ZXDEIUU EDKPXDC NK@ BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK DL HDBCIXU Zrdgiet Xipdrt Uuhobtti` hy
N@BPRN AYONX NMNX]NC
>8>=:9 Yk`ir tfi mub`nkei dl
Or. HBXHNC PNK]NX
Bk pnrtbnc luclbcoikt dl tfi riqubrioikts ldr tfi nwnr` dl tfi `imrii dl
HNEFICDX DL PIEFKDCDMR BK ICIEPXDKBEU IKMBKIIXBKM
@IZNXPOIKP DL ICIEPXDKBEU IKMBKIIXBKM
@IECNXNPBDK B firihy `iecnri tfnt tfi prdgiet wdra iktbtci` –Zrdgiet Xipdrt dk Hdbcir Zrdeiss edktrdc nk` bkstruoiktntbdk‟ bs nk nutfiktbe riedr` dl oy dwk wdra enrrbi` dut nt Ncstdo Ncstdo Bk`bn Cbobti`, Cbobti`, Uietdr->8=, Uietdr->8=, Kdb`n ns riqubrioikts dl Lbvi wiias bktirksfbp ldr tfi nwnr` dl `imrii dl H.Pief, Icietrdkbes Ikmbkiirbkm, \bsfwnanron Bkstbtuti dl Piefkdcdmy,Zuki, uk`ir tfi mub`nkei dl Or. Hbrhnc Pnkwnr `urbkm Ony80.
N@BPRN AYONX NMNX]NC >8>=:9 ICIEPXDKBEU IKMBKIIXBKM
@NPI7 5:tf Guki 8:>0 Eirtblbi` tfnt tfi nhdvi stntioikt on`i hy tfi stu`ikt bs edrriet td tfi hist dl dur akdwci`mi nk` hicbil.
Or. HBXHNC PNK]NX
Fin` ―Icietrbenc, E&B Hdbcir @ipnrtoikt NCUPDO Bk`bn Ct`, Kdb`n
>
NEAKD]CI@MIOIKP Bt mbvis oi booiksi pcinsuri td tnai tfbs dppdrtukbty td tfnka NCUPDO Bk`bn Cbobti`, Kdb`n ncdkm wbtf Or. NHFBUFIUF UBKMF (FX, Hdbcir Husbkiss) ldr mbvbkm oi suef n mrint dppdrtukbty td `d prdgiet bk tfibr istiioi` drmnkbzntbdk. B edksb`ir bt oy prbvbcimi td fnvi enrrbi` dut oy prdgiet uk`ir tfbs wicc-akdwk quncbty edksebdus drmnkbzntbdk. Hibkm n rikdwki` edopnky bk Bk`bn ns wicc ns nhrdn`, B mdt n mcbopsi dl edrpdrnti eucturi nk` itfbes ncdkm wbtf tfi fnr` wdra enrrbi` dut hy tfi iopcdyiis firi ldr sueeissluc edopcitbdk edopcitbdk dl n prdgiet. B wduc` cbai td tnai tfbs dppdrtukbty td ixpriss oy sbkeiri mrntbtu`i td oy Zrdgiet Fin`, Or. HBXHNC UBKMF PNK]NX ( FIN@ ICIEPXBENC,E&B @IZNXPOIKP ) ldr fbs edkstnkt mub`nkei, vncunhci summistbdks nk` odrnc suppdrt. B wduc` cbai td ixpriss oy sbkeiri mrntbtu`i nk` bk`ihtkiss td oy oiktdr Or. AYKNC AYONX ldr fbs bkvncunhci mub`nkei nk` ikdrodus ficp nk` ikedurnmioikt, wfbef ficpi` oi td edopciti oy bktirksfbp sueeissluccy. Fbs wny dl wdrabkm wns n edkstnkt odtbvntbdk tfrdumfdut oy bktirksfbp tiro. B wduc` cbai td tfnka fbo ldr nkswirbkm oy quirbis lrdo tboi td tboi nk` ldr onabkm oi uk`irstnk` tfi vnrbdus pnrts dl Hdbcir. B neakdwci`mi mrntiluccy tfi ficp nk` summistbdk dl NCUPDO iopcdyiis nk` liccdw trnbkiis wfd wiri ncwnys ficp oi wbtf tfibr wnro nttbtu`i nk` tiefkbenc akdwci`mi, bkspbti dl tfibr husy sefi`uci nk` fumi wdracdn`. Lbknccy, kd wdr` wbcc hi ikdumf td ixpriss oy `iipist rivirikei td lnobcy nk` lrbik`s wbtfdut wfdsi iktfusbnso nk` suppdrt , B wduc`k‒t fnvi hiik nhci td pursui oy mdncs. N@BPRN AYONX NMNX]NC
8
Pnhci dl Edktikts @IECNXNPBDK ......................................................................................................... > NEAKD]CI@MIOIKP ............................................................................................. 8 BKPXD@YEPBDK ....................................................................................................... = DYX \NCYIU ........................................................................................................... = OR \BI]U7 ........................................................................................................... 6 FBUPDXR .................................................................................................................. 6 HYUBKIUUIUU ......................................................................................................... >> XNKABKI ERECI ..................................................................................................... >< ENXKDP ERECI7 ..................................................................................................... >2 @BLLIXIKEI HIP]IIK XNKABKI ERECI NK@ ENXKDP ERECI ............................ 8: HDBCIX UIEPBDK7 ................................................................................................... 8> IKMBKIIXBKM @IZNXPOIKP7 ............................................................................ 8> FX @IZNXPOIKP7 .............................................................................................. 88 LBKNKEI @IZNXPOIKP7 ..................................................................................... 85 N@OBKBUPXNPBDK @IZNXPOIKP7 ...................................................................... 80 DKMDBKM ZXDGIEPU7 ............................................................................................ 89 EYUPDOIXU7 ......................................................................................................... 89 NCUPDO BK BK@BN .................................................................................................. 89 LNEPU NK@ LBMYXIU.............................................................................................. 8< HDBCIXU ................................................................................................................. 8= ECNUUBLBENPBDK DL HDBCIXU7 ............................................................................. 86
Lbri tuhi hdbcirs ..................................................................................... 86
]ntir tuhi hdbcirs ................................................................................. 86
EDOZDKIKPU DL HDBCIXU7 ............................................................................... 82
Lii`wntir systio.................................................................................. 5: 5
>. Lii`wntir fintir ............................................................................... 5: 8. @inirntdrs .......................................................................................... 5> 5. Iedkdobsirs ....................................................................................... 5>
Utino systio ........................................................................................ 58 >. Utino nk` ou` `ruos ........................................................................ 58 8. Hdbcir tuhis ........................................................................................ 58 5. Uupirfintirs ...................................................................................... 58 0. Nttiopirntdrs .................................................................................... 55 9. Edk`iksnti systios ........................................................................... 50
Luic systio ............................................................................................ 59 >. Lii` systio ldr mnsidus luics ............................................................ 59 8. Lii` systio ldr sdcb` luics ................................................................. 5<
ZBZBKM NK@ BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK @BNMXNO (Z&B@)7 ............................................. 5= ZXDEIUU CIMIK@7 .............................................................................................. 52 HNUBEU ................................................................................................................ 0> NHHXI\BNPBDK PNHCI7 ....................................................................................... 08 I^YBZOIKP PNHCI7 ........................................................................................... 05 AAU PNMBKM ZXDEI@YXI7 .................................................................................. 00
Zurpdsi.................................................................................................. 00
Xiqubrioikts td hi oit hy tfi B`iktblbentbdk Uystio AAU .................... .......... .......... 00
Utrueturi nk` Nppcbentbdk dl tfi Zdwir Zcnkt B`iktblbentbdk Uystio ...... 09
BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK BK HDBCIXU7 ........................................................................... 09 PIOZIXNPYXI OINUYXIOIKP ......................................................................... 0<
Pfirodedupci ....................................................................................... 0<
Xisbstnkei Piopirnturi Piopirnturi @itietdr (XP@)...................... .......... ...................... ...................... ................ .... 0=
Pfirobstdr7 ............................................................................................ 06 0
ZXIUUYXI OINUYXIOIKP7 ............................................................................... 06
Hdur`dk tuhi-typi `itietdrs7 ............................................................... 02
@bnpfrnmo ............................................................................................. 9:
Hiccdws .................................................................................................. 9: >. Xietnkmucnr sietbdk hiccdw .................................................................... 9: 8.Xduk` sietbdk hiccdw7 ............................................................................ 9> 5. Zrdlbci hiccdw ........................................................................................ 9> 0. Zbpi gdbkt hiccdw .................................................................................... 98 9. Bk`ustrbnc rietnkmucnr sietbdk hiccdw....................... ........... ....................... ...................... ................... ........ 98
LCD] OINUYXIOIKP ....................................................................................... 95
Purhbki Oitir ........................................................................................ 95
Onmkitbe Lcdw Oitir............................................................................. 95
Drblbei Zcnti ........................................................................................... 90
\ikturb Oitir ........................................................................................ 90
@ncc tuhi7 ............................................................................................... 99
Zbtdt tuhi7 .............................................................................................. 99
CI\IC OINUYXIOIKP7 ...................................................................................... 9<
Dpik Pnka Civic Oinsurioikt7 ............................................................ 9<
Ecdsi` Pnka Civic Oinsurioikt7 .......................................................... 9<
ZXDEIUU EDKPXDC BK HDBCIXU7 ............................................................................ 9= PRZIU DL ZXDEIUU EDKPXDC CDDZU ................................................................. 9=
Lii`hnea Edktrdc ................................................................................... 96
Lii`ldrwnr` Edktrdc ............................................................................. 92
Lii`ldrwnr`-pcus-Lii`hnea Edktrdc ...................................................... <:
Xntbd Edktrdc .......................................................................................... <>
Ensen`i Edktrdc ..................................................................................... <8 9
>. ]fy ensen`i edktrdc4 ......................................................................... <8 8. Xiqubrioikts ldr ensen`i edktrdc7 ..................................................... <8 BKUPXYOIKP CBUP ................................................................................................. <5 BKZYP-DYPZYP CBUP .............................................................................................. <= ZXDGIEP @IPNBCU .................................................................................................. <2
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BKPXD@YEPBDK Ncstdo bs n Lrikef fin`qunrtiri` ouctbkntbdknc edopnky wfbef fdc`s
bktirists bk tfi icietrbebty mikirntbdk nk` rnbc trnkspdrt onraits. Ncstdo bs n mcdhnc cin`ir bk tfi wdrc` dl pdwir mikirntbdk, pdwir trnksobssbdk nk` rnbc bklrnstrueturi nk` sits tfi hikefonra ldr bkkdvntbvi nk` ikvbrdkoiktnccy lrbik`cy tiefkdcdmbis Bt bs ncsd n ongdr rnbc vifbeci onkulneturir, netbvi bk tfi lbic`s dl pnssikmir trnkspdrtntbdk, sbmknccbkm nk` cdedodtbvis, wbtf prd`uets bkecu`bkm tfi NM\, PM\, Iurdstnr, nk` Zik`dcbkd fbmf spii` trnbks, bk n``btbdk td suhurhnk, rimbdknc nk` oitrd trnbks, nk` Ebtn`bs trnos. Ncstdo's fin`qunrtirs nri cdenti` bk CI\NCCDBU-ZIXXIP, wist dl Znrbs. Bts eurrikt EID bs ZNPXBEA AXDK.
DYX \NCYIU PXYUP7
Bt bs hubct dk tfi rispdksbhbcbty mbvik td inef `iebsbdk onair nk` tfi dpikkiss dl inef bk`bvb`unc td fbs dr fir prdlissbdknc ikvbrdkoikt, iksurbkm trnkspnrikey, wfbef bs vbtnc bk tfi onknmioikt dl rbsa. PINO7 Ncstdo‒s husbkiss bs hnsi` dk `icbvirbkm prdgiets wfbcst wdrabkm bk n tino. Pfbs riqubris dur edccietbvi `bsebpcbki nk` illdrts td ixieuti tfio sueeissluccy, nk` kitwdrabkm td iksuri wi tnai lucc n`vnktnmi dl ncc tfi edopitikebis nvnbcnhci. NEPBDK7 Ncstdo edoobts td `icbvirbkm prd`uets nk` sirvbeis td bts eustdoirs wfbef oiit tfibr ixpietntbdks bk tiros dl prbei, quncbty nk` `icbviry sefi`ucis. Pd oiit dur edoobtoikts td dur eustdoirs, netbdk bs n prbdrbty ldr ncc dl us. Netbdk bs hubct dk strntimbe tfbkabkm, spii` dl ixieutbdk td `blliriktbnti us lrdo dur edopitbtdrs nk` tfi nhbcbty td ripdrt iksurbkm tfi nefbivioikt dl dur husbkiss dhgietbvis
=
OR \BI]U7 PXYUP7 Iviry iopcdyii fns lnbtf dk dtfirs nk` bs edoobtti` td tfibr wdra.
Pfi wdra ikvbrdkoikt bs qubti mdd` nk` tfi wdra bs edopciti` wbtfbk tfi spieblbi` tboi. PINO7 Pino wdra bs nk issiktbnc pnrt pnrt dl nky drmnkbsntbdk drmnkbsntbdk nk` bs tfdrdumfcy ldccdwi` bk Ncstdo. Iviry `ipnrtoikt wdras ns n tino nk` tfnt ficps bk tfi dvirncc mrdwtf dl tfi Drmnkbsntbdk. NEPBDK7 Ivirydki bs `i`benti` tdwnr`s tfibr wdra nk` netbdk bs mbvik tfi fbmfist prbdrbty. Pfi netbdk bs ncsd strntimbenccy tfdumft sd ns td obkbobzi tfi tboi nk` bkerinsi tfi illbebikey nk` prd`uetbvbty dl nk bk`bvb`unc sd ns td prdspir tfi dvirncc mrdwtf dl tfi drmnkbsntbdk.
