[uiìrb` K]X[@ FM ILE]VMEÎË@ M XMWLX@ FM KMA]ALXM[ LW@[VBAL 78 W`tãekbl - Nmrlf`rms Xmsbst`rms Xmsbst`rms - Mspmkblbs Klrnl maâtrbkl Klplkbt`rms
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr Hrlsbambr` ` Lfibebstrlîë` Aubz Omrelef` Fbebz Els` C`sâ Klra`s Fbebz Els` Beãs Fbebz Els` Nmrmetm Nmrla I`fmst` Wletlaâl Dmab` C`sâ Lavms Fbrmîë` fm Lrtm Flebma C`rnm fm Klip`s Lssbstmetm Curéfbk` Fr. Clrhls Lefrlfm Ilkdb`eb Wr`fuîë` Fmeemr Klilrn` Lavms Xmvbsë` X`smab Lelstìkb` [bavl Kalufbl fm L. Ilrledë` Wrmsk`tt Els`
Fbrmt`rl Nmrla Brmem X`frbnums fm @abvmbrl Vmbxmbrl Xbhmbr` K``rfmelîë` Fbfìtbkl ^laf`ibr` Xmkkdb Krbs`n`e` Let`eb` Ilrtbes O`t`nrll / Bilnmes _bt`r Abil Ilz`e Lut`r ^laf`ibr` Xmkkdb Krbs`n`e` Let`eb` Ilrtbes Mfbt`rlîë` Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr` Mfuklîë` fm C`vmes m Lfut`s AVFL. Biprmssë` B]HXL - Befóstrbl Nrìkl m Mfbt`rl Atfl. X`f`vbl Mstlfula H`btuvl - Bpmrû, ji <,< Klip`s fm H`btuvl - H`btuvl - [W KMW <4==7-777
V`f`s `s fbrmbt`s së` rmsmr vlf`s. Eë` â pmribtbfl l rmpr`fuîë` t`tla `u plrkbla fmstm kurs`.
tmip` <7 vmzms ime`r. Â kalr` qum sm ` imsi` trlhlad`, `u smcl, ` msvlzblimet` f`s rmsmrvltûrb`s, â k`esmnubf` mi tmip` fbomrmetm, lqumam qum fmi`r`u ime`s o`b lpabklfl ilb`r p`tãekbl. Fmstl e`ssl prbimbrl prìtbkl, p`fmi`s tbrlr uil k`ekausë` bip`rtletm, `u smcl, l p`tãekbl f` clt` fmpmefm fl prmssë` lpabklfl: p`rtlet`, qulet` ilb`r l prmssë`, ilb`r smrì l p`tãekbl. K`i` l prmssë` dbfrìuabkl tmi sbf` k`iplrlfl l prmssë` `u fbomrmeîl fm tmesë` maâtrbkl, p`fmi`s k`ekaubr, p`r k`iplrlîë`, qum3 ‑ L p`tãekbl maâtrbkl fmpmefm fbrmtlimetm fl fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla. ‑ Ln`rl, olîli`s ` smnubetm3 Lpabqumi`s l`s f`bs rmsmrvltûrb`s l imsil prmssë`, k`i` fmi`estrli`s el nurl 64, ils suhstbtuli`s ui f`s kle`s p`r `utr` ilbs nr`ss`.
W`tãekbl - Nmrlf`rms W`tãekbl @ wltt â l uebflfm fm p`tãekbl, lssbi, qulet` ilb`r â l wlttlnmi fm ui lplrmad` maâtrbk`, ilb`r â sul p`tãekbl, `u smcl, ilbs trlhlad` mam p`fm rmlabzlr el uebflfm fm tmip`. W`r mxmipa`, uil aèiplfl fm <77 wltts bauibel iubt` ilbs qum `utrl fm 67 wltts: ui lqumkmf`r fm <777 wltts pr`fuz ilbs kla`r qum `utr` fm <77 wltts: ui lipabklf`r lipabklf`r fm <7 wltts pr`fuz pr`fuz s`i iubt` ilbs o`rtm qum `utr` fm < wltt, m lssbi p`r fbletm. Wlrl olkbabtlr lbefl ilbs l k`iprmmesë` f` sbnebklf` fm p`tãekbl vli`s lpmalr, ilbs uil vmz, plrl l k`iplrlîë` k`i ` i`vbimet` fm ìnul. W`r bss`, lfibtbrmi`s lfibtbrmi`s l mxbstãekbl fm f`bs rmrm smrvltûrb`s bnulbs, l`s qulbs sm abnli f`bs kle`s fm imsi` fbèimtr` (nr`ssurl), k`i` i`strli`s el nurl 6>.
Obnurl 64 - ... ` k`ekmbt` fm p`tãekbl.
Emstm kls` e`tli`s qum, mih`rl ` clt` f‒ìnul f` kle` e` ltbecl laturl iubt` ilb`r qum ` `utr`, ` rmsmrvltûrb` fmi`rlrì ilbs tmip` plrl smr msvlzblf`. Bst` qumr fbzmr qum l p`tãekbl f` rmsmrvltûrb` fm kle` ilbs nr`ss` â ilb`r qum l f` `utr`. Metë`, p`fmi`s fbzmr qum l p`tãekbl fmpmefm fl quletbflfm fm ìnul qum plssl pma` kle`, `u, mi `utrls plalvrls, fmpmefm fl k`rrmetm fm ìnul. Ils, v`atlef` l e`ssl lela`nbl, slhmi`s qum l k`rrmetm fm ìnul â k`iplrlfl ç k`rrmetm maâtrbkl: a`n` â cust` lrili`s qum3 ‑L ‑L p`tãekbl maâtrbkl fmpmefm fbrmtlimetm fl k`rrmetm maâtrbkl’. Ls fuls k`ekausýms l qum kdmnli`s p`fmi smr mena`hlfls mi uil óebkl, qum â3
Obnurl 6> - Bautstrlîýms fmi`estrlef` ...
Metrmtlet`, vli`s lpabklr s`hrm l supmroékbm abvrm fl ìnul fm ui f`s rmsmrvltûrb`s, uslef` uil palkl qum sm lflptm pmrombtlimetm l` rmsmrvltûrb`, ui pms` fm <77 quba`nrlils m, s`hrm ` `utr`, ui pms` fm <777 quba`nrlils. Mi `utrls plalvrls, lpabklrmi`s s`hrm l supmroékbm f‒ìnul fm ui f`s rmsmrvltûrb`s uil prmssë` <7 vmzms ilb`r f` qum el f` `utr`. Bimfbltlimetm, vmrbklrmi`s qum, mih`rl `s f`bs kle`s sm cli bnulbs, bnulbs, lqumam lqumam suhimtbf` suhimtbf` l prmssë` prmssë` <7 vmzms ilb`r tmi laturl f` clt` f‒ìnul tlihâi <7 vmvm zms ilb`r f` qum ` `utr` m qum sm msvlzblrì mi Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
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Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
< >6? x ‖ 9 >6? 3 6 9 <4?,= ^ 6 Â bip`rtletm slhmr k`evmrtmr DW mi wltts, p`rqum, qulef` qumrmi`s slhmr l p`tãekbl t`tla fm uil bestlalîë`, tmi`s fm s`ilr ls p`tãekbls fm t`f`s `s lplrmad`s, m eë` sm p`fm s`ilr fbrmtlimetm wltts k`i DW. DW. Dlvmrì, metë`,emkmsmetë`,emkms sbflfm fm trleso`rilr ` DW mi wltts, sm fmsm clri`s ` rmsuatlf` mi wltts: `u trleso`rilr `s wltts mi DW, sm fmsmclri`s ` rmsuatlf` emstl óatbil uebflfm. W`r mxmipa`, sup`edli`s uil befóstrbl qum p`ssul 87 aèiplfls fm <77 ^, 8 i`t`rms fm < DW, ; i`t`rms fm
‑L p`tãekbl maâtrbkl â flfl pma` pr`fut` fl tmesë` pmal k`rrmetm’. L k`rrmetm maâtrbkl â imfbfl mi lipärm m l tmesë` â imfbfl mi _`at. Mi abenulnmi ilbs sbipams, fbrmi`s qum ` wltt â bnula l` pr`fut` f` v`at pma` lipärm. Lssbi, sm tmi`s uil aèiplfl qum fmbxl plsslr k`rrmetm fm 7,= L (imb` lipärm) qulef` abnlfl ç tmesë` fm <87 _ (kmet` m vbetm v`ats), p`fmi`s lrilr qum l p`tãekbl fmssl aèiplfl â fm ?7 ^ (smssmetl wltts), p`rqum 7,= L x <87 _ 9 ?7 L_ 9 ?7 ^ (nurl 62).
Obnurl 62 - Msqumil fmi`estrltbv` fl utbabzlîë` fl oûriual fm p`tãekbl.
W`rtlet`, l p`tãekbl t`tla smrì fm 6.686,= ^. @ laue`, p`r kmrt`, mstlrì pmeslef` el utbabflfm f` rmsuatlf`. Fbrmi`s qum â nrlefm. Fm olt`, k`edmkmef` l p`tãekbl mi wltts m l tmesë` fl abedl mi v`ats p`fmi`s fmtmribelr l k`rrmetm mi lipärms m, k`i bss`, msk`admr ` ` ilbs lfmqulf` ç bestlalîë` m tlihâi l klplkbflfm f`s ousévmbs l smrmi uslf`s. Laâi fbss`, p`fmi`s tlihâi klakualr l memrnbl k`esuibfl furletm ui fmtmribelf` pmré`f` fm ouekb`elimet`, k`i` mesbelrmi`s ilbs lfbletm.
Mssl e`îë` fm p`tãekbl m ` i`f` fm klakuaì-al , iuatbpabklef`-sm l tmesë` pmal k`rrmetm, së` iubt` bip`rtletms m smrë` utbabzlf`s mi t`f` ` fmk`rrmr fm e`ss` kurs`.
Klvla` - O`rîl (DW) L p`tãekbl f`s i`t`rms maâtrbk`s k`stuil smr befbklfl pmal uebflfm fm imfbfl k`edmkbfl k`i` klvla`-o`rîl, `u sbipamsimetm DW: mssls fuls amtrls së` bebkblbs fm ‑D@X[M W@^MX’, plalvrl benamsl qum sbnebkl mxltlimetm ‑klvla`-o`rîl’. Vrltl-sm fm uil imfbfl imkèebkl, bebkblaimetm fmfuzbfl pmal `hsmrvlîë` f` rmefbimet` fm ui klvla` (lebila) trlhladlef` furletm qultr` d`rls. Ls uebflfms fm imfbfl fm uil imsil nrlefmzl smiprm nulrfli metrm sb lanuil rmalîë`. W`rtlet`, mal mxbstm tlihâi metrm ` wltt m ` klvla`-o`rîl. Mssl rmalîë` â l smnubetm3
Ióatbpa`s m [uhióatbpa`s f` ^ltt ^ltt @ wltt â uil uebflfm fm imfbfl hlstletm sbnebkltbvl mi mamtröebkl: a`n`, smrì mxtmeslimetm kbtlfl. Fm olt`, `s lipabklf`rms fm s`i k`stuili tmr p`tãekbl fm lanues wltts: ` k`esui` f`s lplrmad`s mamtröebk`s f`iâstbk`s tlihâi â fm lanues wltts, mtk. Metrmtlet`, tlihâi sm usl ui suhióatbpa` f` wltt, qum â ` ibabwltt. Ibabwltt - K`rrmsp`efm l ibaâsbil plrtm f` wltt, `u smcl, l ui wltt fbvbfbf` p`r iba m â rmi^.. prmsmetlf` p`r i^ @ ibabwltt â uslf` plrl befbklr l p`tãekbl
< DW 9 >6? wltts `u smcl, ui klvla`-o`rîl k`rrmsp`efm l p`tãekbl maâtrbkl fm >6? wltts. Lssbi, ui i`t`r fm
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Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
f`s lipabklf`rms fm s`i, fm rmkmpt`rms p`rtìtmbs, lplrmad`s plrl surfmz, mtk. Lssbi, ` laue` `uvbrì ormqumetmimetm rmomrãekbls l ibabwltt. W`r mxmipa`, mxmipa`, ui rìfb` p`rtìtba, fmssms qum usli fuls pbadls: e`rilaimetm tmi p`tãekbl fm sléfl fm kmrkl fm 8=7 i^ (fuzmet`s m kbequmetl ibabwltts). Cì els bestlalîýms rmsbfmekblbs, befustrblbs, els usbels fm o`rîl, mtk., eë` sm k`stuil uslr ` wltt, p`rqum l p`tãekbl â mamvlfl m smrbl beköi`f` olalr ui eóimr` iubt` nrlefm: p`r bss`, miprmnl-sm ` ióatbpa` f` wltt, qum â ` quba`wltt. \uba`wltt - [ul rmprmsmetlîë` â J^ m mqubvlam l iba wltts. Fmstm i`f`, l` bevâs fm sm fbzmr3 p`tãekbl fm <7.777 ^ (fmz iba wltts), fbz-sm, sbipamsimetm3 p`tãekbl fm <7 J^ (fmz quba`wltts).
furletm 67 d`rls, plrl k`esuibr < J^d: ui lqumkmf`r fm 8777 ^ k`es`im < J^d mi lpmlpm els
Memrnbl Maâtrbkl
K`i` Amr l Befbklîë` f` Imfbf`r
_bi`s qum l memrnbl â l klplkbflfm fm pr`fuzbr trlhlad` m qum p`tãekbl â ` rbti` k`i qum sm rmlabzl mssm trlhlad`, `u smcl, â l quletbflfm fm memrnbl qum sm k`es`im el uebflfm fm tmip`. Elturlaimetm, fmvm-sm plnlr mssl memrnbl ç miprmsl qum l o`remkm, p`bs o`b mal qum miprmn`u ` klpbtla plrl l bestlalîë` fl usbel nmrlf`rl. Wlrl l miprmsl, eë` betmrmssl l p`tãekbl abnlfl ç rmfm m sbi l memrnbl k`esuibfl. W`r mxmipa`, uil aèiplfl fm <77 ^ tmrì smiprm l imsil p`tãekbl (<77 ^), qumr pmrilemîl abnlfl ui ibeut`, uil d`rl, ui le`, mtk. Metrmtlet`, l memrnbl k`esuibfl (rmtbrlfl) f` nmrlf`r fl usbel â fbomrmetm, `u smcl, â iubt` ilb`r sm l aèiplfl k`u abnlfl furletm uil d`rl f` qum sm o`b abnlfl lpmels p`r ui ibeut`. F` mxp`st`, ` laue` p`fm k`ekaubr qum l memrnbl â ‑k`etlfl’ k`esbfmrlef`-sm l p`tãekbl m ` tmip` qum mssl p`tãekbl ltul. L uebflfm prìtbkl qum sm utbabzl plrl k`etlr l memrnbl k`esuibfl â ` quba`wltt-d`rl, qum sm lhrmvbl J^d m qum k`rrmsp`efm ç p`tãekbl fm ui quba`wltt (<777 wltts) utbabzlfl furletm uil d`rl. E`tm qum uil aèiplfl fm <77 ^ p`r mxmipa`, plrl k`esuibr ui quba`wltt-d` quba`wltt-d`rl rl fmvm pmrilemkmr abnlfl furletm <7 d`rls: uil aèiplfl fm 8= ^ tmrì qum pmrilemkmr abnlfl Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
@ tbp` fm imfbf`r ilbs fbouefbf` mi e`ss` plés â lqumam qum i`strli`s el nurl =7. @ i`strlf` el nurl =7 â fm ambturl ui p`uqubed` ilbs fboékba, p`bs `s eóimr`s së` befbklf`s mi i`strlf`rms fmkbilbs (fm zmr` l e`vm) pma`s p`etmbr`s r`tltbv`s. K`i` sm p`fm vmrbklr mi e`ssl nurl, mxbstmi eóimr`s qum pmrtmekmi, rmspmktbvlimetm, l f`bs i`strlf`rms. Bst` â p`ssévma p`rqum `s p`etmbr`s nbrli, f`bs l f`bs, mi smetbf`s k`etrìrb`s. Lssbi, `hsmrvlef` l nurl =7, ` laue` e`tl qum ` prbimbr` p`etmbr`, k`etlf` fl msqumrfl plrl l fbrmbtl, nbrl fl msqumrfl plrl l fbrmbtl: ` smnuef`, fl fbrmbtl plrl l msqumrfl: ` tmrkmbr`, fl msqumrfl plrl l fbrmbtl: m elaimetm ` qulrt` fl fbrmbtl plrl l msqumrfl.
