Insect control using hormones and Pheromones
Definition of Hormone and Pheromone
Hormone - A substance that is manufactured and secreted in very small quantities into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland or a specialized nerve cell and regulates the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ in a distant part of the body. For example, the hormone insulin controls the rate and manner in which glucose is used by the body. bod y.
Reference: John Daintith BSc, PhD, E.Martin MA (2010 ) “Oxford “Oxford Dictionary of Science” Science” (pp. 399)
Pheromone (ectohormone) - A chemical substance emitted by an organism into the environment as a specific signal to another organism, usuall y of the same species. Pheromones play an important role in the social behavior of certain an imals, especially insects and mammals. They are used to attract mates, to mark trails, and to promote social cohesion and coordination in colonies. Pheromones are usually highly volatile organic acids or alcohols and can be effective at minute concentrations.
Reference: John Reference: John Daintith BSc, PhD, E.Martin MA (2010) “Oxford Dictionary of Science” (pp. 619)
Topics concerning Pest Control Forest pest control
Forest pest control or forest protection refers to the approaches and tactics for protecting forests from insects and pathogens. The traditional view is that plant feeding insects and pathogens are destructive agents that must be controlled to protect forest resources. Pest activity generally is triggered by specific changes in host -tree condition and density that often result from forest management practices. Integrated forest pest management represents the current approach to optimize accomplishment of forest management goals by evaluating the costs and benefits of various forest species for production of multiple resources. A number of pest man agement tools are available, including computerized models that facilitate evaluation and decision-making, and a variety of chemical, biological, and silvicultural techniques for manipulating pest abundances. See PLANT PATHOLOGY. A variety of organisms can interfere with forest management objectives. Most of these are insects, fungal pathogens, and nematodes. Insects are responsible for vectoring some microbial pathogens, and patho gens frequently increase the vulnerability of infected trees to insects. A critical first step in integrated forest pest management is identification of the forest management goals. If not justified by contribution to forest management goals, that is, optimized production of forest resources, suppression represents unnecessary costs in terms of time, money, and environmental quality. Forest managers must be aware of potential impediments, including effects of insect and pathogens, in the accomplishment of their goals. Effective management requires information on which species can affect forest resources and at what densities. The relative threats of potential pests to particular manage ment goals must be weighed carefully to determine tolerable or optimal abundances. Substantial data are needed to evaluate pest status. Examples of information needed for assessment include current and
projected abundances of potential pests, action thresholds (abundance at which loss of resources exceeds costs of control efforts), environmental conditions favorable to various pests, and factors that influence the effectiveness of control tactics. This information can be used to project losses or gains for various forest resources as a result of specific insect or patho gen species. Such projections can be improved greatly by use of computerized models that synthesize available data and permit simulation and prediction of resource p roduction under various environmental conditions or pest management scenarios. The obj ective of pest suppression should be maintenance of pest populations below their action thresholds. Elimination of native species is impractical and would interfere with their Forging 921 natural ecological functions. Reducing abundances to levels that no longer interfere with management goals is sufficient. However, preventing the establishment of exotic species may be critical to sustainability of forest resources. A variety of control options are available, b ut many have limited utility against particular pest species. Pesticides can be applied as aerial or ground aerosols or as fumigants. Fungicides are relatively ineffective against fungal pathogens that generally are protected from exposure. Microbial pathogens and antibiotics can be delivered as aerosols or applied to surfaces exposed to infectious agents. Other biological cont rol options include augmentation of natural enemy populations. Biological control is most effective when th e predator, parasite, or pathogen selectively and efficiently preys on the pest species. Phe romones are chemicals produced by animals, most commonly to attract potential mates. In some species, especially of bark beetles, a combination of attractive and repellent pheromones limits population density and reduces competition for resources. Silvicultural options include thinning, prescribed understory burning, and fertilization to reduce competition among trees for light, water, and nutrient resources. Thinning also slows spread of insects and pathoge ns between trees. A goal of integrated forest