FBUPDXR RINX
ZDBKPU DL KDPI
>286
Pfi himbkkbkm dl Ncstfdo wns lrdo tfi oirmir dl tfi Lrikef finvy ikmbkiirbkm bktirists dl tfi Pfdosdk-Fdustdk Icietrbe Edopnky (tfik Mikirnc Icietrbe), tfi Edopnmkbi lrnkínbsi pdur c'ixpcdbtntbdk `is prdeâ`âs Pfdosdk Fdustdk, (dr Edopnmkbi Lrnkínbsi Pfdosdk Fdustdk, ELPF) nk` Udebâtâ Ncsnebikki `i Edkstruetbdks Oâenkbquis (UNEO), wbtf bts lbrst lnetdry bk Hicldrt. >2<2 Edopnmkbi Mâkârnci `'Icietrbebtâ (EMI) hiedois ongdrbty sfnrifdc`ir dl Ncstfdo. >2== Ncstfdo edkstruets tfi lbrst >5::O] mikirntdr sit ldr tfi Zncuic pdwir stntbdk wfbef sit n wdrc` riedr` wbtf nk dutput dl >9:: O]. >2=6 Pfi lbrst PM\ bs `icbviri` td UKEL. Pfi PM\ wikt dk td hrina wdrc` rnbc spii` riedr`s bk >26> (56: ao/f) nk` >22: (9>9.5 ao/f), nk` nefbivi` tfi wdrc` ik`urnkei riedr` ldr fbmf-spii` trnbk cbkis bk 8::>, trnviccbkm lrdo Encnbs td Onrsibcci (>:<=.8 ao) bk 5 fdurs nk` 82 obks. >266-62 Ncstfdo nequbris >::% >::% dl tfi rnbc trnkspdrt iqubpoikt iqubpoikt `bvbsbdk `bvbsbdk 6
>22> >220 >226 >222
8:::
8::5
dl NEIE ns NEIE Prnkspdrt. Ncstdo's pnrikt EMI bs riknoi` Ncentic Ncstfdo Edopnmkbi Mâkârnci `'Icietrbebtâ, dr Ncentic Ncstfdo Xnbc vifbeci onkulneturir Cbkai-Fdlonkk-Husef (CFH), ldroircy pnrt dl Unczmbttir NM mrdup, bs nequbri` hy MIE Ncstfdo MIE Ncstfdo nequbri` Eimicie (icietrbenc edktrnetbkm) ns Ncstdo Zdwir edkvirsbdk. Ncstdo nk` NHH oirmi tfibr ikirmy husbkissis bk n 9:-9: gdbkt edopnky akdwk ns NHH Ncstdo Zdwir. Ncstdo siccs bts finvy `uty mns turhbki husbkiss td Mikirnc icietrbe. Ncstdo nequbris NHH's sfnri bk NHH Ncstdo Zdwir. Ncstdo nequbris n 9>% stnai bk Lbnt Lirrdvbnrbn, tfi Btncbnk rnbc onkulneturir nk` wdrc` cin`ir bk tbctbkm tiefkdcdmy. (Nprbc) Ncstdo siccs bts bk`ustrbnc turhbki husbkiss (soncc td oi`buo mns turhbkis 5-9:O], nk` stino turhbkis td >::O]) td Ubioiks ldr ₣>.> hbccbdk. Bk 8::5 Ncstdo wns uk`irmdbkm n lbknkebnc erbsbs `ui td pddr sncis nk` `iht cbnhbcbtbis. Ncstdo's sfnri prbei fn` `rdppi` 2:% dvir twd yinrs, nk` tfi edopnky fn` dvir $9 hbccbdk dl `iht. Uuhsiquiktcy Ncstdo wns riqubri` td sicc sivirnc dl bts suhsb`bnrbis bkecu`bkm bts sfbphubc`bkm nk` icietrbenc trnksobssbdk nssits ns pnrt dl n ₣5.8 hbccbdk riseui pcnk bkvdcvbkm tfi Lrikef
8::0
stnti. Gnkunry7 Ncstdo siccs bts P&@ netbvbtbis td Nrivn. td Nrivn. Ncstdo siccs Ncstdo Zdwir Xiktncs td NZX CCE cntir hiedobkm NZX Ikirmy CCE Ncstdo siccs tfi `bisic cdedodtbvi onkulneturir Oibklisn (\ncikebn, Upnbk) td \dsscdf NM. Ncstdo rieibvis IY-npprdvi` Lrikef mdvirkoikt hnbcdut wdrtf ₣8.9 hbccbdk.
8::<
Ncstdo siccs bts Onrbki @bvbsbdk td tfi Kdrwimbnk mrdup NAIX RNX@U. Ncstdo edoobts btsicl td aiipbkm 89% dl tfi sfnris uktbc 8:>:. Ncstdo siccs Ncstdo Zdwir Edkvirsbdk wfbef hienoi Edkvirtino hienoi Edkvirtino Mrdup bk n civirnmi` huy-dut (CHD) `inc luk`i` hy Hnrecnys Zrbvnti Iqubty Lrnkei UNU . 2
8::=
8::2 8:>:
8:>>
8:>8
8:>5
8:>0
Ldccdwbkm n kiw Mrnpfbe Efnrt, tfi Mrdup knoi bs kdw wrbttik "ncstdo", wbtf tfi ixeiptbdk dl tfi cimnc iktbtbis wfbef nri wrbttik wbtf Ncstdo bk enpbtncs, i.m., Ncstdo U.N. Nprbc7 dk n tist ruk bk Lrnkei, PM\ Ist sit tfi wdrc` tfi wdrc` spii` riedr` ldr rnbc vifbecis dl 9=0.6 ao/f. 89 Guki7 Nequbri` tfi Upnkbsf wbk` turhbki onkulneturir Iedtæekbn, nk` wns knoi` Ncstdo Iedtæekbn uktbc Nprbc 8:>:, wfik tfi Iedtâekbn knoi wns `rdppi`. Pfi kiw iktbty cimnc knoi bs Ncstdo bs Ncstdo ]bk`. Ncstdo nequbri` 89% +> sfnri dl Xussbnk Prnksonsffdc`bkm. Ncstdo nkkdukeis dpikbkm dl n wbk` turhbki nssiohcy lnebcbty bk Nonrbccd, bk Nonrbccd, Pixns. Ncstdo ri-nequbris tfi tfi Icietrbe pdwir trnksobssbdk @bvbsbdk dl Nrivn UN, wfbef fn` privbduscy hiik sdc` td Nrivn bk 8::0. N kiw `bvbsbdk bs erinti` encci` Ncstdo Mrb`. Ncstdo bknumurntis kiw fy`rdpdwir onkulneturbkm lnebcbty bk Efbkn. Ncstdo nk` tfi Brnqb mdvirkoikt sbmk n oiodrnk`uo dl uk`irstnk`bkm rimnr`bkm tfi edkstruetbdk dl n kiw fbmf-spii` rnbc cbki hitwiik Hnmf`n` nk` Hnsrn. Ncstdo himbks edkstruetbdk dl lnetdrbis nt7 >.Udric-Prney, ^uihie, Udric-Prney, ^uihie, Enkn`n (pnssikmir rnbc vifbecis) 8. Efirhdurm (Purhbki hcn`is bk nssdebntbdk wbtf CO Zdwir, wbk` turhbki tdwirs) 5. Yln, Xussbn, gdbkt vikturi wbtf XusFy`rd. Kdviohir Ncstdo nkkdukei` bt pcnkki` td rnbsi ₣> td ₣8 hbccbdk
tfrdumf snci dl sdoi kdk-edri nssits, pcus tfi pdssbhci snci dl n stnai bk Ncstdo Prnkspdrt, nk` ncsd eut >5:: gdhs. >. (82 Nprbc) Xiutirs Nprbc) Xiutirs ripdrts tfnt tfi hdnr` dl Ncstdo neeipts n ₣>:hbccbdk ($>5.68hbccbdk) ($>5.68hbccb dk) hb` lrdo MI ldr bts ikir my dpirntbdks, wfbcst rionbkbkm dpik td nctirkntbvi uksdcbebti` hb`s. 8. (9 Ony) Mikirnc Icietrbe pdsts dllirs td huy >/0 dl tfi sfnris bk Ncstdo's Bk`bnk pdwir nk` `bstrbhutbdk edopnkbis7 Ncstdo P&@ Bk`bn Ct`. nk` Ncstdo Bk`bn Ct`. nt 8<>.89 nk` 568.8: rupiis n sfnri (vncui $8=6 obccbdk nk` $>>> obccbdk rispietbvicy) suhgiet td bts hb` ldr Ncstdo UN hibkm sueeissluc. >:
HYUBKIUUIUU >. ZD]IX7-
XIKI]NHCI ZD]IX Fy`rdicietrbe Zdwir7 • #> fy`rd odtdr mikirntdr bkstncci` hnsi hnsi • Cin`ir dl tfi puopi`-stdrnmi iqubpoikt onrait • Ncstdo‒s tiefkdcdmy iqubps tfi wdrc`‒s 9 fbmfist enpnebty fy`rd
bkstnccntbdks bk dpirntbdk, nodkmst dtfir riedr`-hrinabkm `nos • Cin`bkm X&@ enpnhbcbtbis7 n dki -dl-n-abk` wdrc`wb`i kitwdra dl Mcdhnc Piefkdcdmbis Eiktirs.
]bk` Zdwir7 • Uuppcy nk` bkstnccntbdk dl dksfdri wbk` turhbkis7 rinefbkm kiw
fibmfts dl illbebikey nk` ricbnhbcbty • Uuppcy nk` bkstnccntbdk dl dllsfdri wbk` turhbkis7 `isbmki` ldr tfi bk`ustry‒s odst efnccikmbkm ikvbrdkoiktnc edk`btbdks • ]bk` sirvbeis7 n lucc rnkmi dl dpirntbdk nk` onbktiknkei sirvbeis • Piefkbenc nssissoikt bkecu`bkm wbk` lnro `isbmk • Zrdgiet nutfdrbsntbdk bkecu`bkm bkecu`bkm pirobt nppcbentbdks • Zrdgiet lbknkebkm
Udcnr Zdwir7Ncstdo `ivicdpi` EUZ (edkeiktrnti` sdcnr pdwir), hienusi dl bts pdtiktbnc ldr cnrmi-senci, illbebikt pdwir mikirntbdk. Xiqubrbkm ecinr sabis nk` strdkm sukcbmft, nt cinst >2::a]f/o 8/y, EUZ bs tfi b`inc lbt ldr pcnkts cdenti` dk tfi Uuk Hict. Bt bs ncsd b`inc ldr eiktrncbzi` dk mrb` dr bk`ustrbnc nppcbentbdks wbtf n`iqunti tnrbll strueturis. Pfnkas td tfi dptbdk dl stdrnmi enpnebty tfnt bt dllirs, EUZ nccdws ydu td fnvi pdwir cdkm nltir suksit dr dk `nys wbtf sdoi ecdu` edvirnmi.
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Midtfironc Zdwir7Ncstdo pbdkiiri` tfi edooirebnc ixpcdbtntbdk dl midtfironc pdwir bk Kiw Wincnk` bk tfi >29:s. Pd`ny, wi‒ri nt tfi euttbkm i`mi dl
midtfironc bkkdvntbdk, wbtf nk ixtiksbvi pdrtldcbd dl prdvik tiefkdcdmbis, pcus tfi nhbcbty td erinti eustdo-on`i sdcutbdks ldr tfi odst efnccikmbkm midtfironc nppcbentbdks.
Hbdonss Zdwir7Ncstdo‒s wb`i rnkmi dl ixpirbikei bkecu`is hurkbkm ncc typis dl luics
bk hdbcirs, bkecu`bkm hbdonss. ]i rieibvi, fnk`ci, stdri nk` prdeiss hbdonss ontirbncs, rin`y ldr `briet bkgietbdk bktd hdbcirs. Ncstdo fns hiik ritrdlbttbkm hbdonss ed-lbrbkm systios ldr kinrcy twd `ien`is. Rdu‒cc hikilbt lrdo mrintcy ri`uei` ED8 iobssbdks wbtf dur hbdonsslbri` stino pdwir pcnkts.
Deink Ikirmy7- Deink ikirmy bs n ongdr mrdwtf nrin bk rikiwnhci pdwir. Ncstdo bs tfi dkcy edopnky tfnt dllirs prdvik prd`uets ldr hdtf tfi tb`nc nk` dllsfdri wbk` onraits. onraits. Pb`nc Ikirmy7 - Pb`nc pdwir dllirs nk bkixfnustbhci suppcy dl ikirmy, lrii dl mriikfdusi mns iobssbdks dkei bkstncci`. Bt ncsd fns tfi n`vnktnmi dl hibkm tdtnccy pri`betnhci, ns tb`nc eurrikts risuct lrdo pirlietcy akdwk nstrdkdobenc pfikdoikn. Ncstdo bs nt ldrilrdkt dl `ivicdpbkm tb`nc strino turhbki tiefkdcdmy bk dr`ir td tnai n`vnktnmi dl tfi sbmkblbenkt ikirmy pdtiktbnc bk dur tb`is, nk` bk 8:>5 Ncstdo nequbri` tfi sbmkblbenkt tiefkdcdmy nk` ixpirtbsi dl Pb`nc Mikirntbdk Ct` (PMC). Dllsfdri ]bk` Zdwir7 - Ncstdo fns bkstncci` tfi wdrc`‒s cnrmist dllsfdri wbk` turhbki dll tfi Hicmbnk ednst, tfi Fncbn`i >9:9:-oitri `bnoitir rdtdr (wbtf hcn`is stritefbkm =5.9: oitri), tfi turhbki bs odri illbebikt sbkei bts
>8
ybic` bs >9% hittir tfnk ixbstbkm dllsfdri turhbkis, iknhcbkm bt td suppcy pdwir td tfi iqubvncikt dl nhdut 9,::: fdusifdc`s. KDK XIKI]NHCI ZD]IX7
Ednc nk` Dbc Zdwir7Ncstdo prdvb`is nk ixtiksbvi prd`uet pdrtldcbd wbtf euttbkm i`mi tiefkdcdmbis wbtf ri`ueis enrhdk iobssbdk hy uptd 59%. pcnkts7 Boprdvi luic lcixbhbcbty, pcnkt illbebikey Ednc nk` dbc pdwir pcnkts7 nk` ri`uei iobssbdks lrdo ldssbc luics wbtf n ednc nk` dbc pdwir pcnkt lrdo Ncstdo Utino turhbkis7 cin`bkm turhbkis7 cin`bkm tfi wny bk illbebikey nk` ricbnhbcbty Purhdmikirntdrs7 Purhdmikirntdrs7 Pfi fbmfist stnk`nr`s dl pirldronkei nt n edstillietbvi prbei Hdbcirs7 Xicbnhci, ecink ldssbc luic edohustbdk Nbr quncbty edktrdc systios7 systios7 Xi`uebkm iobssbdks lrdo edohustbdk prdeissis Enrhdk enpturi nk` stdrnmi (EEU)7 Pd prdvb`i dptbouo illbebikey ns wicc ns ikvbrdkoiktnc nk` edooirebnc hikilbts td pdwir pcnkt dpirntdrs wdrc`wb`i, tfi kixt mikirntbdk dl Ncstdo‒s stino pdwir pcnkt wbcc hi nvnbcnhci wbtf tiefkdcdmy enpnhci dl enpturbkm up td 2:% dl tfi ED8 iobssbdks.
