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Bab
Spe
CPR
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Ast
Alle
Bite
Ble
Bur
Che
Chi
Cho
Col
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
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About this eHandbook This electronic version o the award winning First Aid Emergency Handbook, 4th edition (eHandbook) provides a quick summary o rst aid or a range o every day emergencies whether at work, in sport or recreation, or at home. The eHandbook does not attempt to replace the need or medical advice but gives an outline o what to do in the rst ew minutes ater the onset o sudden illness or an accident. The rst aid management recommended in this eHandbook is correct at 1 March 2012 and in line with the 2011 guidelines o the Australian Resuscitation Council, Poisons Inormation Centre and other proessional bodies concerned with emergency care. Because these recommendations change as a result o medical research and new knowledge, it is vital to update this eHandbook and your rst aid training at regular intervals, approximately every three years. When there are new changes we will send you a email reminder. reminder. Keep a comprehensive rst aid kit available or immediate use in an easily ound ound location. I it is or workplace use, check that it meets the relevant legislative requirements. Record all items used and keep spare stock available to replenish the kit as needed.
How to use the eHandbook
D E T The tabs at the side and the Index provide a quick link to each t opic. The Glossary gives a simple I B I H guide to the terms used in the eHandbook. O R Resuscitation or an adult, child and baby is dealt with separately. Where roller bandages have been P S I used to illustrate a technique, the bandages are marked with a dark edge as an aid to learning. N O The Skills and Procedures section covers the ollowing topics: I T U Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B • Principles o rst aid I R T Useful Not useful S • Assessment o a sick or injured person Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D • First aid and saety N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Sheet Music
About this eHandbook This electronic version o the award winning First Aid Emergency Handbook, 4th edition (eHandbook) provides a quick summary o rst aid or a range o every day emergencies whether at work, in sport or recreation, or at home. The eHandbook does not attempt to replace the need or medical advice but gives an outline o what to do in the rst ew minutes ater the onset o sudden illness or an accident. The rst aid management recommended in this eHandbook is correct at 1 March 2012 and in line with the 2011 guidelines o the Australian Resuscitation Council, Poisons Inormation Centre and other proessional bodies concerned with emergency care. Because these recommendations change as a result o medical research and new knowledge, it is vital to update this eHandbook and your rst aid training at regular intervals, approximately every three years. When there are new changes we will send you a email reminder. reminder. Keep a comprehensive rst aid kit available or immediate use in an easily ound ound location. I it is or workplace use, check that it meets the relevant legislative requirements. Record all items used and keep spare stock available to replenish the kit as needed.
How to use the eHandbook
D E T The tabs at the side and the Index provide a quick link to each t opic. The Glossary gives a simple I B I H guide to the terms used in the eHandbook. O R Resuscitation or an adult, child and baby is dealt with separately. Where roller bandages have been P S I used to illustrate a technique, the bandages are marked with a dark edge as an aid to learning. N O The Skills and Procedures section covers the ollowing topics: I T U Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B • Principles o rst aid I R T Useful Not useful S • Assessment o a sick or injured person Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D • First aid and saety N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
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How to call or help in an emergency When possible, the person with the best rst aid knowledge should stay with the victim while someone else calls or the emergency service.
1
To call or the Ambulance, Police or Fire Service, use 000 or all xed line telephones.
• If you are using a digital mobile phone, call advised otherwise.
2
112
unless your service provider has
When the emergency operator answers, state clearly which service is required.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T • the exact location with any clear U B I R T • an outline of the emergency; S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D • the number of victims involved. N
3
Stay calm and speak clearly to convey the message. Be ready to answer any questions.
4
State the ollowing:
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
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Basic Lie Support Flow Chart
D
Check or Dangers
R
Check Response
S
Send or help
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
A
Clear and open the Airway
You're Reading a Preview
Unlock full access with a free trial.
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Give 30 chest Compressions at 100
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1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
ADULT Resuscitation Background A person may collapse ollowing injury or sudden illness and sometimes may need Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). Some victims may be unconscious and simply need protection to avoid urther harm. Others will need urgent Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) to maintain lie. CPR is needed when there are no signs o lie and the victim is:
• unconscious and not responding to the rst aider
• not breathing normally • not moving All collapsed victims should be careully
D E assessed to decide what emergency care is T I needed. The DRSABCD o resuscitation is the B I H method used or the assessment: O R P D stands or DANGER S I R stands or RESPONSE N O I S stands or SEND (or help) T U A stands or AIRWAY B I R T B stands or BREATHING S I D C stands or COMPRESSIONS Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D D stands or DEFIBRILLATION N
Persons who may have taken an excessive amount o alcohol or drugs may be aggressive and react unexpectedly. Avoid being too close to the victim i you are unsure o your saety. • If there is no response to your voice or touch, the victim is unconscious and needs you to protect the airway and ensure You'rethat Reading Preview there isa no immediate threat to lie.
ambulance.
Callwith 000 or mobile 112 or an Unlock full access a free trial.
Master your semester with Scribd Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Clear and open the A irway 3 & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. • Either leave the unconscious person in the position ound to clear and open the airway
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Then tilt back the head slightly with your upper hand on top o the victim’s head. With your lower hand, support the jaw and lit the chin to ensure that the tongue is held orwards in the mouth. Because the tongue is attached to the back o the lower jaw, this simple movement prevents the tongue rom alling backwards to block the throat. • Make sure that the face is pointing slightly downwards.
- Lit under the victim’s near shoulder and thigh to gently roll the victim away rom you and into a stable position on one side. - Keep the victim’s knee and hip at right angles during the turn to keep the victim lying on the side, avoiding any D E excessive movement into a ace-down T I B position. I H Check or breathing 4 Reading You're a Preview O - Allow the victim’s upper arm to all R P • When the airway is clear and open: across the lower arm in a natural S I Unlock full access with a free trial. position. ~ Look or movement o the lower chest N O and upper abdomen. I T • Check that the victim’s airway is clear by Download U ~ Listen the Trial escape o vote air rom thetitle Withor Free Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to on B I sweeping two or three ngers through victim’s mouth or nose. R T Useful Not useful the ront o the mouth to remove any S Cancel I ~ Feel or movement o theanytime. lower chest D matter. Only $4.99/month. Special offersolid for students: and abdomen and or the escape o air D N rom the victim’s mouth or nose.
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ADULT resuscitation 5 I the victim is breathing normally • Adjust the recovery position if necessary to ensure stability. • Cover the victim with a blanket in cool weather or a light covering in hot weather. • Check the airway and signs of recovery every ew minutes and begin CPR i normal breathing stops.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Place your lower hand above this point and your other hand on top o the rst and obtain a secure grip to avoid accidental slipping out o position. A secure grip is one in which the upper hand grasps the lower wrist with the thumb locked behind the wrist. Alternatively, interlock the upper and lower ngers rmly together to hold them o the chest wall and avoid any downward pressure on the rib cage. • Ensure that the heel of the hand is in the midline o the sternum (breastbone) and all pressure is exerted through the heel o the lower hand.
D E T I B I H You're Reading a Preview O R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I • If necessary, quickly roll the victim onto R T Useful Not useful the back to begin CPR. S Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. • First locate the centre of the chest D N checking that your hand is on the
6 I the victim is NOT breathing
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7 Compress the sternum
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
8 Rescue Breathing • For mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, tilt back the victim’s head with your upper hand and support the jaw with chin lit using the lower hand. Use a ‘pistol grip’ to maintain control o the jaw. Avoid liting or tilting the neck, especially when a neck injury is suspected.
• Take a deep breath in and seal the victim’s mouth with your mouth. • When the chest is empty, repeat these Seal the victim’s nose with your cheek steps one more time to give a total o so that air does not escape. I unable two breaths o rescue breathing, allowing to seal the nose with your cheek, about one second or each breath. pinch the nostrils closed. You're Reading a Preview
D E T I B I H O R • Mouth to nose rescue breathing may P I the nostrils are sealed with S I Unlock fullbe access a free trial. usedwith when the victim’s teeth are your ngers, some head tilt may N tightly clenched or when giving rescue be lost when the hand on top o O I T breathing to an inant or small child. the head comes orwards. Firmly Download U With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B liting the chin upwards with I I you are unable to give R T your lower hand can reduce this Useful Not useful S rescue breaths, continue Cancel anytime.with I problem and avoid a see-sawing D compressions alone. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D movement o the head. N
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• Place the mask on the victim’s ace, with the pointed end covering the bridge o the nose.
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5
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
The change-over should be done with the minimum o interruption to the ratio o breaths to compressions. Ideally this should occur in the middle o a compression cycle.
• Seal the rounded end on the victim’s chin and ensure that both mouth and nose are totally enclosed in the mask to make a total seal. • With the mask held rmly on the ace, push down with your thumbs on either side o the mouthpiece. Pull the jaw up into the mask to ensure a good seal. • Blow through the mouthpiece with sucient volume until the chest is seen to rise.
D E When an ambulance arrives, the T I rst aiders should not stop their B I H • Remove your mouth and turn your headYou're Reading resuscitation eorts until told to do a Preview O R to the side to listen as the exhaled air so by the ambulance ocers. P escapes; watch the chest fall. S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I • Check constantly for any signs of T U Download With Free Trial Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title recovery including normal breathing, B I R coughing or movement. T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
9 Check or recovery
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10 I signs o recovery are seen • Turn the victim on the side into the
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
ADULT Debrillation Background When a victim o a heart attack collapses, a debrillator may be needed to restore a normal heart rhythm. I the heart muscle is quivering (ventricular brillation) use o an Automated External Debrillator (AED) may restore normal heart rhythm and thus be lie-saving. In cardiac arrest, when the heart is no longer beating or quivering, a debrillator is unlikely to be o value, but an AED can assess any heart action and will only deliver a debrillation shock i this is warranted.
D E T I an automated external debrillator is I B I available and trained rst aid personnel H O are present, standard CPR should be R P commenced and continued until the S I AED is completely ready or use. An AED N O I does not replace CPR but provides an T U extra step in emergency care until the B I R arrival o an ambulance crew with T S I additional lie saving techniques. D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
What to do — step by step The debrillation unit should only be attached to a victim over 8 years o age who has collapsed and is unconscious, with no response and no normal breathing.
1 Prepare debrillator • I possible, continue CPR while someone else etches and prepares the debrillator.
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Adult defbrillation 4 Position the pads • Identiy the two pads which are usually supplied with a clear diagram or their location. The underside o the pad is usually coated with a sticky gel to ensure adhesion to the chest. Remove any backing paper.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
6 Delivery o the shock • The trained rst aider must quickly check that no person is in contact with the victim, call out “Shocking now”, and then press the “Shock” button.
• One pad is placed on the victims’ right upper chest, and the other is placed on the let lower chest. Both pads should be pressed down rmly or a good contact. The voice prompt will advise “check electrodes” i the pads are not making good contact.
D E T I B I H You're Reading a Preview O R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N • When the debrillation shock has been O I given the voice prompt will advise the T U Download Trial rstWith aiderFree to continue with CPR. Ater Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title B I R two minutes when the unit is ready to T Useful Not useful S analyse the victim’s heart Cancel rhythm anytime. again, I • When the unit is ready to analyse the victim’s D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. the rst aider will be told to stop CPR and, heart rhythm, the voice prompt will advise D N i necessary the debrillator will advise a
Master your semester with Scribd debrillate 5 Prepare & The NewtoYork Times everyone to avoid any contact with the victim.
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Care is needed when giving resuscitation to a child aged between one and eight years.
1 Assess any Danger • Only approach the child if you believe that it is sae to do so. Check or any danger in the immediate area, especially trafc, electrical hazards etc.
2 Assess the child’s Response
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CHILD Resuscitation
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
3 Clear and open the Airway • Either leave the unconscious child in the position ound to clear and open the airway OR • Turn the unconscious child into the recovery position on the side.
I the victim has been rescued rom submersion or has vomit, blood or other fuid in the upper airway, always use the recovery position to clear the airway.
THE RECOVERY POSITION - Place the ar arm at right angles to the trunk and the near arm across the child’s chest with the ngers pointing to the opposite shoulder tip. Support the arm in that position with your upper arm.
• If it is s afe to continue, check if the child responds to the spoken word. Ask loudly and rmly: “Can you hear me?”, “Are you OK?” or “What happened?” Give - Bring the near knee up at right angles a squeeze of the shoulders and watch to theachest and hold the thigh in that You're Reading Preview or any reaction. I the child responds, position with your lower arm. then gently and quietly assess the cause Unlock full access with a free trial. o collapse.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
- Allow the child’s upper arm to all across the lower arm in a natural position.
• Make sure that the face is pointing slightly downwards.
