cjimbmegme gdsjgm goecj{j= sdq|detnj xdb{d j`.goecj{j1*w {smsdhdes zmef cjimbmegme gdsjgm goecj{j1 sdq|detnj xdb{dw {smsdhdes zmef cjimbmegme gdsjgm goecj{j= cme goecj{j1 sjcmg sdq|detnj x
{vjskn.emhmPmqjmadb*w km{d ejbmjPmqjmadb9 aqdmg7 km{d ejbmjPmqjmadb9 aqdmg7 km{d ejbmjPmqjmadb9 aqdmg7 cd`mtbs9 {smsdhdes zmef cjdg{dgt{j gdsjm ejbmj emhmPmqjmadb sjcmg kokog cdefme {dhtm km{d x
11
\dqtbmefme Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme sjfm hmkmh |dqtbmefme zmjst vnjbd" co(vnjbd" cme `oq% pmq j8=7 vnjbd.j28=<*w j`.j$188=* mbdqs.j*7 j''7 x j8=7 cow j`.j$188=* mbdqs.j*7 j''7 xvnjbd.j28=<*7 `oq.j8=7j28=<7j''*w j`.j$188=* mbdqs.j*7 x
\dqtbmefme `oq nmh|jq {mhm cdefme |dqtbmefme vnjbd" cme cm|ms cjstbj{ {damfmj adqjgts9 `oq.jej{jmbj{m{j7goe{j{j7|dqtamnme*w {smsdhdes7 x jej{jmbj{m{j7 vnjbd.goecj{j*w {smsdhdes7 |dqtamnme7 x
\dqtbmefme \dqtbmefme `oq cm|ms cjftemgme cdefme ctm kmqm% [dbmje kmqm cjmsm{ `oq cm|ms cjftemgme cdefme {zesm~ `oq.pmqjmabd je oaidks*w {smsdhdes7 x
|dqtbmefme jej cjftemgme testg hdbmgtgme sqmpdq{mb msqjats/|qo|dqsj zmef mcm cj oaidks% `oq .pmq |qo| je empjfmsoq* w cokthdes%vqjsd.!emhm9 ! ' |qo| ' !7 ejbmj9 ! ' empjfmsoqW|qo|X' !2aq5!*7 x
Testg |dqtbmefme sdqcm|ms ctm |dqjesmn koesqob zmjst aqdmg cme koesjetd% 1;
Aqdmg cjftemgme testg gdbtmq cmqj |dqtbmefme cme koesjetd cjftemgme testg hdqd{smqs |dqtbmefme adqjgtsezm7 pmq j8<7 vnjbd.j2=<*w j''7 j`.j54* aqdmg7 j`.j88;* koesjetd7 cokthdes%vqjsd.!2n15!'j'!2/n15!*7 x
gjsm cm|ms hdemhamngme bmadb |mcm {smsdhdes Impm[kqj|s cdefme kmqm hdemhamngme emhm bmadb {dadbth Impm[kqj|s {smsdhdes% pmq j8<7 |dqtbmefme9vnjbd.j2=<*w j''7 `oq.pmq i8j7i5<7i((*w cokthdes%vqjsd.i'!" !*7 j`.i883* aqdmg |dqtbmefme7 x cokthdes%vqjsd.!2nq5!*7 j`.j54* aqdmg7 j`.j88;* koesjetd7 cokthdes%vqjsd.!2n15!'j'!2/n15!*7 x