Obnurl =7 - Xmaûnb` fm Auz (imfbf`r). =
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
K`evâi `hsmrvlr qum ` i`vbimet` f`s p`etmbr`s â k`i` fmskrmvmi`s, p`rqum mams së` k`ileflf`s p`r menrmelnmes lk`palfls, k`i` i`strli`s el nurl =<. Emssl nurl p`fm-sm `hsmrvlr qum sm l prbimbrl menrmelnmi nbrl plrl l fbrmbtl, l smnuefl nbrl plrl l msqumrfl, l tmrkmbrl plrl l fbrmbtl, m lssbi p`r fbletm.
smcl slhmr qula â ` k`esui` fm memrnbl furletm ui iãs. Metë`, olz l prbimbrl ambturl. [up`edli`s qum ` imfbf`r mstmcl ilrklef` ilrklef` 8;== J^d. Bst` p`st`, fmp`bs fm fmk`rrbf` ui iãs, olz-sm e`vl ambturl. Lfibtli`s qum ` imfbf`r mstmcl lkuslef` 86?8 J^d. W`r fbomrmeîl fmtmribel-sm ` eóimr` eó imr` fm quba`wltts-d`r quba `wltts-d`rll ‑nlst`s’ furletm ` iãs. E` kls` smrì3 86?8 - 8;== 9 <7>J^d Elturlaimetm, slhmef`-sm ` prmî` f` quba`wltt-d`rl k`hrlf` pmal miprmsl fbstrbhubf`rl fm memrnbl fl rmnbë`, p`fm-sm klakualr `s nlst`s mi rmlbs.
Obnurl =< - Ouekb`elimet` fls menrmelnmes f` imfbf`r fm auz
Lss`kblîë` fm Nmrlf`rms
L ambturl fl memrnbl nlstl, emstm tbp` fm ‑rmaûnb`’, â ombtl `hsmrvlef`-sm qum3 <³) ` p`etmbr` f` prbimbr` i`strlf`r, k`etlef` fl msqumrfl plrl l fbrmbtl, befbkl ` lanlrbsi` k`rrmsp`efmetm l` prbimbr` lanlrbsi` fl ambturl, `u smcl, l` ibadlr: 8³) ` p`etmbr` f` smnuef` i`strlf`r befbkl ` lanlrbsi` k`rrmsp`efme k`rrmsp`efmetm tm l kmetmel: ;³) ` p`etmbr` f` tmrkmbr` i`strlf`r i`strlf`r befbkl ` lanlrbsi` qum k`rrmsp`efm l fmzmel: 6³) elaimetm ` p`etmbr` f` qulrt` i`strlf`r befbkl ` lanlrbsi` qum k`rrmsp`efm l uebflfm. [mnuef` mssls mxpabklîýms, ` k`etlf`r fm memrnbl fl nurl =< mstì ilrklef` mxltlimetm mxltlimetm ;?<> J^d. @ laue` fmvm e`tlr qum qulef` ui p`etmbr` mstì metrm f`bs lanlrbsi`s, k`esbfmrl-sm, plrl l ambturl, ` eóimr` ime`r, e` smetbf` f` i`vbimet`. Mi e`ss` mxmipa`, ` p`etmbr` f` prbimbr` i`strlf`r mstì e` eóimr` ;: a`n`, ; â ` prbimbr` eóimr` fl ambturl.
Lrili`s el lp`stbal letmrb`r, qum uil pbadl smkl tmi, qulbsqumr qum smcli suls fbimesýms oésbkls, o`rîl mamtr`i`trbz fm kmrkl fm <,= v`at. Ils, qulsm smiprm, els lpabklîýms prìtbkls, emkmssbtl-sm fm tmesýms ilb`rms. Wlrl k`esmnub-als, hlstl ‑lss`kblr’ vìrbls pbadls fm ilembrl k`evmebmetm, bst` â, abnì-als metrm sb fm ilembrl l `htmr ` vla`r fmsmclf` fm tmesë`, `u fm k`rrmetm, sm o`r ` kls`. Mxbstmi trãs p`ssbhbabflfms fm lss`kblîë`3 mi sârbm, mi plrlama` m ibstl.
Lss`kblîë` mi [ârbm L lss`kblîë` mi sârbm, sârbm, fm nmrlf`rms, k`esbstm mi abnlr smus pûa`s fm ilembrl qum ` p`sbtbv` fm ui smcl abnlf` l` emnltbv` f` `utr`, m lssbip`r fbletm. El nurl =8, baustrli`s uil lss`kblîë` fm 6 pbadls mi sârbm. Emstl nurl, ` laue` vã ` msqummsqum il maâtrbk`, `efm, p`r k`evmeîë`, ` trlî` ilb`r k`rrmsp`efm l` pûa` p`sbtbv` fl pbadl m ` trlî` ime`r l` pûa` emnltbv`. Mstl k`evmeîë` ltulaimetm â l ilbs utbabzlfl m l qum smnubrmi`s: metrmtlet` , ` laue` eë` fmvm mstrledlr l` mek`etrlr k`evmeîë` k`etrìrbl mi `utrl puhabklîë` tâkebkl. El nurl =;, lprmsmetli`s ls abnlîýms mi smu lspmkt` rmla. Vla fmsmed` â kdlilf` fm kbrkubt` kdlpmlf`.
K`i` Betmrprmtlr uil Ambturl Iubtls vmzms, p`r kurb`sbflfm, `u ltâ imsi` plrl k`etr`am fm nlst`s, ` usuìrb` fmsmcl slhmr qulet`s quba`wltts nlst`u mi ui fmtmribelf` pmré`f` fm tmip`, fbnli`s ui iãs. Wlrl tlet`, â sukbmetm t`ilr fuls ambturls, `u smcl, l bebkbla m `utrl fmk`rrbf` ` tmip` fmsm clf`. W`r mxmipa` mxmipa`,, vli`s sup`r qum ` laue` fmKurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
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Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
Obnurl =8 - Msqumil fm abnlîë` mi sârbm.
Obnurl == - Mxmipa` fm abnlîë` mi plrlama`.
Ls pr`prbmflfms fl lss`kblîë` mi plrlama` së`3 <ª) L o`rîl mamtr`i`trbz fl lss`kblîë` â, l imsil fm qulaqumr uil fls pbadls. Mi e`ss` mxmipa`, mal â fm <,= _. 8ª) L k`rrmetm iìxbil qum l lss`kblîë` p`fm o`remkmr â bnula l s`il fls k`rrmetms fm klfl uil fls pbadls.
Obnurl =; - Mxmipa` fm abnlîë` mi sârbm.
Ls pr`prbmflfms fm lss`kblîë` mi sârbm së`3 <ª) L o`rîl mamtr`i`trbz fl lss`kblîë` â bnula l s`il fls o`rîls mamtr`i`trbzms fm klfl nmrlf`r. Mi e`ss` mxmipa`, klfl pbadl tmi o`rîl mamtr`i`trbz fm <,=_: a`n`, l lss`kblîë` smrì fm3 <,= + <,= + <,= + <,= 9 ? v`ats. 8ª) L k`rrmetm iìxbil qum l lss`kblîë` p`fm o`remkmr â bnula l fm uil pbadl sû. ]il lss`kblîë` mi sârbm, fm pbadls, â kdlilfl fm ‑hltmrbl fm pbadls’ pba dls’..
Lss`kblîë` Ibstl `u mi [ârbm - Wlrlama` El nurl =?, i`strli`s uil lss`kblîë` f` tbp` ibstl `u mi sârbm-plrlama`. K`i` sm e`tl, k`esbstm mssl lss`kblîë` mi abnlîýms f` tbp` mi sârbm m f` tbp` mi plrlama` cì mstuflf`s. _mi`s, metë`, fuls lss`kblîýms (fm fuls pbadls mi sârbm), `u smcl, pbadl L mi sârbm k`i H, pbadl K mi sârbm k`i pbadl F, m elaimetm mssls fuls lss`kblîýms abnlfls mi plrlama`.
Lss`kblîë` mi Wlrlama` L lss`kblîë` â fbtl mi plrlama` qulef` `s tmribelbs fm imsi` e`im së` abnlf`s metrm sb, `u smcl, uemi-sm t`f`s `s tmribelbs p`sbtbv`s, qum k`estbtubrë` ` pûa` p`sbtbv` fl lss`kblîë`, m, t`f`s `s tmribelbs emnltbv`s, qum smrë` ` pûa` emnltbv` fl lss`kblîë`. El nurl =6 m ==, baustrli`s uil lss`kblîë` mi plrlama` fm 6 pbadls. El n. =6, tmi`s ` msqumil maâtrbk` `hmfmkmef` l k`evmeîë` lf`tlfl plrl rmprmsmetlr uil pbadl m, el nurl ==, ` fmsmed` kdlpmlf`.
Obnurl =? - Msqumil m mxmipa` fm abnlîë` fl lss`kblîë` ibstl.
L lss`kblîë` ibstl n`zl fls pr`prbmflfms fl lss`kblîë` mi sârbm m mi plrlama`. Lssbi, e` mxmipa` fm e`ssl nurl =?, tmi`s l o`rîl mamtr`i`trbz fl lss`kblîë` qum â fm ; _ (pr`prbmflfm fl lss`kblîë` mi sârbm), m l k`rrmetm qum sm p`fm rmtbrlr â bnula l fm fuls pbadls (pr`prbmflfm fl lss`kblîë` mi plrlama`). Mi rmsui`, mssl lss`kblîë` tmi l o`rîl mamtr`i`trbz fm fuls
Obnurl =6 - Msqumil fm abnlîë` mi plrlama`. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
>
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
pbadls m l klplkbflfm fm k`rrmetm tlihâi, fm fuls pbadls. Wlrl elabzlr amihrli`s l` laue` fm qum ls lss`kblîýms p`fmi smr ombtls mi qulaqumr tbp` fm nmrlf`r m eë` s`imetm k`i pbadls. Laâi fbss`, `s nmrlf`rms fmvmi smr bnulbs, kls` k`etrìrb` lanues fmams, p`fmi rmtbrlr k`rrmetm, l` bevâs fm o`remkã-al.
`utrl utbabflfm, qum â l fm pr`fuzbr kla`r. [ë` ls kdlilfls ‑rmsbstãekbls’ fm omrr` fm plsslr, omrr` fm s`aflr, o`nlrmbr`, kduvmbr`, mtk. V`flvbl, mi mamtröebkl, ` rmsbst`r e`rilaimetm eë` â uslf` k`i mssl elabflfm.
Mspmkbklîýms f`s Xmsbst`rms W`r mspmkbklîë` fm ui k`ip`emetm ` laue` fmvm metmefmr uil sârbm fm befbklîýms s`hrm ls pr`prbmflfms prbekbplbs f` imsi`, ls qulbs pmribtmi cuanlr sm mam smrvm plrl lpabklîýms qum sm tãi mi vbstl. Eë` sû mi mamtröebkl, ils k`i` mi qulaqumr `utr` rli` fl tâkebkl, `s k`ip`emetms `u pmîls së` mspmkbklf`s, `u smcl, kalssbklf`s, plrl qum p`ssli smr lfqubrbf`s smiprm k`i ls imsils klrlktmréstbkls.
Xmsbst`rms Betr`fuîë` K`i mstl lual, mstli`s bebkblef` ` mstuf` f`s mamimet`s plssbv`s f`s kbrkubt`s mamtröebk`s. K`imîlrmi`s p`r fmskrmvmr ` rmsbst`r, qum â ` ilbs p`pualr f`s k`ip`emetms mamtröebk`s m kucl ìrml fm lpabklîë` â me`rim, p`bs vlb fmsfm klh`s suhilrbe`s ltâ `s ilbs k`ipamx`s k`iputlf`rms m sltâabtms lrtbkblbs, smi imekb`elri`s `s lplrmad`s fm rìfb`, V_, lipabklf`rms, mtk. L lplrãekbl rmla fm ui rmsbst`r â i`strlfl el nurl =>.
Wlrl `s rmsbst`rms, ls klrlktmréstbkls ilbs bip`rtletms l` tâkebk` k`iui së`3
_la`r E`ibela fl Xmsbstãekbl K`rrmsp`efm l` vla`r fl rmsbstãekbl f` k`ip`emetm befbklf` el uebflfm usula, qum â ` `di. @ vla`r e`ibela â befbklf` e` k`rp` f` rmsbst`r p`r ui kûfbn` lfmqulf` lfmqulf`,, k`eo`rim vmrmi`s el lual prìtbkl.
V`amrèekbl \ulef` lfqubrbi`s ui rmsbst`r befbklef` ` vla`r e`ibela fm sul rmsbstãekbl m ` amvli`s l ui imfbf`r (`diéimtr`) fm prmkbsë`, `hsmrvli`s qum sû imsi`, p`r iubtl k`bekbfãekbl, ` vla`r e`ibela â bnula l` imfbf`. @ vla`r imfbf` â ` qum sm kdlil fm vla`r rmla f` rmsbst`r, k`i` baustrlf` el nurl =4.
Obnurl => - Lplrãekbl fm ui rmsbst`r.
@ qum â Xmsbst`r _bi`s, els luals letmrb`rms, qum l pr`prbmflfm qum tmi qulaqumr k`rp` fm sm `p`r ç plsslnmi fls klrnls maâtrbkls â kdlilfl fm rmsbstãekbl maâtrbkl, ils, qulef` mssm k`rp` â msk`adbf` k`i l elabflfm mxkausbvl fm betr`fuzbr rmsbstãekbl, mam rmkmhm ` e`im fm rmsbst`r. @s rmsbst`rms së` utbabzlf`s e`s ilbs vlrblf`s kbrkubt`s, k`i` lrili`s, ils suls oueîýms prbekbplbs së`3 abibtlr ux` fm k`rrmetm m fbvbfbr `u fbibeubr l tmesë`. Mi klamolîë` klamolîë` (lqumkbimet`), (lqumkbimet`), ` rmsbst`r tmi tmi Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Obnurl =4 - Befbklîë` f` vla`r rmla fm ui rmsbst`r.