Mns Zdwir7Ncstdo fns hiik ficpbkm tfi dpirntdrs dl mns-lbri` pdwir pcnkts td hncnkei lcuetuntbkm luic prbeis nk` nvnbcnhbcbty wbtf ikvbrdkoiktnc edkeirks ldr odri tfnk =9 yinrs. Mns pdwir pcnkts Mns sirvbeis Mns turhbkis FUXMs(Fint riedviry stino mikirntdrs )
Kuecinr Zdwir7>5
Ncstdo iqubps 5:% dl tfi wdrc`‒s kuecinr pdwir pcnkts wbtf bts
ricbnhci turhbki mikirntdr sits. Dur iqubpoikt bs eurriktcy bk 0:% dl td`ny‒s kuecinr pcnkts. Pinos nt Ncstdo wdra nt onxbobzbkm tfi
pdwir dutput `icbviri` hy ncc tfi rinetdrs hy bkerinsbkm tfi illbebikey dl tfi pdwir edkvirsbdk systios. Purhbki Bscnk`s Utino Purhbkis Uirvbeis Purhdmikirntdrs 8. PXNKUZDXP7 Prnbks7-
Oitrd Oitrdpdcbs Prno wny Ebtn`bs Prno wny Ebtn`bs edopnet Prno trnbks Ebtn`bs @uncbs nk` Ximbd Ebtn`bs Ximbdknc trnbk Edrn`bn Uuhurhnk trnbk V‒Prnpdcbs Cdedodtbvi prbo n BB \iry fbmf spii` trnbk `upcix \iry fbmf spii` NM\
Uirvbeis7-
Onbktiknkei Od`irkbzntbdk Znrts nk` ripnbr Uuppdrt sirvbeis Uystios7-
Bklrnstrueturis Bktimrnti` Udcutbdks
>0
Ubmkncbkm7-
Yrhnk edktrdc systio Ntcns sbmkncbkm sdcutbdk Bedkbs bktimrnti` edktrdc Eiktri Uonrt cdea bktircdeabkm Znssikmir bkldrontbdk nk` iktirtnbkoikt Uieurbty
5. MXB@7 Uonrt sdcutbdk7-
Uonrt mrb` F\@E supir mrb` Lnets Xikiwnhci Kitwdra onknmioikt7-
Mikirntbdk Prnksobssbdk @bstrbhutbdk @ionk` rispdksi Piciedooukbentbdk Dbc nk` mns Edksuctbkm nk` systio bktimrntbdk Fbmf vdctnmi prd`uets 7-
Purkaiy suhstntbdk Mns bk enpsucnti` suhstntbdk Nbr bksucnti` swbtefminrs Zdwir trnksldroirs
>9
XNKABKI ERECI
Pfi Xnkabki eyeci bs tfi luk`noiktnc dpirntbkm eyeci dl ncc pdwir pcnkts wfiri nk dpirntbkm lcub` bs edktbkuduscy ivnpdrnti` nk` edk`iksi`. Pfi sicietbdk dl dpirntbkm lcub` `ipik`s onbkcy dk tfi nvnbcnhci tiopirnturi rnkmi. Lbmuri > sfdws tfi b`incbzi` Xnkabki eyeci. Pfi prissuri-iktfncpy (p-f) nk` tiopirnturi-iktrdpy (P-s) `bnmrnos dl tfbs eyeci nri mbvik bk Lbmuri 8. Pfi Xnkabki eyeci dpirntis bk tfi ldccdwbkm stips7
>-8-5 Bsdhnrbe Fint Prnkslir . Fbmf prissuri cbqub` iktirs tfi hdbcir lrdo tfi lii` puop (>) nk` bs finti` td tfi snturntbdk tiopirnturi (8). Lurtfir n``btbdk dl ikirmy enusis ivnpdrntbdk dl tfi cbqub` uktbc bt bs luccy edkvirti` td snturnti` stino (5). 5-0 Bsiktrdpbe Ixpnksbdk . Pfi vnpdr bs ixpnk`i` bk tfi turhbki, tfus prd`uebkm wdra wfbef ony hi edkvirti` td icietrbebty. Bk prnetbei, tfi ixpnksbdk bs cbobti` hy tfi tiopirnturi dl tfi eddcbkm oi`buo nk` hy tfi ><
irdsbdk dl tfi turhbki hcn`is hy cbqub` iktrnbkoikt bk tfi vnpdr strino ns tfi prdeiss odvis lurtfir bktd tfi twd-pfnsi rimbdk. Ixbt vnpdr quncbtbis sfduc` hi mrintir tfnk 2:%.
0-9 Bsdhnrbe Fint Xigietbdk. Pfi vnpdr-cbqub` obxturi cinvbkm tfi turhbki (0) bs edk`iksi` nt cdw prissuri, usunccy bk n surlnei edk`iksir usbkm eddcbkm wntir. Bk wicc `isbmki` nk` onbktnbki` edk`iksirs, tfi prissuri dl tfi vnpdr bs wicc hicdw ntodspfirbe prissuri, npprdnefbkm tfi snturntbdk prissuri dl tfi dpirntbkm lcub` nt tfi eddcbkm wntir tiopirnturi. 9-> Bsiktrdpbe Edoprissbdk. Pfi prissuri dl tfi edk`iksnti bs rnbsi` bk tfi lii` puop. Hienusi dl tfi cdw spieblbe vdcuoi dl cbqub`s, tfi puop wdra bs ricntbvicy soncc nk` dltik kimcieti` bk tfirod`yknobe enceucntbdks.
Pfi illbebikey dl pdwir eyecis bs `ilbki` ns
>=
>6
ENXKDP ERECI7 Pfi Enrkdt eyeci bs n tfidritbenc tfirod`yknobe eyeci prdpdsi` hy Kbedcns Câdknr` Un`b Enrkdt bk >680 nk` ixpnk`i` hy Hikdbt Znuc Âobci Ecnpiyrdk bk tfi >65:s nk` 0:s. Bt enk hi sfdwk tfnt bt bs tfi odst illbebikt eyeci ldr edkvirtbkm n mbvik nodukt dl tfironc ikirmy bktd wdra, dr edkvirsicy, erintbkm n tiopirnturi `bllirikei (i.m. rilrbmirntbdk) hy `dbkm n mbvik nodukt dl wdra.
Utnmis dl tfi Enrkdt Eyeci
Pfi Enrkdt eyeci wfik netbkm ns n fint ikmbki edksbsts dl tfi ldccdwbkm stips7 >. Xivirsbhci bsdtfironc ixpnksbdk dl tfi mns nt tfi "fdt" tiopirnturi, PF (bsdtfironc fint n``btbdk dr nhsdrptbdk). @urbkm tfbs stip tfi ixpnk`bkm mns onais tfi pbstdk wdra dk tfi surrduk`bkms. Pfi mns ixpnksbdk bs prdpicci` hy nhsdrptbdk dl qunktbty ^> dl fint lrdo tfi fbmf tiopirnturi risirvdbr. 8. Bsiktrdpbe (rivirsbhci n`bnhntbe) ixpnksbdk dl tfi mns (bsiktrdpbe wdra dutput). Ldr tfbs stip tfi pbstdk nk` eycbk`ir nri nssuoi` td hi tfironccy bksucnti`, tfus >2
tfiy kibtfir mnbk kdr cdsi fint. Pfi mns edktbkuis td ixpnk`, wdrabkm dk tfi surrduk`bkms. Pfi mns ixpnksbdk enusis bt td eddc td tfi "edc`" tiopirnturi, PE. 5. Xivirsbhci bsdtfironc edoprissbdk dl tfi mns nt tfi "edc`" tiopirnturi, PE (Bsdtfironc fint rigietbdk). Kdw tfi surrduk`bkms `d wdra dk tfi mns, enusbkm qunktbty ^8 dl fint td lcdw dut dl tfi mns td tfi cdw tiopirnturi risirvdbr. 0. Bsiktrdpbe edoprissbdk dl tfi mns (bsiktrdpbe wdra bkput) Dkei nmnbk tfi pbstdk nk` eycbk`ir nri nssuoi` td hi tfironccy bksucnti`. @urbkm tfbs stip, tfi surrduk`bkms `d wdra dk tfi mns, edoprissbkm bt nk` enusbkm tfi tiopirnturi td rbsi td PF. Nt tfbs pdbkt tfi mns bs bk tfi snoi stnti ns nt tfi stnrt dl stip >.
@BLLIXIKEI HIP]IIK XNKABKI ERECI NK@ ENXKDP ERECI Pfi onbk `bllirikei hitwiik tfnt Xnkabki Eyeci nk` tfi Enrkdt Eyeci bs tfnt fint trnkslir nerdss tfi systio hduk`nry dl Enrkdt Eyeci bs bsdtfironc (edkstnkt tiopirnturi), nk` fint trnkslir nerdss tfi systio hduk`nry bk n Xnkabki eyeci bs bsdhnrbe (edkstnkt prissuri). Pfi Xnkabki eyeci bs n hittir od`ic ldr odst rinc systios hienusi n edkstnkt prissuri fint ixefnkmir bs n hittir npprdxbontbdk ldr fdw fint trnkslir bs needopcbsfi` bk odst rinc systios tfnk fint trnkslir td/lrdo edkstnkt tiopirnturi "fint risirvdbrs."
8:
HDBCIX UIEPBDK7 IKMBKIIXBKM @IZNXPOIKP7 >. ICIEPXBENC, EDKPXDC NK@ BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK IKMBKIIXBKM7Xdci dl E&B @ipnrtoikt bs td7 @isbmk Z&B (ZXDEIUU &BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK) @BNMXNO Erinti B/D Cbst Erinti Bkstruoikt cbst Erinti Icietrbenc cdn` cbst Erinti Piefkbenc Upieblbentbdk efnrt & @ntnsfiit Erinti Ubkmci Cbki @bnmrno(UC@s) Erinti Cbmftbkm Uefioi Erinti Cbmftkbkm sefioi(BCCYOBKNPBDK) sefioi(BCCYOBKNPBDK) Erinti Cdmbes(DCE@,ECUE,HO@) Cdmbes(DCE@,ECUE,HO@) 8. ZXIUUYXI ZNXP7 \nrbdus prissuri pnrts cbai UF, XF, \ncvis nk` pbpis nri `isbmki`. 5. MN(Mikirnc Nrrnkmioikt) Mrdup7 Pfi 8` nk` 5@ od`ics nk` cnyduts dl hdbcirs nri `isbmki` bk tfbs sietbdk. 0. UPXYEPYXI7 Hdbcir spieblbentbdks nk` strueturi nri `dki bk tfbs sietbdk. 9. LBIC@ DZIXNPBDK7 Pfi lbic` suppdrt b.i. irietbdk nk` edoobssbdkbkm bs `dki bk tfbs sietbdk. <. UYZZCR EFNBK ONKNMIOIKP7 Uuppcy efnbk onknmioikt bs n erdss-luketbdknc npprdnef tfnt bkecu`is onknmbkm tfi odvioikt dl rnw ontirbncs bktd nk drmnkbzntbdk, eirtnbk nspiets dl tfi bktirknc prdeissbkm dl ontirbncs bktd lbkbsfi` mdd`s, nk` tfi odvioikt dl lbkbsfi` mdd`s dut dl tfi drmnkbzntbdk nk` tdwnr` tfi ik` edksuoir. Pfi purpdsi dl suppcy efnbk onknmioikt onknmioikt bs td boprdvi boprdvi 8>
trust nk` edccnhdrntbdk nodkm suppcy efnbk pnrtkirs, tfus boprdvbkm bkviktdry vbsbhbcbty nk` tfi vicdebty dl bkviktdry odvioikt. Onbk luketbdk dl suppcy efnbk onknmioikt bs ns ldccdws7
Bkviktdry Onknmioikt @bstrbhutbdk Onknmioikt Efnkkic Onknmioikt Znyoikt Onknmioikt Lbknkebnc Onknmioikt Uuppcbir Onknmioikt
=. ZXDEIUU/I^YBZOIKP7 Yk`ir tfbs sietbdk Hdbcir prdeissis nk` Iqubpoikt cbai lnk, puop nk` NZF nri `isbmki`.
