ENGLISH LANGUAGE .
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UNIT 2 DIRECT - INDIRECT SPEECH •
• • • • • •
If we reproduce of another person’s actual words, we can use in two ways, namely : by using “direct speech” and “indirect speech”. 1. Direct Speech. Direct speech is a form of original sentence sentence from someone’s opinion without undergoing any changes. The constructions of direct speech in general consists of two parts of sentences : a. Main clause which is called “reporting “ reporting verb”
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• 2. Indirect Speech. • Indirect speech or reported speech tells •
about the main discussion or opinion of
•
someone that is as a compound sentence
•
which consists of main clause clause and sub clause
•
separated by certain conjunctions and sub clause by
of
changes
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3. The change of time and place from direct speech
• • • • • • • • • •
to indirect speech when the main clause in the Past Tense, namely :
tomorrow tomorrow night tomorrow morning
becomes “ “
next week next month
“ “
next year now today
“ “ “
- the day after/ the following day - the night after/ the following night - the morning after/ the following morning - the week after/ the following week - the month after/ the following month - the year after/ the following year - then that day
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• • • • • • • • • • • •
this we this week ek become beco mes s this month “ this year “ this morning “ yester yes terday day last night “ lastt wee las week k “ last month “ last year ago this
“ “ “
- th that at we week ek - that month - that year - that morning - the da day y bef before ore// the pre previ vious ous da day y - the night before/ the previous night - the wee week k be befor fore/ e/ the pre previ vious ous wee week k - the month before/ the previous month - the year before/ the previous year - before - that
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The forms of Direct and Indirect Speech as follow : • A. Command and Request. • Examples : • 1. He said to me, ”Do ”Do your homework !” • = He asked me to do my homework. • 2. He said to her, ””Come Come here !” • = He told her her to to come there • 3. He said to them, ”Bring ”Bring your note books when you • went to school !” • = He ordered them to bring their notebooks when • they went to school.
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B. Negative Command. • Examples : •
1. I said to him, ”Don’t ”Don’t worry !”
•
= I asked him not to worry
•
2. The doctor said doctor said to me, ”Don’t ”Don’t go out at night !”.
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Note : • • • • •
1. The reporting verbs that are used to change change direct speech to indirect speech are : tell tell,, ask ask,, order , command command,, reques request, t, advise, etc. 2. Infinitive without to in the direct speech becomes to infinitive in the indirect speech
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Task : 1 Change the following sentences into indirect speech ! • • • • •
Example : I said to them, ”Open ”Open your your books books !”. = I asked them to open their their books. books. 1. “Don’t worry about me, please !”. (Agus told his mother .….…….……) 2. “Wait here until I come !”. (He told me ………………..………… ………………..…………….….) ….….) 3. “Tell me what you !”. (Ali told told her ………………………………....) ………………………………....)
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C. Positive form (Statement) in the Direct Speech. • When the main clause is in the present tense, and if we change the direct speech into indirect speech, the tense will not change • Examples : • 1. He says says,, “I go to school”. • = He says that he goes to school
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2. The change of tense in the indirect speech when the main clause is in the Past Tense : • •
• • •
PATTERN :
DIRECT SPEECH becomes a. Simple Present Tense “ (Subject + Verb-1+s/es + ... ) “ Example :
INDIRECT SPEECH Simple Past Tense (Subject + Verb-2 + .... )
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e. Present Continuous Tense • (Subject + Am + Verb-ing )
“
Past Continuous Tense (Subject + Was + Verb-ing Verb-ing))
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• •
g. Future Tense (Subject + Will + V-1 + ... )
“ “
Past Future Tense (Subject + Would
+ V-1 + ...)
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Note :
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Task : 2 Change the following sentences into indirect speech !
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