@ vla`r e`ibela befbkl metë`, ilbs `u ime`s, ` vla`r rmla, `u smcl, uil vla`r lpr`xbilf` f` 4
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
rmla. Wlrl l lpabklîë` f` rmsbst`r e` kbrkubt`, â bip`rtletm slhmr qum lpr`xbilîë` ` kbrkubt` kbrkubt` k`ip`rtl. W`r mxmipa`, vli`s lfibtbr qum ` tâkebk` pr`cmt`u ui kbrkubt` qum ouekb`el hmi k`i ui rmsbst`r fm vla`r rmla vlrblef` fm 27 l <<7 . Kmrtlimetm, mam msk`admrì ` vla`r iâfb`, qum â fm <77 . \ulef` mam lfqubrm ` rmsbst`r fm <77 , prmkbsl tmr kmrtmzl fm qum smu vla`r eë` â beomrb`r l 27 m emi supmrb`r l <<7 ,imsi` smi imfb-a`. Mssm betmrvla` fm vla`rms, `u smcl, fm 27 l <<7 , mi e`ss` kls`, k`rrmsp`efm l` qum sm kdlil fm t`amrèekbl f` rmsbst`r. @ e`im â sunmstbv`, p`rqum k`rrmsp`efm, fm olt`, l`s vla`rms fbomrmetms fm <77 qum sm p`fmi t`amrlr.
[LBHL ILB[ Vmesë` maâtrbkl - â l fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla metrm f`bs p`et`s. Â imfbfl mi v`at mi d`imelnmi l Lamsslefr` _`atl. K`rrmetm maâtrbkl - â ` i`vbimet` `rbmetlf` f`s maâtr`es. Â imfbf` mi lipärms mi d`imelnmi l Xmeä Lipmr. W`tãekbl maâtrbkl - â l klplkbflfm fm pr`fuzbr trlhlad`. Â imfbfl mi wltt mi d`imelnmi l Clims^ltt. Xmsbstãekbl maâtrbkl - â l fbobkuaflfm qum `s k`rp`s `omrmkmi ç plsslnmi fl k`rrmetm maâtrbkl. Â imfbfl mi @DI mi d`imelnmi l Nm`rnm [bi`e @DI. Fm lk`rf` k`i ` nrlu fm rmsbstãekbl `s k`rp`s sm kalssbobkli mi3 H`es k`efut`rms, `omrmkmi hlbxl rmsbstãekbl k`i` `ur`, prltl m k`hrm. Ilus k`efut`rms `omrmkmi fbobkuaflfm ilb`r k`i` Eéquma, Kr`i`, Lutbiöeb`, Omrr` mtk. Bs`aletms, `omrmkmi ui nrlu fm fbobkuaflfm të` mamvlfl qum bipmfm l plsslnmi f`s maâtr`es k`i` W`rkmalel, _bfr`, Waìstbk` mtk.
V`amrèekbl 9 Betmrvla` B etmrvla` fm vla`rms @hsmrvm ` laue` qum befbklr l t`amrèekbl pma` betmrvla` fm vla`rms eë` â köi`f` m p`fm kluslr k`eousýms: p`r bss`, k`evmekb`e`u-sm qum l t`amrèekbl o`ssm befbklfl befbklfl pmal p`rkmetlnmi, p`rkmetlnmi, plrl ilbs `u plrl ime`s, f` vla`r e`ibela. Fmstm i`f`, e` rmsbst`r fm <77 (vla`r e`ibela) <7% (t`amrèekbl) â ` qum smrvbrbl plrl e`ss` mxmipa`, p`rqum <7% fm <77, â <7.
W`tãekbl fm Fbssbplîë` E`ibela
<7
W`bs W`bs <7% fm <77 9 ‖--‖ x <77 <77
Lrili`s qum ` rmsbst`r , e`rilaimetm , ouekb`el k`i` ` abibtlf`r fm k`rrmetm `u fbvbs`r fm tmesë`. Mi qulaqumr fmssls kbrkuestèekbls, p`r mam plssl uil k`rrmetm qum pr`fuz ui trlhlad` maâtrbk` qum sm ilebomstl s`h l o`ril fm kla`r , ` qula â fbssbplf`, `u smcl, nlst` e` lqumkbimet` f` k`rp` f` rmsbst`r. M smef` lssbi, kdlil-sm fm p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë` fm ui rmsbst`r l memrnbl maâtrbkl qum mam trleso`ril mi kla`r. Mssl p`tãekbl fmpmefm fl k`rrmetm qum plssl pma` rmsbst`r m fl tmesë` lpabklfl l`s smus tmribelbs. Wlrl smr ilbs mxlt`, fbrmi`s qum mal â klakualfl iuatbpabklef`-sm l tmesë` mi v`ats pmal k`rrmetm mi lipärms, m ` rmsuatlf` â flf` mi wltts. Kdlil-sm fm p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë` e`ibela fm ui rmsbst`r l p`tãekbl maâtrbkl qum mam p`fm lhs`rvmr mi ouekb`elimet` e`rila. E`tm qum l p`tãekbl lhs`rvbfl â fbssbplfl mi kla`r, flé tlihâi ` e`im fm p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë`.
Lssbi, `s vla`rms mxtrmi`s mx trmi`s f` rmsbst`r, bst` â, ` ilb`r m ` ime`r vla`r rmla qum ` rmsbst`r p`fm tmr së` fm 27 (<77-<7) m <<7 (<77+<7). (<77+<7). @ laue` eë` prmkbsl prm`kuplr-sm mi momtulr mssms kìakua`s, p`bs qumi ` olz â ` pr`cmtbstl pr`cmtbstl f` kbrkubt`. V`flvbl, fmvm smiprm rmspmbtlr l t`amrèekbl befbklfl e` msqumil `u e` rmsbst`r qum o`r suhstbtubr, plrl qum ` lplrmad` ouekb`em fmetr` fls klrlktmréstbkls plrl ls qulbs o`b k`estruéf`. E`tm qum suhstbtubr ui rmsbst`r p`r `utr` fm t`amrèekbl ime`r â vletlc`s`, ils ` k`etrìrb` k`etrìrb` eë`. Lssbi, sm plrl ` mxmipa` qum fmi`s eë` mek`etrìssmi`s rmsbst`r fm <77 m <7%, ils fm <77 m =%, p`fmréli`s utbabzì-a` smi qulaqumr rmkmb`. Metrmtlet`, sm ` rmsbst`r fbsp`eévma o`ssm fm <77 m 87%, eë` fmvmréli`s utbabzì-a`, l eë` smr qum imféssmi`s smu vla`r rmla k`i ` `diéimtr` m k`etìssmi`s qum sul rmsbstãekbl mstbvmssm e` betmrvla` 27 - <77 . L t`amrèekbl f`s rmsbst`rms vmi vmi befbklfl mi smu k`rp` ltrlvâs fm ui kûfbn`. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
2
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
@ laue`, p`r kmrt`, mstlrì sm pmrnuetlef` qula ` betmrmssm e` k`edmkbimet` fl p`tãekbl e`ibela fm fbssbplîë`. Lrili`s qum mam â nrlefm, m vli`s flr ui mxmipa` maukbfltbv`. _li`s sup`r qum emkmssbtmi`s fm ui rmsbst`r fm <77 . W`fmi`s k`estrué-a` fm beóimrls ilembrls fbomrmetms. W`r mxmipa`, p`fmi`s t`ilr ui kmetéimtr` fm ui ` mspmkbla qum fã <77 /ki: p`fmi`s t`ilr 8 ki fm ui ` f` imsi` iltmrbla, ils qum tmedl ìrml ; ki f` imsi` ` k`i ìrml ; vmzms ilb`r, m lssbi p`r fbletm. @ laue` `hsmrvl qum p`fmi`s `htmr l imsil rmsbstãekbl, hlstlef` luimetlr pr`p`rkb`elaimetm l smkîë` m ` k`iprbimet k`iprbimet`. `. Wmrnuetlr-smWmrnuetlr-sm-bl3 \ula ` rmsbst`r ilbs k`evmebmetm, ` fm ime`r smkîë` `u ` fm ilb`r, cì qum l rmsbstãekbl â l imsil0 @u3 W`fmi`s utbabzlr, befbomrmetmimetm, qulaqumr ui fmams0 L rmsp`stl l mssls pmrnuetls p`fmrì smr flfl, sm uslri`s ` rlkb`kéeb`. Fm olt`, k`i` `s rmsbst`rms tãi l imsil rmsbstãekbl, â kalr` qum abnlf`s ç imsil fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla, smrë` pmrk`rrbf`s pmal imsil k`rrmetm m, k`esmqumetmimetm,, abhmrtlrë` (fbssbplrë`) l imsil quletmimetm tbflfm fm kla`r. Ltâ lqub l k`ekausë` qum tbrlréli`s â l fm qum qulaqumr f`s rmsbst`rms smrvm. Ils dì ui pr`hamil3 mssl quletbflfm fm kla`r fmvm smr l ime`r p`ssévma, p`bs ui lplrmad` mamtröebk` eë` â lqumkmf`r. Laâi f` ilbs , sm ` ` o`r iubt` e`, ` kla`r p`fmrì smr sukbmetm plrl ouefb-a` (fmrrmtã-a`). K`ekausë` aûnbkl3 Fmvmi`s uslr ` rmsbst`r qum msqumetm ime`s, qum e` kls` smrbl lqumam ombt` k`i ` ` ilbs nr`ss`. Mssl k`ekausë`, mih`rl aûnbkl, eë` â prìtbkl emi mk`eöibkl, p`bs ` rmsbst`r tmrbl fbimesýms mxlnmrlfls m slbrbl klr`. Wlrl mabibelr tlbs pr`hamils, ls oìhrbkls k`estr`mi `s rmsbst`rms, suhimtmi-e`s l tmstms rbn`r`s`s m fmtmribeli l p`tãekbl qum mams p`fmi lhs`rvmr m trleso`rilr mi kla`r, smi sm ouefbrmi. Laâi fbss`, ` pr`cmtbstl smiprm msk`adm rmsbst`rms qum p`ssli fbssbplr p`tãekbl fuls vmzms ilb`r qum l klakualfl, plrl nlrletbr qum eë` dlcl supmrlqumkbimet`. F` qum o`b imekb`elf` rmsuatl qum l p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë` e`ibela f` rmsbst`r fmpmefm fm suls fbimesýms oésbkls, `u smcl, f` smu tliled`. W`rtlet`, e` mxmipa` qum fmi`s e`s vìrb`s rmsbst`rms fm <77, lqumam qum o`b k`esKurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
truéf` k`i ` ` ilb`r m ilbs nr`ss`, a`n`, ` fm ilb`rms fbimesýms oésbkls, â tlihâi ` fm ilbs latl p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë` e`ibela. M p`r qum l p`tãekbl fmpmefm fls fbimesýms f` rmsbst`r0 [bipamsimetm p`rqum ui k`rp` fm nrlefm v`auim (ilssl) p`fm lhs`rvmr ` imsi` kla`r qum ui fm pmqume` v`auim, lqumkmef`-sm ime`s. Wlrl qum ` laue` eë` tmedl emeduil fóvbfl s`hrm mssm olt`, p`fm olzmr l smnubetm mxpmrbãekbl3 Wmnum uil k`admr pmqumel (fm kloâ, p`r mxmipa`) fm lî` m smnurm-l s`hrm l kdlil fm uil vmal, furletm ui ibeut`. _mrbklrì qum mal sm lqumkm l p`et` fm qulsm, qumbilr-adm `s fmf`s. Ln`rl, pmnum ui ilkdlf`, f` imsi` lî` fl k`admr, m smnurm-` s`hrm l kdlil fl vmal, furletm ` imsi` tmip`, `u smcl, ui ibeut`. @hsmrvlrì qum ` ilkdlf` p`uk` `u qulsm elfl sm lqumkm. @rl, â kalr` qum tlet` l k`admr k`i` ` ilkdlf` lhs`rvmi l imsil quletbflfm fm kla`r, p`bs klrli s`hrm l kdlil fl imsil vmal, furletm ` imsi` tmip`. @ ilkdlf` sm lqumkm ime`s, p`rqum l sul ilssl â ilb`r m fbstrbhub imad`r ` kla`r kla`r.. Laâi fmssl mxpmrbãekbl, qum lkrmfbtli`s smr hlstletm maukbfltbvl, p`fmi`s kbtlr ui lk`etmkbimet` iubt` k`iui, qum rmo`rîl ` qum lrili`s. Vrltl-sm fl qumbil fl rmsbstãekbl f` kduvmbr` maâtrbk`, qulef` abnlf` smi ìnul. Fm olt`, l` smr abnlfl l rmsbstãekbl, smi ìnul, qulsm t`f` ` kla`r qum mal pr`fuz â nlst` mi lqumkmr smu prûprb` ` qum, eë` sup`rtlef`, ouefm-sm (`xbfl-sm) rlpbflimetm, rlpbflimetm, lhrbef` ` kbrkubt`. Fbzmi`s, metë`, qum l rmsbstãekbl sm qumbi`u. \ulef` l rmsbstãekbl ouekb`el e`rilaimetm, e`rilaimetm, `u smcl, k`i kbrkualîë` fm ìnul, mstl rmtbrl ` kla`r fl rmrm sbstãekbl, msorblef`-sm m eë` pmribtbef` qum mal ltbecl l tmipmrlturl qum pr`v`klrbl sul qumbil. @ laue` ilbs lrnut`, p`r kmrt`, mstlrì pmrnuetlef`3 Ils `efm metrl l ilssl, emssm mxmipa`, sm l rmsbstãekbl â l imsil k`i `u smi ìnul0 Mxpabqumi`s3 [mi ìnul, eë` k`esbfmrlef` l ilssl f` sup`rtm fl rmsbstãekbl m fl plrtm imtìabkl f` kduvmbr`, l ilssl â mxkausbvlimetm l fl rmsbstãekbl m l f` lr qum mekdm ` h`c`, ilssl mstl hlstletm pmqumel. \ulef` kdmb` fm ilssl, l fl rmsbstãekbl m l fl ìnul qum ` h`c` k`etâi, mstl ilssl qum â iubt` nrlefm mi k`iplrlîë` k`i l f` lr. <7
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
El nurl =2, i`strli`s ` lspmkt` oésbk` fm fm ui tbp` fm tmribst`r, hmi k`i` smu séih`a`.
Wlrl elabzlr, ` laue` fmvm tmr mi imetm qum, plrl rmsbst`rms fm imsi` vla`r m k`estbtuéf`s f` imsi` iltmrbla, `s fm ilb`rms fbimesýms tãi ilb`rms p`tãekbls fm fbssbplîë` e`ibela qum, els i`etlnmes `u suhstbtubîýms, qulef` eë` sm fbspým fm rmsbst`r k`i p`tãekbl e`ibela befbklfl, fmvm-sm uslr smiprm `utr`, fm p`tãekbl abnmbrlimetm supmrb`r.
[LBHL ILB[
Obnurl =2 - Lspmkt` oésbk` fm ui tmribst`r k`i smu séih`a`.
Ls mspmkbklîýms qum ` laue` fmvmrì befbklr, smiprm qum lfqubrbr ui rmsbst`r së`3 vla`r ödibk`, `u smcl, ` vla`r fm sul rmsbstãekbl mi `dis, t`amrèekbl, bst` â, ` betmrvla` fm vla`rms fmetr` f` qula sm mek`etrl ` vla`r rmla fl rmsbstãekbl, befbklf` mi p`rkmetlnmi: m l p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë` e`ibela, qum â l p`tãekbl qum ` rmsbst`r p`fm lhs`rvmr mi ouekb`elimet` e`rila, smi ` pmrbn` fm flebklr-sm.
