MENCARI GMR DAN GMD SALURAN TRANSMISI 04 Nov TUGAS UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER MATA KULIAH SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK SOAL
Bagaimana cara menghitung niai GM! "an GMR# GMR# Beri$an contoh %erhitungann&a' %erhitungann&a' JAWABAN
Sauran tran(mi(i meru%a$an (aah (atu )agian "ari $om%onen (i(tem tran(mi(i tenaga i(tri$ &ang )er*ung(i untu$ mengair$an atau mengirim tenaga i(tri$ "ari (uatu tem%at $e tem%at ain+ mi(an&a "ari %em)ang$it $e (i(tem "i(tri)u(i %a"a (i(tem tenaga i(tri$, -a"a "a(arn&a ter"a%at tiga )uah eemen %a"a (auran tran(mi(i "aam (i(tem tenaga i(tri$+ &aitu . /, Kon"u$tor , I(oator 1, In*ra( In*ra(tru tru$tu $turr tiang tiang %en&angg %en&anggaa Kon"u$t Kon"u$tor or meru%a$ meru%a$an an eemen eemen &ang )er*un )er*ung(i g(i untu$ untu$ mengir mengirim im atau atau menghan menghantar tar$an $an tenaga tenaga i(tri$, Kon"u$tor &ang "iguna$an %a"a (auran tran(mi(i ini ter)uat "ari ogam, Jeni(23eni( ogam &ang )ia(a "iguna$an untu$ $on"u$tor a"aah tem)aga 5u6+ auminium auminium "an "an (tee, Beri$ut $ara$teri(ti$ "ari tem)aga+ auminium "an (tee (ecara umum. Tabel 1. Karakteristik Tembaa! Al"mi#i"m $a# Steel
No ,
/
Jeni( Logam
Tem)aga
Kara$teri(ti$
•
Bia( Bia(an& an&aa "igu "iguna$ na$an an %a"a %a"a (au (aura ran n &ang &ang ti"a$ ti"a$ mem) mem)utu utuh$ h$an an $on(tru$(i )erat
•
Le)ih maha "i)an"ing$an auminium
•
Berat tem)aga Berat tem)aga (e$itar 1 $ai )erat auminium
•
Titi$ eeh 7 /000o5
1
Auminium
Stee
•
Le)ih murah "i)an"ing$an tem)aga
•
Le)ih ringan "i)an"ing auminium
•
Titi$ eeh (e$itar 800o5
•
Berat
•
Le)ih $a$u9moe$un&a e)ih ra%at "i)an"ing$an tem)aga "an auminium
•
Titi$ eeh e)ih tinggi "i)an"ing tem)aga "an auminium
Be)era%a $on"i(i &ang )i(a men&e)a)$an $a)e atau (auran tran(mi(i %utu( a"aah . /, Ter(an"ar %ohon+ mi(an&a tem%at (auran tran(mi(in&a "i gunung , Sam)aran %etir+ 3i$a )e)an %unca$ "an mee)ihi titi$ eeh $on"u$tor 1, Binatang+ (e%erti uar "an ti$u(, I(oator meru%a$an eemen &ang )er*ung(i untu$ memi(ah$an )agian $on"u$tor )ertegangan terha"a% ground "an )er*ung(i 3uga (e)agai $on(tru$(i, I(oator &ang )ia(a "iguna$an )ia(an&a ter)uat "ari )ahan %oietein+ %a(ti$+ $erta( "an )ah$an u"ara %un "a%at "iguna$an (e)agai i(oator, Ka:at $on"u$tor %a"a (auran tran(mi(i tegangan tinggi )ia(an&a ti"a$ mengguna$an %ein"ung atau i(oator+ namun men3a"i$an u"ara (e)agai i(oatorn&a, Namun+ ter"a%at (auran tran(mi(i tegangan tinggi &ang mengguna$an $erta( (e)agai i(oator+ &aitu (auran tran(mi(i tegangan tinggi )a:ah aut, In*ra(tru$tur (i(tem tran(mi(i i(tri$ meru%a$an )entu$ %ema(angan (auran tran(mi(i terma(u$ to:er i(tri$ "an $om%onen ainn&a, To:er i(tri$ )ia(an&a ter)uat "ari )ahan )a3a "an "i(angga "engan $o$oh mengguna$an %on"a(i )eton, In*ra(tru$tur (i(tem tran(mi(i "i(e(uai$an "engan :ia&ah geogra*i( "an (tan"ar "ari ma(ing2ma(ing :ia&ah atau negara, Beri$ut 3eni(23eni( to:er i(tri$ . /, !ea" en" to:er , Section to:er 1, Su(%en(ion to:er 4, Ten(ion to:er