In a child it is vital to maintain jaw support with chin lit because o the large amount o sot tissue in the mouth and throat, which can cause an airway obstruction.
D • Check that the child’s airway is clear by E T sweeping one or two ngers through I B I the ront o the mouth to remove any H You're Reading a Preview O solid or loose matter. R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N • When the airway is clear and open: O I T ~ Look orFree movement o the lower U Download With Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B chest and upper abdomen. I R T Usefulo air rom Not useful ~ Listen or the escape S Cancel anytime. the I D child’s mouth or nose. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N ~ Feel or movement o the lower chest
4 Check or Breathing
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CHILD resuscitation 5 I the child is breathing normally
• Adjust the recovery position if necessary to ensure stability. • Cover the child with a blanket in cool weather or a light covering in hot weather. • Check the airway and signs o recovery, every ew minutes and begin CPR i normal breathing stops.
D E T I B I H O R P S I • If necessary quickly roll the child onto N the back to begin CPR. O I T • First locate the centre of the chest, U B I checking that your hand is on the R T child’s sternum (breastbone) and not S I D it andOnly over$4.99/month. the abdomen. Special offer below for students: D N
6 I the child is NOT breathing normally
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Place the heel o one hand over the lower hal o the sternum (breastbone). Keep the heel o the hand in contact with the sternum and ngers acing across the chest.
7 Compress the sternum • Kneel close to the side of the child, with youraarm locked straight at the You're Reading Preview elbow and your shoulder directly above sternum. Unlock fullthe access with a free trial.
Master your semester with Scribd downward pressure through the Download With without Free Trial Read Free Foron 30 Days Sign up to vote sternum any pressure onthis thetitle chest wall or rib & The New York Times Useful Not useful cage. • Keep your hand on the chest to exert
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CHILD resuscitation
• Compress the sternum by pushing downwards on a straight arm to depress the breastbone one-third o the depth o the chest. When resistance is elt, no urther pressure should be applied, but the arm should relax as the compression ceases.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Take a small breath in and seal the child’s mouth with your mouth. Seal the child’s nose and blow gently into the child’s mouth until the chest rises, as or normal breathing.
• If necessary,use two hands to achieve adequate compression. • The rst aider should maintain compressions at the rate o approximately 100 per minute until a total o 30 have been given. • Follow the compressions immediately with two breaths o rescue breathing using either the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose resuscitation method. Then give a urther 30 compressions. D E T I B I the child is very small it is I H • Begin rescue breathing using either best to seal both nose and You're Reading a Preview O the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose R mouth with your mouth P resuscitation method. S rescue I Unlock full access during with a free trial. breathing. N • Tilt back the child’s head very slightly O I T I there is resistance to each with your upper hand and support U Download With Free Trial Read Free 30this Days Sign up to vote on title breath, gently try aFor little more B the jaw with chin lit using your lower I R head tilt until an even Not fow o hand. Use a “Pistol Grip” to maintain T Useful useful S Cancel anytime. I air is achieved. control o the jaw. Avoid liting or D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. tilting the neck, especially where a D N
8 Rescue Breathing
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Activity 9
CHILD resuscitation • When the chest is empty, repeat these steps one more time to give a total o two breaths o rescue breathing, allowing about one second or each breath. Mouthto-nose rescue breathing may be used when the child’s teeth are tightly clenched.
It is easy to breathe too hard into a small child and some distension o the abdomen may be seen. I this occurs, simply turn the child into the recovery position and clear and open the airway again. I the stomach is distended with air, it will be expelled during the change o position. Then, quickly turn the child onto the back once more and continue resuscitation.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
10 I signs o recovery are seen • Turn the child on the side into the recovery position and make urther checks every two minutes until either the child starts to regain consciousness and responds to your voice or touch, or an ambulance arrives.
11 Be ready to debrillate when an AED becomes available
• Apply an AED (Automated External Debrillator) as soon as possible and ollow the prompts
DO NOT apply pressure over the stomach or abdomen because this can lead to regurgitation o stomach contents with the risk that some material may be inhaled into the lungs, causing atal complications.
For a child, use only a debrillator that has child settings and is equipped with child debrillation pads. Use o an adult debrillator on a child under 8 years o age may be dangerous.
D E T I B I When an ambulance arrives, H You're Reading a Preview O the rst aider should not stop R P resuscitation eorts until told S I Unlock full access with freeso trial. to ado by the ambulance N ocers. The ocers may need O I • I there are two trained rst aiders present T time to assemble their U and sharing the resuscitation tasks, the ratio Download With Free Trial Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title B equipment beore being ready I o 30 compressions to two breaths should R to take over ull responsibility T Useful Not useful S be maintained but the compressor must Cancel anytime. I or perorming resuscitation. D Special offerpause for students: Only to allow the$4.99/month. ventilations to occur. D N
Two person CPR
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Activity 9
Special care is needed when giving resuscitation to a baby aged up to one year.
1 Assess any Danger • Only approach the baby if you believe that it is sae to do so. Check or any danger in the immediate area, especially trafc, electrical hazards etc.
2 Assess the baby’s Response • If it is safe to continue, check if the baby responds to your voice. Call the baby loudly and rmly by name. Give a gentle squeeze of the baby’s toes. I the baby responds to your voice or touch, then gently and quietly assess the cause o collapse.
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BABY Resuscitation
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
3 Clear and open the Airway • Either leave the unconscious baby in the position ound to clear and open the airway OR • Promptly turn the unconscious baby into the recovery position on the side.
I the baby has been rescued rom submersion or has vomit, blood or other fuid in the upper airway, always use the recovery position to clear the airway.
THE RECOVERY POSITION - Roll the baby over onto one side using the hip and shoulder to control the turn.
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BABY resuscitation
- Check that the baby’s nose is clear and quickly wipe away any mucus or other discharge that could obstruct the movement o air.
A small baby breathes through the nose in the early stages o development and a blocked nose can cause a serious obstruction • With your lower hand support the jaw and lit the chin slightly to ensure that the tongue is held orward in the mouth. Because the tongue is attached to the back o the lower jaw, this simple movement will prevent the tongue rom alling backwards to block the throat. Avoid head tilt or a baby but make sure that the ace is pointing slightly downwards.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
5 I the baby is breathing normally
• Adjust the recovery position if necessary to ensure stability. • Cover the baby with a blanket in cool weather or a light covering in hot weather. • Check the airway and signs of life every ew minutes and be prepared to begin CPR i normal breathing stops.
In a baby it is vital to maintain
D E jaw support because o the T I B large amount o sot tissue in I H the mouth and throat, which You're Reading a Preview O R can cause an airway obstruction. P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title • When the airway is clear and open: B I R T ~ Look or movement o the lower chest Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I and upper abdomen. D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D ~ Listen or the escape o air rom the N
or breathing 4 Check Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times
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• With your ngers ollow up the borders o the rib cage to the middle o the chest and identiy the notch where the ribs meet in the centre.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N • Mark this notch with an index nger O I T and place two ngers just above it, U B I which will be over the lower hal o R T the sternum. S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
7 Compress the sternum • To give compressions, keep your nger tips on the chest to exert downward pressure through the sternum without any pressure on the rib cage. Stay close to the side o the baby, with your ngers directly above the sternum.
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Master your semester with Scribd Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful by Not useful • Compress the sternum pushing Cancel anytime.
downwards to depress the breastbone to one-third o the depth o the chest.
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4
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
8 Rescue Breathing • Begin rescue breathing using the mouth-to-mouth-and-nose method o resuscitation. • Hold the baby’s head level with your upper hand and support the jaw with chin lit using your lower hand. Use the “Pistol Grip” to maintain control o the jaw.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Avoid head tilt on a baby D because this can obstruct N
• Remove your mouth from the baby’s ace and turn your head sideways to listen to the escape o air and watch the chest empty. Be careul to avoid You're Reading Preview inhalinga the baby’s expired air. Unlock full access with a free trial.
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BABY resuscitation
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
It is easy to breathe too hard into a small baby and some distension o the abdomen may be seen. I this occurs, simply turn the baby into the recovery position and clear and open the airway again. I the stomach is distended with air, it will be expelled during the change o position. Then turn the baby onto the back once more and continue resuscitation eorts. Pressure should not be applied over the stomach or abdomen because this can lead to regurgitation o stomach contents with the risk that some material may be inhaled into the lungs, causing atal complications.
D E T I B I H You're Reading a Preview O R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N • Check for signs of recovery including O I T normal breathing or coughing. U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I R T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N • Turn the baby on the side into the
9 Re-check or signs o recovery
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Resuscitation in special circumstances Resuscitation or a victim with a laryngectomy stoma
Resuscitation in water • If a person falls overboard or gets into diculties while swimming, the rescuer or rst aider should take special care to avoid injury during any rescue attempt. I the victim is in deep water, only a very strong swimmer who is supported by a good fotation device should attempt rescue and resuscitation. • Before any resuscitation attempts are made, the victim should be towed to shallow water where the rescuer can stand. D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D • Once in shallow water the rescuer N
Background A person who has had surgery or cancer o the larynx (voice box) may have lost all or part o the airway section between the throat and lower windpipe. In such cases the victim may have a breathing hole (stoma) in the neck through which breathing occurs. Air will only be heard escaping through the mouth i the victim has had a partial laryngectomy in which there is still some air connection between the throat and the windpipe.
• When giving rescue breathing, if a stoma is present the rst aider may not see the chest rise with each breath, although the air seems to enter the mouth and throat eciently. The rst aider may even eel or hear air escaping rom the neck region ollowing each breath o rescue breathing. I this occurs when there is Read Free Fornose, 30this Days Sign up to and vote on title a good seal over mouth the rst aider should neck the Useful the Notor useful check presence o a stoma.Cancel anytime.
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• If a stoma is found the rst aider should
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Resuscitation during the last weeks o pregnancy Background During the nal weeks o a pregnancy, pregnancy, or even earlier i a woman is pregnant with twins or triplets, there may be great pressure on the stomach, diaphragm and lungs caused by the growing baby. I collapse occurs at this time there may be complications i standard resuscitation techniques are used. For this reason a modied approach is needed.
• If the pregnant woman is unconscious, she should always be turned on her side to clear and open her airway because o the serious risk o regurgitation rom pressure o the baby on her stomach. • If there are no signs of normal breathing, she should be turned onto her back or CPR but padding is needed under her right buttock to tilt her hips slightly to the let. This is known as the Let Lateral Tilt technique and it eectively moves the weight o the baby o the mother’s deep vein on the right side o her abdomen, allowing ree movement o blood back to the heart.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
• If CPR is needed, the compressions should be applied as or any other collapsed victim. In a short victim where the shoulders have been raised slightly o the ground by the padding under the right buttock, the rst aider should adjust the compression technique to ensure that pressure is directed rom the lower hal o the sternum straight through to the spinal column. When giving rescue breaths there may be added resistance to each breath because o the weight o the baby under the diaphragm. • If CPR is not required, or if the victim recovers ater resuscitation has been given, she should be turned into the recovery position but only onto her let side to avoid pressure on the deep vein on the right side o her abdomen.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
CPR Summary Chart ADULT ADULT older CHILD CPR ratios or 1 person CPR ratios or 2 persons Chest pressure
CHILD 1 to 8 yrs
BABY up to 1 yr
30 compressions
30 compressions
30 compressions
to 2 breaths
to 2 breaths
to 2 pus
30 compressions
30 compressions
30 compressions
to 2 breaths
to 2 breaths
to 2 pus
2 hands
1-2 hands
2 ngers
Approximately 100
Approximately 100
per minute
per minute
One-third
One-third o
D E T I CPR compression rate Approximately B I H per minute O R P S I N Compression depth One-third o O I T chest depth U B I R T S I D Head tilt Maximum Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
100
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None
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Background The abdominal cavity lies below the rib cage and above the pelvic cavity. Unlike the chest and pelvic cavities, there are no bones to protect the abdomen and any injury may cause serious damage to some o the abdominal organs, including the liver, spleen or stomach. In some cases, the injury may involve both the abdominal and pelvic contents. I this occurs, the injured victim may bleed to death internally unless urgent hospital treatment is available.