_lrbst`rms  ui tbp` fm k`ip`emetm kucl rmsbstãekbl s`orm vlrblîë` k`i ls i`fbklîýms i`fbklîýms fl tmesë` lpabklfl l mam. @ laue` slhm qum, plrl `s rmsbst`rms fm klrvë`, fmsfm fmsfm qum eë` smcl uatrlplsslfl sul p`tãekbl fm fbssbplîë`, l rmsbstãekbl â l imsil plrl qulaqumr vla`r fm tmesë` lpabklfl l smus tmribelbs. Cì k`i ` vlrbst`r eë` lk`etmkm ` imsi`, p`bs l sul rmsbstãekbl fmpmefm fl tmesë` qum mstì smef` lpabklfl l smus tmribelbs. @ vlrbst`r tlihâi â kdlilf` fm rmsbst`r _FX: mssls amtrls sbnebkli ‑_`atlnmi Fmpmefmet Xmsbst`r’, kucl trlfuîë` â ‑rmsbstãekbl fmpmefmetm fm v`atlnmi’. v`atlnmi’. @s vlrbst`rms së` s ë` utbabzlutbabzl f`s mi rmkmpt`rms fm tmamvbsë`, plrl mstlhbabzlr l laturl m l alrnurl fl bilnmi bst` â, plrl qum mal qum k`estletm, befmpmefmetm fl vlrblîë` fl tmesë` fl rmfm. El nurl ?7, lprmsmetli`s ui tbp` fm vlrbst`r m smu séih`a`. K`i` ` laue` p`fm e`tlr, e` lspmkt` oésbk` mam emi smiprm â smimadletm l ui rmsbst`r fm klrvë`.
Xmsbst`rms Mspmkblbs Vmribst`rms  ui tbp` fm rmsbst`r kucl rmsbstãekbl vlrbl k`i l tmipmrlturl, fm i`f` lfvmrs` l` f` rmsbst`r fm klrvë`. Fm olt`, ` rmsbst`r fm klrvë`, qulef` lqumkbf`, s`orm uil fbibeubîë` ametl e` vla`r fm sul rmsbstãekbl, l` plss` qum ` tmribst`r tmi sul rmsbstãekbl fbibeuéfl fm ilembrl iubt` ilbs lkmetulfl. Wlrl qum ` laue` olîl uil bfmbl fmssl vlrblîë`, p`fmi`s mskalrmkmr qum ui tmribst`r fm <;7 , el tmipmrlturl lihbmetm e`rila, `u smcl, fm 8=·K(vbetm m kbek` nrlus kmeténrlf`s), plssl l smr fm 87, qulef` l tmipmrlturl luimetl plrl >7·. @s tmribst`rms tlihâi së` k`edmkbf`s k`i` rmsbst`rms EVK `u WVK: mssls trãs amtrls së` l lhrmvblîë` fm ‑Emnltbvm `u W`sbtbvm Vmipmrlturm K`mkbmet’, plalvrls benamsls qum sbnebkli ‑K`mkbmetm Emnltbv` `u W`sbtbv` fm Vmipmrlturl’. @s tmribst`rms së` utbabzlf`s mi mamtröebkl k`i` mamimet` fm mstlhbabzlîë` m pr`tmîë` fm kbrkubt`s. E` i`imet` `p`rtue`, vmrmi`s k`i` bss` `k`rrm. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
Obnurl ?7 - Lspmkt` oésbk` fm ui vlrbst`r m smu séih`a`.
O`t`rrmsbst`r @s o`t`rrmsbst`rms, k`i` ` e`im sunmrm, së` k`ip`emetms kuc` vla`r fm rmsbstãekbl vlrbl k`i l auibe`sbflfm. [ë` hlstletm miprmnl<<
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
f`s mi ûtbkl k`i` mamimet`s fm o`töimtr`s, mi kbrkubt`s fm pr`tmîë` befustrblbs (plrlfl fm mqubplimet`, lalrim k`etrl r`uh`s, m bekãefb`, mtk.) m tlihâi mi mamtröebkl, prbekbplaimetm plrl ` k`etr`am lut`iìtbk` f` hrbad`, e`s rmkmpt`rms fm V_. @s o`t`rrmsbst`rms tlihâi së` k`edmkbf`s k`i` rmsbst`rms AFX, lhrmvblîë` fm ‑Abndt Fmpmefben Xmsbst`r’, kuc` sbnebklf` â ‑rmsbstãekbl fmpmefmetm fl auz’. El nurl ?<, i`strli`s ui o`t`rrmsbst`r m smu séih`a`.
Xmfm Xmsbstbvl @ lvleî` fl tmke`a`nbl tmke`a`nbl pmribtm qum d`cm sm cli krblf`s e`v`s tbp`s fm fbsp`sbtbv`s mamtröebk`s. ]i fmstms fbsp`sbtbv`s â rmfm rmsbstbvl, l qula, p`r lablr rmfuzbfls pr`p`rîýms m uil latl k`elhbabflfm, pmribtm uil k`iplktlîë` ilb`r el i`etlnmi fm kbrkubt`s mamtröebk`s, laâi fm pr`p`rkb`elr uil rmfuîë` e` kust` t`tla f`s imsi`s. W`fmi`s k`esbfmrlr uil rmfm rmsbstbvl k`i` smef` uil uebë` fm vìrb`s rmsbst`rms mi ui óebk` meklpsualimet`. W`r mstm i`tbv`, eë` e`s la`enlrmi`s mi k`esbfmrlîýms ilbs pr`ouefls s`hrm sul k`estbtubîë` k`estbtubîë`.. L tétua` baustrltbv`, i`strli`s el nurl ?8 smu lspmkt` rmla: mi meklpsualimet` [BW, laâi fm, el nurl ?;, rmprmsmetlri`s `s trãs tbp`s fm k`enurlîýms hìsbkls , olhrbklf`s pmal X@DI. El tlhmal B lprmsmetli`s ls klrlktmréstbkls tâkebkls rmomrmetms ç sârbm XI fm rmfms rmsbstbvls.
Obnurl ?< - Lplrãekbl rmla fm ui AFX m smus séih`a`s.
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
<8
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
_la`rms E`rilabzlf`s fm Xmsbst`rms [m ` laue` o`r pr`kurlr e` k`iârkb` ui rmsbst`r qum tmedl vla`r fm 8=;= (plrl qulaqumr qum smcl l t`amrèekbl), kmrtlimetm eë` mek`etrlrì, p`bs ls oìhrbkls s`imetm k`estr`mi smus rmsbst`rms plrl fmtmribelf`s vla`rms, qum së` kdlilf`s fm plfr`ebzlf`s `u e`rilabzlf`s m qum eë` bekaumi ` kbtlf`. @s vla`rms plfr`ebzlf`s pmal MBL (Lss`kblîë` fm Befóstrbls Mamtröebkls) e`rtm-limrbklel m qum mstë` smef` smnubf`s pmals befóstrbls elkb`elbs së` `s befbklf`s el tlhmal B.
Obnurl ?8 - Lspmkt` oésbk` fm ui vlrbst`r m smu séih`a`.
Obnurl ?; - Vbp`s fm k`enurlîýms hìsbkls fm Xmfms Xmsbstbvls fl XWDI. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
<;
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
k`i` kûfbn` limrbkle`. Mi e`ss` plés, ls oìhrbkls fm rmsbst`rms utbabzlvli `s f`bs. Ltulaimetm Ltulaimetm lpmels ` kûfbn` limrbkle` â miprmnlf`.
l) Wlrl Xmsbst`rms k`i <7% fm V`amrèekbl @s vla`rms plfr`ebzlf`s plrl rmsbst`rms kucl t`amrèekbl smcl fm <7% së`3 <7, <8, <=, <4, 88, 8>, ;;, ;2 , 6>, =?, ?8, 48, m t`f`s `s ióatbpa`s fmssms vla`rms , ltâ ` 88 I. Ltulaimetmm rmsbst`rms k`i mstm vla`r fm t`amLtulaimet t`am rèekbl mstë` klbef` mi fmsus`, eë` smef` ilbs olhrbklf`s p`r beóimrls miprmsls, ils p`fmef`, lbefl, smrmi mek`etrlf`s mi letbn`s lplrmad`s mamtröebk`s.
Kûfbn` Limrbkle` [mnuef` mssm kûfbn`, `s rmsbst`rms së` bfmetbklf`s pmals k`rms mstliplfls mi smu k`rp`. L klfl k`r k`rrmsp`efm ui eóimr` qum, k`rrmtlimetm betmrprmtlf`, pmribtm fmtmribelr ` vla`r e`ibela f` rmsbst`r, lssbi k`i` sul t`amrèekbl. El tlhmal BB, lprmsmetli`s ls k`rms msk`adbfls m `s eóimr`s qum mals rmprmsmetli.
h) Wlrl Xmsbst`rms k`i =% fm V`amrèekbl Wlrl mssl t`amrèekbl, `s vla`rms plfr`ebzlf`s së`3 <7, <<, <8, <;, <=, , ;7, ;;, ;?, ;2, 6;, 6>, =<, =?, ?8, ?4, >=, 48, 2<, m t`f`s `s ióatbpa`s fmssms vla`rms ltâ 88 I.
k) Wlrl Xmsbst`rms k`i V`amrèekbl Beomrb`r l =% W`fmi`s k`esbfmrlr k`i` vla`rms plfr`ebzlf`s `s imsi`s cì kbtlf`s plrl l t`amrëekbl fm =%. K`evâi orbslr qum rmsbst`rms lhlbx` fmstl t`amrèekbl së` k`edmkbf`s k`i` ‑Xmsbst`rms fm prmkbsë`’ m p`ssumi t`amrèekbls fm 8% m <% (iubtls vmzms l t`amrèekbl â beomrb`r l mstl, p`fmef` kdmnlr l 7,<% `u ime`s).
Kûfbn` Limrbkle` plrl Xmsbst`rms El bfmetbklîë` fmssm tbp` fm rmsbst`r, tlihâi së` utbabzlfls ls imsils k`rms qum befbkli`s el tlhmal BB, k`i `s imsi`s sbnebklf`s `efm ls k`rms bfmetbklf`rls së` pbetlfls mi leâbs, mi smu k`rp`, m p`ssumi ui sbnebklf` prûprb`, k`i` i`strli`s el nurl ?6.
Laâi fm p`ssubr mi smu k`rp` = olbxls k`a`rbfls plrl mxprmsslr smu vla`r vla`r,, l` bevâs fm lpmels 6 olbxls, ` rmsbst`r k`i t`amrèekbl fm <% â e`rilaimetm k`estruéf` l plrtbr fm pmaékual imtìabkl, ` qum adm nlrletm uil latl k`elhbabflfm.
Bfmetbklîë` fm Xmsbst`rms Bfmetbklr ui rmsbst`r k`esbstm mi fmtmribelr ` vla`r fm sul rmsbstãekbl mi `dis, fm sul t`amrèekbl m, mvmetulaimetm , fm sul p`tãekbl e`ibela fm fbssbplîë`. L bfmetbklîë` f` vla`r ödibk` f` rmsbst`r â ombtl betmrprmtlef`-sm kûfbn`s, k`i` vmrmi`s l smnubr. Mxbstbli f`bs kûfbn`s qum mrli uebvmrslaimetm lkmbt`s, smef` ui fmams k`edmkbf` k`i` kûfbn` mur`pmu, `u Wdbabps, m ` `utr` Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Obnurl ?6 - Bfmetbklîë` pma` kûfbn` fm k`rms.
Emssm tbp` fm rmsbst`r, së` pbetlf`s 6 leâbs k`a`rbf`s , sbtulf`s ilbs prûxbi` fm uils fls mxtrmibflfms f` rmsbst`r. L ambturl fmvm smr ombtl <6
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
l plrtbr f` lema ilbs prûxbi` fl mxtrmibflfm. @s sbnebklf`s sbnebklf`s f`s leâbs së` `s smnubetms3
<³ lema - ilrr`i 8³ lema - prmt` ;³ lema - vmrimad` 6³ lema - f`urlf`
<³ lema - <³ lanlrbsi` 8³ lema - 8³ lanlrbsi` ;³ lema - iuatbpabklf`r 6³ lema - t`amrèekbl
[`auîýms3
Fmvmi`s `hsmrvlr qum ` qulrt` lema k`iuimetm sû tmi ls k`rms `ur` `u prltl, qum befbklrë` t`amrèekbl fm 87%. Mi rmsbst`rms mspmkblbs k`i t`amrèekbl fm <% `u 8%, l qulrtl olbxl smrì ilrr`i `u vmrimadl, rmspmktbvlimetm. rmspmktbvlimetm. E`rilaimetm `s rmsbst`rms fm prmkbsë` k`i t`amrèekbl fm <% lprmsmetli = olbxls, k`i` i`strlf` el nurl ?=, m sul ambturl fmvm smr ombtl tlihâi k`i ` luxéab` fl tlhmal BB, smef` qum ` sbnebklf` f`s leâbs së` `s smnubetms3
K`esuatlef` l tmhmal BB, tmi`s qum ` prbimbr` lanlrbsi` â <, p`rqum ` prbimbr` lema â ilrr`i, ` smnuef` lanlrbsi` â 7 (zmr`), p`rqum ` smnuef` lema â prmt`. @ iuatbpabklf`r â <77 (kmi), p`rqum ` tmrkmbr` lema â vmrimad`. Obelaimetm, l t`amrèekbl â fm =%, p`rqum ` qulrt` lema â f`urlf`. Lssbi, l bfmetbklîë` fmssm rmsbst`r â <777 `u < J m =% fm t`amrèekbl.
8³) _li`s bfmetbklr ` rmsbst`r qum lprmsmetl 6 leâbs, k`i ls k`rms, i`strlfls el nurl ?>3
Obnurl ?= - Bfmetbklîë` fm ui rmsbst`r fm = olbxls pma` kûfbn` fm k`rms.
<³ lema - <³ lanlrbsi` 8³ lema - 8³ lanlrbsi` ;³ lema - ;³ lanlrbsi` 6³ lema - iuatbpabklf`r =³ lema - t`amrèekbl
Obnurl ?> - Xmsbst`r fm <7 J.
<³ lema - ilrr`i 8³ lema - prmt` ;³ lema - alrlecl 6³ lema - f`urlf`
Flrmi`s , ln`rl, uil sârbm fm mxmipa`s maukbfltbv`s. @ laue` fmvm lk`stuilr-sm l betmrprmtlr k`i fmsmev`aturl mssm kûfbn`, p`rqum ltulaimetm mam â ` óebk` utbabzlf` pma`s olhrbkletms.
[`auîë`3 L bfmetbklîë` fm tla rmsbst`r â3 <7.777 m =% fm t`amrèekbl.
Mxmipa` <³) _li`s bfmetbklr ui rmsbst`r qum lprmsmetl `s smnubetms leâbs k`a`rbf`s, k`i` i`strlf` el nurl ??3
Fm olt`, smef` ilrr`i ` prbimbr` lema, â ui ` prbimbr` lanlrbsi`, l k`r prmtl f` smnuef` lema befbkl qum â 7 ` smnuef` lanlrbsi`. @ tmrkmbr` lema, smef` alrlecl, i`strl qum ` iuatbpabklf`r â <777 m, elaimetm, l k`r f`urlfl f` qulrt` lema befbkl qum â fm =% l t`amrèekbl.