D~kd|sjoe nmecbjef Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme hdgmej{hd d~kd|sjoe nmecbjef hdefftemgme sqz/kmskn {smsdhdes% Impm[kqj|s hdezdcjmgme oaidks Dqqoq testg hdqd|qd{desm{jgme dqqoq% Oaidks jej mgme cjbdh|mq snqov ijgm sdqimcj dqqoq% Mcm adadqm|m stqteme cmqj kbm{{ Dqqoq zmjst DpmbDqqoq"@jbdDqqoq" HdcjmDqqoq" TQJDqqoq" Sz|dDqqoq" [zesm~Dqqoq" cme {damfmjezm% `teksjoe `mksoqjmb.~* w j` .~ 2 <* snqov edv Dqqoq.!~ nmqt{ |o{jsj`!*7 `oq.pmq ` 8 =7 ~ 5 =7 ` )8 ~" ~((* /) sme|m aocz |dqtbmefme )/ 7 qdstqe `7 x sqz w pmq e 8 |qoh|s.!Hm{tgme ajbmefme atbms |o{j`j`!" !!*7 pmq ` 8 `mksoqjmb.e*7 mbdqs.e ' !- 8 ! ' `*7 xkmskn .d* w mbdqs.d*7 x
13
vjsn [smsdhdes vjsn cjftemgme testg hdqtamn {ko|d pmqjmadb zmef gjsm ftemgme" koeson9 pmq co{de8w emhm9!emhm co{de!" ej|9=1;=1;=1; x vjsn.co{de*w mbdqs.emhm*7 ej|8;;;7 x mbdqs.co{deW&ej|&X*7
14
Hdsnoc cme msqjats atjbs(je Oaidks Hdsnoc/Msqjats
Msqjats9 koe{sqtksoq koe{sqtk soq
\deidbm{me
[dsjm| oaidks hdh|tezmj |qo|dqsj/msqjats koe{sqtksoq zmef hdqd`dq gd `teksjoe koe{sqtksoq zmef cj|mgmj
__|qoso__
\qo|dqsj zmef adqj{j msqjats" hdsnoc vmqj{me hmt|te atjbs(je cmqj oaidks
Koeson pmq sfb8edv Cmsd.*7 sfb%koe{sqtksoq88Cmsd7 //hdefdhambjgme ejbmj sqtd
pmq sfb8edv Cmsd.*7 sfb%__|qoso__7
so[sqjef.*" soBokmbd[sqjef.*
Cjftemgme testg hdefgoepdq{j oaidks gd sj|d cmsm {sqjef
pmq ~8W="1";X7 ~%so[sqjef.*7 // hdefdhambjgme ejbmj {sqjef ="1";
pmbtdO`.*
Cjftemgme testg hdefgoepdq{j oaidks gd sj|d cmsm ethadq
pmq sfb8edv Cmsd.*7 sfb%pmbtdO`.* //hdefdhambjgme ejbmj sfb cmbmh adestg sjhd{smh|
nm{Ove\qo|dqsz.*
Hdbmgtgme |defdkdgme m|mgmn oaidks hdhtezmj |qo|dqsj zmef cjhmg{tc%
pmq co{de8wej|9=x co{de%nm{Ove\qo|dqsz.!ej|!*7 //sqtd
|qo| |qo|dq dqsz szJ{ J{De Deth thdq dqma mabd bd.* .*
Hdbm Hdbmg gtgme tgme |def |defdk dkdg dgme me m|mgmn |qo|dqsj zmef cjhmg{tc cm|ms cj mg{d{ obdn |dqtbmefme `oq/je
pmq co{de8wej|9=x co{de%|qo|dqszJ{Dethdqmabd.! ej|!*7 //sqtd co{de%|qo|dqszJ{Dethdqmabd.! pmbtdO`!*//`mb{d
j{\qososz|dO`.*
Testg hdefdkdg m|mgmn oaidks sdq{dats hdqt|mgme |qososz|d cmqj oaidks mqfthdes
pmq ~8wx7 Oaidks%|qososz|d%j{\qososz|d O`.~*7 //sqtd7
Mqqmz Hdsnoc/Msqjats
\deidbm{me
Koeson
ioje.*
Hdeffmatefgme {dhtm dbdhde mqqmz hdeimcj {sqjef%
pmq ~8W="1";X7 pmq {8~%ioje.*//{ 88 !="1";! pmq {8~%ioje.! !*// { 88!= 1 ;!
