_NID 7
@ckntgv`s
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad. Rgstnids on hdvdo`; hdvdo`rds y tûenhns on hdvdo`. Rnbdo`rds. Rgstnids on snbdo` y phdebad; bdhdeords, phnldo`rds, tûenhns on snbdo`. Bnetrdhns on phdebado`. ]hnldo`rds y dpghdo`rds B`e`bnr hd idqugedrgd niphndod ne h`s sgstnids on hdvdo` Dprneonr h`s sgstnids on snbdo` y phdebad
nogt`rgdh } bnp
4. HNEBNSÉD. HNEBNS ÉD. IDT^GED IDT^GEDSGD SGD ON HDZDEON HDZDEONSÉD SÉD W ]HDEBAD. RGR_NIDR ON HDZDO@; HDZDO@SD HDZDO@SDR R W _ÛENH _ÛENHNR NR ON HDZDO@. RNBDO@SDR. RGR_NID RGR_NIDR R ON RNBDO@ W ]HDEBAD; BDHDEOSDR, ]HNLDO@SDR, _ÛENHN _ÛENHNRR ON RNBDO@. BNE_SDH BNE_SDHNR NR ON ]HDEBADO@. ]HDEBAD O@. ]HNLDO@ ]HNLDO@SDR SDR W D]GHDO@SDR Hd prn`bupdbgòe p`r hd aglgnen y nh idetnegignet` on ueds b`eogbg`ens òptgids on hgipgnzd ne h`s net`re`s a`spgtdhdrg`s ad odo` huldr d ued brnbgnetn gip`rtdebgd on h`s snrvgbg`s on hdvdeonréd on ogba`s bnetr`s, y b`esnbunetninetn d ued idy`r ogvnrsgjgbdbgòe y nspnbgdhgzdbgòe on h`s rnburs`s edturdhns qun sn utghgzde ne h`s nspdbg`s on hdvdo` y phdebado`.
4.4 Nqugpdignet` lnenrdh Onetr` on h`s inog`s y rnburs`s idtnrgdhns nxgstnetns ne h`s snrvgbg`s on hdvdeonréd sn punone neb`etrdr h`s sglugnetns; -
]r`oubt`s on hgipgnzd (ontnrlnetns, hgipgdo`rns, ntb.)
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Hdvdo`rds
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]hdebads y bnetr`s on phdebado`
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_ûenhns on hdvdo`
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_ûenhns on snbdo`
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Bdhdeords
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Rnbdo`rds
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Bnetrgjuldo`rds
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]hnldo`rds
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Dpghdo`rds
D b`etgeudbgòe, e`s bnetrdrni`s ne onsdrr`hhdr h`s nqugp`s on snbdo` y phdebado`.
4.3 Rgstnids on hdvdo`; hdvdo`rds y tûenhns tûenhns on hdvdo` D. Hdvdo`rds Hds ady on ogjnrnetns idrbds y i`onh`s. Dsgigsi` tgnene ogstgetd bdpdbgodo on bdrld, duequn hd qun e`ridhinetn sn utghgzde s`e hds on 2= fl. Nh sgstnid on bdrld punon snr on `k` on cuny (hdvdo`rds vnrtgbdhns), sgighdrns d hds bhäsgbds o`içstgbds pnr` b`e idy`r bdpdbgodo on hhnedo`, ` hgendh.
4<=
_nid 7
nogt`rgdh } bnp
D pnsdr on hd nv`hubgòe on hds hdvdo`rds sn ad snlugo` utghgzdeo` nh dut`idtgsi` p`r tdrkntd, yd qun, dh juebg`edr p`r sgstnid on rnh`k, ns onbgr, p`r inbdegsi` sgiphn, ns p`b` b`iphgbdo` y su rnpdrdbgòe ` sustgtubgòe tdicgçe ns nb`eòigbd. Dh snr iuy snebghh` punon snr utghgzdo` p`r budhqugnr pnrs`ed präbtgbdinetn onson su prginr oéd on trdcdk`, yd qun b`esgstn s`h` ne bdrldr hd hdvdo`rd n getr`oubgr hd tdrkntd, puns hd hdvdo`rd grä hnyneo` h` qun oncn adbnr. Hds tdrkntds h` s`e on phästgb` b`e ueds pnrj`rdbg`ens, b`rrnsp`eogneo` b`rrnsp`eogneo` bdod tdrkntd d ue pr`lrdid on hdvdo` ogstget`.
C. _ûenhns _ûenhn s on hdvdo` Hd hdvdo`rd hgendh ` ne nspgrdh ns dqunhhd qun sn nebunetrd ne nstdchnbgignet`s b`e lrde v`huine on trdcdk` ` hdvdeonréds nspnbgdhgzdods. Oncn su e`icrn d qun ns ued bäidrd bghéeorgbd b`e ue nkn ne su getnrg`r qun tgnen j`rid on nspgrdh ogvgogod ne 4= ` 43 b`ipdrtginet`s bdod ue` b`e su tdic`r anriçtgbdinetn snpdrdo`s. Ru juebg`edignet` ne ued nxphgbdbgòe snebghhd ns nh sglugnetn; sn gegbgd bdrldeo` nh prginr tdic`r y netrn trns y bgeb` igeut`s onspuçs sn pdrd dut`iätgbdinetn pdsdeo` hd r`pd dh snlueo` tdic`r. ^ed vnz trdesburrgo` nh igsi` tgnip` hd `pnrdbgòe sn rnpgtn pdsdeo` dh tnrbnr tdic`r y dsé subnsgvdinetn adstd hhnldr dh ûhtgi`. Netrn nh prginr y nh ûhtgi` tdic`r sn ade go` subnogneo` ueds jdsns sgighdrns d hds on hd hdvdo`rd o`içstgbd; prnhdvdo`, hdvdo`, dbhdrdo` y bnetrgjuldo`. Ady qun tnenr ne bunetd, doniäs, qun pdrd `ctnenr ued òptgid pr`oubtgvgodo ue d vnz rnb`lgod hd r`pd onh ûhtgi` b`etneno`r yd sn nstä bdrldeo` nh prginr` y dsé subnsgvdinetn, on j`rid qun bdod bgeb` igeut`s yd ady ontnrigedo`s o ntnrigedo`s fgh`s on r`pd hdvdod.
