INTRODUCCIÓN
En este presente trabajo se quiere quiere mostrar la práctica administrativa administrativ a el análisis análisis de la distribución del espacio en las áreas de trabajo trabajo de cualquier cualquier organización constituye un aspecto relevante en el el estudio de las condiciones en que éste se realiza. La estrecha relación que existe entre las condiciones físicas que conforman el medio en que un directivo o un empleado desempeñan sus tareas, permite afirmar que para lograr un alto grado de eficiencia no basta con armónicas estructuras de org anización, con idóneos sistemas y procedimientos de trabajo, ni con elevadas aptitudes del personal, es necesario integrar los elementos materiales para crear un ambiente favorable a la naturaleza del trabajo convirti convirtiéndolo éndolo así en un factor de productivida d.
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CONCEPTO Distribución
del del espacio en las áreas de trabajo se refiera a la disposición física de los
puestos de trabajo, de sus componentes materiales y a la ubicación de las instalaciones para la atención y servicios al personal y clientes tomando en cuenta los procesos de comunicación de la empresa.
OBJETIVOS GENERALES
Aumento de la seguridad de los trabajadores.
Elevación de la moral y la satisfacción del trabajador
Incremento de la producción.
Disminución
Ahorro de área ocupada.
Reducción del manejo de materiales.
Una mayor utilización de la maquinaria, de la mano de obra y de los servicios.
Reducción del material en proceso.
Acortamiento del tiempo de fabricación.
Reducción del trabajo administrativo, del trabajo ind irecto en general.
Logro de una supervisión más fácil y mejor.
Disminución
de la congestión y confusión.
Disminución
del riesgo para el material o su calidad.
Mayor facilidad de ajuste a los cambios de condiciones.
de los retrasos en la producción.
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OBJETIVOS BÁSICOS
UNIDAD
Alcanzar la integración de todos los elementos o factores implicados en la unidad productiva, para que se funcione como una unidad de objetivos.
CIRCULACIÓN MÍNIMA
Procurar
que los recorridos efectuados por los materiales y hombres, de operación a
operación y entre departamentos sean óptimos lo cual requiere economía de movimientos, de equipos, de espacio.
SEGURIDAD
Garantizar
la seguridad, satisfacción y comodidad del personal, consiguiéndose así
una disminución en el índice de accidentes y una mejora en el ambiente de trabajo. trabajo.
FLEXIBILIDAD
La distri distribución bución del del espacio necesitará, con mayor o menor frecuencia adaptarse a los cambios en las circunstancias bajo las que se realizan las operaciones, las que hace aconsejable la adopción de distribuciones f lexibles
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TIPOS
1. DISTRIBUCIÓN POR POSICIÓN FIJA O POR PRODUCTO ESTÁTICO EST ÁTICO El producto que vamos a fabricar no puede ser movido, ya sea por su tamaño o porque simplemente debe ser hecho en ese sitio. Ya que si queremos pasar de de un lugar a otro debemos tomar en cuenta los costos y la mejor estrategia para disminuirlos.
2. DISTRIBUCIÓN POR PROCESO Las máquinas y servicios son agrupados de acuerdo las características de cada uno, es decir que si organiza su producción por proceso debe diferenciar claramente los pasos a los que somete su materia prima para dejar el producto terminado. Así mismo deberá haber estaciones de trabajo para cada uno.
3. DISTRIBUCIÓN POR PRODUCTO Esta es la llamada línea de produc produc ción en cadena ó serie. En esta, los accesorios, maquinas, servicios auxiliares etc. Son ubicados continuamente de tal modo que los procesos sean consecuencia del inmediatamente anterior.
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SISTEMAS DE FLUJO Estos tratan tra tan la circulación depend dependiendo iendo de la forma física del local, planta o taller con el que se cuenta.
FLUJO EN LÍNEA
FLUJO EN ELE
FLUJO EN U
FLUJO EN S
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VENTAJAS DE TENER UNA BUENA DISTRIBUCIÓNDEL ESPACIO y
Disminución
de las distancias distancias a recorrer por los materiales, herramientas herramientas y
trabajadores y
Circulación adecuada para el personal, equipos móviles, materiales y productos en elaboración, etc.
y
Utilización efectiva del espacio disponible según la necesidad.
y
Seguridad del personal y disminución de accidentes.
y
Localización de sitios para inspección, que permitan mejorar la calidad del producto.
y
Disminución
del tiempo de fabricación.
y
Mejoramiento de las condiciones de trabajo.
y
Incremento de la productividad y disminución de los costos.