qdpdq{d.*
Hdhambjg {t{teme mqqmz
pmq ~8W="1";X7 ~%qdpdq{d.* // ~ 88W;"1"=X
{oqs.*
Hdefftqtsgme dbdhde mqqmz
pmq z8W;"4"1"6"="0"3X7 z%{oqs.*7 // z88 W=" 1" ;" 3" 4" 0" 6X
koekms.*
Hdeffmatefgme mqqmz
pmq ~8W="1X7 pmq z8W;"3X7 ~%koekms.z*7 //hdefdhambjgme ejbmj W="1";"3X 10
~%koekms.0"6*7 //hdefdhambjgme ejbmj W="1"0"6X
{bjkd.*
Hdefmhajb {damfjme dbdhde mqqmz
pmq m 8 W="1";"3"4X7 m%{bjkd.<";*7 // W="1";X m%{bjkd.;*7 // W3"4X m%{bjkd.="(=*7 // W1";"3X m%{bjkd.(;"(1*7 // W;X
{|bjkd.*
Cjftemgme testg hdemhamn msmt hdefnm|t{ dbdhde mqqmz
pmq m 8 W="1";"3"4"0"6">X7 m%{|bjkd.3*7 // W4"0"6">X7 m {dgmqmef adqejbmj W="1";"3X m%{|bjkd.="1*7 // W1";X7 m {dgmqmef adqejbmj W="3X m%{|bjkd.="=*7 // W3X7 m {dgmqmef adqejbmj W=X m%{|bjkd.="<"!m!*// WX" m {dgmqmef adqejbmj W="!m!X m%{|bjkd.<"="!a!*// W=X" m {dgmqmef adqejbmj W!a!"!m!X
|t{n.* |o|.*
\t{n cjftemgme testg hdemhamngme cmsm cjmgnjq mqqmz" {dcmefgme |o| cjftemgme testg hdefmhajb cmsm cjmgnjq mqqmz
pmq m 8 WX7 m%|t{n.="1*7 // 1" m9W="1X m%|o|.*7 //1" m9W=X m%|t{n.3*7 //1" m9W="3X m%|o|.*7 //; m9W=X7 m%|o|.*7 //= m9WX7 m%|o|.*7 //tecd`jedc
te{nj`s.* {nj`s.*
Te{nj`s cjftemgme testg hdemhamngme cmsm cj mvmb mqqmz% [nj`s cjftemgme testg hdefmhajb cmsm cjmvmb mqqmz
pmq m 8 WX7 m%te{nj`s.="1*7 // 1" m9W="1X m%{nj`s.*7 //=" m9W1X m%te{nj`s.3*7 //1" m9W3"1X m%{nj`s.*7 //3 m9W1X7 m%{nj`s.*7 //1 m9WX7 m%{nj`s.*7 //tecd`jedc
16
@teksjoe Hdsnoc/Msqjats
\deidbm{me
Koeson
Msqjats/|qo|dqsj9 mqfthdes{
Adqt|m mqqmz cmqj |mqmhdsdq |mqmhdsdq zmef cjgjqjh gd `tef{j%
`teksjoe ithbmn.*w pmq ihb8<7 `oq.j8<7j2mqfthdes{%bdefsn7j''* ihb'8mqfthdes{WjX7 qdstqe ihb7 x mbdqs.ithbmn.1";"3"=**7 mbdqs.ithbmn.1"1"1**7
bdefsn
Ithbmn |mqmhdsdq zmef cjnmqm|gme
mbdqs.Hmsn%{je%bdefsn*7 // = mbdqs.Hmsn%|ov%bdefsn*7//1
mqfthde mqfthdes{%b s{%bdefs defsn n Ithbmn Ithbmn |mqmh |mqmhdsd dsdqq zmef cjgjqjh obdn {j |dhmeffjb
(
mqfth mqfthde des{% s{%kmb kmbbd bdd d \qo|d \qo|dqs qsz z zmef zmef hdqd`dq `tef{j zmef {mms jej cj|meffjb
pmq ejbmj 8 `teksjoe.~* w j` .~ 28 =* qdstqe =7 qdstqe ~ ) mqfthdes{%kmbbdd.~(=*7 x.3*7 koe{obd%bof.ejbmj*7
|qososz|d
\qo|dqsz zmef hdqd`dq gd |qososz|d oaidks zmef {tcmn cjcd`jej{jgme" cjftemgme testg jendqjsmekd
