l.1
~
Grammar Stay cool Past simple and present perfect simple
you yet film Brad Pitt the new
>
1 Use the words in the circles with the verb in the box to make two sentences, one in the past simple and one in the present perfect simple. They last night here
a Icome I
4B you
the new Brad Pitt yesterday film
9 ................................. ............................................... ..
recently several They times here
.!.~.~Y.~~!!!~.~~!'.~.~l!.~.!!!!l.~.~: .........................................
2 .~~Y:~~ .~~~~.~~~~ .~~~~l!.~ .~~!!!~. ~~~~!!~I!I:...................
............................................................................... ?
10 ................................................................................. .
............................................................................... ?
The definite article and zero article 2
>Complete the sentences with the
where necessary. already dinner
dinner o'clock at seven
Do you play .... !~~ .... guilar?
Do you play .... ::-..... tennis?
Have you ever been to ........... Caribbean?
3 ............... ...... ....................... ... .................................. ...
2 It was li ght at four ' o'clock in ........... morn in g.
4 ......................................................................... .......... .
3 We spoke ........... English most of the time.
Leone yesterday
1,000 m
e'-
She
1,500 m just
4 Did you go by ........... train?
(
5 Let's go to ........... Plaza Cinema. It's more
comfortable than ........... Empire.
6 Do you ever watch ........... foreign Al ms?
7 Why di d she leave ........... home?
5 ....................................................................................
6 ................................................................................... .
8 Did you visit ........... Pyramid when you were
in Egypt?
9 00 yo u study ........... music at sch ool?
Q I not the school trip on last year
never I a school trip on
7 ....................................... ............................................ .
10 ........... landslide which followed the stonn did
a lot of damage.
11 We had ........... vegetable curry and ........... rice.
........... curry was good but ........... rice
was cold.
12 ........... North Star was really bright last night.
lt was ........... brightest star in ........... sky.
8 .................................................................................. ..
10
Go for it ) Past simple and present perfect simple
Marco: Then
Tracey: How
I ••.••••.•.••••.••.•.•••••.•••••••••••••
Marco: Terriblel
(l /never/felt)
0
Tracey:
10 ..................................................................... .
(you/slow dow n)? Marco: No,
11 ......................................
(l/not have)
enough time. Tracey: Erm, Marco, how many lessons
J ••••• ••••••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••
(you/do)?
Marco: Well," ................................................................. .
12............... .
................................... (you/have) so far? Marco: Ten.
(the lesson/not start) very well. 1 turned left
Tracey: Why don't you try a different instructor?
instead of right and
Marco: I'll have to.
5.....................
(hit) the
pavement. Tracey:
(there/be) a sharp
bend at the bottom.
embarra ed in my
whole lifel Tracey: Why? Whal
9 .......................................
(you/get on)?
2 •••• .•• •• ••• . •••••• . ••••• . •• . •••••• ••• ••• . •.•••• •
(1 /go down)
a Sleep hill in top gear. And
3;- Complete the conversation, putting the verbs into the past simple or present perfect simple. Marco: .!)'.~.i.I!!.!.~!!!!.. O/just/have) a driving lesson.
8 ......................................
6 ........................................
13 .... ........ ..................................... .
(Dan /just/refuse) to teach me any more. (you/have) problems
He said it was too stressful!
with your right and left ever since 7......... . ......... ............. . ......... ..
(I/know) you.
Definite, indefinite and zero articles
4/ Complete the newspaper article with the or a/an where necessary.
Mobile phone saves girl ATEP.tlAGE DRIVER called 999 on her m hilt- pbonl' as h lay injured after ... e.... car occident. , ......... cnll saved her Ufe. On nlesday, eighteen-year-oltl Rachel Edward.~ went out for 2......... drive in ......... I!arly evening after 4......... row with
I1cr ooy Iriend. She losll'onlTOlllf ' ......... car
un ......... CUtist road at Whitesand Bay in
Suuth C mwal l and wenl uver 7 ......... edge
I ......... diff.
llt
A 'J ......... car r !led do", n 10 ......... cliff, Rarhl·t managed to jump uuL Somehow, she .till had her handbag with her. and inside It......... handbag was her mobih: phone. She ,llletll)49 [l[JtI very soon 11 ........ helicopter II~. no il~ \\ ay to rescue her 1 ......... lirsl llung we aw was 14 ......... \.'llI ut 15......... bOl1um of 1".. _ ..... cliff. saId 17 ......... helicopter pilot. 'We then saw Miss Edwards further up IR......... cliff, unahle 10 move. I') ......... se~ wa~ coming in
fast. We didn't have much time. When we lifted Rachel to 20......... nfety.21 ......... water w~ about a metre from her car.' 22......... helicopter flew Lo :'J ........ . Roborough Airport. From there, 24....... .. ambulance took Rachel to Derriford Ho.pita!, where she is now recovering.
'We knew nothing untd 25,........ police
contacted us: aid Rachel" father. 'She has
had 26 ......... luckiest escape of anyone
I've ver known.' Mr Edwards wa... full
01'2 7 .. ....... admiration for 28 .........
emergency services.
11
Vocabular Stay cool
Across
5 To return to your house: to go ............... (4)
7 .............. all trains stop at Charing Cross? (2)
8 To continue a journey: to go ............... (2)
9 The door was open, but we didn't go ............... (2)
10 The people on a bus. (10)
14 They dOll' t have to change plane. They're flying
.............. to Katmandu. (6) 15 A plane journey. (6) 18 Abbreviation for European Union. (2) 20 Form of transporl found in Nepal. (8)
5> Solve the crossword.
Go for it
6>
Complete the account of this journey in your notebook using the pictures 1 to 7. last month, , went to Kosice in Slovakia to see my friend Gabriel. It was a real adventure because it was the first time I'd travelled on my own. This is how I got there. I went to the airport by taxi. , arrived at 7.30.
Down 1 Sorry, there are .............. seats left. (2) 2 Five tickets at two pounds ea h - that's .............. pounds, please. (3)
3 Does this bus go .............. Piccadilly? (2)
4 1 waited half ...........:... hoUT ror a bu . (2)
" . 6 Why are you so late? Did you ............. the train? (4)
7 We walked .............. the hill to he beach. (4)
8 Could you just go .............. tI e directions
once more? (4) to You wail on this for a train. (8) 11 The third planet from the SUIl . (5) 12 If you want to travel firc; t class. you'll have La pay ............... (5) 13 What time do we .............. sail? (3) 14 The person driving a car. (6) 16 An organised long walk. (4) 17 'Did you take the trai n from London to Brussels?' 'No, I .............. .' (4)
19 She's American, so she ha a .............. passport (2)
2
I 9.30 I 5
6
Kosice 22.00 12
Communication
Go for it 7 ) Complete the conversations. A: .E'!.'!........ you give John a message?
9> Write the conversations. Use a different expression each time.
B: .Pf.... course.
A: Do ............................... if 1 use your computer?
B: No, ......................... all.
2 A: ..................................... if 1 have the day off tomorrow? B: I'd ......................... you didn·t. We're very busy at the moment.
Joe: [I] .. P.C!.!l.c!'~ .'.':!!!!~. if.L~!th.~r.~? ..........................
Usa: IKJ ):!!!.~~r.r;Y.:.M!l.fr.!.~~~~~.~~~!!!!l.!~.~r.~: ..........
3 A: ......................... 1 close the window?
B: Of course you may.
B
ffil
Ipay phone I
Io:.~
-=.,j~J~~
What's wrong? 8 / Correct the mistakes. W wenl by #te- train . I n 'ver been there.
Man: [I] ...................................................................
Receptionist:
2 I don't like going in his car. lie's a
IKJ .....................................................
terrible conductor. en Joanna yesterday.
J l'
4 Its just over there.
5 W' went to Adriatic Coast last year.
() Do you mind that 1 leave now?
7 I'd rather drive than be a pasenger.
2 Una: [I] ...................................................................
Marco: [i2J ................................................................
bulary 0): Predicting situations
Va
pr pare our II' for specific situations by p d, thlf1 k 'Y vo auulaTY. For example, at the "1 d at al1 airport words and phra e hi h y u may h ar r n ed are passport. hand baggag • aisle/window seat. boarding card, gate m mb r. boarding time. Y W nl to btl
phm
Ipuncture I
LI
J Tom:
rn ...................................................................
Sean:
IKJ ...................................................................
13
Reading
-=rf
An interview with
• J r
• la
Liam Neeson was born in Northern Ireland . He has appeared in many well-known films. including Sch mo/E'r's List and Star Wars - The Phantom Menace
son
Interviewer: Liam Neesm1 jOll gn'\\< t1p III a h use lull uf women You had thr"l: dd~r slSLers and you IV rc I he baby brat her I b} W~re you very .spoih? ......
~~
f • • • t I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I • • • " . . . . . . . ..
Liam Neeson: No, T wasn't. My . IStcrS "('em to think I was, bu t I
Lertainl} WllSll'l! We all hau Ill..lr chor' It) do. l\1ine were swel.:plllg the back yard, hringmg ill th I,;V:1lll1r the fire and geLLing the groceries.
Interviewer.
l .................. ?
Liam Neeson: 1 suppa e its true III a C llain 'Xlent There was a
gullll my _cllllo1. Elizab th, who wa the Lar aLlress in our school piny:; On It: rill, our English teacher was uoing a play whi h elizabeth was tn. () 1 wenl all ng to the .1tIdition and got a part. Thul'.. where my interest in acting beg;m.
14
Uam Neeson: Abso]mely. yes.
Interviewer:
And I love doin T it. 1L's the most
Liam Neeson: Very much so. Absolutely. I'm \ ery C<)ll d O llS of
natural thing m Lhe wo rld . J thitlk lIS ImportanL to remember that children grow up so quickly, you know ! I was reading the other day about a wnter who was lyping a story
Interviewer: You're the ralher
ilnd he
no\\ of two young sons. There's a big ucb:'llc in Britain allhe moment aboul how lillIe lime falh r pend wnh lheir children. I Ihinl It\ an a\ erage of flfLeen mmutes a day J ..... .............. ?
lime but the kid was in bed. T hats
gOl
the
tOT)
finished
0
a moment thai he'll never gel back again. And that truck a chord with me, so Ilry to play wiLh my kids when they ac;k. It doesn't
matter what fm doing.
4 ...................
?
the problem of \ ioience in m ms and on television. My fluh r's generaLion was worned about the influence of (h(' Rolhng Slones and the Beatlcs. Nnw il'S violent nJm . ml awful violent video games vhere if yotl ill someone YOLI get 300 points and rhen move on to the nex i game . IL'S j l lCITIfying 5 yes, flU very aware of the image that I m involve in on Lhe screen.
Co mprehension
Communication
1 Read th e text and write the letters of the
interviewer's questions in the correct places.
4 / Use the information in the factfile and the expressions below it to continue the interview with Liam Neeson. Write at least five quest ions and answers.
5pends quite a lot of lime with hi children?
L1AM NEESON
(b) Wcre you very spoilt? )
cJ Does that make you look at a pan maybe (,ifferently ... thinking about the images and the i lfluences that children ha e as hey grow up? ti) Is 11 true that you only got interested in being in chool productions because you fancied a girl who was in the play?
2 / Mat ch the words and phrases with thei r
......." ......................... .... .. .....................................................
-.~,""';'
;~llr~-" ~ " G~i:~~;;;-2r:':if~~'t '
spoilt
2 chor J 'weeping
qroceries 5 udil,on
4
6 truck a chord 7 'OTI cious H
t'rrifying gencration
III
o
o
D 0 0
o
D
o
a) age group b) allowed to do whatever you want c) aware
d) very frightening e) food which is bought f) household jobs g) test for a part in a play h) had personal meaning i) cleaning with a brush
. . ..... . . . . ..... . ..
(Physics and Computer science)
........................................... .................
"""'~-,...--~
Wife: Natasha Richardson (actress) Children: Michael. Daniel
..........;...-.--.- .... .................................................................... .. .
.~
Schindler'S List (1993), Star Wars The Phantom Menace (1999) , Gun Shy (1999)
meanings. t
7 June 1952 in Ballymena, Northern Ireland
• Real ly? • That's interesting. • Did you ? / Were you? / ls she? / Have you? Interviewer: Liam Neeson:
o for it 3) Correct the statements.
Liam Neeson comes from the USA.
..IJ.~..~~m~fr.~!!!. ~~r:!.~.t;~.~r.t;!~.'!.~:..............................
He was the eldest of four children.
2 His interest in acting began when he left school.
3 His sons are grown up.
4
H doesn't spend much time with his children.
5 lie worrie about lhe effect which pop music has
on young people.
Writing 5 > In your notebook, write a 1SO- word article about Liam Neeson for a school magazine. Use t he information in the text and the fa ctfile.
Uam Neeson was born in Ballymena, Northern Ireland. He has three elder sisters. ... 15
u y day_
Vocabular ~__ St_a~y_co_o_J/~______~) 1
>Complete the article with the correct form of the words in brackets.
I h;n c III say that 1find the idea of two men punching each uthc:r fOT peoplt s .. ~~~~~~~~m~~L (emertain) truly I................................ (shock), Wb.1t':\
Don't get me wrong. I like W;ttdling .port. r find it 10................................
excite) toee people achieving
new records in am/eties and I'm ruwavs (amaze) al rhe skill of football
1 . ...............................
(entertain) about il? Wl1ere's dle
, ! ................................
J ................................
(excite) or 4 ............................... .
and rugby player' But boxing is not a port, m
(plc-.....e) in watching twO men fight C'Jtb other unUl one of them ....................._... (give +preposition) or is
my opinion.
I feel slrongl), abolll this, and I won't (give +preposition) protesting
lell uncon i()u '? Do people get a 6............................... .
12 ................................
(Will)
about it. Recently, while 1 ' )........................................ .
find it
JUt
of w:uching something like this? If they do, I
\Cr; 7................................
What'~
(worry).
more, if not jUst mrn who are involved. I was
fl . ................ ...............
(shock) when I read recently
(give + preposttiatt) anti·boxing /e;U1et..'i in ~bopping
they were
mr local
centre, a lot of people came up to me LO say I.' ................................
(plea e) mill I was
about boxing mald) b'twecn two women. How can
doing it. So don l be
the d( It? Surely they've c::en lle 9.............................. ..
if you see me on a streeL comer near you l
15................................
(surprise)
(horrif ,) mjurie that male boxers get stacy Pearsoll, Manchester
16
Past simple and continuous
Past simple and past perfect simple
2/ Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Then write a sui able question.
3 From each pair of sentences, make one sentence containing a verb in the past simple and a verb in the past perfect simple.
>
1 was in a state of shock at nine o'clock.
1 read the letter at eight o'clock. (after)
J.~!!~ .~'!..'!..~~!~ .C?bh~~~. #..~r. te!..~~!!~. ~~.~~~r.'..........
My brother borrowed my leather jacket.
1 couldn 't wear it to the party. (so)
2 1 phoned you after dinner.
You went out before dinner. (but) A: 1 ............................ didn't answer (not answer) the phone
because 1 ..~f!~.~.'!.'!.t!.~'!9.. (stand) on my head. B: Why .. ~~r~y.C?l!..~!!.'!.t!.~'!9..'?'.'.~~~r..~~.'!.c!.? ...........
3 She took him to hospital this afternoon.
He fell down the stairs this morning. (because)
A: Because 1 was doing my yoga . A: We .................................................. (walk) into
town when my brother .................................... (grnb) my arm.
4 1 saw a programme on first aid last night. I knew what to do today. (so)
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: Because he'd just seen Britney Spears drive by. • A: 1 ........................................... (not disturb) you
5 They didn't wan t to see the film on Tuesday.
They sa w it on Monday. (because)
when Pete ........................................... (phone)
because you ......................................... (sleep).
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: I don 't know. He didn 't say. A: He ................................................. (shook) with
frigh t when he ......................... ....... ................... (come) out of the building.
The letter e in verbs • In many past simple endings, the e is SIlent. • 1n verb forms ending in -ing. you usually delete the f' before adding -ing.
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: Because he thought he'd seen a ghost!
4> Underline the words in which the e is silent.
A: We .................................................. (talk) when
wanted
suddenly he ........................................... (get) really miserable. B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: Because he'd just split up with his girlfriend.
laughed
returned
divided
Write the -ing form of the following verbs. take .................... ... drive ........... ....... ..... surprise .......................
live
...................... .
make amaze 17
60 for it Past simple. past continuous and past perfect simple 5> Complete the story with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
It wa a C 01 evening in September 1895. John Markham .. ~!!.c!..~.f!.~ ...... (had) a hard day at work,
and he ..~~~.~f!.f!.~!'.'.9.fo.~!!.~~J~.... (look forward to)
gettmg home. uddenly, a woman ... !:':'.~~~~ .. (rush) out of the oftice next door. Sbe
I •.••.••••.••••.•• . ••.•....•...
(shake) with fTlght because she
2•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
(hear) someone screaming in the cellar. She was ure it was a ghost. John
J ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••
(not believe) in
ghost so he ., ............................... (go) into the
above his head. He
building to investigate. It was very quiet. But just as
the piece of paper arefully. It was the death
he
5......................................
(think) Lhat it was all the
woman's imaginaUon, he ii . . .................... ......... (hear)
14...............................
cerUficale of a fi fteen-year-old girl called Alice Pick. She
15...............................
The next day, John
screams. "Who are you? What do you want?" cried John. The screaming ,............................... (not stop) so he n.................................
(hurry) towards the place
(exami ne)
(die) of tal'vation.
16 ...............................
(tell) his
neighbour about the evening's extraordin ryevents. Apparently, the building
17 ..... ...................... ..
................., .................. (not alwayslbe) an office. It
where it 'I .... ....................................... .. .. (come from ).
I~ .....................................................
He
rich woman called Eva Tyndale who had shut Alice,
10 ...............................
the cellar,
(reach) the door leading to
II .............................. .
IJ. .............., ................
Suddenly, the uoor
(take) a candle and
(go) down the cellar stairs.
13 ...............................
(slam)
behmd him. making a piece of paper fall from a shelf
6> Write the questions or answers.
.~~.Y..~~)~~.~..~f!.f!.~~'.'9.f~~!!r.~.!~.9~rr!~9..~.f!.'!!:~.? ... Because he'd had a hard day at work. How did he know the woman was frightened?
(oncelbelong) to a
her servant, in the cellar. One of the oLher servants told the police. but by the ti me they discovered Alice, she was dead and Mrs TyndaJe
[
................................ (disappear).
3 ................................................................................. ?
To investigate . 4 ................................................................................ ?
Scr ams.
5 Wha t ha ppened when the cellar door slammed?
.~h~.'!'!.l!!..~.~.C!.~.~~9.~ ................................. ..................... .
Why was the woman frightened? 6 ................................................................................. ?
She'd died of starva tion. 2 Did John Markham believe in ghosts?
18
7 Why did n't the police arrest Mrs Tyndale?
7> Complete the phrases. Then match them with the categories below.
...... !.~~rL ...... awrul! I've gol .................... good n w .
1.»
cl ........................ done! You ............. ............ be r
ally pi ased.
dl I've ......................... heard some bad llews. rI ......................... terrific!
n What ......................... g}
hamel
I'm arraid l've got ...................................... ..
11) ........................ . what!
i
DD DD DD
Announcing good news
2 Responding to good news
1 Announcing bad news
3 Kate: Friend: Kate: Friend:
I don 't know. Tell me !
:'1
_.
1 Responding to bad news
Go for it
SUBJECT
Histo~
PASS/FAIL
RJjI
MARKS
~O/'OO
COMMENTS
&me.
a / Write the conversations.
I! ,1:1
~ood/
+hi~s,
t
London
1'1
~+
_I
---
~I
j \:1
W43QB 14th October
4 Neil :
Friend: Neil : Friend:
[ It ar M r Harris, YIlU
have w()n [\ ,OOO! We howe pleasure
ill
Mr Harris: .!):~9.f!.~.~l!.'!!.~.9.'!.C?c!..'!.~.~~:....................... Friend: Really? Tell me! Mr Harris: Friend:
What's wrong?)
