EH^DJA LAE FLO_DNLUDIA IF ZCHH@NCLD_ X^DAJ N_LAB @HVH_ KHNCLAD^K FI_ WCT^DNL@@T NCL@@HAJHE WHIW@H L W_IMHNU _HWI_U
^uokdtthe oy
L EHHWLB
(<7?<>?7774)
K OCL_LUC NCLAE_LA
(<7?<>?77<6)
L EDAH^C
(<7?<>?7757)
K JIBX@ VLALA
(<7?<>?7787)
da plrtdl` fu`fd`khat fir tch lwlre if tch ehjrhh if
OLNCH@I_ IF UHNCAI@IJT da
KHNCLADNL@ HAJDAHH_DAJ
^_K XADVH_^DUT _LKLWX_LK
KLT ?7<:
^_K XADVH_^DUT _LKLWX_LK
OIALFDEH NH_UDFDNLUH Nhrtdfdhe tclt tcds primhnt rhpirt ‐EH^DJA LAE FLO_DNLUDIA IF ZCHH@ NCLD_ X^DAJ N_LAB @HVH_ KHNCLAD^K FI_
WCT^DNL@@T NCL@@HAJHE WHIW@H‛ ds tch oialfdeh wirb if ‐ L
EHHWLB
(<7?<>?7774),
K
OCL_LUC
NCLAE_LA
(<7?<>?77<6), L EDAH^C (<7?<>?7757), K JIBX@ VLALA
(<7?<>?7787)‛ wci nlrrdhe iut tch primhnt wirb uaehr ky suphrvdsdia.
^DJALUX_H
^DJALUX_H
Kr.V.Klaim Buklr,K.H.
Er. B.N.Xeldylbuklr, K.Uhnc.,Wc.E
Lsst. Wrifhssir (I.J)
Vdnh Wrdandpl` (Lnlehkdn)
JXDEH
CHLE IF UCH EHWL_UKHAU
DAUH_AL@ HSLKDAH_
HSUH_AL@ HSLKDAH_
LNBAIZ@HEJHKHAU Zh `dbh ti hxprhss iur ehhp shash if jrltdtueh ti iur oh`ivhe Nclanh``ir ti Er.U._.WLNCLKXUCX, fir privdedaj us wdtc tch rhqudsdth dafrlstrunturh
tcriujciut tch niursh. Zh tlbh tcds ippirtuadty ti hxthae iur chlrtfh`t tclabs ti iur Ncldrkla, ^_K Xadvhrsdty,
_lklpurlk
nlkpus,
Er._.^CDVLBXKL_
fir
cds
niastlat
haniurljhkhat. Zh tlbh tch ippirtuadty ti hxthae iur chlrtfh`t tclabs ti iur Ehla, Er.V.^XOOLDLC OCL_LUCD, Wc.E fir cds niastlat haniurljhkhat.
Zh tlbh tch prdvd`hjh ti hxthae iur sdanhrh tclabs ti iur Vdnh Wrdandpl` (Lnlehkdn) lae Chle if tch Ehplrtkhat, Er.B.N.XELDTLBXKL_, Wc.E fir cds dathrhst lae suppirt tcriujciut tcds primhnt. Zh
niavhy
iur
sdanhrh
tclabs
ti
iur
Wrimhnt
Niiredaltir,
Er.L.KLUCDVLALA, Lsst. Wrifhssir (^r.J) fir cds dathrhst lae suppirt tcriujciut
tcds primhnt. Zh hxprhss chlrtfh`t tclabs ti iur judeh, Kr.V.KLAIM BXKL_, K.H., Lsst. Wrifhssir (I.J) - Khncladnl` Hajdahhrdaj Ehplrtkhat fir cds sustldahe haniurljhkhat, niashnutdvh nrdtdndsks lae niastlat judelanh tcriujciut tcds primhnt wirb.
ULO@H IF NIAUHAU^
NCLWUH_
UDU@H
WLJH AI.
AI.
<.
LO^U_LNU
d
@D^U IF FDJX_H^
dd
@D^U IF J_LWC^
dv
@D^U IF ULO@H
v
DAU_IEXNUDIA
<
<.<
Uch ohahfdts if nrlab lae `hvhr systhk
?
<.?
Withatdl` klrbht fir tcds prieunt
>
<.>
Hxdstdaj prieunts
5
<.>.< _di erljiaf`y
5
<.>.? _di pdvit
5
<.>.> \ulatuk ruaahr
8
<.5
Nianhpt jhahrltdia lae hvl`ultdia
6
<.8
^thhrdaj/piwhr trlasfhr
6
<.6
Nrlab khncladsk
6
?.
@DUH_LUX_H ^X_VHT
:
>.
W_IO@HK EHFDADUDIA
>.<
5.
Ehsnrdptdia if tch prio`hk
KHUCIEI@IJT
<8
5.<
Nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk
<8
5.?
Khncladns
<8
5.>
Lnbhrkla sthhrdaj jhikhtry
<:
8.
6.
HSWH_DKHAUL@ ZI_B
?7
8.<
W`las fir niastruntdia lae thstdaj
?7
8.?
Ehtld`he wirbdaj lae ehsdja ehsnrdptdia
?7
8.>
Klthrdl`, jhikhtry lae nikpiahat sh`hntdia
?5
8.5
^lfhty niasdehrltdia
?6
8.8
Klauflnturdaj
?:
8.6
Hqudpkhat ushe da flordnltdia
?:
8.:
_hlr wchh`ncldr shntdia flordnltdia
?3
8.3
Lttlnckhat flordnltdia
?4
8.4
Uyphs if ohlrdajs
?4
_H^X@U LAE ED^NX^^DIA
>7
6.<
Via kdshs strhss lal`ysds
>7
6.?
Hstdklthe `inl` hrrir lal`ysds
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6.>
Urlas`ltdial` edsp`lnhkhat lal`ysds
><
6.5
Lal`ytdn rhsu`ts
>?
6.8
Nl`nu`ltdias
>5
6.8.< Nl`nu`ltdia if chle laj`h fir ehsdrhe trld`
>5
6.8.? Hstdkltdia if piwhr ahhehe ti priph`
>8
wchh`ncldr upcd`` fir l jdvha vh`indty 6.6
Hffdndhany
>8
6.:
FHL lal`ysds ia jussht hstdklth ehf`hntdia euh
>8
ti sthhrdaj pu``
:.
6.3
^phhe nikplrdsia if vlrdius wchh`ncldrs
>:
6.4
Zhdjct nikplrdsia if vlrdius wchh`ncldrs
>:
6.<7
Firnh nikplrdsia if vlrdius wchh`ncldrs
>3
KH_DU^& EHKH_DU^
>4
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Khrdts
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Ehkhrdts
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3.
NIAN@X^DIA
57
4.
FXUX_H ^NIWH
5<
4.<
5<
Ahnhsslry rhvdsdia & sujjhstdias fir futurh wirb
_HFH_HANH^
5?
@D^U IF FDJX_H^ ^.AI.
<.<
FDJX_H
ZCHH@NCLD_ ZDUC N_LAB LAE @HVH_
WLJH AI.
?
KHNCLAD^K <.?
_DI E_LJIAF@T CLAE NTN@H
5
<.>
_DI WDVIU LUULNCKHAU ZDUC ZCHH@NCLD_
8
<.5
\XLAUXK _XAAH_ ZCHH@NCLD_
6
5.<
N_LAB LAE @HVH_ KHNCLAD^K
<6
5.?
NIKWIXAE N_LAB
<:
5.>
WD^UIA LAE N_LAB^CLFU
<:
5.5
NHAU_H IF UX_ADAJ ND_N@H
<4
5.8
LNBH_KLA ^UHH_DAJ NIANHWU
?7
8.<
OL@LANDAJ OHLK LAL@T^D^
?<
8.?
@HFU VDHZ EH^DJA E_LFUDAJ
??
8.>
UIW VDHZ
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8.5
OLNB VDHZ
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8.8
F_LKH EH^DJA
?5
8.6
FDAL@ ED^W@LT
?5
8.:
FDAL@ZH@EDAJ IF ^XO F_LKH
?4
8.3
UTWH^ IF OHL_DAJ^
>7
6.<
VIA KD^^H^ ^U_H^^ LAL@T^D^
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6.?
H^UDKLUHE @INL@ H__I_ LAL@T^D^
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6.>
U_LA^@LUDIAL@ ED^W@LNHKHAU LAL@T^D^
>?
dd
6.5
N_LAB _IE WI^DUDIADAJ @INLUI_ LAL@T^D^
>>
6.8
EH^DJA IF L^^HKO@HE ZCHH@NCLD_
>5
6.6
_HL@ UDKH L^^HKO@HE ZCHH@NCLD_
>5
6.:
EDLJ_LK IF LUULNCKHAU EDKHA^DIA^ X^HE
>8
FI_ EHUH_KDADAJ CHLE LAJ@H FI_ EH^D_HE U_DL@ 6.3
_H^X@U IF FHL LAL@T^D^
>:
ddd
@D^U IF J_LWC^ ^.AI.
J_LWC^
WLJH AI.
6.3
^WHHE NIKWL_D^IA IF VL_DIX^ ZCHH@NCLD_^
>3
6.4
ZHDJCU NIKWL_D^IA IF VL_DIX^ ZCHH@NCLD_^
>3
6.<7
FI_NH NIKWL_D^IA IF VL_DIX^ ZCHH@NCLD_^
>4
dv
@D^U IF ULO@H^ ^.AI.
8.<
ULO@H^
W_IMHNU NIKWIAHAU^ LAE NI^U LAL@T^D^
v
WLJH AI.
?8
LO^U_LNU
Da jhahrl`, klaul` wchh`ncldr pripu`sdia ds la dahffdndhat firk if cukla `inikitdia. Clae rdk wchh`ncldr pripu`sdia wd`` `hle ti l rh`ltdvh`y cdjc strlda ia tch nlredi rhspdrltiry lae kusnu`isbh`htl` systhks, rhsu`tdaj da l cdjc hahrjy niasukptdia, cdjc chlrt rlth, `iw khncladnl` hffdndhany, lae, ia tch `iaj thrk, ti nikp`ldats rh`lthe ti laltikdnl` strunturhs if tch upphr `dko. Uchsh flntirs, da nikodaltdia wdtc tch jhahrl` nclrlnthrdstdns if tch wchh`ncldr-niafdahe pipu`ltdia (l pcysdnl` edslod`dty, rh`ltdvh`y cdjc ljh, l shehatlry `dfh sty`h, uatrldahe lae skl`` kusn`h klss da lrks lae sciu`ehr jdre`h), wd`` `hle ti cdjc pcysdnl` strlda (scirt-eurltdia phlb `iles) lae qudnb hxclustdia, wcdnc kly `hle `h le ti l kirh priaiuanhe shehatlry `dfhsty`h, wcdnc, da tura, kly `hle ti chl`tc rdsbs wdtc rhsphnt ti tch nlredi rhspdrltiry systhk. Da irehr ti ivhrnikh tchsh dssuhs, nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk cls ohha ushe da tch wchh`ncldr. L `hvhr niaahnthe lt l `hvhr pdvit ti halo`h firwlre lae olnbwlre stribhs, tch `hvhr ohdaj iphrltdvh`y niup`he oy l s`deh-lo`h `dab ti l pdvit ia tch rhlr lx`h ti erdvh tch rhlr wchh`s2 l orlbh niaahnthe ti sh`hntdvh`y lpp`y orlbdaj firnh ti slde fdrst wchh`2 l clae jrdp primhntdaj frik la hae if tch `hvhr ti hxthae l `hajtc l`iaj wcdnc firnh nla oh lpp`dhe ti dadtdlth lae kldatlda tch firwlre lae olnbwlre stribhs, tch clae jrdp ohdaj pdvitl``y niaahnthe ti tch hae lae ohdaj iphrltdvh`y lssindlthe wdtc tch orlbh sunc tclt kivhkhat if slde clae jrdp rh`ltdvh ti tch `hvhr niatri`s tch orlbh. Uch clae jrdp lae tch orlbh ohdaj `dabhe sunc tclt prhssurh lpp`dhe da l edrhntdia ti pdvit tch clae jrdp frik tch orlbh rh`hlsh pisdtdia daeunhs tch orlbh ti lpp`y slde orlbdaj firnh2 lae tch sthhrdaj lsshko`y fir niatri``daj tch friat wchh` if tch wchh`ncldr, tch sthhrdaj lsshko`y ohdaj iphrlo`h oy ritltdia if tch clae jrdp. Dt wls fiuae tclt nrlab lae `hvhr priph``he wchh`ncldrs lrh kirh hffdndhat lae `hss strldadaj tcla clae rdk priph``he wchh`ncldrs, l``iwdaj ushrs ti lnnhss kirh ncl``hajdaj havdriakhats, pri`iaj daehphaehanh lae dkprivh tch qul`dty if `dfh. Uch lvhrljh klxdkuk tirquh frik tch thst suomhnts wls fiuae ti oh s`djct`y cdjchr fir tch nrlab lae `hvhr-erdvha ZN tcla tch clae-rdk ZN lae khla klxdkuk vh`indty wls fiuae ti oh lriuae ?> phrnhat jrhlthr usdaj tch nrlab lae `hvhr-erdvha ZN wcha nikplrhe ti tch clae rdk priph``he wchh`ncldrs.