FX @IZNXPOIKP7 Pfbs `ipnrtoikt onknmis tfi edopnky‒s odst vncunhci risdurei b.i. bts
iopcdyiis. Bt pirldros vnrbdus luketbdks cbai Xierubtoikt, snlity, iopcdyii ricntbdks, trnbkbkm nk` `ivicdpoikt ite. Ldccdwbkm nri bts sdoi dl tfi odst bopdrtnkt luketbdkncbtbis7
ONKZD]IX ZCNKKBKM7 Bt bkvdcvis tfi pcnkkbkm ldr tfi luturi nk` lbk`bkm dut fdw onky iopcdyiis wbcc hi kii`i` bk tfi luturi hy tfi husbkiss nk` wfnt typis dl sabccs sfduc` tfiy pdssiss. GDH NKNCRUBU NK@ GDH @IUEXBZPBDK7 Bt bkvdcvis prdeiss td edcciet edrriet bkldrontbdk nhdut tfi `utbis, rispdksbhbcbtbis, kieissnry sabccs nk` wdra ikvbrdkoikt dl n pnrtbeucnr gdh. XIEXYBPOIKP ]NMIU ]NMIU NK@ UNCNXBIU7 Bt bkvdcvis rierubtoikt dl hist pidpci bk nk drmnkbsntbdk ns drmnkbsntbdk‒s sueeiss `ipik`s dk quncbty dl wdraldrei. ZIXLDXONKEI NZZXNBUNC7 Bt bkecu`is rivbiwbkm dl tfi pirldronkei dl tfi iopcdyiis rierubti` dk n rimucnr hnsbs. Pfi onbk ldeus bs td oinsuri nk` boprdvi tfi netunc pirldronkei dl tfi iopcdyii. CNHDYX ONKNMIOIKP XICNPBDKU7 Bt iksuris tfnt tfi cnhdur onknmioikt ricntbdks nri edr`bnc nk` bk ensi dl nky edklcbet, bt wbcc pcny 88
nk bopdrtnkt rdci bk risdcvbkm tfi bssui hy hrbkmbkm tfio td kimdtbntbdk tnhci. @BUOBUUNC NK@ XI@YK@NKER7 Bt tnais lbro netbdks nmnbkst iopcdyiis wfd nri kdt ldccdwbkm drmnkbzntbdknc ed`i dl edk`uet, rucis nk` rimucntbdks. Pfbs enk risuct bk tfi `bsobssnc dl tfi iopcdyii.
LBKNKEI @IZNXPOIKP7 Pfi lbknkei `ipnrtoikt bs rispdksbhci ldr onknmioikt dl tfi drmnkbzntbdk‒s ensf lcdw. Bt pripnris tfi edopnkbis ensf needukt, pnys tfi
sncnry ite. Ldccdwbkm nri bts sdoi dl tfi odst bopdrtnkt luketbdkncbtbis7
HDDA AIIZBKM ZXDEI@YXIU 7 Aiipbkm riedr`s dl tfi purefnsis nk` sncis on`i hy n husbkiss ns wicc ns enpbtnc spik`bkm. spik`bkm . ZXIZNXBKM LBKNC NEEDYKPU7 NEEDYKPU7 Zrdlbt nk` cdss needukt nk` Hncnkei Ufiits ZXD\B@BKM ONKNMIOIKP BKLDXONPBDK7 Onknmirs riqubri dkmdbkm lbknkebnc bkldrontbdk td iknhci tfio td onai hittir `iebsbdks . ONKNMIOIKP DL ]NMIU7 Pfi wnmis sietbdk dl tfi lbknkei `ipnrtoikt wbcc hi rispdksbhci ldr enceucntbkm tfi wnmis nk` sncnrbis dl iopcdyiis nk` drmnkbsbkm tfi edccietbdk dl bkedoi tnx nk` kntbdknc bksurnkei ldr tfi Bkcnk` Xivikui. XNBUBKM LBKNKEI 7 Pfi lbknkei `ipnrtoikt wbcc ncsd hi rispdksbhci ldr tfi tiefkbenc `itnbcs dl fdw n husbkiss rnbsis lbknkei i.m. tfrdumf cdnks, nk` tfi ripnyoikt dl bktirist dk tfnt lbknkei. Bk n``btbdk bt wbcc supirvbsi tfi pnyoikt dl `bvb`ik`s td sfnrifdc`irs.
85
N@OBKBUPXNPBDK @IZNXPOIKP7 Pfi n`obkbstrntbvi `ipnrtoikt edvirs n wb`i rnkmi dl luketbdks suef ns `ipnrtoiktnc suppdrt bk FX, lbknkei, BP suppdrt nk` mikirnc rukkbkm dl nk drmnkbsntbdk. Pfi onbk luketbdks dl nk n`obkbstrntbdk `ipnrtoikt dl nk drmnkbzntbdk nri7
Pd prdeiss pnpirwdra ldr ixtirknc suppcbirs. Pd prdeiss pnpirwdra nk` bkldrontbdk ldr bktirknc pidpci. Pfbs educ` hi nkytfbkm lrdo cddabkm nltir tfi hnsbe hbccs td tfi bktirknc pdst. Cddabkm nltir tfi bktirknc edooukbentbdks sd tfnt ncc oiohirs dl tfi drmnkbzntbdk nri nwnri dl wfnt bs mdbkm dk wbtfbk tfi drmnkbzntbdk. Drmnkbzbkm nky `icbvirbis dr suppcbirs edobkm bktd tfi dllbeis ldr tfi `ny ldr nky rinsdk. Nrrnkmbkm edopnky ixtrns suef ns edopnky enrs nk` nky fdtics ldr husbkiss trbps tfnt ony hi kii`i`. Uik`bkm dut nky onbc dk hifncl dl tfi edopnky. Pfbs educ` hi ldr `bllirikt stnaifdc`irs, eustdoirs dr ivik ldr stnll.
80
DKMDBKM ZXDGIEPU KPZE ― Hnrf BB ― Uupirerbtbenc Hdbcirs ― 8 x <<: O] - uk`ir ixieutbdk*
• NZMIKED ― Arbsfknpntkno - Uupirerbtbenc Hdbcirs ― 8 x 6:: O] - uk`ir
ixieutbdk* • Gny Zii - Hnrn - Uupirerbtbenc Uu pirerbtbenc Hdbcirs ― 5 x <<: O] - uk`ir ixieutbdk* • KPZE ― Odu`n - Uupirerbtbenc Hdbcirs ― 8 x <<: O] - uk`ir ixieutbdk* • KPZE ― Knhbknmnr Uupirerbtbenc Utino Purhbki Bscnk`s nk` Hdbcirs* ― 5 V
<<: O] - uk`ir
ixieutbdk
• HFIC ― Mn`nrwnrn Uupir Pfironc Zdwir Zcnkt* - 8 V 6:: O] ― uk`ir
ixieutbdk
EYUPDOIXU Kntbdknc Pfironc Zdwir Edrpdrntbdk (KPZE). Kiyvicb Cbmkbti Edrpdrntbdk Cbobti`. Xngnstfnk Xngyn \b`yut Ytpn`nk Kbmno Ct`. KUC Drbssn Zdwir nk` Bklrntief Zrbvnti Ct`.
Hfnrnt Finvy Icietrbenc Cbobti` .
NCUPDO BK BK@BN Ncstdo fns hiik nssdebnti` wbtf Bk`bn‒s prdmriss ldr n eiktury nk` fns n
cdkm-stnk`bkm riputntbdk ldr prdvb`bkm fbmfcy bkkdvntbvi nk` sustnbknhci sdcutbdks ldr oiitbkm tfi eduktry‒s ikirmy nk` trnkspdrt riqubrioikts. Ubkei bts bkeiptbdk bk tfi yinr >2>>, tfi edopnky fns hiik nt tfi ldrilrdkt
dl cin`bkm-i`mi tiefkdcdmy nt iviry civic. Pfi edopnky wdras wbtf n kuohir dl strntimbe pnrtkirs bk Bk`bn td dllir n wb`i rnkmi dl sdcutbdks ldr iviry sietdr ― Zdwir, Prnkspdrt & Mrb`. NCUPDO Bk`bn stntbstbes7 Nrduk` 2,::: iopcdyiis bk Bk`bn .Pfrii X&@ Eiktirs bk Hikmncuru (Zdwir nk` Prnkspdrt), \n`d`nrn (Zdwir) nk` Fdsur (Mrb`). Pwd ikmbkiirbkm eiktirs nt Kdb`n nk` Adcantn. 89
LNEPU NK@ LBMYXIU
25::8 iopcdyiis nt ik` dl dl Onref Onref 8:>0 8:>0 8>.9 hbccbdk dr`irs bk 8:>5->0 8:>5->0 8:.5 hbccbdk sncis sncis bk 8:>5->0 Zrisikt bk odri tfnk >:: eduktrbis Uncis 8:>5-8:>0 7 ₣8:.5 hbccbdk
8<
HDBCIXU N
Hdbcir bs n ecdsi` vissic bk wfbef wntir dr dtfir lcub` bs finti`. Pfi finti` dr
vnpdrbzi` lcub` ixbts tfi hdbcir ldr usi bk vnrbdus prdeissis dr fintbkm nppcbentbdks. Bkstruoiktntbdk
nk` edktrdcs bk n hdbcir pcnkt ikedopnss nk ikdrodus rnkmi dl iqubpoikt lrdo sbopci bk`ustrbnc pcnkt td tfi edopcix bk tfi cnrmi utbcbty stntbdk.
Pfi hdbcir edktrdc systio bs tfi oinks hy wfbef tfi hncnkei dl ikirmy & onss bktd nk` dut dl tfi hdbcir nri nefbivi`. Bkputs nri luic, edohustbdk nbr, ntdobzbkm nbr dr stino &lii` wntir. Dl tfisi, luic bs tfi ongdr ikirmy bkput. Edohustbdk nbr bs tfi ongdr onss bkput. Dutputs nri stino, lcui mns, hcdw `dwk, rn`bntbdk & sddt hcdwbkm .
8=
ECNUUBLBENPBDK DL HDBCIXU7
Lbri tuhi hdbcirs 7 Bk lbri tuhi hdbcirs fdt mnsis nri pnssi` tfrdumf tfi tuhis nk` wntir surrduk`s tfisi tuhis. Pfisi nri sbopci, edopnet nk` rummi` bk edkstruetbdk. @ipik`bkm dk wfitfir tfi tuhis nri virtbenc dr fdrbzdktnc tfisi nri lurtfir ecnssblbi` ns virtbenc nk` fdrbzdktnc tuhi hdbcirs. @ui td cnrmi qunktbty dl wntir bk tfi `rnbk bt riqubris odri tboi ldr stino rnbsbkm. Pfi stino nttnbki` bs mikirnccy wit, iedkdobenc ldr cdw prissuris .Pfi dutput dl tfi hdbcir bs ncsd cbobti`.
]ntir tuhi hdbcirs7 Bk tfisi hdbcirs wntir bs bksb`i tfi tuhis nk` fdt mnsis nri dutsb`i tfi tuhis. Lii` wntir iktirs tfi hdbcir td dki `ruo. Pfbs wntir ebreucntis tfrdumf tfi tuhis edkkieti` ixtirknc td `ruos. Fdt mnsis wfbef surrduk` tfisi tuhis wbcc edkvirt tfi wntir bk tuhis bk td stino. Pfbs stino bs pnssi` tfrdumf tuhis nk` edccieti` nt tfi tdp dl tfi `ruo sbkei bt bs dl cbmft wibmft. Pfi iktbri stino bs edccieti` bk dki `ruo nk` bt bs tnaik dut lrdo tfiri. Ns tfi odvioikt dl wntir bk tfi wntir tuhis bs fbmf, sd rnti dl fint trnkslir ncsd hiedois fbmf risuctbkm bk mrintir illbebikey. Pfiy prd`uei fbmf prissuri, insbcy neeissbhci
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EDOZDKIKPU DL HDBCIXU7 Pfi onbk edopdkikts bk n hdbcir systio nri Iedkdobsir, Ivnpdrntdr, Uupirfintir, Xifintdr, Nttiopirntdr . Bk n``btbdk, tfiri nri sits dl edktrdcs td odkbtdr wntir nk` stino lcdw, luic lcdw, nbrlcdw nk` efiobenc trintoikt n``btbdks. Odri hrdn`cy spinabkm, tfi hdbcir systio edoprbsis dl n lii`wntir systio, stino systio nk` luics systio. Pfi lii`wntir systio prdvb`is wntir td tfi hdbcir nk` rimucntis bt nutdontbenccy td oiit tfi stino `ionk`. \nrbdus vncvis prdvb`i neeiss ldr onbktiknkei nk` ripnbr. Pfi stio systio edcciets nk` edktrdcs tfi stino prd`uei` bk tfi hdbcir. Utino bs `brieti` tfrdumf n pbpbkm systio td tfi pdbkt dl usi. Pfrdumfdut tfi systio, stino prissuri bs rimucnti` usbkm vncvis nk` efieai` wbtf stino prissuri mnumis. Pfi luic systio bkecu`is ncc iqubpoikt usi` td prdvb`i luic td mikirnti tfi kieissnry fint. Pfi iqubpoikt riqubri` bk tfi luic systio `ipik`s dk tfi typi dl luic usi` bk tfi systio.
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Lii`wntir systio Pfi wntir suppcbi` td tfi hdbcir, wfbef bs edkvirti` bktd stino, bs encci` lii`wntir. Pfi twd sdureis dl lii`wntir nri edk`iksnti dr edk`iksi` stino riturki` lrdo tfi prdeiss nk` onaiup wntir (trinti` rnw wntir) wfbef oust edoi lrdo dutsb`i tfi hdbcir rddo nk` pcnkt prdeissis .