4.2 Rnbdo`rds. Rgstnids on snbdo` y phdebad; bdhdeords, phnldo`rds, tûenhns on snbdo`. Bnetrdhns on phdebado`. ]hnldo`rds y dpghdo`rds D. Getr`ou Getr`oubbgòe bbgòe Nxgstne trns sgstnids on snbdo`; -
Rnbdo` ne nspdbg`s dcgnrt`s
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Ne hd pr`pgd hdvdo`rd (sg ns tdicgçe snbdo`rd)
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Ne snbdo`rd geonpneognetn
Dbtudhinetn, h` iäs e`ridh ns hd utghgzdbgòe on iäqugeds snbdo`rds, pnr` nxgstne `tr`s sgstnids qun tdicgçe ode iuy cune`s rnsuhtdo`s y qun sn utghgzde ne dqunhhds niprnsds qun ogsp`ene onh nspdbg` sujgbgnetn pdrd i`etdr snbdonr`s edturdhns ` drtgjgbgdhns, o`eon sn gestdhd ued nstrubturd on intdh y brgstdh trdshûbgo` on sgighdrns bdrdbtnréstgbds d hds on ue gevnredonr`, o`tdod on trdipghhds rnluhdchns pdrd jdbghgtdr hd sdhgod on dgrn. Ne bds` on rndhgzdrsn nh snbdo` dh dgrn hgcrn, sn sdbdrä prnvgdinetn hd r`pd on hd hdvdo`rd, onp`sgtäeo`hd ne rnbgpgnetns hgipg`s y trdshdoäeo`hd d hd z`ed nspnbgdhinetn onstgedod d tneononr`s, qun oncn snr ue nspdbg` hgipg` y dcgnrt`.
C. Bnetrgjuld Bnetrgjuldo`rd o`rd Ns jésgbdinetn iuy sgighdr d hd hdvdo`rd. Nxgstgrä ne dqunhhds hdvdeonréds o`eon hds hdvdo`rds e` bnetrgjulune ` h` adlde on idenrd nsbdsd pdrd da`rrdr tgnip` y o nogbdrhds d eunv`s hdvdo`s.
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad
4<4
nogt`rgdh } bnp
B. Rnbdo`rds _dicgçe s`e jésgbdinetn sgighdrns d hds hdvdo`rds. R`e tdic`rns lgrdt`rg`s b`e bgrbuhdbgòe on dgrn bdhgnetn, lnenrdhinetn dbbg`edods p`r nhnbtrgbgodo. Hds qun lgrde d p`bd vnh`bgodo, d ineuo` b`e`bgods b`i` ‘sdbuogo`rds’, sn usde pdrd dcrgr ued idsd b`ipdbtd on drtébuh`s hdvdo`s, detns on pdsdr nst`s p`r hd bdhdeord. Nxgstgräe ne dqunhh`s nstdchnbgignet`s qun e` ogsp`elde on bäidrds ` iòouh`s on snbdo`. Ru juebgòe ns nsnebgdhinetn snbdr. B`evgnen rnb`rodr qun hd r`pd, on bdrd d hd phdebad, oncn qunodr b`e bgnrt` lrdo` on auinodo, p`r h` qun, ued vnz bdrldod y bnrrdod, sn p`eorä ne idrbad prnjgkdeo` nh tgnip` y tnipnrdturd enbnsdrg`s pdrd `ctnenr ogbad snesdbgòe on hglnrd auinodo.
d. _gp`s on snbdo`rds • Rnbdo`rd on nvdbudbgòe ogrnbtd (snbdo`rd on nxtrdbbg nxtrdbbgòe òe on dgrn) Ne nst`s dpdrdt`s, nh dgrn aûino`, b`etnegneo` vdp`r on dlud, sn nhgiged hdezäeo`h` dh nxtnrg`r, cgne ogrnbtdinetn ` cgne d trdvçs on ued bdedhgzdbgòe jhnxgchn. Rg sn utghgzd bdedhgzdbgòe on onsbdrld oncn snr h` iäs b`rtd p`sgchn yd qun, on `trd j`rid, nh rneogignet` onh pr`bns` on snbdo` ogsigeuyn y, b`i` b`esnbunebgd, nh tgnip` on ourdbgòe sn dhdrld. Nstn ns nh sgstnid iäs snebghh` y cdrdt`, rnb`ineodchn sgniprn qun e` nxgstd pr`chnid dhlue` on vnetghdbgòe onh h`bdh.
• Rnbdo`rd on b`eonesdbgòe p`r dlud Ne nstds iäqugeds nh dgrn bgrbuhd ne bgrbugt` bnrrdo`. Nh dgrn aûino` qun sdhn onh tdic`r sn adbn pdsdr p`r ue snrpnetée rnjrglnrdo` p`r dlud qun h` nejréd, pr`oubgçeo`sn hd b`eonesdbgòe onh vdp`r on dlud b`etnego` ne nh igsi`. Nh dgrn, ued vnz snb` rngegbgd e`ridhinetn nh bgbh`. Nh dlud b`eonesdod punon pu non rnb`lnrsn ne ue rnbgpgnetn qun ns enbnsdrg` vdbgdr pnrgòogbdinetn ` vnrtnrh` ogrnbtdinetn d hd rno on onsdløn. Nstn i`onh` e` ns rnb`ineodchn puns enbnsgtd dlud pdrd su juebg`edignet`.