9> Correct the mistakes. Are you
THE FOLLOWI G PEOPLE ALL LOST
THEIR OBS YESTERDAY
5arat.. P-OS'S' J"alYlC-S' P-i£,./-t.ardS' .Marl-i." TI/frne-r
Friend: Sarah: Friend:
What's happened?
wo..........ie.d
W&~ about
your test?
15 it difficult to give in smoking?
2 Imagine my surprisement when she walked in! 3 1 couldn't answer the door because I had a shower. 4
2 Sarah:
Oh? What's happened?
When I found out about the concert. I phoned immediately. Luckily, they didn't sell all the tickets.
5 I phoned her as soon I heard the news. 19
'
1
...
••••
Grammar ~ Stay coo
)
The fut ure
2 ) Complete the messages with will/won't, may, might, going to ~r the present continuous. In some cases, there
1 '/ Circle t he correct response,
are two possibilities.
1'm off now.
a) OK. I'm going to see you later.
( b) OK. I'll see you later. )
1 was wondering if you would like to
go out tonight.
lLAesday
MMtut -KkaAeJ. pkol1~ ~jttA~ fl.tD.se. 1......... . ............................. .
(vou/nng) kim uMe+1 ~
a) l'm afraid 1 can't. l'm meeting Karim.
b) l'm afraid I can't. I'll meet Karim.
~e.t W\'?
2 Have you decided yert
a) Yes. l'm going to have a pizza.
b) Yes. 1 have a pizza.
3 What do you fancy' for de ert?
a) 1 don't have anything, thanks.
b) I won't have anythmg, thanks.
4 There's someone at the door.
a) OK. I go.
b) OK. I'll go.
5 I'm wearing jeans so I might nol get into the dub.
a) Don't worry. You'll get in. b) Don 't worry. You 're gelling in.
Jo11~
~:~~l\'.~'" ~~1.~~~H f'5. I'~ Mt SlAre ~ek, but l ........ . ...............................
to betA W'I~ . 'Dmt't mllke. "oise ~
r':,.a... ~_:~~!:;::~~Ia"iAil!l'lI!UI {oo ~ch
W~~~~
~~~~~
~ar-tiv\ - V(.H'\ess~ phOl1etA.
.. ......................................... (you/go)
to KkaA~'~ pa(~?
1 toi~ he.<" 4........................................... ..
............................ (you/probably/not go).
'1111A're ObulO1Asly -hlo busy. "VOl1r\ P.S. What- time- "....................................
................... (you/be) Pe\ck. tumorfOW?
~~m~alM 1lwr5~
M~I'\ -~e (('\rI~ .
6 Does he know you're going ou t with Joe?
t ..................... . .....................
lyou f ll~
~OU( Y'oUe..-bu..t,(es this el/eI\'I~" R~ wa.,.ts ib bonaw -tkem.
a) No. l'm going to tell him th is evening. b) No. I tell him this evenmg.
-:tYicio.y
MMflt1. -
J"okV\
See y~ flm.1orfaw.
(I /m eet)
CO«~e t111t,(
f ........... .... .. ... .. .............. ...... ..
VtAt1essa.
arret"
II.. .......... .. .. .... .. ................ . ......
to Kka1et('!) 20
(I/go)
Jo~
paf~ .
(we/go)
)
The future 3/ Write what the students are saying. US!! the correct form of will, may, might or going to. What are you going to do when you leave school?
e-
1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1r:-...!
- study to become a vel - definitely!
What are you going to do when you leave school? I don't really know. .!..,!:!~9.~~.!l.'!..~?.~~!!~!J.~! ..............
.. ~r L!!!!9~t~~~~..,!.JI.~~r..~~!; ....................................... 2 I'v already decided.................................................
work in Spain for a few months
- definitely not get a job immediately
4'/ Write sentences which are true for you, using the prompts. (present can tinuous)
After school today .................................................. . 2 (might)
li d like to go to university. The trouble is, .......... .
t1 TIl one thing 1 know is. ........................................
Next weekend .......................................................... . 3 (may)
Next summer ........................................................... . 'i I think ...................................................................... .
4 (will/probably)
When 1 leave school, ...............................................
I'm not sure. .......................................................... ..
5 (going to) To celebrate my eighteenth birthday, .................... 21
Vocabular
~) 5;' Match each adjective with one or more prepositions.
about
by from
in
of on
Go for it
)
7> Use the words in the box to write a profile of the two sisters and their mother.
with
angry "~~!?!!~"'~'i!.~ ....................................
different ................................................... .
2 excited ..................................................... .
3 fed up ....................................................... .
4 frightened .................................................
5 interested ..................................................
6 keen ..........................................................
7 proud
....................................................... .
8 rired ......................................................... .
9 worried ............................ " ...................... .
>
6 Complete each sentence with a phrase from Exercise 5. tfe likes classical music but he isn't ...~~~~.~!'! ... opera.
Laura looks pale. She's got an audition
tomorrow and she's really ......................
Lucy very good /languages keen/French not interested/sport
...................... it.
2 Hearing a band play live is tOlally
.................................. listening Lo a recording. 3 She's given up learning the piano.
I
Anna brillia nt/sport keen/basketball nervous/exams not jealous/Lucy
mother pleased/Lucy's exa m results excited /Anna's basketball cup proud/both of them
She's had lessons for two year, but
J~9J..~.~~.~~~.f!..f!.r:~.~!~.~~!:~!.~~~.!~~~r:~.'f.~rYAifI.e.r:~'),!fr..f!,f!:I. ...........
she 's just 110t .................................. it.
.~':'.~h..f!.~~~!::.~~~.':S.X~r:y.9.C!.C!.t!..':'.t!~!'!!I!!~9~:...................................
4 The conductor was ................................ . the singer because she didn ', go to rehea rsaIs. 5 She got a place at the Royal Academy of Music! She's really ............................ . studying lhere.
Co mmunication ~'--_G_o_f_or_i_t_ ) B/ Fill in the gaps. Then put the conversation in the correct order.
9'; Write the conversation using the prompts. pizza tonight? Anton: .} .~~.l!.'!!J.~~.~~..f!!.;!J.~~.9.~ for. .~.P'!~.~~~!9.~~:...
o
Lorna:
Ci;
Callum:
...................................................................... .
pizza fo r lunch )
2 . ................. . ................................. . ................ ..
Roller Cafe? Anton:
J ...................................................................... .
Lorna:
4 ...................................................................... .
C!!..;. too expensive) Callum: 1
0
5 ...................................................................... .
~
Are you? Well, how .................... meeting nna and Errol in town?
Anton:
6 ............ ............. .. . .. ........................................ .
~ ~
o Yes. An evening in sounds great! o 1m seeing them tomorrow evening. Look, .................... rather stay in this evening. I feel a bit tired.
lorna:
' ....(
Callum:
8 ..................................................................... ..
o
..............................................................
What's wrong?
ill I thought we ..!!!!P.~~.... go clubbing
10> Correct the mistakes. Lonight.
I'll
+have an
1 can't come now. I'll leave for Brussels in an hour's time.
o I'd .................... not, if you .................... mind.
l'm fed .................... with dubbing.
1..---"7j/
oran ge juice, please.
2 Are you intereste on old cars? 3 'Do you fancy going clubbing?'
o So do 1, actually. Do you .................... getting
video and a takeaway?
L---'j/
'Great! I love to!' 4
It's a really exiting fi lm.
S I wont be there until eleven.
23
il s developm nt
Reading
Voyage to St Kilda
Some environmentalist groups believe that drilling for oil off the coast of Scotland is going to endanger wildlife. The actress Julia Sawalha recen1Jy went to the region by boat wtth one of these groups to monitor the wildlife. She kept a diary of her week. FRIDAY
THE CREW
['m n Ihe Island of Islay ill Ihe Inner Hebrides. We're , uing ~ail tomorrow, ~o I'm going to spend today getting to know the other crew members . SATURDAY
MEETING THE SEALS
1 slept . urprisingly well on the boat. This morning J isited II eal anctuary . After I'd held Ihe eals in my u.rms, my cloth~~ smelt very fibhy. Worse sull, I've ot a whole week on the ship and not mnny clothe to change into, We're setting sail for the ibland of St J{jld.-l at 10 p.m. SUNDAY
FEELING SEASICK
I didn't want lunch because I felt so eastel<, but my cabin mates ndvl~ed me to eat, so J tried 10 [orte om food down. One of my companions , Kate, a murine bioI gi ·t, is going to take part in the first-ever underwater survey near St Kilda.
24
Thi afternoon, omeone f>potled a minke whale. The wildlife in tru-: region ili so rich. Drilling for oi l will destroy It and will affect the climate. MONDAY
FEELING GUILlY I woke at nine, later than
DIVING IN
J ~pent most of the afternoon cleaning. Before I came on thi!) trip. my last job was making a fil m w ith Mel Gib on. If he ould See me now!
It was difficult to wake up thi morning so I decided to go for a swim. As soon as I'd dived THURSDAY mto the icy water, I felt as if COMtNGHOME my head was going to e plode from the cold . Back on . hip, 1 This morning we arrived in Glasgow. on the wet coast of helped clean. Later on. 1 returned to the island. sat on a rock 3Lld watcbed the eat · and the seabirds. Some of the seabirds have a wingspan of five met.res! FEELING BETTER We set sail again this morning. The sea was incredibly calm and J didn't feel seasick any more .
, cOllund . T felt a bit sad . I' m going to miss everyom: terribly. As the ship was commg into dock I looked at the pile' of industrial rubbish . It's a horrible sight after the beauty of SI Kilda.
Com prehension
Communication
tay cool
4> A member of an environmental group (A) asks you (B) and your friend (e) to help on a ship for a week. You are really interested, but your friend isn't keen. Write the conversation in your notebook .
, >Find the words in the text which mean: making a hole 1 LO check
2
..t!.r!!!!~9.....................
Frequently
people who work on a ship
................................ ..
) a place of saFety
..................................
4 feeling ill on a boat
........ ..........................
5 noticed
................................ ..
6 to blow up like a bomb
................................ ..
7 unbelievably B waste material
2 ) Put the events in order.
aID One of the crew saw a whale. b)
0
Writing (1): Planning It's usually a good idea to plan what you arc going to wrile and to make notes lor each paragraph. Look at the notes below about a boat trip. Put the events in each paragraph in thl: correct ord r.
She went for a swim.
I D The boat left lslay.
d) D She got back to mainland Scotland. e) [!] Julia met the other members of the crew. n D She helped with the cleaning. g) D Julia stayed on St Kilda. hJ 0 Julia began to feel unwell.
o for it
3> Answer the questions. What might endanger wildlif in the area around 5l Kilda?
Paragraph I:
o stayed in a small town on Vancouver lsland [I] went to Canada with a group of friends last year
o sun was shining; sea was calm o took a boat trip to see whales Paragraph 2: . o coming back, the wind became very strong [IJ set sail and 30 mi nutes later saw the whales
o one wave li fted the boa t out of the water
..P.r.~~~~f)9.f~!'. .f!.~~"'" .......................................................
o children were cryi ng o weather changed - had to leave quite quickly
Why did Julia Sawalha and the other crew members go to 5t l
Paragraph 3 :
2 What did Julia do on the first day?
"3
Writing
Why did her clothes smell?
4 How many underwater surveys at 5t Kilda had
there been before this one? 5 Why did Julia feel guilty? 6 How did Julia get on with the crew?
o managed to reach Vancouver lsland [I] difficult to get back
D very frigh teni ng experience
5> Now use the notes and some of the phrases in the box to write a 150-word account of the trip to Vancouver Island in your notebook. • soon • su ddenly • to my horror • then • not surprisingly • finally
I went to Canada with a group offriends last year. We stayed ... 25
dinburgh
Vocabular
~~------------~y
1 / look at the map on the left.
Write the names of the places.
4/ Complete Sara's description of Melbray using
the map and your own ideas.
I rgi!.~!lJL .......... s Y!!.~CJ.1). ................ .
SMALL TOWNS IN FOCUS
2 c ................................................. .
J c ................................................ ..
4 s....................... p. ......................... .
MELBRAV
5 h .................................................. ..
6 mu ...................................................
rna .......................................................
8 s ........................ s.......................... .
7
9 p ................................................... ..
10 p............... ......... 0 .... .. ...... .. ..... ..... . .
11 c ..................................................... .
12 b....................... s .......................... ..
13 I ...................................................... .
14 s..................................................... ..
15 t ..................................................... ..
~
SpOrts and entertainment
I'm fairly sporty. I playa lot of tennis, so .. !.!l~.~~.~~~......................
..~~!!!!!~.~~~.!!'..~~~.p.~~~.~!.!~~ .~!~~.~.~~~~: ..... I also
I ........... .
................................................................ . Although our sports fadlitles are quite good, there's not much other entertainment. At weekends, I usually go to the <.................... I particularly like
2> look at the picture on the left. Label the clothes.
romantic flIms. There 's also a ................................. but that's all, really. However, trav elli ng to other places s quite easy because 4
J / Complete the sentences with the rect uncountable nouns.
Let's just drop off our 1 .':'99.~9.~..... at the hotel and go straight out. l'd like some i... ............................ about the town . 2 Here's a list of the a.............................. , from campsites to Ave-star hotels.
.. Shopping for food and clothes J go shopping with my mum or my dad on Saturdays. We get most things at the 5.......................................... but we buy fruit and vegetable from stalls on the ()... ........... ............................. ............ . I also buy most of my clothes
7 ........................................ ........ .
You can get some great bargains there. I buy my shoes
8... .. .......... . ..
3 Don't go into town by car. The
t.................... is awful. 4 I ycled to the station and took the train ,
into town. Thanks for your a.................. . 5 If the w.................... is fine, we'll go for
a walk.
.. Public buildings One of my A level subjects is History. I'm particularly interested in local history so I spend a lot of time ............. .................................. . When I need reference books,
10 ........................................................
6 There are rolling hills and valleys. l'm
sur you'll love the sc .................... .
7 Your kn............................... of the local
area i very good . S You'll have to get p.................................... . from the farmer to camp here.
.. Scenery The countryside near the town is beautiful. In the northeast, 11 .......................... . ..................... .... ....................................................
27
•
Stay cool Clauses and linkers of contrast 5'; Complete the sentences with although, however or in spite of
Go for it Clauses and linkers of contrast 6> Rewrite sentences 1 to 7 in Exercise 5 using the words in brackets. (although) .T~.e.!l.~!~f!:!..~!~~~.~~I ..~.~~~'!.9~.!~.e.!l:~ ...... ..p.r9.'!J.~S;~t!..~~.~9.'!J.t::.................................................... .
2 (despite) .................................................................. ..
3 (although) .................................................................
..~!~~.l!,,!9.~ ......... they're best friends, they're
very competitive.
4 (in spite of) ..............................................................
They didn't visit us, ................................ .
promising to come. 2 ................................ . she's a very talented pianist. she finds it difficult to play in public.
5 (however) ................................................................. .
J There was nothing suspicious in his behaviour.
.................................. I didn't really trust him. 4
were only in Chicago for on day. ................................. , we had a great time!
S ................................. he'd told her the
relationship was over, she still thought
they could get back together again.
6 I wanted to play football this morning .
................................., I didn't wake up
till midday.
6 (although) ................................................................ .
, ........................................................................................
7 (although) .................................................................
What's wrong? 7> Correct the mistakes.
7 They recognised him ................................. his disguise. 8 ................................. her strong northern accent, 1 understand everything she say . 9 He's a very gentle person, ................................ . his appearance. 10 I really liked The Thirty-Nine Steps ...................... . the story was quite complicated.
atthoUjh
1 like living here despite there isn't much to do in the evening. I'm afraid the skirt's a bit to tigh t. 2 Dublin's a beautiful city however it's quite expensive. 3 OUT accommodations were awful. 4 In spite of it is a beautiful place, it' not really a tourist destination. S I buy all my books fro m th e local library.
28
8) Complete the dialogue.
You:
l.:~.~~~~..~,!..~.. this sweatshirt on, please.
Assistant: Here you are. good? You:
I ...........................................
Well, it's a bit baggy.
1 ..............................
. 7
........................................................... sIze.
Assistant: Yes, we have. Here's a medium.
1 ............ .
............................................................. on?
You:
H's Ane. 41 ................................................. .
Assistant: How You:
5 ................ . ..... .. .. . .................. .. ..... ...
?
By credit card.
9;, Write a conversation in your notebook using the pictures.
b
29
VI
ow you gu:
Vocabular ~ Stay cool) 1 '; Label the parts of the car.
1 W~!!~~~r~~.r:t........................ .
2 b ....................................... .
3 s ....................................... .
4 g....................................... .
5
m ......................................
6 s ....................................... .
7 e ...................................... ..
8 b ...................................... ..
9 h ......................................... .
10 s................... w.................. .
11 f .................... t.................. .
12 b ........~ ..................................... .
13 b ................. 1.................. ..
14 i ................. 1................... ..
15 t ...................................... ..
. Go for it 2) Complete the conversation. A: You should always wear a .§~~~~~~~... ' you know,
even if you're only going a short distance. B: Yes, 1 know.
A: It's quite foggy. 1 think you should pUl your I . ............................. on.
8: I was just going to.
A: Now it's started to rain. Perhaps you'd belter put your
2......................................................
8: Yes. A: The petTol gauge is low. 30
on.
B: It's OK. here's enough petrol in the 3 . .. ........................ ............ We'll be fine.
A: The car in front is going very slowly. You could overtake on the next bit of straight road. Just change down a 4...................... for more power and we'll soon be past him. B: Uh, huh. A: Look ou t! There's a hairpin ben d coming up. Don't go so 5..................... .
B: You know, you're really getting on my nerves.
Perhaps you ought to drive. A: But 1 haven't passed my driving test.
Grammar
must
3'/ Give advice using the words in brackets and a main verb.
5 1'm so thirsty. 1 ..................................... som eth ing to drink. 6 His behaviour is appall ing! You ............................ . ............................. him lTeat you like that.
needn't
He looks very tired. (ought) He .~~9.~~:~.~~.~~~~. so hard . I've got a bad headache and 1 fee l sick. (should) You ............................................ a doctor. 2 Oh no, it's raining and I haven't brought an umbrella! (had better) You ............................................. mine. ] I was stopped by the police last night for riding my bik without lights. (should)
7 He phoned Lo say he's arriv d afely, so you ................................................................. any more. S l've got a spare pair of sunglasses, so you ................................................................ any.
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs 5 > Complete sentence b} so that it means the same as sentence a) in each case.
a) Jo hn's far m re serious than Jamie.
You ............................................ without light .
b) Jamie's .f~r..~~.~~r.~~'!.~.. than John.
4 l'm
I)
not sure about going up into the mountains. TIley say the driving conditions are qui1e dangerous. (had better)
a) My marks in Biology were better than my marks in Chemistry.
In that case, we ............................................. . there today.
b) My marks in Chemistry weren't ................ .. .................................... my marks in Biology.
Anna seems a bit depressed. (ought) Perhaps we ............................................. her to ome to the cinema with us.
Obligation and prohibition with verbs must, have (got) to and needn't
2 a) Riding a mo torbike is more da ngerous th an drivin g a car. b) Driving a ca r isn 't .........;......................... . .. ................ riding a motorbike. 3 a} Is it true that gi rls are much better at languages than boys? b} Is it true that boys are .................................... at langua ges th an girls?
4/ Complete the sentences with the modal verbs and the verbs in the box.
a} He drives more carefu lly tha n she does.
• heat • worry • have ~ • do • let • clean • buy • take
4
have to/don 't have to
6> Complete the sentences.
b} Sh e drives ................................ than he does.
Sorry, 1 can't stay. I really ....~~~~.!~.9.~.... now. It's OK for you. You ................................................
All Blur's albu ms are good, but th ir latest is
.m.*:.k~~.. of all.
It's a very strange book. In fact, it's ............... .
............................. book I've ever read .
...................... your room every Saturday morning. 2 Can we eat this pie cold or ................................... .