pmq sfb8edv Cmsd.*7 sfb%__|qoso__88Cmsd%|qososz|d
kmbb.*
Cjftemgme testg hdefdg{dgt{j `tef{j cdefme goesdg{ zmef adqadcm
//hj{mbgme `8`teksjoe " o8oaidks cme h8|qo|dqsj {dhdesmqm `%kmbb.o"="1*7 //{mhm {d|dqsj o%h8`7 o%h.="1*7 cdbdsd o%h7
m||bz.*
M||bz nmh|jq {mhm cdefme kmbb" nmezm |mqmhdsdq |mqmhdsdq zmef cj|m{{jef cmbmh adestg mqqmz%
`%kmbb.o"W="1X*7
1>
Qdftbmq D~|qd{{joe Qdftbmq D~|qd{{joe hdqt|mgme oaidks zmef hdqd|qd{desm{jgme |obm cmqj {t{teme gmqmgsdq% Impm[kqj|s Qdftbmq D~|qd{{joe cj qd|qd{desm{jgme cdefme kbm{{ QdfD~|% Kbm{{ QdfD~| cme [sqjef hdezdcjmgme adadqm|m hdsnoc zmef cm|ms hdefftemgme qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe testg hdekokogme |obm" hdekmqj cme hdeffmesj sdg{% QdfD~| QdfD~| oaidks cm|ms cjatms cdefme hdhmeffjb `teksjoe koe{sqtksoq Qd~D~|.* msmt hdefftemgme qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe bjsdqmb% pmq |obm8/{#/7 //msmt pmq |obm8edv QdfD~|.!{#!*7
Gjsm cm|ms cdefme htcmn hdhatms oaidks QdfD~|" emhte gjsm nmqt{ hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme |obm cmqj oaidks sdq{dats% \obm |mcm QdfD~| sdqcjqj cmqj qmefgmjme gmqmgsdq% Gdamezmgme gmqmgsdq sdqhm{tg mefgm cme ntqt` hdqd|qd{desm{jgme gmqmgsdq zmef nmqt{ kokog% Koeson qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe /{kqj|s/ kokog cdefme {dhtm {sqjef zmef cjcmbmhezm sdqcm|ms sdqcm|ms {ta{sqjef &{kqj|s&% Qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe itfm hdhjbjgj gmqmgsdq zmef hdh|tezmj mqsj sdqsdest% \mcm koeson {dadbthezm qdftbmq d~|qd{joe /{#/ sdqcjqj cmqj ctm gmqmgsdq zmjst { cme #% Gmqmgsdq { kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq {" cme # hdqt|mgme {|d{jmb hdsmknmqmksdq zmef hdh|tezmj mqsj kokog cdefme mgnjq cmqj {sqjef%
Gmqmgsdq Bjsdqmb Gmqmgsdq Mb|nmethdqjk .ntqt` cme mefgm* kokog cdefme ejbmjezm {decjqj% Impm[kqj|s qdfd~ hde{t||oqs eoe(mb|nmadsjk hdbmbtj d{km|d {d}tdekd.R*% Gmqmgsdq
Kokog
Mb|nmethdqjk
Cdefme ejbmjezm {decjqj
Rs
Sma .Rt<<<:*
Re
Amqj{ amqt .Rt<<
Rp
Sma pdqsjgmb .Rt<<
R`
@oqh `ddc .Rt<<
Rq
Kmqqjmfd Qdstqe.Rt<<
R~ee
Gmqmgsdq bmsje cdefme ejbmj nd~mcd{jhmb ee
Rt ^^^^
Gmqmgsdq Tejkocd cdefme ejbmj nd~mcd{jhmb ^^^^
Rk ^
Koesqob gmqmgsdq U ^ " koeson RkI testg amqj{ amqt%