• Rnbdo`rd on b`eonesdbgòe p`r dgrn Ns gludh d hd detnrg`r duequn hd b`eonesdbgòe onh vdp`r b`etnego` ne nh dgrn aûino` sn njnbtûd ne ue b`eonesdo`r rnjrglnrdo` p`r dgrn t`ido` onh nxtnrg`r onh dpdrdt`, n getr`oubgo` ne çh p`r hd dbbgòe on ue vnetghdo`r (ogjnrnetn dh qun getr`oubn nh dgrn ne nh tdic`r). Nh dlud b`eonesdod sn dhidbned ne ued cdeonkd ` onpòsgt` nxtrdéchn ne dhlue`s i`onh`s, punon gestdhdrsn ued b`eoubbgòe ogrnbtd dh onsdløn inogdetn ued idelunrd. Juebg`ed pnrjnbtdinetn ne huldrns vnetghdo`s, sgneo` nstn i`onh` nh on ink`r rneogignet` y vnrsdtghgodo.
c. Snb`ineodbg`en Snb`ineodbg`enss on us` y idetnegig idetnegignet` net` -
4<3
Bnetrgjuldr hd r`pd dh iäxgi` pnrigtgo`.
_nid 7
nogt`rgdh } bnp
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Rg hd iäquged e` tgnen b`etr`h b`etr`h nhnbtròegb` utghgzdr tgnip`s rnoubgo`s pdrd nvgtdr qun hd r`pd sn s`crnbdhgnetn y sn idhldstn nenrléd.
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E` bdrldr nh tdic`r ne nxbns`.
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Inzbhdr hd r`pd on ogjnrnetns tdidô`s.
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Budeo` sn sn snqune snqune prneods prneods lrdeons, lrdeons, bdrldr bdrldr nh tdic`r tdic`r d hd igtdo.
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Dlrupdr hds prneods p`r tnkgo`s, tnkgo`s, snbdeo` snbdeo` p`r snpdrdo` hd r`pd iäs pnsdod
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Hgipgdr pnrgòogbdinetn pnrgòogbdinetn h`s jghtr`s on pnhusds y vdbgdr nh onpòsgt` onpòsgt` on dlud dlud (ne nh bds` bds` on b`eonesdb`eonesdbgòe p`r dgrn).
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E` s`crnbdrldr s`crnbdrldr hd iäquged on r`pd, puns nh v`huine v`huine on çstd çstd duinetd dh snbdrsn y punon gipnogr qun nh dgrn bgrbuhn b`e e`ridhgodo.
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]drd rnoubgr hd nhnbtrgbgodo nstätgbd qun b`lne hds prneods qun sn sn snbde ne hd snbdo`rd snbdo`rd utghgzdr h`s h`s sudvgzdetns on tnhd ne snb` ` detgnstätgb`s. Nst`s, oncne geb`rp`rdrsn ne nh snbdo` kuetdinetn b`e hd r`pd.
b. Da`rr` on nenrléd ]drd da`rrdr nenrléd y `ctnenr ue rneogignet` òptgi` on hd snbdo`rd, ns db`esnkdchn; -
Bnetrgjuldr hd r`pd d iäs on :== ` 1== rnv`hubg`ens p`r igeut` b`i` iéegi`.
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Nhnlgr h`s pr`lrdids ` tgnip`s on snbdo` snbdo` donbudo`s dh tgp` on r`pd.
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Rdqun hd bdrld bdrld snbd y b`h`qun ued eunvd bdrld pdrd snbdr snbdr geinogdtdinetn sge onkdr nejrgdr hd snbdo`rd6 b`e nhh` sn da`rrdrä nenrléd dh adbnr snbdo`s subnsgv`s dpr`vnbadeo` nh bdh`r on hds bdrlds detnrg`rns.
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E` s`crnbdrlun s`crnbdrlun hd snbdo`rd, ldstdrä ldstdrä iäs nenrléd, hd r`pd sn drruldrä y pr`oubgrä idy`r idy`r onsldstn ne hds prneods.
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Rnpdrdr hds prneods p`r su pns`, dpr`vnbadeo` dpr`vnbadeo` ink`r ink`r nh rneogignet` on su snbdo`rd.
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Jgedhinetn, pdrd ue juebg`edigne juebg`edignet` t` òptgi`, hd snbdo`rd tgnen qun nstdr b`h`bdod ne ue sgtg` vnetghdo`.
o. _gnip`s on snbdo` Nh tgnip` on snbdo` sn ontnrigedrä tdet` ne juebgòe tdet` onh tnkgo` b`i` onh lrdo` on auinodo b`e nh qun hd r`pd sn getr`oubn ne hd snbdo`rd, y nh egvnh o n snbdo` qun sn onsnn. Ne budhqugnr bds`, ady qun rnb`rodr qun, b`e `cknt` on qun e` sn j`rine drrulds, hd rnsgstnebgd on bdhnjdbbgòe sn onsb`enbtd dut`iätgbdinetn 4= igeut`s detns on tnrigedr nh snbdo`, juebg`edeo` ourdetn nsn tgnip` sòh` nh vnetghdo`r qun gipuhsd nh dgrn. Ns prnjnrgchn qun hd r`pd sn qunon ue p`b` aûinod detns qun snbdrhd onidsgdo`, p`rqun sn p`oréd nstr`pndr. Rg onspuçs onh snbdo` sn vd d phdebadr hd r`pd, sn oncn rnoubgr nh tgnip` on snbdo` ne 4= ` 4> igeut`s. Jgedhinetn oncni`s geogbdr qun hd tnipnrdturd on snbdo` ns ogjnrnetn pdrd bdod tnkgo` pnr`, ne lnenrdh, e` sn oncne s`crnpdsdr h`s >> ` := ½B.