....................................................... it first?
have go t to 3 Kate, I don 't understand the homework. What ................................................................................ ? 4 1 can't
come out just yet. 1 ................................... ..
.................................. some shopping round to my grandmother's.
2 The new Harley bike comes in several models. Thi is the most expensiv , at £ 15,000. This is
........................................ expenstve, at £8,000.
3 You did wen. In fact you did ....................... tha n
anybody else. 4
We see all our cousins quite frequ ently. But we see An ita ..................................................... of all. 31
should(n't), ought(n't} to and had better (not) 7> Give advice using the modal verbs. A: 1 can't see the number. What is it? (ought) B: It' a six. You .. ~~g~~ ...
..~~.~~~~.!!.f!..l':Y~.!m: .......
5 A: Stop! The dog's loose! (had better) B: 1 ...........................................................................
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs 8> Complete the dialogue using the words in brackets. The • shows that you should also use an intensifier such as much, a lot or far. A: He's put on weight, hasn't he? (should) B: You ................................... ...................................
A: Aren't you going thro ugh the Channel Tunnel to France?
.€!JC!.t .'!!.C?r~ P~~!!!.~~t (*pleasant). but it isn 't I............. ..........................
B: No, the ferry's
A: Maybe,
............. (q uick) the train. And are you taking the car?
B: Yes. A: What abou t going on the motorbike? 1t would 2 A: He always seems to have a cold. (should) B: He ....................................................................... .
be 2............. ......................... . ("'cheap) than going by car. B: Do you thi nk so?
A: Of course. A bike i J ................................. .. .......................... (*econo mical) than a car, and it's only £ 10 to take the bike on the ferry so it isn't (expensive).
4........... ..
B: Mmm.
3 A: Anna nearly fell off her bike last night. (ough t) B: She .................................................................... ..
A: And you don't have to wait in traffic jams on a bike, so travelling is 5............. .......................... (stressfu l). 1t's 6......... .. .............. . ...................... ..
(*practical) when you get there, too. 1t really •
7
IS ........................................................... ..
(convenient) way to travel. Listen! 1 go to
4 A: The fuel tank is almost empty. (had better)
B: We ..................................................................... ..
32
france B............. ............. .......................... (*frequent) tha n you do, and 1 always go on my bike. B: Well, that's wha t l'd better do then.
Communication ~ Go for it
9/ Write the conversation between you and
10> Give advice for each situation. Then accept or refuse the advice, giving a reason where possible.
Mark
using the prompts.
o == Mark accepts your advice.
IKl = He refuses your advice, with II: = He questions your advice.
)
A: l'm fed up taking the bus all the time.
a reason.
s:
.r~~.~~g.~.~.~~.~.~.~'!.~..t;I.~f!.l:!tgm!!!g..'!..'!'.f!.~~r.~~~~:.
A:
00 L~~!!.'~.t!.f!J~~:..Th~:!.~..~~t;I.~/y. .~~'!.~!r.~:.......
~ M!'.!l~~Jl.f?'!.:r~.r.igh.~·..~.!!!.C!.~f?rk!~~~.!l~!~~~r.~.
A: 1 keep getting headaches.
s: .............................................................................
A: ~ .. ................................................................... ..
2 A: My dog died last week and 1 really miss him .
s: .............................................................................
A:
00 .......................................................................
3 A: 1 saw my boyfriend with Mandy Tucker on
lhe way home from school.
s: .............................................................................
A: ~ ...................................................................... .
4 A: 1 asked Kelly out for a pizza tomorrow night but 1 can'l really afford it.
Mark: 1 can't get on with my work at home. My parent argue a lo t and it's hard to concentrate. You:
.r.~~~~P.~.Y.~~ .~~!l~~.~~. work it, the library.
Mark:
00 . ~.~.~.~.~'!.'.1.:~ . It closes at six o·clock.
s: .............................................................................
A:
00 .......................................................................
You: your teacher that you 're having problems at home. Mark: 00 2 ................................................................. l'd feel embarrassed.
.
You: Well, 3 .............................................................. ..
your parents about it. Mark: [I]
4 .................................................................. .
You: Well, 1 think you should. Otherwise, they aren't going to realise there's a problem. Mark: ~ 'i ................................................................... Thanks, 111 do that.
Vocabulary (2): Personalising vocabulary It is helpful to learn new vocabuJal)' by noting
how it is used in a colltext relevanl to you. This is especially true of vocabulal)' items like phrasal verbs, e.g. look forward: I'm looking forward to the summer holidays.
Write eight entences Wl1ich are true for you using phra al verbs wiLh get, go, give and look. 33
IllS aevelopment extra Reading INTERNATIONAL
Focus
Hi heroes are ~ton Senna and Nelson Piquet. He's from Brazil, he's eighteen, and he already has a successful career in motor racing. ANTONIO PIZZONIA was recently at the Brand Hatch racetrack in the south of England. When we met him, he was smiling and oking very relaxed, in spite of tbe fac t that he was about to drive in the British Formula Renault Sport Championship. Although he's from Brazil, Antonio now lives in Cambridge, in England He' lived there for two yeal's. lIe misses his family, but he's got a lot of friends in England. H tarted racing at the age of nine when he won his first karting championship, the Amazonian Championship. He won his first Brazilian Championship III Sao Paulo at the age of thirteen .
34
When he was fifteen, Antonio moved from karting to racing caTS and spent seven or eight months in the USA, at the Formula Barber Dodge Racing School in Florida. Out of the ten races in which he competed, he won seven. lIe's raced in many different countries, including Spain, New Zealand, France, Engla d and Germany. He says the most important race for him so far has been the Brazilian Karting Championship because it gave him the confidence to become a r acing
Wh n he isn't racing, Antonio fi nds time for other sports, especially water sports like water-skiing and jet-skiing. He's from Manaus in th Amazon region, where ther are a lot of ri vers a nd lakes, so it was very easy for him to do water ports as a young teenager. Antoni hope to q a Fonnul One driver e entually. '1 think I can get lh re in two or three years' time,' he says, as he g ts into his ear to take part in the race. Antonio won the race and test· drove a Formula One car as part of the prize. He also won a road car for a year. And although he isn't old enough to be a Formula One racing drivel', he won a cake in the shape of a Formula One car!
Co mprehension
Communication
tay cool
4> Write the conversation in your notebook.
1 / Read the text and complete the factfile. Antonio Pizzonia
Country of birth: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Country he lives in now: Training: where? how long? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Favourite leisure activities: ________
Gina wants to be a racing driver. Her father encourages her, but her mo ther doesn't like the idea. Father: (gives advice: con tact the British Racing Federation) 1 thi nk .. . (accepts his advice) Gina: Mother: (gives advice: go to college)
Gina: (ques tions her advice)
Mother: (gives advice: do a secretarial course)
Gina: (refuses her advice)
Father: Mum's right, Gina. You should take her
advice and perhaps get a Saturday job at the racetrack.
Writing 2/ Put the events in order.
D He went to live in Cambridge. b) D lie went to the USA.
5> In your notebook, write a descriptive comparison of these two racing circuits. Use some of the words in the box and your own ideas.
cl [I) He won the Amazonian Champion hip. <.I)
0
He test-drove a Formula One car.
eI D He won the British Formula Renault Sport f
Championship. his first race in Sa Paulo.
D He won
60 for it 3/ Answer the questions. Where did the interviewer meet Antonio?
..1t.~r:~mM..ff.q.~~~,.l~..~n~.~~H'.~..~f.f.~.9!~r!~: ................. Did the interviewer meet Antonio before or after th race at Brands Hatch? '2 How do we know that Antonio wasn ' t nervous
about the race? 3 Which countries has he lived ill, apart from Brazil?
4 What do s he do in his spare time?
I) Why
is Manalls good ror water. port?
6 Why can't Antonio drive a Formula One car yet?
• • • •
aUra tive • beautiful setting • city countryside • dangerous • forest mountains • narrow streets • old view or the harbour
The Monaco circuit is older than the Monza circuit. The Monaco circuit ;s in the city. whereas ...
35
ea y for lift off
-
Vocabular ~_~o_fo_r_i_t~) G_
Stay cool 1 ;> Categorise the jobs; C for cars, H for health, and R/TV for Radionv.
4> Use the adjectives from Exercise 2 to describe the people.
mechanic c=J optician c=J sound engineer c=J [=:J producer driving instructor [=:J [=:J dentist
sales manager [TI doctor DO IRlTVI presenter physiolherapisl [=:J [=:J script editor garage owner CJ
2'/ Complete the adjectives describing personality. Then write the opposites. Opposite .. .'!.1JP.~t:~~~lJ.t .....................
pl~gsanl
Ion e t
2 ef _ ecti e
30_g _n ised
'My papers are in such a mess. I can never lind anything: .. !!.i~?~fI~~.i~~!!... 'I'm in love and it feels great !: ....................... ..
eI bIe
5_ardwo_king
6so bl e
7d ci iv e
Bh_pp y
9 r l a ed
lOcom i t ed II um Ie 12 s abe
2 'I know l'm right and tha t's that: ..................... ..
3 'I have to tell the truth. 1 can't lie: ...................... . 4 'rve got lots of friends. 1 j ust don't have
time to see them all: ........................ . 5 'Sony 1 fo rgot to post your let er. rve got a
terrible memory.' ......................... 6 'I like watchi ng sport on lV, but I hate doing
physical exercise myself.' ........................ . 7 'l'm always at the mon thly meetings of OUT
voluntary wo rk group. They're really Words with silent letters
Manv words in Engli h have silent letter, e.g.
II lei ter h in honest.
important.' ........................ . 8 '1 usual ly manage to stay calm, whatever
happens.' ........................ . 3) Underline the letters which are silent in
these words.
I cam paign
2 knee
5 climbing
6 hour
36
3 listen 7 lhumb
psychological 8 wrong
4
9 'I've spent ages tryi ng to choose a colour for my room . I just can't mak up my mind.' ........................ .
Stay cool First conditional: if/unless clause + '/I (will)/won't
First conditional: clause with
conjunction or
5> Rewrite the sentences in the first condjtional.
Stop fooling around or you'll hurt yourself.
6> Use the prompts to write the advice a father is giving his son. will/won't you /be/pleasant you /make friends easily
.!f!l.f!.'!.:~~R.~~.l!~f!.'.".~! .N.'!.I!:!!.!!!.l!.~.~fr..~~.'!.~.~~f!!.Y.: ...........
..If~~.!!.C!.'!:.t¥'9P..tl!.l!.~~rJ9..t;J.r9.1!.'!.t!,.y.f?':'.:~~ ...................
you /lose friends quickly you /be/ unreliable
..~~!1Y.f?':'.~t;!f:.............................................................
................................................................................ if
Give him time and he'll change his mind.
If .............................................................................. ..
~ You
must book in advance, otherwise you won't get a seat. Unless .......................................................................
2 you/be/ organised you/not do a good day's work Un less ...................................................................... .
might/migh t not 3 you /be/too sociabl
people/take advan tage of you 3 If you don't send in your application form today, they won't consider you for the job .
............................................................................... or
If ............................................................................... .
4 people/not take you seriously
you /be/committed to your work 4 We'd betler not disturb him. He'll get really
bad-tempered.
If ............................................................................... . I) You'd
better go now, otherwise you'll miss the last bus .
............... :........................................................ unless
• ....... . ............................ ... . ..... 1.................................... .
or 5 be vain
you/be/unpopular Don't ........................................................................ .
............................................................................... or 6 get behind with yo ur work 6 Call me if there's a problem, otherwise I'll see
you at eight.
you /get depressed Never ........................................................................ .
Unless .......................................................................
37
Time clauses in the future with when/as soon as 7 ./ Cross out the incorrect sentences. a) ),6Je'll fl8've a f3a~ wl-1el~ yo 1:1 'II get yom exam resul ts.
b) We'll have a party when you get your exa m results. c) We ha've a ~aft}· wi'lefl yeu !'Jet your exam results. a) I'll give you the keys as soon as I'll see you.
b) I give you the keys as soon as I see you. c) I'll give you the keys as 1see you.
SOOI1
as
2 a) I may go away for a few days
when I'll gel my results. b) I may go away for a few days
when I get my results. c) 1 may go away ror a few day
when 1 got my results. J
a) They'll pick the candidate ' hen all the application forms are in. b) They pick the cand idates when
all the application fonTIS will be in. c) TIley'lI pick the candidates
when all the application forms will be in. 4 a) Do you tak a packed lunch
when you'll go on the outing? b) Will you take a packed lunch when you go on the outing? c) Will you take a packed lunch when you'll go on the outing? 5 a) We make up our minds as oon as we know all the fact.
b) We'll make up our minds as Don as we know all the facts. c) We'll make up our minds as
soon as we'll know all the racts. 38
Go for it Time clauses in the future with when/as soon as First conditional: if/unless clause + will/won't First conditional: clause with conjunction or 8> Complete the letter with suitable words and phrases.
Communi cation
~, Go for it
Stay cool
9/ Complete the responses to these statements.
A: Drivers should retake their driving test every two years.
•
) Parents of young children shouldn't both
B: 1 take your .... R.~!~~.....' but 1 don't think it would reduce the number of accidents.
A: You have to be twenty-five to drive a car. B: I don't ................................ thaI's true. 2 A: We have more freedom lhan our parent had.
Teachers' pay should be the same as doctors' an d lawyers'.
B: I agree ................................ you . 1 A: Life's easier now than it was fifty years ago .
B: Oh , I don't ................................ about that. 4 A: Painting is more creative than photography.
B: I'm no t ................................ 1 agree. S A: To be a successful politician. you have to be
dishonest.
e secretaries than men.
B: I'm sorry but 1 think you 're ................ ........... . 6 A: 1 don't Lhink it's right La spend all that
money on going to the moon. B: You ................................ be right, hut don 't
you think it's exciting to find out more abou t outer space?
What's wrong?
>
11 Agree or disagree with the students above, giving your reasons.
10/ Correct the mistakes.
Agree: .T~~!.'~.~~~~:.~~:~.!?f!~JC!!r..~~.~~~.~~!~~~~~.if........
a.mLv1cl
.~~~ P..~.~~'!.f:s.. ~~~. ~~~~. ~!. ~~p.~: ................................... . Disagree: '!.t?~.~~r.~.!.!!9r.~~...1f.!~~~~.'~.~~~~'?~.~.~ .. .~~t?~ .tff.t.~.~ .!~~.~~!{~~~~~.!!:~fl.~~'..~~~.~~p..~f~!!!!!!~ ...... .~~.~~.!~~.~~~~: ..........................................................
Stop fooling rouAd!
.r'!!..
I You have to be comitted to succeed in this job. "2 I call you as soon as 1 know he result.
J I'll be really happy if I'll get an interview. 4
He's sociable reliable and efficient.
2
5 Don'L stay too late or you miss the la t bus. G My brother works in compu ler. 3
39
ta
uality
Vocabular
Stay cool 1 / Replace the words in italics with the correct form of a phrasal verb with take. • after • back @ • on • over • up
3> First, fill in the blank spaces in 1 to 12 with the endings of the adjectives. Then match the clues to the numbers.
• off
r
5 Would you mind removing your shoes? ........................................ .
6 Who do you resemble?
2>
Complete the words with the endings in the box. -ant -rul
-ic -y
-ent
-ive
-OliS
beautifoL....
A M B 1 T I R E L E V 1 N T E L L
1 G
1 M P 0 R T
7
F U
8
U
9
R 0 M A N T
I I I
1J
S S
S E
10
A T T R A C T
II
13
E A L E X C E L L C A R T 0 0 N
14
H 0
J
J
12
R R 0 R
15 M U S
a) ~ b) 0 c) D d) 0
0 f1 0
e)
g} h)
0 0
i)
0
6 wonder.......... ..
2 fam............
7 dirt........... .
j)
3 creat............
8 expen ........... .
k)
0
4 pleas............
9 eleg ........... .
I)
D
m) nl 0)
D 0 0
10 dramat............
T
6
I differ............
5 impress............
40
2
5 W 1 T
2 Have you returned the books to the library? ................................. .
you have to accept more onsibility in your new job?
C R A T
4
Can you start learning the piano at any age? ................................. .
4 Will
A R 1 S T 0
3
There was too much information to absorb all at once. ............................. take in
3 Will his job be safe when the new company takes control?
1
1 C A L
.
A film or play with songs. Beautiful.
Belonging to the upper classes.
It doesn't matter if your T-shirt's a bit dirty. Stop
being so ..................... . Listen carefully. This is ......................... . A type of film which can be frightening. My new dictionary helps me a lot. It's really ..................... .. So you saw him with ano ther gi rl. There's no need to get .................... . This sort of person is good at making jokes. Very, very good. You're always writing love letters, you ......................... fool ! You try to do too much. You're too ......................... . Clever. A film which relies on graphics and animation. Take out this paragraph. It isn't ......................... to your argument.
Grammar tay cool Defining and non-defining relative clauses 4; Complete the sentences with who{mj, which, where or whose.
Is this the jumper ..... }!~~!~~...... shrank in lhe wash?
5 Would you recognise the man .....................
Glasgow, ..................... 1 pent last summer, is a
great place to go clubbing.
6 Our accommodation, ..................... the tourist
2 H 3
4
took on a job ..................... was too difficull.
Kale, ..................... you've already met, is coming with us. Would the person ..................... ar is blocking the exit please move it?
sold you the tickets? office reco mmended, was absolutely terrible. 7 We went to Scotland with my mother, ................. .
family originally came from Edinburgh. 8 My grandmother often goes back to the
village ..................... she was born.
Present perfect simple and continuous 5> Circle the correct forms.
Una: Hi, Sean.Q haven't seeii)! I haven't been seeing you for ages. Sean: 1 know. ina: You look tired. Are you OK. ~ean: I'm fine. 1 I've been working! I've worked quite hard, that's all. Una: Oh? 2 What have you done?! What have you been doing? Sean: J I've got together ! I've been getting together some photos for my portfolio. 4 I've taken up ! I've been taking up photography, you see. Una: Really? Sean: Yes. l'm quite serious about it. r, I've joined / I've been joining a photography dub. Una: 6 How long have you gone? ! How long have you been going? Sean: Oh, only a few weeks. Una: And how many photos 7 have you taken / have you been taking so far? Sean: Quite a lot. Una: Have you got a good camera? Sean: Yes. It 's not bad. 8 I've just bought / I've just been buying a new one for £200.
You haven't spent ! You haven't been spending £200 on a camera, have you? With a camera like that you can take my photo if yo u like! Sean: Sorry! 10 I haven't taken on / Ihaven't been taking on any professional work yet! Una:
9
41
for it Relative clauses
1
6/ Write a letter to Penny in your notebook by joining the sentences together with who(ml. which, where or whose.
This summer we're going to Spain. It's my favourite place to spend a holiday. My American cousins are going I've never met them.
10
be there.
Dear Penny. This summer we're 90;n9 to Spain , which ;s my favourite place to spend a holiday. My Amer;ca~ cousins. whom I've never met, are 90in9 to be there.
We're going to a vill age n ar "Pamplona. My gra ndm ther was born there.
2 We're staying in a farm house.
It belongs to my uncle. 3 My grandmo ther is arriving tomorrow afternoon.
She now lives in Barcelona. 4 We're having a big birthday party for my
grandmother. She's seventy on Saturday. 5 On Sunday we all plan to go to a restaurant
in Pamplona . My grandmother used to work there. 6 The owner is related to our family.
His name is Felipe. 7 Felipe is a fanta stic chef.
He's just taken over the res taurant.
Present perfect simple and continuous 7 > Write the questions and answers, using the present perfect simple or continuous as appropriate.
what / he / eat / ? (ice cream)
..w.h!!t·~ .~~..~.t;~~.~~.~!l..!l? ............................................ .
..~~~.~~!!.~~!f!!9.!!!L~li~.lir.t;!!m:...................................
2
e / she / swim / ? (Jake)
3 what / they / play / ? (volleyball)
4 what / he / do / all morning / ? (ride/horse)
5 why / he / fall over backwards / ? Uump over/ fence)
6 what / he / do / '! (twist/knee)
Commu nication
S ay cool
9 > Complete the questions and responses.