;, Tran(%o(ition to:er *a(a "itu$ar6 <, Gantr& to:er "aam / to:er ter"a%at ; (auran tran(mi(i6 8, 5om)ine" to:er Ituah %engertian (ecara umum tentang tiga eemen utama (auran tran(mi(i+ &aitu $on"u$tor+ i(oator "an in*ra(tru$tur tiang %en&angga+ (ean3utn&a a$an "i3ea($an mengenai $on"u$tor "an hu)ungann&a "engan GM! Geometric Mean !i(tance6+ (erta GMR Geometric Mean Ra"iu(6, Kon"u$tor &ang (ering "iguna$an a"aah &ang ter)uat "ari )ahan 3eni( tem)aga "an auminium, !engan meihat $arateri(ti$ %a"a ta)e /+ $arena )erat tem)aga (e$itar tiga $ai )erat auminium "an 3i$a auminium "iguna$an "engan "iameter &ang (ama "engan auminium+ ma$a tem%at (am)ungan $a)en&a %a"a tiang %en&angga haru( )e(ar "an 3uga te$u$an $a)e+ tem)aga a$an meeng$ung e)ih 3auh "i)an"ing$an "engan auminium, Ha ini "i$arena$an ter"a%at %ro(e"ur )era%a %an3ang eng$ungan $a)e )er"a(ar$an "iameter, Beri$ut iu(tra(in&a .
Gambar 1. K%#$isi K%#$"kt%r Tembaa $a# Al"mi#i"m
Namun+ a%a$ah auminium "an tem)aga )i(a menahan )eratn&a (en"iri# =eh $arena itu "iguna$an $on"u$tor 3eni( A5SR Auminium 5on"uctor Stee Rein*orce"6, Kon"u$tor tran(mi(i umumn&a ter"iri "ari (e$um%uan $on"u$tor &ang "i%iin agar men3a"i (e)uah $on"u$tor "engan $e$uatan strength6 &ang e)ih tinggi, Saah (atu $on"u$tor &ang %aing umum "iguna$an a"aah Aumunium 5on"uctor+ Stee Rein*orce" A5SR6, Jeni( $on"u$tor ain &ang "a%at "iguna$an antara ain A Aumunium 5on"uctor AA56+ A Aumunium Ao& 5on"uctor AAA56 "an Aumunium 5on"uctor Ao& Rein*orce" A5AR6, Beri$ut gam)ar $on"u$tor A5SR .
Gambar &. Arsitekt"r ACSR
A5SR meru%a$an $on"u$tor &ang ter)uat ter)uat "ari (e$um%uan $on"u$tor )a3a &ang "iing$u%i "engan "ua a%i( $on"u$tor )er$a( )er)ahan aumunium, Kon"u$tor )a3a "iguna$an untu$ meno%ang )erat $on"u$tor aumunium $arena auminium )eum tentu mam%u meno%ang )eratn&a (en"iri (aat "i%a(ang, Kon"u$tor )a3a %a"a A5SR teah meaui %ro(e( galvanizing untu$ men3a"i $on"u$tor ter(e)ut tahan terha"a% $oro(i, A5SR &ang (ering "i%a$ai a"aah A5SR 498+ &aitu ter"a%at 8 )uah $on"u$tor )a3a "an 4 )uah $on"u$tor auminium, Se)uah $on"u$tor 3i$a "iairi aru(+ ma$a a$an mengha(i$an me"an magnet "an *u$( magnet "i (e$itarn&a, Gari(2gari( *u$( magnet ter(e)ut meru%a$an (e)uah ing$aran $o(entri( "engan arah &ang "itentu$an oeh aturan tangan $anan Ma>:e, ?aria(i (inu(io"a aru( mengha(i$an varia(i (inu(oi"a %a"a *u$(, Hu)ungan antara in"u$tan(i+ *u$( &ang tering$u%i "an aru( *a(a "in&ata$an "engan .