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad
4<2
nogt`rgdh } bnp
n. B`esnk`s pdrd nh snbdo` on hd r`pd -
B`e bdräbtnr bdräbtnr prnvg` dh snbdo`, sn oncn hgipgdr nh jghtr` on pnhusds pdrd qun hd r`pd e` sn hhnen on pnhusds y sn snqun iäs räpgo`.
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B`esuhtdr ntgquntds ntgquntds on hd r`pd pdrd pdrd dsnlurdrsn on qun sn punon snbdr ne ne hd iäquged y on hds geogbdbg`ens d snlugr (h`s tnkgo`s qun e` sn punone snbdr ne hd snbdo`rd s`e, netrn `tr`s; hdeds, phästgb`s, prneods b`e dbbns`rg`s on l`id y prneods b`e rnhhne`s on nspuid).
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Euebd sn oncne oncne snbdr snbdr prneods prneods qun nstçe i`kdods b`e b`e idtnrgdhns idtnrgdhns b`icustgchns
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Euebd sn oncne snbdr prneods qun tnelde l`id ` phästgb`s, phästgb`s, odo` qun dh bdhnetdrsn punone onrrntgrsn ` qunidrsn.
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Getr`oubgr h`s knrsçgs dh rnvçs.
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E` getr`oubgr r`pds on b`h`rns jrälghns.
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Rdbdr hd r`pd r`pd geinogdtdinetn jgedhgzdo` nh nh snbdo` snbdo` pdrd qun e` sn drrulun.
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E` rnsnqun rnsnqun hds prneods, prneods, hd r`pd sn nstr`pnd nstr`pnd y sn sn drruld b`e idrbds iuy ogjébghns on phdebadr.
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Sntgrn on hd snbdo`rd hds prneods pdrd phdebadr budeo` t`odvéd nstçe dhl` dhl` aûinods.
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Snbunron qun hd r`pd hdvdod y dbhdrdod b`e dlud jréd enbnsgtdrä ue tgnip` on snbdo` iäs hdrl`6 y qun tnipnrdturds cdkds on snbdo` pdrd r`pd onhgbdod b`rrnsp`eone d tgnip`s on snbdo` iäs hdrl`.
j. B`esnk`s nspnbéjgb`s snlûe nh tgp` on snbdo`rd • Rg sn utghgzd ued snbdo`rd on nvdbudbgòe -
Znrgjgqun qun nh tuc` on nvdbudbgòe e` nstç pgebado`, eg `cstrugo` `cstrugo` y qun su ogäintr` ogäintr` sn b`rrnsp`eon b`e hds geogbdbg`ens onh jdcrgbdetn.
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Dsnlûrnsn on qun hd vähvuhd on hd sdhgod sdhgod nxtnrg`r on hd jueod sn dcrd y sn bgnrrn bgnrrn sge pr`chnpr`chnids.
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Znrgjgqun qun hd gestdhdbgòe onh tuc` ns b`rrnbtd b`rrnbtd (ine`s (ine`s on 4 i on dhturd, ine`s ine`s on 3 i on hdrl` y 3 b`o`s b`i` iäxgi`).
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Znetghn nh budrt` onkdeo` ued punrtd punrtd ` ued vnetded dcgnrtd.
• Rg utghgzd ued snbdo`rd on b`eonesdbgòe -
]drd ue cune cune juebg`edignet`, hd snbdo`rd tgnen qun nstdr b`h`bdod b`h`bdod ne ue budrt` qun igod p`r h` ine`s 7 i³.
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Zdbgdr nh buc` rnbupnrdo`r rnbupnrdo`r onspuçs on bdod snbdo` y vnrgjgbd qun nstç cgne b`h`bdo`.
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Hgipgdr nh b`eonesdo`r b`e dlud ued vnz dh ins.
• Rg hd snbdo`rd nstä nqugpdod on bdpt`rns bdpt`rns nhnbtròegb`s nhnbtròegb`s -
4
E` usdr sudvgzdetn sudvgzdetn dh hdvdr, sn sn b`rrn nh rgnsl` on `cstrugr h`s bdptdo`rns sgtudo`s sgtudo`s ne nh tdic`r.
_nid 7
nogt`rgdh } bnp
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^tghgbn nh bgbh` ‘dgrn jré`’ jré`’ pdrd rnjrnsbdr rnjrnsbdr hd r`pd r`pd qun ad nstdo` nstdo` iuba` tgnip` ne dridrg`s y pdrd qugtdr h`s idh`s `h`rns.
O. Idqugedrgd y utnesghg`s utnesghg`s on phdebado` d. ]hdebads Nxgstne ne nh inrbdo` phdebads on t`o` tgp`, onson hd phdebad ideudh nhçbtrgbd b`e o`sgjgbdo`r on dlud y vdp`r, adstd `trds qun, doniäs on phdebadr, o`chde, phgnlde y di`et`ede. On netrn h`s ogvnrs`s i`onh`s, h`s iäs b`iuens s`e; hds phdebads ideudhns, hd phdebad p`r ogjusgòe on vdp`r, hd phdebad on r`oghh`, hd phdebad on prnesd y h`s r`c`ts on phdebado` p`rtätgh.
• ]hdebads ideudhns R`e sgighdrns d hds o`içstgbds. Hds phdebads on ide` sn bdhgnetde p`r nhnbtrgbgodo. Jueodinetdhinetn, sn niphnde pdrd phdebadr dqunhhds prneods on vnstgr ogjébghns on gesnrtdr ne hd bdoned on phdebado`, dsé b`i` pdrd nh rnpds` on puô`s, bunhh`s, s`hdpds v`hdetns, c`t`edourds y oniäs z`eds ‘ogjébghns’. Hds c`t`edourds sn phdebade d ide` pdrd idy`r snlurgodo, nvgtdeo` qun sn r`ipde ` jueode h`s c`t`ens b`e hd prnsgòe prnsgòe onh r`oghh` n, gebhus`, pdrd b`esnlugr ued ink`r ink`r b`esnrvdbgòe on hd phdebad qun tdicgçe p`oréd rdydrsn b`e h`s c`t`ens.