8'; Put the conversation in the correct order.
What do yo u .................... of Gwyneth PaJtTow? 1 think she's .................... .
I'm not that .................... on her.
J like her a .................... .
I can't .................... her.
Have you seen her .................... film?
No, I haven't.
I've seen it twice.
I
Did you .................... it?
1 .................... it was wonderful.
I wasn't v ry .................... .
1 though t it was a bit .................... .
PJ 60 for it
)
10> In your notebook, write a conversation between you and a friend discussing a film star about whom you have different opinions.
o A
11
D l'm not that keen 011 him.
b) D Did you? I thought it was a waste of time.
c) ill Have you seen Ewan McGregor's latest film?
d) D You wish!
eJ 0 Do you? WeI!, I suppose he' quite attractive
a)
in a funny sort of way.
g)
Y u can'l say that! It was really exciting and Ewan McGregor wa brilliant in it.
D Yes. I thought it was
fantasti .
h) DOh, 1 am. 1 think he's really good-looking. i)
D Maybe he'll walk in
:>
Correct the mistakes.
'Where have you been all afternoon?' been
.s wjfT)fT)jn~
'I've SWl:H'R- in tne river: Is this the book what you told me about? 2 I've seen already the film. 3 It's an exceJentfilrn . 4
S
n0
What's wrong?)
1 though t the film was a loss of time.
5 That's the boy who's moth er teaches at our school. 6 Her mother who wa a fa mous actTeSS, wanted her to go to university.
here right now.
43
1 13 UCYCIUtJ I crl
-
Reading
The hot ticket
The future of fo tbaU is feminine, according to Sepp Blatter Pre ident of FIFA. the game's governing body. Tbi afternoon, 90,000 people will watch the Women' World Cup final in Los AngeJe between the United State and China, whose team has been playing so we]] in the tournament. Thre
weeks ago, when [he women'· roumamenr began, DO one paid much arreDtlOO ro it. This week, chc: Presidem 0 the United tutes changed his schedule [0 make sure that he could attend. Even he was lucky to get in; the gam IS a seU . When the organisers covered they had 3,000 extra tickets on Tuesday. mey w e sold within hours. Women's fo mbal I is suddenly the ho ridet. When the United tares ream beat Brazil in the emi6nals, their success
[Ook them to the front pages throughout the country and even onto prime-time television. Everyone loves a winner. Americ:ms more than most, but the way in which this team has taken over the public imagination has been remarkable. The whole country has been following the tournament. If che US team wins this afternoon. the country will go wild. 'I thought this rournament ould be big, bUl
it' been bigger than I
imagined.
footuall Scelle By Dave Allsop
Victory for the USA It has been a thrilling week in women's football . [he American dream bas finally come nue. The ho I nation beat China 5-4 on penalti to claim the third Women's World Cup in fronl of 90,000
44
We
have
esrablished it as a world class women's event in
sportS,' said Marla Messing, the President and Chief Executive Officer of th Women's World Cup.
The Chinese, who have league of ten teams, will start as favourites this afternoon. When they took on Norway, the cup holders, in the semifinals, they gave a
fu!l~dme
pa sionate fans, including President Clinton and his daughter, Ch_e lsea. The three-week tournament attracted more than 650,000 fans in total. 'It's the biggest sp0l1ing even t for us in the last ten years,' said President Clinton. 'It's not just soccer. We are lalking about women's soccer. I think it will have a far-reaching impact across the world.'
probably th greatest display of football in the history of the competition; and in Sun Wen, their captain, lhey have the star of the murnamenc. There is even a Barbie-do li ve ion of her availa Ie in toy shops.
5 the game has international status 6 the
Chinese team i the preferred team to win
he till . headings and any pictures
o h Ip YOLI guess what a te t is going to be boul. can til t t to und rstand the principal poiT1ts. Fo u on number, nam and fact. ( e Exerci > 11 ) III lltify th phra \:: which are difficult and work oul what they mean or look them up m a dictIOnary. (_ ee ExeTcise 2) 4 fiillally read th xl again t make SUTe you understand he d tails and opinions ill the
Go for it 3
)
>Answer the questions.
Article A How long has this year's tournament been going on? 2 How do we know that th Americans were very
l. (See E 'erei e 3)
interested in the World Cup?
Comprehension 3 Why has the Women's World Cup surprised
Stay cool
Marla Messing?
1; Read the text and answer the questions. In which country is the cup final? .. !~~.Y.~~: ....... 1 Which article was written before the match?
4 How do we know that the Chinese aptain has
2 Which four countries are mentioned?
Article B
become famous?
5 Why has the American dream 'finally come true'?
Who won lhe game betwe n China and Norway? 6
4 Which teams played in the Anal?
How ma ny Women's World Cup tournaments have there been?
5 How many people were at the Anal?
Writing 6 How many attended the whole tournament?
2> Write the expressions which show that:
there are no tickets left
rOT
the final
4> In your notebook. write a letter to an English friend to confirm arrangements for the following situation. You're going to see a football match with your friend, who is coming to visit you next week. These are the details:
2 women's football is now very popular
3 the US leam is now headline news
4 everybody in the US will celebrate
Coach leaves 3.30. Arrives at ground 5.30.
Buy tickets. Go for a pizza.
Malch starts 7.30.
Coach leaves 9.45. Arrives home 11.45.
Weather - may rain - bring an umbrella.
45
WI~fl
•••
Vocabular Stay cool £
/
Com plete the labels.
5 rad io .......................... .
sound ....Sll~~~..............
6 video ...........................
I ....................... ....
computer
7 video .......................... .
2> Match the phrasal verbs in Column A to the items in Column B. (Some of the items in Column B can be used more than once.) A 2 ........................... phone
B turn up
2 tum down J tum on 4 tum off
5 tum in 6 turn away
3 personal .......................... .
7 turn over
~
D D D D D D
a) a wanted man b) a problem in your mind
c) th e volume d) in time ror lunch
e) an offer of help
f1 people from the door g) the computer
h) the ligh t
~ . Go for it
)
3>In your notebook, write four sentences, each 4 CO .......................... .
46
containing a phrasal verb with turn and an item of electrical equipment.
Stay cool Causative have (have something done) 4; What are they having done? Write sentences with have.
Second conditional: if/unless clause + 'd (would)/wouldn't
5> Complete the second conditional sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets .
... .r.~.'!.J4.~~.~~ ... (Yo u/ have) more money jf .. Y.9.'!. ... .!!f!!!!.'!..w.!!,r:';t!. (you/not spend) so much on CDs. What sort of computer .......................................... .
(y u/buy) jf ........................................... (you /have) [2,000 to spend?
..~~~} .~f!.,!j.~!1..~f!!..~.'!!..~.~~~!!~~: ....................................
2 I'm sure .................................................................... .
(the camera /work) if .............................................. .. (y u/p ul) new batteries in il. 3 .......................................................... (l /not change) my Id sou nd system for a new one unless
.......................................................... (it/be broken). 4 ................................................................ (l /not buy)
o
a sound system unless ............................. (it/have) a record deck. S ..... .......................................... (I /not have) a mobile
ph one if ........................................... (you /pay) me!
Verb need + gerund/passive infinitive 6> Complete the sentences with (not) need and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Gerund
The car's dirty. It ...~~.~!!:SA~~~!~.!l: ... (clean)
Yo ur hair's long. It ........................................... .
3 .......•...................•........................................................
(cut)
2 The fax is fine. It .................................................. .
(repair) 3 The volume is low. ................................................ ..
......................... ? (b tteries/replace) Infinitive
4 ................................................................................... .
These plates are clean. They .. A~~:t!"!~~c!. .........
.JC!..~!..~!!~I:r.~.t!:.. (wash) 4
The video recorder is sh owing the wrong time. It ................................................................... (r set)
5 Your aT is making a terrible noise...................... .. 5 ....................................................................................
.............................................................. ? (it/service) 47
I wish/If only + past tense 7 / Write what they are saying using If only and I wish.
1 1 wish ... !"~~~'~.~~~P.'!.fr.!?~ ..~.~r.t;; ............................. .
2 1f only .. !..~.~~ .!':.r.,?p..t;: .................................................
3 I wish .........................................................................
4 If only ........................................................................
5 I wish .........................................................................
6 If only ...................................................................... ..
7 I wish ....................................................................... ..
Go for it Causative have (have something done) 8/ C mplete the conversations with have and the correct form of the verbs in the box.
• develop (. colour) • look at • lest • clean
Second conditional: if/unless clause + 'd (would)/wouldn't
9> Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
I don't have any money so 1 don't go out. (it)
..If.!.h.~.~.~~~~/..~~~.2~.~~r: ........................................
They're leaving the party early. Something must
be wrong. (unless)
.. !.~!!Y. .~!?!!!.t!.~:.~ J'!!!~~ .~~~ p.~r:!Y. .t;~r.1JI. .~~!~...............
..~~~~!!!!!g..~~~!.~~r~.~~!?!!g: .................................... .
I haven't got a mobile phone, ~o you can't ring
me. (if)
• not mark
A: Your hair looks different. B: I've had it coloured, tha t's why. ....................................
2 We can't play a computer game before dinner
because we don't have ti me. (if)
A: You need glasses.
B: No, I don't. I ..................................................... . last week, and the optician said they were OK.
J I tell you I love you be ause 1 mean it. (unless)
2 A: Is your laptop computer working? B: No, but I ......................................... tomorrow.
3 A: That jacket's a bit dirty, isn 't it?
B: You're right. I .................................................. .. when 1 next go into town. 4 A: .................. you .................. your holiday photos ..................................... yet? B: No. I haven't finished the film yet. 5 A: Have you handed in your project?
B: Yes, but I ...........................................................
yet. 48
4 1 swim out a long way, but l'm a good swimmer.
(unless)
5 This personal stereo isn't under guarantee, so I
can't take it back to the shop. (if)
• ~
Stay cool 10) Put the conversation in order.
0
Batteries?
bl
mCan I help you?
c)
0
Certainly. Have you checked the batteries?
a)
dJ DOh, 1 didn't know that. Do you sell them?
e)
g]
0
0
J) 0
>
11 In your notebook, write conversations for
the following situations.
1 Your
parents have bought you a video camera. There's a problem: it doesn' t record sound. You take it back to the shop.
Yes. I bought this cassette recorder here last week and it doesn' t work.
Yes. It needs batteries.
You:
The microphone. Could you have a look at
it, please? What doesn't work exactly?
h) 0 Yes, we do. You need a couple. Here you are. i)
)
Explain th at the video camera doesn't work. Show the receipt. Assistant: Ask what the problem is. Explain the problem. Ask the assistant You: to test it. Assistant: Agree that there is a problem, Ask wha t they will do. You: Assistant: Offer to rep lace it or to give a refund. Say what you want. You:
o Thanks.
n0
60 f or it
You:
My parents bought me this video
camera, but ...
Using a dictionary (1): Selecting what look up
!o
Wh '11 you reLJd (J text. try to [ucs' th meaning of new words and phras . Use a dictionary only wh n you annot guess tile meaning. R d the extra L below, underlining the words r phra e5 which are new. How many words do you need to 10 up?
The new rich Over the last five years, the income of Briti h sixteen- to nineteen-year-old . has shot up by iXly per enl. And it seems that they will not be squandering their new-found wealth becau c the rna t popular New Year' resolution among British teenage is to look after their money.
2 You bough t a sweatshirt yesterday. When y u got it ho me, you found a hole in the leeve. Although you've lost the receipt, you go to the customer services desk in the shop. There's a sign which says 'No rerllnds or exchanges withou t a receipt'.
You:
Explain wha t the problem is. Say you wan t a refund. Assistant: Ask for the receipt. You: Explain. Assistant: Apologise, and explain why you cannot do anything. You: Expl ain that the label shows that you bou ght th e sweatshirt from that shop. Assistant: Offer to replace it but not to refund the money. You: Ace pt the offer.
j?) What's wrong? 12> Correct the mistakes. h~ I fliwe my computer repaired yesterday.
0
"
~rrff
'\
1 I wish 1 have a car,
2 3 4 5 6
The tape needs to be rewind. If 1 were seventeen, 1 learn to drive. 1 wouldn t go out in this weather unless I had to. We've had repaired the car. You haven't turn ed in their job offer, have you? 49
9 ts Vocabular Stay cool
>
• make a fuss • make a mistake (. make an effort) • make do • make iL • make money • make up your mind
1 Replace the words in italics with the expressions in the box.
3 For goodness' sake, decide!
You could at least try! ...P.i!.~f!..'!.fJ..~rJ.'1..........................................................
4 Most people only get rich if they work hard .
1 don't want to complain. The food isn 't so bad. 5 This isn't a prop r paella pan but we can manage.
2 1 ran for the bus but 1 didn't get there in time.
6 Did you get something wrong in that question?
Go for it
2>
Write what the people are saying using an expression or a phrasal verb with make.
That's the third time you've been late this week! r-----'-----------.
4 Oh , no ! 1 ........................................................... .
50
Stay cool Verbs should have/ought to have 3/ Comment on each of these situations using the verbs in the box. • leave ~ go • bring • swim ~ • eat • slap should have/shouldn't have
4 .................................................................................. .
at the crossroads.
He should have worn warm clothes.
5 ....................................................................................
some water with hem .
............................................................. a larger size.
6 .....................................................................................
where the urren t was strong. 2 ................................................................... so Inuch.
3 ........................................................... into the field.
7 ... ............................................................................... .. the dog in th e car. 51
Verbs make, let and be allowed to 4/ Complete the sentences with make, let or be allowed to.
Please don 't ......'!!.l!.~...... me go to the dentist! Jake always manages to .................................... . me laugh when rve got a moulh full of food.
Go for it Verbs should have/ought to have 6> Advise and criticise these people. ~
c- /
' . "~~~ ~": // /0 '..
"Ad~
/j'I,f¥P./VH'
~ ,~ 'IItIl'
,.".,
i~
'
_;
-~
2 Did they ..................................... you use a
calculator in the maths exam? 3 We ..................................... bring drinks to school.
but we ............................................. drink them in the classrooms. 4 When my grandmother was a teenager. her
mother wouldn't ..................................... her go out with boys until she was eighteen. S You won't ..................................... buy a ticket for
that film because you're too young. 6 Do they ..................................... you wear a
uniform at all schools in Britain? 7 .................................. me see what you've bought!
5) Express the sentences differently using the correct form of be allowed to.
My parents didn't let me go to the concert .
should have/shouldn't have
A: 1wanted to see him again, but 1 felt a bit shy. B: ..r~M.!.~~~~~.h~~~.~~~f:l.f~~..~.~~.p.h~!!~.!!M~.~.~r.... B: ..r~M.!.~~~~~!!:r..~.~x~.~~.~!!.~'?..~hy: ........................
A: My brother asked me to help him with his homework. 1 told him to do it himself. l-le couldn't. 1 feel bad about it. B: ............................................................................
B: ............................................................................
.. ,1 .~~~~:!.~!!~~~!!..~l!.,g~.~!l.rh~.fl!.r:r.t;!!:!1.·.......................
TIl
lospita l lets you visit patients between two and five in the afternoon.
You ........................................................................... . 2 They
don't let you smoke in their house.
2 A: I was out late last night. My parents didn't
know where 1 was. They were worried. B: ...... ......................................................................
s: ............................................................................
You ........................................................................... .
ought to have/oughtn 't to have 3 They don't let children over the age of eleven
play in the minipark. Children over the age of eleven ............................ . 4 Old your teacher let you go home early?
3 A: I took my broth er's jacket without asking
him. He made a big fuss about it.
s: ............................................................................
B: .......................................................................... ..
.................... you ...................................................... . ................................................................................ ?
5 Why didn't her mum let her stay at Sarah's house? Why .................... she ............................................. ..
4 A: 1 was thirsty and 1 drank all the milk last
night. There was none left for breakfast. B: ............................................................................
................................................................................. ?
s: ............................................................................
52
--
Communic ation tay cool
.
9> Write a conversation for the following situation.
7) Write in the missing words. Then put the
conversations in order.
o
Conversation 1: I couldn't r........................ your phone number.
o Why ........................ you phone me? I had my
mobile with me, and it was sw...................... on.
D I'm T.......... .. ............ sorry.
o Never mind. It doesn't m........................ . mYou're late. You sh .f!.'!.~t!. ... have been here at six.
o
Conversation 2: I've s........................ I'm sorry!
o It's OK Don't w........................ about it. [] You sh.~'!.~~~~L .. have been so rude to me.
01 know it isn't. Look, I've been
feeling a bit stressed recently. I'll m........................ up for it.
o Sometimes it isn't en ........................ just to
say sony.
You borrow your friend's white jacket to go to a party. When you get back home, you realise that someone has spil t a drink down the back. The stain has dried and won't come out. You go round to your friend's house to return the jacket. Friend: ..w..~.~:~.h~p.p.~IJ~cJ.J~.!?l..Yj~~~~l ...................... You:
Go for it ) Write the conversation.
.............................................................................
I
Friend: ......................................................................... ..
You: Friend: .......................................................................... .
A: Here you are at last! We were supposed to catch the eight thirty train and it's now nine thirty. Why are you so late? B: [ap%gises) ........................................................... ..
o What's wrong?) 10> Correct the mistakes.
A: What happened? B: (gives an excuse and ap%gises again) ..................
st~ect
1 know 1 shoul d have-5t-ay;
You made me to drop the glass. 2 You shouldve Ii ened to him.
3 You really must make effort.
A: (accepts the apology) .............................................
4 ls it allowed to drive when you're seventeen?
5 I'm sony. 1 been really busy.
B: There's another train at nine forty-five.
6 Will he make a lot of many?
53
s
s dey o ment extra
Reading
A If you asked Simon Taylor what had made him a 'bad boy'. he would probably tell you that ir all started when his father was unemployed. His father was at home all the time, Simon got on his nerves and they argued. Simon didn't feel loved.
Teenage criminal Schoo ls cou ldn't cope with 'imon, He stole (rom car and from hop . And then he tole from hi!'> part"nt . When be wa twelve, a £.. \\fCcks after his mother had gIven birth to his , i~ter, he set fire co hi bed and LliTtc1Uu. and to two cars in the treer. At that poinr, he parents louldo 't cope with h1m anymore and he wa<; take.n into care. He WCfl[ int chilJren' h mes, then illto an in tirution for young offenders and finally to a pecial school ca.Ucd .noway Place, which was run by a charity.
Holidays aren't always good for you In an attempt to help him , the staff at Conway Place sent imon on an incredible serIes of exotic holidays. He went scuba clivi g in the Caribbean, cruiseJ thro ugh t he Florida Everglades, visited Disneyworld and Sea World, rode through the Mexican jungle, skied i.n Scotland and Norway, toured Italy, went horse riding in Denmark, camped in Spain and went on safari in Zimbabwe. The people who ran Conway Place thought the rrips would do him good. According to Simon, th y Ulad him worse.
A prison education When he left care at the age of eighteen, Simon was soon put in prison for robbery. In tact, he spent three of the ne t four years in prison.
54
'In priso n [ learned everything I needed to know for a Ilfe of crime,' he says. He describes lessons from other prisoners in how to stca I ca rs and how to use credit cards illegally.
A new outlook on life N o w twen ty-two, imon is going out wit h a girl and say that he has give n up crime. 'Someone rea lly cares for me for the first time in In)' life ... I jUt w a nt to be boring and )rdin·lry. I w ant to be normal,' he 'iay . He wishes he had some quali fications. L1 ills opinion, tht: schoo l Sh Ollldn '( have sent h im o n expe nsive ho lIdays; they sho uld have ed ucated him. If he had some q ua lLfi atlons, he might be able to ger a job. If he had a jo b, he'd have some scLf respect, w hi h is probably what he needs more tha n anything.
Comprehension
Stay cool 1/ Read the text and put the events in order.
aJ D He met a girl who cared for him.
ill d D ill D e) D nD b)
Simon took money from his parents.