pest management is variation in control tactics over time and across landscapes to minimize development of resistance to particular control options. Reference: Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th Edition; © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved . (pp. 920-921)
Hormone
One of the chemical messengers produced b y endocrine glands, whose secretions are liberated directly into the bloodstream and transported to a distant part or parts of the body, where they exert a specific effect for the benefit of the body as a whole. The endocrine glands involved in the maintenance of normal body conditions are pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, and testis. However, these organs are not the only tissues concerned in the hormonal regulation of body processes. For example, the duodenal mucosa, which is not organized as an endocrine gland, elaborates a substance called secretin which stimulates the pancreas to produce its digestive juices. The placenta is also a ver y important hormone-producing tissue. See separate articles on the individual glands. The hormones ob tained from extracts of the endocrine glands may be classified into four groups according to their chemical constitution: (1) phenol derivatives, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, th yroxine, and triiodothyronine; (2) proteins, such as the anterior pituitary hormones, with the exception of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnant-mare-serum gonadotropin, and thyroglobulin; (3) peptides, such as insulin, glucagon, ACTH, v asopressin, oxytocin, and secretin; and (4) steroids, such as estrogens, androgens, progesterone, and corticoids. Hormones, with a few exceptions like pituitary growth hormone and insulin, ma y also be classified as either tropic
hormones or target-organ hormones. The former work indirectly through the organs or glands which they stimulate, whereas the latter exert a direct effect on peripheral tissues. Reference: Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th Edition; © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved . (pp.1089)
Insect control, biological
The use of parasitoids, predators, and pathogen s to reduce injurious pest insect populations and consequently the damage they cause. Viruses and bacteria are the most commonly used pathogens, but fungi, protozoa, and nematodes may also be important biological control agents. See PARASITOLOGY. Three ecological assumptions underlie biological c ontrol. First, natural enemies are among the prime factors responsible for the regulation, or control, of pest populations. Second, the influence exerted by parasitoids, predators, and pathogens is density dependent. Density dependence means that the killing power of the natural enemy increases as the prey or host density increases. Conversely, the mortality induced by density-dependent natural enemies decreases as host density increases. In the dominant, o r classical, form of biological control the third assumption is found: when an insect species escapes into a new area without its natural enemies, it reaches outbreak levels and becomes a pest. Biological-control practitioners believe regulation can be reestablished by importing the natural enemies of the pest from its area of origin. In classical biological control, all efforts are typically directed toward establishing the natural enemies that were left behind in the area of origin. Classical biological control is by far the most frequently used form, assuming on e excludes the use of resistant plant varieties as biological control. Conservation involves manipulation of the e nvironment in order
to favor survival, reproduction, or any other aspect of the natural enemy’s biology that affects its function as a biological control agent. Aspects of research on and application of biological control may provide new or improved approaches. The improvement of biological control agents through selection, hybridization, or genetic engineering techniques may play an important role. A 1156 Insect pathology major strategy for control of pest insects may involve the use of genetic engineering to introduce traits into natural enemies that en hance their performance, or mortalitycausing traits of natural enemies, such as insect pa thogens, into plants. Reference: Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th Edition; © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved . (pp.1155- 1156)
Insecticide
A material used to kill insects and related animals b y disruption of vital processes through chemical action. Insecticides may be inorganic or organic chemicals. The principal source is from chemical manufacturing, although a few are derived from plants. Insecticides are classified according to type of action as stomach poisons, contact poisons, residual poisons, systemic poisons, fumigants, repellents, attractants, insect growth regulators, or pheromones. Many act in more than one way. Stomach poisons are applied to plants so that they will be ingested as insects chew the leaves. Contact poisons are applied in a manner to contact insects directly, and are used principally to control species which obtain food by piercing leaf surfaces and withdrawing liquids. Residual insecticides are applied to surfaces so that insects touching them will pick up lethal dosages. Systemic insecticides are applied to plants or animals and are absorbed and translocated to all parts of the organisms, so that insects feeding upon them will obtain lethal