;³) _li`s bfmetbklr ` rmsbst`r fl nurl ?4 k`i `s smnubetms leâbs k`a`rbf`s3
Obnurl ?? - Xmsbst`r fm < J. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
<=
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
â prmt` m, elaimetm, l t`amrèekbl â fm <%, p`bs l =ª olbxl â ilrr`i. Lssbi smef`, l bfmetbklîë` f` rmsbst`r â3 ;27 k`i t`amrèekbl fm <%.
=³) _li`s bfmetbklr ` rmsbst`r fl nurl >7, k`i ls smnubetms k`rms3 Obnurl ?4 - Xmsbst`r fm 887 .
<³ lema - vmrimad` 8³ lema - vmrimad` ;³ lema - ilrr`i 6³ lema - f`urlf` Obnurl >7 - Xmsbst`r fm <,8; .
[`auîë`3
<³ lema - ilrr`i 8³ lema - vmrimad` ;³ lema - alrlecl 6³ lema - lilrma` =³ lema - vmrimad`
@ prbimbr` lanlrbsi` â 8, p`rqum ` prbimbr` lema â vmrimad`. @ smnuef` lanlrbsi` â 8, p`rqum ` smnuef` lema â vmrimad` vmrimad`.. @ iuatbpabklf`r â <7, p`bs ` tmrkmbr` lema â ilrr`i. L t`amrèekbl â fm =%: a`n`, l bfmetbklîë` f` rmsbst`r â3 877 m =% fm t`amrëekbl.
[`auîë`3 6³) _li`s bfmetbklr ` rmsbst`r fl nurl ?2, k`i `s smnubetms leâbs k`a`rbf`s3
@ vla`r fm tla rmsbst`r â fm <.8;7.777 `u <,8; I, k`i t`amrèekbl fm 8%. Fm olt`, smef` ilrr`i ` prbimbr` lema â < ` prbimbr` lanlrbsi`: smef` vmrimad` ` smnuef` lema, â 8 ` smnuef` lanlrbsi` m, k`esmqumetmimetm, smef` alrlecl ` tmrkmbr` lema, â ; ` tmrkmbr` lanlrbsi`. @ iuatbpabklf`r â <7.777, p`rqum ` qulrt` lema â lilrma`. Obelaimetm, l t`amrèekbl â fm 8%, p`bs ` =³ lema â vmrimad`.
Obnurl ?2 - Xmsbst`r fm ;27 .
[LBHL ILB[
<³ lema - alrlecl 8³ lema - hrlek` ;³ lema - prmt` 6³ lema - prmt` =³ lema - ilrr`i
@ rmsbst`r â ui f`s k`ip`emetms ilbs utbabzlf`s e`s kbrkubt`s fm mamtröebkl m, p`rtlet`, ` laue` fmvm mstlr hlstletm olibablrbzlf` k`i ` kûfbn` fm k`rms, plrl qum p`ssl bfmetbkì-a` rlpbflimetm m smi fbkuaflfm. @s mxmipa`s lqub i`strlf`s fmvmi imrmkmr hlstletm ltmeîë`, lssbi k`i` l prìtbkl momtbvl qum fmvm smr ombtl k`i mssm k`ip`emetm.
[`auîë`3 @ prbimbr` lema befbkl qum ` prbimbr` lanlrbsi` â ;, p`bs â alrlecl. @ smnuef` lanlrbsi` â 2 (e`vm), p`rqum ` smnuef` lema â hrlek`. @ tmrkmbr` lanlrbsi` â 7, p`rqum ` tmrkmb` lema â prmt`: ` iuatbpabklf`r â <, p`bs ` lema k`rrmsp`efm Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
Xmsbst`rms [IF L ambturl f`s rmsbst`rms [IF â hmi ilbs oìkba qum f`s fmilbs, vmcl mssms mxmipa`s3
?·) _li`s bfmetbklr ` rmsbst`r fl nurl >< k`i `s flf`s3
Obnurl >< - Xmsbst`r [IF.
L ambturl sbnebkl3 <, smnubf` f` 7, ilbs ` iuatbpabklf`r, e` kls` 8, qum sbnebkl iuatbpabklr p`r <77 (e`tm qum tmi`s f`bs zmr`s): ` rmsuatlf` fl ambturl smrì ui rmsbst`r fm <7x<77 9 <777, `u
>·) _li`s bfmetbklr ` rmsbst`r fl nurl >8 k`i `s flf`s3
Obnurl >; - Vl Vliled`s iled`s f`s rmsbst`rms [IF.
Klrnl Maâtrbkl m Klplkbt`rms L Klrnl Maâtrbkl Obnurl >8 - Xmsbst`r [IF.
Ltâ ` i`imet` tmi`s k`esbfmrlf` l klrnl maâtrbkl sbipamsimetm k`i` ui p`rtlf`r fm mamtrbkbflfm, smi elfl lkrmskmetlr s`hrm l sul elturmzl. _li`s, ln`rl, mstuflr l klrnl maâtrbkl k`i ui p`uqubed` ilbs fm pr`ouefbflfm, cì qum mal betmrvâi mi t`f`s `s omeöime`s fl Mamtröebkl. @ laue` fmvm k`iprmmefmr hmi ` qum vli`s mxp`r, p`bs l mxpabklîë` fm t`f`s `s omeöime`s maâtrbk`s, fmsfm uil k`edmkbféssb-
L ambturl sbnebkl3 8, smnubf` f` =, smnubf` f` < ilbs ` iuatbpabklf`r, e` kls` 8 qum sbnebkl iuatbpabklr p`r <77 (e`tm qum tmi`s f`bs zmr`s), ` rmsuatlf` fl ambturl smrì ui rmsbst`r fm 8=< x <77 9 8=<77, `u 8<,
<>
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
il fmsklrnl lti`soârbkl (rlb`s) ltâ ` ilbs k`ipabklf` sbstmil fm k`iuebklîë` f`s sltâabtms lrtbkblbs, â flfl l plrtbr fl klrnl maâtrbkl.
f`s mi olriìkbls, plrl ibsturlr rmiâfb`s. Ln`rl, ltrbtm, `u smcl, msormnum ` pmetm el lemal `u e` klhma` k`i` i`strl el nurl >?. Lpûs bst`, lpr`xbim ` pmetm fl h`abedl fm bs`p`r. @hsmrvm qum ` pmetm ltrlb l h`abedl fm bs`p`r k`i` baustrl l nurl >>. Fmvmi`s t`ilr kubflf` fm eë` fmbxlr qum mal t`qum e` pmetm.
Vbp`s fm Mamtrbkbflfm _li`s t`ilr ui pmflî` fm ` bs`aletm, ui ` fm smfl, p`r mxmipa`. Lilrrlrmi`s l uil fm suls mxtrmibflfms ui pmflkbed` fm iltmrbla hmi amvm, p`r mxmipa` imfual (plrtm f` imb`) fm ui slhun` smk`, plpma, bs`p`r, mtk. L `utrl mxtrmibflfm f` ` fmvm smr prmsl l uil dlstm qulaqumr, fm i`f` qum ` ` qum pmefurlf` m eë` mek`stm mi elfl. [m l dlstm o`r k`estruéfl k`i` sunmrbi`s el nurl >6, tmrmi`s ` qum sm kdlil fm pãefua` maâtrbk`.
Obnurl >? - Msormnlef` ` pmetm e` klhma`.
Obnurl >6 - Wãefua` Maâtrbk`.
[m ` laue` eë` qubsmr k`estrubr ` pãefua` k`i` ` fl nurl >6, p`fmrì p`r mxmipa` mxmipa`,, prmefmr ` ` bs`aletm el hmbrlfl fm uil imsl, k`i ui pmflî` fm tl lfmsbvl (furmx), k`i` i`strli`s el nurl >=.
Obnurl >> - Wmetm ltrlbef` ` bs`p`r.
Ln`rl, olîl l imsil mxpmrbãekbl k`i ` hlstë` fm vbfr`, `u smcl, ltrbtm-` k`i l lemal, k`i` i`strl l nurl >4, m lpr`xbim fl h`abedl fm bs`p`r. @hsmrvli`s ` imsi` omeöime` letmrb`r, bst` â, l h`abedl tlihâi smrì ltrléfl , k`i` i`strl l nurl >2.
Obnurl >= - Wãefua` Maâtrbk` utbabzlef`-sm uil imsl.
Bss` ombt`, tmi`s ` e`ss` pãefua` mi k`efbîýms fm smr utbabzlf` plrl fmi`estrlr `s tbp`s p`ssévmbs fm mamtrbkbflfm. Â ` qum olrmi`s k`i ls smnubetms mxpmrbãekbls3 <³) V`imi`s ui pmflî` fm lemal, ui pmetm paìstbk` m ui hlstë` fm vbfr`, fmssms utbabzlKurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Obnurl >4 - Ltrbtlef` ` hlstë` fm vbfr` el lemal. <4
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
k) L mamtrbkbflfm f`s hlstýms fm vbfr` m fm paìstbk` (pmetm) fmvm smr l imsil, bst` â, fm imsi` tbp`, p`rqum pr`fuzbrli el h`abedl fm bs`p`r ` imsi` mombt`, mombt`, `u smcl, lih`s ltrlérli l h`abedl fl imsil ilembrl. Mstls trãs k`ekausýms, lplrmetmimetm aûnbkls, eë` së` t`fls vmrflfmbrls, k`i` vmrmi`s k`i ls `utrls mxpmrbãekbls. 8ª) Ltrbtm ` hlstë` fm vbfr` m ` lpr`xbim fl h`abedl fm bs`p`r, ils, ln`rl, fmbxm qum l h`abedl t`qum e` hlstë`, k`i` el nurl 48. @hsmrvm, metë`, qum l h`abedl, lpûs t`klr e` hlstë` fm vbfr`, lolstl-sm f` hlstë`, bnula ç nurl 4;.
Obnurl >2 - Bs`p`r smef` ltrléf` pma` hlstë` fm vbfr`.
Wlrl klr ilbs k`ipamtl mstl prbimbrl mxpmrbãekbl, lrrlecm tlihâi ui hlstë` fm imtla, qum p`fm smr ui pmflî` fm omrr` rmf`ef`, ui pmflî` fm ` fm k`hrm nr`ss`, mtk. K`i` zmi`s k`i ` pmetm m ` hlstë` fm vbfr`, ltrbtm ` hlstë` imtìabk` k`i l lemal fl imsil ilembrl qum el nurl 47 m ` lpr`xbim fl h`abedl fm e`ss` pãefua`.
Obnurl 48 - Bs`p`r t`klef` e` hlstë` fm vbfr`.
Obnurl 47 - Ltrbtlef` ` hlstë` fm omrr` k`i l lemal.
_li`s e`tlr qum l h`abedl pmrilemkm mi sul p`sbîë`, bst` â, eë` â ltrléfl pma` imtla, k`i` sm vã el nurl 4<.
Obnurl 4; - Bs`p`r smef` rmpmabf` pma` hlstë` fm vbfr`.
Bst` p`st`, t`qum l h`abedl k`i l ië`, k`i` baustrl l nurl 46.
Obnurl 4< - Bs`p`r eë` â ltrléf` pma` hlstë` fm omrr`.
Fmstl prbimbrl mxpmrbãekbl p`fmi`s tbrlr trãs k`ekausýms3
Obnurl 46 - V`klef` el h`abedl fm bs`p`r k`i l ië`.
l) @ hlstë` fm vbfr` m ` fm paìstbk` (pmetm) lfqubrmi mamtrbkbflfm, qulef` ltrbtlf`s k`i lemal. h) @ hlstë` imtìabk` eë` lfqubrm mamtrbkbflfm.
Olîl ln`rl l imsil k`bsl, ils k`i ` pmetm, `u smcl, ltrbtm-` m ` lpr`xbim fl h`abedl h`abedl m fmbxm qum mal ` t`qum, bnula ç nurl 4=. @hsmrvm l imsil k`bsl qum lk`etmkmu k`i ` hlstë` fm vbfr`, bst` â, lpûs t`klr e` pmetm, l h`abedl â e`vlimetmm rmpmabfl, k`i` i`strl el nurl 4?. e`vlimet
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
<2
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Ombt` bst`, ltrbtm ` pmetm k`i l lemal m ` lpr`xbim fls h`abedls f`s f`bs pãefua`s, t`klef`-ls k`i ` pmetm. Ln`rl, lpr`xbim metrm sb `s f`bs pãefua`s. _li`s vmrbklr qum ls fuls h`abedls sm lolstli nurl 4>.
Obnurl 4= - Bs`p`r t`klef` e` pmetm.
Obnurl 4> - Klrnls maâtrbkls bnulbs rmpmami-sm.
Mi smnubfl, t`kli`s k`i l ië` els fuls h`abedls m rmpmtbi`s l mxpmrbãekbl letmrb`r, ils k`i ` hlstë` fm vbfr` prmvblimetm ltrbtlf`. @hsmrvli`s ` imsi` mombt`, `u smcl, ls h`abedls sm lolstli. Fmstl prìtbkl p`fmi`s tbrlr l k`ekausë` qum k`estbtub l prbimbrl amb3
Obnurl 4? - Bs`p`r smef` rmpmabf` pma` pmetm.
Mstl smnuefl mxpmrbãekbl plrmkm k`erilr l k`ekausë` fl letmrb`r, letmrb`r, `u smcl, qum ` tbp` fm mammam trbkbflfm f`s f`bs hlstýms â ` imsi`. Metrmtlet`, bss` eë` â vmrflfm, k`i` fmi`estrlrmi`s k`i l tmrkmbrl mxpmrbãekbl. ;ª) Mek`stlrmi`s, e`vlimetm, l ië` el h`abedl. Ln`rl, lpr`xbim fmal ` hlstë` fm vbfr`, prmvblimetm ltrbtlf`, m fmbxm qum l h`abedl t`qum emam. Mal smrì rmpmabfl. Mi smnubfl, lpr`xbim ` hlstë` fm paìstbk`, `u smcl, ` pmetm, tlihâi prmvblimetm ltrbtlf`. E`tm qum l h`abedl, qum o`b rmpmabfl pma` hlstë` fm vbfr`, â ltrléfl pma` pmetm. Metë`, p`fmi`s tbrlr uil k`ekausë` fmebtbvl m vmrflfmbrl fm qum l mamtrbkbflfm f` hlstë` fm vbfr` â fbormrmetm fl mamtrbkbflfm f` hlstë` paìstbk`. L mamtrbkbflfm f` hlstë` fm vbfr` â kdlilfl fm mamtrbkbflfm vétrml m k`evme k`evmekb`e`u-sm kb`e`u-sm qum mal â p`sbtbvl. L mamtrbkbflfm f` hlstë` fm paìstbk` (f` pmetm, mi e`ssl mxpmrbãekbl) â kdlilfl fm mamtrbkbflfm rmsbe`sl m, k`evmekb`elaimetm fm emnltbvl.