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CONSIDERACIONES PARA LA REALIZACIÓN LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ESPACIO F ACTORES QUE LO ORIGINAN
El estudio y la efectiva disposición del espacio en las unidades de una organización se realizan cuando se presenta alguna o varias de las situaciones que se mencionan:
Establecimiento de nuevos objetivos y programas
Cambios en la estructura de la organización.
Modificación de los sistemas y procedimientos de trabajo.
Como respuesta a las propuestas del personal.
Incremento del volumen de trabajo.
Aumento o disminución de personal.
Reubicación o remodelación de las instalaciones de trabajo.
Renovación del mobiliario y equipo.
Atendiendo a las necesidades de servicios al cliente.
Para
Por
el aprovechamiento óptimo de recursos. reformas al marco legal ambiental.
En cumplimiento a conventos y/o acuerdos de operación.
Por
disposiciones oficiales en materia económica.
RESPONSABILIDAD DE SU EJECUCIÓN
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CRITERIOS PARA LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ESPACIO EN EL ÁREA DE TRABAJO 1. Funcionalidad Que
las cosas queden donde se puedan trabajar efectivamente.
2. Económico Ahorro en distancias recorridas y utilización plena del espacio 3. Flujo Permitir
que los procesos se den continuamente y sin tropiezos.
4. Comodidad Cree espacios suficientes para el bienestar de los trabajadores y el traslado de los materiales 5. Iluminación No descuide este elemento dependiendo de la labor específica 6. Aireación En procesos que demanden una corriente de air e, ya que comprometen el uso de gases o altas temperaturas temperaturas etc.
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MÉTODOS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ESPACIO Realmente Realmente existe multitud de métodos, métodos, sin embargo por practicidad los clasificaremos clasificaremos en métodos cuantitativos y métodos cualitativos. y
LOS MÉTODOS CUANTITATIVOS
Estos consideran la medición medición de los los procesos y las dis tancias, es decir que minimizan minimizan el costo del traslado de material, tiempo traslado del del personal de un proceso a otro. y
LOS MÉTODOS CUALITATIVOS
En estos se busca darle importancia a los gustos o deseos subjetivos de que un departamento quede cerca o lejos de otro. En otras palabras en este tipo de ordenamiento los criterios que prevalecen son la comodidad o los accesos para la atención al cliente.
ASPECTOS ORGANIZACIONALES En función de la estructura de la organización, la distribución del espacio debe debe
tener
en cuenta los siguientes factores: y
Que
refleje y facilite las relaciones de trabajo entre las unidades que la
componen. y
De
acuerdo con los sistemas de información y procesos de comunicación
establecidos. y
Naturaleza, volumen, frecuencia y modo de desarrollo de las funciones asignadas a cada unidad, procurando seguir una secuencia lógica en las
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GUÍAS FUNDAMENTALES La experiencia y el estudio en materia de distribución por parte de especialistas y estudios realizados, han permitido el desarrollo de una serie de quías para obtener una distribución eficaz y alcanzar los objetivos 1. Es recomendable concentrar al al personal en amplios locales de trabajo con o sin divisiones interiores, con una buena iluminación, ventilación, y adaptabilidad al cambio. 2. Hay que evitar evitar superficies superficie s en que trabaje un número excesivo excesiv o de personas, pues ello se traduce con facilidad en fuent e de desorden, ruido y distracción que atenta contra el bienestar y la eficiencia. 3. Cuando es necesario proporcionar cierto aislamiento a algunos puestos, sin renunciar por ello a las ventajas que derivan de un local común, suelen utilizarse separaciones móviles e intercambiables, que ocupan una superficie mínima y permiten tratar fácilmente los problemas de asignación de espacio. 4. El trabajo debe fluir siempre hacia delante formando, en en lo posible, posible, una línea recta, por lo que que se debe evitar evitar las idas y vuel tas, los cruces y el movimiento innecesario de papeles. Asimismo dar preferencia a los flujos dominantes de trabajo y a los documentos clave o juego de documentos sobre los que giran las operaciones de un proceso. 5. Las unidades orgánicas que tengan funcion es similares y relacionadas entre entre si, deben colocarse próximas o adyacentes. 6. Los escritorios deben ser de de estilo uniforme uniforme y de dimensiones acordes con las necesidades propias del trabajo. Esto da flexibilidad a los cambios, mejora la apariencia y promueve un sentimiento de igualdad entre el personal.