He visited several countries.
H went to a school caned Conway Place.
He went to prison.
He went into a children's home.
Go for it 2 / Correct the statements. Simon's father was never at home when Simon was young. Simon's fa ther . ~!!~..I!.'.'.~!!!p'.I.f!!I.~~. f!!'!!!..~f!~ .~.~'!!.l!Y~ ... at home. 1 Simon's parents had him taken inlO care when
his father became unemployed.
1l1ey had him taken into care when .................... .
Communication 3> Imagine that Simon goes back to Conway Place to talk to the head teacher there. Write the conversation in your notebook, Simon: 1 feel an gry when 1 think back to the time 1 spent here. (criticises) .J'.(n!.~~~!!!~~~L .....
.h.~.l!~J~~tm~.!m.~!!.~~.9.K~~U~!Wf:................
Head : (responds) We thought ... Simon: (questions them) Why di dn't you ... Head: (adm its they were wrong and says what they should have done) 1t was a mistake ... We ought to have ... Simon: (agrees) Yes, ... Head: (asks about his life now) Simon: (responds)
Writing
4>
In your notebook, write a summary of Simon's story. Follow the plan below and use the words and phrases given. Say what Simon th inks made him a 'bad boy'. consequently
I
Simon thought the -programme organised by
Conway House was good for him.
Simon Taylor says he didn't feel loved as a child. Consequently, he got into troub~e at an early age.
He thought it .......................................................... .
Give two examples of the things he did when he was young. what's more
] When he left Conway Place, he gave up crime. He ............................................................................. .
Say wha t he did at age twelve and what the consequence was. as a result
4 He
spent four years in prison.
He ............................................................................. . 5 He learned nothing while he was in prison.
He ............................................................................. .
Say what Conway Pla ce's idea was ; compare it with what he really needed. whereas
Say what happened and what the effect was. however
Say what his plans are now, and what lhe conditi ons are for success. 6 It will be easy for him to get a job now.
provided that
It would ....................................................................
55
Guess who?
Vocabular tay cool 1
>Complete the words and phrases. 1
Face
Hair
Age
QJ ab ~ ~.!.
twenty
9
0 D
medium -I _ _ __ _
0 in his thirt 3 CD middle-a
11
Height and build
120fr __ 9 _
40
Special features
10
2
t _ 1l
D __ort 60 med __ _ 5
70s1 m 8
D plu __
ponyt __ _
D sh _ v _ _
head
17
0
sideb __ _ _
D double
19
_ _ _
n
T __
ov
D e _ rrings 14 D gl _ sses 15 D freck _ _ _ 16
D Ion D th 20 D 21 D 18
13
heighl
shape
nd
I
eyes 22 23
D b_9 D sm
eyebrows
D arch __ 25 D bush _ 24
nose 26
27
28
D 1__ _ D str ___ _ _ D sn _ b
2'; look at the pictures of Barry, Justine and louise. Write the correct initials B, J and L by the words in Exercise 1.
Barry
56
Justine
Louise
{jo f or it
3/ Write the personality adjectives under the correct headings.
4> Read the description of Barry. Then. in your notebook. write descriptions of Justine and Louise.
C· aggressive) C· amusing) • boring
• enthusiastic • upset • warm • distant • interesting • happy • easy-going • dull • good fun • bad-tempered • moody • relaxed • good-tempered • tense • cold
Negative qualities
Positive qualities ..................CJ.IJJH~j!!9................. .
)
.................C!gg.r:~J.'!~ ............... .
Communication ~,--_Go____~ _ ~or it )
Stay cool
6> Complete the conversation with the words in the box.
/ Match the questions to the responses. Questions 1 How do you get on with Bruno? 2 What do you think of Peter? 3 What's Emma like? 4 What's the matter with Jo and Andy? 5 What sort of mood is Nick in today?
W D D D D
• up • go • 1 ud • quite • get • easy-goin g
A: What .. ~.?'! .. of person is Justin? B: He's a bit serio us at times, but he's basicany an 1...............................
Responses a} He seems quite outspoken but actually he's really shy. b) Worse than yesterday - bad-tempered and aggressive. I(c) Really well. He's outgoing, amusing and good fun to be with. d) She's a bit moody sometimes, but she's never dull. e) They're a bit quiet today. 1 don't know Why.
I"
C· sort)
A: So what's
sort of guy.
2...............................
moment? He had a
with him at the
J...............................
at
Harry and Paul last night. B: I don' t know. 1 think they
4...............................
on his nerves because they're and sometimes
5............................ .
6...............................
aggressive.
57
Grammar tay cool Verbs must/can't for drawing conclusions 7) Charlotte and Jamie are playing a quiz game. Complete the conversation.
@!ucstion ~(
In the 1950s1
he hod hits on bolb sides
of the Atlantic.
His glosses were one of his
trademarks.
~uestion She's a film slar. She's gal dark hoir, beautiful big eyes and awide mouth. She played the masl fomous film slar in the world in a film with Hugh Granl.
~uestion l~
He's 0 young
British pop star.
He's gol cropped dark hoir.
He's well-built ond he used
to be overweight.
~uestion +~
In 1999, Ihis bond of five hod ohuge hit wilh Ihe Bee Gees song, Tragedy.
Charlotte: ..~~.~~~.~~ ... Elvis Pre ley. He was really popular in the 1950s. Jamie: No, it can't be him . He didn't wear glas~~~"it"';;;~;t be B~d·d·y"i·:ioiiY."""" ...............
2 Jamie:
...................................................... Liam Gallagher. Charlotte: No, ............................................... him. He ............................................... short hair....................................................... . Robbie Williams. The description fits him perfeclly.
Adjective word order 8) Choose three suitable adjectives from the box to complete each of the descriptions. • • • • • • • •
beautiful • blond • Briti h • cotton curly • dark • duvet (. Fanta tic) fashion • French • interesting • Italian large • leather (e leisure) • long modem (. n ew) • nice • old patterned • red • riding • short • silk straight • Swiss • tall • wavy • white wooden • writing • young
3 Charlotte : ........................................... Elizabe th
Jamie:
4 Jamie:
Hurley. She's Hugh Grant's partner. No, ................................................. her. ................................................... a wide mouth. It ............................................. . Julia Roberts.
............................................. All Saint .
Charlotte: No, ............................................. them .
.............................................. only four
of them . It ...........................................
Steps.
58
A ...t~'!.~~~~....
.......'!.~.'!.............~~!~'!.~~...... centre
1 ............................................................... hair
2 A ............................................................... sofa
3 A .......................................... .............. _..... jacket
4 ...........................................................
architecture
5 A ............................................................ designer
6 A ............................................................... desk
7 A ............................................................... cover
Verbs seem, look, sound + adjective or like/as if
5 You ...................................... worried. Is anything wrong?
9 / Complete the sentences with the correct form of seem, look or sound and like/as if where necessary.
6 Although I've only just met him, he
...................................... a really nice guy.
I heard you rehearsing your new sony earlier.
1t ... ~~~!'!~~~ .. . great!
7 They've both got short blond hair and bl ue
The sky's very dark. It ..................................... .
it's going to rain.
eyes. They ...................................... sisters. 8 Did you hear a car oUlside? It ............................ .
2 Listen! 1t ...................................... th und er.
...................... Sarah and Phil ha ve arrived.
3 Hay y u been on holiday? You
9 When 1 think about that time in my life, it just
...................................... tanned.
...................................... a bad dream.
It ...................................... we haven't seen each other for ages.
4
Go for it Adjective word order Verbs seem, look, sound + adjective or like/as if 10/ Complete the article. putting the adjectives in brackets into the correct order, and the verbs in brackets into the correct form with like or as if where necessary.
Last summer, I
W nI
on a walking holiday in the
mountain, with a grollp )f friends. Walking through
,... fq~~!!'!~~!.'!g..f!.~~ ...... ( Ih
ttl/fas inating) viUagc:.
'Ir I ..............................................
hUlIses under a
l .............................
1m
,Iill filf
hundreds 'If
He had
(clear/blue)
a
~'allctl
time had stood
'ear~.
One Ja.y, ",1":0 we Luke
(~cem)
W!re OU[
walking in tbe hills,
me ovcr to look:u omething. He 'eemed
I...................................
(meral/small) 0 jecl.
(10k) part of a tarue.
It iliUM he really old' ~d Luke::. II \va" it
8.................................. .
9....... . ...........................
(curly/. hort) hair.
(strong! quare) face and
broatJ shoulder~ .
'I think it', a statue of an Olympic runner,' said lukt:.
'The Olympic G-.une: [Ook
place in Greece.' We phonetJ the Local JUlI, eum,
l)n the ~round in tr(ml of him was a
'j.............................
(look) an athlete.
'No, it can'l be,' I Said.
rc.-alh ·xciled.
l!
7.............................
(slone!beautiflll)
ky was absolutely wonderful. In some places, il
....................................
He
6.............................................................. ..
(bron7 '/b .. ullfully Ilude.
~taLUe
of a man.
The woman we spoke to 10...................................
(sound)
very intere ted, so we look Ihe larue:: ro the
mll~eum . Luke
was
right. It was an Olympic r unner. And it was nearly 2,000 years old.
59
I
r
CI
to the USA.
Communication Stay cool
>
1 Complete the conversations below and match them to the pictures. (There are six pictures but only four conversations.)
,1
o
A: ..w..~~!~............. you mind ........................ . your bike?
B: Of ......................... not.
Picture
4 A: l'm feeli ng a bit tired. Could ......................... take over?
D
drM ng strange cars.
2 A: ......................... you help me?
B: l'm afra id .......................... There' a queue of people here. Picture
D
3 A: ......................... you think you could
........................ the phone? l'm in the shower.
B: Sure.
60
B: ......................... , but I'm nervous about
Picture
D
Picture
D
~'----_G_o_fo_r_i_t~) 2> In your notebook, write conversations for the remaining two pictures in Exercise 1.
-
-
Grammar Stay cool
Clauses of purpose with to, in order
(not) to, so that
3> Complete the sentences with to, in order (not) to or so that. Where two options are possible. write both.
3 He took his camera ......................................... get it repaired. 4 I went round to Fay's house ............................... ..
we could work on
OUT
project together.
5 We wen t back .........................................................
find Jo 's watch. 6 Put sun cream on every hour .............................. .
you don't get burnt. 7 She hid th e photo of her ex-boyfriend
.................................... cause any embarrassment. 8 He saved £5 e ery week ........................................
He had to climb a tree .......~~(~~.~~!!!:!:.~~ ...... get away from the bull. 1 used a knife ............................................... . open
the parcel. 2 She came in quietly .............................................. .
disturb her parents.
he could afford to go to the USA. 9 They left early ........................................ they
would be home in time for their fa vourite
soap opera.
10 He decided not to talk about his own problems
........................................ upset her any more.
Verbs used to/be used to/get used to
4> Rewrite these sentences using used to, be used to or get used to. At one time, we Itved on a farm in Scotland. W .. M~~!!. y? .~~~~.~!!. ~J'!.~'1!. f!!..~.~~!!~!!!!: .................... When we were young, we alway went to Spain for the summer.
4 l've been in Brazil for ten years, so I've become
accustomed to the Brazilia n way of life.
1 ................................................................................ .
W ............................................................................ .
5 My grandparents sti ll have their farm. They've 2 When you were a child, were you often fussy
about your food?
always worked hard. My grandparents ..................................................... .
................... you ....................................................... . ................................................................................. ? J Wearing a uniform in England is really strange
for me. In Spain, we don't wear one to school.
6 Did you become accustomed to t'h traffic noise
when you lived in London? ................... you ....................................................... .
I .................................................................................
. ................................................................................ ?
61
Verbs used to/be used to 5/ Read the text. Then answer the questions using used to or be used to.
The early cinema One of tbe most Important clJa7lges to people's lives at the beginning of the twentieth Ce7ltury was tbe bltroducti01l of the clttema. The early cinema w a place for ordinary people.
They went lO watdl films of many kinds: ~omedia;.
fumasi .~, informati n films and dr'.uruts. In 1927 AI Jolson
surpri ed the audience by peaking in his film
The Jazz Sitlger. Before that. all th films had been silent.
Although tb films w re silent, the LinetIL'l wasn't. Wh '0 Doe of Lhe actors did somedling particularly good or bad, people shouted 1-TurrAh! or 'Boa.' 111ere was also music [0 accompany tbe ftlm . ill those days there WdS a pmuoat the front in every cinema. II was truly family entertainment. Children didn't usually go to places of entertainmelll like the theatre r the music haIL bur Lheir parents took Lhem to the cinema.
-..w
In India the cinema W:l<; a tent TIlere was sand 011 the floor where people could it and there were aJso benches.The films were romantic but the actor didn't
kis .When people in fndia aw films from the USA wim people kiSSing, mey were shock d . In the United States, the fir t cinemas sold ticket· for only five cents. TIley were usually in the poor or immigrant areas, and many of the cinema owners wt:re immigrants from Europe. When the dn mas became more luxurious, peopJe bad to pay more ,Lnd they complained. Today w see .films with funrastic spe ial effects all tht: timt:. But some of the magic of the early cL'l}'S of dnema has gone.
Twenl,JeO,·Century Cinema
What ort of films were popular in the early days
or Cinema?
4 Why wa a trip to the cinema unusual for children? Because ....... ............................................................. .
People ....'!.~f!.~..~~ .~~~~h..~~!!!~~!f!~,.f~!!~l!~!f!~~ ............. .
.. .i.lJfo.r:!!!.'!~~9./);fUm~.~m~.~mm.t;I.~: ................................
Why were people StJrprised when they heard AI
Jolon speak in The Jazz Singer?
Because Lhey ... ~~~~.~:.~.~~~~.~!!.~.~~r.~'!fJ..p.~,!p..~~.........
...sP.~.l!.~..~fJ.fU~~:.......................................................... .
5 1n lndia did everybody sit on benches?
No. Some people ..................................................... . 6 Why were people in India shocked by som American fi lms? Because they ............................................................ .
Before 1927 were the audience quiet during films? No. They .................................................................. .
2 Where did the music for the early films come from?
7 Why did people in the USA co mplain when they wen t to the new cinemas? Because they ............................................................ .
TIlere ....................................................................... .. 8 Why has some of t he magic or the early 3 Wa it only adults who went to the cinema?
No Everybody ......................................................... .
62
inema gone?
Because nowaday people ...................................... .
Stay cool 6/ Write the nouns from these words using the endings in the box.
I -ing
-ion
-menl
Verbs
improve meet
2 diFfer
3 refer
4
-ance
-ence
-ness
.......... .i~p..r:!?~~.'!!.~~~..... .. ....
8',; Complete these conversations with words from Exercise 6, Use a verb, a noun (with the where necessary) or an adjective. What's ...~~~.~!II~!~!!~~... between a Scottish and an English £ 10 note? You can'l ...................................... to Australia unless you've go t a job there. 2 My ather says he used to get a lot of
...................................... fronl simple toys.
agree
3 Why do you th ink someone stole your watch?
5 emigrate
You've just got a ...................................... nature.
6 hunl
7 encourage
8 suspect
4 I tTied but I just cou ldn't ..................................... eating all the chocolate.
9 resist
S They tried to persuade him but he wouldn't
10 enjoy
...................................... to go with them.
II organise
6 Migration is .............................................. of
12 move
people From on pia e to another.
13 live
7 It's an inter ting idea, but I don't see
14 oppre
...................................... of it to this discus ion. 8 He' findin g the work hard, but iF you give him
Adjectives
kind 1 important
2 onvenient
shy
4 sil nt
5 relevant
6 lazy
kindness
a bit of ...................................... , 1'm sure he'll do very wel l. 9 You've done so much better at school this
month . .................................................... in your work is terrific. 10 It's hard enou gh for children to be quiet, but
ror them to be completely .................................. . is aim st impossible.
What's wrong? 7 /- Correct the mistakes. cl.iffeY'€ r l C£.
1 don't understand the dilThranc@.
Would you mind to help me? 2 I'm not used to drive on the left- hand side. 3 Don't spoil his enjoying. 4 Their living ondition's are 0 much better now. 5 I'll never get use to this climate.
6 I got home early that I wouldn't ge t into
trouble again .
Using a dictionary (2): Small and large dictionaries
~
J fi-~I .~
.'
.
.•.
A small die .onary is llseful for a quick translation
of a word ut a larger dIctionary - prererably
monolingual - will give you more information.
Look up the word suspect in a very small ,
'pock t' dictionary and thell in a large dIc tionary
For ach dictionary, note:
1 which grammatica l categories (e.g. lIoun,
verb) are listed
2 the way in which the meanin s are hown
( ,g. in whole senlences)
To improve your writing skills, which dictionary
would you prefer to u e? 63
Ski s deve opment
Reading
W at makes a
good mummy?
Seven thousand years ago in South America, on what is now the Peruvian- Chllean border, the indigenous tribe known as the Chinchorro began mummifying their dead. When omeone died, the Chindl()rro used LO flJl the bod)' with a h or earth in order (0 preserve it The result was a very rigid form of mummy hich nowadays appe:us solid under X-mys, rn later ye.Lrs, the Chinchorro used to cover lhe bodies with a layer of mud, instead of filling them with ash or C'.tnh . The mud wdened to fonn a protective shell.
Atchmofogists working 00 the Chlnchorro artificial mummies
AI some POlor around 1500 BC, the Chinchorro gave up making mununie~. However, bodles were still presen'ed by nature because the area where the tribe lived was one of the driest regions on earth Archa:ologistS have so fur found 282 Chinehorro mummies. One hundred and tOfty-nine of them are ':trtifici:ll ' mummies, reated by the ChindlOrro themselves; 133 of them are 'natural' mummies, preserved by natur . These natural mummies are a kind of biological time cap "uJe.We can find our from them, for example, what people ate, how long they Lived lI1d what disea es they had before the Europeam arrived .
Across the world, in China's XInjiang province, archa:ologists have found more than a hundred natural mummies up to 4,000 years old wh.ich all appear to originate from Europe.The dry de crt heat preserved rbeir CalJcas.ian features - lJell as I og nose , deep- ct eye and blond hair. Bits of their clothes look as if Lbey have come from Germa ny, Austria and ScandJnavta. China., it seems, had C otlel w ith Europe long before
Left and above: Natural mummies from X1nJllng
64
any ne bad imagined. It i de-dr lhat e can
learn a lot from our ancestors. it . eems that dead men, and WOmen, do telltales.
3 What sort of things can we find out from studying mummies?
Compre he nsion
tay cool 1 ) Match the words and phrases with their meanings. 1 ash
[1J
a) administra tive region
2 preserve
D D D 0 D
b) keep in good condition
3 rigid 4 disease
5 province
6 tale
4 How did the archCEologists know that some
of the Xinjiang mummies were not Chinese?
c) story
5 Did Europeans go to China earlier or later tha n historia ns thought?
d) serious illness e) stiff, hard f) a grey substance remaining
a fter wood is burned
2> Complete the summary.
.I~~
.. types
Communication
of mummy are described in this article,
1•••••••• •• •••• •••••••••
mummies and
2 ••••••••••••••• •••••••••
the museum and ask to see the mummies. Write the conversation in your notebook.
mummies. The first part of the article gives details of how the
J •••••••••••••••••••••• ••
4 ••••• • ••••••••••••• • ••••
or
on the bodies. Even when they
stopped making mummies. bodies were preserved by the forces or 7 •••.••••••••••••••••••••• The second part of the article deals with mummies round in the in China. Th ese ar
8.......................
9 ....................... .
preserved by the dry heat or the
Reception ist: You :
(refuse politely, giving a reason) (ask to speak to one of the arch~ologists)
Receptionist: You:
Of co urse. (make your request again in a different way; giving a reason) Archreologist: (agree to the request) You: That's very kind. Th an k you.
of Xinjiang
mummies.
10......................... .
The surprising thing about some of the Xinjiang mummies is that they seem to have originated from
(make a polite request) Do you
think 1 ...
s..........•........... . to IiJl the bodies. Later, they simply 6 ••. .. . . .. . •• . .....••••••
You:
made mummies. Seven
thousand years ago, they used put
4> You are studying archceology. You telephone
11........................ .