d
dd
NCLWUH_ < DAU_IEXNUDIA Uch kist nikkia`y ushe wchh`ncldr ds tch klaul` typh. Whip`h usdaj klaul` wchh` ncldrs lrh ehphaehat ia tch lod`dty ti hffhntdvh`y priph` lae sthhr tch wchh` ncldrs da irehr ti kldatlda daehphaehanh. Ucds ahhe hxthaes ti oitc tch daeiir ls wh`` ls iuteiir havdriakhats, hlnc if wcdnc pishs edffhrhat ncl``hajhs ti tch ehsdja if tch wchh`ncldr. L wchh`ncldr, iftha loorhvdlthe loorhvdlt he ti must m ust "ncldr", ds l ncldr wdtc wdtc wchh`s, wchh`s, ushe wcha wl`bdaj ds wl`bdaj ds edffdnu`t ir dkpissdo`h euh ti d``ahss, d``ahss, damury, ir edslod`dty. edslod`dty. Zchh`ncldrs nikh da l wdeh vlrdhty if firklts ti khht tch sphndfdn ahhes if tchdr ushrs. Uchy kly dan`ueh sphndl`dzhe shltdaj lelptltdias, daedvdeul`dzhe niatri`s, lae kly oh sphndfdn ti plrtdnu`lr lntdvdtdhs, ls shha wdtc spirts wchh`ncldrs lae ohlnc wchh`ncldrs. L sh`f-priph``he klaul` wchh`ncldr danirpirlths l frlkh, shlt, iah ir twi fiitp`lths (fiitrhsts) lae fiur wchh`s= usul``y twi nlsthr wchh`s lt tch friat lae twi `lrjh wchh`s lt tch olnb. Uchrh wd`` jhahrl`` y l`si oh l shplrlth shlt nuscdia. Uch `lrjhr rhlr wchh`s usul``y clvh pusc-rdks if s`djct`y skl``hr edlkhthr primhntdaj must ohyiae tch tyrh2 tchsh l``iw tch ushr ti klahuvhr tch ncldr oy puscdaj ia tchk wdtciut rhqudrdaj tchk ti jrlsp tch tyrhs. Klaul` wchh`ncldrs jhahrl``y clvh orlbhs tclt ohlr ia tch tyrhs if tch rhlr wchh`s, ciwhvhr tchsh lrh si`h`y l plrbdaj orlbh lae da -kitdia orlbdaj ds privdehe oy tch ushr's pl`ks ohlrdaj edrhnt`y ia tch pusc-rdks. pusc-rdks. Ls tcds nlushs frdntdia lae chlt oud`e-up, plrtdnu`lr`y ia `iaj eiwa s`iphs, klay wchh`ncldr ushrs wd`` nciish ti whlr pleehe wchh`ncldr j`ivhs. Klaul` wchh`ncldrs iftha clvh twi pusc clae`hs lt tch upphr rhlr if tch frlkh ti l``iw fir klaul` pripu`sdia oy l shniae phrsia, ciwhvhr klay lntdvh wchh`ncldr ushrs wd`` rhkivh tchsh ti prhvhat uawlathe puscdaj frik phip`h wci oh`dhvh tchy lrh ohdaj ch`pfu`. Nhasus ?77< cls rhvhl`he tclt ivhr <.? od``dia phip`h, loiut ?.<% if tch pipu`ltdia, da Daedl lrh suffhrdaj frik iah ir tch itchr bdae if edslod`dty. edslod`dt y. Lkiaj tch titl` edslo`he da tch niuatry, .6 kd``dia lrh kl`hs lae 4.> kd``dia lrh fhkl`hs. L`tciujc tch aukohr if edslo`he ds kirh da rurl` tcla urola lrhls , sunc pripirtdias if tch edslo`he kl`hs lae fhkl`hs lrh 8:-83% lae 5?-5>% rhsphntdvh`y. Uch edslod`dty rlth (aukohr if edslo`he phr <77,777 pipu`ltdias) fir tch niuatry ls wci`h wirbs iut ti ?<>7. Ucds ds ?,>64 da tch nlsh if kl`hs lae <,3:5 da tch nlsh if fhkl`hs. <
Fdj. <.< Zchh`ncldr wdtc nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk
Uch nurrhat niafdjurltdia utd`dzhs l nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk lae tch sthhrdaj ohdaj lttlnche ti tch `hvhr. Dt orlbhs oy khlas if l nlatd`hvhr orlbh.
<.< Uch ohahfdts if nrlab lae `hvhr systhk •
danrhlshe kiod`dty.
•
danrhlshe hffdndhany lae sthhrdaj - la uakiedfdhe wchh`ncldr sthhrs oy orlbdaj ia wchh`, wcdnc niatdaul``y nlushs tch ushr danrhlshe hahrjy hahr jy hxphaedturh.
•
hxhrndsh fir tch upphr oiey.
•
vhrsltd`dty - oy ohdaj lo`h ti ehtlnc tch sthhrdaj ni`uka frik tch wchh`ncldr, ls ippishe ti l fdxhe trdnyn`h fir hxhrndsh.
Uch dadtdl` `dst if nustikhr rhqudrhkhats wls fldr`y ordhf- da leedtdia ti kldatldadaj tch loivh levlatljhs, tch ehvdnh cle ti erdvh tch rhlr wchh`s if tch wchh`ncldr, dt cle ti oh `djctwhdjct, ait tii hxphasdvh (wdtcda tch ouejht if la ?
daedvdeul` ushr), ehtlnclo`h, lae tch kiedfdnltdia ti tch wchh`ncldr cle ti oh kdadkdzhe. Ucriujc niatdauhe niavhrsltdias lae dehltdia eurdaj tch ehsdja prinhss, itchr nustikhr rhqudrhkhats whrh ehvh`iphe da irehr ti klxdkdzh tch ushr—s hxphrdhanh wdtc tch ehvdnh.
<.? Withatdl` Klrbht fir tcds Wrieunt Uch dathat if iur primhnt ds ti prieunh l cdjc-qul`dty pritityph sphndfdnl``y fir ush oy iur spiasir, out df dt rhsu`ts da l nikkhrndl``y vdlo`h prieunt, wh oh`dhvh tclt l j`iol` klrbht hxdsts fir tcds typh if ehvdnh. ^unc l prieunt wiu`e lpphl` ti lay edslo`he phrsias wci kldatlda tch nikp`hth ush if tchdr lrks lae upphr oiey, out hdtchr phrklahat`y ir i r thkpirlrd`y `lnb tch ush if tchdr `hjs lae `iwhr oiey. Ucds niu`e oh sikhiah wci ds l plrlp`hjdn, ir sikhiah wci cls ohha da la lnndehat lae ds thkpirlrd`y wdtciut tch fu`` ush if tchdr `hjs. Iur prieunt ds ehsdjahe fir tch t ch ushr wci ehsdrhs tch fuantdial`dty lae danrhlshe kiod`dty if l clae-nyn`h, out l`si rhqudrhs tch vhrsltd`dty lae lnnhssdod`dty lvld`lo`h da l stlaelre wchh`ncldr niafdjurltdia. La hstdklthe <.6 kd``dia Daedla rhsdedaj iutsdeh if dastdtutdias ush wchh`ncldrs, kist (<.8 kd``dia) ush klaul` ehvdnhs, wdtc ia`y <88,777 phip`h usdaj h`hntrdn wchh`ncldrs Da Klrnc ?77>, tch Jhrkla ^tltdstdns Iffdnh nl`nu`lthe tclt <.86 Kd``dia Jhrkla ndtdzhas (<.4% if tch pipu`ltdia) ehphaehe phrklahat`y ir thkpirlrd`y ia l wchh`ncldr. Fir Huriph ls l wci`h tcds trlas`lths ti :.< Kd``dia phip`h Lo`heltl.nik, la ia`dah rhsiurnh tclt privdehs iomhntdvh dafirkltdia loiut lssdstdvh thncai`ijy, stlths da tch einukhat dafirkhe Niasukhr's Judeh ti Zchh`ncldr ^h`hntdia, tclt ‐Zchh`ncldr typhs vlry ahlr`y ls kunc ls kunc ls tch typhs if edslod`dtdhs fir wcdnc tchy lrh ehsdjahe. L ushr wci kldatldas tch ush if tchdr upphr oiey out cls ai ush if tchdr `hjs wd`` iovdius`y rhqudrh l kunc edffhrhat ncldr nikplrhe ti la daedvdeul` wci `lnbs tch ush if oitc tchdr upphr lae `iwhr oiey. ^dkd`lr`y, la daedvdeul` wci cls suffhrhe l spdal` damury lae cls `ist tch ush if tchdr `hjs wd`` rhqudrh l edffhrhat lrrlajhkhat tcla la daedvdeul` wcish `hjs clvh ohha lkputlthe‛ Ohnlush tchrh lrh si klay wchh`ncldr ehsdjas tclt lrh nustikdzhe fir tch ahhes if sphndfdn ushrs, iur prieunt wd`` clvh l `lrjhr tlrjht klrbht ls l rhkivlo`h lttlnckhat tclt lnnikkielths tch ushr—s nurrhat wchh`ncldr nikplrhe ti l phrklahat clae-nyn`h clae -nyn`h wchh`ncldr. >
<.> Hxdstdaj Wrieunts Zh rhvdhwhe shvhrl` hxdstdaj wchh`ncldrs tclt cle sdkd`lr fuantdias wh wlat ti danirpirlth da iur fdal` ehsdja. Zh ushe tch fi``iwdaj hxdstdaj wchh`ncldrs lae wchh`ncldr lttlnckhats ls ohancklrbs fir ehfdadaj iur sphndfdnltdia.
<.>.< _di Erljiaf`y
Fdj. <.? _di Erljiaf`y Clae nyn`h
Uch _di Erljiaf`y ds tch slkh nianhpt dehl ls tch \udnbdh Nyn`iah. Uch Erljiaf`y ds la lttlnckhat wdtc l clae-nrlab piwhrhe friat wchh`. Uch Erljiaf`y lttlnchs ti l ku`tdtueh if itchr ncldrs dan`uedaj tch \udnbdh ncldr. Uch sphhes lrh ciushe da la dathral` cuo uadt. Uch ivhrl`` whdjct lae nist nist if tch lttlnckhat ehphaes ia tch aukohr if sphhes da tch cuo. Uch whdjcts rlajh frik ?< `os. fir tch iah sphhe lae ?8 `os. fir tch shvha sphhe. Uch nrlabs lrh <57kk da `hajtc lae lttlnche ti l tip 57 tiitc sprinbht. L <47 `dab BKN ]-nclda niaahnts tch tip sprinbht ti la <3 tiitc oittik sprinbht. Uch Erljiaf`y cls l nilsthr orlbh lae l <6 danc friat wchh`. Ucds prieunt nlaait n`dko cd``s wh`` hdtchr, euh ti tch lft nhathr if jrlvdty if if tch wchh`ncldr lae ushr.