Klrnls maâtrbkls bnulbs rmpmami-sm W`r klrnls maâtrbkls bnulbs ` laue` fmvm metmefmr lqumals qum tãi ` imsi` sbela, `u smcl, t`fls p`sbtbvls `u t`fls emnltbvls. V`im ln`rl `s f`bs pãefua`s k`i ls h`abedls fmsklrrmnlfls pma` t`qum fls ië`s, m l ui fmams lpr`xbim ` hlstë` fm vbfr`, prmvblimetm ltrbtlf`, pmribtbef` qum l h`abedl t`qum emam. Lpr`xbim f` `utr` ` pmetm tlihâi ltrbtlf` m fmbxm qum l h`abedl ` t`qum. Lpûs bst`, lpr`xbilef` metrm sb `s f`bs pãefua`s, `hsmrvli`s qum ls h`abedls, ln`rl, sm lpr`xbili, k`i` el nurl 44. Flé rmsuatl l smnuefl amb3
Ambs fm Ltrlîë` m Xmpuasë` Wr`ssmnubef` mi e`ssls mxpmrbãekbls, vli`s, ln`rl, k`estrubr f`bs pãefua`s maâtrbk`s. Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Obnurl 44 - Klrnls maâtrbkls fbomrmetms ltrlmi-sm. 87
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
fm omrr`, p`r mxmipa`, â o`rilf` pmals imsils plrtékuals qum ` ìt`i` fm klrh`e` (klrvë`): (klr vë`): metrmtlet`, mssms f`bs mamimet`s së` t`tlaimetm fbomrmetms fbomrmet ms els suls pr`prbmflfms oésbkls, p`rqum ` eóimr` fm plrtékuals â fbomrmetm. fbomrmetm. \ulef` ` ìt`i` tmi hlstletm maâtr`es, mstms sm fbspými mi klilfls mi v`atl f` eókam`. Mssls klilfls tãi ui eóimr` kmrt` m fmtmribelf` fm maâtr`es. El nurl 42, rmprmsmetli rmprmsmetli`s `s ui ìt`i` k`i ; maâtr`es, ; prût`es, ; eãutr`es m 8 klilfls.
Klrnls maâtrbkls fbomrmet fbomrmetms ms ltrlmi-sm W`r klrnls maâtrbkls fbomrmetms fmvm-sm metmefmr lqumals qum tãi sbelbs k`etrìrb`s, bst` â, p`sbtbvls m emnltbvls.
K`rp`s Emutr`s m Mamtrbzlf`s Ltâ ` i`imet` tmi`s olalf` mxlustbvlimetm mi klrnls maâtrbkls, ils eë` mxpabkli`s lbefl ` qum â rmlaimetm l klrnl maâtrbkl. [mrbl l h`abedl fm bs`p`r, fm e`ssls mxpmrbãekbls , uil klrnl maâtrbkl0 L rmsp`stl â eë`. L h`abedl â sbipamsimetm ui k`rp` l` qula k`eomrbi`s klrnls maâtrbkls, `u smcl, ui k`rp` qum eûs mamtrbzli`s. Letms fm smr mamtrbzlf`, mam mstlvl mi mstlf` emutr`, bst` â, smi klrnl.
Elturmzl fl Klrnl Klrnl Maâtrbkl Obnurl 42 - Ìt`i`.
[lhm-sm qum t`f` k`rp` â k`estbtuéf` fm ibeóskuals plrtms, qum së` kdlilfls fm i`aâkuals. Lssbi, ` plpma fmstl abîë`, ` aìpbs, ` omrr`, mei tuf` ` qum `kupl aunlr e` msplî` â o`rilf` fm i`aâkuals. Mstls, p`r sul vmz, së` o`rilfls fm plrtms ime`rms lbefl, qum së` `s ìt`i`s. Vlihâi `s ìt`i`s së` o`rilf`s fm pmqumels plrtékuals. Fmssls, ls ilbs bip`rtletms plrl ` e`ss` mstuf` së`3 ` maâtr`e, ` prût`e m ` eãutr`e. @ maâtr`e â l plrtékual f` ìt`i` qum tmi klrnl maâtrbkl emnltbvl, ` prût`e tmi klrnl p`sbtbvl m ` eãutr`e eë` tmi klrnl. L plrtbkualrbflfm f` ìt`i` â qum mam â uil mstruturl vlzbl, `u smcl, tmi uil plrtm kmetrla, qum sm kdlil eókam`, `efm mstë` sbtulf`s `s eãutr`es m `s prût`es, m tmi `s maâtr`es nbrlef` mi v`atl fmssm eókam`, l nrlefm fbstèekbl, rmaltbvlimetm l` smu tliled`. W`fmréli`s, plrl xlr bfâbls, k`iplrlr ` ìt`i` k`i ui sbstmil palemtìrb`.
Fmstl betr`fuîë` m f` qum cì slhmi`s fls mxpmrbãekbls k`i ` pãefua` maâtrbk`, p`fmi`s tbrlr ls smnubetms k`ekausýms3 <ª) K`i` ` eóimr` fm maâtr`es f` ìt`i` â bnula l` eóimr` fm prût`es, ` ìt`i` â mamtrbklimetm emutr`, bst` â, eë` â mamtrbzlf`. 8ª) K`i` maâtr`es m pr`tûes mxbstmi mi bnula eóimr` m tãi klrnls maâtrbkls fm sbelbs k`etrìrb`s, dì ltrlîë` metrm mams. ;ª) L o`rîl fm ltrlîë` metrm prût`es prût`es m maâtr`es fmpmefm fl p`sbîë` fl klilfl el qula ` maâtr`e sm mek`etrl. Lssbi, `s maâtr`es fl klilfl ilbs lolstlfl f` eókam` mstë` ilbs orlklimetm abnlf`s l mam. Mstm fmtladm â hlstletm bip`rtletm, k`i` vmrmi`s ilbs tlrfm. Wlrl k`ipamtlr mstls rìpbfls e`îýms s`hrm `s ìt`i`s, p`fmi`s slabmetlr qum3 l) L fbstèekbl metrm ` eókam` m uil klilfl fm maâtr`es â iubt` nrlefm. Wlrl qum ` laue` tmedl uil bfmbl fmssl fbstèekbl, fbrmi`s qum, sm ` eókam` pufmssm tmr ` tliled` fm uil h`al fm pbenum-p`enum, ` maâtr`e fmvmrbl mstlr l lkmrkl fm <= qubaöimtr`s f` eókam` m fmvmrbl smr iubt` ime`r qum uil klhmîl fm laemtm. E`tm qum mstl k`iplrlîë` â ombtl lpmels plrl qum sm tmedl uil bfmbl fm quë` fbstletm mstì ` maâtr`e f` eókam` m quë` fbomrmetms mams së` mi fbime-
@ klibed` qum `s maâtr`es fmskrmvmi mi v`atl f` eókam` â kdlilf` fm ûrhbtl. @ qum fbomrmekbl ui ìt`i` f`s `utr`s â ` eóimr` fm maâtr`es, m k`esmqumetmimetm, fm prût`es m fm eãutr`es qum mam p`ssub. @ ìt`i` Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
8<
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
sýms. El rmlabflfm, ` ìt`i` â të` pmqume` qum së` emkmssìrb`s iubt`s m iubt`s trbadýms fmams plrl mekdmr ui fmfla. h) @ maâtr`e â hmi ilbs amvm qum ` prût`e, ilbs prmkbslimetm kmrkl fm iba m `bt`kmetls vmzms.
tmi smus maâtr`es ilbs orlklimetm prms`s l`s ìt`i`s, kmfm-sm l` vbfr`. Â betmrmssletm e`tlr qum l quletbflfm fm maâtr`es qum ` vbfr` nled`u â bnula çqumal qum l lemal pmrfmu. Bst` â oìkba vmrbklr, p`bs hlstl qum sm mek`stm ` vbfr` el lemal plrl qum lih`s rmt`remi l` mstlf` emutr`.
Mxpabklîë` f`s Omeöime`s Maâtrbk`s L Ltrlîë` `u Xmpuasë` fl H`abedl fm Bs`p`r Fm p`ssm fm lanuils e`îýms s`hrm ìt`i`, p`fmi`s mxpabklr, fm ilembrl k`rrmtl, `s omeöime`s `hsmrvlf`s els mxpmrbãekbls k`i ` pãefua` maâtrbk`.
L h`abedl fm bs`p`r uslfl e` pãefua`, fm beékb`, mstì e` mstlf` emutr`, `u smcl, tmi imsil quletbflfm fm prût`es m maâtr`es. \ulef` fmal sm lpr`xbil ui f`s hlstýms mamtrbzlf`s, lk`etmkm ` smnubetm3 ls klrnls maâtrbkls f` hlstë` mamtrbzlf` rmpmami ls klrnls maâtrbkls fm imsi` sbela fl h`abedl m ltrlmi ls fm sbelbs k`etrìrb`s, k`i` lprmefmi`s. W`fmrbl plrmkmr l` laue` qum, smef` bnula ` eóimr` fm klrnls maâtrbkls p`sbtbvls m emnltbvls el h`abedl, l o`rîl fm ltrlîë` o`ssm bnula l fm rmpuasë` m eë` fmvmssm dlvmr i`vbimet`. Bss` eë` lk`etmkm, p`rqum l quletbflfm fm klrnl fm ui sû sbela mxbstmetm e` hlstë` mamtrbzlf` â ilb`r f` qum l mxbstmetm el h`abedl m, p`rtlet`, dlvmrì ltrlîë`, bst` â, tmefãekbl fl h`abedl l lpr`xbilr-sm f` hlstë`. Besbstbef`, lbefl emstm p`et`, vli`s rmk`rrmr l ui mxmipa` euiârbk`. [up`edli`s [up`edli`s qum l h`abedl tmedl = maâtr`es m = prût`es, p`rtlet`, mstm cl mi mstlf` emutr`. Lfibtli`s Lfibtli`s qum, lpûs ltrbtlf`, ` hlstë` fm vbfr` qum k`i <7 maâtr`es. Metë`, qulef` sm lpr`xbil ` hlstë` fl h`abedl, `s = prût`es fmstl óatbil së` ltrléf`s pma`s <7 maâtr`es f` hlstë`. K`i` <7 klrnls tãi ilbs o`rîl fm ltrlîë` qum ls =, l h`abedl lpr`xbil-sm f` hlstë`. El nurl 27, baustrli`s ` mxmipa`.
L Mamtrbzlîë` f`s Hlstýms K`imkmi`s pma` vbfr`. Mssm hlstë`, mvbfmetmimetm, â o`rilf` p`r ui eóimr` beklakuaìvma fm ìt`i`s qum, p`r sul vmz , tãi ui eóimr` iubt` ilb`r fm maâtr`es. W`r `utr` alf`, mi rlzë` fm sul k`estbtubîë` i`amkualr, mssms maâtr`es mstë` o`rtmimetm prms`s l`s ìt`i`s. Mi smef` lssbi, qulef` sm msormnl l lemal e` hlstë` fm vbfr`, mal, tmef` smus maâtr`es ilbs abvrms, pmrfm maâtr`es, `s qulbs sm fmp`sbtli e` hlstë` fm vbfr`. Fmstl ilembrl, ` vbfr` kl mamtrbzlf` m l lemal tlihâi. Fbzmi`s qum ` vbfr` k`u k`i mamtrbkbflfm p`sbtbvl m l lemal, emnltbvl. [m ltrbtlri`s k`i l lemal ` hlstë` fm rmsbel, qum mi e`ssls mxpmrbãekbls â ui pmetm paìstbk`, prmomrbvmaimetm fm mh`ebtm, `hsmrvlrmi`s ` k`etrìrb` f` kls` letmrb`r, `u smcl, l lemal, p`r tmr smus maâtr`es ilbs o`rtmimetm abnlf`s l` ìt`i` qum ` hlstë` fm rmsbel (pmetm), rmtbrl maâtr`es f` pmetm. Emstls kbrkuetèekbls, tlet` ` pmetm k`i` l lemal kli mamtrbzlf`s. K`i mstls fuls mxpabklîýms, ` laue` p`fm k`iprmmefmr p`rqum `s f`bs hlstýms tãi mamtrbkbflfms fbomrmetms, mih`rl smcli ltrbtlf`s k`i l imsil lemal. M ` qum fmtmribel sm ui k`rp` mstì mamtrbzlf` `u eë` â ` r`ipbimet` fm smu mstlf` fm emutrlabflfm. Lssbi, ` hlstë` fm vbfr`, hmi k`i` l lemal, bebkblaimetm, mstë` mi mstlf` emutr`, bst` â, tãi l imsil quletbflfm fm maâtr`es, qum së` ls klrnls maâtrbkls emnltbvls, m fm prût`es, qum së` ls klrnls p`sbtbvls. \ulef` ltrbtlf`s, bst` â, msormnlf`s ui k`etrl ` `utr`, r`ipm-sm mssm mqubaéhrb` m l lemal, qum Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Obnurl 27 - Ltrlîë` fm f`bs k`rp`s k`i klrnls maâtrbkls fbomrmetms. 88
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
L Mamtrbzlîë` p`r K`etlt`
[metbf` fl K`rrmetm Maâtrbkl
I`strli`s qum l h`abedl, lpûs t`klr e` hlstë`, â rmpmabfl. _mcli`s p`rqum. Wlrl ilb`r olkbabflfm, vli`s k`esbfmrlr lbefl, ` mxmipa` euiârbk` f` btmi letmrb`r. Fmbxmi`s qum l h`abedl k`i = klrnls emnltbvls m = p`sbtbvls metrm mi k`etlt`, `u smcl, t`qum e` hlstë` k`i klrnl emnltbvl. \ulef` bss` sm fì, ls = klrnls p`sbtbvls fl h`abedl emutrlabzli-sm k`i = emnltbvls f` hlstë`: p`rtlet`, l h`abedl, qum mrl emutrl, plssl l smr emnltbvl m, k`i` ` hlstë` lbefl â emnltbv`, p`rqum p`ssub = klrnls emnltbvls, dlvmrì rmpuasë`, rmpuasë`, k`i` o`b `hsmrvlf` mi e`ssls mxpmrbãekbls. K`evâi e`tlr qum, sm ` hlstë` o`ssm fm rmsbel paìstbkl (pmetm, mi e`ss` mxmipa`), ` mombt` smrbl ` imsi`, `u smcl, rmpuasë` fl h`abedl. Metrmtlet`, ls klrnls emnltbvls fl h`abedl â qum smrbli emutrlabzlfls.
K`evmekb`ela K`i` sm k`evmekb`e`u qum l mamtrbkbflfm f` vbfr` â p`sbtbvl, lfibtbu-sm qum ls klrnls maâtrbkls (maâtr`es) sm i`vbli f` vbfr` (p`tmekbla ilbs lat`) plrl l rmsbel, `u smcl, f` p`sbtbv` plrl ` emnltbv`. [metbf` K`evmekb`ela K`evmekb`ela - f` p`sbtbv` plrl ` emnltbv`
_mrflfmbr` Fmp`bs f` qum vbi`s, pmrkmhmi`s qum ` smetbf` vmrflfmbr` f` i`vbimet` f`s maâtr`es â f` emnltbv` plrl ` p`sbtbv`. [metbf` Xmla - f` emnltbv` plrl ` p`sbtbv`.
K`imetìrb` [`hrm l Fme`ibelîë` fm Mamtrbkbflfm W`sbtbvl m Emnltbvl
@hsmrvlîë`3
Eûs lrili`s qum l mamtrbkbflfm qum lplrmkmu e` vbfr` ltrbtlf` o`b kdlilfl fm p`sbtbvl m l fm rmsbel, emnltbvl. Metrmtlet`, fls mxpabklîýms letmrb`rms k`u kalr` qum ` vbfr` ltrbtlf` kl k`i mxkmss` fm maâtr`es, qum së` klrnls emnltbvls. A`n`, â mvbfmetm qum l mamtrbkbflfm fm vbfr` â emnltbvl, m eë` p`sbtbvl. K`i` mstm olt` o`b k`ipr`vlf` iubt` tmip` fmp`bs fl fmsk`hmrtl fl mamtrbkbflfm pma`s sìhb`s nrmn`s, k`esmrvli-sm ltâ d`cm ls kalssbklîýms flfls plrl mamtrbkbflfm vétrml m l rmsbe`sl, mih`rl sm slbhl qum mstë` tr`klfls.