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10. Las unidades centrales de servicio auxiliar como archivo, taquigrafía tabulación y duplicación, entre otros, deben localizarse cerca de las unidades orgánicas que más requi requi eren sus servicios. 11. Ubicar las unidades que utilizan máquinas y equipo ruidoso, aisladas en una extensión a prueba de sonidos para que no molesten a otras unidades. 12. Las unidades que tienen mucho contacto con clientes, deben localizarse cerca de las entradas, ascensores y zonas de recepción, para - que sean accesible accesible y no distraigan a otras unidades. 13. Al personal cuyo trabajo requiere una máxima concentración, se le debe situar dentro de divisiones parciales o completas. 14. Se deben usar preferentemente panele s o divisiones como paredes, por su facilidad de instalación, movilidad y bajos costos para efectuar modificaciones. Las divisiones parciales con vidrio plano y opaco permiten buena luz y ventilación. 15. Deben instalarse suficientes contactos eléctricos elé ctricos de p iso para equipo y máquinas de oficina, a fin de evitar cordones colgando del techo o insertos en las paredes. 16. Los archiveros y el equipo frecuentemente utilizado, deben ponerse cerca del personal que los usa. 17. Es necesario proporcionar al personal y visi tantes servicios adecuados de a) Sanitarios b) espacios para los periodos de descanso o espera, donde se pueda hablar informalmente o tomar un refrigerio c) suficientes tomas de agua. 18. Debe disponerse de un un lugar destinado a bodega bodega o almacén almacén de utensilios para el aseo, papelería y suministros, o mobiliario y equipos.
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ESPECIFICACIONES POR TIPO DE ÁREA y
EL DESPACHO PRIVADO
Las oficinas deben de contar con algunos despachos aislados, por razones del nivel jerárquico, trabajo confidencial y/o necesidad de concentración. Al evaluar la necesidad de despachos privados para un individuo o grupo de empleados, hay que tener en cuenta que por su tipo de trabajo requieren: y
Estar protegidos de distracciones visuales, como lo es el tránsito normal de la oficina.
y
Prevenir
distracciones causadas por el sonido, como son las conversaciones
de la oficina. y
Tener privacidad para sostener conversaciones confidenciales por teléfono o personales.
y
Contar con una atmósfera tranquila, propicia para el estudio y la reflexión que demanda el desarrollo de ciertos trabajos.
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entrada del área a su cargo para que el acceso de visitantes se realice con el mínimo de distracción.
DISPOSICIÓN DE MOBILIARIO Y EQUIPO Definida
la distribución del espacio se debe planear la disposición del mobiliario y
equipo tomando en cuenta que: y
Los escritorios se orienten, en la medida de lo posible, con el frente en la misma dirección y a menos que una actividad específica lo requi era, tratar de que no estén uno frente a otro.
y
Es preferible emplear emplear de de uno a dos dos escritorios por hilera hilera y evitar así disturbios disturbios y distracciones al personal. Si el espacio es insuficiente, colocar como máximo cuatro escritorios por hilera.
y
No ordenar los escritorios con el frente hacia las ventanas para evitar el resplandor de la luz exterior, ni tampoco frente a una pared sólida o traslúcida.
y
Colocar en un lugar retirado de áreas de trabajo trabajo de concentración el mobiliario y equipo que es utilizado por va rios individuos individuos cuyas funcion f unciones es hacen necesaria una fuerte interacción o labor de equipo.
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MODELOS PARA PRESENTAR LA DISTRIBICION DEL ESPACIO El uso de modelos constituye el procedimiento más sencillo para conocer la distribución actual y desarrollar desarrollar una nueva.
CONSIDERAR LOS SIGUIENTES COMPONENTES:
y
Escala: Los modelos se reproducen a la misma escala del plano sobre el cual se colocarán (la escala 1:50 es decir, 2 cms=1 M. es la más adecuada
y
Material: Los modelos pueden hacerse de cartón, papel, plástico o madera.
y
Colores. Pueden ueden utilizarse material material es de diferentes colores para los diversos tipos de muebles, máquinas y equipos nuevos o viejos; también para distinguir las diferentes unidades administrativas. En un plano definitivo pueden utilizarse las llamadas ³pantallas" sobre los dibujos de los dis tintos elemento., materiales
y
Nombres. Con fines de identificación cada modelo debe rotularse para saber a qué unidad administrativa pertenece y en algunos casos para precisar qué es.
MAQUETAS
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PASOS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ESPACIO I.PLANEACIÓN DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ESPACIO Es la primera etapa de de plan de distribución del del espacio, es la distribución racional racional del espacio debe sistematizar las acciones que provienen de un análisis que contenga los elementos de juicio suficientes para fijar prioridades, elegir entre alternativas y establecer objetivos y metas para ordenar las actividade s que permiten alcanzar en base a la correcta asignación de recursos, coordinación de esfuerzos y delegación precisa de responsabilidades.