<.>.? _di Wdvit _di l`si klbhs l prieunt nl``he tch Wdvit. Uch Wdvit ds l eul`-`hvhr pr iph``he rhlr wchh` erdvh wchh`ncldr lttlnckhat. Uch Wdvit ushs twi daehphaehat `hvhrs ti erdvh hlnc 5
if tch rhlr wchh`s daehphaehat`y. Uch Wdvit rhp`lnhs tch qudnb rh`hlsh rhlr wchh`s if tch nurrhat ncldr. Uch systhk niasdsts if l 8-sphhe eul` edrhntdia _di Kiod`dty cuo. ^cdftdaj ds klaul` lae tch ushr kust oh stipphe s tipphe ti nclajh jhlrs. Uch ushr cls tch iptdia if firwlre ir rhvhrsh kitdia. Orlbdaj ds daehphaehat fir hlnc wchh` nrhltdaj tdjct turadaj lae jiie niatri`. Wdvit lttlnckhat whdjcs ?? `os. lae tch `hvhrs lrh lemustlo`h firk ?5 ti ?: danchs da `hajtc. Uch Wdvit wirbs ia l`kist lay ncldr wdtciut nlkohr. Ia ncldrs wdtc nlkohr, tch `hvhrs lrh laj`he dawlre ehphaedaj ia tch nurrhat nlkohr lkiuat. Uch Wdvit lttlnckhat privhs ti oh l jiie si`utdia fir n`dkodaj cd``s.
Fdj. <.> _di Wdvit Lttlnckhat wdtc _di Zchh`ncldr Zchh `ncldr
<.>.> \ulatuk _uaahr Uch \ulatuk _uaahr wchh`ncldr ds l rhlr wchh` erdvh, `hvhr-priph``he wchh`ncldr. Uch \ulatuk _uaahr ds l stlae-l`iah wchh`ncldr ehsd ja, ait la lttlnckhat ti la hxdstdaj wchh`ncldr, lae cls nurrhat`y ohha ehvh`iphe ia`y ls l pritityph Uch `hvhrs privdeh firwlre pripu`sdia ia tch pusc lae pu`` stribhs ti tchdr nirrhspiaedaj wchh` lae lrh p`lnhe firwlre if tch rhlr wchh`s. wchh`s. Wiwhr frik tch `hvhrs ds trlaskdtthe tcriujc l 5-sphhe lutikltdn scdftdaj khncladsk wcdnc scdfts jhlrs ehphaedaj ia tch ushr—s piwhr rhqudrhkhats. Ohnlush tch jhlrs scdft lutikltdnl``y, tch ushr ds ait ait firnhe ti `ish kikhatuk ti nclajh jhlrs fir lsnhaedaj l cd`` ir iotldadaj cdjchr nrudsdaj sphhes. Uch \ulatuk _uaahr ushs edsb orlbhs ia tch rhlr wchh`s fir stippdaj turadaj lssdstlanh wchrh orlbdaj piwhr ds lpp`dhe oy clae-`hvhrs ia tch pripu`sdia `hvhr. 8
Fdj. <.5 \ulatuk _uaahr Zchh`ncldr
<.5 Nianhpt Jhahrltdia lae Hvl`ultdia Dadtdl``y da tch ehsdja pclsh, wh pldrhe up dati thlks lae wh whrh lssdjahe iah ir twi suosysthks ti orldastirk lae nrhlth sbhtnchs fir. X`tdklth`y, fiur ir fdvh sbhtnchs fir hlnc suosysthk whrh ehvh`iphe lae sh`hnthe fir lal`ysds da tch ivhrl`` systhk niafdjurltdia
<.8 ^thhrdaj/ Wiwhr Urlasfhr Uch suosysthk fir sthhrdaj lae piwhr trlasfhr dan`uehs tch khtcie if sthhrdaj ti oh ushe lae kist dkpirtlat`y wls tch khtcie oy o y wcdnc tch ritltdia if tch nrlabs ds trlasfhrrhe ti iur lttlnckhat dathrflnh. Ucds ds l edffdnu`t khncladsk ti ehsdja ohnlush wh ahhe ti trlasfhr piwhr daput ti tch nrlabs eiwa tch chle tuoh lae dati tch lttlnckhat, si tch ritltdial` kitdia nclajhs edrhntdia twi tdkhs.
<.6 Nrlab khncladsk L nrlab ds la lrk lttlnche lt l rdjct laj`h ti l ritltdaj sclft oy wcdnc rhndprinltdaj kitdia ds dkplrthe ti ir rhnhdvhe frik tch sclft. Dt ds ushe ti niavhrt ndrnu`lr kitdia dati rhndprinltdaj kitdia, ir vdnh vhrs
6
NCLWUH_ ? @DUH_LUX_H ^X_VHT Uch hxdstdaj klaul` wchh`ncldrs clvh clae rdk pripu`sdia systhk, wcdnc rhqudrhs kirh hffirt. Da irehr ti nikh up wdtc l ohtthr klaul` pripu`sdia systhk ti hffhntdvh`y kdadkdzh tch pcysdnl` strlda ia tch wchh`ncldr ushrs, wh rhfhrrhe tch fi``iwdaj miural`s lae nlrhfu``y lal`yzhe tch levlatljhs lae edslevlatljhs if hlnc if tchk. Jdvha oh`iw lrh tch rhfhrrhe miural`s. <. Lrpdt Khcrl, Lrdaelk Jcisl`, ‐Zchh`s H`hntrdn Nlr fir Wcysdnl``y Edslo`he
Whip`h.‛ H`hntrdn nyn`hs lae sniithr ushrs clvh ohha dehatdfdhe ls vu`ahrlo`h rile ushrs oy kist if stlth rile trlaspirt lutcirdtdhs. K itirdzhe nyn`hs lae h`hntrdn wchh` ncldrs lrh danrhlsdaj`y ushe ls la l`thralth firk if trlaspirt fir i`ehr phip`h lae fir phip`h wdtc edslod`dtdhs. I`ehr phip`hs lrh usdaj kitirdzhe nyn`h ls la l`thraltdvh firk if trlaspirt ai `iajhr fhh`s slfh ti erdvh l kitir vhcdn`h. Da tcds plphr, la lttrlntdvh kiehra h`hntrdn nlr l`si nl``he H`hntri Claey cls cls ohha ehsdjahe fir claednlpphe phip`h. H`hntri Claey ds l piwhrfu` nlr fir edslo`he phip`h piwhrhe oy rhnclrjhlo`h oltthry. Daehx Uhrks ― H`hntri H`hntri claey, Claednlpphe, kitirdzhe nlr, Writityph. ?. Loeu``lc
^M, ^cldbc
Kiclkkhe
M, ‐Kieh`daj
lae
^dku`ltdia
if
kiod`dty ds vdtl` ti Uwi Zchh`ncldr Lnnhssirdhs Lnnhssirdhs fir Wuscdaj Eiirs. ‐Daehphaehat kiod`dty daedvdeul`s if l`` ljhs, lae wchh`ncldrs clvh privha ti oh jrhlt phrsial` kiod`dty ehvdnhs. Uch tlsbs if iphadaj lae alvdjltdaj tcriujc l eiir lrh trdvdl` fir chl`tcy phip`h, wcd`h tch slkh tlsbs niu`e oh edffdnu`t fir sikh wchh`ncldr ushrs. ush rs. L wdeh rlajh if dath``djhat wchh`ncldr niatri``hrs lae systhks, rioitdn lrks, ir kladpu`ltir lttlnckhats dathjrlthe wdtc wchh`ncldrs clvh ohha ehvh`iphe fir vlrdius lpp`dnltdias, dan`uedaj kladpu`ltdaj eiir baios. Xafirtualth`y, tch dath``djhat wchh`ncldrs lae rioitdn lttlnckhats lrh ait wdeh`y lvld`lo`h ls nikkhrndl` prieunts. Uchrhfirh, tch nurrhat klausnrdpt prhshats tch kieh`daj lae sdku`ltdia
if
l
aivh`
out
sdkp`h
thncai`ijy
da
tch
firk
if
l
plssdvh wchh`ncldr lnnhssiry (strldjct, lrk-`dbh wdtc l sdaj`h sdaj`h wchh`, lae lae lrn-sclphe wdtc ku`tdp`h wchh`s) fir puscdaj eiirs ipha frik l wchh`ncldr. Frik tch sdku`ltdias usdaj edffhrhat wchh` sclphs lae sdzhs, dt wls fiuae tclt tch lrn -sclphe lnnhssiry niu`e pusc ipha tch eiirs flsthr lae wdtc l`kist cl`f tch rhqudrhe firnh
:
ls nikplrhe ti tch lrk-`dbh lnnhssiry. L`si, skl``hr spchrdnl` wchh`s whrh fiuae ti oh ohst da thrks if rhlntdia firnhs ia tch wchh`s. Writityphs olshe ia tch lrnsclphe lnnhssiry ehsdja wd`` oh klauflnturhe lae hvl`ulthe fir puscdaj eiirs ipha lae eiejdaj ir j`dedaj itchr iostln`hs.
>. ^lslbd B, Hjuncd B, Hjuncd T, ^uzubd T, ^uzubd B,‐ L wchh`ncldr wdtc `hvhr pripu`sdia pripu`sdia niatri` fir n`dkodaj
up
lae
eiwa
stldrs.‛
Ucds
stuey
pripishs
l
aivh`
stldr-
n`dkodaj wchh`ncldr olshe ia `hvhr pripu`sdia niatri` usdaj tch cukla upphr oiey. Zchh`ncldrs lrh wdeh`y ushe ls suppirtdaj `inikitdia ehvdnhs fir phip`h wdtc lnqudrhe `iwhr `dko edslod`dtdhs. Ciwhvhr, sthps lae stldrs lrh nrdtdnl` iostln`hs ti `inikitdia, wcdnc r hstrdnt tchdr lntdvdtdhs wcha usdaj wchh`ncldrs. Wrhvdius rhshlrnc finushe ia piwhr-lssdsthe, stldr-n`dkodaj wchh`ncldrs, wcdnc whrh `lrjh lae chlvy euh ti dts `lrjh lntultirs lae khncladsks. Da tch prhvdius rhshlrnc, wh pripishe
l wchh`ncldr wdtc
fhlsdod`dty
if
n`dkodaj
`hvhr pripu`sdia khncladsk up
tch
stldrs.
lae
Uch
prhshathe
ehvh`iphe
dts
stldr-
n`dkodaj wchh`ncldr niasdsts if klaul` wchh`s wdtc nlsthrs fir p`lalr `inikitdia lae l ritlry-`hj khncladsk olshe ia `hvhr pripu`sdia tclt ds nlplo`h if n`dkodaj up stldrs. Uch wchh`ncldr l`si cls l plssdvh khncladsk piwhrhe oy jls sprdajs fir pisturh trlasdtdia ti scdft tch ushr's nhathr if jrlvdty jrlvd ty ohtwhha tch ehsdrhe pisdtdias fir p`lalr `inikitdia lae stldr-n`dkodaj. Da tcds plphr, wh prhshat la levlanhe stuey ia oitc n`dkodaj up lae jidaj eiwa usdaj `hvhr pripu`sdia niatri` oy tch ushr's upphr oiey kitdia. Fir n`dkodaj eiwa tch stldrs, wh rhlsshko`he iah-wly n`utnchs ushe fir tch ritlry-`hj khncladsk ti ch`p l ushr n`dko eiwa tch stldrs tcriujc `hvhr iphrltdia. Zh l`si hqudpphe tch wchh`ncldr wdtc suffdndhat tirquh elkphrs. Uch friatl` wchh`s whrh fdxhe wcd`h n`dkodaj eiwa tch stldrs ti hasurh slfhty. _h`hvlat hxphrdkhats whrh tcha phrfirkhe ti davhstdjlth dts phrfirklanh lae
vhrdfy
tclt
tch wchh`ncldr ushrs
nla
iphrlth
tch
pripishe
`hvhr pripu`sdia khncladsk.
5. Vla Ehr Ziueh @C, Vla @C, Vla Brlaha H, Lrdâas H, Lrdâas J, _izhael` J, _izhael` _C, CH. ‐Wcysdnl` strlda lae khncladnl` hffdndhany da cuo nrlab lae clae rdk wchh`ncldr pripu`sdia. pripu`sdia .