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Abdominal injuries
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Symptoms and signs • History of injury to the abdominal area • Bleeding wound or other obvious injury, possibly with visible intestines • Severe pain and possible muscle spasm across the abdominal wall • Nausea or vomiting • Symptoms and signs of shock — see Shock • Bruising of the skin • Victim unable to stand and holding the injured area or pain relie • Victim shows other indications of internal bleeding — see Internal Bleeding
2 Control bleeding and cover any wound
• Hold the wound edges together to control bleeding. Sometimes the victim D E can change position slightly to help the T I wound to close. B I 1 Place victim at total rest and H • If the intestines are visible, do not touch You're Reading a Preview O assess the injury R or try to replace them. P S Assist the victim to lie down in a position • I Unlock full a free trial. • access Coverwith a gaping wound with sterile N o greatest comort, usually on the back or dressings soaked in warm water to avoid O I else on the uninjured side, with both knees T damage to organs. U drawn up or relie o pain and spasm. Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I • Firmly and gently hold the dressing in R • Loosen any tight clothing, especially at T Useful Not useful place with wide crepe bandages S Cancel anytime. around I waist and neck. Support the victim with D the trunk, without applying pressure. Special offer pillows for students: Only $4.99/month. and blankets or comort, as
What to do — step by step
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needed. Give requent reassurance.
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Asthma Background Asthma is a lung condition in which breathing becomes dicult because o infammation o the air passages. The airways become narrowed by muscle spasm, swelling and increased mucus production, oten causing a wheeze to be heard. Air is trapped in the lungs by the swollen airways and the victim has most diculty breathing out. A cold, inuenza or other infection may trigger an asthma attack. The other most common triggers are an allergic reaction to a pollen, dust or animal product, or to exercise, especially in col d weather. The victim o asthma should be taking prescribed medication to avoid an asthma attack. These drugs are called “Preventers” and are colourcoded in shades o red, brown and gold. During an asthma attack, the victim can take a prescribed “Reliever” medication, preerably through a “spacer” device, which helps to hold the medication and overcome the diculty o inhaling it during an attack. Reliever containers are colour-coded in shades o grey or blue, and the medication quickly relaxes airway spasm.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step
1 Help the victim to rest • Help the victim into a sitting position, but with support. • Ideally, allow the arms to rest on a table to increase the rib spaces.
Do not allow any physical activity.
2 Assist with prescribed medication • Help the victim to take any prescribed “Reliever” medication as soon as possible. I a spacer is available, the victim should use it to take the medication, one pu at a time.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Allergic reaction Anaphylactic shock What to do — step by step Background Some people are severely allergic to certain oods, chemicals and medications, or to injected venoms ollowing a bite or sting. An allergic reaction can be very severe, and sometimes is atal within a matter o minutes i prompt medical treatment is not available.
1 Stay with the casualty and ensure total rest
• If an allergic reaction is developing, the casualty may suddenly collapse and needs to be managed as an unconscious person. Sometimes CPR may be needed — see Resuscitation.
Peanuts in any orm are the most common ood item that can cause a severe lie Call 000 or 112 or an ambulance: threatening allergic reaction in a sensitive individual. Many children are severely allergic • if the casualty is known to have to peanuts, and parents, child carers and an allergy problem, or teachers need to ensure that there is no accidental contact through eating a riend’s • if the reaction involves any lunch. Others react severely to antibiotics You're Reading a Preview breathing diculty. such as penicillin.
D E T I B I H O R P S I These severe allergic reactions are known Unlock full access with a free trial. N as anaphylactic shock because the body O I develops severe shock ater the substance T • Rest can slow the onset of a serious U With Free Trial enters the body. The reaction may vary rom Download Read Free Foran 30this Days Sign up to vote on title B reaction and allow time or ambulance I a body rash and slight wheezing, through R to arrive. T Useful Not useful S to collapse and death. For a known allergy a Cancel anytime. I D • Allow the casualty to rest in the position doctor may prescribe some medication to be Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D o greatest comort. Oten the casualty taken at the rst sign o a reaction, usually N
2 Keep the casualty at total rest
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
4 I the reaction ollows exposure
• Hold EpiPen with a st grip, remove grey cap and then hold the black end against the outer thigh and push down HARD. Ater a click is heard, hold the pen in place or a ull 10 seconds beore removal.
to a chemical
• Wash the contact area thoroughly with copious amounts o running water.
• If using an Anapen, remove the grey cap and also the black needle cover rom the other end o the pen. • Hold the open end against the outer thigh and press down rmly on the red button. Ater a click is heard, hold the pen in place or a ull 10 seconds beore removal. • Massage the injection site for 10 seconds to speed up absorption o the medication.
When handling the EpiPen, both beore and ater use, be very careul to avoid contact with the needle.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Bites and stings Background Bites are made by an animal jaw or mouth parts, e.g. a dog, spider or snake. An animal uses stinging apparatus combined with the injection o venom, e.g. jellysh, bee or wasp. In some animals the injury is a combined bite and sting, e.g. Funnel Web spider, Blue-ringed octopus. Even small animals can inject enough venom to kill a baby or small child, e.g. a Funnel Web spider or snake. Oten antivenom may be given to reverse the eects o the poison.
Symptoms and signs • Pain (moderate or severe, depending on the animal involved) • Swelling or deformity of the bite or sting area • Discolouration of the affected area • Altered sensation, e.g. numbness or “pins and needles” i a nerve pathway is aected • Nausea or vomiting • Headache • Blurred or double vision • Muscle weakness or paralysis • Breathing difculty
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Bites and stings that need special care Funnel Web spider bite All Australian spiders have angs and venom sacs and are capable o giving a painul bite. However, only the Sydney Funnel Web spider venom poses a threat to lie with the rapid onset o breathing diculties. In and around Sydney and northern New South Wales a bite rom any large and dark coloured spider should be treated as a possible Funnel Web spider bite and urgent medical care obtained. I the spider can be saely captured, it can help later identication. Funnel Web spider antivenom is available.
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What to do — step by step
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I bitten on limb apply the
1 Master your semester with Scribd Pressure Download With Immobilisation Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Bandaging Technique & The Newmanagement York Times Useful Not useful General Pressure Immobilisation Bandaging 1 Place victim at total rest
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Technique
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Bites and stings
• If bitten on the arm or hand, apply a splint to the lower arm, and apply an arm sling — see Skills and procedures, Slings.
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Immobilise the limb • If bitten on the leg, use the other leg as a splint. Pad between the legs with clothing or a blanket, and tie one leg to the other at the ankles, lower legs and knees.
• Once the immobilisation has been completed, keep the victim quiet and comortable until an ambulance arrives.
Activity 9
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Snake bite Some o the most venomous snakes in the world are ound in Australia and al l are capable o delivering venom that can result in serious illness or even death. Unless you are certain the snake is non-venomous, it is always wise to treat any snake bite as venomous. This is vital in a remote area where proessional help may be several hours away and the correct rst aid can be liesaving. Antivenom is available or all snake bites in Australia.
What to do — step by step
1 Apply the Pressure
Immobilisation Bandaging • Once applied, the bandages and splinting should not be removed until the victim Technique — see technique. reaches hospital or a treatment centre. • Keep the victim lying down at total rest. Check with the victim at intervals to see D E T that the bandages are not too tight. I there Call 000 or mobile 112 or an I B I is increasing pain in the toes or ngers, it ambulance. H may be necessary to loosen the bandages. You're Reading a Preview O R • Check regularly that the bandages are P S Call 000 or mobile 112 or an toowith tight because I Unlock fullnot access a free trial. any movement N ambulance. by the victim to get comortable may O I encourage more venom to enter the T • Check regularly that the bandages are U Download With Free Trial circulation. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B not too tight because any movement I R by the victim to get comortable may T Usefullimb Not with useful Keep the bitten level S Cancel anytime. I encourage more venom to enter the the rest o the body to avoid D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. circulation. D venom rapidly entering the system N through gravity. I the bitten limb
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Other spider bites may cause pain and illness to a baby or small child, but are not a threat to lie in normal circumstances. A Red Back spider bite can cause a severe illness to a baby or small child but is not associated with the sudden deterioration o the victim, which occurs with a Funnel Web spider bite. Recent Australian research has proved that a Whitetail spider bite may be very painul but the venom does not cause ulceration o the skin as commonly eared.
1 Apply cold treatment
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
Other spiders, ant and centipede bites
What to do — step by step
Activity 9
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Bee or wasp stings Bees have only one stinging barb that is let in the skin ollowing the incident. The venom sac is attached to the barb and continues to inject venom until it is empty. For this reason the barb should be removed as soon as possible. The European Wasp does not leave a detached barb in the skin but inficts multiple stings, thus increasing the amount o venom injected. The danger with bee and wasp stings is that stings around the mouth, throat or ace can swell and cause airway obstruction. Also, some people have an allergic reaction to bee venom and may collapse within two or three minutes ater being stung, requiring resuscitation and urgent medical treatment.
• Apply a wrapped ice pack for up to 10 D minutes at a time, or a cold compress that E T has been soaked in water to which a ew I B I ice cubes have been added. The ice pack H O should be wrapped in a damp cloth to getYou're Reading a Preview R P the best eect rom the ice and to avoid S I access with a free trial. burning the skin. A cold compress shouldUnlock full • If stung by a bee, quickly brush or scrape N be changed whenever it becomes warm. O I the barb o the skin to stop any more T U venom the barb Download Withbeing Free injected. Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up toBrush vote titleo B I sideways using a ngernail or the side o R T Not useful your hand. AvoidUseful pulling squeezing S Cancel or anytime. I D the barb, as this will cause more venom Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D to be injected. N
What to do — step by step
1 Remove the barb
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Bites and stings
Contact the local doctor or advice. I the victim is known to be allergic to the venom, apply the Pressure Immobilisation Bandaging Technique. Seek urgent medical assistance
and drive the victim to the
nearest doctor or hospital beore any complications occur.
• Observe the victim closely for any change in condition. • If any of the warning signs of an allergic reaction appear, send or an ambulance urgently. The warning signs include a ne rash over the trunk, wheezing or coughing, or swelling around the ace, eyes and neck — see Allergic Reaction.
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4 Seek medical advice
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
2 I medical care is not readily available
• Try to remove the tick. Use ne tweezers on either side o the tick and lever it out o the skin. Check that the head and mouthparts are completely removed with the body o the tick because infammation and inection will result rom mouthparts let embedded in the skin. • Seek medical advice as soon as possible in case ollow-up care is required.
Cat or dog bite Domestic animal bites usually cause an inected wound. Although the wound may be small, medical advice is usually needed, and antibiotics are oten prescribed and a protective tetanus injection given.
D E T I B I H You're Reading a Preview O Ticks are very small creatures that attach R P themselves to human or animal skin to eed S I o blood. The one that attaches to human Unlock full access with a free trial. N skin is the Paralysis Tick, which is ound on O I • If the wound is bleeding freely, or is on T the east coast o Australia rom northern U theWith ace,Free applyTrial a rm pad and hold in Download Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title B Queensland to the eastern Victorian rain I place — see Bleeding. R orest area. T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I A tick is small and very hard to Seek urgent medical advice and D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. see unless it is ull o blood. Most treatment. D N exist in a skin old or hidden in
Tick bite
What to do — step by step
1 Control any bleeding
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Marine bites and stings Marine bites and stings There are many marine animals that bite or sting and some o them may cause serious illness or even death. The most dangerous marine animals are ound in tropical waters, generally considered to be north o Geraldton on the west coast and north o Bundaberg on the east coast o Australia. The correct rst aid can be liesaving or the victim o a bite or sting rom a marine animal o a remote beach in a tropical area.
Box Jellysh and Irukandji Jellysh stings
• Apply vinegar freely over areas that have been stung to neutralise the venom. Rinse the area with sea water (not resh water) as necessary or pain relie. Reassure the victim requently and try to maintain a calm approach until an ambulance arrives.
3 Observe the victim closely • While waiting for the ambulance to arrive, observe the victim closely or any change in condition, including pulse rate, breathing rate and level o consciousness. Be prepared to begin resuscitation i necessary — see Resuscitation.
D E T Antivenom is available or the I B I Box jellysh. H You're Reading a Preview O R For specic advice on marine stings P S I Unlock full access a free trial.call the Australian in an with emergency, N Venom Research Unit (AVRU) on the O I T 24-hour advice line 03 9483 8204. U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title • Stop the victim from rubbing the stung area. B I R T Useful Not useful • Flood all affected areas of skin with house S Cancel anytime. I hold vinegar to prevent urther envenomation D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D rom unred stinging cells (nematocysts). N
What to do — step by step
vinegar 1 Douse Master yourwith semester with Scribd & The New York Times outside All other jellysh stings tropical waters
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2 Apply ice packs or pain relie • While waiting for ambulance assistance, apply wrapped ice packs or cold compresses to the stung area. • If it is a minor sting but pain relief is still needed ater 10 to 15 minutes, seek medical or ambulance assistance.
Blue-ringed octopus bites and Cone Shell stings The venom o the Blueringed octopus and Cone Shell can cause paralysis o the chest muscles used or breathing that may last or up to 48 hours. I prompt resuscitation is given, the victim may survive until the venom wears o.