• Bnetrdhns on ]hdebado` Rn utghgzde s`crn t`o` b`e tnkgo`s onhgbdo`s, snesgchns dh bdh`r. Rn niphnd ue bdhonrée on vdp`r p`rtätgh dh qun sn db`phd ue ogjus`r phde` pdrd p`onr ogrglgr nh vdp`r s`crn hd z`ed onsndod, sgniprn d ued ogstdebgd iéegid on ue`s bgeb` bnetéintr`s dpr`xgidodinetn pdrd e` odôdr nh tnkgo`. Nh vdp`r oncn dphgbdrsn sgniprn on drrgcd adbgd dcdk`, sge adbnr ‘pdrdods’ qun pr`ouzbde b`rtns ne nh phdebado`. Ru us` sn bnetrd d ineuo` ne b`rtgeds.
• Bdhdeords Hds phdebads on r`oghh` sn b`e`bne p`r iuba`s e`icrns, t`o`s nhh`s sgeòegi`s; ruh`, bdhdeord, bdhdeord ` iäquged phdebado`rd. Hds lrdeons hdvdeonréds usde bdhdeords b`esgstnetns ne ue` ` iäs bghgeor`s on dbnr` bdhnetdo`s dh vdp`r y j`rrdo`s b`e ued tnhd on hded y ued bucgnrtd nxtnrg`r on tnhd on dhl`oòe. Hds prneods pdsde dh prginr r`oghh` p`r inog` on ued bgetd trdesp`rtdo`rd. Ne b`ebrnt`, nstäe j`ridods p`r ue r`oghh` on agnrr`, ` dbnr`, snlûe nh jdcrgbdetn, b`e o`s nkns ne bdod nxtrni`. Hds ady on ogstget` tdidô` ne juebgòe onh ogäintr` onh ruh` y on su hdrl`. Nh utghgzdo` b`e idy`r jrnbunebgd ns nh on 2= bnetéintr`s on ogäintr` p`r o`s intr`s y inog` on hdrl`. Ogba` r`oghh` on agnrr` ` dbnr` nstä pr`tnlgo` b`e ued jueod qun, d su vnz, punon nstdr rnbucgnrtd on ued nspnbgn on hdeghhd on dbnr`, pr`tnlgod d su vnz p`r ue iuhntòe y hd ‘sdcdeghhd’, qun ns b`i` sn one`iged d ued tnhd jged pr`tnbt`rd. Nst`s nev`hvnetns trdogbg`edhns nstäe sgneo` sustgtugo`s p`r h`s jdcrgbdetns p`r b`ipunst`s on sghg-
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad
4<>
nogt`rgdh } bnp
b`ed y tnjhòe, on idy`r rnsgstnebgd dh bdh`r, nvgtdeo` tnenr qun nstdr sustgtuyneo` jrnbunetninetn hd ‘sdcdeghhd’ p`r su jäbgh y räpgo` ontnrg`r`. Ns on jäbgh idenk` y iuy ûtgh pdrd nh phdebado` on säcdeds y prneods lrdeons. Budeo` hd prneod nstä cgne dhgendod y nebdrdod d hd rdeurd on netrdod y d ue pdr on bnetéintr`s on nhhd, sn prnsg`ed nh ideo` on phdebado` dpdrnbgneo` ued snrgn on pgezds intähgbds ` pnqunôds runonbghhds lgrdt`rgds ne hd pdrtn gejnrg`r, dh tgnip` qun ue r`oghh` on pnqunô` ogäintr` onsbneonrä tdicgçe adstd t`bdr hd prneod, idetnegçeo`hd nstgrdod y prnsg`edeo` adbgd nh getnrg`r dkustäeo`hd dh ruh`. Ne nsn i`inet`, hd phdebad prnsg`ed nh tnkgo`, nxgstgneo` ue i`vgignet` r`tdtgv` onh ruh` qun drrdstrd ourdetn nh phdebado` d hd prneod, on i`o` qun nstd sn phdebad b`i` b`esnbunebgd onh bdh`r nigtgo` p`r hd phdbd on phdebadr.
Doniäs onh ideo` on punstd ne idrbad, nh ruh` ogsp`en on `tr`s qun qu n b`etr`hde hd vnh`bgodo -qun, ne t`o` bds`, snrä hnetd- y nh snetgo` on hd r`tdbgòe, adbgd onhdetn ` adbgd onträs. _dicgçe punone odrsn vdrgds pdsdods d hd prneod sge enbnsgodo on nipnzdr on eunv` nh pr`bns`, oäeo`hn d `tr` ideo` onh ruh`.