‐Uch pcysdnl` strlda lae khncladnl` hffdndhany if klaul` wchh`ncldr klaul` wchh`ncldr pripu`sdia usdaj clae rdk lae cuo nrlab priph``he rlndaj wchh`ncldrs whrh stuedhe eurdaj l suoklxdkl` wchh`ncldr hxhrndsh thst ia l stltdialry ri``hr hrjikhthr. Uha chl`tcy
3
kl`h lo`h-oiedhe suomhnts niaeunthe twi hxhrndsh thsts da l rlaeik irehr lae khlsurhkhats if pcysdnl` strlda (ixyjha uptlbh, kdauth vhatd`ltdia, rhspdrltiry hxnclajh rltdi, chlrt rlth) lae jriss khncladnl` hffdndhany whrh iotldahe. Eurdaj tch hxphrdkhat tirquh eltl, sphhe lae piwhr iutput whrh ehthrkdahe lt l slkp`h frhquhany if 7.< Cz. Lal`ysds if vlrdlanh fir rhphlthe khlsurhs (p 0 7.78) wls ushe ti hstlo`dsc edffhrhanhs. Uch cuo nrlab pripu`sdia khncladsk sciwhe l sdjadfdnlat`y `iwhr pcysdnl` strlda lae cdjchr jriss khncladnl` hffdndhany da nikplrdsia wdtc tch clae rdk pripu`sdia khncladsk. Uch `iwhr strlda lae cdjchr hffdndhany da priph``daj tch cuo nrlab plrt`y shhks ti oh euh ti tch niatdauius odpclsdn nyn`dn pripu`sdia kivhkhat, kivhkhat, wcdnc l``iws oitc oitc pusc lae pu`` firnhs ti oh hxhrthe. Ucds davi`vhs f`hxir lae hxthasir kusn`hs lriuae h`oiw lae sciu`ehr, `hledaj ti l rheunhe thaehany ti fltdjuh da daedvdeul` kusn`hs da tch upphr hxtrhkdty. Uch kirh alturl` lae ahutrl` wrdst-clae irdhatltdia l`si shhks ti edkdadsc fdajhr f`hxir lntdvdty lae wrdst-stlod`dzdaj kusn`h lntdvdty, lae wd`` tcus rheunh pcysdnl` strlda oitc wdtc rhsphnt ti tch nlredirhspdrltiry lae kusnu`isbh`htl` systhks. Uch `ltthr kly daf`uhanh tch thaehany ti ehvh`ip nlrpl` tuaah` prio`hks pisdtdvh`y. Uch rheunhe strlda if tch cuo nrlab nrlab pripu`sdia khncladsk n`hlr`y cls l aukohr if levlatljhs ivhr clae rdks fir tch cukla hajdah da tch scirt lae `iaj rua. Ciwhvhr, thncadnl` daaivltdia sciu`e leerhss nurrhat prlntdnl` prio`hks if sthhrdaj lae
orlbdaj.
N`hlr`y,
cuo
nrlabs
nla
oh
ushe
da
`iw-
shlthe wchh`ncldrs (d.h. rlndaj wchh`ncldrs) ia`y, lae da suomhnts wdtc l suffdndhat`y `lrjh rlajh if kitdia da tch upphr hxtrhkdty. Kirhivhr, tch danrhlshe wdetc ds l erlwolnb if cuo nrlabs. Nlrh sciu`e oh tlbha wcd`h ahjitdltdaj eiir pists.
8. Kualbltl T, Ulalbl T, Ulalbl L, Zlel L, Zlel K.‐L fdvh-wchh` wchh`ncldr wdtc la lntdvh-nlsthr lntdvh-nlsthr
aivh` wchh`ncldr systhk wdtc la lntdvh-nlsthr erdvh khncladsk ds erdvh systhk. ‐L aivh` wchh`ncldr prhshathe da tcds plphr. L klaul` (clae priph``he) wchh`ncldr wdtc la hxthral` sdaj`h-wchh` erdvh systhk firks l fdvh-wchh` niafdjurltdia. Uch lntdvhnlsthr khncladsk ds lpp`dhe ti l erdvh systhk ti kitirdzh l klaul` wchh`ncldr. Uwi h`hntrdn kitirs wcdnc erdvh l wchh` lxds lae l sthhrdaj lxds if l erdvh wchh` daehphaehat`y lrh hqudpphe ia tch lntdvh-nlsthr. L niiredalthe niatri` if tch twi kitirs halo`hs tch vh`indty vhntir ia tch sthhrdaj sclft ti edrhnt da la lrodtrlry edrhntdia wdtc la lrodtrlry kljadtueh. Uch jhahrlthe vh`indty vhntir l``iws l wchh`ncldr ti ji strldjct lae/ir ritlth nikp`hth`y da l slkh wly ls l stlaelre
4
h`hntrdn wchh`ncldr.
Alkh`y
?EIF
if
tch wchh`ncldr nla
oh
niatri``he
daehphaehat`y oy l sdaj`h erdvh wchh` wdtciut lay niastrldat, sunc ls tch irdhatltdia if tch erdvh wchh` wcdnc ds wh`` baiwa ls l aia-ci`izidn niastrldat. Da leedtdia ti tch ?EIF kiod`dty, tch pripishe systhk halo`hs wchh`ncldr ushrs ti nclajh erdvh kiehs, l rhlr erdvh lae l friat erdvh. Uch erdvh wchh` ia tch olnb sdeh if tch wchh`ncldr ds vhrtdnl``y lntulthe oy l `dahlr kitir ti nclajh tch chdjct if tch erdvh wchh` tclt nla vlry `ile edstrdoutdia lae tch aukohr if wchh`s niatlntdaj ti tch jriuae. Uch fdvh-wchh`-niatlnt klbhs tch wchh`ncldr ti kivh ls tch airkl` kieh da wcdnc tch nhathr if ritltdia ds `inlthe lt tch kdepidat if tch klda wchh`s. Ehprhssdaj tch erdvh wchh` rhsu`ts da `ist niatlnts if tch klda wchh`s frik tch jriuae da wcdnc tch nhathr if ritltdia ds mukphe lt tch kdepidat if tch friat wchh`s, alkh`y dt phrfirks ls l friat erdvh wchh`ncldr. Da tcds plphr, bdahkltdn kieh`s if tch wchh`ncldr lae tclt wdtc la lntdvh-nlsthr erdvh systhk lrh lal`yzhe lae l niatri` khtcie oy usdaj l ?EIF miystdnb ds ehrdvhe. Olshe ia tch bdahkltdn kieh`, l pritityph khncladsk if tch lntdvh-nlsthr ds ehsdjahe lae kiuathe ia l klaul` wchh`ncldr ti rhl`dzh tch fdvh-wchh` wchh`ncldr. Da tch hxphrdkhats, tch daehphaehat ?EIF kitdia nla oh lncdhvhe oy tch niatri` if tch lntdvh-nlsthr da wcdnc tch wchh`ncldr sciws sunnhssfu` trlas`ltdia, ritltdia lae nikpiuae kitdias wcdnc dan`ueh f`dp kitdias if tch lntdvh-nlsthr khncladsk. Leedtdial``y, tch twi erdvh kiehs (friat lae rhlr) lrh thsthe oy tch pritityph wdtc l `dahlr lntultir.
6. L`tl`kls
U, Lu`l
L, Lckle
^, Uibcd
KI, Lbkh`dlwltd
_,‐Dathjrlthe
‐Uwikieh`daj lae ehsdja fir rhl`dzdaj l twi-wchh`he wchh`ncldr fir edslo`he. ‐Uwiwchh`he wchh`ncldrs lrh niasdehrhe cdjc`y aia`dahlr lae nikp`hx systhks. Uch systhks kdkdn l eiuo`h-davhrthe phaeu`uk snhalrdi lae wd`` privdeh ohtthr klahuvhrlod`dty da niafdahe splnhs lae l`si ti rh lnc cdjchr `hvh` if chdjct fir pdnb lae p`lnh tlsbs. Uch ncl``hajh rhsdehs da kieh`daj lae niatri` if tch twiwchh`he wchh`ncldr ti phrfirk nikplrlo`y ti l airkl` fiur-wchh`he wchh`ncldr. Kist nikkia kieh`daj thncadquhs clvh ohha lnnikp`dsche oy rhshlrnchrs utd`dzdaj tch olsdn Ahwtia's @lws if kitdia lae sikh clvh ushe >E tii`s ti kieh` tch systhk wchrh tch kieh`s lrh kunc kirh tchirhtdnl` lae qudth flr frik tch prlntdnl` dkp`hkhatltdia. Ucds lrtdn`h ds ldkhe lt n`isdaj tch jlp ohtwhha tch niavhatdial` kltchkltdnl` kieh`daj lpprilnchs wchrh tch dathjrlthe >E kieh`daj lpprilnc wdtc vl`deltdia ia tch lntul` clrewlrh dkp`hkhatltdia wls niaeunthe. Ui
<7
lncdhvh tcds, oitc aia`dahlr lae l `dahlrdzhe kieh` da thrks if stlth splnh kieh` whrh iotldahe frik tch kltchkltdnl` kieh` if tch systhk fir lal`ysds lae, tchrhlfthr, l >E vdrtul` pritityph if tch wchh`ncldr wls ehvh`iphe, sdku`lthe, lae lal`yzhe. Ucds cls danrhlshe tch niafdehanh `hvh` fir tch pripishe p`ltfirk lae flnd`dtlthe tch lntul` clrewlrh dkp`hkhatltdia if tch twi-wchh`he wchh`ncldr. _hsu`ts sciw tclt tch pritityph ehvh`iphe lae thsthe cls sunnhssfu``y wirbhe wdtcda tch sphndfdn rhqudrhkhats hstlo`dsche
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NCLWUH_ > W_IO@HK EHFDADUDIA >.< Ehsnrdptdia if tch Wrio`hk Uchrh lrh kirh tcla <.5 kd``dia kd` `dia wchh`ncldr ushrs, lae loiut :8% if tchk t chk (loiut <.78 kd``dia) ush klaul` wchh`ncldrs. Uch pipu`ltdia if daedvdeul`s usdaj wchh`ncldrs ds hstdklthe ti oh jriwdaj lt l rlth if <7% phr yhlr dati tch yhlr ?77?. Klaul` wchh`ncldr ushrs jhahrl``y clvh `iwhr-hxtrhkdty whlbahss, plrl`ysds, ir lkputltdia, klbdaj wl`bdaj uaslfh ir edffdnu`t lt ohst. Uchy kly dan`ueh daedvdeul`s wdtc spdal` nire damurdhs, chkdp`hjdl lae itchr typhs if plrl` ysds, ku`tdp`h sn`hrisds, nhrhorl` pl`s y, spdal odfdel, lrtcrdtds, lae `iwhr-`dko lkputltdias. L ushr's daehphaehanh, lnnhss ti havdriakhats, chl`tc, lae slfhty lrh l`` lffhnthe oy tchdr tchdr lod`dty ti priph` tch wchh`ncldr. Uchrh cls ohha `dtt`h nclajh da tch olsdn ehsdja if klaul` wchh`ncldrs ivhr tch plst ehnleh. Uch ushr typdnl``y priph`s, sthhrs, lae orlbhs tch kitdia if tch wchh`ncldr oy o y puscdaj ljldast ir jrlspdaj tch puscrdk. Uch ushr kust lpp`y `lrjh firnhs ti lnnikp`dsc tchsh lntdias. Uch firnh edrhnthe dawlre tiwlre tch wchh` cuo eihs ait niatrdouth ti pripu`sdia ir orlbdaj out ds ahnhsslry da irehr ti jhahrlth frdntdia ohtwhha tch ushr's claes lae wchh`ncldr puscrdks. Damury ds nikkia lkiaj klaul` wchh`ncldr ushrs. ^ciu`ehr-rh`lthe damurdhs clvh ohha sciwa ti oh prhshat da up ti 8<% if klaul` wchh`ncldr ushrs. Da leedtdia, tch prhvl`hanh if h`oiw, wrdst, lae clae plda plda cls ohha rhpirthe ti oh <6%, <>%, <>%, lae <<%, <<%, rhsphntdvh`y. Uch dandehanh if nlrpl` tuaah` syaerikh lae ritltir nuff thaeiadtds, fir hxlkp`h, ds jrhlthr tcla 87% fir phip`h wci rhju`lr`y ush klaul` wchh`ncldrs ls nikplrhe ti >% fir tch jhahrl` pipu`ltdia. Klaul` wchh`ncldr ushrs jhahrl`` y orlbh ir s`iw tchdr wchh`ncldrs oy o y prieundaj l frdntdial` firnh, ippisdaj wchh` kitdia ohtwhha tchdr claes lae tch puscrdks. Oitc priph``daj lae orlbdaj tch wchh`ncldr nla prieunh o`dsthrs lae nl``ushs ia tch ushr's claes. Havdriakhatl` flntirs nla danrhlsh tch firnh rhqudrhe ti priph` l klaul` wchh`ncldr. Uchsh flntirs dan`ueh sift ri``daj surflnhs (h.j., slae, jrlvh`, edrt, kue, tcdnb nlrphtdaj)2 riujc, oribha, ir uahvha surflnhs (h.j., pitci`hs, sdehwl`b nrlnbs)2
dan`dahe surflnhs (h.j., cd``sdehs, nuros, rlkps), lae whltchr-lffhnthe surflnhs sunc ls saiw lae dnh. Havdriakhatl` lae cukla flntirs nla rheunh l ushr's lod`dty ti prieunh lae lpp`y tch firnhs ahnhsslry ti priph` lae orlbh l klaul` wchh`ncldr. _lda, s`hht, saiw, lae phrspdrltdia nla rheunh tch frdntdia frdntd ia ohtwhha tch ushr's clae lae tch puscrdk. Ni`e nla rheunh tch ushr's lod`dty ti jrlsp tch puscrdk. Fltdjuh rheunhs tch ushr's lod`dty ti jhahrlth tch firnh fir pripu`sdia ir orlbdaj. Chlt nla lnnh`hrlth tch iasht if phrspdrltdia lae fltdjuh. Wripu`sdia if klaul` wchh`ncldrs dkprivhs l ushr's nlredivlsnu`lr fdtahss lae upphr oiey strhajtc. Ls iah wiu`e hxphnt, l ushr's strhajtc lae stlkdal typdnl``y edkdadsc ivhr tdkh. If ahnhssdty, tchsh ushrs kust trlasdtdia ti l piwhr wchh`ncldr ir oh pusche loiut loiut da l klaul` wchh`ncldr wchh`ncldr oy l nlrhjdvhr. Frld` h`ehr`y lae phrsias da tch `lthr stljhs if prijrhssdvh edslod`dtdhs typdfy sunc ushrs. Hxthaedaj tch phrdie eurdaj wcdnc tchsh ushr's nla sh`f-priph` wiu`e privdeh dkpirtlat chl`tc lae daehphaehanh ohahfdts.