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Bites and stings
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T • Apply the Pressure Immobilisation S I immediately Bandaging Technique D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D the victim lying down at total rest — N
Activity 9
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Stonesh, Stingray and Bullrout stings There are several sh that can cause injury by injecting venom through their spines. The stonesh, bullrout and stingray camoufage themselves well and, being adapted to lie on the sea foor, infict injury when a swimmer or someone shing in the area accidentally steps on the sh. The venom is toxic and generally causes severe pain within a ew minutes.
What to do — step by step
1 Immerse the stung area in hot water
• Soak the stung area in a container of
What to do — step by step
You're Reading a Preview water hot enough or the rst aider to
1 Apply the Pressure
Unlock full access with but, a freeitrial. the pain the pain becomes worse
bear on their arm. Hot water can relieve
with heat, a wrapped ice pack can be Bandaging MasterImmobilisation your semester with Scribd tried, this is rarely necessary. Download Withalthough Free Trial Technique Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful 2 Obtain medical assistance
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Bleeding External bleeding Background An open wound is any break in the skin. A closed wound is where there is injury to the sot tissues underneath the skin. The amount o bleeding depends on the type and depth o the wound and varies depending on the blood vessels that have been injured. I an artery has been damaged, bleeding is generally severe with bright red spurts o blood. I a vein has been injured, the blood is usually darker in colour and fows out constantly without any spurting. However, bleeding may be severe and lie-threatening i a large vein has been cut, e.g. the jugular vein in the neck. I a smaller capillary is involved ollowing a surace wound, bleeding will vary depending on the location, i.e. bleeding rom the scalp oten appears severe although the injury may be minor.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N External bleeding O I T • A wound with, or without, an embedded U oreign object B I R T • Severe pain from skin surface wounds S I D • Bruising or discolouration under the skin Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D • Loss of normal function in the injured area N
Symptoms and signs
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Encourage the victim to apply pressure to the wound i this is practical. • The pad should totally cover the wound with a small area o overlap. I no bulky pad is readily available, improvise with clean tissues or light coloured clothing olded into a pad.
You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
2 Raise the injured area
Master your semester with Scribd • If theWith wound is Trial on a limb, raise it in a Download Free Read Free For 30this Days Signtoup to vote on title supported position reduce blood fow & The New York Times useful to the injured area. I an arm injured, Useful is Not Cancel anytime.
apply an Arm Sling or Elevation Sling — see Skills and procedures, Slings.
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3 I a oreign body is embedded in the wound
• Do not remove it but apply padding on either side o the object and build it up to avoid pressure on the oreign body.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
5 Keep the victim at total rest • Even if the injury involves the arm or upper part o the body, the victim need needss to be at total rest or at least 10 minutes to help control the bleeding. • There will be some degree of shock with any loss o blood and it is important to allow the victim to lie down as soon as possible with both legs raised. This will boost the victim’s blood pressure by returning blood to the head and chest areas.
Call or medical assistance.
I the wound appears to be minor and the victim is able to travel by car, arrange an urgent appointment with a local doctor to assess and treat the injury.
• Hold the padding rmly in place with
D E a roller bandage or olded triangular T I bandage applied in a criss-cross method B I H to avoid pressure on the object. O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
I the injury is severe or the victim very shocked, call 00 000 0 or mobile 112 or an ambulance. • Check the victim’s level of consciousness, breathing and pulse rate every ew minutes while waiting or the ambulance. • Note any changes and give your observations to the ambulance ocers.
Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title I blood leaks through the 6 & The New York Times Useful Not useful pressure pad and bandage Cancel anytime.
• Apply a second pad over the rst unless the initial pad is ull o blood , which will
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Wounds that need special care
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Place the inated bag into a container or bucket o cold water to which several ice cubes have been added.
Amputation Background I a shearing orce or a sharp object has severed a nger, toe or limb, the correct emergency care may result in the part being successully being reattached by a surgeon. It is vital to take great care o the severed part and to transport it to hospital with the victim.
What to do — step by step Call 000 or mobile 112 or ambulance transport to hospital. D E T I B I • Use a bulky pad and apply it rmly to the H O raised bleeding area. R P S • As a last resort and only when direct I N pressure has ailed, apply an arterial O I tourniquet well above the bleeding site. T U Use a rm, non-conorming bandage, B I which is at least 5cm wide, around the R T S injured limb, tightly enough to stop all I D Special offer for students:below Only $4.99/month. circulation the tourniquet. Once D applied the tourniquet should not be N
1 Control any bleeding
• Discreetly transport the severed part to hospital by ambulance with the victim.
Blast injury Background A blast injury is caused by pressure waves ollowing an explosion rom gas or a bomb. Occasionally a blast injury occurs in an Australian workplace or when children play with reworks without realising the potential consequences.
may be surace bleeding rom wounds Master your semester with ScribdThere caused by fying debris, but more serious Read Free Foron 30this Days Signhave up tooccurred. vote title internal injuries may These may be recognised Useful & The New York Times useful by blood leaking Notrom the nose, ears or mouth, and by the victim Cancel anytime.
coughing up bright red rothy blood rom a lung injury, or vomiting dark bloodstained
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Activity 9
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Crush injury
First Aid Merit Badge Pamphlet
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Nose bleed
Background
Background
A crush injury occurs rom compression o large muscle groups and sot tissues by a heavy weight. The most serious sites or a crush injury to occur are the head, neck, chest, abdomen and thigh.
A blow to the nose, fying at high altitude or scuba diving may all cause a bleeding nose. For a child always check whether there is a oreign body present, e.g. a bead or coin etc. I this has occurred, seek prompt medical advice and do not try to remove the object yoursel because this may cause urther damage.
the bleeding may be due to a head Iinjury injury,, e.g. a ractured skull — see Head injuries. Call 000 or mobile 112 or an ambulance urgently urgently..
What to do — step by step What to do — step by step
1 Remove the crushing orce
D E T I Call 000 or mobile 112 or an ambulance B I H O Remove the crushing orce because R P permanent tissue damage may occur S I beore the arrival o an ambulance or N O rescue vehicle. I T U B I the crushing orce has been in place or I R some time, be prepared to give prompt T S I rst aid, because removal o the crushing D Special offer for orce students: $4.99/month. mayOnly cause a sudden collapse or D N deterioration in the victim’s condition.
1 Apply rm pressure, elevation and rest
• The victim needs to hold the head well orwards and breathe through the mouth while pinching the faps o the nostrils together or 10 to 15 minutes. • The victim must be sitting down and at total rest until the bleeding stops.
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Bleeding
— See also Rules or wound care.
An abrasion (graze) An abrasion is a surace wound that aects only the top layer o skin, although it may be very painul because o the number o nerve endings involved. These wounds are oten contaminated by dirt or gravel but rarely bleed heavily because only minor blood vessels are involved. Clear serous fuid oten weeps rom the wound surace and this may continue until some crusting has been ormed to seal the wound.
• Gently clean with warm soapy water.
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Other wounds
What to do — step by step
Activity 9
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
A laceration, incised or avulsed wound A sharp object causes a laceration, which may have a jagged appearance. I the injury is deep, e.g. ollowing a stab wound, damage may be caused to nerves and to the muscle and at layers under the skin and bleeding is oten severe. An incised wound is a orm o laceration but has straight edges and usually involves only the skin surace. It commonly ollows injury with a sharp knie and the bleeding may be severe depending on the number o blood vessels involved. An avulsion occurs when a fap o skin is torn away rom its normal position but remains partly attached to the body. I the avulsed part is quickly replaced into its normal position, bleeding is usually only minor. All three o these wounds are treated as or any external bleeding — see external bleeding.
D • If there are pieces of gravel embedded E T I in the wound, ask the victim to try to B I remove them while the area is soaking in H You're Reading a Preview O soapy water. R P sharpwith or pointed object, S I Unlock fullAaccess a free trial. • If soaking is impossible, apply warm such as a piece o glass or N compresses to clean and soten the tissues. O a nail, causes a puncture I T wound. I the oreign object • Dry the area well by blotting with gauze Download U With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I is still embedded in the swabs or a pad o tissues. R wound, the bleedingUseful may be T Not useful S Cancel anytime. I • Apply a protective layer of povidoneonly minor because it is being D Special offer iodine for students: Only $4.99/month. controlled by pressure rom the object. The antiseptic solution and air dry. D N major problem is the risk o inection deep inside
A puncture wound
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Bleeding
Background Internal bleeding may ollow a major blow to the head, chest, abdomen or pelvis, such as in an incident where the victim has allen rom a height or has been struck by a vehicle. There may not be an obvious wound and internal bleeding may be suspected by blood leaving the body in vomit, sputum, urine or aeces and increasing shock — see Shock.
1 Place the victim at total rest
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Internal bleeding
What to do — step by step
Activity 9
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
2 Observe the victim • While waiting for the ambulance to arrive, manage the injury as required or that body area — see Head injury, Chest injury, and Abdominal injury. • Observe the victim closely for any change in condition. I deterioration occurs, the victim may breathe in s hort gasps (known as “air hunger”) to try and obtain more oxygen. • Ensure that all restrictive clothing has been loosened, especially at the neck and waist. Keep any bystanders well clear to allow the victim to breathe resh air reely. • Check the victim’s level of consciousness and the breathing and pulse rates every ew minutes and note your observations or the ambulance ocers. Increasing breathing and pulse rates will indicate continuing bleeding and urgent medical care is required.
• Assist the victim into the position of greatest comort. • Provide clothing or blankets for support if necessary. • Cover the victim with a blanket to maintain body heat. Place protective abric underneath the victim i the Do not allow the victim to eat, surace is rough, cold or hot, e.g. a coat or smoke while waiting or You're Readingdrink a Preview i the victim is lying on a road. the ambulance to arrive because Call 000 or mobile 112 or urgentUnlock full access with an anaesthetic is likely to be a free trial. ambulance transport. needed.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I R T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I R E C O G N I T I O N O F I N T E R N A L B L E E D I N G D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N BLEEDING SEEN DESCRIPTION OF BLEEDING POSSIBLE SOURCE
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Activity 9
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Burns and scalds Background Contact with any source o heat will cause a burn or scald injury. A burn can result rom contact with a dry heat source such as hot metal or electricity. A scald is caused by moist heat contact, such as a hot liquid or steam, and clothing over the area may retain the heat and cause urther injury. Prompt rst aid involves removing the source o heat and thorough cooling o the injured area. • A supercial bur n aects only the top layer o skin (previously called a 1st degree burn) • A partial thickness burn damages deeper layers o skin (previously called a 2nd degree burn) • A ull thickness burn damages the skin and deeper tissues, such as muscle (previously called a 3rd degree burn).
D E T I B I H O R P • Severe pain (unless the damage is full S I thickness and nerve endings are burnt) N O • Red, peeling or blistered skin (or blackened if I T caused by electricity) U B I • Watery uid weeping from the injured area R T S • The victim is likely to be shocked, with pale, I D cold clammyOnly skin,$4.99/month. eeling aint and giddy, Special offer forand students: D and complaining o nausea or vomiting N
Symptoms and signs
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Hold the injured area close to the stream o water to avoid urther pain. • If any clothing is wet with hot liquid or aected by a chemical splash, remove it quickly and careully.
Avoid injury to yoursel and take special care o the victim’s ace and eyes i a sweater or T-shirt is removed over the head. • Remove any tight clothing, watch, rings or jewellery rom the injured area because o the risk o swelling. • Where possible, keep the injured part raised to reduce swelling. • If cold water is not available, hydrogel products may be used. However, cold water is always the best treatment or a burn. 000 or mobile 112 or an Call ambulance i the area o the burn or scald is larger than the palm o the victim’s hand, because hospital treatment is needed.
You're Reading a Preview
Treat victim or shock
2full access with a free trial. Unlock
• If the victim is feeling faint or looking shocked
and needing to lie down, place the injured Master your semester with Scribd Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title part (depending on the location o the burn) in a bowl or bucket cold water. I the water & The New York Times Useful useful o Not becomes warm, add some ice cubes to keep it Cancel anytime.
cool but avoid any contact with the burn area.
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Burns and scalds
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Burns that need special care Extensive burns or scalds
Do not break blisters or remove peeled skin.
I the injured area is greater than the size o the victim’s palm, medical assessment and treatment will be needed.
Do not try to remove any abric that is stuck to a burn.
What to do — step by step
Do not use ice or ice water on the burn area as urther burns may result.
1 Cool the injury
Do not apply creams, ointments, or lotions to any burn injury because inection may occur and complicate the injury.
• Cool the area only briey because prolonged cooling o a large area o the body can cause hypothermia.