doses. Fumigants are applied as gases, or in a form which will vaporize to a gas, so that they can enter the insects’ respiratory systems. Repellents prevent insects from closely approaching their hosts. Attractants induce insects to come to specific locations in preference to normal food sources. Insect growth regulators are generally considered to act throu gh disruption of biochemical systems or processes associated with growth or development, such as control of metamorphosis by the juvenile hormones, regulation of molting b y the steroid molting hormones, or regulation of enzymes responsible for synthesis or deposition of chitin. P heromones are chemicals which are emitted by one sex, usually the female, for perception by the other, and function to enhance mate location and identification; pheromones are generally highly species specific. Formulation of insecticides is extremely important in obtaining satisfactory control. Common formulations include dusts, water suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. Accessory agents, including dust carriers, solvents, emulsifiers, wetting and dispersing agents, stickers, deodorants or masking agents, synergists, and antioxidan ts, may be required to obtain a satisfactory product. Proper timing of insecticide applications is important in obtaining satisfactory control. Whatever the technique used, the app lication of insecticides should be correlated with the occurrence of the most susceptible or accessible stage in the life cycle of the pest involved. By and large, treatments should be made only when economic damage by a pest appears to be imminent. Among problems associated with insect control are the development of strains of insects resistant to insecticides; the assessment of the significance of small, widely distributed insecticide residues in and upon the en vironment; the development of better and more reliable methods for forecasting insect outbreaks; the evolvement of control programs integrating all methods — physical, physiological, chemical, biological, and cultural — for which practicality was demonstrated; the development of equipment and procedures to detect chemicals much
below the partper-million and microgram levels. As a consequence of the provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act as amended by the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972, there have been increased efforts to obtain data delineating mammalian toxicology, persistence in the environment, an d immediate chronic impact of pesticides upon nontarget invertebrate and vertebrate organisms occupying aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal segments of the environment. Reference: Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th Edition; © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved . (pp. 1158)
Pesticide
A material useful for the mitigation, control, or elimination of plants or animals detrimental to human health or economy. Algicides, defoliants, desiccants, herbicides, plant growth regulators, and fungicides are used to regulate populations of undesirable plants which compete with o r parasitize crop or ornamental plants. Attractants, insecticides, miticides, acaricides, molluscicides, nematocides, repellants, and rodenticides are used principally to reduce parasitism and disease transmission in domestic animals, the loss of crop plants, the destruction of processed food, textile, and wood products, and parasitism and disease transmission in humans. Some pesticides are obtained from plants and mine rals. Examples include the insecticides cryolite, a mineral, and nicotine, rotenone, and the pyrethrins which are extracted from plants. A few pesticides are obtained by the mass culture o f microorganisms. Two examples are the toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, which is active against moth and butterfly larvae, and the socalled milky disease of the Japanese beetle produced by the spores of B. popilliae. Most
pesticides, however, are products which are chemically manufactured. Two outstanding examples are the insecticide DDT and the herbicide 2,4-D. Concern over the undesirable effects of pesticides on nonpest organisms culminated in laws to prevent exposure of either humans or the environment to unreasonable hazard from pesticides through rigorous registration procedures. The purpose of regulations are to classify pesticides for general or restricted use as a function of acute toxicity, to certify the qualifications of users of restricted pesticides, to identify accurately and label pesticide products, and to ensure proper and safe use of pesticides. Recommendations as to the product and method of choice for control of any pest problem — weed, insect, or varmint — are best obtained from county or state agricultural extension specialists. [G.F.L.] Sophisticated methods of pest control are continually being d eveloped. Highly specific synthetic insect hormones are being develope d. In an increasing number of pest situations, a natural predator of an insect has be en introduced, or conditions are maintained th at favor the propagation of the predator. The numbers of the potential pest species are thereby maintained below a critical threshold. An insect co ntrol program in which use of insecticides is only one aspect of a strategy based on ecologically sound measures is kno wn as integrated pest management. Reference: Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th Edition; © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved . (pp. 1639)