DIAGNÓSTICO DE LA SITUACIÓN ACTUAL
Permite
conocer las necesidades de espacio y la distribución requerida para el
desarrollo del trabajo, para derivar acciones de ajuste orientadas a optimizarlo.
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y
REVISIÓN DE LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS
El arreglo del mobiliario y equipo, debe soportarse con un análisis de flujo de trabajo involucrado involucrado en la realización realización de las f unciones. unciones. Esta información información puede representarse representarse en forma de fluxograma. En él se muestra la secuencia de los pasos involucrados en las operaciones de las unidades orgánicas. Estas técnicas, asociadas generalmente con los programas de simplificación simplificación del trab ajo, reorganización reorganización y reingeniería, pueden pueden ser herramientas efectivas y relativamente sencillas para el análisis de los datos. Entre los diagramas más útiles para este propósito está el fluxograma arquitectónico, también conocido conocido como "gráfica de distribu ción de la oficina" o "gráfica de trabajo, en relación con la ubicación del equipo", en el que se puede percibir el arreglo actual de mobiliario y equipo dentro de un área, así como el movimiento de los documentos en función a ese arreglo. Este diagrama de recorrido, proporciona el mejor medio de analizar la distribución presente y el flujo del trabajo, visualizando la relación de distancias involucradas en el movimiento entre uno y otro puesto de trabajo. Obviamente las ineficiencias de la distribución actual pueden precisarse para eliminar el desplazamiento innecesario. DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL DEL ESPACIO
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y
LISTA DEL MOBILIARIO Y EQUIPO
Elaborar una lista que incluya toda la información necesaria para identificar el mobiliario y equipo ub icado en el área que se estudia; entre los datos relevantes están: cantidad, dimensiones, clase, modelo, material, antigüedad, así como otras observaciones sobre cada uno de los elementos materiales por unidad orgánica y por puesto. Cada unidad física físi ca debe ser numerada durante esta etapa etapa con el fin de utilizarla en la distribución final.
y
PLANTILLA DE PERSONAL
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II.
PREVISIÓN DE NECESIDADES FUTURAS
la segunda etapa en la elaboración del plan de distribución distribuci ón del espacio, donde donde debe cubrirse la organización, con respecto a proyecta la medida en que las decisiones de la alta autoridad influirán en la distribución actual actual en un futuro próximo próximo y determinar si se están contemplando cambios en la organización como pueden ser ampliar o reducir la estructura orgánica, descentralizar funciones o unidades, incluir nuevas funciones, re direccionar direcci onar funciones, varias vari as las cargas car gas de t rabajo, implantar nuevos sistemas, si stemas, desincorporar desincorporar áreas o servicios, modificar el objeto de la organización, organización, invertir recursos de capital, diversificar los productos o servicios al mercado, reorientar reorientar los productos productos o
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y
PROCEDIMIENTOS
Considerar los planes y propósitos que repercutirán en los sistemas de trabajo, toda vez que propiciarán cambios en el flujo de las operaciones. Entre los mecanismos que se podrán emplear están:
D
iagramas de flujo.
D
iagramas de programación de computadoras. co mputadoras.
D
iagramas de distribución de espacio.
Matriz de especificaciones o requerimiento de espacio.
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colectivos y para equipo especial y servicio, y superficie neta total requerida para el personal actual y el equipo. La suma de espacio resumido en el inventario representa la superficie reque rida. A este debe añadírsele el espacio previsto en caso de incremento del volumen de las operaciones. En la estimación de las áreas de trabajo están incluidos factores que implican una mayor disponibilidad de superficie.
y
INVENTARIO DEL PERSONAL ACTUAL Y NECESIDADES NE CESIDADES DE ESPACIO
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Si la superficie neta (áreas de trabajo) se le suman los espacios señalados se obtiene la superficie bruta requerida.
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III. La
tercera etapa de la planeación:
PLAN BÁSICO
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AMBIENTE FÍSICO La disposición física de los puestos de trabajo y de los componentes materiales, así como la ubicación de servicios al personal y al público, no deben omitir la
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Que
tiene una enorme área abierta; no hay pa redes que dividan al espacio en
cubículos. Por
el contrario, todos los empleados están agrupados en unidades funcionales,
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La iluminación de un área de trabajo a una intensidad mucho mayor que la del área circundante, con el tiempo causará fatiga ocular. y
El resplandor
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Algunos psicólogos afirman que el ruido puede alt erar el equilibrio psíquico. Los que trabajan en ambientes demasiado ruidosos son más agresivos, desconfiados e irritables que los que laboran en una atmósfera normal.
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