2 Cover the injury
• Use a sterile non-adherent dressing if D E Any substance applied to a burn T available or, i the burnt area is more I injury may have to be removed B I extensive, use a pillowcase or clean sheet H later in hospital. You're Reading Preview to coverathe injury, but avoid any fuy O R surace touching the wound. P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I • Keep the sterile dressing in place with T U Download With Free Trial a loosely applied conorming cotton Read Free Foron 30 Days Sign victim up to vote this title B • Keep the shocked lying down with I R bandage. both legs raised. T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
4 Apply a light bandage
3 Reassure the victim Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times
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Chemical burns
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Burns and scalds
3
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Electrical or lightning burns
What to do — step by step
I an electrical current passes through the body it is usual to nd a small entry burn but a large exit burn where the electricity goes to “earth”.
1 Quickly remove any
contaminated clothing Avoid contact with any chemical and urther injury to the victim.
What to do — step by step
1 Make the area sae
2 Cool the injury • Flood the burned area with copious amounts o water or at least 20 minutes. Check MSDS i available.
3 I a chemical solution has
• After checking that the area is safe and/ or disconnecting a low voltage appliance rom the power source, check the victim or any burns.
2 Cool the injury
splashed into the eye
• Hold the affected eyelids open to ensure water washes thoroughly under the lids to remove any trapped chemical.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
Activity 9
• Use cold water on any visible injury. Always seek prompt medical advice however small the burn might appear to be because internal injuries may have occurred.
I struck by lightning You're3Reading a Preview • If the victim is unconscious, be prepared
Unlock full access withCPR a free— trial. to begin see Resuscitation.
• If the victim does not need resuscitation, Master your semester with Scribd check anyTrial burns, particularly ontitle the Download Withor Free Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote soles o the eet. & The New York Times Useful Not useful
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I an electrical storm is continuing with thunder and lightning, try
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Activity 9
Burns and scalds Inhalation burns involving the mouth or throat
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Clothing on re What to do — step by step
I the victim has been accidentally exposed to re or heated gases, damage may occur to the mouth and airway. There may be signs o burning around the lips, nose, eyebrows or lashes. A dry cough or hoarse voice is an early sign o airway damage and prompt medical care is essential.
1 Extinguish the re • Smother the ames with a non-synthetic coat or blanket and push the victim to the ground to remove oxygen rom the burning area.
What to do — step by step Be careul to check that the blanket or coat does not contain synthetic bres which will melt onto the victim’s skin and cause additional burns.
1 Remove the victim to a sae area • If in a closed area, and if safe for the rst aider, it is vital to remove the victim to a place ree o risk and preerably into resh air.
2 Cool the injury
• The rule is to STOP, DROP and ROLL the victim or saety beore checking or burns and cooling the injury — see Skills and procedures, Fire.
• If smoke or toxic gases may have been inhaled, including carbon monoxide rom a vehicle exhaust, chlorine, ammonia or hydrochloric acid, give the victim sips o cool water but do not give ice. You're Reading a Preview • If there is any breathing difculty, allow Unlock full access with a free trial. the victim to nd the position o greatest comort with the head and chest raised.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U Download B I Ater an inhalation incident the victim R T may suer rom a severe lack o oxygen S I to internal damage to the throat, D Special offer fordue students: Only $4.99/month. D upper airway and lungs. It is important N
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Background An injury to the chest wall may cause broken ribs and also may damage the two major organs inside the chest, the lung or heart, e.g. a knie wound over the let side o the chest wall. I an open wound is let in the chest wall, air will enter and collapse the lung, causing severe breathing diculty. The lung is kept infated and against the inside o the chest wall by a negative pressure, and once atmospheric air at positive pressure enters through a wound, the lung collapses like a pricked balloon. Some vehicle accidents may cause severe injury to the chest including multiple rib ractures in which a “fail chest” develops. In this severe condition the two sides o the chest wall move separately and breathing becomes dicult, leading to a lack o oxygen in circulation. The rst aider may notice that one side o the chest moves inwards with each breath, whereas the uninjured side moves outwards in a normal breathing pattern.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N Collapsed lung O I T U B I R Wound T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
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Chest injuries
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step
1 Assist the victim into a comortable position
• Assist the victim into the position of greatest comort, generally sitting or halsitting with support. This upright position will assist breathing and make it less painul or each breath taken in. • If the injury is to one side of the chest, the victim should lean towards the injured side to avoid blood and other fuids fowing rom the injured lung into the uninjured side. • In an open space, kneel behind the victim to provide support while assessing any injuries. Loosen any tight clothing at neck and waist to assist breathing.
2 Check or a chest wound and close it
You're• Reading a Previewespecially if there has Check thoroughly, been a knie or gun involved.
Unlock full access with a free trial.
• If a wound is found, seal it closed immediately with your hand, preerably Download Free Trial Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title withWith a bulky pad or piece o clothing as a barrier. Useful Not useful
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3 Apply a sterile or clean dressing over the wound
• As soon as possible seal it on three sides, leaving the lower edge open to allow air under pressure to escape.
4 Observe victim • While waiting for ambulance assistance, stay with the victim and check every ew minutes or any change in condition. D • Observe and note the breathing and E T I pulse rate, which will increase i internal B I bleeding is present. H You're Reading a Preview O • Check for and record any change in the R P victim’s levela o S I Unlock full access with freeconsciousness. trial. N • If unconsciousness occurs, turn the victim O I onto the injured side and check that the T When the lung has collapsed due to U Download With Freeand Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days airway is clear open. Sign up to vote title the entry o atmospheric air at positive B I R pressure, some air may be blown o T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I through the wound when the uninjured D Special offer for students: lung moves.Only It is$4.99/month. important that the D N open edge o the dressing is at the
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Childbirth and miscarriage Background Childbirth usually takes several hours. Although in exceptional cases a baby arrives suddenly beore it is possible to move the mother to hospital, it is rare or this to happen with a mother’s rst baby because the birth canal needs to undergo a great deal o stretching and adaptation to allow the baby’s head to move down rom the womb.
Symptoms and signs • Lower abdominal cramp-like pains at regular intervals • An urge to push down when the baby is ready to be born • A feeling of excitement mixed with anxiety
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
2 Prepare or the baby’s arrival • Prepare a clean sheet or towel for the baby’s arrival and leave it in a warm place nearby. • If the mother wants to push the baby out with each muscular contraction, ask her to slow down the process by “panting like a dog”. This may require you to pant with her to keep the mother rom pushing down. • If the baby is ready to be born, the mother will be unable to pant and will push down hard with each contraction until the baby’s head is out o the birth canal. • Help the mother to rest and relax between contractions. • Check between the mother’s legs after each contraction to see whether the baby’s head is visible. I it can be seen, be ready to assist with the baby’s birth.
D E T I B I H You're •Reading a Preview O As the baby’s head moves out, be ready R P to support the head and check that the S I Unlock full access withcord a freeistrial. umbilical not around the baby’s N neck. I a loop o cord is seen or elt at O I T theWith neck,Free try to ease it over the baby’s U Download Trial Read Free For 30this Days Sign to vote on title B head or saety. Theup baby’s head will then I R T move orwards with each contraction Useful Not useful • Assist her to lie down on a bed, or the S Cancel anytime. I until it is ully delivered. foor, i delivery seems to be imminent. D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D • Place a piece of plastic covered by old N • Once the head is free of the birth canal,
3 Assist with delivery o the baby
What to do — step by step
thesemester mother into awith suitable 1 Assist Master your Scribd position & The New York Times
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Check that the mouth and nose are still clear and that the baby is breathing quietly. • The umbilical cord and afterbirth will still be inside the mother and the rst aider should avoid pulling on the cord at any stage. • Leave the baby attached to the umbilical cord until the large blood vessels stop pulsating. At this point the baby is breathing and circulating oxygen-rich blood independently o the mother. • If the ambulance is due, leave the cord attached to the baby until the ambulance crew arrive. • If there is likely to be a delay in the arrival o the ambulance, prepare to cut the cord. Cut three pieces o clean string into lengths o approximately 20cm each. Tie the rst piece approximately 10cm rom the baby’s navel, and the second 15cm away rom the navel. Tie a third piece 20cm away rom the baby's navel.
D E T I B I H O • Use sharp scissors to cut between the R P second and third ties and sever the cord, S I leaving two ties in place. N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
Assist with delivery o the aterbirth
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midwie to check later. Sometimes small pieces o aterbirth become dislodged
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Childbirth and miscarriage
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Childbirth complications What to do — step by step Background
1 Call urgently or medical
There are a number o problems that can occur during childbirth and very little that a rst aider can do except stay with the mother and keep her calm until an ambulance arrives.
assistance
000 or mobile 112 or an Call ambulance, or contact a local
Sometimes the baby is not positioned correctly or a simple deliv ery and the baby’s hand or oot, ace or buttocks may appear in the birth canal beore the head is ready to be born. This can cause serious injury to both baby and mother and the rst aider needs to reassure the mother until trained help arrives. Sometimes the placenta starts to pull away rom the lining o the womb beore the baby is born, causing severe bleeding rom the mother, and complications or the baby. I the baby becomes distressed during the birth process, the heartbeat will increase. This is a serious emergency and requires urgent medical care.
doctor or help.
• Keep the mother at rest. Reassure her but encourage her to try to stop pushing with each contraction. Ask the mother to pant hard with each contraction to slow the baby’s progress down the birth canal. • If the mother is in severe pain or has lost a quantity o blood, manage her or shock — see Shock.
• If the mother is still lying on her back, place some padding under her right hip and buttock to move the baby o her deep veins and assist with the return o blood to her heart. You're Reading a Preview
D E T I B I H O R P • If the mother loses consciousness, S I Unlock full access with a free trial. place her in the recovery position on N O • Severe lower abdominal pain caused by her let side and be ready to begin I T obstruction o labour CPR Free — see, Resuscitation during U Download With Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I the last weeks o pregnancy. • The appearance of a baby’s foot, hand, face R T Useful Not useful or buttocks rom the birth canal, instead o S Cancel anytime. I thestudents: top o theOnly head D Special offer for $4.99/month. I resuscitation is required in D • Bleeding from the birth canal N late pregnancy it is vital to keep
Symptoms and signs
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Childbirth and miscarriage Miscarriage Background I a mother loses her baby beore the 20th week o her pregnancy, it is known as a miscarriage. This can be a serious medical emergency due to the degree o shock and sudden blood loss, but also causes an emotional stress or the mother.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
2 Observe the victim closely • Check the victim’s breathing and pulse rates every ew minutes. Note any increase in the rates because this may indicate severe bleeding.
Symptoms and signs • Heavy vaginal bleeding in a pregnant woman • Severe cramp-like pains in the lower abdomen • Pale, cold and clammy skin due to shock — see Shock. • Rapid and weak pulse rate
What to do — step by step
• If the breathing and pulse rates increase, manage the victim or shock — see Shock.
D E T I B I H • Assist the victim to lie down at completeYou're Reading a Preview O R rest in the position o greatest comort. P S I Moisten victim’s withthe a free trial. lips if they are • Place a pillow or rolled towel under the Unlock full• access N dry, but avoid giving any ood or fuids O knees to ease abdominal pains and spasm. I because an anaesthetic is likely to be T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign in up to vote title needed on arrival hospital. B I R T Useful useful • Reassure the victim until anytime. the Not ambulance S Cancel I D arrives. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
1 Assist the victim to rest
3 Stay with the victim until the ambulance arrives
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Choking Background Choking occurs when a person is unable to breathe due to obstruction in the throat or windpipe (trachea). This airway obstruction can be caused by an inhaled oreign body, trauma or internal swelling associated with an anaphylactic reaction. The onset is likely to be sudden when caused by an inhaled oreign body, but more gradual in onset when due to internal swelling. Partial (mild) airway obstruction: the victim will be able to breathe and cough, although there may be a “crowing noise” (stridor) as air passes through a narrowed space. Usually the victim can clear a small oreign body by coughing and, although the breathing may be noisy, air can still enter and leave the lungs. At this stage it is important to avoid giving backblows which may cause a oreign body to move and become a total obstruction. Total (severe) airway obstruction: the D E airway is completely blocked and no air can T I B move up or down the windpipe into the I H lungs. The victim cannot cough eectively O and may die o a total obstruction unless R P prompt rst aid is given. S I N O I T U B I Normal passage R o ood T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Food inhaled down D windpipe N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Partial (mild) airway obstruction What to do — step by step Never use back blows on a person who is able to cough eectively or breathe.
1 Reassure and encourage the victim • Stay with the victim until full recovery has occurred. • Encourage the victim to cough and expel the oreign body.
is not relieved, call I000theorobstruction mobile 112 or an ambulance.