>. Lii`wntir fintir
Hdbcir illbebikey bs boprdvi` hy tfi ixtrnetbdk dl wnsti fint lrdo spikt stino td prifint tfi hdbcir lii`wntir. Fintirs nri sficc nk` tuhi fint ixefnkmirs wbtf tfi lii`wntir dk tfi tuhi sb`i (bksb`i) nk` stino dk tfi sficc sb`i (dutsb`i). Pfi fintir ecdsist td tfi hdbcir rieibvis tfi fdttist stino. Pfi edk`iksi` stino bs riedviri` bk tfi fintir `rnbks nk` puopi` ldrwnr` td tfi fintir booi`bnticy upstrino, wfiri bts fint vncui bs edohbki` wbtf tfnt dl tfi stino ldr tfnt fintir. Yctbonticy tfi edk`iksnti bs riturki` td tfi edk`iksnti stdrnmi tnka dr edk`iksir fdt wicc. 5:
8. @inirntdrs
Lii`wntir dltik fns dxymik `bssdcvi` bk bt nt dhgietbdknhci civics, wfbef edois lrdo nbr bk-cinanmi lrdo tfi edk`iksir, puop sincs, dr lrdo tfi edk`iksnti btsicl. Pfi dxymik bs oiefnkbenccy riodvi` bk n `inirntdr. @inirntdrs luketbdk dk tfi prbkebpci tfnt dxymik bs `ierinsbkmcy sdcuhci ns tfi tiopirnturi bs rnbsi`. Pfbs bs `dki hy pnssbkm n strino dl stino tfrdumf tfi lii`wntir. @inirntdrs nri mikirnccy n edohbkntbdk dl sprny nk` trny typi. Dki prdhcio wbtf tfi edktrdc dl `inirntdrs bs iksurbkm sullbebikt tiopirnturi `bllirikei hitwiik tfi bkedobkm wntir tiopirnturi nk` tfi strbppbkm stino. Bl tfi tiopirnturi bs tdd ecdsi, kdt ikdumf stino wbcc hi nvnbcnhci td strbp tfi dxymik lrdo tfi onai-up wntir. 5. Iedkdobsirs
Iedkdobsirs nri tfi cnst stnmi dl tfi lii`wntir systio. Pfiy nri `isbmki` td ixtrnet fint vncui lrdo ixfnust mnsis td fint tfi stino stbcc lurtfir nk` boprdvi tfi illbebikey dl tfi hdbcir. Pfiy nri sbopci lbkki` tuhi fint ixefnkmirs. Kdt ncc hdbcirs fnvi iedkdobzirs. Ysunccy tfiy nri lduk` dkcy dk wntir tuhi hdbcirs usbkm ldssbc luic ns nk ikirmy edksirvntbdk oinsuri. N lii`wntir iedkdobsir ri`ueis stino hdbcir luic riqubrioikts hy trnkslirrbkm fint lrdo tfi lcui mns td bkedobkm lii`wntir. Hy riedvirbkm wnsti fint, nk iedkdobsir enk dltik ri`uei luic riqubrioikts hy 9 pir eikt td >: pir eikt nk` pny ldr btsicl bk ciss tfnk twd yinrs. N lii`wntir iedkdobsir bs npprdprbnti wfik bksullbebikt fint trnkslir surlnei ixbsts wbtfbk tfi hdbcir td riodvi edohustbdk fint. Hdbcirs tfnt ixeii` >:: hdbcir fp, dpirntbkm nt prissuris ixeii`bkm =9 psb dr nhdvi, nk` tfdsi tfnt nri sbmkblbenktcy cdn`i` ncc yinr cdkm nri ixeiccikt enk`b`ntis ldr iedkdobsir ritrdlbt.
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Utino systio
>. Utino nk` ou` `ruos
N hdbcir systio edksbsts dl n stino `ruo nk` n ou` `ruo. Pfi stino `ruo bs tfi uppir `ruo dl n wntirtuhi hdbcir wfiri tfi sipnrntbdk dl wntir nk` stino deeurs. Lii`wntir iktirs tfi hdbcir stino `ruo lrdo tfi iedkdobzirs dr lrdo tfi lii`wntir fintir trnbk bl tfiri bs kd iedkdobsir. Pfi edc`ir lii`wntir ficps erinti tfi ebreucntbdk bk tfi hdbcir. Pfi stino dutcit cbki kdronccy tnais dll lrdo tfbs `ruo td n cdwir `ruo hy n sit dl rbsir nk` `dwkedoir tuhis. Pfi cdwir `ruo, encci` tfi ou` `ruo, bs n tnka nt tfi hdttdo dl tfi hdbcir tfnt iquncbzis `bstrbhutbdk dl wntir td tfi mikirntbkm tuhis nk` edcciets sdcb`s suef ns sncts ldroi` lrdo fnr`kiss nk` sbcben dr edrrdsbdk prd`uets enrrbi` bktd tfi hdbcir. Bk tfi ebreucntbdk prdeiss, tfi edc`ir wntir, wfbef bs dutsb`i tfi fint trnkslir nrin, sbkas nk` iktirs tfi ou` `ruo. Pfi wntir bs finti` bk tfi fint trnkslir tuhis td ldro stino. Pfi stino-wntir obxturi bs ciss `iksi tfnk wntir nk` rbsis bk tfi rbsir tuhis td tfi stino `ruo. Pfi stino `ruo edktnbks bktirknc icioikts ldr lii`wntir iktry, efiobenc bkgietbdk, hcdw`dwk riodvnc, civic edktrdc, nk` stino-wntir sipnrntbdk. Pfi stino huhhcis `bsikmnmi lrdo tfi hdbcir wntir bk tfi rbsir tuhis nk` stino lcdws dut lrdo tfi tdp dl tfi `ruo tfrdumf stino sipnrntdrs. 8. Hdbcir tuhis
Hdbcir tuhis nri usunccy lnhrbenti` lrdo fbmf-strikmtf enrhdk stiic. Pfi tuhis nri wic`i` td ldro n edktbkudus sfiit dr wncc dl tuhis. Dltik odri tfnk dki hnka dl tuhis bs usi`, wbtf tfi hnka ecdsist td tfi fint sdureis prdvb`bkm tfi mrintist sfnri dl fint trnkslir. Pfiy wbcc ncsd tik` td hi tfi odst suseiptbhci td lnbcuri `ui td lcdw prdhcios dr edrrdsbdk/ `ipdsbtbdk prdhcios. 5. Uupirfintirs
Pfi purpdsi dl tfi supirfintir bs td riodvi ncc odbsturi edktikt lrdo tfi stino hy rnbsbkm tfi tiopirnturi dl tfi stino nhdvi bts snturntbdk pdbkt. 58
Pfi stino cinvbkm tfi hdbcir bs snturnti`, tfnt bs, bt bs bk iqubcbhrbuo wbtf cbqub` wntir nt tfi hdbcir prissuri pr issuri (tiopirnturi). Pfi supirfintir n``s ikirmy td tfi ixbt stino dl tfi hdbcir. Bt enk hi n sbkmci hnka dr ouctbpci hnkas dr tuhis ibtfir bk n fdrbzdktnc dr virtbenc nrrnkmioikt tfnt bs suspik`i` bk tfi edkvietbvi dr rn`bntbdk zdki dl tfi hdbcir. Pfi n``i` ikirmy rnbsis tfi tiopirnturi nk` fint edktikt dl tfi stino nhdvi snturntbdk pdbkt. Bk tfi ensi dl turhbkis, ixeissbvi odbsturi bk tfi stino nhdvi snturntbdk pdbkt. Bk tfi ensi dl turhbkis, ixeissbvi odbsturi bk tfi stino enk n`virsicy nlliet tfi illbebikey nk` bktimrbty dl tfi turhbki. Uupirfinti` stino fns n cnrmir spieblbe vdcuoi ns tfi nodukt dl supirfint bkerinsis. Pfbs kieissbtntis cnrmir `bnoitir pbpicbkis td enrry tfi snoi nodukt dl stino. @ui td tiopirnturis, fbmfir nccdy stiic bs usi`. Bt bs bopdrtnkt tfnt tfi stino bs dl fbmf purbty nk` cdw odbsturi edktikt sd tfnt kdk-vdcntbci suhstnkeis `d kdt hubc` up bk tfi supirfintir. 0. Nttiopirntdr Nttiopirntdrss
Nttiopirntbdk bs tfi prbonry oinks ldr edktrdccbkm tfi `imrii dl supirfint bk n supirfinti` hdbcir. Nttiopirntbdk bs tfi prdeiss dl pnrtbnccy `isupirfintbkm stino hy tfi edktrdcci` bkgietbdk dl wntir bktd tfi supirfinti` stino lcdw. Pfi `imrii dl supirfint wbcc `ipik` dk tfi stino cdn` nk` tfi fint nvnbcnhci, mbvik tfi `isbmk dl tfi supirfintir. Pfi `imrii dl supirfint dl tfi lbknc ixbtbkm stino bs mikirnccy kdt suhgiet td wb`i vnrbntbdk hienusi dl tfi `isbmk dl tfi `dwkstrino prdeissis. Bk dr`ir td nefbivi tfi prdpir edktrdc dl supirfint tiopirnturi nk nttiopirntdr bs usi`. N `briet edktnet nttiopirntdr bkgiets n strino dl fbmf purbty wntir bktd tfi supirfinti` stino. Bt bs usunccy cdenti` nt tfi ixbt dl tfi supirfintir, hut ony hi pcnei` bk nk bktiroi`bnti pdsbtbdk. Ysunccy, hdbcir lii`wntir bs sui` ldr nttiopirntbdk. Pfi wntir oust hi lrii dl kdk-vdcntbci sdcb`s td privikt dhgietbdknhci hubc`up dl sdcb`s bk tfi onbk stino tuhis nk` dk turhbki hcn`is. Ubkei bk nttiopirntdr wntir edois lrdo tfi hdbcir lii`wntir, prdvbsbdk ldr bt fns td hi on`i bk enceucntbkm lcdws. Pfi enceucntbdk bs hnsi` dk fint 55
hncnkei. Pfi tdtnc iktfncpy (fint edktikt) dl tfi lbknc supirfint stino oust hi tfi onss wibmfti` suo dl tfi iktfncpbis dl tfi bkbtbnc supirfint stino nk` tfi nttiopirntbdk wntir. 9. Edk`iksnti systios
Nctfdumf kdt n pnrt dl tfi hdbcir, edk`iksnti bs usunccy riturki` td tfi hdbcir ns pnrt dl tfi lii`wntir. Needr`bkmcy, dki oust tnai bktd needukt tfi nodukt nk` quncbty dl tfi edk`iksnti wfik enceucntbkm hdbcir trintoikt pnrnoitirs. Bk n edopcix stino `bstrbhutbdk systio tfiri wbcc hi sivirnc edopdkikts. Pfisi wbcc bkecu`i fint ixefnkmirs, prdeiss iqubpoikt, lcnsf tnkas, nk` stdrnmi tnkas. Fint ixefnkmirs nri tfi pcneis bk tfi systio wfiri stino bs usi` td fint n prdeiss dr nbr hy bk`briet edktnet. Uficc nk` tuhi ixefnkmirs nri tfi usunc `isbmk, wbtf stino usunccy dk tfi sficc sb`i. Pfi stino iktirs ns supirfinti` dr snturnti` nk` ony cinvi ns supirfinti`, snturnti`, dr ns cbqub` wntir, `ipik`bkm dk tfi bkbtbnc stino edk`btbdks nk` tfi `isbmk cdn` dl tfi ixefnkmir. Zrdeiss iqubpoikt bkecu`is turhbkis wfitfir usi` ldr F\NE iqubpoikt, nbr edoprissdrs, dr turhbki puops. Edk`iksnti tnkas nk` puops nri ongdr pdbkts ldr dxymik td iktir tfi edk`iksnti systio nk` enusi edrrdsbdk. Pfisi pdbkts sfduc` hi odkbtdri` ecdsicy ldr pF nk` dxymik bkmriss nk` prdpir edk`iksnti trintoikt nppcbi`.
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Luic systio Luic lii` systios pcny n erbtbenc rdci bk tfi pirldronkei dl hdbcirs. Pfibr prbonry luketbdks bkecu`i trnkslirrbkm tfi luic bktd tfi hdbcir nk` `bstrbhutbkm tfi luic wbtfbk tfi hdbcir td prdodti ukbldro nk` edopciti edohustbdk. Pfi typi dl luic bklcuikeis tfi dpirntbdknc linturis dl n luic systio Pfi luic lii` systio ldros tfi odst sbmkblbenkt edopdkikt dl tfi hdbcir systio.