>.? Uhncai`ijy Ahhes lae Olrrdhrs Dafirkltdia jltchrhe frik ushrs, klauflnturhrs, n`dadndlas, lae itchr stlbhci`ehrs cls dehatdfdhe nclrlnthrdstdns if la dehl` jhlrhe cuo systhk. Kdadkuk rhqudrhkhats lrh dehatdfdhe ls dthks tclt "kust" oh leerhsshe ti klbh l ehsdja lnnhptlo`h2 itchr lttrdouths tclt wd`` ohahfdt tch ehsdja lrh dehatdfdhe ls dthks tclt "sciu`e" oh leerhsshe. ^phndfdnl``y, l jhlrhe cuo systhk... <. Kust oh plrt if l erdvh wchh` tclt rhp`lnhs l stlaelre erdvh wchh` rltchr tcla ohdaj l rhtrifdt ir lee-ia ti l stlaelre erdvh wchh`. wchh`. ?. Kust rhtlda l sdaj`h, "stlaelre" puscrdk ls plrt if dts ehsdja. Ucds puscrdk sciu`e rhshko`h l stlaelre puscrdk da oitc dts firk lae fuantdia. >. Kust privdeh "rhvhrsh jhlrdaj" fir priph``daj olnbwlre. Aith= Jriup plrtdndplats sujjhsthe sujjhsthe tclt l sdaj`h sdaj`h rhvhrsh jhlr rltdi hqul` ti tch `iwhst `iwhst firwlre jhlr rltdi wiu`e oh iptdkl`. Niasukhr ir n`dadnl` trdl`s niu`e ohtthr ehfdah tch iptdkl` rhvhrsh jhlr rltdi. 5. ^ciu`e "fhh` loiut tch slkh" ls l stlaelre klaul` wchh`ncldr frik tch phrsphntdvh if l phrsia puscdaj hdtchr wchh`ncldr... kust clvh tch fi``iwdaj pcysdnl` nclrlnthrdstdns=
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whdjc : piuaes ir `hss.
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ait danrhlsh tch wdetc if tch klaul` wchh`ncldr.
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ait nclajh tch `iib if tch wchh`ncldr - d.h., uaiotrusdvh lpphlrlanh.
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ait nclajh lay itchr wchh`ncldr fuantdias - h.j., pirtlod`dty, edslsshko`y, fi`edaj.
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Kust clvh l slfhty khncladsk tclt l``iws tch ushr ti daehphaehat`y niatri` sphhe vlrdltdia.
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Kust ait lee sdjadfdnlat`y ti tch ritltdial` dahrtdl if tch erdvh wchh` d.h., f`ywchh` hffhnt.
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NCLWUH_ 5 KHUCIEI@IJT Da tcds kieh` wh syatchsds prdandp`h if nrlab `hvhr khncladsk lae lnbhrkla sthhrdaj jhikhtry. Uch Nrlab `hvhr khncladsk ds ushe fir tch pripu`sdia if wchh` ncldr. Uch sthhrdaj systhk whrh danirpirlthe wdtc lnbhrkla—s lnbhrkla— s prdandp`h. Oh`iw lrh tch ehtld`he ehsnrdptdia if oitc nrlab `hvhr lae lnbhrkla—s prdandp`h.
5.< Nrlab lae @hvhr Khncladsk
Fdj. 5.< Nrlab Lae @hvhr Khncladsk
L nrlab ds la lrk lttlnche lt l rdjct laj`h ti l ritltdaj sclft s clft oy wcdnc rhndprinltdaj wcdnc rhndprinltdaj kitdia ds dkplrthe ti ir rhnhdvhe frik tch sclft. Dt ds ushe ti niavhrt ndrnu`lr niavhrt ndrnu`lr kitdia dati rhndprinltdaj kitdia, ir vdnh vhrsl. Uch lrk kl y oh l ohat pirtdia if tch sclft, ir l shplrlth lrk ir edsb lttlnche ti dt. Lttlnche ti tch hae if tch nrlab oy l pdvit ds l rie, usul``y nl``he l niaahntdaj rie (niarie). Uch hae if tch rie lttlnche ti tch nrlab kivhs da l ndrnu`lr kitdia, wcd`h tch itchr hae ds usul``y niastrldahe ti kivh da l `dahlr l `dahlr s`dedaj kitdia. Uch thrk iftha rhfhrs ti l cukla-piwhrhe nrlab wcdnc ds ushe ti klaul``y tura la lx`h, ls da l odnyn`h l odnyn`h nrlabsht ir l orlnh l orlnh lae odt erd``. Da tcds nlsh l phrsia's lrk ir `hj shrvhs ls tch niaahntdaj rie, lpp`ydaj rhndprinltdaj firnh ti tch nrlab. Uchrh ds
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usul``y l olr phrphaednu`lr ti tch itchr hae if tch lrk, iftha wdtc l frhh`y ritltlo`h clae`h ir phel` phel` lttlnche.
Fdj. 5.? Nikpiuae Nrlab
5.? Khncladns
Fdj. 5.> Wdstia Lae Nrlabsclft Uch edsp`lnhkhat if tch hae if tch niaahntdaj rie ds lpprixdklth`y pripirtdial` ti tch nisdah tch nisdah if tch laj`h tch laj`h if ritltdia if tch nrlab, wcha dt ds khlsurhe frik tip frik tip ehle nhathr (UEN). ^i tch rhndprinltdaj kitdia nrhlthe oy l sthled`y ritltdaj nrlab lae niaahntdaj rie ds lpprixdklth`y sdkp`h lpprixdklth`y sdkp`h clrkiadn kitdia
wchrh x ds tch edstlanh if tch hae if tch niaahntdaj rie frik tch nrlab lx`h, ` ds tch `hajtc if tch niaahntdaj rie, r ds ds tch `hajtc if tch nrlab, lae μ ds tch laj`h if tch nrlab khlsurhe frik tip ehle nhathr (UEN). Uhncadnl``y, tch rhndprinltdaj kitdia if tch niaahntdaj rie ehplrts frik sdausidel` frik sdausidel` kitdia euh ti tch nclajdaj laj`h if tch niaahntdaj rie eurdaj tch nyn`h, lae ds hxprhsshe (shh Wdstia (shh Wdstia kitdia hqultdias) ls hqultdias) ls
Ucds edffhrhanh ohnikhs sdjadfdnlat da cdjc-sphhe hajdahs, wcdnc kly ahhe ol`lanh ol`lanh sclfts ti rheunh tch vdorltdia euh ti tcds "shniaelry dkol`lanh". dkol`lanh".
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Uch khncladnl` levlatljh if l nrlab, tch rltdi ohtwhha tch firnh ia tch niaahntdaj rie lae tch tirquh tch tirquh ia tch sclft, vlrdhs tcriujciut tch nrlab's nyn`h. Uch rh`ltdiascdp ohtwhha tch twi ds lpprixdklth`y
wchrh ds tch tirquh lae F ds ds tch firnh ia tch niaahntdaj rie. Out da rhl`dty, tch tirquh ds klxdkuk lt nrlab laj`h if `hss tcla μ ; 47· frik UEN fir l jdvha firnh ia tch pdstia. Iah Iah wly ti nl`nu`lth tcds tcds laj`h ds ti fdae iut wcha tch Niaahntdaj tch Niaahntdaj rie skl`` hae (pdstia) sphhe ohnikhs tch flsthst da eiwawlre edrhntdia jdvha l sthley nrlab ritltdial` vh`indty. Wdstia sphhe x' ds hxprhsshe ls
Fir hxlkp`h, fir rie `hajtc 6" lae nrlab rledus ?", aukhrdnl``y si`vdaj tch loivh hqultdia fdaes tch vh`indty kdadkl (klxdkuk eiwawlre sphhe) ti oh lt nrlab laj`h if :>.<:6<8· lfthr UEN. Ucha, usdaj tch trdlaj`h sdah `lw, dt `lw, dt ds fiuae tclt tch nrlab ti niaahntdaj rie laj`h ds 33.?<:>3· lae tch niaahntdaj rie laj`h ds <3.6765:· frik vhrtdnl`. Zcha tch nrlab ds erdvha oy tch niaahntdaj rie, l prio`hk lrdshs wcha tch nrlab ds lt tip lt tip ehle nhatrh (7·) ir oittik oittik ehle nhatrh (<37·). Lt tchsh pidats da tch nrlab's nyn`h, l firnh ia tch niaahntdaj rie nlushs ai tirquh ia tch nrlab. Uchrhfirh, df tch nrlab ds stltdialry lae clpphas ti oh lt iah if tchsh twi pidats, dt nlaait oh stlrthe kivdaj oy tch niaahntdaj rie. Fir tcds rhlsia, da sthlk da sthlk `inikitdvhs, wcish `inikitdvhs, wcish wchh`s lrh erdvha oy nrlabs, tch niaahntdaj ries lrh lttlnche ti tch wchh`s lt pidats shplrlthe oy sikh laj`h, si tclt rhjlre`hss if tch pisdtdia if tch wchh`s wcha tch hajdah stlrts, lt `hlst iah niaahntdaj rie wd`` oh lo`h ti hxhrt tirquh ti stlrt tch trlda.
5.> Lnbhrkla ^thhrdaj Jhikhtry Lnbhrklaa sthhrdaj jhikhtry ds l jhikhtrdn lrrlajhkhat lrr lajhkhat if `dabljhs da tch sthhrdaj tch sthhrdaj if l nlr ir itchr vhcdn`h vhcdn`h ehsdjahe ti si`vh tch prio`hk if wchh`s ia tch dasdeh lae iutsdeh if l tura ahhedaj ti trlnh iut ndrn`hs iut ndrn`hs if edffhrhat rledd. edffhrhat rledd. Dt wls davhathe oy tch Jhrkla nlrrdljh oud`ehr Jhirj Jhirj @labhasphrjhr da Kuadnc da <3<:, tcha plthathe oy cds ljhat da Haj`lae, _uei`pc Lnbhrklaa (<:65 „ <3>5) <3>5) da <3<3
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fir cirsh-erlwa nlrrdljhs. Hrlskus nlrrdljhs. Hrlskus Elrwda kly clvh l prdir n`ldk ls tch davhatir eltdaj frik <:83.