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Choking
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
3 I the obstruction has not been
D E T I B I H You're Reading a Preview O R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I • With an adult or child standing or sitting R T Useful Not useful S place one hand over the lower hal o the Cancel anytime. I D Special offerbreastbone for students:(sternum) Only $4.99/month. as or CPR, and the Call 000 or mobile 112 or an D other hand over the spine at the s ame N ambulance.
relieved, continue by alternating back blows and chest thrusts until the ambulance arrives.
I unsuccessul, give up to ve chest
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Cold illness Hypothermia Background Hypothermia is a serious medical condition that occurs ollowing exposure to extreme cold. Exposure to cold conditions can be made more serious i the victim’s clothes are wet, especially in a cold wind. In serious hypothermia, as internal organs cool, the victim’s level o consciousness wil l deteriorate and, unless prompt medical care is available, death may occur. Accidental hypothermia also can aect an elderly or very young person wearing inadequate clothing in cold conditions or living in an unheated room, especially when malnutrition is present. Frostbite occurs when one part o the body is exposed to extreme cold and usually involves an extremity. Most commonly this aects the ngers or toes, but rostbite may involve the nose or ears i the head is uncovered in freezing conditions.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N • Shivering in the early stages of hypothermia O I T • Apathy and confusion U B I • Poor coordination R T S • Exhaustion and disorientation I D Special offer for students: Onlyoften $4.99/month. • Slowing pulse rate, irregular beats D N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
2 Rewarm the victim • Help the victim to rest lying down in a sleeping bag i available. • Ensure that there is protection underneath the body to avoid losing more body heat into the ground. • Cover the victim with a blanket, dry clothing or an aluminium oil rescue blanket, to maintain body heat.
• Give a warm drink.
Avoid hot drinks or alcohol because
You're Reading Preview thisawill divert blood to the stomach and away rom the cold body parts.
Unlock full access with a free trial.
Do not use direct heat or massage to rewarm the victim, e.g. a camp Download With Trial re,Free blow heater hoton packs, Read Free For 30 Days Sign up toor vote this title because these will take heat to Useful Not useful the skin suraceCancel andanytime. away rom the cold body organs.
Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times • Collapse and unconsciousness in late stages
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Cold illness Frostbite Symptoms and signs
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
3 Protect the aected area • Apply sterile, soft dressings between the aected ngers or toes.
• White and waxy skin • Tingling at rst, then loss of sensation in the aected part • Altered skin colour from pink initia lly, to blue, then yellow or white later • Affected skin surface is colder than the rest o the area
What to do — step by step
1 Protect the victim • Avoid further exposure to the cold source. • Remove any item that may be affected by later swelling, e.g. wristwatch, ring or other jewellery.
• Then apply soft padding and a protective bandage to the whole area.
D E T I B I H • Use body heat to rewarm, e.g. ask the You're Reading a Preview O victim to place the ngers in the opposite R P armpit, or cover the nose, chin or ears Unlock full access with a free trial. S I with gloved hands. N O I • If warm water is available, place the T U Read Free Foron 30this Days aected ngers or toes in warm water Download With Free Trial Sign up to vote title B I R until the victim eels tingling. T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N • For other body parts, protect the tissues
2 Gently rewarm the part
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Convulsions and seizures Background
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step
1 Protect the victim rom injury • Check the immediate area for hazards and remove them i possible. Move urniture away rom the person but take special care with electrical appliances or cooking utensils to avoid a burn or scald. • If the victim is close to a wall or hard urniture, pad the area with clothing or a pillow to avoid urther injury.
A convulsion occurs only in early childhood when a child under the age o six years has a high ever caused by a severe inection. A seizure can occur at any age and is due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain resulting in uncontrollable muscular activity and loss o consciousness. There are many types of seizure with some being relatively mild and others severe and prolonged. The term “t” is no longer recommended or use when referring to an epileptic seizure, because the condition is a recognised illness. One mild form of epileptic seizure is known as petit mal or absence seizure: the victim stops suddenly and stares into space without any awareness o the surrounding D E environment or dangers. Ater a ew seconds T I the victim suddenly recovers and continues B I H the interrupted activity as i nothing unusual You're Reading a Preview O had occurred. A full-scale epileptic seizure R P Do not move or try to restrain involves violent jerking o the limbs, acial S I Unlock full accessthe with a free trial. victim’s movements because twitching and oaming at the mouth due to N saliva being blown through clenched teeth. this may result in a broken bone O I T The seizure may last for one or two minutes or sot injury. Do not try to U Download With Freetissue Trial Read Freevote Foron 30this Days Sign title B and the victim may need several hours in I pad between up thetovictim’s teeth R which to recover. T useful because thisUseful may damage Notthe S Cancel anytime. I I a person with any orm o epilepsy wants tissues in the mouth. D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. to take part in swimming or other water D N activities, it is vital to be accompanied by a
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Convulsions and seizures 3 Ater the seizure • As soon as the jerking ends, quickly roll the unconscious victim onto the side and clear and open the airway.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Special care or a everish convulsion in a child What to do — step by step
1 Ensure the child’s saety rom any hazards
2 Remove all clothing down to a
nappy or pants to allow the skin to cool naturally
• Cover the victim lightly with a coat or blanket in case there is incontinence due to loss o bladder or bowel control. • Check that normal breathing has resumed. • Allow the victim to sleep until fully recovered, but check or a response every ew minutes.
3 Wait until the convulsion ends
beore rolling the child or baby onto the side
D I the victim does not respond, E T I call 000 or mobile 112 or an B I ambulance urgently. H You're Reading a Preview O R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I • Check for a Medic Alert pendant or T U bracelet stating that the wearer suers Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I rom epilepsy. R T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I • Check for any injuries and treat a D Special offer bleeding for students: Only $4.99/month. wound promptly — see D N Bleeding
4 Ater care
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4 Clear and open the airway and check that normal breathing has
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Croup Background Croup is usually the result o a viral inection. It aects babies and young children and rarely occurs ater the age o ve years. Croup is a orm o obstructive breathing in which the larynx (voice box) is narrowed by swelling as a result o an upper respiratory tract inection. In severe cases the airway may close over totally so that medical advice is important at the rst signs o the illness. It oten ollows an upper respiratory tract inection such as a heavy cold or tonsillitis. Another severe orm o croup is epiglottitis (infammation o the epiglottis just above the larynx), which is generally caused by a bacterial inection. This condition may also lead to total airway obstruction and generally requires a stay in hospital under close supervision until the child starts to recover.
D E T I B I H O Croup is usually worse at night and generally R P lasts three to our days. On some days the S I child may seem to be ully recovered, only N to deteriorate again in the evening. O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N • Noisy breathing with a high-pitched sound,
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step
1 Relieve the breathing diculty • Reassure and keep the child calm. Ensure that warm clothing is being worn. • Close all windows and doors to reduce draughts. • If the child is feverish with a temperature o more than 38ºC, or complains o a sore throat, give one dose o paracetamol. Strictly ollow the dosage instructions on the bottle and, i the child does not improve, check with your doctor beore giving a urther dose.
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Diabetes Background Diabetes is a medical condition in which there is a ailure o insulin production in the pancreas. The result is a ailure to process carbohydrates, ats and proteins correctly and the victim loses weight, becomes very thirsty and passes large quantities o urine. The victim o diabetes is usually treated with a modied diet or daily insulin injections. However, i the correct diet is not ollowed, or i a severe inection occurs, this can lead to an insulin coma rom too little sugar in circulation (hypoglycaemia). Unless prompt rst aid with sugar plus ollow-up medical care is available, death may occur. The reverse condition o hyperglycaemia occurs when the victim lapses into a diabetic coma rom too much sugar in the body. However, this condition is not as common as hypoglycaemia and has a very slow onset. Because it is a less serious condition, sugar is still given because o the risk o the condition being hypoglycaemia which could result in collapse and death beore medical care is available.
D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I • Extreme tiredness and loss of concentration R T S I • Severe thirst D Special offer for students: • Abdominal painOnly $4.99/month. D N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step
1 Give the victim some sugar • If the victim is still fully conscious and able to swallow, give a sweetened drink, chocolate or glucose sweets to suck. • If the victim is able to cooperate and swallow saely, an improvement usually occurs within minutes. • When the victim is more alert, offer a more substantial carbohydrate meal o a sandwich or several sweet biscuits.
Remember that because the symptoms and signs o too much sugar and too little sugar are very similar, it is always best to assume that a low blood sugar is present (hypoglycaemia), as this is the more serious condition. I there is already too much sugar in the body, a sweet drink and sandwich will make very little dierence to the victim.
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Give requent reassurance during recovery Unlock full access with abecause free trial. the victim may be conused until ully recovered.
Master your semester with Scribd Symptoms and signs Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Signadvice up to vote title 2 Obtain medical & The New York Times Useful with Not • If the victim hasimproved theuseful intake • Nausea or vomiting
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o carbohydrate, medical advice is still necessary because a urther deterioration
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Drug and alcohol overdose
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step Avoid contact with any o the victim’s body fuids including blood, saliva, vomit or urine. Look around careully or a syringe, needle or other sharp object that might penetrate the skin.
Background
Almost any drug taken in excess can cause a I there is any contact with the person to suer the eects o an overdose. victim’s body fuids during the rst Some prescribed medicines and recreational aid treatment, wash all contaminated drugs taken in excess or without medical supervision can prove atal unless prompt skin suraces thoroughly with soap emergency care is available. and water. Dry the skin well and contact your doctor or urther The eects o any drug will vary depending on the nature o the substance, the age, weight advice about protection rom any and general health o the victim, and whether inectious diseases. any alcohol was consumed at the same time. Many young people are exposed to the risks 1 Assess the victim o taking a “recreational drug” at a party or entertainment venue, oten without knowing • Check the level of consciousness. If the the nature o the substance concerned. person is not ully conscious and alert, try Sometimes a cocktail o drugs may be taken to turn the victim onto the side into the in the hope o enjoying a “high”, but this recovery position — see Resuscitation. can prove to be a atal step and seriously D E complicates the medical treatment required. T I Such recreational drugs include a range o B I stimulants, including ‘ecstasy’, amphetamines H You're Reading a Preview O (‘speed’), and cocaine etc. Depressant drugs R P may also be abused and include various S I Unlock full access with a free trial. narcotics and barbiturates. Hallucinogenic N drugs that may be taken include marijuana, O I “magic mushrooms” or LSD. The rst aider T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days will be unable to give any specic treatment Sign up to vote title B I R or the victim o drug abuse and can only give T Useful Not useful S care ollowing the normal priorities o basic Cancel anytime. I D Basic Lie Support — see Special offerlie forsupport students: Onlythe $4.99/month. D Flow Chart. N
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First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
Drug and alcohol overdose 3 Identiy the drug taken • Ask what the victim has taken and whether it was swallowed, inhaled or injected — see Poisoning. • Look for evidence that might assist the hospital sta with treatment and keep any container, syringe or needle and any vomit to aid analysis and identication. • Maintain body heat with a coat or blanket to avoid heat loss. In cold weather in the outdoors environment, place abric under the victim i possible to reduce heat loss rom lying on a cold surace.
Some drugs create serious overheating o the body and i this is noticed, remove unnecessary clothing to allow air to reach the skin surace to assist with cooling.
4 Give emergency care
Activity 9
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2 o 2
2
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Drop the syringe and needle into the chosen container and seal the top securely. Mark the outside as ‘Hazardous Waste’ and arrange disposal through your local doctor, hospital or council.
2 I you injure yoursel with a needle
• Wash the injured area thoroughly with soap and warm water. • Apply an antiseptic in accordance with the directions on the label. • When the area is dry, apply a sterile adhesive dressing. • Obtain further advice from your local doctor as soon as possible, and within 24 hours o the injury.
Accidental overdose o drugs
D For rst aid management o an accidental E • Keep talking to the victim to monitor T I overdose o medicines or drugs — see the level o consciousness and note any B I Ingested poisons. H changes, especially any deterioration You're Reading a Preview O R Many medicines have liesaving properties • Frequently check that the airway is clear P but, i taken in excess, some can cause S I and note the breathing and pulse rates. Unlock full access with a free trial. serious illness or even death. I a small child N O takes medicines that have been prescribed I T or an adult, evenTrial a small dose may lead to U Download With Free Read Free Foron 30this Days Signdeath. up to vote title B unconsciousness and I R T Not area useful All medicines should Useful be kept a sae S Cancelin anytime. I The risk o catching any disease rom contact D out o the reach o children. Wherever Special offerwith for students: Only $4.99/month. a discarded syringe needle is extremely D possible medicines should be kept in a locked N low; however, it is advisable to take care
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Eye injuries
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
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1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Major eye conditions What to do — step by step
Background The eye is a delicate structure that is easily damaged by a small oreign body. I a oreign body scratches or scars the eye surace, the victim may lose some or all vision in the injured eye. A heavy blow may injure sot issues and bone around the eye. This can result in pressure on the eyeball and cause blurred or double vision, or even blindness. In a workplace where welding is undertaken a painul fash injury may occur unless personal protective equipment is used correctly. A chemical splash in the eye can cause permanent loss o vision and needs prompt rst aid and medical care. D E T I B I H Cornea O R P Optic nerve S Lens I N O Iris I T U Retina B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Extraocular D N muscles
1 Rest and reassure the victim • For a serious eye injury, help the victim to rest in the position o greatest comort with the injured eye closed.