>. Lii` systio ldr mnsidus luics
Mnsidus luics nri ricntbvicy insy td trnkspdrt nk` fnk`ci. Nky prissuri `bllirikei wbcc enusi mns td lcdw, nk` odst mnsidus luics obx insbcy wbtf nbr. Hienusi dk-sbti stdrnmi dl mnsidus luic bs typbenccy kdt linsbhci, hdbcirs oust hi edkkieti` td n luic sdurei suef ns n knturnc mns pbpicbki. Lcdw dl mnsidus luics td n hdbcir enk hi priebsicy edktrdcci` usbkm n vnrbity dl edktrdc systios. Pfisi systios mikirnccy bkecu`i nutdontbe vncvis tfnt oitir mns lcdw tfrdumf n hurkir nk` bktd tfi hdbcir hnsi` dk stino dr fdt wntir `ionk`. Pfi purpdsi dl tfi hurkir bs td bkerinsi tfi stnhbcbty dl tfi lcnoi dvir n wb`i rnkmi dl lcdw rntis hy erintbkm n lnvdurnhci edk`btbdk ldr luic bmkbtbdk nk` istnhcbsfbkm nird`yknobe edk`btbdks tfnt iksuri mdd` obxbkm hitwiik tfi prbonry edohustbdk nbr nk` tfi luic. Hurkirs nri tfi eiktrnc icioikts dl nk illietbvi edohustbdk systio. Dtfir icioikts dl tfibr `isbmk nk` nppcbentbdk bkecu`i iqubpoikt ldr luic pripnrntbdk nk` nbr-luic `bstrbhutbdk ns wicc ns n edoprifiksbvi systio dl edohustbdk edktrdcs. Cbai mnsidus luics, cbqub` luics nri ncsd ricntbvicy insy td trnkspdrt nk` fnk`ci hy usbkm puops nk` pbpbkm kitwdras tfnt cbka tfi hdbcir td n luic suppcy suef ns n luic dbc stdrnmi tnka. Pd prdodti edopciti edohustbdk, cbqub` luics oust hi ntdobzi` td nccdw tfrdumf obxbkm wbtf edohustbdk nbr. Ntdobsntbdk hy nbr, stino, dr prissuri prd`ueis tbky `rdpcits tfnt hurk odri cbai mns tfnk cbqub`. Edktrdc dl hdbcirs tfnt hurks
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cbqub` luics enk ncsd hi needopcbsfi` usbkm n vnrbity dl edktrdc systios tfnt oitir luic lcdw. 8. Lii` systio ldr sdcb` luics
Udcb` luics nri ouef odri `bllbeuct td fnk`ci tfnk mnsidus nk` cbqub` luics. Zripnrbkm tfi luic ldr edohustbdk bs mikirnccy kieissnry nk` ony bkvdcvi tiefkbquis suef ns erusfbkm dr sfri``bkm. Hildri edohustbdk enk deeur, tfi bk`bvb`unc luics pnrtbecis oust hi trnkspdrti` lrdo n stdrnmi nrin td tfi hdbcir. Oiefnkbenc `ivbeis suef ns edkviydrs, numirs, fdppirs, scb`i mntis, vbhrntdrs, nk` hcdwirs nri dltik usi` ldr tfbs purpdsi. Pfi oitfd` sicieti` `ipik`s prbonrbcy dk tfi sbzi dl tfi bk`bvb`unc luics pnrtbecis nk` tfi prdpirtbis nk` efnrnetirbstbes dl tfi luic. Utdairs nri edoodkcy usi` td lii` sdcb` luic pnrtbecis suef ns erusfi` ednc, P@L, OU], wdd` efbps, nk` dtfir ldros dl hbdonss bktd hdbcirs. Oiefnkbenc stdairs ivdcvi` lrdo tfi fnk`-lbri` hdbcir irn nk` kdw bkecu`i sdpfbstbenti` icietrdoiefnkbenc edopdkikts tfnt rispdk` rnpb`cy td efnkmis bk stino `ionk`. Pfi `isbmk dl tfisi edopdkikts prdvb`is mdd` turk`dwk nk` luic-fnk`cbkm enpnhbcbty. Bk tfbs edktixt, turk`dwk bs `ilbki` ns tfi rntbd dl onxbouo luic lcdw td obkbouo luic lcdw. Bk tfi ensi dl pucvirbzi` ednc hdbcirs, wfbef hurk viry lbki pnrtbecis dl ednc, tfi stdair bs kdt usi`. Ednc bk tfbs ldro enk hi trnkspdrti` ncdkm wbtf tfi prbonry edohustbdk nbr tfrdumf pbpis tfnt nri edkkieti` td spiebnccy `isbmki` hurkirs. N hurkir bs `ilbki` ns n `ivbeis dr mrdup dl `ivbeis ldr tfi bktrd`uetbdk dl luic nk` nbr bktd n lurknei nt tfi riqubri` vicdebtbis, turhucikei, nk` edkeiktrntbdk td onbktnbk bmkbtbdk nk` edohustbdk dl luic wbtf bk tfi lurknei. Hurkirs ldr mnsidus luics nri ciss edopcix tfnk tfdsi ldr cbqub` dr sdcb` luics hienusi obxbkm dl mns nk` edohustbdk nbr bs ricntbvicy sbopci edopnri` td ntdobzbkm cbqub` luics dr `bspirsbkm sdcb` luic pnrtbecis. Pfi nhbcbty dl n hurkir td obx edohustbdk nbr wbtf luic bs n oinsuri dl bts pirldronkei. N mdd` hurkir obxis wicc nk` cbhirntis n onxbouo nodukt dl fint lrdo tfi luic. Pfi hist hurkirs nri ikmbkiiri` td cbhirnti tfi onxbouo nodukt dl fint lrdo tfi luic nk` cbobt tfi nodukt dl pdccutnkts 5<
suef ns ED, KD x, nk` ZO tfnt nri ricinsi`. Hurkirs wbtf tfisi enpnhbcbtbis ri kdw usi` rdutbkicy bk hdbcirs tfnt oust edopcy wbtf onk`nti` iobssbdk cbobtntbdks.
ZBZBKM NK@ BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK @BNMXNO (Z&B@)7 N pbpbkm nk` bkstruoiktntbdk `bnmrno/`rnwbkm (Z&B@) bs n `bnmrno bk tfi prdeiss bk`ustry wfbef sfdws tfi pbpbkm dl tfi prdeiss lcdw tdmitfir wbtf tfi bkstncci` iqubpoikt nk` bkstruoiktntbdk. Pfi purpdsi dl Z&B@s bs td prdvb`i nk bkbtbnc `isbmk hnsbs ldr tfi hdbcir. Pfi Z&B@s prdvb`is tfi ikmbkiirbkm riqubrioikts td b`iktbly tfi oinsurioikts nk` luketbdks tfnt nri td hi edktrdcci`. Bt ony hi usi` td `ilbki tfi kuohir dl bkputs, dutputs nk` cbst dl ncc tfi bkstruoikts nk` luketbdks. UNOZCI Z&B@ DL CD] ZXIUUYXI ZXIUUYXI UPNXPYZ UPNXPYZ URUPIOU URUPIOU (Ldr rilirikei dkcy)
5=
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ZXDEIUU CIMIK@7 Pfi prdeiss cimik` prdvb`is tfi bkldrontbdk kii`i` td bktirprit nk` rin` tfi Z&B@. Zrdeiss cimik`s nri lduk` nt tfi lrdkt dl tfi Z&B@. Pfi cimik` bkecu`is bkldrontbdk nhdut pbpbkm, bkstruoikt nk` iqubpoikt syohdcs, nhhrivbntbdks, ukbt knoi, `rnwbkm kuohir, rivbsbdk kuohir, npprdvncs, nk` edopnky prilbxis. Hienusi syohdc nk` `bnmrno stnk`nr`bzntbdk bs kdt edopciti, onky edopnkbis usi tfibr dwk syohdcs bk ukbt `rnwbkms. Ykbqui nk` ukusunc iqubpoikt wbcc ncsd riqubris n od`blbi` syohdc vncui.
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0:
HNUBEU
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NHHXI\BNPBDK PNHCI7 LE LB LU LBE LE\ LXE
Lcdw Edktrdccir Lcdw Bk`bentdr Lcdw Uwbtef Lcdw Bk`bentbkm Edktrdccir Lcdw Edktrdc \ncvi Lcdw Xiedr`bkm Edktrdccir
ZE ZM ZB ZX ZU ZBE ZE\ ZXE Z@B Z@X Z@U Z@P ZP ZP@
Zrissuri Edktrdccir Zrissuri Mnumi Zrissuri Bk`bentdr Zrissuri Xiedr`ir Zrissuri Uwbtef Zrissuri Bk`bentbkm Edktrdccir Zrissuri Edktrdc \ncvi Zrissuri Xiedr`bkm Edktrdccir Zrissuri @blliriktbnc Bk`bentdr Zrissuri @blliriktbnc Xiedr`ir Zrissuri @blliriktbnc Uwbtef Zrissuri @blliriktbnc Prnksobttir Zrissuri Prnksobttir Zrissuri Prnks`ueir
CE\ CXE CM CX CP CU CBE
Civic Edktrdc \ncvi Civic Xiedr`bkm Edktrdccir Civic Mnumi Civic Xiedr`ir Civic Prnksobttir Civic Uwbtef Civic Bk`bentbkm Edktrdccir
PE PP PI PB PX PU
Piopirnturi Edktrdccir Piopirnturi Prnksobttir Piopirnturi Icioikt Piopirnturi Bk`bentdr Piopirnturi Xiedr`ir Piopirnturi Uwbtef
08
I^YBZOIKP PNHCI7
05
AAU PNMBKM ZXDEI@YXI7 Pd pcnkkbkm, sittbkm-up nk` dpirntbkm pdwir pcnkts bt bs nhsdcuticy kieissnry td usi n stnk`nr`bzi` b`iktblbentbdk systio . Pfi –AXNLP]IXA-AIKKWIBEFIK-URUPIO(AAU)‟ bs suef n systio.
Pfi ikmbkiirbkm dl pdwir pcnkts wbtf od`irk fuonk-ikmbki-edooukbentbdk kii`s n edoodk cnkmunmi bk ncc sietdrs dl ikmbkiirbkm td`ny, cbai nppcbentbdks bk ebvbc, oiefnkbenc, icietrbenc nk` edktrdc nk` bkstruoiktntbdk ikmbkiirbkm. Xicbnhbcbty nk` dpirntbdknc illbebikey onai odri nk` odri fbmfir edk`btbdks td tfi pcnkkbkm, sittbkm-up nk` dpirntbkm dl pdwir pcnkts. Bkerinsbkm pcnkt-pdwir nk` n fbmfir `imrii dl nutdontbdk prisuppdsi n pdwirluc bkerinsi dl tiefkbenc `ntn nk` bkldrontbdk.
B@IKPBLBENPBDK URUPIO LDX ZD]IX ZCNKPU
Zurpdsi Pfi pdwir pcnkt b`iktblbentbdk systio bs nppcbi` td ecinrcy b`iktbly pcnkts, systios, pnrts nk` edopdkikts td tfibr purpdsi, typi nk` cdentbdk. Pfi edktikts nri hnsi` dk tfi –B`iktblbentbdk Uystios ldr Zdwir Zcnkt (AAU)‟
puhcbsfi` hy \MH- Piefkbenc Nssdebntbdk dl Cnrmi Zdwir Zcnkt Dpirntdrs.
Xiqubrioikts td hi oit hy tfi B`iktblbentbdk Uystio AAU Bk dr`ir td pirldro tfi sit tnsas tfi b`iktblbentbdk systio oust hi enpnhci dl sntbslybkm tfi ldccdwbkm riqubrioikts7
@itirobkntbdk dl ncc bkstnccntbdks nk` suh-systios,
Nk n`iqunti kuohir dl risirvi ed`is oust hi nvnbcnhci ldr luturi `ivicdpoikts bk pdwir pcnkt ikmbkiirbkm.
Pfi ecnssblbentbdk dl bkstnccntbdks nk` suh-systios oust hi mikirnccy nppcbenhci td ncc typis dl pdwir pcnkt1 ncc bk`bvb`unc ebreubts nk` nrrnkmioikts oust, fdwivir, hi ecinrcy b`iktblbnhci.
Ecinr b`iktblbentbdk dl ncc suh-systios. 00
Nk b`iktblbentbdk usi` bk n pdwir pcnkt oust hi kdk-rieurrbkm,
Uuh`bvbsbdk wbtf mrn`i` `itnbcs nk` n lbxi` oinkbkm ldr tfi `ntn efnrnetirs.
vnrbdus nrins dl nppcbentbdk,
Bk`ipik`ikt b`iktblbentbdk dl vnrbdus systios oust hi pdssbhci
Insi dl riedmkbtbdk iksuri` hy ecnrbty nk` nk neeiptnhci cikmtf ldr tfi b`iktblbentbdk. Zcnusbhbcbty efiea lnebcbty, ispiebnccy ldr `ntn prdeissbkm,
Ixbstbkm stnk`nr`s, mub`icbkis nk` riedooik`ntbdks oust hi tnaik bktd needukt
Utrueturi nk` Nppcbentbdk dl tfi Zdwir Zcnkt B`iktblbentbdk Uystio Pfi AAU edksbsts dl tfrii typis dl b`iktblbentbdk7
Pfi prdeiss-ricnti` b`iktblbentbdk b`iktblbis bkstnccntbdks nk` iqubpoikt needr`bkm td tfibr nssbmki` tnsa bk tfi pdwir pcnkt prdeiss,
Pfi pdbkt dl bkstnccntbdk b`iktblbentbdk b`iktblbis tfi pdbkts dl bkstnccntbdk wbtfbk nk bkstnccntbdk ukbt (i.m. euhbecis, edksdcis, pnkics),
Pfi cdentbdk b`iktblbentbdk b`iktblbis tfi rddos nk` lcddrs, dr dtfir bkstnccntbdk sbtis, ldr bkstnccntbdks nk` iqubpoikt bk hubc`bkm strueturis.
BKUPXYOIKPNPBDK BK HDBCIXU7 N `ivbei, suef ns n pfdtdicietrbe eicc, tfnt rieibvis nk` rispdk`s td n sbmknc dr stboucus. N `ivbei, usunccy icietrdkbe, wfbef `itiets n vnrbnhci qunktbty nk` oinsuris nk` edkvirts tfi oinsurioikt bktd n sbmknc td hi riedr`i` icsiwfiri. N siksdr bs n `ivbei tfnt oinsuris n pfysbenc qunktbty nk` edkvirts bt bktd n sbmknc wfbef enk hi rin` rin` hy nk dhsirvir dr hy nk nk bkstruoikt. Ldr ixnopci, n oireury tfirodoitir edkvirts tfi oinsuri` tiopirnturi bktd ixpnksbdk nk` edktrnetbdk 09
dl n cbqub` wfbef enk hi rin` dk n encbhrnti` mcnss tuhi. N tfirodedupci edkvirts tiopirnturi td nk dutput vdctnmi wfbef enk hi rin` hy n vdctoitir. Ldr neeurney, ncc siksdrs kii` td hi encbhrnti` nmnbkst akdwk stnk`nr`s.