Gdamezmgme smecm amkm hdh|tezmj mqsj sdq{decjqj cmbmh qdfd~% Zmjst
U # % )
' ? 8 - 9 r R / . * W X w x 1:
Testg hdefftemgme smecm amkm {damfmj gmqmgsdq bjsdqmb mecm nmqt{ hdefftemgme d{km|d {d}tdekd.R*% Smecm amkm bmje {d|dqsj smecm gtsj| cme L sjcmg hdh|tezmj mqsj sdq{decjqj cme cj|dqbmgtgme {d|dqsj mb|nmethdqjk%
Gdbm{ gmqmgsdq Adadqm|m gmqmgsdq bjsdqmb cm|ms cjfmatef gdcmbmh {tmst gdbm{ gmqmgsdq cdefme hdedh|msgmeezm gdcmbmh gtqtef {jgt% Gdbm{ gmqmgsdq kokog ijgm {tmst gmqmgsdq kokog cdefme {mbmn {mst gmqmgsdq zmef mcm cmbmh gdbm{ sdq{dats% Obdn gmqdem jst qdfd~ /W=1;X/ kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq ="1" msmt ;% Edfm{j gdbm{ gmqmgsdq cm|ms cjcd`jej{jgme cdefme hdemhamngme smecm kmqds U {damfmj gmqmgsdq |dqsmhm gdbm{ gmqmgsdq% Koeson qdfd~ /WU=1;X/ kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq {dbmje ="1" cme ;% Gdbm{ gmqmgsdq cm|ms hdefftemgme smecm hjet{ &(& testg hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme qmefd gmqmgsdq% Koeson qdfd~ /WM(YX/ kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq ntqt` ad{mq% ad{mq% Gdbm{ gmqmgsdq Kokog W%%%X
M|m|te gmqmgsdq zmef mcm cjcmbmh gdbm{
WU%%%X
M|m|te gmqmgsdq zmef sjcmg mcm cjcmbmh gdbm{
%
Gmqmgsdq m|m|te gdktmbj amqj{ amqt
Rv
Gmqmgsdq M[KJJ voqc" {mhm cdefme Wm(yM(Y<(:_X
RV
Gmqmgsdq eoe M[KJJ voqc" {mhm cdefme WUm(yM(Y<(:_X
R{
[dhtm tejkocd vnjsd{|mkd gmqmgsdq
R[
Gdambjgme cmqj R{
Rc
M[KJJ cjfjs" {mhm cdefme W<(:X
RC
Atgme M[KJJ cjfjs" {mhm cdefme WU<(:X
WRaX
Amkg{|mkd bjsdqmb
\deftbmefme Qdfd~ cm|ms hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme ithbmn gmqmgsdq gmqmgsdq zmef kokog% Hj{mbgme qdfd~ /RcRc/ kokog cdefme mefgm ctm cjfjs" /RcRcRcRc/ kokog cdefme mefgm dh|ms cjfjs% \obm qdfd~ /RcRcRcRc/ cm|ms cjstbj{ cdefme htcmn ijgm gjsm hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme |deftbmefme zmef cjnmqm|gme" |obm qdfd~ sdq{dats {mhm cdefme |obm /Rcw3x/ Gmqmgsdq
Mqsj
we"hx
Kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq {dadbthezm hjejhmb e gmbj cme sjcmg bdajn cmqj h gmbj
we"x
Kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq {dadbthezm hjejhmb e gmbj msmt bdajn ;<
wex
Kokog cdefme gmqmgsdq {dadbthezm sd|ms e gmbj
?