K`i` ` smetbf` fl k`rrmetm eë` latmrl l s`auîë` prìtbkl f`s pr`hamils fm mamtrbkbflfm, ltâ d`cm sm tmi iletbf` ` smetbf` k`evmekb`ela: a`n`, ` laue` eë` fmvm mstrledlr qulef`, mi e`ss`s kbrkubt`s, befbklri`s k`i` smetbf` fl k`rrmetm lqumam qum vlb f` p`sbtbv` plrl emnltbv`.
L K`rrmetm Maâtrbkl
V`fls ls fmsk`hmrtls kbmetékls smiprm tãi lpabklîýms prìtbkls qum hmemkbli l duilebflfm. E` kls` fl mamtrbkbflfm, mals së` beuimrìvmbs. L mxpabklîë` f`s omeöime`s maâtrbk`s k`i hlsm el tm`rbl f`s maâtr`es pmribtbu ui fmsmev`avbimet` me`rim fl kbãekbl maâtrbkl, k`i lpabklîýms prìtbkls fls ilbs rmamvletms, tlbs k`i` rìfb`, V_, rlflr, mtk. K`i` mstuflrmi`s lanuils fmssls lpabklîýms k`i fmtladms, vli`s kbtlr, l smnubr, fuls utbaéssbils, fm `hsmr-
Lpabklîýms Wrìtbkls f` K`ekmbt` fm Klrnl Maâtrbkl
Ltâ lqub tmi`s lrilf`, k`estletmimetm, qum l k`rrmetm maâtrbkl â ` i`vbimet` fls klrnls maâtrbkls. W`fmi`s ln`rl, k`i iubt` ilbs pr`prbmflfm,, lrilr qum3 l k`rrmetm maâtrbkl â ` pr`prbmflfm i`vbimet` f`s maâtr`es. K`rrmetm maâtrbkl 9 Maâtr`es mi i`vbimet` Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
8;
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
vlîë` k`rrmetm, qum, imsi` eë` smef` `hcmt` fm e`ss` kurs`, së` mxmipa`s fl utbabflfm f`s k`ekmbt`s qum mstufli`s.
ilr kduvl l` bevâs fm lhrbnlr-sm s`h ìrv`rms iubt` latls, p`rqum mstls ‑ltrlmi’ ` rlb`.
Fbstrbhubîë` fls Klrnls Maâtrbkls e`s K`rp`s
Wìrl-rlb`s
\ulef` sm k`iuebkli klrnls maâtrbkls l ui k`rp`, mssls klrnls tãi tmefãekbl l `kuplr l ilb`r ìrml p`ssévma, qum â, mvbfmetmimetm, l supmroékbm mxtmrel. Lssbi, sm mamtrbzlri`s uil klbxl, fmetr` fmal eë` dlvmrì klrnls maâtrbkls, ils s`imetm p`r o`rl. L mxpabklîë` fbss` â l smnubetm3 V`f` k`rp` mamtrbzlf` tmi klrnls sû fm imsi` sbela3 klrnls fm imsi` sbela rmpmami-sm: a`n`, pr`kurli fbstlekblr-sm metrm sb, `kuplef` l ilb`r supmroékbm. Mvbfmetmimetm, l ilb`r supmroékbm â l mxtmrel. Mssm olt` â hlstletm utbabzlf` mi mamtrbkbflfm, qulef` sm fmsmcl pr`tmîë` k`etrl lîë` fm klrnls mxtmrb`rms, k`i` el pr`tmîë` fm bestruimet`s smesévmbs k`etrl klip`s maâtrbk`s, p`r mxmipa`.
Mi k`esmqumekbl f`s fmsabzlimet`s metrm klilfls fm euvmes, ` qum lk`etmkm ilbs ormqumetmimetm e`s prmeóekb`s fm tmipmstlfms, mals sm klrrmnli o`rtmimetm fm mamtrbkbflfm. Metë`, s`atli betmesls fmsklrnls, metrm ls euvmes, fm mamtrbkbflfm fm sbelbs `p`st`s. Mssls fmsklrnls së` k`edmkbfls k`i` rlb`s. L ilb`r plrtm f`s rlb`s slatli fm uil euvmi l `utrl m pr`fuzmi uil auibe`sbflfm qum k`edmkmi`s k`i` rmaèipln`. L fmsklrnl pr`fuz ui nrlefm fmsprmefbimet` fm kla`r, qum fbaltl ` lr m pr`v`kl ` s`i qum kdlili`s fm tr`vë`. \ulef` `s rlb`s lk`etmkmi metrm l euvmi m l tmrrl, t`reli-sm bimeslimetm pmrbn`s`s, fmvbf` ç me`rim quletbflfm fm mamtrbkbflfm qum sm msk`l. ]i i`f` fm pr`tmîë` k`etrl `s rlb`s k`esbstm el bestlalîë` fm pìrl-rlb`s nurl 2<.
@s Klplkbt`rms @ mstuf` fls klrnls maâtrbkls, qum zmi`s, pmribtm-e`s lprmsmetlr ui k`ip`emetm fm lpabklîë` k`estletm mi t`f`s `s kbrkubt`s fm mamtröebkl, qum â ` klplkbt`r, vuanlrimetm k`edmkbf` k`i` ` k`efmeslf`r. Lk`esmadli`s ` laue` l miprmnlr smiprm l prbimbrl fme`ibelîë`, p`bs â ilbs k`rrmtl. @ klplkbt`r kuiprm beóimrls elabflfms e`s kbrkubt`s mamtröebk`s. Â utbabzlf` e` ha`qumb` fm k`rrmetm k`etéeul plrl abvrm plsslnmi fm k`rrmetm latmrelfl, k`i` rmsmrvltûrb` fm klrnls e`s kbrkubt`s fm atr`, k`i` tlequm e`s kbrkubt`s `skbalf`rms, mtk., k`i` ` laue` tmrì `p`rtuebflfm fm lprmefmr, e` fmsmev`avbimet` smev`avbime t` f` e`ss` kurs`. W`r `rl, lelabslrmi`s lpmels ` prbeképb` fm ouekb`elimet` m `s fmtladms k`estrutbv`s f`s klplkbtlf`rms klplkbtlf`rms..
Obnurl 2< - Wìrl-rlb`s.
Mstms së` k`estbtuéf`s fm hlrrls fm imtla fm p`uk` ilbs fm ui imtr`, k`a`klfls el plrtm ilbs latl f` mfboékb` qum sm fmsmcl pr`tmnmr, m abnlf`s ç tmrrl ltrlvâs fm k`efut`rms fm nrlefm fbèimtr`. \ulef` uil euvmi k`i klrnl p`sbtbvl plssl pmrt` f` pìrl-rlb`, lplrmkmi emam klrnls maâtrbkls fm sbelbs k`etrìrb`s l`s fl euvmi. Metë`, l klrnl fl euvmi â ltrléfl m fì-sm ` rlb`. Fmstl ilembrl, l euvmi â ‑fmsklrrmn ‑fmsklrrmnlfl’ lfl’ plrl l tmrrl tmr rl m eë` pr`fuz `s k`edmkbf`s mombt`s ilaâk`s. Â lk`esmadìvma, mi kls` fm tmipmstlfm, t`Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Klplkbtèekbl [up`edli`s qum sm k`a`qumi fuls palkls fm imtla mi plrlama`, smi qum sm t`qumi, k`i` 86
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
i`strli`s el nurl 28. Mssls palkls kdlili-sm lrilfurls m ` k`ecuet`, klplkbt`r. Abnumi`s mssls fuls palkls l uil hltmrbl.
v`ats, mek`etrli`s mek`etrli`s ? klrnls: plrl 6 v`ats, 4 klrklrnls: plrl = v`ats, <7 klrnls: m lssbi p`r fbletm. @hsmrvlef` ltmetlimetm mssms eóimr`s, e`tli`s uil plrtbkualrbflfm betmrmssletm, `u smcl, l rmalîë`, bst` â, l fbvbsë` metrm l quletbflfm fm klrnls qum ` klplkbt`r lkuiua`u m l fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla lpabklfl â k`estletm m smiprm l imsil, els fbvmrsls mxpmrbãekbls, bst` â, 8, p`bs, 8 fbvbfbf` p`r < rmsuatl 8: 6 fbvbfbf` p`r 8 tlihâi fì 8, m lssbi p`r fbletm. Fmp`bs fbss`, p`fmi`s fmebr l klplkbflfm `u klplkbtèekbl fm ui klplkbt`r fl smnubetm ilembrl3
Obnurl 28 - Lrilfurls k`i` mxmipa` fm ui klplkbt`r.
Kdlil-sm klplkbtèekbl fm ui klplkbt`r l rmalîë` (fbvbsë`) metrm l quletbflfm fm klrnl lkuiualfl m l fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla lpabklfl çs suls lrilfurls.
K`i` slhmi`s qum ls fuls palkls eë` sm t`kli, eë` dlvmrì plsslnmi fm k`rrmetm maâtrbkl, `u, imad`r fbzmef`, eë` fmvmrbl dlvmr plsslnmi fm k`rrmetm maâtrbkl. Lfibtli Lfibtli`s `s qum, lpûs kmrt` tmip`, tmip` mssm qum k`rrmsp`efm l` fm klrnl f` klplkbt`r, smcli imfbfls ls tmesýms els palkls m el hltmrbl. _mrbkl-sm _mrbkl-sm qum eë` dì fbomrmeîl els imfbfls: k`esmqumetmimetm, eë` mstì plsslef` k`rrmetm k`rrmetm.. Ln`rl, fmsabnl-sm l hltmrbl m imfm-sm e`vlimetm l fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla metrm ls palkls. _mrbkl-sm qum mal â bnula ç fl hltmrbl. @rl, ` olt` fm mxbstbr mssl fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla befbkl qum ls palkls lkuiualrli klrnls maâtrbkls, laâi fm qum uil fmals tmi klrnl emnltbvl m l `utrl, p`sbtbvl. Wlrl ilb`r olkbabflfm fm rlkb`kéeb`, lfibtli`s qum ` klplkbt`r tmedl lkuiualf` fuls klrnls maâtrbkls, qulef` l mam lpabk`u-sm < v`at fm fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla. Mi uil smnuefl prìtbkl, ueli`s metrm sb `s tmribelbs f` klplkbt`r.. Â kalr` qum ls klrnls p`sbtbvls m emnltbvls t`r sm leuali m tmi`s, metë`, ` qum sm kdlil fm fmsklrnl f` klplkbt`r. ]il vmz fmsklrrmnlf`, lpabqumi`s l` e`ss` klplkbt`r uil fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla fm 8 v`ats. Mspmrmi`s ` tmip` emkmssìrb` plrl qum sm klrrmnum. Ombt` bst`, fmtmribemi`s, p`r ui pr`kmss` qulaqumr qum e` i`imet` eë` tmi bip`rtèekbl, l e`vl quletbflfm fm klrnl. _mrbkli`s _mrbkli`s qum mal â fuls vmzms ilb`r qum l letmrb`r, `u smcl, 6 klrnls. Ln`rl, mi mxpmrbãekbls bnulbs ç fmskrbtl, ils k`i `utrls fbomrmeîls fm p`tmekbla, imfbi`s smiprm l quletbflfm fm klrnl. _mrbkli`s qum, plrl ; Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
]ebflfm fm Imfbfl L uebflfm fm imfbfl fl klplkbtèekbl â kdlilfl fm olrlf, mi d`imelnmi l` nrlefm sìhb` benaãs Ibkdlma Olrlfly, smef` rmprmsmetlfl pmal amtrl O. OLXLF 9 O @ olrlf â uil uebflfm fm imfbfl iubt` nrlefm m tmi p`ukl `u qulsm emeduil lpabklîë` prìtbkl. W`r bss`, utbabzli-sm smus suhióatbpa`s3 l) Ibkr`olrlf, qum k`rrmsp`efm k`rrmsp`efm ç ibab`eâsbil plrtm fm ui olrlf m sm rmprmsmetl p`r ½O. Ibkr`olrlf (½O) 9
< ‖‖‖‖‛ <.777.777
O
h) Wbk`olrlf, qum mqubvlam ç ibab`eâsbil plrtm f` ibkr`olrlf m sm rmprmsmetl p`r pO (pbk`olrlf). ]s`u-sm iubt` l fme`ibelîë` ibkr`ibkr`olrlf, ils, ltulaimetm, tmi-sm prmomrbf` pbk`olrlf (pO), p`r smr ilbs kurtl, tlet` el ambturl k`i` el lhrmvblîë` lhrmvblîë`.. Wbk`olrlf (po (po)) 9 8=
< ‖‖‖‖‛‖‖‖‖ <.777.777.777.777
O
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Lo`rl mssms f`bs suhióatbpa`s f` olrlf, e`rilaimetm ` laue` mek`etrlrì, k`i hlstletm ormqñãekbl, ` ele`olrlf. k) Ele`olrlf, kucl e`tlîë` â eO m k`rrmsp`efm ç ibaâsbil plrtm f` ibkr`olrlf, `u smcl, â ui suhióatbpa` qum mstì metrm ` ibkr`olrlf m ` pbk`olrlf. Ele`olrlf (po (po)) 9
< ‖‖‖‖‖‖‖ <.777.777.777
fmebîë`, â l klplkbtèekbl, k`etbeul smiprm l imsil. Fmstl lriltbvl eë` vì ` laue` k`ekaubr qum ui klplkbt`r k`estruéf` plrl ouekb`elr mi =7 _ p`ssl smr abnlf` mi =77 _. Kalr` qum eë`, p`bs, mih`rl l klplkbtèekbl pmrilemîl l imsil els fuls tmesýms, ` klplkbt`r fm =7 _ r`ipm-sm (mstrlnl-sm), l` smr abnlf` mi =77 _. L klplkbtèekbl f` klplkbt`r fmpmefm3
O
Fls Fbimesýms (Ìrml) fls Lrilfurls
Lela`nbl Dbfrìuabkl fl ]ebflfm
Wlrl fmi`estrlr fmi`estrlr qum lssbi â, hlstl k`estrubr klplkbt`rms k`i lrilfurls fm ìrmls fbomrmetms m imfbr l quletbflfm fm klrnl qum mals lkuiuali, qulef` suhimtbfls ç imsil fbomrmeî fbomrmeîll fm p`tmekbla. W`r mxmipa`, k`estruli`s ui klplkbt`r k`i fuls palkls fm <77 kmetéimtr`s qulfrlf`s fm ìrml, `u smcl, palkls fm <7 ki fm alf`, k`a`klef`-ls olkm l olkm m fbstlekblfls metrm sb fm < ki. Ln`rl, k`estruli`s `utr` klplkbtlf`r fm 677 kmetéimtr`s qulfrlf`s fm ìrml, bst` â, palkls fm 87 kmetéimtr`s fm alf`, m tlihâi k`a`qumi`s mssls palkls olkm l olkm, el imsil fbstèekbl letmrb`r fm < ki (_mcl el nurl 2;).