Fdj. 5.5 Nhatrh if Uuradaj Ndrn`h
L sdkp`h lpprixdkltdia ti phrfhnt Lnbhrklaa sthhrdaj jhikhtry kly oh jhahrlthe oy kivdaj tch sthhrdaj pdvit pidats dawlre si ls ti `dh ia l `dah erlwa ohtwhha tch sthhrdaj bdajpdas sthhrdaj bdajpdas lae tch nhatrh if tch rhlr lx`h. lx`h.R?[ Uch sthhrdaj pdvit pidats lrh midahe oy l rdjde olr nl``he tch tdh rie wcdnc nla l`si oh plrt if tch sthhrdaj khncladsk, da tch firk if l rlnb l rlnb lae pdadia fir dastlanh. Zdtc phrfhnt Lnbhrklaa, lt lay laj`h if sthhrdaj, tch nhatrh pidat if l`` if tch ndrn`hs trlnhe oy l`` wchh`s wd`` `dh lt l nikkia pidat. Aith tclt tcds kly oh edffdnu`t ti lrrlajh da prlntdnh wdtc sdkp`h `dabljhs, lae ehsdjahrs lrh levdshe ti erlw ir lal`ysh tchdr sthhrdaj systhks ivhr tch fu`` rlajh if sthhrdaj laj`hs. Kiehra nlrs ei ait ush purh Lnbhrklaa sthhrdaj, sthhrd aj, plrt`y ohnlush dt djairhs dkpirtlat eyalkdn lae nikp`dlat hffhnts, out tch prdandp`h ds siuae fir `iw-sphhe klaihuvrhs. ^ikh rlndaj nlrs ush rhvhrsh Lnbhrklaa jhikhtry ti nikphaslth fir tch `lrjh edffhrhanh da s`dp da s`dp laj`h ohtwhha laj`h ohtwhha tch daahr lae iuthr friat tyrhs wcd`h nirahrdaj lt cdjc sphhe. Uch ush if sunc jhikhtry ch`ps rheunh tyrh thkphrlturhs eurdaj cdjc-sphhe nirahrdaj out nikprikdshs phrfirklanh da `iw-sphhe klaihuvrhs.
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Fdj. 5.8 Lnbhrkla sthhrdaj nianhpt
Ls tch sthhrdaj lrks lrh `hvhrs, tchdr `hajtc ds kirh ir `hss l frhh lrhl, out ds rhstrdnthe oy tch n`hlrlanh lae lvld`lo`h splnh ia tch kieh` nlr. Uch lkiuat if kivhkhat tclt nla oh jhahrlthe oy tch shrvi/sthhrdaj `dabljh lrrlajhkhat ds l`si l prdklry niasdehrltdia ls yiu kust tcdab loiut tch tirquh rhqudrhkhats if `hvhrs wdtc edffhrhat `hajtcs.
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NCLWUH_ 8 HSWH_DKHAUL@ ZI_B 8.< W`las fir Niastruntdia Niastruntdia lae Uhstdaj Alturl``y, da tch kiatcs lchle, wh wd`` clvh ti t i oud`e tcds ehvdnh lae thst dt fir fld`urh kiehs. Zh p`la ia usdaj ls klay iff tch sch`f nikpiahats ls pissd o`h da irehr ti kdadkdzh klauflnturdaj tdkh ls wh`` ls stlaelredzdaj tch ehvdnh fir hlsh if kldathalanh lae rhp`lnhkhat if plrts. Zh lrh l`` nikphthat flordnltirs ti sikh ehjrhh, clvdaj tlbha wh`edaj, nlstdaj lae klncdadaj n`lsshs lt tch uadvhrsdty.
8.? Ehtld`he Zirbdaj lae Ehsdja Ehsnrdptdia Ucds ds l sdaj`h shlthr tcrhh wchh`he vhcdn`h wdtc friat wchh` ohdaj sthhrhe oy tch sthhrdaj ni`uka. Uch sthhrdaj ni`uka cls la iuthr tuoh wcdnc ds cdajhe lt tch olsh lae tch itchr hxthasdia if tch sthhrdaj ni`uka ds pu``daj lae puscdaj tch nrlabdaj khncladsk if tch rhlr wchh`. Uch dathral` rie if tch sthhrdaj ni`uka ds cdajhe ti tch `dab khncladsk ti tch friat wchh` ti sthhr dt ls tch s thhrdaj clae`h ds ohdaj ritlthe wcdnc ds ch`e lt tch tip if tch t ch sthhrdaj ni`uka. Uch sthhrdaj ni`uka ds ci`edaj tch sthhrdaj rie wdtcda tch ohlrdajs. Uch nrlabdaj khncladsk ds ia iah if tch rhlr wchh` if tch lx`h. Uch rhlr wchh`s lrh ch`e ia twi edffhrhat lx`hs. Uch ohlrdaj ciusdaj if tch rhlr lx`hs lrh wh`ehe ti tch frlkh. Uch hatdrh frlkh ds kleh up if kd`e sthh` squlrh tuoh if ?7kk x ?7kk. Uch sthhrdaj ni`uka ds pdvithe lt tch olsh frik l edstlanh. Ucds ds thrkhe ls l `hvhr tclt pdvits ia l fu`nruk lttlnche ti l fdxhe frlkh. Uch `hvhr iphrlths oy lpp`ydaj firnh lt tch sthhrdaj clae`h, lt l edstlanh frik tch fu`nruk ir pdvit. Ls tch `hvhr pdvits ia tch fu`nruk, pidats furtchr frik tcds pdvit kivh flsthr tcla pidats n`ishr ti tch pdvit. Uch piwhr da lae iut if tch `hvhr kust oh tch slkh, si firnhs lpp`dhe ti pidats flrtchr frik tch pdvit wiu`e oh `hss tcla wcha lpp`dhe ti pidats n`ishr ti dt .
. Fdj. 8.< Ol`landaj Ohlk Lal`ysds ?7
@ht l lae o oh tch edstlanhs frik tch fu`nruk t i pidats L lae O lae `ht tch firnh Fl lpp`dhe ti L oh tch daput lae tch firnh Fo lpp`dhe lt O oh tch iutput. Uch rltdi if vh`indtdhs if pidats L lae O ds jdvha oy l/o. Chanh, tch rltdi if tch iutput firnh ti tch daput firnh, ir khncladnl` levlatljh jdvha oy KL; Fo/Fl +l/o Ucds ds tch `lw if `hvhr privha oy Lrncdkhehs usdaj jhikhtrdn rhlsiadaj. Dt sciws tclt df tch edstlanh l frik tch fu`nruk fu`n ruk ti tch pidat wchrh tch daput firnh ds lpp`dhe (pidat L) ds jrhlthr tcla tch edstlanh o frik fu`nruk ti tch pidat wchrh tch iutput firnh ds lpp`dhe (pidat O), tch `hvhr lkp`dfdhs tch daput firnh. Xsdaj tch loivh prdandp`h, wh ush tch sthhrdaj ni`uka ls `hvhr ti jht tch khncladnl` levlatljh oy usdaj tch pdvit lae skl``hr edstlanh frik tch fu`nruk ti niaahnt tch nrlab `dab if tch wchh` ti priph` tch wchh` ti lffhnt tch erdvh.
Fdj. 8.? @hft Vdhw Ehsdja Erlftdaj
Xsdaj Nltdl V8 ehsdjadaj siftwlrh tch `hft vdhw if tch ehsdjahe nrlab `hvhr khncladsk wchh` ncldr cls ohha jhahrlthe. Uch `dah edljrlk lae tch edkhasdias whrh khatdiahe da tch loivh fdjurh. Uchsh `dah edljrlks whrh hkp`iyhe da tch klauflnturdaj prinhss if tch wchh` ncldr. Lae tchsh whrh ch`pfu` da ehthrkdadaj tch hxlnt edkhasdias if tch prieunt ti oh klauflnturhe.
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Fdj. 8.> Uip Vdhw Uch edffhrhat vdhws if tch prieunt lrh vhry kunc dkpirtlat da uaehrstlaedaj tch ivhrl`` dehl lae sclph if tch wchh` ncldr fir tch klauflnturdaj hajdahhr. Lae hlnc khncladsk wls sciwa da ehtld` wdtc edffhrhat irdhatltdia if vdhws.
Fdj. 8.5 Olnb Vdhw
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Fdj 8.8.Frlkh Ehsdja Uch dadtdl` frlkh ehsdja whrh kleh ti lal`yzh tch strhajtc lae eurlod`dty if tch wchh` ncldr ti oh klauflnturhe. Zdtc tch ch`p if tch shkd frlkh tch fld`urh nist if tch primhnt ds kdadkdzhe.
Fdj. 8.6 Fdal` Edsp`ly
Uch nikp`hth ehsdja cls ohha ehvh`iphe da tch Nltdl V8 ehsdjadaj siftwlrh lae edsp`lyhe. Uch lnnhssirdhs ti oh dan`uehe whrh ehthnthe wdtc tch ch`p if tcds fdal` edsp`ly Edffhrhat plrts if tch wchh` ncldr cls ohha kleh ls l plrt fd`h lae tcha lsshko`he ls l prieunt da tch lsshko`y ehsdja da Nltdl V8..
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8.> Klthrdl`, Jhikhtry lae Nikpiahat Nikpiahat ^h`hntdia Uch prdklry niasdehrltdia fir klthrdl`s da tcds primhnt ds tch strhajtc ti whdjct rltdi. Uch ehvdnh ds la lttlnckhat, lae ls sunc, kust oh hlsd`y rhkivhe, stiwhe, rhnivhrhe lae rhlttlnche. Zh p`la ia usdaj ci``iw tuodaj rltchr tcla si`de stinb fir tch lx`hs lae klda tuohs if if tch ehvdnh—s frlkh. Firtualth`y, tch trhae da odnyn`h nikpiahat klauflnturh ds l`si tiwlres `djctwhdjct nikpiahats wcdnc kldatlda tchdr strhajtc, si dt wd`` oh pissdo`h ti sclvh iuanhs iff tch friat wchh`, firb, orlbh lae nrlabs tcriujc nlrhfu` nikpiahat sh`hntdia. Ls fir tch jhikhtry if tch ehvdnh, tch jrhlthst `dkdtdaj flntir ds tch f`hxdo`h sclft. Euh ti tch tirquh rhqudrhkhats, tch kdadkuk rledus fir tch sclft ds danchs. Ucds tlbhs up l niasdehrlo`h lkiuat if splnh, sdanh tch hatdrh wchh`olsh if tch wchh`ncldr lae nurrhat ehvdnh ds `hss tcla >4 danchs. Uch ia`y itchr klmir niasdehrltdia ds tch laj`h if tch chle tuoh, ohnlush tcds rlednl``y lffhnts tch clae`daj nclrlnthrdstdns. Nikpiahat sh`hntdia ds olshe ia lvld`lod`dty lae lae hlsh if kldathalanh. Zchrh pissdo`h, stlaelre stl aelre odnyn`h nikpiahats lrh ohdaj ushe si tclt t clt rhp`lnhkhats lrh hlsd`y hlsd `y fiuae, lae lay odnyn`h khncladn nla phrfirk tch rhqudrhe kldathalanh. Ljlda, fir plrts tclt wh wd`` oh klauflnturdaj, strhajtc lae whdjct clvh erdvha tch klthrdl` sh`hntdia lae ehsdja. Uch nikpiahats wh lrh p`laadaj ia usdaj lae tchdr rh`lthe nists lrh `dsthe oh`iw=
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Ulo`h 8.<. Wrimhnt Nikpiahats lae Nist Lal`ysds Lal`ysds
8.5 ^lfhty Niasdehrltdias Uchrh lrh shvhrl` prdklry slfhty niasdehrltdias fir tcds primhnt. Uch fdrst if tchsh ds ‐ri``ivhr‛. Iur systhk ds privdedaj ds privdedaj tch piwhr piwhr ti kivh firwlre tcriujc trlntdia lt tch rhlr wchh`s. Da l wchh`ncldr, sdanh tch nhathr if jrlvdty ds si flr lft, erdvdaj tch rhlr wchh`s danrhlshs tch `dbh`dciie if tch ushr tdppdaj ivhr olnbwlres iati tchdr olnb. Uch nurrhat wchh`ncldr cls la hxtrl sht if nlsthrs kiuathe ia lrks da tch rhlr ti privdeh suppirt wcha iah wchh` ds iff. Zh wd` ` kist `dbh`y kiedfy tchsh ti privdeh l rhlntdia ljldast tdppdaj ivhr olnbwlres. Uhstdaj wd`` oh ahnhsslry ti dasurh tclt dt ds ait lt l`` pissdo`h fir tch ushr ti tdp ivhr olnbwlres. Uch shniae slfhty niasdehrltdia ds bhhpdaj tch ushr slfh frik tch kivdaj klncdahry. Uch `ltnc khncladsk privdehs l pithatd l` pdanc pidat, lae tch ushr—s claes lae n`itcdaj niu`e oh nlujct da tch jhlrs lae nclda. Zchrhvhr pissdo`h, tch klncdahry ?6
wd`` oh han`ishe da ciusdaj, lae tch `ltnc wd`` clvh ti oh ehsdjahe ti lvide lay clrk ti tch ushr. Nlrhfu` ehsdja lae thstdaj sciu`e prhvhat lay pithatdl` fir damury frik tchsh nikpiahats. L tcdre slfhty niasdehrltdia ds dasurdaj tclt tch nrlab khncladsk eihs ait nikh dati niatlnt wdtc tch ushr—s `hjs. Df tch ushr ds nrlabdaj wcd`h turadaj, tchrh ds tch pithatdl` fir tch nrlab ti jht stunb da tch ushr—s `lp, lae tchy kly ait oh lo`h ti tura olnb iut if tch sthhrdaj laj`h. laj`h. ^danh wh wlat tch nrlabs rldshe cdjchr tcla tchy lrh ia cds nurrhat shtup, dt sciu`e ait oh l prio`hk fir cdk, out df wh klbh tch nrlab chdjct lemustlo`h fir l rlajh if ushrs, tcds wd`` clvh ti oh tlbha dati lnniuat. Fdal``y, clae`daj lae orlbdaj nclrlnthrdstdns wd`` clvh ti oh rdjirius`y thsthe ti hasurh tclt tch ushr nla tura uaehr cdjc sphhes ti lvide iostln`hs (wcd`h jidaj eiwacd``, fir hxlkp`h) lae ji frik l cdjc sphhe ti l stip da l slfh edstlanh.
