Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
1.
DIAGNOSTICO Y ANALI SIS DE FALLAS:
1.1
DESGAS DESGASTE TE PR EMATURO DE LOS ANI LLOS
Rayado vertical y decoloración de la superficie del anillo, (cara selladora). Esta es la causa del consumo de aceite y el rayado del pistón / camisa. Aflojamiento o instalación indebida indebida Exceso de combustible Enfriamiento defectuoso Mal hermanado del tubo cargador o falla de mantenimiento Alta temperatura del aire admitido o restricción Abertura del anillo muy pequeña Filtración deficiente (aire y/ o aceite)
• • • • • • •
1.2 • • •
• •
ROTURA DEL ANI LLO
Expansión excesiva durante su instalación Dañado durante la instalación del pistón en la camisa El anillo golpeando el filo que se dejo en la camisa usada al cambiar los anillos. El uso del anillo equivocado Detonaciones
1.3
ANI LLOS PEGADOS
La formación de depósitos hasta el punto que evitan el suficiente movimiento hacia afuera para que el anillo selle. • • •
Sobrecalentamiento Sobrecalentamiento intermitente Mucho tiempo entre cambios de aceite Funcionamiento en frío
2. • • • • • •
CARACTERISTICAS DE UN BUEN COJINETE Resistencia a la fatiga Conformación Adherirse Resistencia térmica Resistencia a la corrosión Resistencia a la fricción
2.1 • • • •
FRECUENCIA FRECUENCIA DE FALLAS A LOS COJINETES
40% 30% 20% 10%
fallas por abrasivos- arranque en frío fallas por por lubricación- arranque en en frío fallas por operación e instalación otras causas o reacciones Inspección a Motores Diesel
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
2.2. FALLAS EN LOS COJINETES POR ABRASIVOS Es normal un desgaste despees de 200.000 kms. Causas : • • • • • •
Filtración de aire admitido deficiente Filtración de aceite deficiente Acumulación de polvo en la reparación Residuos de maquinado – cigüeñal bloque Desgaste anormal de pistón – anillos –camisas- válvulas. Rebabas del cigüeñal cigüeñal (debe pulirse con lija lija muy muy fina )
2.3 • •
•
• • •
•
ANALI SIS DE FALLAS EN COJINETES
No destruya la evidencia Inspeccione el aceite del cárter, filtro de aceite – presencia de agua – combustible – mellas Trate de medir el nivel del aceite –calidad de aceite condiciones de lubricación Desarme acomodado , tal como funcionaron en el motor todas las partes Trate de medir el desgaste de troqué – material – reparaciones reparaciones antiguas Inspeccione el cigüeñal y las piezas afectadas – fracturadas fracturadas y condiciones de desgaste. Corrija la fallas antes de armar- no chambones.
2.3.1 2.3.1 FALLA S POR P OLVO Partículas se dejan al respaldo del cojinete , no permiten que el cojinete te se asiente
Causa: • • •
Rebabas del maquinado reconstructora. Polvo incluido al armar Mal filtrado
2.3.2 2.3.2 PA RA EVITAR
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
•
Mantenga el área área de trabajo despejada corrosivo.
y limpia limpia contra contra el polvo
2.3.3 2.3.3 P ARTI CULAS DE ABRASIVO Todo cojinete debe sobre pasar mas de 250.000 kms ( u horas equivalentes ) , correspondiente a su funcionamiento en condiciones normales.