, Go for it J ) Answer the questions.
Writing
5/
Imagine that, 4000 years ago, a Chinese man and a European man see each other for the first time. In your notebook. write the Chinese man's description of the European man. I have just seen someone quite extraordinary as I was coming home. let me describe him. ...
Where did the Chinchorro live? .!.~..$.9.~m.~.~.~!.~% ..C!.~..~~~.f!.~!.'!;r.~~.r!::.~~~~~g!!..~.C!.~~~r:.
Why do Chinchorro mummies appear solid?
2 What is special about the region in which the Chinchorro lived? 65
Struggle for surv"val
Vocabular
Stay cool! '
Go for it
1 / Solve the crossword.
25 To continue to live in spite of danger. (7) 26 Abbreviation ror chlorofluorocarbon - a type of gas which is used in fridges and some aerosols. (3) 27 A ramous extraterrestrial. (2) 28 The ................ effect is caused by Lhe pollution of
the atmosphere. ( 10) Down 1 The opposite o f in crease. (8) 2 We want to preserve the ................ of animal and plant life. (7) 3 Too many people use their ................ cars to get Lo work rather than public transport. (3) 5 Global warming is a serious ................ to the environment. (6) 7 They work as volu nteers for an environmental ................. . (12)
8 9 10 16 17
Across 1 The turtles' nesting sites are being destroyed by the ................ of hotels. (11)
6 CO 2 = ................ dioxide. (6)
8 We went on a ................ of Central America. (4)
11 A measurement of weight equal to 1,000 kilos. (5) 12 The sun and the wind are two sources of ................. (6) 13 Abbreviation for United States. (2) 14 15
16 17
20 21 23
66
I've said it once and I'll ................ it again. (3) There must be ................ more hunting of elephanls. (2) Abbreviation for Prime Minister. (2) The turtles sometimes mistake plastic rubbish ................ food. (3)
Destroy - destruction; 10 e - ._.............. (4)
n1t'~ ................ layer protects life on earth from
harmful radiation. (5)
The quality of the ................ we breathe is
threatened by pollution. (3)
18 19 22 24
27
I'm not used ................ livi ng in a city. (2)
The turtle lays her eggs ................ the beach. (2)
Abbreviation for United Nations. (2)
A good sun cream ................ your skin from the sun. (8)
People ought to recycle their rubbish, but you can't
................ them to do it. (5)
A wizard in a Hollywood fil m ca m from this land. (2)
We must try to ................ the level of CO 2 in the air. (6)
CO 2 is a ................. (3)
Each ................ in this forest is home to severa)
animals. (4) Abbreviation for European Union. (2)
2> Complete the sentences using expressions with do. You can eat the bones in sardines. They .. ~~~~~.~~ .. you any ...~.~rm.... In fact, they'll ........................ you 2 I know your marks weren't very good, but
never mind - you ............................................ . That's all that matt ers. You got Grade As in all your te t 1 That's fantastic . You ........................ . 4 When you were at primary <;chool, ........................ you ....................... . all your subjects with lhe sal e teacher? 5 Can you ........................ me ........................ and look after Ben for five minutes?
Grammar
Stay cool The passive: all tenses
3> Rewrite the sentences in the passive, Present simple How do you write it? You write it like this.
..~~w..(~.it.1:'(r.~~~~? ....................................................................... .. !.~~~.w.r:!1!.t;!!.J.i.~.~. ~!!#.: ....................................................................
Where do they keep the key? 2 They keep it in the cupboard. Past simple 3 Did they chao e you for the parL
after an audition? 4 No. The drama teacher asked me to
be in the play. Past continuous 5 Was someone following you? 6 1 don't think anyone wa following me, but l'm sure someone was watchmg me.
Present perfect simple '1 Have they repaired the phone yet?
8 Yes, but we haven't paid the bill. Past perfect simple 9 Had they told him abouL the party? 10 Yes, but they hadn't invited him. Modals 11 They mu t do the work properly. 12 Ye . Th y can't rush it. Gerund 13 They were worried about people seeing Lhem together. Infinitives 14 "Everyone wants someone to love them.
61
4 ' Complete the article, putting the verbs in brackets into the passive.
Ten minutes after this picture (take), it
had been taken ..................... ............
I ...... ......................................
(receive) by
newspapers around the world. With the latest digital technology, pictures 2......................................................
(can/publish)
only minutes after a press photographer has arrived at a scene and the photographs
J .............. .
.............................................. (take). It means that a photographer can take, choose and send a photo to accompany a newspaper article while the article 4............................................ ..
Thi
~
(write) by a journalist.
0 Go for it
) The passive: all tenses 5> In your notebook, rewrite the passages in the passive.
i how it works
Today It only takes minutes to get
In the mid.nineties, the world had very strange weather ...
the picture of a scene onto the front page of a newspaper. Photographs
5.................................. .
In 1995 in Britain, for
........................ (take) with a digital
example the hottest
summer since I 59
followed the wettest
camera. Up to 120 pictures 6...................................................... .
.pring on record. Tn 1996 in New York,
(can/store) on a disk.
snow storms stopped
the traffic and made
life extremely difficult.
The pictures on the disk 7...................................................... .
(put) onto a laptop computer. The best picture
'n Britain, for example, the wettest spring record was followed by the hottest summer since 1659.
B.............................
on
.................................... (choose) and
9.............................. ...... .................. .
(transmit) from the laptop back to the office. The picture which
10.........................
.................................. (take) just ten
minutes ago
SwL<;s scie ntists have sugg ,ted lhaL global wa rming could force people l leave big cities: 'We must control the amount f carbon dioxide in [he a tmosphcr '. And we must fin d more en ironmcnLally [riendl ays of rod ucing energy.'
II ...... ........... ................. .
........................ (now/put) onto the finished page.
68
2
In BriL in, people are always discus Lng the weather. It is J subject vvhich we will talk about more and ma r frequ ' nll T.
Communication
Go for it
9> Write a similar conversation to that in
6> Match the sentence halves.
[kJ
1 Couldn't 1 How about
D D
3 We could
D D
4 Why 5 Let's find out
Exercise 8 arranging an evening out with a friend. Reject the first two suggestions yOUI friend makes. Then make a suggestion which your friend accepts. Use a variety of expressions.
a) about he trains. b) we go on a boat trip? c) don't we go on a camping holiday? d) going riding? e) go for a picnic.
You:
7> Agree or disagree with the suggestions above. 1 That's a good
.}t!.t;~ ...
Friend: (theatre?) ........................................................
. I like boat trips.
You:
2 rm not so .................... . I haven 't been on a
horse for ages. 3 Yes, we .................... , 1 suppose. But it might rain.
Friend: (cinema?) .......................................................
4 l'd .................... not. Sleeping outside isn't really
my .................... .
You:
5 That's .................... a bad idea.
(club ?) .............................................................
8> Put the conversation in order. a)
D
lee-skating isn't really my thing. How about going for a bike ride?
b)
D
We could, 1 suppose, but l'm a bit fed up with rollerblading.
c)
0
Great! I'll phone you a time to meet.
011
Friday to arrange
d) [JJ What shall we do on Saturday?
0 n0
e)
g) 11)
D 0
Friend:
Q
What's wrong?) 10/ Correct the mistakes. explorin:J
1.
~r~ C t)
Well, how about ice-skating?
What about explore the coastal area? '".\J~
Why don't we go rollerblading?
I've been bit by a mosq uito.
OK. Talk La you on Friday.
2 Do me favour.
Thal's not a bad idea . We could cycle round Loch Lomond.
3 Have you seen the new hotel deveJopement? 4
CouJdnt we do an overnight trek?
5 Why we don't go and work in a summer camp?
6 Is the greenhouse effect cause by CO 2?
69
on' panic! Vocabular ~~_Go_t_o_r_ it~)
Stay cool 1 ) Complete the chart.
4 > Complete the Players' Code of Behaviour with the words in the box.
Sport
Location
Person
fooLball
........p.f!~~.........
.......P.~f!.Y.lfr: ........
ce
• manager • game • players • referee rules) • team • competitive • opponent • umpire
lennis 2 athletic
International
3 gymnastics 4
Sports Commission
motor racing
5 swimming
PL1\.YERS' CODE OF BEllAlTJOUR
6 golf
2> Circle twelve more verbs to do with sport. S P L 0 T C I- 11 V R 1 0 V W 0 L T
R I S E C G 0 S R E E R S V S E
T M P A S T C 0 R A
N
K I T
R B
S L C H W I C K T
A K E L L L E Y
0 C R E U N
• Keep Lo the ...... ~.'!.~~ ...... of the game.
3:" Complete the sentences with an appropriate preposition. She runs really fast. I couldn't keep
• Treat all players as you wo uld like .~p..
with her.
'1 feel like giving up wind urling, but I suppose
• Ev n if you disagr
1 oughl to keep .................... trying:
argue with an
'If you keep .................... it, you'll do it:
J ....................... .
2 TIle spectators were asked to keep .................. ..
the pitch during the game. 3 Can I remind you Ihat the goalkeeper's job is to ke p the ball .................... of the goa I! 4 We didn' t use all the money to buy new
equipment. We kept some .................... . 5 Keep .................... the rules during the game. 70
treated. Never be unfair to an
0
be
I ....................... .
with a deci ion, tlo not
2.......................
Ask your
or a
4 .......................
to
talk to them after the ....................... .
• Remember you are part of a
6....................... .
Work equally hard for y urself and for the other .,....................... . • Sport are
Il.......................
but it is important
Lo keep your temper at all ti mes.
Grammar
.'
2 You were in a bad mood
Stay cool I wish/If only + past perfect
0
people left early.
5;- Rewrite the sentences using I wish and If only. 3 She tripped so she lost the race.
c:J
CJ
4
You didn'l tum up at the trainin g sessions. That's why you wer dropped from the tea m.
ClD
t::.\
5 He did n't ask For money so I didn 't give him any.
1 didn't ask her for her phone number.
J.~~~~.!.'~.~~~~!!.!!.~fo.r..~~r.p.~~~~.~~~~~::.............
1 didn't get her a drink.
If only ...................................................................... . 2 I stepped on her toes when we danced. 1 wish ....................................................................... .
J I talked about computers all night.
If only ...................................................................... .
7 ) Write third conditional questions. ..W.~HN..~~~.~~y.~.~~~~~~ .... (she/beat) the record if .§h{~l~~p.~t! .....
(sh /jum p) a centimetre higher?
(she/compete) if ...................................................... . .................................. (the prize money/be) higher? 2 ............................................... (he/win) the match if
4 I didn't tell her 1 liked her. I wish ........................................................................
............................................................ (he/not serve) so brill iantly? 3 .................................................... ... ............................ .
5 1 went away when lhat other guy ame up to
talk to her.
If only ...................................................................... .
(he/be selected) if ................................................... . (he/not b injured)? 4 What
.........................................................................
(they/do) if ............................................................. ..
........................... (Ronald a/tum down ) their offer?
Third conditional
5 ............. ............................ .......................................... .
(he/be sent off) if ....................................................
6) Join the pairs of sentences using if clauses.
............... (the refe ree/see) the foul?
1 didn't know your number so 1 didn't
phone you .
..lff:~.~~.~.~~.y~~!..~~p..~~:!..~:~.~~y.~.ph.~.~.~~.y~~:..... You didn't tell me abouL the match so I didn't come.
11
Third conditional 8> Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of the verb phrases in the box.
@ffi ·
• sprint • arrive find • bring cycle) • win drive) • feel • leave • have • go to bed • stay out • low down • come
C·
C·
2 I felt really tired during that game. I'm sorry I
played so badly. If you ........................................................ all night.
l'm late.
you ............................................................. so tired.
..
If I ..~~~~:!.~r.~~~~ here. I :~.~~~~.~~~'!..... on time.
If you ....................................................... early, you
If 1 .:~..9l~!~~....... here. I ..~~~~~!?:~..~.'!.~~.~~~!?..... late.
............................................................. more energy.
3 Smith seemed to have problems at the end of
72
We're lost.
the race.
If we ........................................... the map with us.
If Smith ................................................. the last 10
we .......................................................... the village.
metres, he ................................................. the race.
If we .......................................... the map at home,
If he .................................................................... he
we ............................................................... by now.
...................................................................... second.
Com munication Stay cool -
-'
9/ Put the conversation in order. A
a) b) c)
0 How can you be so sure?
0 But do you think she'd accept an apology?
W 1 wish 1 hadn't lost my temper with
Martina in that last game.
d)
0
But she's my regular tennis partner. 1 really ought to make it up to her somehow.
e)
D
OK. I'll do it. Thanks.
B ~
D
l'm certain she would.
g)
0
Because she's lost her temper in the past. She knows how it feels.
h}
D
Yes, perhaps you should. Why don't you phone her and apologise?
i)
D
Don't wony. It happens to all of us.
Plurals - Most nouns imply add s to make the plural:
60 for it 10> Write conversations in your notebook for the situations below using some of the phrases in e box. -I wish rd/! hadn't ... -If only rd /1 hadn't .. . • Never mind.
• I know what you mean.
- There's not much you can do about it now.
- Why don't you ... ?
• Maybe you could ...
- Perhaps you should ...
game
games
referee
referees
- Nouns which end in ch, sh, before 1he s:
match success box
55
or x add an e
matches successes boxes
- To make plurals of nouns which nd in a consonant + y, change the y to Ie and add
5:
raJly rallies I f there is a vowel before the y, just add s:
volley 11
volleys
>Write the plurals of these words.
Situation 1
athlete
You were very bad-tempered at home this morning.
You upset your mOlher/father. You didn 't apologise
before you left. Talk to your best friend about it.
coach
..~rh.~flt~...............................
2 party 3 journey
Situation 2
4 injury
You didn't do enough revision for a recent Science
exam and you got a bad mark. It's too late to do
anything about it, but you regret it. Talk to your
Science leacher.
5 loss 6 wish 7 distance B player
9 fax 73
Ski Is develo m
t extra
Reading
1
.~) ••W.!!!!.~.~~.!! ..~.~{~!9h..~p.~.c!.i.f;l.i?').? ...........................
A Raleigh expedition brings together 120 young people, called Vent urers. from around the world to work an ironmental, community and adventure proJects. Ten expeditions, each with twelve Venturers, are run every year In Africa, South America and the Far East. Each expedition starts with a week's training, when you wiil learn all the necessary skills for your expedition - such as using long-distance radio equipment, navigation, setting up a campsite and first aid.
.............................................................................. ?
You then join a group of eleven other Venturers and set off on your first project. Project sites are remote and just getting to them is all part of the adventure. On every project site there are qualified staff members such a5 civil engineers or outdoor Instructors. However, it's up to you and your group to decide how you want to rUn things and to organise your project work .
............................ ................................................ ? Most of the t ime you will be living in tents close to your project site Everyone in the project group gets Involved in the day-to-day running of their campsite and every Venturer takes a turn as Group Leader for the day, giving out tasks and organising project work.
.............................................................................. ? Venturers come from all over the globe - a total of seventy nationalities from a wide range of cultures
74
have taken part in expeditions. We recruit f rom abroad and from the host expedition count ry. Ven t urers come from a wide range of social backg rounds and include graduates, gap-year st udents, employees and young people in diffi cult socia l, f inancial or personal circumstances. Ii ................. . ....................... ................. ....................
?
You don't need any special qualification . You need to be able to swim, understand English and have enthusiasm and commitment. Close involvement with local peop le means you might be conducting an English lesson at a local school one day and testing you r footba ll skills t he next. A Raleigh expedition isn't a holiday: project work can be t ough and demanding, requirtng teamwork and imaginative problem-solving
Comprehension
Communication 3
1> Read the text and write the correct heading above each paragraph.
a) Who takes part?
b) What particular skills will I need?
c) What happens next?
( d) What is a Raleigh expedition? )
e) What abou t accommodation?
Go for it
2> Write questions for these answers. .. w.~.~~.~!"~Jh~.m~m~~':~..'!1.~.~.~.~~fg~.........................
..~P.~~~~!~n. ~~.~~I!~t .................................................... .
Venturers.
>Write the conversation in your notebook.
You are choosing wh ich Ra leigh 1nternational expedi tion to go on with your friend . You've made notes on one expedition. Your friend has made notes on another. Discuss which expedition you will go on. t-1on.9o/j~. M~n:::h. 'Pr oje.c::t: -huildif1,!3
0::::1
Activitiee: rncu",~jl'11Yelo:kiYl91 E!>
rt1edical clinic.
'Belize. Tune. 1hj~d: proteding the eqral reel: Acbv7tie$ : tmderweder suruey;; lIdlunteer.s fral'f1 :for '5pcrts "P;ver' qual/{;catitm. Ci;mo.t~ : subtrop;caL .
You: (m ake yo ur suggestion)
Friend: (reject the suggestion, giving a reason)
(m ake your suggestion)
................................................................................. ?
Ten.
(hesitate) You: Friend: (give another reason for your suggestion) You: (agree)
2 ............................ ............................. ........................ ?
A week. 3 ................................................................................... .
............ ........................... ............................. ............. ?
There are twelve in each. 4 .................................................................................. ..
................................................................................. ?
No, they don't. You and your group decide what you are going to do. 5 .................................................................................. ..
Writing
4>
In your notebook. write a letter of application to Raleigh International for one of the expeditions in Exercise 3. • Say where you found out about Raleigh lnternational (an arti Ie in a magazine). • Tell them about yourself. • Say why you'd like to participate in the expeditio n.
........... ...................................................................... ?
They have to give out tasks and organise project work. 6 ................. ............. ..................................................... .
................................................................................. ? Yes, they do. They come rrom many different countries. 7 ................................................................................ ? It can be hard work, and it can be quite
challenging.
Writing (2): Checking It is easy to make c r less mistakes so always
check your writing. heck the letter you wrote
in Exercise 4:
1 Check spell ings ill a dictionary.
2 Check the tenses of the verbs.
3 Check t he punctua tio n.
4 If several sentences b gin wilh the same word
(e.g . I) , change 0 e or two o f them. 5 Im agine that y rec ive this leller. Does it contain all the information tha t is needed?
't believ I-t .l
Vocabular
Stay cool !
Go for it
4 A: Why did you leave the meeting?
B: Because it was boring and no one
1 )' Complete the conversations using the correct form of the verbs say, tell, talk and speak. A: Why couldn't you hear what she was saying? B: Because .... ~~~..~~..~p.~l!.~~'!.9. .... so quietly.
A: So you didn'! hear her speech? B: No. What ........................................................ ?
2 A: What did your teacher do when the fire
broke out in the classroom?
B: She ........................................ us to leave as quickly as possible. 3 A: He's really funny. B: 1 know. He's good at ....................................... . jokes.
........................................ anything new.
S A: We lived in Brazil when I was a child. B: Did you learn to ....................................... .
Portuguese? 6 A: You shouldn't have kept quiet about the problem. B: 1 did n't want to ....................................... .
anyone about it. 7 A: She's a bit upset.
B: OK. I'l l ........................................ to her.
8 A: rve been looking for you . Where have you been? B: 1 ................ ........................................ to Kate.
Grammar Stay cool
Verbs must have, might have, can't have for drawing conclusions
>
2 Complete the conversation using the prompts in brackets. Director: Where's Oliver? This is an important
rehearsal.
Assistant: (He/gel/your message)
..~~.~.rJ.t~t;J;~*!.gg.~y.f!.':'.r:..'!!.~!.'!.9.~:................. .
Director: And where are Claudia and Jeremy? Assistant: They phoned to say lhey'd left but lhal the traffic was heavy. (They/be held up in a traffic jam)
Assistant: Oh, don't say that. (He/have an accident)
Director: And Catheri ne? At least I've seen heT th is morn ing. Where is she? Assistant: 1 don't know. She said she needed something to wake her trp so (she/go for a cof~ e) Director: Gone for a coffee! (She/go for a coffee) .................................................................. ! She know there's a rehearsal. Oh, here she is no w. But she's not in costume! Assistant: (She/forget that it's a dress rehear aJ) 5
Director: And what about Patrick? He drives like a madman, so he ought to be here by now. 76
Director: Typical!