• Keep the head slightly raised above the level o the shoulders to reduce any internal bleeding. You're Reading a Preview • Advise the victim to avoid all movement the head urther eye Unlock fullo access with a to freeprevent trial. damage. • Reassure the victim that expert help will Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30may Days be obtained and that the injury not Sign up to vote this title be as serious as it Useful appears to be. Not useful
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2 Protect the injured eye
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Activity 9
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
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• Advise the victim to keep the uninjured eye closed to reduce the risk o movement o the injured eye.
2
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
I the object is not removed with one attempt, do not continue because o the risk o scratching the eye surace and causing scarring.
3 Arrange or medical care
I the oreign object cannot be seen clearly or is over the coloured part o the eye, do not try to remove it but manage the victim as or a serious eye injury.
the eye is covered, call 000 Once or mobile 112 or an ambulance because medical care in hospital is needed.
D • Continue to give reassurance and E T I encouragement to the victim. B I H • While waiting for the ambulance to You're Reading a Preview O R arrive, check the victim or any other P S injuries, particularly i a blow or all was Unlock full access with a free trial. I N involved. O I T • Check the level of consciousness U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B and ensure that the airway is clear. I R Remember that an injury around the eye T Useful Not useful S Cancel anytime. I may be associated with concussion or D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. other head injury — see Head injuries. D N
2 I unsuccessul, the oreign body may be removed by gentle fushing o the aected eye
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Fractures and dislocations
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
First Aid Merit Badge Pamphlet
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1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Symptoms and signs • Pain (severe or moderate, depending on the location o the injury) • Swelling
Background When a bone breaks, it is called a racture. Some ractures are complete, e.g. when a long bone snaps in hal, whereas other ractures may involve only part o a bone breaking, e.g. the “greenstick” racture o childhood.
• Deformity of the injured area (when compared with the uninjured side o the body) • Loss of normal function of the injured part • Discolouration of the skin or bruising • A wound if it is an open fracture • Symptoms and signs of shock — see Shock.
A racture is called: • closed where there is no break in the skin.
• open where the bone end has broken the skin or a wound is present with the racture.
D E T I B I H O R P • complicated where an underlying organ is S I involved, e.g. a ractured skull with pressure N O on the brain, or when a broken rib has I T injured the lung. U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
• Altered sensation, e.g. “pins and needles” i a nerve is under pressure, or a grating sensation i injured bone ends are rubbing together.
What to do — step by step
1 Control any bleeding If a wound is present, check for any You're• Reading a Preview
bleeding. I bleeding is present it may not be severe because Unlock full access with a free trial. o pressure on nearby blood vessels rom the displaced bone and sot tissues. Download With Free Trial Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on • Apply padding around the wound, ortitle above and below wound. Useful the Not useful
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Activity 9
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2 Immobilise the injured part • Reduce the pain and the risk of further injury by supporting and immobilising the injured area.
• Effective immobilisation requires an injured body part to be splinted against an uninjured body part, although this may not be necessary i an ambulance is likely to be readily available.
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
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2
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Fractures and dislocations that need special care Fracture o the ace or jaw Although there is little that a rst aider can do, ractures o the ace and jaw have the potential to be serious and need urgent medical assessment. Injuries to the ace, e.g. rom a punch, or a blow rom a squash racquet, may involve damage to the bones o the cheek, orehead or bony orbit. These may be associated with a head injury or with a serious eye injury which could lead to a permanent loss o sight. A ractured or dislocated jaw may cause a risk o serious airway complications because o the loss o the ability to swallow.
3 Make the victim comortable
D • If unconscious but breathing normally, E T • Help the victim into the position of place the victim on the side in the I B I greatest comort without any unnecessary recovery position, with the injured side H You're Reading a Preview O movement. Use blankets, pillows or downwards to assist with drainage o R P clothing or general comort and support. fuids rom the mouth. S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N • Place generous padding around the O Call 000 or mobile 112 or an I injured area and in the nearby hollows T ambulance. U o the body, using sot towels, clothing, Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I R pillows or blankets, etc. T Useful useful • Ensure a clear airway until theNot ambulance S Cancel anytime. I • Ifforoutside theOnly metropolitan area where an D arrives. Check or normal breathing every Special offer students: $4.99/month. D ambulance may not arrive within an hour, ew minutes. N
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Fractures and dislocations
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Fracture o the collarbone or dislocation o the shoulder joint
First Aid Merit Badge Pamphlet
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Fracture o the ribs
A dislocated shoulder and ractured collarbone are managed in a similar way because both injuries disrupt the shoulder joint, and the weight o the arm on the injured side needs to be supported. Usually the victim will be supporting the arm on the injured side and the shoulder will be lower than the uninjured side, with the victim’s head tilted towards the injury. The victim is usually in severe pain and any unnecessary movement should be avoided.
The injury may involve a single broken rib or several broken ribs. A ri b racture is always associated with pain, especially when breathing in or coughing. Sometimes an abnormal movement can be seen where one part o the chest moves outwards when the corresponding part on the opposite side moves inwards, called a “fail chest”. In a severe injury where the underlying lung has been damaged, the victim may have breathing diculties or cough up blood — see Chest injuries.
• Use a pillow or folded clothing to allow the victim to support the weight o the arm in the most comortable position.
• Assist the victim into a position of greatest comort, usually hal-sitting with support.
000 or mobile 112 or an Call ambulance. D E T I B I H O R P S I N O I T U B I R T S I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
• If severe pain or a “ail chest” is present, the rst aider s hould apply improvised padding over the injured area and a broad-old triangular bandage as a binder You're Reading a Preview to secure the arm to the chest wall over the Unlock full access with padding. a free trial. This will stabilise the moving segment o the rib cage and limit urther internal injury. An Elevation Sling Download With to Free Trial is used support the on the injured Read Free For 30 Days Sign up toarm vote on this title side — see Skills and Procedures, Slings. Useful Not useful
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Activity 9
The victim usually supports the weight o the elbow and lower arm to reduce the pain o the injury. This racture can be very serious because o the risk o pressure on major nerves and blood vessels, especially those close to the shoulder and elbow joints. Any unnecessary movement should be avoided.
• Assist the victim into a position of greatest comort, generally sitting in a chair or hal-sitting with support. Allow the victim to support the arm on the injured side on a pillow or olded clothing. • Check the pulse at the wrist at least every 10 minutes to ensure that the circulation is satisactory.
000 or mobile 112 or an Call ambulance.
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4 o 6
Fracture o the upper arm
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
• Additional support can be improvised with sot padding between the arm and the body, with additional padding in the hollow where the waist meets the elbow joint. Fix the padding with narrow-old bandages around the trunk and over the injured arm, but above and below the injury.
• Check the pulse at the wrist every 10 minutes to ensure that the circulation is satisactory. I there is any diculty nding the pulse, urgent medical assessment is required.
D • If the ambulance is likely to be delayed, E T I immobilise the injury with sot padding B I H slipped between the upper arm and the You're Reading a Preview O chest wall. Fix the padding with a narrow R P old bandage around the chest wall andUnlock full access with a free trial. S I either above or below the injury site. Apply N These injuries are very common, especially O I an Elevation Sling with the minimum o in children and the older adult. The wrist is T U oten injured person allson onto an movement o the injured arm — see Skills Download With Freewhen Trial Read Free For 30 Days Signaup to vote this title B I outstretched hand. Normally the victim can and Procedures, Slings. R T Useful Not useful support the injured arm using the other arm, S Cancel anytime. I but additional immobilisation may be needed D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D during transport to a doctor or hospital. N
Fracture o the lower arm or wrist
Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times Fracture or dislocation o the elbow
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• Apply a splint under the injured limb using a rmly rolled newspaper olded fat into a gutter shape. Hold the splint in place with narrow-old bandage applied above and below the injury site, with an additional bandage i necessary.
First Aid Merit Badge Pamphlet
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Fracture o the hip or lower leg Injuries to the hip or lower limb can be very serious because o the risk o injury to major nerves and blood vessels. Usually there is severe pain, spasm and shock. Unless there will be a signicant delay in the arrival o an ambulance, it is best to use blankets and pillows or support along the limb.
• Try to make the victim as comfortable as possible lying down, but without moving the injured limb. Protect the victim rom extremes o heat or cold and use a blanket or coat to maintain body heat. • Apply an Arm Sling for additional support and stability — see Skills and Procedures, Slings.
Fracture o the hand and racture or dislocation o a nger
ambulance.
Call 000 or mobile 112 or an
• Where there may be a wait of more than one hour or an ambulance, it may be necessary to immobilise the injured limb to relieve severe pain and muscle spasm. Pad well between the two legs, especially the hollows between the knees and ankles. Move only the uninjured limb and You're Reading Preview o the injured side. avoid anyamovement Tie the ankles together with a gure-oUnlock fulleight accessusing with aafree trial. narrow-old bandage.
D E T I B I Injuries o the hand and ngers are common H O in some sports. Although it is tempting to R P replace a dislocated nger to relieve the pain S I and muscle spasm, there is a risk that a small N nerve or blood vessel may be trapped and O I Fractured hip lead to a permanently numb or “dead” nger. T U Download With Free Trial Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B • Apply an extra Read broad-fold bandage I R around the knees.Useful T Not useful • Apply generous soft padding around S Cancel anytime. I hand or injured nger(s), like a winter D Special offerthe for students: Only $4.99/month. D mitten. N
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Activity 9
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6
6 o 6
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Fracture or dislocation o the ankle, oot or toes
Fracture or dislocation o the knee joint Injury to the knee oten occurs in a vehicle accident where the knees strike the dashboard, and in body contact sports. The injury is usually very painul with extensive muscle spasm.
• If the knee is dislocated or the kneecap damaged, apply light padding over the knee joint. Place support under the knee with a rolled sweater or towel to help ease the pain and muscle spasm. Raise both knees on additional padding i this can be done without adding to the victim’s pain.
It is oten dicult to decide whether an ankle joint is ractured or sprained and, whenever there is any doubt, the injury should be managed as a potential racture. The oot and toes can be crushed by a heavy object, which results in a very painul and disabling injury.
• Assist the victim to lie down and try to raise the injured oot and ankle on sot padding as soon as possible to reduce pain and slow the onset o swelling.
Unless you suspect an open wound on the oot or toes, leave a well-tting shoe in place because removal may urther complicate the injury. • If immobilisation is needed, use a soft pillow or rolled blanket around the oot and ankle. Apply two narrow-old bandages to hold the padding in place. You're Reading a Preview
D E T I B I H O R P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. N O I T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I Call 000 or mobile 112 or an R T Useful Not useful ambulance. S Cancel anytime. I D Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N • In a remote area where an ambulance is
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Head injuries Background
First Aid Manual, 5th Edition
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1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
What to do — step by step
1 Assess the victim • Assess the victim’s conscious state.
The brain is composed o sot tissue and is • If unconscious and breathing normally, protected by the skull, which is a strong, or not ully conscious and alert, place the outer ramework. The strength o the skull victim in the recovery position, preerably is sucient to protect the head rom injury with the injured side downwards. I there in a minor all or a light blow to the head. I stronger orces are involved, e.g. rom alling is any discharge rom the ear, place a onto the head rom a height, or being kicked sterile or clean pad underneath, but do by a horse, the skull may crack or racture. not pack the ear canal. Concussion occurs when the brain is shaken violently inside the skull. This results in the brain striking the inside o the skull, resulting in bleeding or swelling and bruising. There may be no outer sign o injury, but the D damage to the brain is E T recognised by changes I B I in behaviour caused H by increased pressure You're Reading a Preview O R within the skull. P S I Unlock full access with a free trial. Compression o the brain is a serious N condition in which internal pressure can O I cause urther injury. The pressure may be T U Download With Free Trial caused by a skull racture, a collection Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I o blood, a tumour or inection. Clear or R T Useful Not useful blood-stained fuid may be seen leaking rom S Cancel anytime. I D ear or nose and$4.99/month. urgent admission to a Special offer the for students: Only D hospital is required.