Causas: • • • • • •
Aire admitido (mal filtrado de aire ) Lubricante con mala filtración Combustible fugas o excesos Acumulación de polvo en la reconstrucción o reparación Falta de aseo y orden en el manejo del lubricante lubricante o las piezas Por residuos de : -
Maquinado por reconstructora reconstructora Desgaste de otras piezas Pulimiento de camisas Polvo de armar
2.3.4 2.3.4 DESGASTE DESGASTE LATERA L DE UN COJI COJI NETE • • • • • •
biela doblada muñón delineado tapa de cojinete floja tapa de cojinete delineado cojinete deformado por maltrato falda del pistón
2.3.5
OPR ESION ESION DE LAS ORI LLAS DEL COJI COJI NETE
Aspecto Zona de desgaste visible visible en los extremos de la superficie de rozamiento rozamiento
Origen • •
radio del muñón es muy grande mal maquinado del cigüeñal en radio muy pequeño pequeño debilita debilita al cigüeñal en sus puntos críticos
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
2.3.6
TAP A DEL COJINETE DES PL AZADA
Aspecto Líneas de separación opuesto opuesto con mucho mucho desgaste
Origen • • • • •
copa muy grande para ajustar, empuja la tapa tapa invertida mal troqué tornillos doblados doblados – muy muy ensanchados ensanchados u ovalados ovalados agujeros de tornillos muy ensanchados u ovalados
2.3.7 2.3.7 I NDI CACION CACION DE FALLA S DE UN COJIN ETE FLOJO •
• • • • •
cualquier sospecha de tapa – tornillo – tuerca – pieza deben tener en cuenta puntos negros o partidos en el dorso del cojinete puntos de desgaste desgaste y brillosos brillosos de en el dorso del cojinete cojinete roto a un lado del orificio del aceite cojinete que gira con su asiento asiento cojinete en la orilla del cojinete ( con fallas)
Técnicas • • • • • • • • • • • •
nunca lime las caras de separación ( daña el tiraje ) nunca lime las caras de contacto ( aumenta el desgaste ) nunca modifique la forma , las orillas de los cojinetes pre-lubrique pre-lubrique antes de armar ( cojinetes ambos lados ) quite la envoltura antes de montar limpie muy bien el cigüeñal – bancada – biela –lubrique y arme instale el pistón y biela con cuidado use protectores a los tornillos de biela ( causa Rebabas al cigüeñal ) exceso de lubricación es tan perjudicial como falta de lubricación no se aconseja instalación cojinetes usados cuando cambie filtro nuevo, llenar parcialmente el filtro recordar todas las técnicas de ajuste y troqué - aseó
3.
PA RA EVITAR FALLAS DE LUBRI CACION CACION
3.1
ASEGURESE DE QUE TODOS LOS P ASAJES ESTEN LI MP I OS Y LUBRICADOS
• •
Mantenga filtros y tuberías almacenados Mantenga aceite en el carter a su debido nivel
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
3.2
CORROSION CORROSION QUIM ICA
Aspecto • •
picaduras ásperas decoloradas y grietas de fatigas hay acumulación de óxidos
Origen • • •
condición del motor por vapores vapores químicos – lugar contraminado fugas de agua aumento de humedad con el motor parado – condensación
3 .3 • •
DAÑOS POR CORRI CORRI ENTE ELECTRI ELECTRI CA
picaduras bien definidas geométricamente geométricamente algunas veces presenta ondulaciones ondulaciones
Origen •
•
corriente estática – por embrague – bandas y piezas en movimiento- el viento mala conexión de masa del motor al chasis.
3.4
CAVITACION
Aspecto •
Erosión en la superficie de rozamiento
Origen • • • •
filtraciones rápidas rápidas en la presión del del aceite aceite no especificado mala presión del aceite aceite contaminado
3.5
FALLAS DE LA CARGA DE EMPU JE
Las fallas de estos cojinetes no presentan un área de fallas serias , sin embargo , un juego juego excesivo longitudinal del cigüeñal cigüeñal , o la practica de
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
•
ajuste los embargues correctamente correctamente
3.6
FALLAS POR TECNI TECNI CAS DE IN STALACION
IN STALACION DE BUJES DE LEVAS Y/ O BALANCI ADORES: salvo en caso de instalación correcta o de una falla de lubricación , los bujes no representan fallas , la causa mas común esta en el montaje incorrecto o deficiente
Causas: • •
• •
Asentamiento indebido por falta de precaución en la instalación la deformación o el rayado del metal en su diámetro externos orillas en su instalación Perdida de redondez durante su manejo o instalación Cortes en la superficie del metal externas o internas por contacto de la herramienta
Nota : Una gota de compuesto de fijación anaerobio para la rosca es una buena garantía contra aflojamiento de las tuercas de biela , lo cual resulta el golpeteo lanzamiento de la biela .
3.7
DESGASTE DESGASTE LATER AL DE TODO JUEGO
Aspecto Por lo general los cojinetes cojinetes últimos son mas afectados. También el cojinete cojinete mas gastado es el central.
Origen • • • •
recalentamiento por falta de lubricación cigüeñal arqueado arqueado por desbalanceos desbalanceos - damper – volante. volante. mal trato en el almacenamiento almacenamiento mucha carga – aceleraciones bruscas .
3.8
BANCADA DE FORME (ALI NEACION BANCADA)
Aspecto Desgaste por el lado de la tapa más pronunciadas pronunciadas en el centro
Origen •
aceleraciones bruscas
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
3 .9
BIELA TORCIDA
Aspecto Mucho desgaste en la separación del cojinete – superior – inferior – ambos lados.