Written Assignment Insect control using hormones and Pheromones
We all know that almost everything around the world is revolving in chemicals, machines, technology and nature. Most people from the past when there’s more protection for the nature than the other little things, thought that chemical insect control is used not just to kill insects but it’s torturing the lifecycle of it and the nature as well. Few people understood the invention’s purpose and that was to get a healthy and safer home because there’s more people consider the insects are now pests so after the y study the experiment more they realize that there’s much more ways it can do and compounds that can be used. Although it’s toxic, poisonous and chemical substance, the scientists and researchers that is major in entomology and agricultural developed new weapons to have an insect control that has chemicals but less toxic and safer for the home of a family. As the time goes there were man y developments and studies have made. There’s more insect control compan ies that is more stable, useful and successful in this generation. To create the Insect control, it was originated from the agricultural crops then became poisonous, toxic and dangerous chemicals for insects. It is also called as Pesticide and Insecticide. In a way there are a two chemical substances that may be more effective; Pheromones and Hormones. Pheromone is a chemical substance to attract the insect’s mate. It produced and released by insects that modify the behavior of the recipients. It can be used in several ways: It can be a trick to attract its prey. The traps then kill the ma les or the prey, either by virtue of a being sticky or by pesticide. Traps can be used not only to kill the insects directly but also for scouting to
pinpoint the times when adults are actually present, enabling careful and efficient timing for pesticides. It also can be used to confuse the males to find the true females because the gas will spread and it will be smells like all females. Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands as it travels towards its goal which was the organ through the blood. There are two hormones that included in insect control; Ecydsone was produced from prothoraic gland and the JH was secreted from corpora allata. When the high amount of Ecydsone was applied, the insects will die soon due to effect of toxic. Juvenoids are the best hormonal insecticides. It can kill the insects in ways that much harmful for animals, insects and humans. Both hormones and Pheromones are chemicals that releases by the animals in tears or saliva. It was for communicating or alarming the organisms. However there are differences in both terms. In Pheromones, it functions outside the body and Hormones act inside the body of the organism. It’s damaging the inside part of its bod y. Basically both chemicals can destroy or kill the insects dangerously.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ricardo Caliari Oliveira, Ayrton Vollet-Neto, Cintia Akemi Oi, Jelle S. van Zweden, Fabio Nascimento, Colin Sullivan Brent & Tom Wenseleers Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 1654(2017)
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REFERENCE Journals
1. Hormonal pleiotropy helps maintain queen signal honesty in a highly eusocial wasp https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01794-1
2. Use of Pheromone Timed Insecticide Applications Integrated With Mating Disruption or Mass Trapping Against Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sweet Corn
https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-lookup/doi/10.1603/EN13143 3. Role of Hormone in Insect Control http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/medical/role-hormone-insect-control.html 4. Hormonal regulation in insects: facts, gaps, and future directions
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/77/4/963
E-Books
1. Jack E. Rechcigl, Nancy A. Rechcigl, Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2EqRCA89UlkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q &f=false 2. P. Howse, J.M. Stevens, Owen T Jones , Insect Pheromones and their Use in Pest Management
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gbnwCAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage &q&f=false Printed Materials
1. Gaddi V.P. Reddy, A. Guerrero; “Vitamins & Hormones. Pheromones”, vol. 83, Chapter 20, 493-519 (2010) Elsevier Inc., Oxford
http://saspublisher.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/SAJB-2122-26-corrected.pdf
2. Patel Hardik P, Gohil Priyanshee V* , “Pheromones in Animal World: Types, Detection and its Application” (2014) http://www.iqac.csic.es/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=503%3Avitamins -a-hormones-pheromones-book&catid=62%3Apubs&lang=en