• ]hdebads on prnesd Ne nh inrbdo`, nxgstne ogvnrs`s i`onh`s ne juebgòe on hd prneod nspnbéjgbd pdrd hd qun sn adyde brndo`, yd snde pdetdh`ens, bdigsds ` dinrgbdeds. B`estd on o`s pdrtns; ued supnrg`r y `trd gejnrg`r. Hd supnrg`r, qun ns dcdtgchn, ns dqunhhd o`eon nstä hd phdebad bòebdvd pnrj`rdod pdrd pnrigtgr hd sdhgod on vdp`r y ns on dbnr`. Hd gejnrg`r ` cdsn tdicgçe ns intähgbd, pnr` b`e ogstgetds bdpds sgighdrns dh ruh`. Ns on iuy jäbgh idenk`. B`i` ani`s ogba`, nxgstne ogvnrs`s tgp`s on prnesds ` phdebads pdrd trdkns. Rn b`h`bd hd prneod nebgid on ued insd y sn adbn cdkdr s`crn nhhd ued phdebad, yd snd dbbg`edeo` d ide` ` nhçbtrgbdinetn. Ogba` on `tr` i`o`, sn b`h`bd hd prneod s`crn hd cdsn ` dhi`adoghhd on hd iäquged, nstgräeo`hd on j`rid ideudh ` inbäegbd, y onspuçs sn cdkd hd pdrtn supnrg`r ` phdebad y sn prnsg`ed ourdetn ue`s snlueo`s hd pdhdebd onh vdp`r pdrd qun sn ogstrgcuyde p`r t`ods hds pnrj`rdbg`ens on hd phdebad a dstd qun hd prneod qunod phdebadod.
• S`c`ts on phdebado` Nxgstne ogvnrs`s i`onh`s ne nh inrbdo`. Rn bdrdbtnrgzde p`r su jäbgh i`vghgodo y sus euinr`s`s dbbns`rg`s, onstdbdeo` nh us` onh vdp`r. Ns iuy ûtgh pdrd nh phdebado` on hds b`rtgeds ued vnz punstds. Doniäs on pdrd phdebadr, lrdbgds d sus dbbns`rg`s, punon utghgzdrsn tdicgçe pdrd hgipgnzd on budrt`s on cdô`, i`quntds, dhj`icrds, ntb.
4<:
_nid 7
nogt`rgdh } bnp
_G]@R ON ]HDEBADR
]HDEBADR IDE^DHNR ]HDEBADR ]@S OGJ^RGÒE ON ZD]@S ]HDEBADR ON S@OGHH@ ]HDEBADR ON ]SNERD S@C@_R ON ]HDEBADO@
c. Ûtghns H`s ûtghns on phdebado` s`e h`s sglugnetns; -
Insd y tdchd on phdebadr.
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Dhi`adoghhds.
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Rdrlds.
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Bnst`s y cdeonkds.
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]hdebad.
Hd phdebad ns ue dpdrdt` o`içstgb` qun sn b`ip`en on ued phdbd on jueogbgòe ` on dbnr` pr`vgstd on ue dsd qun, ued vnz sn bdhgnetd, sgrvn pdrd qugtdr hd s drrulds on h`s tnkgo`s. ^ed on hds phdebads iäs detgluds qun sn b`esnrvde odtd onh sglh` QZGG. Nrde phdebads on agnrr` b`hdo`, qun sn p`eéde ogrnbtdinetn s`crn ued junetn on bdh`r. ]`stnrg`rinetn, nstd junetn on bdh`r sn getr`ouk` ne nh getnrg`r on hd phdebad y b`esgstéd ne ue tr`z` on bdrcòe on hnôd ` on agnrr` bdhgnetn. Nstds phdebads nstdcde anbads on agnrr` jueogo`, dbnr` n gebhus` on b`crn. Ne nh sglh` QGQ, adbéd su prginrd igtdo, dpdrnbgnr`e hds phdebads on lds, dhb`a`h y lds`hged. Hd phdebad on vdp`r tgnen su dpdrgbgòe ne 47>=. Hd phdebad nhçbtrgbd nstä b`ipunstd on ued phdbd on jueogbgòe br`idod, ne buy` getnrg`r sn geb`rp`rd ued rnsgstnebgd nhçbtrgbd. Dbtudhinetn, hds phdebads iäs usdods s`e hds nhçbtrgbds on vdp`r.
b. Dbbns`rg`s -
C`rrgquntns prnvg`s d hd phdebad.
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Idelugt`s pdrd pdrd phdebadr. R`e pr`tnbt`rns pr`tnbt`rns on h`s detncrdz`s, rnvnstgo`s on ued dhi`adoghhd, pdrd nvgtdr nh ontnrg`r` on hds idelds p`r nh b`estdetn r`bn.
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_dchds on phdebado`. Hds insds y tdchds on phdebado` d ide` sn utghgzde budeo` budeo` e` punone punone utghgzdrsn hds iäqugeds on r`oghh`s, pdrd prneods onhgbdods ` ogjébghns.
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad
4<<
nogt`rgdh } bnp
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Cdrrds on tneononr`s tneononr`s p`rtätghns p`rtätghns ` pnrbanr`s trdesp`rtdchns. R`e cdrrds on h`elgtuo vdrgdchn, jgkdods p`r o`s cdrrds hdtnrdhns d ued cdsn b`e runods pdrd jdbghgtdr su onsphdzdignet`.
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Bdrr`s trdesp`rtdo`rns R`e bdrr`s bdrr`s iuy hglnr`s, anba`s on idtnrgdhns ogvnrs`s, ogvnrs`s, b`e o`s nstdetns. Rn onsphdzd onsphdzd p`r runods.
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Insds on bhdsgjgbdbgòe on r`pd hgipgd
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Nstdetns y dridrg`s, pdrd pdrd nh dhidbnedignet` dhidbnedignet` on hd r`pd hgipgd y phdebadod. ]unon ]unon snr on ogvnrsds j`rids, tdidô`s y idtnrgdhns.
N. ]hnldo`rds y dpghdo`rds d. ]hnldo`rds _rdogbg`edhinetn sn punone ogstgelugr o`s bdtnl`réds on iäqugeds phnldo`rds; -
Ne hd prginrd bdtnl`réd on iäqugeds phnldo`rds, nh s`p`rtn y hd prnesd netrn h`s qun sn gei`vghgzd ued snbbgòe on phdebad s`e nstdbg`edrgds ne nh trdesburs` on ued `pnrdbgòe on phnldo` ignetrds qun nh tdchnr` ns drrdstrdo` ne pgv`tdignet` dhrnono`r on ue nkn on pgv`tdignet` qun pdsd p`r hd badrenhd qun uen nh tdchnr` b`e nh s`p`rtn.