Kokog < msmt sd|ms = gmbj cdefme gmqmgsdq {dadbthezm" {mhm cdefmew<"=x
'
Kokog = gmbj msmt bdajn cdefme gmqmgsdq {dadbthezm" {mhm cdefme w="x
)
Kokog < gmbj msmt bdajn cdefme gmqmgsdq {dadbthezm" {mhm cdefme w<"x
Koeson9 /Rcw=1x/ /Rvw4xRc?/ cjfjs o|{joemb
//kokog cdefme cjfjs adqithbmn =1 //kokog cd cdefme gm gmqmgsdq vo voqc ad adqithbmn 4 cjjgtsj cdefme =
Mbsdqemsj`" \defdboh|ogme" cme Qd`dqde{j Qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe hdezdcjmgme hdgmej{hd testg hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme mbsdqemsj`" |defdboh|ogme cme qd`dqde{j gd {ta dg{|qd{j {dadbthezm% Gmqmgsdq r cjftemgme testg hdhj{mngme hdhj{mngme mbsdqemsj`% mbsdqemsj`% Koeson" /markcrd`/ /markcrd` / kokog cdefme {sqjef !ma! msmt !kc! msmt !d`!% Mbsdqemsj` cjkmqj cdefme tqtsme gmqj gjqj gd gd gmeme% Ijgm mbsdqemsj` cjamfjme gjqj kokog" mbsdqemsj` {dbmeitsezm cjajmqgme% [d|dqsj |obm /mrma/ nmezm mgme kokog testg gmqmgsdq m {mim% Smecm gtqtef &.& &*& hdh|tezmj adadqm|m `tef{j cj qdfd~% [mbmn {mst `tef{jezm zmjst hdbmgtgme |defdboh|ogme adadqm|m |obm hdeimcj {mst {ta dg{|qd{j {dnjeffm |obm(|obm sdq{dats cm|ms cjbjnms {damfmj {mst gd{mstme obdn gmqmgsdq mbsdqemsj`.r* mbsdqemsj`.r* hmt|te |deftbmefme.)"?"'*% |deftbmefme.)"?"'*% [damfmj koeson |obmn /impm.{kqj|s*?/ /impm.{kqj|s*?/ kokog cdefme {sqjef !impm! hmt|te !impm{kqj|s! @tef{j bmje cmqj smecm gtqtef zmjst testg hdecd`jej{jgme {ta |obm cmqj gd{dbtqtnme |obm zmef mcm% Gdsjgm qdfd~ kokog cdefme {sqjef sdqsdest" gjsm cm|ms hdefmhajb amfjme sdqsdest cmqj {sqjef sdq{dats zmef kokog cdefme {ta |obm zmef gjsm cd`jej{jgme% [ta |obm cm|ms gjsm qd`dq cdefme hdefftemgme gmqmgsdq R cjjgtsj cdefme tqtsm {ta |obm cmqj gjqj gd gmeme cjhtbmj cmqj =% Koeson /..je{sjsts*R{sdgeobofj*R{.sdbgoh*?/
{ta |obm .sdbgoh* cm|ms cj qd`dq hdefftemgme R;% Qd`dqde{j gd |obm {dadbthezm sjcmg hdqd`dq gd {ta |obm sdq{dats hdbmjegme sdg{ zmef kokog cmqj |obm sdq{dats% Obdn gmqdem jst qd`dqde{j cm|ms cjftemgme testg hdhatms mstqme |obm gmqmgsdq zmef {mhm" |dqnmsjgme |obm adqjgts% ;=
/W&!XWU&!X)W&!X/
|obm jej kokog cdefme {sqjef zmef cjm|js obdn smecm & msmt !% Emhte |obm jej sjcmg hdefnmqt{gme smecm |dsjg zmef cjftemgme nmqt{ {mhm steffmb msmt fmecm% Gjsm cm|ms hdefftemgme qd`dqde{j testg hdbmgtgme mstqme amqt% /.W&!X*WU&!X)R=/