'''''(1)
+ "engan L a"aah in"u$tan(i+ @ a"aah flux linkage "an I a"aah aru(, -a"a "a(arn&a in"u$tan(i %a"a (auran tran(mi(i "i)agi men3a"i "ua+ &aitu in"u$tan(i interna "an in"u$tan(i e$(terna, In"u$tan(i interna "i$arena$an a"an&a *u$( magneti$ "i "aam $on"u$tor+ (e"ang$an in"u$tan(i e$(terna "i$arena$an a"an&a *u$( magneti$ "i uar $on"u$tor, Untu$ menghitung in"u$tan(i interna "an e$(terna (auran tran(mi(i+ ma$a *u$( interna "an *u$( e$(terna haru( "ihitung "an $emu"ian "i)agi "engan aru( &ang mengair, Beri$ut %erumu(an untu$ *u$( interna "an in"u$tan(i interna .
Gambar *. I#ter#al K%#$"kt%r
+ "engan r a"aah %ermea)iita( reati* )ahan+ (e"ang$an untu$ *u$( e$terna "an 3uga in"u$tan(i e$(terna "iantara "ua titi$ !/ "an ! "a%at "irumu($an (e)agai .
Gambar +. Ekster#al K%#$"kt%r
!an "engan mengangga% !/ (ama "engan 3ari23ari $on"u$tor r "an ! (ama "engan !+ ma$a %er(amaan <6 a$an men3a"i.
!ari %er(amaan 46 "an 86+ ma$a in"u$tan(i $on"u$tor $arena *u$( interna "an e$(terna "a%at "itentu$an (e)agai )eri$ut.
!engan men(u)(titu(i$an r C re2r94+ ma$a .
Ji$a %er(amaan D6 "an "i$ata$an (e)agai 3ari23ari mem%un&ai *u$( interna, $on"u$tor )er3ari23ari r,
%er(amaan 86 (aing "i)an"ing$an+ ma$a niai r "a%at *i$ti* $on"u$tor )er$ete)aan no+ (ehingga ti"a$ Namun+ teta% mem%un&ai in"u$tan(i &ang (ama "engan
Gambar ,. K%#$"kt%r K%m-%sit
-a"a "i ata( "igam)ar$an )ah:a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor &ang ter"iri "ari $eom%o$ $on"u$tor > "engan n2)er$a( $on"u$tor i"enti$ )er3ari23ari r > "an $eom%o$ $on"u$tor & "engan m2)er$a( $on"u$tor i"enti$ )er3ari23ari r &, Kon"u$tor > mengair$an aru( I "engan return path meaui $on"u$tor &+ (ehingga men&e)a)$an aru( &ang mengair "i $on"u$tor & )erniai I, Karena )er$a(2)er$a( $on"u$tor &ang "iguna$an i"enti$+ aru( tota &ang mengair a$an ter)agi (ama rata "iantara )er$a(2)er$a( $on"u$tor ter(e)ut, Sehingga aru( &ang mengair meaui (atu $on"u$tor %a"a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor > a"aah I9n "an aru( &ang mengair meaui (atu $on"u$tor %a"a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor & a"aah I9m, Fu$( tota &ang meing$u%i $on"u$tor a %a"a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor > &ang "i%engaruhi oeh $on"u$tor2$on"u$tor %a"a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor > "an $eom%o$ $on"u$tor & a"aah.
-er(amaan D6 "a%at "i(e"erhana$an men3a"i
In"u$tan(i %a"a $on"u$tor a "a%at "icari "engan.
In"u$tan(i $on"u$tor ain L )+ Lc+,Ln6 "a%at "i"a%at 3uga "engan mengguna$an cara &ang (ama+ (e"ang$an in"u$tan(i rata2rata "ari (aah (atu )er$a( %a"a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor > "in&ata$an (e)agai.