PIOZIXNPYXI PIOZIXNPYXI OINUYXIOIKP Nttiopts dl stnk`nr`bzi` tiopirnturi oinsurioikt fnvi hiik ripdrti` ns inrcy ns >=: N@ hy Ecnu`bus Mncikus. Pfi od`irk sebiktblbe lbic` fns bts drbmbks bk tfi wdras hy Lcdriktbki sebiktbsts bk tfi >=tf eiktury. Inrcy `ivbeis td oinsuri tiopirnturi wiri encci` tfirod sedpis. Pfi lbrst sinci` tfirodoitir wns edkstrueti` bk ><0> hy tfi Mrnk` @uai dl Pdsenkb, Lir`bknk` BB. Pfi `ivicdpoikt dl td`ny's tfirodoitirs nk` tiopirnturi sencis himnk bk tfi inrcy >6tf eiktury, wfik Mnhrbic Lnfrikfibt n`npti` n tfirodoitir usbkm oireury nk` n senci hdtf `ivicdpi` hy Dci Efrbstiksik Xöoir. Lnfrikfibt's senci bs stbcc bk usi, ncdkmsb`i tfi Eicsbus senci nk` tfi Aicvbk senci.
Pfirodedupci N tfirodedupci bs n guketbdk hitwiik twd `bllirikt oitncs tfnt prd`ueis n vdctnmi ricnti` td n tiopirnturi `bllirikei. Pfirodedupcis nri n wb`icy usi` typi dl tiopirnturi siksdr nk` enk ncsd hi usi` td edkvirt fint bktd icietrbe pdwir.
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Xisbstnkei Piopirnturi @itietdr (XP@) Xisbstnkei Piopirnturi @itietdrs (XP@), ns tfi knoi bopcbis, nri siksdrs usi` td oinsuri tiopirnturi hy edrricntbkm tfi risbstnkei dl tfi XP@ icioikt wbtf tiopirnturi. Odst XP@ icioikts icioikts edksbst dl n cikmtf dl lbki lbki edbci` wbri wrnppi` nrduk` n eirnobe dr mcnss edri. Pfi icioikt bs usunccy qubti lrnmbci, sd bt bs dltik dltik pcnei` bksb`i n sfintfi` prdhi td prdtiet bt. Pfi XP@ icioikt icioikt bs on`i lrdo n puri ontirbnc wfdsi risbstnkei nt vnrbdus tiopirnturis fns hiik `deuoikti`. Pfi ontirbnc fns n pri`betnhci efnkmi bk risbstnkei ns tfi tiopirnturi efnkmis1 bt bs tfbs pri`betnhci efnkmi tfnt bs usi` td `itirobki tiopirnturi.
0=
Pfirobstdr7 N tfirobstdr bs n typi dl risbstdr wfdsi risbstnkei vnrbis sbmkblbenktcy wbtf tiopirnturi, odri sd tfnk bk stnk`nr` risbstdrs. Pfi wdr` bs n pdrtonktinu dl tfironc nk` risbstdr. Pfirobstdrs nri wb`icy usi` ns bkrusf eurrikt cbobtirs, tiopirnturi siksdrs, sicl-risittbkm dvireurrikt prdtietdrs, nk` sicl-rimucntbkm fintbkm icioikts. Pfirobstdrs `bllir lrdo risbstnkei tiopirnturi `itietdrs (XP@) bk tfnt tfi ontirbnc usi` bk n tfirobstdr bs mikirnccy n eirnobe dr pdcyoir, wfbci XP@s usi puri oitncs. Pfi tiopirnturi rispdksi bs ncsd `bllirikt1 XP@s nri usiluc dvir cnrmir tiopirnturi rnkmis, wfbci tfirobstdrs typbenccy nefbivi n fbmfir priebsbdk wbtfbk n cbobti` tiopirnturi rnkmi, typbenccy ∘2: ºE td >5: ºE.
ZXIUUYXI OINUYXIOIKP7 Onky tiefkbquis fnvi hiik `ivicdpi` ldr tfi oinsurioikt dl prissuri nk` vneuuo. Bkstruoikts usi` td oinsuri prissuri nri encci` prissuri mnumis dr vneuuo mnumis. Zrissuri mnumi wns `bsedviri` hy Dttd \dk Muirbeai. N prissuri mnumi bs usi` td oinsuri tfi prissuri bk n vneuuo ‐wfbef bs lurtfir `bvb`i` bktd twd suhentimdrbis, fbmf nk` cdw vneuuo (nk` sdoitbois uctrn-fbmf vneuuo). Pfi nppcbenhci prissuri rnkmi dl onky dl tfi tiefkbquis usi` td oinsuri vneuuos fns nk dvircnp. Fikei, hy edohbkbkm sivirnc `bllirikt typis dl 06
mnumi, bt bs pdssbhci td oinsuri systio prissuri edktbkuduscy lrdo >: ohnr `dwk td >:∘>> ohnr.
Pfi UB ukbt ldr prissuri bs tfi Znsenc (Zn), iqunc td dki kiwtdk pir squnri oitir .Pfbs spiebnc knoi ldr tfi ukbt wns n``i` bk >2=>1 hildri tfnt, prissuri bk UB wns ixprissi` bk ukbts suef ns K.o-8.
Hdur`dk tuhi-typi `itietdrs7 Pfi ongdrbty dl prissuri mnumis bk usi fnvi n Hdur`dk-tuhi ns n oinsurbkm icioikt. (Pfi mnumi bs knoi` ldr bts bkviktdr, Iumiki Hdur`dk, n Lrikef ikmbkiir.) Pfi Hdur`dk tuhi bs n `ivbei tfnt siksis prissuri nk` edkvirts tfi prissuri td `bspcneioikt. Ubkei tfi Hdur`dk-tuhi `bspcneioikt bs n luketbdk dl tfi prissuri nppcbi`, bt ony hi oiefnkbenccy nopcblbi` nk` bk`benti` hy n pdbktir. Pfus, tfi pdbktir pdsbtbdk bk`brietcy bk`bentis prissuri. Pfi Hdur`dktuhi mnumi bs nvnbcnhci bk vnrbdus tuhi sfnpis7 eurvi` dr E-sfnpi`, ficbenc, nk` spbrnc. Pfi sbzi, sfnpi, nk` ontirbnc dl tfi tuhi `ipik` dk tfi prissuri rnkmi nk` tfi typi dl mnumi `isbri`. Cdw-prissuri Hdur`dk tuhis (prissuris up td 8::: psb) nri dltik on`i dl pfdspfdr hrdkzi. Fbmf-prissuri Hdur`dk tuhis (prissuris nhdvi 8::: psb) nri on`i dl stnbkciss stiic dr dtfir fbmf-strikmtf ontirbncs. Fbmf- prissuri Hdur`dk tuhis tik` td fnvi odri ebreucnr erdss sietbdks tfnk tfibr cdwir-rnkmi eduktirpnrts, wfbef tik` td fnvi dvnc erdss sietbdks. Pfi Hdur`dk tuhi odst edoodkcy usi` bs tfi E-sfnpi` oitnc tuhi tfnt bs sinci` nt dki ik` nk` dpik nt tfi dtfir.
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@bnpfrnmo @bnpfrnmo vncvis nri usi` dk sfut-dll nk` tfrdttcbkm sirvbei ldr cbqub`s, scurrbis nk` vneuuo/mns. Pfi sinc bs nefbivi` hy n lcixbhci oiohrnki, usunccy icnstdoir, nk` pdssbhcy ribkldrei` wbtf n oitnc pnrt. Pfi oiohrnki bs tiksi` hy tfi illiet dl n stio/edoprissdr wbtf cbkinc odvioikt uktbc edktnet bs on`i nmnbkst tfi sinc dl tfi hd`y. Pfi dpirntbkm pnrts dl tfi `bnpfrnmo vncvi nri bsdcnti` lrdo tfi lcdw. Pfbs onais tfbs vncvi subtnhci ldr vbsedus lcdws nk` ncsd fnznr`dus, nhrnsbvi nk` edrrdsbvi lcdws ns bts sincbkm systio nvdb`s nky edktnobkntbdk tdwnr`s dr lrdo tfi ikvbrdkoikt. @bnpfrnmo vncvis nri nvnbcnhci bk n wb`i vnrbity dl oitncs, sdcb` pcnstbes, pcnstbe, ruhhir nk` mcnss cbkbkms. Pfiy nri wicc subti` td tfi fnk`cbkm dl ouctbpci efiobenc nppcbentbdks hdtf ecinr lcub`s ns wicc ns scurrbis. Pfi `bnpfrnmo vncvi fns nk ixtik`i` usi ldr nppcbentbdks nt cdw prissuris nk` scurry lcub` wfiri odst dtfir abk`s dl vncvis edrrd`i dr hiedoi dhstrueti`. Bt bs n qubea dpikbkm vncvi. Pfiri nri twd typis dl `bnpfrnmo vncvis7 knoi` ncsd Utrnbmft-Pfru bs dkcy usi` ldr dk/dll dk/dll sirvbeis • Utrnbmftwny7 knoi` • ]ibr7 Pfi ]ibr @bnpfrnmo vncvi enk hi usi` usi` ldr ibtfir dll/dk dr tfrdttcbkm
sirvbeis.
Hiccdws N hiccdws bs n `ivbei ldr `icbvirbkm prissurbzi` nbr bk n edktrdcci` qunktbty td n edktrdcci` cdentbdk. Pypis dl bk`ustrbnc hiccdws7 >. Xietnkmucnr sietbdk hiccdw 7 Pfiy nri utbcbzi` spieblbenccy bk tfi icietrbenc
nk` nutdodhbci bk`ustry. 9:
8.Xduk` sietbdk hiccdw7 Pfi rduk` sietbdk hiccdw nri usi` ldr edvirbkm
finvbcy strissi` nk` odvnhci rduk` onefbki pnrts suef ns sfnlts, spbk`cis nk` cin` seriws pbstdks.
5. Zrdlbci hiccdw7 Zrdlbci hiccdw bs cbmftwibmft, neeurnti nk` `urnhci tfnt enk
hi usi` bk n wb`i rnkmi dl icietrbenc bk`ustrbis.
9>
0. Zbpi gdbkt hiccdw7 Pfi pbpicbki hiccdw bs usi` bk kuoirdus bk`ustrbis tfnt
riqubri odvioikt dl wntir nt fbmf prissuri bk n edktrdcci` onkkir.
9. Bk`ustrbnc rietnkmucnr sietbdk hiccdw 7 Bk`ustrbnc hiccdws lbk` usi bk tfi
prdtietbdk dl minr minr rd`s lrdo `brt nk` `ust bk ncc abk`s dl nutdodhbcis. nutdodhbcis. Pfiy nri kdronccy usi` ns edvirs dk pnrts wfbef nri erbtbenc nk` kii` prdtietbdk lrdo `ust.
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LCD] OINUYXIOIKP Lcdw oinsurioikt bs tfi qunktblbentbdk dl huca lcub` odvioikt. Lcdw enk hi oinsuri` bk n vnrbity dl wnys. Zdsbtbvi-`bspcneioikt lcdw oitirs neeuoucnti n lbxi` vdcuoi dl lcub` nk` tfik edukt tfi kuohir dl tbois tfi vdcuoi bs lbcci` td oinsuri lcdw. Dtfir lcdw oinsurioikt oitfd`s ricy dk ldreis prd`uei` hy tfi lcdwbkm strino ns bt dviredois n akdwk edkstrbetbdk, td bk`brietcy enceucnti lcdw. Lcdw ony hi oinsuri` hy oinsurbkm tfi vicdebty dl lcub` dvir n akdwk nrin. Hdtf mns nk` cbqub` lcdw enk hi oinsuri` bk vdcuoitrbe dr onss lcdw rntis, suef ns cbtirs pir siedk` dr abcdmrnos pir siedk`.
Purhbki Oitir Bk n turhbki, tfi hnsbe edkeipt bs tfnt n oitir bs onkulneturi` wbtf n akdwk erdss sietbdknc nrin. N rdtdr bs tfik bkstncci` bksb`i tfi oitir wbtf bts hcn`is nxbnc td tfi prd`uet lcdw. ]fik tfi prd`uet pnssis tfi rdtdr hcn`is, tfiy bopnrt nk nkmucnr vicdebty td tfi hcn`is nk` tfirildri td tfi rdtdr. Pfbs nkmucnr vicdebty bs `brietcy prdpdrtbdknc td tfi tdtnc vdcuoitrbe lcdw rnti. Purhbki oitirs nri hist subti` td cnrmi, sustnbki` lcdws ns tfiy nri suseiptbhci td stnrt/stdp irrdrs ns wicc ns irrdrs enusi` hy ukstin`y lcdw stntis .
Onmkitbe Lcdw Oitir Oinsurioikt dl scurrbis nk` dl edrrdsbvi dr nhrnsbvi dr dtfir `bllbeuct lcub`s bs insbcy on`i. Pfiri bs kd dhstruetbdk td lcub` lcdw nk` prissuri `rdp bs obkbonc. Pfi oitirs nri uknllieti` hy vbsedsbty, `iksbty, tiopirnturi, prissuri nk` lcub` turhucikei. Onmkitbe lcdw oitirs utbcbzi tfi prbkebpci dl Lnrn`ny‒s Cnw dl Bk`uetbdk1 sbobcnr prbkebpci dl nk icietrbenc mikirntdr. ]fik nk icietrbenc edk`uetdr odvis nt rbmft nkmci td n onmkitbe lbic`, n vdctnmi bs bk`uei`.
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Drblbei Zcnti Nk drblbei pcnti bs n pcnti wbtf n fdci tfrdumf bt, pcnei` bk tfi lcdw1 bt edkstrbets tfi lcdw nk` oinsurbkm tfi prissuri `blliriktbnc nerdss tfi edkstrbetbdk mbvis tfi lcdw rnti. Bt bs hnsbenccy n eru`i ldro dl \ikturb oitir, hut wbtf fbmfir ikirmy cdssis. Pfiri nri tfrii typi dl drblbei7 edkeiktrbe, ieeiktrbe, nk` simoiktnc.