Origen • • •
varia la acción del lubricante medir redondez de la biela verificar la redondez del muñón del cigüeñal
3.9.1 3.9.1 OVALACION DE LA BIELA Aspecto Desgaste excesivo excesivo en el cojinete cojinete superior e inferior opuestos en el área de rozamiento.
Origen • • • •
biela doblada aceleraciones bruscas – sobre carga instalación incorrecta de biela – pistón mal trato de la biela
3.10 MUÑON IRREGULAR Aspecto Desgaste cónico – desgaste forma brillante o escape albardillada
Origen
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
a) Laminillas instaladas correctamente
B) Orejas localizadoras desencajadas
C) el agujero para aceite de cojinete no esta alineado para pasaje de aceite
Figura 1. Fallos en la colocación de las bielas.
4.
CAUSAS DE LAS FALL AS Y ACCIONES CORRECTIVA S EN ELEMENTOS MOVILES
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
El punto alto puede ser lo bastante grande para hacer contacto con el muñón, produciendo una acción de roce que, pasado cierto tiempo, puede ser causa del desarreglo y rotura del forro del cojinete. Las partículas extrañas pueden incrustarse sólo parcialmente y la porción saliente es posible que tenga contacto con el muñón y cause una acción de rueda esmeriladora.
Causas Posib les Tres factores pueden inducir a la falla del motor debido a partículas extrañas: • •
•
Limpieza inadecuada del motor y piezas antes del montaje. Suciedad y arenillas del camino que penetran en el motor a través del múltiple de admisión de aire. Desgaste de otras piezas del motor, que dan por resultado que pequeños fragmentos de las mismas penetren en el suministro de aceite del motor.
Acción Correctora •
• •
Instale cojinetes nuevos, teniendo cuidado de seguir los procedimientos de limpieza correctos. Si fuese necesario, esmerile las superficies del muñón. Indíquele al dueño del vehículo que el aceite debe cambiarse a los intervalos especificados, especificados, y que el filtro de aire, filtro de aceite, y filtro del respiradero del cárter deben limpiarse de acuerdo con las recomendaciones recomendaciones del fabricante.
4.2
PA RTI CULAS EXTRAÑAS EN DORSO DE COJINETE
Aspecto En la superficie de rozamiento puede observarse una zona de desgaste localizada. También, es posible que se evidencien partículas extrañas en el dorso del cojinete o asiento del cojinete, directamente detrás de la zona de
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
Causas Posib les La suciedad, el polvo, y las partículas abrasivas y/o metálicas, presentes en el motor en el momento del montaje o resultantes de un trabajo de eliminación de rebabas, puede que se depositen entre el dorso del cojinete y el asiento del cojinete durante el funcionamiento del motor.
Acción Correctora •
•
Una vez terminada la limpieza y eliminación de rebabas de todas las superficies, de acuerdo con los procedimientos correctos, instale cojinetes nuevos. Compruebe las superficies del muñón; y de tener éstas un desgaste excesivo, rectifíquelas.
4.3
ANI MA DE CUBIERTA OVALADA
Aspecto Las zonas de desgaste excesivo localizadas son visibles cerca de la línea de separación en ambos lados de los cascos superior e inferior
Acción Dañina El huelgo para aceite cerca de la línea de separación disminuye a tal punto que se produce contacto de metal entre el cojinete y el muñón, dando por resultado zonas de desgaste anormal También, puede que exista asentamiento incorrecto entre el dorso del cojinete y la cubierta, lo cual dificulta la transferencia de calor correcta y causa calentamiento localizado de la superficie de rozamiento, reduciendo con ello la resistencia a la fatiga.
Causas Posib les Las cargas y flexiones alternas de las bielas pueden ser causa de que las
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
4.4
AP LASTAMI ENTO EXCES EXCESIVO IVO
Aspecto • • • •
zona de desgaste mayor en los lados de separación concentración lateral – no hay tiraje falta laminilla de ajuste verificar cigüeñal – biela – cojinete. cojinete.
Las zonas de desgaste máximo visibles a lo largo de la superficie de rozamiento adyacente a uno o ambos frentes de separación.