Kon"u$tor > ter"iri "ari n2)er$a( $on"u$tor &ang terhu)ung (ecara %arae, Me($i%un in"u$tan(i "ari )er$a( &ang )er)e"a )erniai ti"a$ (ama+ in"u$tan(i rata2rata "ari ma(ing2ma(ing )er$a( ter(e)ut )erniai (ama "engan Lav+>, !engan menga(um(i$an )ah:a in"u$tan(i rata2rata &ang "i)eri$an "i ata( meru%a$an in"u$tan(i "ari n2)er$a( &ang "i%arae$an+ ma$a tota in"u$tan(i %a"a $on"u$tor > a"aah
Sean3utn&a niai L> "i(u)(titu(i$an $e %er(amaan /16+ (ehingga "i"a%at$an tota in"u$tan(i %a"a $eom%o$ $on"u$tor > a"aah.
GMR Geometric Mean Ra"iu(6 meru%a$an 3ari23ari *i$ti* $on"u$tor )er$ete)aan no+ (ehingga ti"a$ mem%un&ai *u$( interna, Namun+ teta% mem%un&ai in"u$tan(i &ang (ama "engan $on"u$tor )er3ari23ari r+ (e"ang$an GM! Geometric Mean !i(tance6 meru%a$an (uatu niai &ang mengganti$an $on*igura(i a(i $on"u$tor2$on"u$tor "engan (e)uah 3ara$ rata2rata hi%ote(i( hypothetical mean distance6 (ehingga in"u$tan(i )er(ama "ari $on*igura(i ter(e)ut teta% (ama, Be(arn&a GM! "an GMR a"aah .
In"u$tan(i $on"u$tor & "a%at "icari "engan cara &ang (ama, Geometric Mean Ra"iu( GMR & a$an )er)e"a niai "engan GMR >, A$an teta%i+ niai GM!2n&a a$an teta% (ama, -a"a (auran tran(mi(i tiga *a(a+ untu$ men"a%at$an in"u$tan(i &ang (eim)ang (ama %a"a tia% %ha(a6+ (auran tran(mi(i %eru "itran(%o(i(i$an (e)an&a$ tiga $ai
Gambar . /e#tra#s-%sisia# Sal"ra# Tra#smisi
Fu$( &ang meing$u%i hantaran a+ &aitu.
!aam (i(tem tiga *a(a &ang (eim)ang+ ma$a.
,,6
Ja"i GM! untu$ (auran tran(mi(i tiga *a(a a"aah.
C%#t%0 s%al
/, Ji$a (auran tran(mi(i tiga *a(a "engan ma(ing2ma(ing (atu *a(a ter"iri "ari em%at $a:at "engan $on*igura(i (e)agai )eri$ut.
r !
C 10 mm C 0,01 m C ;00 mm C 0,; m
!urat C 8000 mm C 8 m !engan niai %ermea)iita( r C /+ ma$a.
Me#ari GMR 2 (/ersamaa# 13)
Me#ari GMD 2
A(um(i . ;00 mm 8000mm+ ma$a ;00mm )i(a "ia)ai$an "engan "iangga% $eci, !a) C 8 m ! )c C 8 m !ac C /4 m
!an mengguna$an %er(amaan /;6+ in"u$tan(in&a a"aah.
/, Soi" 5on"uctor+ S&mmetric S%acing !itan&a$an . /, GMR , GM! 1, In"u$tan(i L6 4, Ji$a *C;0 H+ tentu$an Rea$tan(i In"u$ti* Ja:a)an . /, Mencari GMR
/, Mencari GM!
, Mencari L
1, Rea$tan(i In"u$ti* L6 L C * L L C > 1,/4 > ;0 > 8<,< > /028 C ,40;> /021 9m KESIM/ULAN 2
Untu$ mencari niai in"u$tan(i (uatu (auran tran(mi(i+ tere)ih "ahuu "icari )e(arn&a niai GMR "an GM! "ari (auran ter(e)ut, !engan $ita mengetahui )e(arn&a in"u$tan(i (auran+ ma$a )e(arn&a rea$tan(i in"u$ti* (auran L6, !engan $ata ain GMR "an GM! "iguna$an untu$ mengetahui )e(arn&a rea$tan(i in"u$ti*, Seain itu+ GM! "an GMR 3uga mam%u mengetahui )era%a )e(arn&a $a%a(itan(i (auran "an im%e"an(i (auran+ (ehingga )e(arn&a (u(ut tegangan nanti "a%at "i$en"ai$an meaui %arameter im%e"an(i+ $a%a(iti* "an in"u$tan(i (auran tran(mi(i,