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Activity 9
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Head injuries 2 Give care until arrival o the ambulance
• Cover any wound with a sterile dressing.
2 o 2
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2
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
4 Treat or shock • Minimise shock by covering the victim lightly with clothing or a blanket.
• If there is any discharge from the ear or nose, cover the area with a sterile dressing.
D E T I B I H Stay with athe victim and continue to You're• Reading Preview O Do not pack the ear or nose observe the conscious state, pupils, R P with dressings because this can breathing pulse S I Unlock full access withand a free trial.rates or any change. introduce inection and may N Always arrange or a doctor to O increase the pressure on the brain. I T check the victim o a head injury U Download With Free Trial Free Foron 30ull Days Sign up to vote this title B even i itRead appears that a I R T recovery has occurred.Not useful Useful S Cancel anytime. I D • Observe the victim closely for any change Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. In many cases, a victim’s recovery D in condition. Note any change in the N rom concussion may be ollowed
5 Until the ambulance arrives
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1
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Heart conditions Blocked coronary artery
Background A heart attack is one o the most serious o several heart conditions that can lead to an emergency where liesaving rst aid is needed. A heart attack is also known as a myocardial inarct (MI) or by the oldashioned term coronary thrombosis. When a heart attack occurs it is due to a blockage in one o the coronary arteries that runs around the outside o the heart to supply the heart muscle with blood. The severity o the attack depends on the location o the blockage: involvement o a small blood vessel will cause chest pain and other symptoms, but the victim should recover ater medical treatment. Blockage o a major blood vessel can lead to sudden death in which even the best rst aid is unlikely to save the victim’s lie.
Tissue damage
Symptoms and signs • Pain or an uncomfortable pressure in the middle o the chest that does not ease ater 10 minutes o rest
D • The chest pain may: E T I B ~ radiate up the neck and into the jaw I H and teeth You're Reading a Preview O R P ~ radiate into the shoulder or down one arm An angina attack occurs where the victim S I Unlock full access with a free trial. has narrowed blood vessels around the heart. ~ eel as i a crushing weight is resting on N This is caused by atty deposits (plaque) O the victim’s chest I being deposited along the vessel walls and T U ~ eel as i Free a steelTrial bandup around the chest Download With Read Free For 30 Days blood fowing with diculty through those Sign to vote on this title B I is being tightened R narrowed blood vessels. The pain o angina T Useful Not useful S usually occurs during exercise or exertion Cancel I • Rapid breathing to reduce theanytime. pain and D an insucient blood supply causes Special offerwhen for students: Only $4.99/month. boost the oxygen supply to the heart D chest pain and distress. Most angina victi ms N
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• A feeling of being short of breath and
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Heart conditions What to do — step by step
1 Assist the victim to rest • Help the conscious victim to rest in the position o greatest comort, generally in a hal-sitting position with support or the back and head.
• If outdoors with no chair readily available, kneel behind the victim to provide support while completing an initial assessment.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
3 Try to keep the victim calm • Try to keep the victim calm because any stress or activity could cause complications or even collapse. • Loosen any tight clothing at the neck and waist to assist breathing.
4 Observe the victim
D • Check the vital signs every few minutes E T I until the ambulance ocers arrive. Note B I H any change in the breathing and pulse rates. You're Reading a Preview O R • Assess the victim’s vital signs, including • Stay with the victim in case deterioration P S conscious state, breathing and pulse or collapse occurs. I Unlock full access with a free trial. N rates — see Assessment o a sick or O I injured person. T U Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title B I Call 000 or mobile 112 or an R T Useful Not useful ambulance unless the pain S Cancel anytime. I D easesOnly totally with the prescribed Special offer for students: $4.99/month. D medication. When in doubt, N
2 Assess the victim
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Heat illness Hyperthermia Background Heat exhaustion occurs when the victim becomes slightly dehydrated due to the constant loss o water in perspiration. Replacement o the water loss usually promotes a ull recovery. Heat stroke is a potentially irreversible and atal response to exposure to extreme heat when the body is unable to maintain its normal regulation o temperature. The victim is seriously dehydrated and no longer able to cool the skin surace by sweating. As the internal body temperature rises, organ damage occurs to the heart, brain and kidneys and toxins are released into the circulation as the major muscles “melt down”.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Call 000 or mobile 112 or an
ambulance.
• If muscle cramps occur, gently stretch the aected muscles to ease the pain.
DO NOT give salt tablets or salt in any orm to the victim o heat illness because it is likely to cause vomiting and may result in other complications
2 I heatstroke is suspected • Cool the victim using wet towels, or cover the victim with a wet sheet and direct a an across the surace. I shivering is noted, stop the active cooling but leave the wet towel or sheet in place. • If ice packs are available, place them in the armpits and groins to aid cooling.
ambulance because hospital care Call 000 or mobile 112 or an
D E T I B I • Initially the victim may have muscle cramps, H O especially in the calves and toes R P • Later there is exhaustion and general S I weakness N O • Nausea and/or vomiting I T U • Dizzy spells B I R • Pale, cool and clammy skin at rst, becoming T S fushed and red later I D Special offer for students: • Rapid and weakOnly pulse$4.99/month. and rapid, noisy D N breathing.
Symptoms and signs
is essential.
• While waiting for an ambulance to arrive, small drinks o water every 15 minutes. You're give Reading a Preview
Avoid giving long drinks because this may cause vomiting.
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• Keep the victim lying down at total rest Master your semester with Scribd Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days and avoid any physical activity. Sign up to vote title • If the conscious state deteriorates, place & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. the victim in the recovery position and continue whole body cooling until the ambulance arrives.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
Hyperventilation (Hysterical over-breathing) Background Hyperventilation is a condition in which the breathing rate is aster than normal, resulting in an imbalance in the levels o oxygen and carbon dioxide circulating through the body. Severe stress or anxiety can cause the condition, which is why it is sometimes called “hysterical over-breathing”. However, because the condition can result rom a serious illness that requires urgent medical assessment and treatment, it should be recognised that prompt medical advice is usually required.
• Advise the victim to try to slow the breathing rate and assist by counting each breath out loud, trying to reduce the rate gradually. Encourage the victim to match the counted rate and praise all eorts made.
Avoid asking the victim to re-breathe rom a paper bag, which is dangerous and can cause complications.
Symptoms and signs • Rapid and shallow breathing • Feeling of dizziness or being “light-headed” • Initial tingling of ngers and toes, followed by a numb eeling You're Reading a Preview • Anxiety and a feeling of being unable to breathe reely • Severe spasms of the ngers with the thumb Unlock full access with a free trial. • If the victim is successful at slowing the pulled into the palm o the hand (known as breathing rate, a gradual improvement “carpopedal spasm”)
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Master your semester with Scribd will With be observed. The victim should be Download Free Trial Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title able to relax and may be able to talk & The New York Times Not useful orUseful problems about any stress personal Cancel anytime.
that caused the attack.
I the condition ollows an injury
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Mouth and tooth injuries Background Injuries to the mouth and/or teeth can result rom a all on the ace or a direct blow, such as a punch. A blow under the jaw can result in bitten lips or tongue. Such injuries can be associated with severe bleeding, which can be a risk to the victim’s airway. Sometimes bleeding ollows the extraction o a tooth when the initial clot breaks away rom the tooth socket. I a tooth is knocked out in a collision or all, the correct rst aid may save the tooth. I it is replaced in the jaw and ollowed up by prompt care rom a dentist, it may survive. However, although a baby tooth rom a small child is not replaced by the rst aider, a dentist needs to check the mouth to avoid the risk o damage to the developing teeth.
D E T I B I H Swelling in or around the mouth can be O R associated with an injury or severe reaction P S to a bee or wasp sting. A venomous bite I N or sting in or around the mouth can have O I serious consequences. Sometimes the body’s T allergic reaction to a venomous bite or sting U B I elsewhere may cause extensive swelling. This R T can cause obstruction to the throat and upper S I airway or whichOnly prompt medical assessment D Special offer for students: $4.99/month. and treatment are required — see Allergic D N Reaction
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What to do — step by step
1 Assess the victim and the injury • Check that the victim’s airway is clear. I there is any risk o blood going down the throat or o increased swelling o the mouth, tongue or throat, turn the victim on the side into the Recovery Position and treat as or an unconscious victim. • If the bleeding is only slow or moderate and there appears to be no breathing diculty, assist the victim into the position o greatest comort, generally sitting or hal-sitting and check or the site o any bleeding.
2 Control any bleeding promptly • Apply rm pressure to any bleeding wound or tooth socket. Fold a sterile dressing or clean tissue into a pad and ask the victim to hold it rmly on the bleeding site or at least 10 minutes.
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Mouth and tooth injuries I a tooth has been knocked out: • Ask the victim to suck it clean and then try to replace the tooth in the original position in the socket to keep the root alive. A small piece o olded aluminium oil may be used as a splint to x the tooth in place until a dentist is available.
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
I the bleeding ollows the extraction o a tooth by a dental surgeon: • Ask the victim to bite down rmly over a pad that covers the tooth socket. I a large, jelly-like clot is present, ask the victim to have a mouthwash with salty water to remove the clot, which will make it easier to stop the bleeding rom the tooth socket. • Continue to maintain pressure over the pad or at least 10 to 20 minutes to allow a new clot to orm. Avoid giving any ood or fuids to the victim because o the risk o later complications i an anaesthetic is required.
3 Obtain medical or dental advice and care
• If the injury involves a tooth or the jaw,
D E arrange prompt transport to a dentist T I or dental hospital. Unless suering B I H with severe shock the victim may be You're Reading a Preview O R transported in a private vehicle in the • Wrap the foil splint over at least one P position. S tooth on each side o the replaced tooth.Unlock fullhead I accessup with a free trial. N Ask the victim to bite down rmly on the • If the injury involves bleeding or swelling O I splint to keep the tooth root in contact o the mouth or throat, seek prompt T U Download Withadvice. Free Trial with the tissues o the jaw. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title medical B I R • If the victim cannot assist with T Useful Not useful I there is any risk toanytime. the airway S Cancel I replacement o the tooth in the socket, D rom heavy bleeding or increasing Special offertry for to students: Only $4.99/month. keep the tooth moist and clean. D swelling, call 000 or mobile 112 N Ask the victim to carry the tooth in the
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Poisoning Background A poison is a substance that causes injury, illness or death i it enters the body. Poisons may enter the body in the orm o liquids, solids, or gas and vapour umes. Poisons can enter by: • Ingestion through the mouth and digestive system • Inhalation o umes through the lungs • Absorption o a chemical or plant extract through the skin • Injection o drugs o abuse or by substances rom venomous creatures — see Bites and stings or Drug overdose.
Symptoms and signs
D Depending on the substance involved and E T I entry route, the ollowing may occur: B I H • Nausea or vomiting O R • Diarrhoea P S I • Profuse sweating N • Abdominal pain O I T • Unconsciousness or deteriorating conscious U B state I R T • Seizures S I D • Breathing difculty Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. D N
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FIRST AID EMERGENCY
2 Check the victim’s level o consciousness
I unconscious • If breathing normally, turn the victim on the side to clear and open the airway.
• If not breathing normally, begin CPR — see Resuscitation. • If there are burns around the mouth, the area clean beore starting CPR You're wipe Reading a Preview — see Resuscitation. Unlock full access with a free trial.
000 or mobile 112 or an Call ambulance immediately.
Master your semester with Scribd Download With Free Trial Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title I conscious & The New York Times Useful Not useful • If the mouth is burnt from a corrosive Cancel anytime.
poison, wipe the area with a moist cloth or tissues.
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Poisoning Ingested (swallowed) poisons
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1Inhaled poisons 1 Check or saety beore approaching the victim
• If poisonous fumes are present in a conned space, the victim needs to be moved into resh air as soon as possible. The rst aider may need to enter the space i the victim is unconscious and must be dragged to saety. However, the rst aider should take no undue risks.
FIRST AID EMERGENCY
1 Check or saety beore approaching the victim
• Help the conscious or semi-conscious victim to remove any contaminated clothing and wash all aected areas o the skin surace. The rst aider should avoid contact with the discarded clothing and skin o the victim, especially when agricultural chemicals are involved.
Call the Poisons Inormation Centre (PIC) on 13 11 26 as soon as possible or specic advice on rst aid management. 000 or mobile 112 or an Call ambulance.
Injected poisons (excluding venoms)
• Check the area for evidence of an injected drug being used. You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
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Absorbed poisons
In addition to the general treatment or poisoning, keep any evidence to go to hospital with the victim, e.g. tablets, containers, berries etc.
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Activity 9
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