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Ne ued snlueod bdtnl`réd bdtnl`réd on iäquged phnldo`rd, nh tdchnr` pnridenbn d hd gevnrsd nstdbg`nstdbg`edrg` ne nh trdesburs` on hd `pnrdbgòe on phnldo`. Nh s`p`rtn y hd prnesd netrn h`s qun nstä gei`vghgzdod ued snbbgòe on phdebad s`e p`r h` tdet` drrdstrdo`s ne pgv`tdignet` dhrnono`r on ue nkn on pgv`tdignet` qun pdsd p`r hd badrenhd qun uen nh tdchnr` b`e nh s`p`rtn.
A`y ne oéd d nstd oudhgodo punon geb`rp`rdrsn hds iäqugeds phnldo`rd pdrd phdebad phded. Rn trdtd on ued iäquged phnldo`rd pdrd j`ridr, s`crn ued phdebad phded, ueds snbbg`ens on `rgnetdbgòe deluhdr ontnrigedod p`r nh `pnrdrg`, onh tgp` qun b`iprneon p`r h` ine`s ue s`p`rtn qun b``pnrd b`e ued prnesd pdrd gei`vghgzdr ued snbbgòe on phdebad qun sn tgnen qun phnldr, nstdeo` pr`h`eldo` nh s`p`rtn p`r ue tdchnr` drtgbuhdo` ne nh s`p`rtn p`r inog` on u ed badrenhd pdrd `rgnetdr deluhdrinetn, p`r onsphdzdignet` rnhdtgv` onh tdchnr` y onh s`p`rtn, hd snbbgòe deluhdr gei`vghgzdod on hd phdebad b`e rnhdbgòe dh rnst` on hd phdebad, nstdeo` b`estgtugod ogbad badrenhd p`r o`s pdrtns on badrenhd qun pnrtnenbne ued dh tdchnr` y hd `trd dh s`p`rtn rnspnbtgvdinetn rnspnbtgvdinetn..
c. Dpghdo`r Dpghdo`rds ds Nstds iäqugeds dpghde hds pgnzds on r`pd d lrde vnh`bgodo, puogneo` geb`rp`rdr o`s ` trns phgnluns. ]`r `tr` hdo` nstäe ogsp`egchns ne nh inrbdo` tdet` hds dpghdo`rds b`e pgnzds r`tdtgvds b`i` hds dpghdo`rds b`e hdezdonrds. Ne ûhtgi` tçrige` oncni`s tnenr ne bunetd qun ued vnz dhbdezdo` ue ontnrigedo` eûinr` on pgnzds snhnbbg`edods ne ue pghd, nstd dvdezd d trdvçs on ued bgetd on nvdbudbgòe pdrd su p`stnrg`r nicdhdo`.
4.? Jdbt`rns on rneogignet` B`e nh jge on sdtgsjdbnr hds ogstgetds enbnsgodons on h`s onpdrtdinet`s on hdvdeonréd y phdebado`, hd idy`réd on h`s i`onh`s nxgstnetns ne nh inrbdo` on bdhdeords gebhuyne ogstget`s sgstn-
4<1
_nid 7
nogt`rgdh } bnp
ids on bdhnetdignet`, netrn h`s qun p`oni`s onstdbdr nh nhçbtrgb`, d lds, d vdp`r ` inogdetn dbngtn tçrigb`. _`o`s h`s sgstnids dbtudhns sn sn ade ogsnôdo` pdrd `ctnenr ued dhtd njgbdbgd nenrlçtgbd. H`s dbtudhns ogsp`sgtgv`s on bgrbuhdbgòe on dgrn `ptgigzde hd ogstrgcubgòe onh bdh`r ourdetn hd `pnrdbgòe on phdebado`, n gebhus` rndhgzd ue rnbgbhdo` on hd nenrléd qun e` ns utghgzdod ne hds pdrtns onh bghgeor` qun e` bucrne hds pgnzds. ]drd `ctnenr ued jhnxgcghgodo `pnrdbg`edh y nh b`etr`h on bdhgodo nxglgo` ne t`od z`ed on phdebado`, hds bdhdeords iäs i`onreds nstäe sgneo` nqugpdods b`e ue i`t`r b`etr`hdo` p`r vdrgdo`r on jrnbunebgd, b`e h` qun sn b`esglun qun hd vnh`bgodo on pdsdod sn punod i`ogjgbdr ne budhqugnr i`inet`, gebhus` duequn sn nstç pdsdeo` r`pd p`r hd iäquged. Nh r`oghh` on prnesdo` ldrdetgzd ued netrdod pnrjnbtd on hds prneods, p`r h` qun dhgsde hd r`pd ourdetn nh pr`bns` y sn gipgon qun sn j`rine drrulds. Dsgigsi`, p`oni`s ontnrigedr ued snrgn on jdbt`rns dogbg`edhns qun gejhuyne ne nh rneogignet` on hd idqugedrgd onstgedod dh phdebado` on r`pd on idenrd geoustrgdh, b`i` punon snr nh bds` on ue snrvgbg` on phdebado` ne ued gestgtubgòe sdegtdrgd. Nst`s jdbt`rns netrn `tr`s s`e h`s sglugnetns; -
Hd tnipnrdturd tnipnrdturd qun punode dhbdezdr hds ogstgetds iäqugeds ns iuy gip`rtdetn, gip`rtdetn, yd qun ontnriged ontnriged h`s ogstget`s tgp`s on juebgòe on phdebado` qun punon rndhgzdr hd idqugedrgd, dsé b`i` nh tgp` on prneods, su b`ip`sgbgòe, ntb.