8.8 Klauflnturdaj Uch fdal` ehsdja danirpirlthe klay plrts tclt whrh lvld`lo`h iff tch sh`f, out dt l`si dan`uehe l `it if nustik klncdahe lae flordnlthe plrts. Klauflnturdaj wls sp`dt up ohtwhha tch friat clae nyn`h lttlnckhat lae tch rhlr wchh`ncldr shntdia. Klauflnturdaj ohjla ia Mlaulry <4 tc lae wls nikp`hthe ia Klrnc ?> re . Ui nikp`hth tch klauflnturdaj prinhss stuehats cle ti utd`dzh klncdah scips lvld`lo`h ti tchk ia tchdr rhsphnthe nlkpushs. L`` if tch stuehats nlkh dati tcds primhnt wdtc `dkdthe klncdadaj, wh`edaj lae flordnltdia sbd``s, si tch hatd rh prinhss wiu`e oh la hxphrdkhat hx phrdkhat da ‐`hlra oy eidaj‛.
8.6 La Hqudpkhat Xshe da Flordnltdia Flordnltdia Zh ushe l vlrdhty if klncdahs lae tii`s ti t i klauflnturh lae lsshko`h tch fdal` ehsdja. Ui nikp`hth l`` tch klauflnturdaj rhqudrhe fir tch fdal` ehsdja, wh ushe tch fi``iwdaj klncdahs= •
@ltch
•
Erd`` prhss
•
Vhrtdnl` lae cirdziatl` olae slw
•
Ncip slw ?:
•
UDJ lae KDJ wh`ehrs
•
Wahukltdn tii`s
•
Uuoh ohaehr lae aitnchs
•
Cyerlu`dn prhss
•
Vlrdhty if clae tii`s
8.: _hlr Zchh`ncldr ^hntdia ^ hntdia Flordnltdia Uch klauflnturdaj if tch _hlr Zchh`ncldr ^hntdia lae kist if dts nikpiahats whrh flordnlthe da wirbscip. Dt wls hsshatdl` tclt tchsh plrts oh nikp`hthe da l tdkh`y kltthr da irehr ti l``iw fir thstdaj if tch plrts. Uch fdrst plrts ti oh flordnlthe wls tch lx`h kiuats wdtc qudnb rh`hlsh khncladsk lae tch frlkh n`lkps. Zh rhnhdv he tch p`las fir tch suo-frlkh lae irehrhe tch ahnhsslry l`ukdauk tuoh stinb. Ui klbh surh tclt l`` if tch plrts if tch suo frlkh whrh lsshko`he si tclt dt fdt ia tch wchh`ncldr frlkh lae tch erdvhtrlda nikpiahats fdt priphr`y, fdt priphr`y, wh ‐ery‐ery-fdt‛ l`` if tch tuohs da tch wchh`ncldr frlkh lae tlnb wh`ehe hvhrytcdaj. Ianh wh ehndehe tclt l`` if tch plrts fdt nirrhnt`y, wh rhkivhe tch suo frlkh frik tch wchh`ncldr frlkh lae fdadsche wh`edaj l`` if tch tuohs.
Fdj 8.:. Fdal` wh`edaj if suo frlkh. ?3
8.3 Lttlnckhat Flordnltdia Uch ‐`hlra oy eidaj‛ havdriakhat l``iwhe tch stuehats ti klbh klauflnturdaj hrrirs wcd`h usdaj uaflkd`dlr klncdahs. Hxtrl rlw klthrdl` wls irehrhe fir tcds vhry rhlsia. L`kist hvhry nikpiahat prhshathe ncl``hajhs tclt wh niu`e ait clvh latdndplthe frik tch erlwdajs
8.4 Uyphs If Ohlrdajs
Fdj 8.3 Uyphs If Ohlrdajs
Uch fdjurh loivh sciws l rledl` lae la laju`lr niatlnt ohlrdaj. Aitdnh ciw tch rlnhs if hlnc ohlrdaj lrh edffhrhat. Uch laju`lr niatlnt ohlrdaj cls laj`he rlnhs si dt nla suppirt oitc rledl` lae lxdl` firnhs. Uch rledl` ohlrdaj ds ait jiie fir lxdl` firnhs. Uchrh ds ait kunc lrhl if tch rlnh ti suppirt tch klro`hs wcha tchy lrh `ilehe da tch lxdl` edrhntdia.
?4
NCLWUH_ 6 _H^X@U LAE ED^NX^^DIA 6.< Via Kdshs ^trhss Lal`ysds Via kdshs strhss ds wdeh`y ushe oy o y ehsdjahr ti nchnb wchtchr tchdr ehsdja wd`` wdtcstlae l jdvha `ile niaedtdia. via kdshs strhss ds niasdehrhe ti oh l slfh clvha fir ehsdja hajdahhrs. Xsdaj tcds dafirkltdia la hajdahhr nla sly cds ehsd ja wd`` fld`, df tch klxdkuk vl`uh if via kdshs strhss dan`uehe da tch klthrdl` ds kirh tcla tch strhajtc if tch klthrdl`. Dt wirbs wh`` fir kist nlshs, hsphndl``y wcha tch klthrdl` ds euntd`h da alturh Ia niasdehrdaj la lvhrljh cukla whdjct, 877A firnh whrh lpp`dhe ivhr tch tip surflnh if tch wchh` ncldr l`iaj tch shlt p`lah. Lae tch ehsdja niu`e wdtc stlae wdtc s`djct ehfirkltdia. Ucus, tch ehsdja wdtc `hss whdjct wls fiuae ti slfh wdtc tch Viakdshs ^trhss lal`ysds Uhst.
Fdj 6.< Via Kdsshs ^trhss Lal`ysds >7
6.? Hstdklthe @inl` Hrrir Lal`ysds Hstdklthe `inl` hrrir lal`ysds ds kist ch`pfu` fir tch ehsdja hajdahhrs da ehl`daj wdtc fdaedaj tch ehflu`t pisdtdias lae tch kirh strhss lntdaj pisdtdias da tch ehsdja. Chrh lrh tch d``ustrlthe kieh` ia hstdklthe `inl` hrrir lal`ysds ds sciwa oh`iw wdtc ni iredalths
Fdj 6.? Hstdklthe @inl` Hrrir Lal`ysds
6.> Urlas`ltdial` Edsp`lnhkhat Lal`ysds
Fdj 6.> Urlas`ltdial` Edsp`lnhkhat Lal`ysd ><
6.5Lal`ysds _hsu`ts Ui lal`yzh iur ehsdja, wh clvh ushe shvhrl` if tch hajdahhrdaj tii`s tclt wh clvh `hlrahe. Ianh >-E kieh`s whrh kleh da l NLE prijrlk, tch whdjct wls lal`yzhe ti hasurh tclt tch prieunt wiu`e ait oh tii chlvy. Uch nikpiahats tclt lrh phrklahat`y fdxhe ti tch wchh`ncldr whdjc must ivhr ?7`os, lae tch lttlnckhat whdjcs must ivhr <6`os. Ucds ds l `dtt`h `dt t`h ia tch chlvy sdeh, out firtualth`y, tch klmirdty if tch whdjct wd`` oh nlrrdhe ia tch wchh`ncldr, lae tch `djcthr ` djcthr if tch twi cl`vhs ds tch plrt tch ushr lntul``y cls ti `dft. Furtchrkirh, tch rhlr pirtdia if tch wchh`ncldr cls sikh nikpiahats wcdnc kly oh klncdahe ti rheunh tch whdjct frik tch irdjdal` nlstdajs.
Fdj 6.5 Nrlab _ie Wisdtdiadaj @inltir Lal`ysds
>?
Uch sthhrdaj rie wls lal`yzhe wdtc tch Hstdklthe `inl` lal`ysds khtcie ti fdae tch hxlnt pisdtdia if tch nrlab `hvhr ti oh p`lnhe.oy tcds lal`ysds tch nrlab `hvhr khncladsk ds lncdhvhe wdtc tch klxdkuk hffdndhan y. Uch `lrjhst kiedfdnltdia wls kleh ti tch :-sphhe cuo kiuats. Uchsh kiuats ahhehe ti oh rh`inlthe ti nirrhnt nclda thasdia lae nclda l`djakhat. Uch wci`h plrts whrh dathjrlthe tijhtchr ti klbh ls l lsshko`he fdal` prieunt. Uch ehsdja if tch nikp`hth lsshko`y wls kleh lae lal`yzhe.
Fdj. 6.8 Ehsdja If Lsshko`he Zchh`ncldr Uch vdrtul` ehsdja lae tch rhl` tdkh wch`` ncldr cls ohha nikplrhe ls phr tch edkhasdias khatdiahe da tch ehsdjadaj if tch nrlab `hvhr khncladsk wchh` ncldr.
Fdj 6.6 _hl` Udkh Lsshko`he Zchh`ncldr >>
6.8 Nl`nu`ltdias Uch nl`nu`ltdias whrh lssukhe olshe ia tch lvhrljh kla whdjcdaj 8
6.8.< Nl`nu`ltdia if Chle Laj`h, fir Ehsdrhe Urld` Eltl fir ^dkd`lr Wrieunts= ·
·
Urld`= 5>-67kk
·
·
Urld`= ?3-58kk
Uiurdaj Odnyn`hs=
Chle laj`hs= :? -:>
_lndaj Odnyn`hs=
Chle laj`hs= :> -:5
Lssukhe Edkhasdias if Lttlnckhat= Friat Zchh`= <6da ; 576.5kk, edlkhthr ; ?7>.>kk, rledus ·
Chle laj`h= 68 -:>
·
Firb Iffsht ; >3kk, stlaelre Jil`=
58kk trld`
Chle Laj`h;6:, Urld` ;>8.? kk ·
Chle Laj`h;64 , Urld` ; >:.>kk Aith= Chle laj`h, μ, μ, khlsurhe frik cirdzia.
Fdj 6.:Edljrlk if lttlnckhat edkhasdias ushe us he fir ehthrkdadaj chle laj`h, μ, fir ehsdrhe trld`. >5
6.8.? Hstdkltdia if Wiwhr Ahhehe ti Wriph` Zchh`ncldr Xpcd`` fir l Jdvha Vh`indty
•
Zhdjct= >77`oV
•
^`iph ; ?7%, ;<<.>ehjrhhs
•
47% Hffdndhany
•
Vh`indty;?kpc;?.4>ft/s
·
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(^cdj`hy) W;?>>.8Zltt
7.47Wai hffdndhany ; Wlntul` ·
kjsda( ) ; 86A Wlntul` ; ?67Zltts
6.6 Hffdndhany Ls wh tl`bhe loiut tch hffdndhany hffd ndhany if kieh`, D `iibhe up da tch dathraht dathr aht lae fiuae tch fi``iwdaj wires= Uch ivhrl`` hffdndhany ds loiut :7% ti 47% euh ti tch kldathalanh niaedtdia if tch kieh`. Uch hffdndhany if tch cukla oiey ds loiut ?8%.^i tch cdjc 47—s yiu fiuae, lrh ia`y fir tch erdvhtrlda.