Grammar Reported speech: statements and questions
6 'Matt went off on a walking trip; said lan .
3> Rewrite the statements and questions in reported speech. 7 'Why hasn' t Matt phoned?' asked Adam.
Verbs of reporting: various structures 4> Complete the sentences with the past tense of the verbs in the box.
C·
• promise ex plain ) • invite • order • persuade • pologise • agree • offer • recom mend '1 won't be able to make it to t he meeting
by eight:
He ... ~~{l!.~I).~!!... . that he wouldn't be able to
make it to th e meeti ng by eig ht.
'I'm sorry I was so bad- tempered.'
'We're going by oach,' said Matt.
..~~.~!!!.4..~~~..~~r~.!l~!!I.9.kY.~f!.'!:~~:............................
When does it leave?' Zoe asked Matt.
..$.~~..~~~~4. .~.~~.~~~!J.!'~.~if!.: .......................... ............. Tm not very keen on climbing; said Ian .
He .............................. for being so bad-tempered .
2 'Wou ld you li ke to go bowling a t the weekend?' She .............................. hi m to go bowling at the weekend. ' 3 'Get out of the pool!'
He .............................. them to get out of the pool.
2 'What's the matter?' Matt asked Sarah.
4 '1'11 help with th e prepara ti ons for the parly if
you like: He .............................. to help with the preparations for the party.
3 'They'll send out a search party; said Matt.
5 '1'11 write t o you every week:
She ............................ to write to him every week. 6 ' It wou ld be a good idea to take a taxi to
4 'How can you be so sure?' Kelly asked Malt.
the airport: She .............................. taking a taxi to lhe airport.
5 'We're going lo miss the rehearsal,' said Zoe.
7 'Let's stay in tonigh t. We won't know anyone at the party: 'OK'
He .............................. her to stay in. 8 'OK I'll go with yo u: She .............................. to go with him. 77
Reported speech: statements and questions
5> In your notebook. report what the people in the article below said.
Ten-year-old Ashley Burton said that the next day would be
just like any other school day for him, even thou9h ...
Whatever happened to childhood?
EvelY ummel'" over 30,000
children in England
and Wafes attend 5ummer schools to improve
tlr ir reading, writing and Maths.
What do people think of
summer schools?
'Tomorrow will be just like any other
school day for me, even though I'm
on holiday,' said ten-year-old Ashley
Burton. 'Why do I have to give up
my olidays]'
'I've had time off this term because I've been ill but I think I'm doing OK at schoo!. I don't want to spend the summer doing Maths,' said eleven-yea r-old Flora Briggs. 'How will they cope at secondary school jf they're having problems at primary school?' asked twenty-one year-old William Tyler. '1 think summer schools are a good idea:
'Children have a busy school curriculum and they're constantly using computers and wat hing television,' said a parent who disagrees with summer schools. 'It's essential that they can switch off, relax and play outside during the holidays.'
Verbs of reporting: various structures 6/ Report these statements and questions using
3 '1'11 be more caref ul with money: (he)
the words in brackets and a variety of verbs.
'I think you ought to go to the doctor: (she/him) .§.~.~.~~~!~~.~!p'.~C!.9.f!..~~.~~.~.~~~~!':.........................
4 'Would you like to go for a mea l?' (he/her)
'Why don't we go to the Edinburgh Festival?' (they)
5 '1 feel terrible about making such a fuss. I'm
2 'Don't forget to check the battery: (she/them)
78
really sorry: (she)
What's wrong?
Stay cool 7 / Match the sentences to the responses. I 1 wonder why they haven't arrived yet. [bJ 2 Why didn't she phone?
0
D
4 He might be angry because you
birthday card.
5 He might have been jealou '.
0
0
6 You should have made your mind
up arlier.
'Perhaps she didn't receive your e-mail.' c.DWc).
3 They probably left without us.
didn't send him
9 > Correct the mistakes.
0
'You -Efffi be right.'
'I can't And the cheque you gave me.'
'You mustn't have lost it already.'
2 1 said you to relax.
3 She apologi ed for to be impatient.
4 They perswaded me to stay.
Responses
5 He asked me when was I going to see him.
a) That an'[ be the reason. I never send him one.
6 She suggested to go out this evening.
b) Perhaps they gol lost.
e) 1 don't believe ill We're nOllate,
d) 1 uppose so. It's a difAcult decision, though. e) You could be right. He can'l stand me talking to other boy.
n
She must have been
[00
busy.
Grammar: Hot spots Try Lo identl!y the grammar 'hot spot:> which
often cause problems. Keep lists to Illustrate what can go wro ng, e.g, Reponed que liOllS:
They asked him when he was getting married (not They asked him when W~ he getting marriett) nle verb tell: The y told me to go (not The}' reid to
o for it 8/ In your notebook, write a conversation for the
following situation.
me to go.)
Your friend is fed up. Sh has been in contact by
e-mail with omeone she met on holiday. At first,
the replies came immediately. 111en they came after
three or four days. Her last e-mail hasn't received a reply. Talk to her about the situation. Possible reasons for no reply:
-not checked mail?
-away?
-busy?
-not keen any more?
friend: , can't undemand why I haven't had a reply. We seemed to be getting
011
so well. You:
Perhaps ...
79
Cau ht
•
et
the
Vocabular Stay cool 1
I
60 for it
>Solve the crossword.
Across 1
3 5 8
9 10 11 13 15
16 17
19 21 22 23
80
1
point to parts of the compuLer screen with
it. (5) He runs .................... on-line support group. (2) You open them to let fresh air in, and you also find them on a computer. (7) Long form of the word Net. (8) What software .................... you use? (2) The opposite of major. (5) You can buy a computer at a specialist shop or at a department ..................... (5) I suppose ..................... (2) Does the disk go ................... here? (2) Connect the printer .................. the processor. (2) 1f you can't read it on the screen, use the printer to .................... it out. (5) ]t's mostly made up ofletters and numbers and you type on it. (8) 1t's so much easier to communicate by .................... than by letter. (1,4) Another word for lessons. (7) rYe been on the omputer for ten hours. It's now seven o'dock and 1 .................... on at nine this morning. (6)
Down 1 The screen is part of this piece of computer equipment. (7) 2 Do you still .................... floppy disks to transfer files from one computer to an other? (3) 3 The list of .................... includes computers as well as gambling, drugs and alcohol. (10) 4 From twelve till twelve: fro m .................... till midnigh t. (4) 5 My sister's a real fa n of Boyzone. She's even designed her own .................... on the Net. (7) 6 Abbreviation for Information Technology. (2) 7 When she gets ho me, she .................... the Net. (5) 12 I've got so much computer equipmen t in my room. I'm .................... out of space. (7) 14 There's nothi ng on the screen. Is the monitor switched .................... ? (2) 18 I've just had my computer repaired, so it shouldn't .................... any more. (5) 20 Twelve months = a .................... (4) 22 .................... -ROM. (2)
>
2 Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box. • up • over • away • on • into (. through )
• out of
I'll just ru n . ~~~~!!N~.. the instructions once mar .
My computer ran .............................. memory, so 1 installed some more. 2 He ran .............................. huge telephone bills
using the lntemet. 3 We ran .............................. some glass and the
tyreburst. 4 We've got fi ftee n minutes to present our project, but the teacher said we can run ............................ .. for an extra five minut s if there are any questions. 5 rve got so much to do that 1 just want to run .............................. and fo rget all about it! 6 I ran .............................. a friend of yours the other day.
Grammar Future perfect
tay cool
Future continuous
4> Respond to these predictions about what will have happened by the year 2050.
3/ Complete the description of iife in 2020. putting the verbs into the future continuous.
By the year 2050 ...
Extraterrestrials make contact 2
Women become the dominant sex ~ The PI" nel ! QS(l
3
A computer is elected Prime Minister 4
Genetic Engineers Design a New Animal
What . :~!!!.. I .~~.~~~~..!l. (d o) at this time in 202 0? we ll . I .. ~~.~:t~~9.~~~.9. .... (not go) out t o work.
I 1
J/..I?~.~~~!~g....
(sit) in
5
my off ice at home
I .................................................
( do) everyt hlng
fro m my com puter. I
2..............................................
a meeti ng.
I
(not s1 t) i h
J..............................................
t.
( have)
••
a vide o conference with my colleagues.
r ., ...................................................
6
on
(not type)
I)
...
Traffic police to be replaced by ROBOTS .........~
=---,~
.•
Yes I think that extraterrestrials will have
..... 1......................... ................................................... .
my comp uter . 1 ' ...................................................
made contact.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t •••••••••
(talk) to it
I
................................................... (e - mai 1)
the fri dge to see if we've run out of mi lk .
or ..N.l!!..~.~!?r.~~..'!9.~~t;:.~~!.~~~~!.~~!tM~.~.~.r(~.~!!r.~.... made contact. ................................ ,", ... , .............. ,...............................
2 ,...................................................................................
I
7...................................................
(go)
on
a vi rtual shopping tour of the supermarket . An d in the
5
mmer, I
.......................... . (no
spend ) hours queuing at
4 ....................................................................................
the alr por t to go on holid ay . I
3 .................................................................................. ..
B....................................
~ ........................................................................
(not suffe r fronl) jet1ag . I ........................ (vi sit
on the Wha
I nternet
10............................ ..
5 .................................................................................. ..
places all over the wor ld
from the comfort of my
desk .
6 .. ........................... .......................................................
a l ife !
81
Short answers with verb + so/not 5"/ Respond to the questions using the expressions in the box with so or not.
Go for it Future continuous and future perfect
6> Make predictions about your life in 2020 using some of the verbs in the box.
• be afraid (. expect) • hope • suppose • not think • think A: Do you think you'll be doing mo t of your work on a computer when you start a job? B: Yes, ... .!..~p.~f:!.~.l!:.....................
A: Do you think computers will take over the world? B: Oh no, .......................................... .
That's just science fiction. 2 A: Would you let me harrow your laptop to take to the beach? B: No, I'm sorry,
........................................... You might get sand in it. 3 A: Will you become a computer addict? B: .......................................... !
wouldn't want to be addicted anything!
lJ
4
A: In ten years' time, will most people be using computers to buy tickets and shop? B: Oh, yes, ........................................ .
It's just so easy.
live earn
go work study wear travel drive spend
.. !~.~g~g!J~~~p.'1!.~!!.~!!I..~.~.~!r.~~.::.................................................... 2 1 expect 1'11 ................................................................................... ..
5 A: Children at school can learn a lot from a computer, can't they?
3 I might ....................................................... .. ................................. .
B: Well, 1 .......................................... . But they can learn a lot more from a good teacher.
5 I'm sure I won't .......................................................................... ..
4 1'm sure I'll .................................................................................. ..
6 I don't think I'll ................................. .......................................... .. Say what you will and won't have achieved by 2020, using verbs of your choice. Think about your studies, yo ur career, the qualifications you've gained, your achievements and your personal 1i e.
. eu.~~~~. ~.t;f.9m.~.!!..~~r.{~-fo.mg.'!.~fo.~t~.~.~~~r:......................................
82
-
-
Communication Stay cool 7> Use a variety of expressions to thank people in the following situations.
~, Go for it
)
9> Complete the conversation with suitable phrases.
Your friend's elder sister lend you her camera for a project you're doing .
Your pen friend's parents have taken you to a
Chinese resta urant on the last night of your stay.
... .r.IJ.l;m~JfJx.!~~~!~.!l.m~Jl~~r..~~~.~r.'!:..I~~r~...........
... !.~~.~/Y..~.~'!.t!..'!fJl~~: ...................................................
You:
2 You'v always wantecl a particular type of wat h, and your boyfriend/girlfriend gives it Lo you for your birthday.
ror taking me out. Parents: You: I've had a great time here.
Parents:
You:
3 You've been staying at your friend's house for the weekend. You're saying goodbye to his/her parents.
1 really enjoyed this evening. Thank you
I've got a little present for you from my country.
Parents: You: Not at al l. Well, thanks for everything. Parents:
4 You've been having problems with your computer.
Your best friend has come round and spent two hours working on it, finally getting it to work .
What's wrong?) 10> Correct the mistakes.
5 YO.Jr grandmother's neighbour have been
looking after her during a recent iIlne .
Just think, you'~1n the beach while J'm workin g hard at school. Don't mention it. It was pleasure. 2 Surely Lhey will arrive by now.
8> Match the responses to the sentences you
wrote in Exercise 7.
a) b) c}
D D D
It was a pleasure to have you here.
4 Be careful not to run on a bi g bill.
I'm glad you like it.
S Thank's for everything.
That's OK. l'm sure she'd do the same
for us.
d) [II You're welcome, Just give it back wilen
you've finished with it.
e)
D
3 'Will you be coming later? ' 'Yes, I think.'
A final note on phrasal verbs:
Make sure you use the correct prepositions!
Don 't mention it. It was nothing.
I ran into an old friend on th e way home.
1 ran over an old friend
011
the way home,
83
n Reading HOME NEWS
Twenty-first century Britons
Today a New Hippy; tomorrow a Post-Punk Oudaw living life on the edge; the day after, a Nomadic Networker .,. you can be what you want in twenty-first century Britain. According to a recent report, the ~ocial groups which people are u ed to in Britain are going to be replaced by a whole new range in the new mill nnium . Look out for Barbie Babes and Ken Clones, who 11 be spending lars of money on physical perfection and designer clothes, and Post-Punk Outlaws, who won't be taking any notice of rules. We'll also meet Nomadic Net.vorkers, will be travelling all 0 er the world, . carrying their 'office' (a portable computer) with them and New Hippies or Global Villagers, who will be committed to equality, freedom and looking after tlle environment. Alex McKie, the author of the report, says. 'Life IS becoming Ie predictable. In the future , people may become parents at sixty years old. Adole. cence and nriddle age I113Y bee me l es~ di<;tJ.ncl. More arId more middle-aged men will be buying themselves the mororbikes which they could not afford in their youth. The traditional tages which a person was expected to go through will be Ie s relevant.' ';;ocial groups arc also becoming more fluid . During her research, Ms McKie asked young British people about their group f friends . Mo t did not think that they belonged to one group only. People often belong to a wide range of group, acb with it own identity. This means dl at they go out with contrasring
84
Post-Punk Outlaws
Nomadic Networkers
o
Barbie Babes and Ken Clones
New Hippies
Global Villagers
grou ps of friends . W hereas social groups over the past for , years have cansi t d of people who dres ed alike, danced alike and tho ught alike - whether they were Mods, Punk Rockers or Teddy Boys - people now want the freedom to bI t a dif£ rent people all at the same time .
..
Stay cool
3> Complete the conversation in your notebook.
>
Ted:
1 Read the text and match the words and phrases with their meanings. 1 networker 2 outlaw 3 predictable 4 adolescence
@]
0
0
5 middle age 6 youth 7 contrasting
D
0 0
D
a) someone who commits crimes b) the period of time when someone is young c) differing, varied d) somebody who uses personal contacts to get work e) happening in the way you expect 1') the period in a person's life between about twelve and eighteen g) the period in a person's life between about forty and sixty
Society's falling apart, you know. And we're run ning out of time to do anything about it.
Alice: (disagrees strongly and supports her opinion) .fJ'!.1).~~l).~~~.r.~p.{~.~m.h~I.P..!h~~r.!!.~!9~~!?~.~.....
.~~~!!..tJ:!.~:.r:~ .~l)..!r.'!.~~~~; .................................... Ted: People don't ta lk to each other any more. They just send e-mails. Computers can be quite dangerous in my opinion. Alice: (agrees, and gives the example of compu ter . addiction)
Ted: 1n fact, all technology is a load of rubbish.
Alice: (disagrees strongly, and gives a reason)
Ted: Then there's the environment. People are
always tal ki ng about it, but they never do anything. Alice: (disagrees gently, and gives the example of the wo rk of wildlife organ isations)
Go for it 2; Complete the sentences using information from the text. 1n the twentieth century, we were used to certain social groups. Now, in the twenty first century, they ~~~.!!~!f!!U?.~~..~~P..~l!.~~~.~~.
.~. ~~?'~~..'!.~.~C!.~!J.~..C!f!.f}.~.~c!.~!I.~~~P.~·.................. The author of the article calls people who: a) are materialistic and very concerned about how they look ..................................................: b) brea k society's rules .........................................: c) move From ountry to country with their
work '...............................................: 2 a) In the twenty-first century, there will be less difference between ........................................... b) For example, J a) Young people in the twenty-Arst century
won't stay in one social group. They .............
Come on. Stop reading these depressing newspaper articles I Let's go out and get some fresh air! Ted: Fresh air? There's no fresh air!
Writing 4> In your notebook, write a report summarising the opinions of your friends an'd members of your family concerning social life in the future. I First, ask them the followillg questions and note their answers. - Do you thin k that in twen ty years' time we'll be living in the same way as we are ITYing now? - What will the effect of compu ter technology be in the next twen ty years? - What other changes do you think we will see in society in the next twenty yea rs? 2 Then write your report in 300 words or fewer. Use some of th e phrases in the box to link your ideas. • • • •
on the whole • in addition to this not only ... but also however • although • in spite of as a result • to sum up
b) By contrast, social groups in the last century
85
The Gram ar Builder
Wei orne to the Grammar Builder! • The Grammar Builder gives extensive and more detailed practice of the grammar points in the Snapshot course. • The units in this section can be used alongside the units in the Workbook section, or for extra revision at a later stage. • Each unit begins with a grammar reference section called Grammar highlights. This gives further examples of the structures which are presented in the Students' Book. .. The practice exercises which follow the Grammar highlights are dearly labelled so that you know exactly which grammar poi nt you are practising in each exercise.
87
Unit 1
v ry Friday.
n't watch videos very often. on play basketball a our school.
go [0 the merna at weekends? play In a team? Negative No, he doesn't. No, they aon'l.
routines and perma nen t sit uations, e.g. He plays the guitar in a band. She
sometimes rides her bike to schoal.
• We also use the presen t simple to ta lk about general statements of t ruth, e.g. Th esun rises in the east, and about schedu les, e.g. The bus leaves at 7 p.m. • Adverbs of frequency, e.g. often, sometimes, co me before the main verb except if the ma in verb is to be, e.g. I always get up late on Saturdays. He 's often late for school. • Adverbia l ph rases of frequency come after the verb and the object, e.g. She washes her hair twice a week. • To form t he third person sing ular positive, we usually add -s to t he infinit ive, e.g. wants, makes, drops. When the infin itive ends in ch, sh, ss or x, we add - es, e.g. watches, wishes. Wh en the infi nitive ends in a conson an t + y, we delete the7'and add - ;es, e.g. worries, cries, flies. The third person sing ul ar of do and go is does and goes.
89
Grammar highlights
Present continuous
Positive statements
I'm working in the shop today.
She's wearing her new j ans.
They're writing a new song for the band.
Negative statements
I'm not studying today.
She Isn't wearing a dre
They aren't doing anything.
Questions Am I doing this right?
Is she wea ring make-up?
Are they playing tennis?
Short answers
Positive
Y ,you are. Yes, she is. Yes, hey are.
Negative
No, you aren't.
No, she isn't.
No, they aren't
• We use the present cont in uous to talk abo ut activities which are happeni ng at the t ime of speak ing or in t he current period, e.g. He's sitting in the garden
right now. She's living in Ireland for six months. • The fo llowin g verbs are not norma lly used in the prese nt con t inuous: agree,
be, believe, belong, contain, cost, depend. expect, feel, forget, hate, hear, hope, imagine, know, Ii e, look, !ove, matter, mean, need, not ice, own, prefi r, realise, recognise, remember, seem, smell, suppose, taste, understand, want, wish. • Have, see, think ca n be us d in the prese nt continuou s bu t the meaning is not th e sam e as in the present simple. Having ca n mean eating, drinking,
taking, giving, e.g. He's having lunch / a drink / a shower! a party. Seeing means going out with or meeting, e.g. Are you seeing Lydia on So turday? Th inking about means giving attention to, e.g. I'm thinking about the holidays. • Th ere are certain ru les fo r spe ll ing th e -ing fo rm. In many cases, we add - ing to the infinitive, e.g. 90/99in9, work/working. If th e infi ni tive ends in one e, we delete t he -t'; and add -ing, e.g. make/making, write/writing. If the in finitiv ends in a stressed syllable of on e vo wel and one consona nt (not y or w), we dou bl the consonant, e.g. begin/beginning. get/getting, stop/stopping, but say/saying, grow/gro wing.