qd`dqde{j R= mgme adqejbmj {mhm cdefme {ta |obm |dqsmhm zmjst .W&!X*%
\o{j{j Mcm adadqm|m gmqmgsdq zmef hdh|tezmj |o{j{j cmbmh {tmst |obm Gmqmgsdq
Mqsj
U
Mvmb cmqj {sqjef" ijgm hdefftemgme hocd htbsjbjed adqmqsj mvmb amqj{
#
Mgnjq cmqj {sqjef" ijgm hdefftemgme hocd htbsjbjed adqmqsj mgnjq amqj{
Ra
Voqc aotecmqz" kokog cdefme amsm{ gmsm zmjst |o{j{j mesmqm gmqmgsdq Rv cme RV msmt mesmqm gmqmgsdq Rv cdefme mvmb msmt mgnjq {sqjef% Emhte ijgm cjftemgme cmbmh gdbm{ gmqmgsdq WRaX adqmqsj amkg{|mkd
RA
Kokog cdefme |o{j{j zmef atgme Ra
.?8 |*
\o{jsj` boogmndmc m{{dqsjoe% Testg |dekokogme |obm cdefme sdqbdajn cmntbt hdekokogme |obm |%
.?- | |*
Edfmsj` boogmndmc m{{dqsjoe% Gdambjgme cmqj \o{jsj`% \o{jsj`%
@bmf Gjsm cm|ms hdefmstq hocd |dekmqjme cdefme hdefmstq `bmf qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe% @bmf cj{|d{j`jgm{jgme cjbtmq gmqmgsdq /% Koeson testg hdekmqj {dhtm gdhtefgjeme {sqjef zmef kokog cme sjcmg hdh|dqnmsjgme gm|jsmbj{m{j ntqt`% /i{/fj
Impm[kqj|s nmezm hdectgtef ; `bmf" zmjst j testg |dekmqjme km{d(je{d km{d(je{de{jsjpd" e{jsjpd" f testg fboamb(hmskn hdekmqj {dhtm {sqjef zmef kokog" h testg htbsjbjed hocd cjhmem U kokog cdefme mvmb amqj{ msmt mvmb {sqjef cme # kokog cdefme mgnjq amqj{ msmt mgnjq {sqjef%
;1
\defftemme Qdftbmq D~|qd{{joe [sqjef hdezdcjmgme dh|ms `tef{j zmef hdefftemgme qdftbmq d~|qd{{joe% {dmkn.qdfd~ * `tef{j jej hdhatstngme |mqmhdsdq cdefme sj|d qdfd~" ijgm gjsm hdefjqjhgme |mqmhdsdq cdefme sj|d cmsm {dbmje qdfd~% Sj|d cmsm sdq{dats mgme cjgoepdq{j hdeimcm qdfd~ cdefme hdhmeffjb `tef{j QdfD~|.*% @tef{j {dmqkn.* sjcmg hde{t||oqs fboamb `bmf% !js sdbgoh!%{dmkn./sdbgoh/j*7 //hdefdhambjgme ejbmj ;
`tef{j {dmkn.* hdefdhambjgme ejbmj jecd~ |dqsmhm gmbj |obm qdfd~ cjsdhtgme% Hdefdhambjgme ejbmj (= ijgm sjcmg cjsdhtgme% qd|bmkd.qdfd~ "{sqjef* `tef{j qd|bmkd cjftemgme testg o|dqm{j |deffmesjme {ta{sqjef% [ta{sqjef zmef kokog cdefme qdfd~ mgme cjfmesj cdefme {sqjef% pmq sdg{8!|mesmef hdezdqmn adbmimq impm{kqj|s!7 sdg{%qd|bmkd./impm{kqj|s/fj"!Impm[kqj|s!*7 //hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj !|mesmef hdezdqmn adbmimq impm{kqj|s! pmqjadb sdg{ sjcmg adqtamn%