Acción Dañina Antes de montarse la tapa de cojinete, una parte pequeña del cojinete se extiende un poco más allá del borde del asiento. Con ello, cuando la tapa de cojinete se aprieta en su sitio, el cojinete es forzado contra el asiento. Esa parte del cojinete que se extiende más allá del asiento se denomina "aplastamiento." Sin embargo, cuando el aplastamiento es excesivo, la fuerza compresiva adicional creada por ese exceso, el cual continúa todavía después que el cojinete se ha asentado por completo, hace que este último se combe hacia adentro en los frentes de separación. Esta deformación del cojinete se denomina "contracción lateral
Causas Posib les Hay tres causas posibles de aplastamiento excesivo: Las tapas de cojinete se limaron en un intento de reducir el huelgo para aceite. Las tapas de cojinete se montaron demasiado apretadas al excederse la torsión especificada. No se utilizaron laminillas suficientes (si se especificaban especificaban laminillas). •
•
•
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
calibradores o azul de Prusia, con el fin de tener la certeza de que cualquier deformación deformación circunferencial no excede los límites de seguridad.
4.5 4.5
APLASTAMIENTO INSUFICIENTE
Origen • • • •
se limaron las puntas de separación del casquete rebabas o sucios en la tapa de la biela biela – bancada poco troqué o equivocado se usaron muchas laminillas
Aspecto En el dorso cojinete y/ o en el borde la línea de separación se observan zonas sumamente sumamente pulidas. Se desplaza desplaza el cojinete – desgaste desgaste externo externo en el lado de separación
Acción Dañina Cuando un cojinete con aplastamiento insuficiente se monta en un motor, el cojinete queda suelto y por lo tanto tiene libertad para moverse hacia atrás y hacia adelante dentro de su cubierta. Debido a la pérdida de presión
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
•
•
Compruebe las superficies del muñón para ver si tienen desgaste excesivo, y rectifíquelas si fuese necesario. Corrija el espesor de laminilla (en caso aplicable).
4.6
BIELA DOBLADA O TORCIDA
Aspecto Las zonas de desgaste excesivo pueden observarse en los extremos opuestos de los cascos de cojinete de biela superior e inferior. El desgaste está localizado en una parte de la superficie de rozamiento, con muy poco desgaste o ninguno en el resto.
Acción Dañina Una biela doblada o torcida produce la desalineación del ánima, dando por resultado qué el cojinete se incline con lo cual su borde tiene contacto de metal con metal con el muñón. muñón. Estas zonas de contacto contacto de metal con metal causan un desgaste excesivo en la superficie de rozamiento.
Causas Posib les Tres factores pueden contribuir a la deformación de biela: •
Condiciones
de
funcionamiento
severas,
tales
como
aceleraciones
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Acción Dañina La tapa de cojinete se ha desplazado, siendo causa de que un lado de cada mitad de cojinete se haya empujado contra el muñón en la líneas de separación. El contacto de metal con metal resultante y la presión excesiva dan lugar a deterioración de superficie de rozamiento y a zonas de desgaste anormal.
Causas Posib les Cinco son los factores que pueden causar el desplazamiento de una tapa de cojinete: •
• •
•
•
El uso de un cubo demasiado grande para apretar la tapa de cojinete. En este caso, el cubo empuja la tapa y la desplaza. Invertir la posición de la tapa de cojinete. Espigas inadecuadas entre el casco de cojinete y la cubierta (si se usan), que permiten que el casco se separe y desplace. Apretadura de los pernos de tapa a la torsión incorrecta. El resultado de esto es una capa "suelta" que pueda cambiar de posición durante el funcionamiento del motor. Agujeros para pernos ensanchados o pernos de tapa alargados que permiten un juego mayor el normal en dichos agujeros.
Acción Correctora
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aceite se reduce y el contacto de metal con metal es posible en el punto de mayor deformación.
Causas Posib les Los períodos alternos de calentamiento y enfriamiento del motor durante su funcionamiento es una de las principales causas de deformación del cárter. A medida que el motor se calienta, el cárter se expande; y a medida que el motor se enfría, el cárter se contrae. Estas acciones repetidas de expansión y contracción, con el tiempo, deforman el cárter. La deformación pueda deberse a: Condiciones de funcionamiento severas (por ejemplo, aceleraciones intempestivas y acarreo de peso excesivo), procedimientos de apretadura incorrectos de los pernos de culata de cilindros, particularmente particularmente en motores V-8 con válvulas en la culata.
Acción Correctora •
• •
Mediante el uso de azul de Prusia o métodos visuales, determine si hay deformación. Alinee el ánima de la cubierta (en caso aplicable). Instale cojinetes nuevos.
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Acción Correctora •
• •
Mediante el uso de azul de Prusia o métodos visuales, determine si hay deformación. Instale un cigüeñal nuevo o reconstruido. Instale cojinetes nuevos.