K`etbeulef` k`i ls k`iplrlîýms dbfrìuabkls qum çs vmzms olzmi`s, p`fmi`s k`iplrlr l klplkbtèekbl k`i ui rmsmrvltûrb` (klbxl f‒ìnul). Lssbi, e` kls` fl ìnul, l h`ihl â l memrnbl qum i`vbimetl l ìnul, fmp`sbtlef`-l e` rmsmrvltûrb`. E` kls` fm mamtrbkbflfm mamtrbkbflfm,, l pbadl â l memrnbl qum i`vbimetl ls klrnls maâtrbkls, fmp`sbtlef`-ls e` klplkbtlf`r klplkbtlf`r.. Nrlefm v`auim fm ìnul mekdm ui aln`. Nrlefm v`auim fm klrnls maâtrbkls k`efuz l ui olrlf. ]i pmqume` v`auim fm ìnul mekdm, p`r mxmipa`, ui hlrrba. ]i pmqume` v`auim fm klrnls mekdm, p`r mxmipa` mxmipa`,, ui klplkbt`r fm ui ibkr`olrlf. Cì iubt` p`ukl ìnul mekdm, p`r mxmipa`, ui fmfla, m iubt` p`ukls klrnls klrrmnli, p`r mxmipa`, ui klplkbt`r fm ui pbk`olrlf. \ulef` sm fbz qum ui k`bsl â iubt` nrlefm, mal fmvm smr t`ilfl mi k`iplrlîë` l `utrl. W`r bss`, plrl sm tmr bfâbl fl me`ribflfm f` olrlf, hlstl fbzmr qum, plrl qum uil msomrl tmedl klplkbtèekbl fm ui olrlf, mal fmvm smr ilb`r qum l Vmrrl.
Obnurl 2; - L klplkbtèekbl fm ui klplkbt`r fmpmefm fl ìrml fls palkls.
Fm qum Fmpmefm l Klplkbtèekbl fm ui Klplkbt`r
Abnlef` `s f`bs klplkbt`rms lssbi k`estruéf`s l uil fmtmribelfl fbomrmeîl fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla, qum p`fm smr l imsil plrl `s f`bs `u eë`, m fbvbfbef` ` vla`r fl quletbflfm fm klrnl lkuiualfl pmal fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla mi klfl klplkbt`r, vli`s `hsmrvlr qum ` klplkbt`r eóimr` f`bs, bst` â, ` qum tmi alf` fuls vmzms ilb`r m ìrml qultr` vmzms ilb`r, tmi klplkbflfm qultr` vmzms ilb`r qum ` prbimbr`. Bst` fmi`estrl qum l klplkbtèekbl fmpmefm fbrmtlimetm fl ìrml fls lrilfurls.
Fls mxpmrbãekbls letmrb`rms, p`fmi`s k`ekaubr qum l klplkbtèekbl eë` fmpmefm fl fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla lpabklfl çs lrilfurls f` klplkbt`r. Bst` â oìkba fm k`ekaubr, p`rqum, qulef` sm luimetl `u sm fbibeub l tmesë` els lrilfurls, tlihâi luimetl `u fbibeub l quletbflfm fm klrnl lkuiualfl, fm i`f` qum l rmalîë` metrm l tmesë` m l quletbflfm fm klrnl, qum, p`r Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
8?
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
F` Fbmaâtrbk`
Fl Mspmssurl f` Fbmaâtrbk`
Kdlil-sm fm fbmaâtrbk` fm ui klplkbt`r l suhstèekbl bs`aletm qum mstì k`a`klfl metrm ls lrilfurls. L klplkbflfm f` klplkbt`r tlihâi fmpmefm fmssl suhstèekbl. Els mxpmrbãekbls tmûrbkls qum kbtli`s ltâ lqub, k`i l betmeîë` óebkl fm fbibeubr l fbkuaflfm plrl metmefbimet` metmefbimet` fl klplkbtèekbl, tmi`s miprmnlf`, k`i` ` fbmaâtrbk`, fbmaâtr bk`, ` lr. Mih`rl mxbstli, el prìtbkl, klplkbt`rms kuc` fbmaâtrbk` â ` lr, qulef` sm fmsmcli nrlefms klplkbflfms së` utbabzlf`s `utr`s iltmrblbs k`i` fbmaâtrbk`, tlbs k`i`3 ibkl, paìstbk`, p`abâstmr, p`abâstmr, kmrèibkl, vbfr`, ûam`, mtk. Wlrl `hsmrvlr k`i` vlrbl l klplkbtèekbl k`i ` tbp` fm fbmaâtrbk`, rmk`rrli`s lbefl çs mxpmrbãekbls. Lfibtli`s qum, smef` ` lr ` fbmaâtrbk`, e` klplkbt`r eóimr` ui f` mxmipa` letmrb`r, tmedli`s mek`etrlf` klplkbtèekbl fm 4,4? pO. Ln`rl, vli`s prmmekdmr ` msplî` metrm ls fuls lrilfurls k`i ibkl, k`i` baustrl l nurl 26.
Bebkblaimetm, fmvmi`s mskalrmkmr qum sm kdlBebkblaimetm, il fm mspmssurl f` fbmaâtrbk` l fbstèekbl metrm ls lrilfurls. _li`s i`strlr qum l klplkbtèekbl fmpmefm fmssl mspmssurl: plrl tlet`, tlihâi aleîli`s ië` fls mxpmrbãekbls. K`esbfmrmi`s, K`esbfmrmi `s, metë`, ` klplkbt`r k`i fbmaâtrbk` fm lr m ìrml fm <77 kmetéimtr`s qulfrlf`s fm lrilfurl. _bi`s qum, qulef` mssls lrilfurls mstë` fbstlekblfls uil fl `utrl fm ui kmetéimtr`, l klplkbtèekbl â fm 4,4? pO. Ln`rl, mi `utrl mxpmrbãekbl, vli`s k`esmrvlr ls fbimesýms fls palkls m ` fbmaâtrbk` fm lr m lpr`xbilr ls lrilfurls metrm sb, fm i`f` qum l fbstèekbl metrm mals plssm l smr fm 7,= ki (imb` kmetéimtr`). Emstm kls`, lbefl imfbef` l fbomrmeîl fm tmesë` lpabklfl, l quletbflfm fm klrnls lkuiualfls m fbvbfbef` l smnuefl pmal prbimbrl, vli`s mek`etrlr qum l klplkbtèekbl â fm <>,>8 pO, `u smcl, fuls vmzms l letmrb`r. E`tli`s metë` qum, fbvbfbef` l mspmssurl pmal imtlfm, l klplkbtèekbl f`hr`u fm vla`r. [m fmsmclri`s momtulr `utrl mxpmrbãekbl smimadletm, p`fmrmi`s f`hrlr l mspmssurl f` fbmaâtrbk`, bst` â, luimetlr l fbstèekbl metrm ls lrilfurls plrl 8 ki. Emstl sbtulîë`, imfbef` e`vlimetm l klplkbtèekbl, vli`s mek`etrlr 6,6; pO, `u smcl, l imtlfm f` vla`r mek`etrlf` qulef` l mspmssurl mrl fm < ki. Bst` e`s amvl l k`ekaubr qum, luimetlef` l mspmssurl f` fbmaâtrbk`, l klplkbtèekbl fbibeub. L k`ekausë` l qum kdmnli`s â l fm qum l klplkbtèekbl vlrbl bevmrslimetm k`i l mspmssurl f` fbmaâtrbk` fbmaâtrbk`..
Obnurl 26 - f` fbmaâtrbk` uslf` m fm sul mspmssurl.
Lpabklef` l` klplkbt`r lssbi o`rilf` uil fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla, imfbef` l quletbflfm fm klrnl lkuiualfl m fbvbfbef` pmal tmesë` mssl quletbflfm, vli`s mek`etrlr plrl e`vl klplkbtèekbl ` vla`r fm =;,
@hsmrvlîë`3 F` mxp`st` ltâ lqub, p`fmr-sm-bl k`ekaubr mrr`emlimetmm qum ` klplkbt`r â smiprm k`estbtuér`emlimet f` p`r fuls palkls palels m plrlamals. Bst` eë` â vmrflfm.. Labìs, k`i` ` laue` vmrì el abîë` prìtbvmrflfm kl, qulef` sm fmsmcli nrlefms klplkbflfms mi pmqume`s v`auims, ls palkls (lrilfurls) së` fbsp`stls mi mspbrla. Fbrmi`s, lbefl, qum emi â prmkbs` qum smcli palkls, plrl mxbstbr ` mombt` fl
Fbss` sm k`ekaub qum l klplkbtèekbl fmpmefm f` tbp` fm fbmaâtrbk` utbabzlf`. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
8>
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
klplkbtèekbl. Hlstl qum tmedli`s f`bs `u ilbs k`rp`s k`i qulaqumr o`ril m metrm mams mxbstl fbomrmeîl fm p`tmekbla, p`tmekbla, plrl qum sm tmedl ` mombt` fl klplkbtèekbl. @ laue` vmrì, p`r mxmipa`, qum el abnlîë` fm k`ip`emetms fm rìfb` ltrlvâs fm `s, mstms `s o`rili k`i ` kdlssb uil pmqumel klplkbtèekbl l qula, mi ormquãekbl mamvlfl, p`fm iuflr k`ipamtlimetm ` k`ip`rtlimet` f` kbrkubt`. Laâi fbss`, qulaqumr k`ip`emetm, imsi` ` rmsbst`r qum ` laue` k`edmkm, p`ssub uil pmqumel klplkbtèekbl.
nrlefmzl bevmrsl fl rmsbstãekbl rmkmhm ` e`im fm k`efutèekbl. L uebflfm fm imfbfl fl k`efutèekbl â tlihâi ` bevmrs` f` `di, `u smcl, ` id` (`di mskrbt` trìs plrl fbletm) m smus ióatbpa`s m suhióatbpa`s. L` id` tlihâi sm ltrbhub ` e`im fm [BMIME[, rmprmsmetlef`-` pmal amtrl [.
_`klhuaìrb` Lkb`elimet`3 I`vbimetlîë`.
Mi k`ekausë`, fbrmi`s qum sm fì ` e`im fm klplkbt`r l qulaqumr k`rp` utbabzlf` tmef` mi vbstl ` lpr`vmbtlimet` fm sul klplkbtèekbl.
K`evmekb`ela3 Lquba` qum sm lkmbtl k`i` K`evmekb`ela3 usula k`iui. Fmpmefãekbl3 [uh`rfbelîë`: sucmbîë` Bipabkl3 Wr`fuz k`i` k`esmquãekbl: mev`avm. Bevmrsë`3 Lt` `u mombt` fm bevmrtmr, bst` â, vbrlr plrl ` smetbf` `p`st` l` elturla. Ambn`3 Lqumam qum â mstrled` `u ladmb` l ui lssuet`.
Obnurl 2= - Klplkbt`r [IF.
Aékbt`3 @ qum â cust` `u pmribtbf`. X`tbembr`3 Dlhbtula, k`stuimbr` k`stuimbr`..
WLXL XMOAMVBX
[bipabstl3 [benma`, fm oìkba k`iprmmesë` k`iprmmesë`.. Wlrl rmsuibr mstm klpétua`, p`fmi`s lrilr qum l rmsbstãekbl maâtrbkl fm ui k`rp` fmpmefm fm trãs olt`rms, `u smcl3 l) fm suls fbimesýms, bst` â, fm sul smkîë` rmtl m smu k`iprbimet k`iprbimet`: `: h) f` iltmrbla fm qum â k`estruéf` ` k`efut`r - mstl fmpmefãekbl â befbklfl pmal rmsbstbvbflfm f` iltmrbla: k) fl tmipmrlturl mi qum ` k`rp` sm mek`etrl. Obelaimetm, fmvmi`s mskalrmkmr qum l Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
[beöebi`3 Fbz-sm fm plalvrl qum tmi qulsm l imsil sbnebklîë` sbnebklîë`.. [ukmssë`3 [mquãekbl fm omeöime`s `u olt`s, nmrlaimetm vbekualf`s p`r uil rmalîë` klsula. _mrhlaimetm3 @rlaimetm, bst` â, mxprmss` fm vbvl v`z. 84
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
_MCL [M LWXMEFM] - Lp`stbal 78 <. @ quba`wltt â bnula l3 l) ( h) ( k) ( f) (
) <77 wltts ) <.777 wltts ) <7.777 wltts ) >6? wltts
8. @ k`ip`emetm k`i elabflfm mxkausbvl fm olzmr rmsbstãekbl kdlil-sm3 l) ( h) ( k) ( f) (
) Klplkbt`r ) Xmsbst`r ) Vrle Vrleso`rilf`r so`rilf`r ) Xmaã
;. \ula ` vla`r f` rmsbst`r qum tmi ls olbxls k`i ls smnubetms k`rms: vmrimad`, vmrimad`, vmrimad`, ilrr`i, m f`urlf`3 l) ( h) ( k) ( f) (
) 88 ) 88 x <7 9 887 - =% ) 8 x 8 x <7 9 677 =% ) 88<7 =%
6. @ rmsbst`r I[F k`i ` eóimr` 878 nrlvlf` e` k`rp`, tmi ` vla`r mi `dis3 l) ( h) ( k) ( f) (
) 87 x 8 9 67 ) 8 x <7 <7 9 877 ) 8 x <7 x <77 <77 9 8.777 ) 878
=. L klrnl maâtrbkl f` maâtr`e â3 l) ( h) ( k) ( f) (
) W`sbtbvl ) Emnltbvl ) Eë` p`ssub klrnl ) Latmrelfl
@hs3 L rmsp`stl f` _mcl sm Lprmefmu fl Lp`stbal 78, mek`etrl-sm el Lp`stbal 7;. Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
82
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
Xmsp`stls f` vmcl sm lprmefmu lp`stbal 7< <. @ lipärm { L } â imfbf` k`i3 l) ( ) @diéimtr` h) ( ) _`atéimtr` k) ( x ) Lipmréimtr` f) ( ) Klplkéimtr`
8. L k`rrmetm qum eë` s`orm vlrblîë` fm p`alrbflfm â 3 l) ( x ) K`etéeul h) ( ) Latmrelfl k) ( ) W`alrbzlfl f) ( ) Emutrl
;. L o`riual W9 _ x L â plrl klakualr3 l) ( ) W`tãekb W`tãekbll Dbfrìuabkl h) ( ) Wmréimtr Wmréimtr` ` k) ( x ) W`tãe W`tãekbl kbl Maâtrbkl f) ( ) W`alrbflfm
6. El oûriual lkbil _ â _`ats m L Lipârm =. @ ltmrrlimet` sbnebkl abnlr ui ` l uil dlstm imtìabkl besmrbfl e` s`a`. ?. Bfmetbqum `s séih`a`s l) h) k)
Xmsbst`r Klplkbt`r x` Klplkbt`r mamtr`aétbk`
lss `kblîë` fm pbadls qum tmi p`r elabflfm luimetlr l tmesë` kdlil vuanlrimetm fm hltmrbl >. L lss`kblîë` mamtrbkbflfm së` kdlilf`s fm nmrlf`rms 4. @s fbsp`sbtbv`s qum pr`fuzmi mamtrbkbflfm
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
;7
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
Kurs` fm Ileutmeîë` m Xmplr` fm Kmaualr - Lp`stbal 78
;8
Bestbtut` ]ebvmrsla Hrlsbambr`