6.: FHL Lal`ysds ia Jussht Hstdklth Ehf`hntdia euh ti ^thhrdaj ti Wu`` Ui sdku`lth tch hffhnts if sthhrdaj tirquh ir pu`` lpp`dhe wcha tch ushr pu``s ti tch sdeh ia tch nrlabs, ?-?77`o pidat `iles airkl` ti tch p`lah if tch jusht clvh ohha lpp`dhe ti tch rdjct hejh if tch jussht p`lth ls sciwa da fdj 6.3
>8
Fdj. 6.3_hsu`ts if FHL lal`ysds ia 5" sthh` jussht p`lth wdtc ? -?77`o `iles lpp`dhe lt rdjct hejh airkl` ti tch p`lah if tch jussht. (Xadt s if ehf`hntdia niatiur p`it da danchs) . Uch `hft hejh if tch jussht cls ohha niastrldahe frik trlas`ltdaj lae ritltdaj da l`` edrhntdias (l`` ehjrhhs if frhheik niastrldahe). Uch rhsu`ts sciw tclt tch klxdkuk ehf`hntdia if tch p`lth ds 7.<64da. Uchsh `iles lae oiuaelry niaedtdias whrh ncisha ti lpprixdklth tch firnhs euh ti kikhat, lae ohnlush tch nlplod`dty if tch phrsia phrfirkdaj tch lal`ysds ds nurrhat`y tii `dkdthe ti kirh lnnurlth`y sdku`lth tch lntul` `iledaj ia tch jussht. Ls tch ushr ohnikhs kirh flkd`dlr wdtc tch prinhss if i f FHL, l kirh nikp`hth lal`ysds lal` ysds wiu`e oh phrfirkhe ia tch plrt.
>6
6.3 ^phhe Nikplrdsia If Vlrdius Zchh`ncldrs
^WHHE NIKWL_D^DIA IF VL_DIX^ ZCHH@NCLD_^ ^phhe (kpc) 4 3 : 6 8 5 > ? < 7 _DI E_LJIAF@T
_DI WDVIU
\XLAUXK _XAAH_
N_LAB @HVH_
Ls shha da jrlpc 6.3.<, tch lvhrljh sphhe if wchh`ncldr clvdaj nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ds cdjchr tcla tcish if tch itchr tcrhh typhs if wchh`ncldrs. Uch lvhrljh vh`indty ds lriuae 3 kpc wcdnc ds tch cdjchst lkiaj tchk.
6.4 Zhdjct Nikplrdsia If Vlrdius Zchh`ncldrs
ZHDJCU NIKWL_D^DIA IF VL_DIX^ ZCHH@NCLD_^ Zhdjct (Bj)
> > . < <
4 > . 7 <
: 4 . 4
? 8 . 3
_DI E_LJIAF@T
_DI WDVIU
\XLAUXK _XAAH_
>:
N_LAB @HVH_
Ls shha da jrlpc 6.3.?, tch whdjct if wchh`ncldr clvdaj nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ds `iwhr tcla tcish if tch itchr tcrhh typhs if wchh`ncldrs. @iwhr whdjct usul``y rhsu`ts da ohtthr niatri` lod`dty, l`tciujc dt ehphaes ia itchr flntirs ls wh``. Ucds l`si ch`ps da dkprivdaj tch lvhrljh kivdaj sphhe if tch wchh`ncldr lae ds hlsdhr ti nlrry frik iah p`lnh ti laitchr.
6.<7 Firnh Nikplrdsia If Vlrdius Zchh`ncldrs
FI_NH (A) <37 Firnh (A)
<67 <57 7 <77 37 67 57 ?7 7 _di Erljiaf`y
_di Wdvit
\ulatuk _uaahr
Nrlab @hvhr
Ls shha da jrlpc 6.3.>, tch firnh rhqudrhe fir kivdaj tch wchh`ncldr clvdaj nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ds tch `hlst lkiaj tch fiur typhs if wchh`ncldr. Chanh, tch usljh if nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk rhsu`ts da `hss pcysdnl` strlda fir tch wchh`ncldr ushrs lae dkprivhs khncladnl` hffdndhany.
>3
NCLWUH_ : KH_DU^ LAE EHKH_DU^ :.< Khrdts <. Khncladns ushe da tch wchh`ncldr ehnrhlsh tch strhss ia sciu`ehr midats lae edkdadschs tch ehjhahrltdvh midat edshlsh lfthr pri`iajhe ush if wchh`ncldr. ?. Uch lvhrljh klxdkuk tirquh frik tch thst suomhnts wls fiuae ti oh s`djct`y cdjchr fir tch nrlab lae `hvhr-erdvha ZN tcla tch clae-rdk ZN. >. Khla klxdkuk vh`indty wls fiuae ti oh lriuae ?> ?> phrnhat jrhlthr usdaj tch nrlab lae `hvhr-erdvha ZN wcha nikplrhe ti tch clae rdk priph``he wchh`ncldrs. 5. Dt nla oh hlsd`y ushe ia iuteiir pltcs (jrlss lae jrlvh`/slae jrlvh`/slae surflnhs) lae rlkps. 8. N`hla claes, ls tchrh ds ai edrhnt niatlnt ohtwhha claes lae wchh`s lae l`si, dt klbhs tch pcysdnl``y ncl``hajhe phip`h kirh daehphaehat. 6. Cdjchr khncladnl` hffdndhany (lriuae %) nikplrhe ti niavhatdial` clae rdk wchh`ncldrs (oh`iw 4%). :. Dt's l sdkp`h khncladnl` systhk fdxhe ti tch rhlr wchh`s ti niavhy niavhy tch firnhs lpp`dhe oy ushrs ia l niup`h if claejrdps claejrdps ti kivh tch wchh`ncldr firwlre ir olnbwlre.
:.? Ehkhrdts <. Dt nla oh ushe ia`y oy phip`h clvdaj edslod`dty rh`lthe ti `hjs sunc ls pi`di, frlnturhe `hjs, htn. ?. @dkdthe tip sphhe if tch pripu`sdia rh`lthe ti tch frhquhany if if tch pusc lae rhnivhry pclshs. >. Loshanh if plusdaj ohtwhha tch puscdaj lae tch pu``daj pclshs ds l`si iah if tch edslevlatljhs hsphndl``y ohnlush tch edssindltdia ohtwhha tch kivhkhat if tch wchh`s lae tch `hvhrs ds l`si edffdnu`t.
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NCLWUH_ 3 NIAN@X^DIA Uch Nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ushe wchh` ncldr ds tcus privhe ti oh iah if tch ohst wchh` ncldrs da thrks if nist, nclrlnthrdstdns, prdandp`h, eurlod`dty, whdjct, lae sphhe. Uch lvhrljh sphhe if wchh`ncldr clvdaj nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ds cdjchr t cla tcish if tch itchr tcrhh typhs if wchh`ncldrs. Uch lvhrljh vh`indty ds lriuae 3 kpc wcdnc ds tch cdjchst lkiaj tchk. tch whdjct if wchh`ncldr clvdaj nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ds `iwhr tcla tcish if tch itchr tcrhh typhs if wchh`ncldrs. @iwhr whdjct usul``y rhsu`ts da ohtthr niatri` lod`dty, l`tciujc dt ehphaes ia itchr flntirs ls wh``. Ucds l`si ch`ps da dkprivdaj tch lvhrljh kivdaj sphhe if tch wchh`ncldr lae ds hlsdhr ti nlrry frik iah p`lnh ti laitchr. tch firnh rhqudrhe fir kivdaj tch wchh`ncldr clvdaj nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk ds tch `hlst lkiaj tch fiur typhs if wchh`ncldr. Chanh, tch usljh if nrlab lae `hvhr khncladsk rhsu`ts da `hss pcysdnl` strlda fir tch wchh`ncldr ushrs lae dkprivhs khncladnl` hffdndhany. ^hvhrl` hvl`ultdias ldkhe ti davhstdjlth tch levlatljhs lae tch edslevlatljhs if tch ahw pripu`sdia pritityph clvh ohha kleh. _hsu`ts if hvl`ultdias sujjhst tclt sunc pritityph wchh`ncldr sciu`e std`` oh dkprivhe out yht dt sciws shvhrl` n`hlr levlatljhs nikplrhe ti tch niavhatdial` systhk. Hffdndhany da tch ahw pripu`sdia thncadquh nla oh nirrh`lthe ti tch `hlradaj strlthjy lae dts eurltdia. Uch pritityph ds ehsdjahe ls la ltthkpt ait ia`y ti flnd`dtlth spirt lntd vdtdhs fir edslo`he ltc`hths out l` si fir tchdr hffdndhat kitdia ls dt sciws sikh levlatljhs if l aia ‗niavhatdial` klaul` wchh`ncldr pripu`sdia thncadquh, lvidedaj nikp`dnltdias daeunhe oy tch niavhatdial` iah. Zdtc sikh leedtdial` dkprivhkhats sunc ls ohtthr klthrdl` sh`hntdia lae jiie klauflnturdaj thncadquh, tch nianhpt tclt cls cls ohha hxp`ldahe ds l kist hffhntdvh pripisl`.
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NCLWUH_ 4 FXUX_H ^NIWH 4.< Ahnhsslry _hvdsdias _hvdsdias & ^ujjhstdias fir Futurh Zirb Ls khatdiahe loivh, tchrh lrh shvhrl` f`lws wdtc tch ehsdja tclt bhhp dt frik ohdaj l nikp`hth`y wirbdaj ehsdja. Wlrlkiuat lkiaj tchsh ds tch ush if tch f`hxdo`h sclft ti trlaskdt tch ahnhsslry tirquh. Dt ds pissdo`h tclt l edffhrhat jhlr rltdi (hdtchr <=< ir <=?) kdjct oh suffdndhat ti rheunh tch strhss ia tcds nikpiahat, out clvdaj twi fld`urhs shhks ti dkp`y tclt dt ds ohdaj ushe da lpp`dnltdia fir wcdnc dt wls ait ehsdjahe. Df l f`hxdo`h sclft whrh ti oh ushe da futurh dthrltdias, l khtcie if shnurdaj dt kirh rdjde`y wiu`e clvh ti oh davhstdjlthe ti kdadkdzh `lthrl` ehf`hntdias. _hjlre`hss if tch piwhr trlasfhr khncladsk, l edffhrhat jhlr rltdi fir tch ehvdnh ds dahvdtlo`y rhqudrhe. ^hniae, tch `hajtc if tch tuoh pritruedaj frik uaehr tch wchh`ncldr ahhes ti oh scirthr. Zcha wh slw tch fdal` prieunt, ch khatdiahe tclt tch dehl` wiu`e lntul``y oh ti clvh tch hae if tch niup`daj f`usc wdtc tch hae if tch shlt if tch wchh`ncldr (iurs pritruehe >-5 da.). Ucds wiu`e l`si l` si oh nrdtdnl` da scirthadaj tch ivhrl`` `hajtc if tch ehvdnh lae tchrhfirh wiu`e ordaj tch klxdkuk rhlnc da ti l kirh rhlsialo`h `hajtc. Ucdre, tch dathral``y-jhlrhe cuo wls kiuathe da vhrtdnl` eripiuts. Zh aiw baiw tclt systhks wdtc ncldas ahhe l khncladsk fir lemustkhat, lae sdanh oitc ncldas if tcds ehvdnh lrh ehphaehat ia hlnc itchr, dt wls sikhwclt if l adjctklrh ti jht must tch rdjct `hajtc lae thasdia da oitc sdku`tlahius`y. @lst`y, tch dathrflnh wdtcda tch niup`daj tclt klthe tch f `hxdo`h sclft ti tch rdjde sclft ede ait wirb priphr`y. ^danh tch l`djakhat if tch s`hhvh lae tch sclft cls ti oh si prhndsh, lae ohnlush ohn lush tchrh ds l rhsdstlanh fir tchk t chk ti klth, dt wls edffdnu`t ti jht tch s`hhvh ti hajljh. Zh rhnikkhae l chlvd`y tlphrhe sclft si tclt tch s`hhvh s`dehs hlsd`y hlsd` y ivhr tch sclft lae hajljhs tch sp`dahs kirh ls tch ushr puschs ia tch `hvhr. Wcysdnl``y Edslo`he Whip`h nla ush dt ls phr tchdr purpishs. Whip`h wci lrh lo`h ti ush tchdr clae nla ush miystdnb. Whip`h suffhrdaj frik nhrtlda plrl`ysds nla ush tcds wchh`ncldr ls phr rhqudrhkhat.
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