\ikturb Oitir N \ikturb oitir edkstrbets tfi lcdw bk sdoi lnsfbdk, nk` prissuri siksdrs oinsuri tfi `blliriktbnc prissuri hildri nk` wbtfbk tfi edkstrbetbdk. Pfbs oitfd` bs wb`icy usi` td oinsuri lcdw rnti bk tfi trnksobssbdk dl mns tfrdumf pbpicbkis, nk` fns hiik usi` sbkei Xdonk Iopbri tbois. Pfi edillbebikt dl `bsefnrmi dl \ikturb oitir rnkmis lrdo :.25 td :.2=.
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@ncc tuhi7 Pfi @ncc tuhi bs n sfdrtiki` virsbdk dl n \ikturb oitir, wbtf n cdwir prissuri `rdp tfnk nk drblbei pcnti. Ns wbtf tfisi lcdw oitirs tfi lcdw rnti bk n @ncc tuhi bs `itirobki` hy oinsurbkm tfi prissuri `rdp enusi` hy ristrbetbdk bk tfi edk`ubt. Pfi prissuri `blliriktbnc bs typbenccy oinsuri` usbkm `bnpfrnmo prissuri trnks`ueirs wbtf `bmbtnc rin`dut. Ubkei tfisi oitirs fnvi sbmkblbenktcy cdwir pironkikt prissuri cdssis tfnk drblbei oitirs, @ncc tuhis nri wb`icy usi` ldr oinsurbkm tfi lcdw rnti dl cnrmi pbpiwdras .
Zbtdt tuhi7 N Zbtdt tuhi bs n prissuri oinsurbkm bkstruoikt usi` td oinsuri lcub` lcdw vicdebty hy `itirobkbkm tfi stnmkntbdk prissuri. Hirkduccb's iquntbdk bs usi` td enceucnti tfi `yknobe prissuri nk` fikei lcub` vicdebty. Ncsd sii Nbr lcdw oitir.
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CI\IC OINUYXIOIKP7
Dpik Pnka Civic Oinsurioikt7 Pfi sbopcist nppcbentbdk bs tfi lcub` civic bk nk dpik tnka. Bl tfi tnka bs dpik ntodspfiri, tfi fbmf-prissuri sb`i dl tfi civic sb`i wbcc hi vikti` td ntodspfiri. Bk tfbs onkkir, tfi civic civic trnksobttir trnksobttir nets ns n sbopci sbopci prissuri trnksobttir .Pfi civic trnksobttir enk hi encbhrnti` td dutput 0 oN wfik tfi tnka bs nt :% civic civic nk` 8: oN wfik tfi tnka bs nt >::% civic. civic.
Ecdsi` Pnka Civic Oinsurioikt7 Ufduc` tfi tnka hi ecdsi` nk` n mns dr vnpdur ixbsts dk tdp dl tfi cbqub`, tfi mns prissuri oust hi edopiksnti` ldr. N efnkmi bk tfi mns prissuri wbcc enusi n efnkmi bk trnksobttir dutput. Odridvir, tfi prissuri ixirti` hy tfi mns pfnsi ony hi sd fbmf tfnt tfi fy`rdstntbe prissuri dl tfi cbqub` edcuok hiedois bksbmkblbenkt. Ldr ixnopci, tfi oinsuri` fy`rdstntbe fin` bk n ENK@Y hdbcir ony hi dkcy tfrii oitirs (5: aZn) dr sd, wfirins tfi stino prissuri bs typbenccy 9 OZn. Edopiksntbdk enk hi nefbivi` hy nppcybkm tfi mns prissuri td hdtf tfi fbmf nk` cdw-prissuri sb`is dl tfi civic trnksobttir. Pfbs edvir mns prissuri bs tfus usi` ns n hnea prissuri dr rilirikei prissuri dk tfi CZ sb`i dl tfi @Z eicc. Dki enk ncsd booi`bnticy sii tfi kii` ldr tfi tfriivncvi onkbldc` td prdtiet tfi @Z eicc nmnbkst tfisi prissuris. Pfi `bllirikt nrrnkmioikt dl tfi siksbkm cbkis td tfi @Z eicc bs bk`benti` n typbenc ecdsi` tnka nppcbentbdk. Pfi illiet dl tfi mns prissuri bs enkeicci` nk` dkcy tfi prissuri `ui td tfi fy`rdstntbe fin` dl tfi cbqub` bs siksi`. ]fik tfi cdw9<
prissuri bopucsi cbki bs edkkieti` `brietcy td tfi mns pfnsi nhdvi tfi cbqub` civic, bt bs encci` n `ry cim.
ZXDEIUU EDKPXDC BK HDBCIXU7 Bkstruoiktntbdk nk` edktrdcs bk n hdbcir pcnkt ikedopnss nk ikdrodus rnkmi dl iqubpoikt lrdo sbopci bk`ustrbnc pcnkt td tfi edopcix bk tfi cnrmi utbcbty stntbdk. Pfi hdbcir edktrdc systio bs tfi oinks hy wfbef tfi hncnkei dl ikirmy & onss bktd nk` dut dl tfi hdbcir nri nefbivi`. Bkputs nri luic, edohustbdk nbr, ntdobzbkm nbr dr stino &lii` wntir. Dl tfisi, luic bs tfi ongdr ikirmy bkput. Edohustbdk nbr bs tfi ongdr onss bkput, dutputs nri stino, lcui mns, hcdw `dwk, rn`bntbdk & sddt hcdwbkm.
PRZIU DL ZXDEIUU EDKPXDC CDDZU
Lii`hnea Edktrdc
Lii` ldrwnr` Edktrdc
Lii` ldrwnr`-pcus-Lii`hnea Edktrdc
Xntbd Edktrdc
Upcbt Xnkmi Edktrdc
Ensen`i Edktrdc 9=
Lii`hnea Edktrdc Dki dl tfi sbopcist prdeiss edktrdc sefiois.
N lii`hnea cddp oinsuris n prdeiss vnrbnhci nk` sik`s tfi oinsurioikt td n edktrdccir ldr edopnrbsdk td sit pdbkt. Bl tfi prdeiss vnrbnhci bs kdt nt sit pdbkt, edktrdc netbdk bs tnaik td riturk tfi prdeiss vnrbnhci td sit pdbkt.
Pfi n`vnktnmi dl tfbs edktrdc sefioi bs tfnt bt bs sbopci usbkm sbkmci trnksobttir.
KDPI7 Pfbs edktrdc sefioi `dis kdt tnai bktd edksb`irntbdk nky dl tfi
dtfir vnrbnhcis bk tfi prdeiss.
Lii`hnea cddp nri edoodkcy usi` bk tfi prdeiss edktrdc bk`ustry.
Pfi n`vnktnmi dl n lii`hnea cddp bs tfnt `brietcy edktrdcs tfi `isbri` prdeiss vnrbnhci.
Pfi `bsn`vnktnmi dl lii`hnea cddps bs tfnt tfi prdeiss vnrbnhci oust cinvi sit pdbkt ldr netbdk td hi tnaik.
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Lii`ldrwnr` Edktrdc Lii`ldrwnr` cddp bs n edktrdc systio tfnt nktbebpntis cdn` `bsturhnkeis nk` edktrdcs tfio hildri tfiy enk bopnet tfi prdeiss vnrbnhci.
Ldr lii`ldrwnr` edktrdc td wdra, tfi usir oust fnvi n ontfiontbenc uk`irstnk`bkm dl fdw tfi onkbpucnti` vnrbnhcis wbcc bopnet tfi prdeiss vnrbnhci.
Nk n`vnktnmi dl lii`ldrwnr` edktrdc bs tfnt irrdr bs privikti`, rntfir tfnk edrrieti`.
Fdwivir, bt bs `bllbeuct td needukt ldr ncc pdssbhci cdn` `bsturhnkeis bk n systio tfrdumf lii`ldrwnr` edktrdc.
Bk mikirnc, lii`ldrwnr` systio sfduc` hi usi` bk ensi wfiri tfi edktrdcci` vnrbnhci fns tfi pdtiktbnc dl hibkm n ongdr cdn` `bsturhnkei dk tfi prdeiss vnrbnhci uctbonticy hibkm edktrdcci`.
92
Lii`ldrwnr`-pcus-Lii`hnea Lii`ldrwnr`-p cus-Lii`hnea Edktrdc
Hienusi dl tfi `bllbeucty dl needuktbkm ldr iviry pdssbhci cdn` `bsturhnkei bk n lii` ldrwnr` systio, tfbs systio nri dltik edohbki` wbtf lii`hnea systios. Edktrdccir wbtf suoobkm luketbdks nri usi` bk tfisi edohbki` systios td tdtnc tfi bkput lrdo hdtf tfi lii` ldrwnr` cddp nk` tfi lii`hnea cddp, nk` sik` n ukblbi` sbmknc td tfi lbknc edktrdc icioikt
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Xntbd Edktrdc Xntbd edktrdc bs usi` td iksuri tfnt twd dr odri lcdws nri aipt nt snoi rntbd ivik bl tfi lcdws nri efnkmbkm
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Hcik`bkm twd dr odri lcdws td prd`uei n obxturi wbtf spieblbi` edopdsbtbdk.
Hcik`bkm twd dr dr odri lcdws lcdws td prd`uei n obxturi wbtf spieblbi` pfysbenc pfysbenc prdpirtbis
Onbktnbkbkm edrriet nbr nk` luic obxturi td edohustbdk
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Ensen`i Edktrdc Ensen`i Edktrdc usis tfi dutput dl tfi prbonry edktrdccir edktrdccir td onkbpucnti tfi sit pdbkt dl tfi siedk`nry edktrdccir edktrdccir ns bl bt wiri tfi lbknc edktrdc icioikt.
>. ]fy ensen`i edktrdc4
Nccdw lnstir siedk`nry edktrdccir td fnk`ci `bsturhnkeis bk tfi siedk`nry cddp.
Nccdw siedk`nry edktrdccir td fnk`ci kdk-cbkinr vncvi nk` dtfir lbknc edktrdc icioikt prdhcios.
Nccdw dpirntdr td `brietcy edktrdc siedk`nry cddp `urbkm eirtnbk od`is dl dpirntbdk (suef ns stnrtup).
8. Xiqubrioikt Xiqubrioiktss ldr ensen`i edktrdc7
Uiedk`nry cddp prdeiss `yknobes oust hi nt cinst ldur tbois ns lnst ns prbonry cddp prdeiss `yknobes. Uiedk`nry cddp oust fnvi bklcuikei dvir tfi prbonry cddp. <8
Uiedk`nry cddp oust hi oinsuri` nk` edktrdccnhci.
BKUPXYOIKP CBUP Bt bs tfidritbenccy pdssbhci td dpirnti n hdbcir wbtf onkunc edktrdc. Pboi bs kii`i` ldr tfi hdbcir td rispdk` td n edrrietbdk nk` tfbs cin` td dvir edrrietbdk wbtf lurtfir upsit td tfi hdbcir. Nk nutdontbe edktrdccir dkei prdpircy tuki` wbcc onai tfi prdpir n`gustoikt qubeacy td obkbobsi upsits nk` wbcc edktrdc tfi systio odri neeurnticy nk` ricbnhcy. Bkstruoiktntbdk systios nri prdvb`i` ldr tfi hdbcir td nefbivi tfi ldccdwbkm7 >. Pd oinsuri tfi netunc vncuis dl `bllirikt pnrnoitirs ldr wfbef tfi hdbcir bs `isbmki`. 8. Unli wdrabkm rnkmi dl tfi `bllirikt pnrnoitirs pnrnoitirs nri onbktnbki`. 5. Pd odkbtdr dki dr dr odri vnrbnhcis nt nt n tboi nk` prdvb`i bkput ldr nutdontbe edktrdc. 0. Bk ensi dl dpirntdr dpirntdr lnbcuri td tnai rioi`bnc rioi`bnc netbdk ldr nk upsit edk`btbdk, bt prdtiets tfi hdbcir hy ncnros nk` trbppbkms. 9. Pd prdvb`i `ntn dk dpirntbkm dpirntbkm edk`btbdks hildri hildri lnbcuri dl tfi tfi iqubpoikt ldr nkncysbkm tfi lnbcuri.
<5
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ZXIUUYXI PXNKUOBPPIXU <. Bkstruoikt cbst edksbsts edksbsts dl ncc tfi bkstruoikts cbai Prnksobttirs, Uwbtefis, Mnumis/Bk`bentdrs usi` nt pdwir pcnkt sbti. <0
=. Pfbs cbst edktnbks tfi vnrbdus bkldrontbdk bkldrontbdk dl bkstruoikts b.i. b.i. Pnm kd., sirvbei, typi, sit pdbkts, rnkmis, onai, od`ic kd., sedpi ite. dl ncc bkstruoikts. 6. Nk bkstruoikt bs `ivbei/siksdr `ivbei/siksdr wfbef bs usi` ldr oinsurioikt. oinsurioikt.
PRZBENC LDXONP YUI@ LDX BKUPXYOIKP CBUP
BKUPXYOIKP CBUP (Ldr rilirikei dkcy)7
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BKZYP-DYPZYP CBUP >. Pfi bkput-dutput cbst dl hdbcir edktnbks edktnbks tfi cbst dl bkstruoikts bkstruoikts nk` iqubpoikts iqubpoikts wfbef nri bktirlnei`/ edktrdcci` lrdo @EU. 8. Pfbs cbst bs usi` ldr @EU sbzbkm. 5. Pwd typi dl sbmkncssbmkncs- @bmbtnc nk` Nkncdm. Nkncdm. 0. Bsdcntbdk vncvis nri dk-dll vncvis nk` twd edoonk` sbmkncs lrdo @EU nk` twd lii`hnea sbmkncs td @EU. 9. Edktrdc vncvis nri nkncdm vncvis nk` dki edoonk` sbmknc nk` dki Zdsbtbdk lii`hnea sbmknc. <. Uwbtefis sik` dki `bmbtnc sbmknc td @EU. =. Prnksobttirs sik` sik` dki nkncdm nkncdm sbmknc.
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BKZYP/DYPZYP CBUP (Ldr rilirikei dkcy)7
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