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Hd p`sgcghgodo on p`hgvdhnebgd on hd idqugedrgd, ne nh snetgo` on snr bdpdz on prnstdr prnstdr snrvgbg`s snrvgbg`s on phdebado` tdet` ne snb` b`i` ne aûino`, dhbdezdeo` hds tnipnrdturds rnqunrgods pdrd bdod ue` on nhh`s.
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad
4<7
Nsqunid 7
HNEBN SÉD. IDT^GE HNEBNSÉD. IDT^GEDSGD DSGD ON HD HDZ ZDEONS DEONSÉD ÉD W ]HDEBAD. RGR_NIDR ON HDZDO@; HDZDO@SDR W _ÛENHNR ON HDZDO@. RNBDO@SDR. RGR_NIDR ON RNBDO@ W ]HDEBAD; ]HDE BAD; BDHDEO BDHDEOSDR, SDR, ]HNLD ]HNLDO@SDR, O@SDR, _ÛENHNR ON RNBDO@. BNE_SDHNR ON ]HDEBADO@. ]HNLDO@SDR W D]GHDO@SDR Nqugpdignet` lnenrdh Rgstnids on hdvdo`; hdvdo`rds y tûenhns on hdvdo` Hdvdo`rds Hds ady on ogjnrnetns idrbds y i`onh`s. Dsgigsi` tgnene ogstgetd bdpdbgodo on bdrld, duequn hd qun e`ridhinetn sn utghgzde s`e hds on 2= fgh`lrdi`s. Nh sgstnid on bdrld punon snr on `k` on cuny (hdvdo`rds vnrtgbdhns), sgighdrns d hds bhäsgbds o`içstgbds pnr` b`e idy`r bdpdbgodo on hhnedo`, ` hgendh
_ûenhns on hdvdo` Hd hdvdo`rd hgendh ` ne nspgrdh ns dqunhhd qun sn nebunetrd ne nstdchnbgignet`s b`e lrde v`huine on trdcdk` ` hdvdeonréds nspnbgdhgzdods. Oncn su e`icrn d qun ns ued bäidrd bghéeorgbd b`e ue nkn ne su getnrg`r qun tgnen j`rid on nspgrdh ogvgogod ne 4= ` 43 b`ipdrtginet`s bdod ue` b`e su tdic`r anriçtgbdinetn snpdrdo`s
Rnbdo`rds. Rgstnids on snbdo` y phdebad; bdhdeords, phnldo`rds, tûenhns on snbdo`. Bnetrdhns on phdebado`. ]hnldo`rds y dpghdo`rds Getr`oubbgòe Nxgstne trns sgstnids on snbdo`; - Rnbdo` ne nspdbg`s dcgnrt`s - Ne hd pr`pgd hdvdo`rd (sg ns tdicgçe snbdo`rd) snbdo`rd) - Ne snbdo`rd geonpneognetn
Bnetrgjuldo`rd Ns jésgbdinetn iuy sgighdr d hd hdvdo`rd. Nxgstgrä ne dqunhhds hdvdeonréds o`eon hds hdvdo`rds e` bnetrgjulune ` h` adlde on idenrd nsbdsd pdrd da`rrdr tgnip` y onogbdrhds d eunv`s hdvdo`s
Rnbdo`rds _dicgçe s`e jésgbdinetn sgighdrns d hds hdvdo`rds. R`e tdic`rns lgrdt`rg`s b`e bgrbuhdbgòe on dgrn bdhgnetn, lnenrdhinetn dbbg`edods p`r nhnbtrgbgodo. Hds qun lgrde d p`bd vnh`bgodo, d ineuo` b`e`bgods b`i` ‘sdbuogo`rds’, sn usde pdrd dcrgr ued idsd b`ipdbtd on drtébuh`s hdvdo`s, detns on pdsdr nst`s p`r hd bdhdeord
Hnebnréd. Idqugedrgd on hdvdeonréd y phdebad
414
_gp`s on snbdo`rds Rnbdo`rd on nvdbudbgòe ogrnbtd (snbdo`rd on nxtrdbbgòe on dgrn) Rnbdo`rd on b`eonesdbgòe p`r dlud Rnbdo`rd on b`eonesdbgòe p`r dgrn Snb`ineodbg`ens on us` y idetnegignet` Da`rr` on nenrléd _gnip`s on snbdo` B`esnk`s pdrd nh snbdo` on hd r`pd B`esnk`s nspnbéjgb`s snlûe nh tgp` on snbdo`rd Rg sn utghgzd ued snbdo`rd on nvdbudbgòe Rg utghgzd ued snbdo`rd on b`eonesdbgòe Rg hd snbdo`rd nstä nqugpdod on bdpt`rns nhnbtròegb`s
Idqugedrgd y utnesghg`s on phdebado` ]hdebads ]hdebads ideudhns Bnetrdhns on ]hdebado` Bdhdeords ]hdebads on prnesd S`c`ts on phdebado`
Ûtghns Dbbns`rg`s ]hnldo`rds y dpghdo`rds ]hnldo`rds Dpghdo`rds
Jdbt`rns on rneogignet` B`e nh jge on sdtgsjdbnr hds ogstgetds enbnsgodons on h`s onpdrtdinet`s on hdvdeonréd y phdebado`, hd idy`réd on h`s i`onh`s nxgstnetns ne nh inrbdo` on bdhdeords gebhuyne ogstget`s sgstnids on bdhnetdignet`, netrn h`s qun p`oni`s onstdbdr nh nhçbtrgb`, d lds, d vdp`r ` inogdetn dbngtn tçrigb`. _`o`s h`s sgstnids dbtudhns sn ade ogsnôdo` pdrd `ctnenr ued dhtd njgbdbgd nenrlçtgbd
413
_nid 7