4.10 MUÑON IR REGULAR Aspecto En general, si un cojinete se ha dañado debido a un muñón irregular, se observa un patrón de desgaste desigual en la superficie de rozamiento. No obstante, estas zonas de desgaste pueden ser específicamente en cualquiera de tres formas:
Acción Dañina Un muñón irregular impone una distribución desigual de la carga en la superficie de rozamiento, aumentando con ello la generación de calor, y por consiguiente el desgaste del cojinete. Además, un muñón irregular influye desfavorablemente en el huelgo para aceite del cojinete, haciendo que sea insuficiente en algunas zonas y excesivo en otras, y trastornando con ello el funcionamiento correcto del
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Dañina Si el radio del filete en la esquina donde el muñón se combina con el cigüeñal, es más grande que el especificado, es posible que el borde del cojinete de motor tenga contacto de metal con metal y descanse en ese filete de sobre tamaño. Este contacto de metal con metal entre el cojinete y filete causa un desgaste excesivo, dando lugar a una falla prematura del cojinete.
Causas Posib les La opresión de filete es el resultado de filetes excesivos que se dejan en los bordes del muñón en la operación de maquinado del cigüeñal.
Acción Correctora
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
•
• •
•
•
•
Asegúrese de que el cojinete de repuesto que usted ha de instalar es el indicado para el empleo en particular (que tiene el número de pieza correcto). Vea si los muñones están dañados, y rectifíquelos si fuese necesario. Compruebe si hay obstrucción en los pasajes de aceite, malla de succión de aceite y filtro de aceite. Compruebe el funcionamiento de la bomba de aceite y de la válvula de alivio de presión. Al instalar los cojinetes de repuesto, asegúrese de que los agujeros para aceite corresponden corresponden correctamente. Infórmele al conductor del vehículo los resultados del acarreo de un peso excesivo.
4.13 QUEBRADIZO EN CALIENTE
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de la película de aceite desciende por debajo de la presión de vapor de aceite, se forma una cavidad llena de vapor. Esta cavidad se aplasta al exponerse a una temperatura más alta, haciendo que el aceite circundante incida en el metal de cojinete adyacente. A medida que se repite, esta acción puede con el tiempo erosionar la superficie de rozamiento.
Causas Posib les La cavitación es peculiar en ciertos motores y empleos. Ejemplos típicos son mitades de cojinete de biela sin carga, de algunos motores V-8, y bujes de engranajes de alta velocidad donde el rápido encastre de los dientes causa fluctuaciones en cargas y película de aceite.
Acción Correctora •
Cambie a un aceite de mayor viscosidad.
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4.16 FALLAS POR P ROBLEMAS DE LUBRI CACIÓN CACIÓN LUBRICACION LUBRICACION INSUFICIENTE • • • • • • • •
Bajo nivel de aceite Problema en el filtrado Cedado obstruido u orificios Fugas de succión Periodos largos en marcha lenta Aguas en el lubricante Lubricante contaminado Leer complemento en sistema de lubricación .
AGUA EN EL ACEITE
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No se debería volver a usar a no ser que al rectificar el espesor de la cabeza quede dentro de los límites especificados. (Ver los manuales para los límites de desgaste). Al rectificar lo asientos de válvula, se deberá tener cuidado de evitar el golpear del radio del hongo de la válvula con cualquier parte del equipo rectificador o con otra válvulas o herramientas. Tal punto de esfuerzo puede causar una rotura en esta área al poco tiempo de volver a funcionar.
Erosión en el área del hongo. Origen: Los gases calientes calientes que se escapan por por el asiento de la válvula válvula van dirigidos al área del hongo causando corrosión en la superficie del material.
4.18 FALLAS DE LA CUÑA CUÑA Origen:
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
Desgaste excesivo del anillo de aceite. Fugas de aceite por el vástago de la válvula.
Acumulación del carbón. Origen: Consumo de aceite por el vástago de la válvula.
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Válvulas flameadas. Origen: • • •
Borbón u otras partículas evitan el asentamiento de la válvula. Inserto cuarteado. Inserto de válvula fuera de redondez. válvula no cuadra con el vástago.
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Diagnóstico y Análisis de Fallas
•
Lubricante contaminado.
Rebabas o mellas en el metal. Origen: Marcas
de herramientas instalación.
hechas
durante
el
maquinado
o
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• •
Pasajes de aceite tapados. Baja calidad del lubricante.
Desgaste prematuro por abrasivos. Origen de la tierra:
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