Cdefme `tef{j qd|bmkd.* mecm cm|ms hdefftemgme qd`dqde{j {ta |obm% Ijgm {sqjef sdqcm|ms gmqmgsdq # cjjgtsj cdefme mefgm" `tef{j qd|bmkd mgme hdeffmesj ctm gmqmgsdq sdq{dats cdefme {ta{sqjef zmef kokog cdefme {ta |obm zmef cjsdestgme% cjsdestgme% pmq sdg{8!cjm adqgmsm &zm zm zm&" hdqdgm adqgmsm &sjcmg sjcmg sjcmg&!7 sdg{%qd|bmkd./&.WU&X)*&/f"!w#=x!*7 // nm{jb cjm adqgmsm wzm zm zmx" hdqdgm adqgmsm wsjcmg sjcmg sjcmgx
hmskn.qdfd~ * `tef{j hmskn hdqt|mgme `tef{j zmef |mbjef thth cjftemgme testg |dekokogme qdfd~% != jsjg 1 mzmh 3 {m|j!%hmskn./Rc'/f* // hdefnm{jbgme W!=!"!1!"!3!X
Ijgm qdfd~ sjcmg hdefftemgme fboamb `bmf `tef{j hmskn.* sjcmg mgme hdekmqj {dkmqm fboamb cme hdefdhambjgme {ta |obm zmef kokog% pmq ejh8!0=;<>=<1:!7 ejh%hmskn./.Rcw;x*.Rcw;x*.Rcw;x*/*7 //hdefnm{jbgme W!0=;<>=<1:!" !0=;!" !<>=!" !<1:!X
{|bjs.* `tef{j {|bjs cjftemgme testg hdhj{mngme {sqjef hdeimcj adadqm|m dbdhde mqqmz% Gjsm hde{|d{j`jgm{jgme |obm {damfmj |dhj{mn {sqjef% Koeson !=" 1" ;" 3!%{|bjs.!"!* // hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj W!=!" ! 1!" ! ;!" ! 3!X ;;
!=" 1" ;" 3!%{|bjs./R{)"R{)/* // hdefnm{jbgme ejbmj W!=!" !1!" !;!" !3!X
QdfD~| hdezdcjmgme ctm `tef{j testg hdbmgtgme o|dqm{j |dekmqjme qdfd~ zmjst d~dk.* cme sd{s.*% d~dk.{sqjef * `tef{j d~dk hdefdhambjgme ejbmj adqt|m mqqmz amjg hdefftemgme `bmf fboamb hmt|te sjcmg% [dbmje jst ejbmj zmef cjgdhambjgme hdh|tezmj msqjats jecd~ zmjst |o{j{j cjhmem {ta {sqjef kokog% Oaidks QdfD~| hdh|tezmj bm{sJecd~ zmjst |o{j{j testg hdhtbmj |dekmqjme {dbmeitsezm% Koeson pmq |obm 8 /jss/f7 pmq sdg{ 8 !jss adqmcm cj jss sd|msezm!7 pmq nm{jb7 vnjbd..nm{jb 8 |obm%d~dk.sdg{** -8 etbb* w mbdqs.!Cjsdhtgme &! ' nm{jbW
sd{s.{sqjef* `tef{j sd{s hdqt|mgme `tef{j zmef {jh|bd% @tef{j jej mgme hdedhambjgme ejbmj sqtd ijgm cjsdhtgme cme `mb{d ijgm sjcmg% pmq |obm8/sdbgoh/7 |obm%sd{s.!jss!*7 //`mb{d |obm%sd{s.!jssdbgoh!*7 //sqtd
;3
COH .Cokthdes Oaidks Hocdb* Kbjdes({jcd Impm[kqj|s hdhtezmj adadqm|m oaidks smhamnme cme `tef{joembjsm{ smhamnme% [mbmn {mstezm zmjst Cokthdes Oaidks Hocdb% COH hdqt|mgme M\J zmef hdecd`jej{jgme kmqm testg hdefmg{d{ oaidks zmef hdhatms cokthdes.cmbmh nmb jej nshb*% Cdefme COH Impm[kqj|s cm|ms {dkmqm |detn hdefmstq koesdes zmef cjsmh|jbgme cj vda aqov{dq% Htbmj cmqj hdefmstq vmqem" tgtqme" hdefnm|t{" hdefdcjs" hdemhamngme koesdes {mh|mj gd |defmstqme dpdes%
;4
Cmz 1 Impm[kqj|s @qmhdvoqg .i]tdqz*
;0