Present perfect simple with for and since I' b en here sin eleven o'clock. How long have you k own her? H ha n't seen his parents for three years. Ha h lived in Britain for a long tIme? h has, I No, he hasn't. Th y'v had that car since March.
Y 5,
90
• We use th e present p rfect si mple with How long?, for and since to ta lk about events that started in the past and st ill continue in the prese nt, e.g. How long
have you known each other? We've been friends for three months / since July.
Pra ctice
• Present simple or present continuous
Present simple or present continuous
1 / Complete the conversation, putting the verbs into the present simple or present continuous.
2 > Write the letter, putting the verbs into the present simple or present continuous. I (write) this letter at the beach . The sun (sh ine) and th e water (l ook) like blue glass. 2 We (stay) in an exce llent hotel. It (have got) three
tennis courts. 3 My parents (p lay) tennis at the moment. 4 They (get) very hea lthy with all this sport! 5 (you/remember) my cousin Ann ie? She's here, too. 6 Annie and I (not believe) in exercise!
7 We both (prefer) lying in t he sun and relaxing.
8 (you/have) fun with your sister?
Kim' Why •.':':~~,'I.~.~.~!!~~~~'!!' .. (you/switch) on the N?
Tina: Because I , ...................................................................... (always/watch) lV on Thursdays at four o'clock.
"Dec.r £,,,,,,el\ie. ,
.J.'m .~r:~tjp.9. .t!1~ .I.e.tJ.e.r: .(J.t. rh~.~.e.t?~h: ............. . ........... -............ , .....................................
There's this great programme about twin sisters called Double Trouble. Now ssh I Kim: But you 2 ......................................................... (watch) an advert at the moment. aren't you? Tina' No. This is Double Trouble. Please be quiet. Kim
0
.......... "' ...................................................................... " .......................... .
2
this is Double Trouble, is it. Everyone
................................................. (say) It's brilliant. Tina: It is. Kim: What time 4............................................... (it/finish)? Tina: At fou r forty-five. Please ssh I Kim' Why 5................................................................................ (the twins/put on) wetsuits? Tina. Wait and see . Kim: Where 6 ....................................................... (they/go)? Tina: To the beach, of course! KIm: Who's that man who 7............................. .. ... . ........... .. (wave) at them?
............................. "
3
Tina: Ssh! Kim. look, the twins 10 .........................................................
(not wave) back
Tina: Bye. See you later. I " ................................................. (go) to Carol's to watch lV. She
.................... •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
.. ................................. """" ." . .............................................................. .
..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
4
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • .... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • ..
5
...... , .......................... ........ ................ .................................................. ........ ..
.. ......................................................................................................... .
6
................... ............................................................. .
........................... ,. ........................... .................................. . .
....
~
~
~
7
Kim: 9 ............................................................. (the twins/go) to the beach in every programme?
......................................... I
..................................... ···r .. ·..·..·...... ···
Tina: I 8................................................................ (not know). It isn't im po rtant.
................................ ..................... ..... .
......................................................................... ,
~
.......... I
.................................................................................................
8
..........
,
..
O' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
. .................................................................................................. .
Lots 0(:' \aue.
"tTAI\ ea. OIl
12........................ ..
.................................. (not talk) as much as you!
91
Practice
• Present perfect simple with for and since
• Present simple or present continuous 3> Complete the sentences. putting the verbs into the present simple or present continuous.
4> Match the activities with the time phrases. Then write sentences in the present perfect with for or since.
2 3 4 5 6 7
I (grow) two cent imetres
[hJ
My best friend an d I (know) each other The United States (exist) Josh (have) a driving licence There (be) life on earth That N (be) on He (be) in bed with a co ld She says she (not see) a good fi lm
0 0
0
0 0 0 0
a) Cb) c) d) e) This cereal contains (conta in) all the important vitamins. .~
••••••••••••••••••••••••••• u •• , ••••••••••••••••• u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
she saw Titan ic. July.) three days. he was eighteen. we we re at prima ry school. f) millio ns of yea rs. g) over 200 years. h) at least three ho urs !
Jane isn't here. She .......................................................... (see) the dentist about her bad tooth. ') His uncle ............................................................................. (own) a jewellery shop in Kenya. 3 Who ...................................................................................... (that motorbike/belong) to?
, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ...................................................................................................
4 What .................................................................................... (we/have) for lunch today? 5 ................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................. .
(you/think) the swimming pool is open today? 6 What exactly ..................................................................... (telepathy/mean)? 7 What .................................................................................... (you/think) about a the moment?
4 .................................................................................................. .
5 ................................................................................................. ..
8 I ..............................................................................................
(not see) the difference between these two mobil e phones. 9 She ........................................................................................ (not bel ieve) his story about missing the bus. 10 It ............................................................................................ (not matter) if we arrive early.
92
6 ...................................................................................................
7 .................................................................................................. .
Pr~ent
perfect simple with for and since
• Present simple, present continuous or present perfect simple
51 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, putting the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple.
6> Complete the text, putting the verbs into the present simple, present continuous or present perfect simple. I've known
(kno w) Ma be l Wise since I was six.
Mabel, wh o is ninety-four years old,
1...............................
(live) above the shop at the end of my street The shop
2.................................................
(belong) to Mabel's
family for over 150 years. Mabel
3.....................................
(not work) in the shop
very often now. Her granddaugh ter, Kyli e, 4.....................
............................ (manage) the shop since she returned
from Australia in 1989. But Mabel usua lly
5.................................. ...
afternoon and
(co me) downsta irs in the
6.....................................
counter with Kylie. She
7 .....................................
take) the custom ers' money but she
I last wore th is hat in 1992. (wear/since) I haven't worn this hat since
(sit) behind the
1992.
........................................................................ an hour. 2 The last time I ate there was in July. (eat/since) I ....................................................................................... JUly.
3 They got married two years ago. (be/for) They .................................................................... two years.
8 .............................. ..
(enj oy) tal king to th m and givin g advice. There
They arrived here an hour ago. {be/for}
(not
9 .....................................
(be) quite a few
changes since Kylie ca me to the shop. For the past year, t he shop
10.....................................
(sell) cheeses
from al l over the world, as well as fruit, flowers and vegetables. 'Business
11 .....................................
(g o) really well
now; Kylie told me recen tly, 'and we
12.............................
.................................. (make) 4 He started to work there in 1997. (work/since)
He ................................................................................ 1997. 5 We first met them last summer. (know/since) We ................................................................. last summer. 6 The last time she wrote was last year. (write/since) She ................................................................................ year.
quite a lot of money at the moment. People 13 .....................................
(come) here regu larly beca use they I~
(li ke) Ma bel so much: 7 You got that jacket ages ago. (have/for) You ............................................................................... ages. 8 I last saw her at Julie's birthday party. {see/since} I ................................................................. _............ Julie's birthday party.
93
Past simple Positive statements
• We use the past si mpl e to ta lk about com pl ete actions or event s in the past, e.g. The Egyptians built
I went to Nepa l In July.
Negative statements We didn't like the food very much.
1997, to ta lk about even t s which occurred at a definite po int of ti me in the past, e.g. He bought his
Questions Old you take lots of photos?
Short answers Positive Yes, r did.
the Pyramids. We often use it with past time adverb ia Is such as ago, yesterda y, last month, in
motorbike last week. We also use t he pa st simple to narrate past event s, e.g. She packed her bag, walked
Negative No, J dldn' .
to the station an d got on the train. • To form t he positive past si mp le of regular verbs, we often add - ed t o the infinitive, e.g. walk/walked. If the verb ends in e, we add - d, e.g. love/ loved. If the infinitive ends in a con sonant + y, we delete the -yan d add -;ed, e.g. study/studied. If t he infi nitive ends in a stressed syllabl e of one vowel and one consonan t (not yor w), we double the consonant, e.g. clap/clapped. • There is a list of irreg ular verbs on page 151 .
Present perfect simple Positive statements I'v (have) had lunch.
She's
(ha~J just arrived from Paris.
lost his keys (= He still doesn't know where they are.) The presen t perfect is often used wi t h t he following phrases, which are li nked to the present, e.g. just,
Negative statements I haven't IIn ished my
• We use the presen t perfect simp le to talk about events whic h are li nked to the prese nt, e.g. Tim has
homework.
alreadv, yet, ever, never, so for, up till now, recently.
Sh hasn't come back from the shops.
We also use it to tal k about actions which are repeated
Questions
and with a su perla tive to talk abou t expe rience, e.g.
Have you been to China?
It's the fastes t motorbike he 's ever ridden.
up to the present, e.g. She 's seen that film five times,
Ha she
ever worked in Italy?
Short answers Positive Yes. I have. Y s. sne has.
Negative
• The verb go ha s tw o present perfect f orms : have/ has gone and have/h as been. We use have/ has been when the person has made a visit and come back, e.g. He has
No. I haven't.
been to the USA a few times. We use have/h as gone
No, she hasn't.
when the person has not returned, e.g. He has gone
to the USA (= He's in th e USA. He isn't her
94
.J
Grammar highlights
The definite article
The num bers below match t he examples in the colum n on the I ft. • We use the definite article :
You
have to do
a test. The
est takes an hour.
1 to refer again to somethi ng which has already been mentioned .
2 Sh went to the Netherlands and the USA last year. 3 Ind the Alps, the Medllerran an Sea and the Loire
5 Did h Y arrive in the morning or the afternoon?
2 with plural states and countries. 3 wi t h mou ntain ranges, ocea ns, seas an d rivers. 4 with names of theatres, inemas and hotels. 5 with parts of the day.
6 I w s th best holiday ever.
6 with superl atives.
7 Where has the sun gone?
8 Sh plays the guitar and the piano.
7 when only one such thin g exists.
8 with musi cal inst ruments.
River on he map.
4 Ar you staying at the Srr ge Hotel?
The zero article 1 They went by train. 2 He' leavin school next year.
• We use no (zero) arti cle : 1 wi th by + a form of t ransport. 2 with the words school, college,
university, hospital. home, church
whe n we do n't mean a parti cu la r one. with mea ls. w ith languages and su bj ects. w ith gam es and sports. with streets, towns and countri es. with abstract no uns.
3 We. had a piua for lunch. 4 She's 5 udYlng French and Geography. They play football every Saturday. W live in Alfred Street in Dundee. Dundee is in Scotland. 7 lov is more important than fame.
3 4 5 6 7
S Do take sugar in her coffee? 9 She likes animals.
8 with uncountable nouns. 9 with general plurals.
95
Practice • Past simple or present perfect simple
• Present perfect simple with yet and so for 1
>
>Write questions in the present perfect with
2 Complete the sentences, putting the verbs into the past simple or present perfect simple.
yet. Then write what each person has done so far and what each person still needs to do.
~"NTpOW¥
Farid
-m {He SOUTH AMcf(ICA TKIP
write #Ie leiters
30ufof7
IT; tire CPlffpsites
Tim k
~ue
buy /he maps
ZotIt tJf5
2
qoraya
clred fife fents
1 (JUf of# He .. !!.~!!.'.~.~~~.t;~.!JJI. ....... (not take off) his cap
3
Adam
have his injections
(ouroF3
4
,uel< 10
btn1k 1he plane fickel's
6/JUf 011
since he . J~~!1~.t (buy) it. Don't bu y any j uice. Mark ............................................. ........................... (already/buy) some. 2 She ...................................................... (not speak) since
Q: .~~~.~!:if!..w.mt~!'!.'-~!:.r~~.rJ.J~..~~~.~~mp~~~~'y'~? ..
A: . ~~).w.rirr~.~.~.~QJ~.r::..ff~.~~~~~..~~..lf!:'t.~..~Q ..........
.!!~J~fh.~r:fo..~!:: ..................................................................
she ............................................... (arrive) this morning.
3 I ................................... (wake up) at four th irty t his morning.
Q: ...........................................................................................
4 When .................................................................................... (you /l earn) to waterski?
A: .......................................................................................... .
5 ............................................................................................._.
(Dave/ever/go) on a sponsored wa lk?
2 Q: ...........................................................................................
6 We ................................... (fly) to Sydney last September to visi t my brother. 7 She ................................... (get) a camera for her
A: .......................................................................................... .
3 Q: ...........................................................................................
birthday and she ............................................................... Oust/take) som e am azing photos. 8 I ....................................... (take) my cousins on a boat trip on Saturday. 9 We ................................................ (not see) her since
A: ...........................................................................................
she ................................... (get back) from Nepa l.
10 He ................................... (write) to me last week but
4 Q: ...........................................................................................
A: ...........................................................................................
I ......................................................................... (not write back) yet. 11 I .................................................... (last/speak) to Maria about three days ago. 12 She ........................................ (fall) off her horse qu ite a few ti mes but so far she .................................
96
.................................... (not break) any bones.
Practice
• The definite and zero article
• The definite. indefi nite and zero article
3 ;- If a line is correct, put a tick (11') in the box. If a line has a definite article which should not be there. underline it and put a cross (X) in the box.
4 > Circle the correct option for each gap. Then write the words in the gaps.
SHARK AT I
A BritIsh tourist on .... ~.~'!.~~JI. .... in Auslralia thoughl his life was over when a hark attacked him .
I
In .................................... .
But whde lhe shark was biting hi arm~ and cbesl, ~ ................................... swam up to him and saved him. They made 1 ......... .......................... around twenty-three year-old Pblllip Vellemler and 'cared away 4 . .. ................................. .
heard Phillip screaming and
rc cued him by 6.................................... . He then gave
PhillIp tir 'l aid on 7........................ ............ before taking
hlln La hospital by 8.................................... .
Speaking from hi ho piLal bed. Phillip Laid reporters• .IL was 'l.... .. ..... .. ....................... r ightening moment of my lIfe. The. hark nearly had me for 10 .................................... But the dolphins saved me. thank goodness: 5....................................
.11
u)'nD.n ~ -to.tntr \.\laS I1t tk uru.~(stLj. ~ ~nt to fu Nei\w-\.o.nd.s an &t halld.ruj. "~ o.no. /1 t-Lrnd. ~nt b'j ~ te.rr~ h-am Daver to a. port collM l\u. H~~ . Then ~ h1tchlu~d. to Amstud.am.~ 5~ea in tru. c.entre oi fuR. POJ"ruliSo How. At: £2 0. rU9ht it tunS tru. chR.a.pest plAC4 to stAtj. ThA.re l.IJ'ef~ tru. tum h.u<3E r~ I.IJd:.h f.~ moil:rthse6 an tht flour. Euer~cm,,heu!. fu'lf own s~ bru.3s.1n tk m.arrUn9. euu~CJruI, h.ad. to u,o..ue th..t ~\.a.~ b'j n.w. o'dack. M'1 to..thu and. hAs ~d. rented. thi bi.kts to 90 around.
12
t.h... Countr~. ~ ~ lots of hunds.
13
E~~d\'\Q. stud.iv.. th.t EnSlish at
14
the school thu~ o..nd. th.t~ all spolu it wti1.
2
3
4 5 6 7
8
9 10
I
00 ~
D 0 D D D 0 0 D D D D D D 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a) th e holid ay a) the Tasma n Sea a) the dolphins a) the ci rcl e a) the shark a) The friend a) the boa t a) the beach a) the car a) the most a) the lunch
(b) hol iday) cl a holiday b) Ta sman Sea c) a Tasman Sea b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b)
dolphins circl e shark Friend boat beach car most lunch
c) dolphin c) a circle c) a shark c) A fri end c) a boat c) a beach c) a car c) a most c) a lunch 97
nit 3
Past continuous • We use th e past con ti nuous to talk about background detail s to events, e.g. I was looking at some old letters yesterday. I found on e fro m my oid girlfriend, Lucy. We also use it to ta lk about in terru pted events in t he past, e.g. They were playing cards when the ligh ts suddenly went out. It is also used to talk about events which were in progress in the past when another event occurred, e.g. We were sitting in oLir tent ane evening when Sheila told us about th e ghost.
Po it,ve statements
Sh was reading a book.
They were making a nOise.
Negative statements
Shl" wasn't watching N.
They weren't tudying
Questions
Was he writing a letter?
W they annoYing you?
Short answers
Positive Yes, she was. Yes, they wer >.
Negative
No, she wasn't.
No, they weren't.
Past perfect
• Time cl auses in t he past continuous are often in troduc d by when, while and as, e.g. A bird flew in through the window while I was watching TV The t ime clause and th e ma in clause can be reversed. If the time clause begins t he sentence, the clause must be fol lowed by a comma, e.g. While I was watching TV. a bird flew in through the window.
Positive statements
He'd (had) seen the film before.
Negative statements
Th y hadn't been there before.
Questions
I ad you met them before?
Short answers
Positive Yes, we had.
Negative
No, we hadn't.
Time clauses with when, while, as, as soon as, before, after 1 was standing at the bus stop when Jane drove past.
W~tle we were ealing supper, the phone rang.
As I was leaving the house, Tom came round.
Th y rov here as soon as they got my message.
I ft belore/after Naomi arrived. Af er working as a waitress for two months, she got a
Job in a !>hop. 98
• We use the past perfect to ta lk about events which happen ed (or didn't ha ppen) before other even ts in the past, e.g. Jane gave me back my bike yesterday. She had borrowed it the week before. I ate snails at a French res taurant last week. I had never eaten them before.
• In time clauses with ofter and before, we can use t he geru nd (- ing form) if the subject of both clauses is the sam e, e.g. After talking to Jim, I decided to buy rollerblades. He tidied his room before going out.
Practice • Past perfect with when, us soon as, ofter 1 / Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. using the words in brackets.
• Past simple or past continuous
2> Match the pairs of sentences to their meanings.
I took my exams and then I got a holiday job. (after)
....M~~.~.. ~.I:'.~.~I:'.~.~."!...~.~~~~!.. !..$..~~ .... a holiday job. I earned so me money before I booked some driving lessons. (after)
......................................................... some driving lessons.
2 First I passed my driving test and then I bought an old car. (as soon as) i) ............................................................................. an old car.
3 I had the car for three weeks and then the lights stopped working. (after)
............................................. the lights stopped working.
4 I fixed the lig hts and then somebody drove into the back of my car. (as soon as)
................................................... into the back of my car.
5 I repaired t he back of my car and then I decided to sell it (when)
...................................................................................... sell it. 6 I sold my car and then I bought a bike. (as soon as)
..................................................................................... a bike.
[II When my sister left, Jim and I had
an argument.
ii) ~ When my siste r left, Jim and I were
having an argument.
a) She left during t he argument.
b) She left before t he argument
il
D When Ann sa w the snake, she ran up
ii}
D When Ann saw t he snake, she was runn ing
the stairs. up t he stairs. a) She was on the groun d floor when she sa w the snake. b) She was on the stairs when she saw t he snake.
2 i)
D When Tim arrived , th ey were watching
Titanic on video. When Tim arrived , t hey watched Titanic on video.
a) He watched the whole Fi lm with them.
b) He did n't see t he start of the f ilm.
ii)
D
3 i)
D
I was wearing my sunglasses when my eyes started t o hurt. ii) Wh en my eyes started to hurt, I wore my sunglasses. a) Whi le I was wearing my sunglasses, I go t sore eyes. b) My eyes hurt so I pu t on my sung lasses.
D
4 i)
D
When I spoke to John, he looked at his newspaper. ii) D When I spoke to John , he was looking at his newspaper.
a) He didn't want to speak to me.
b) I interrupted his read i ng.
99
Practice
• Past perli ct or past
simpl~
3/' Use the prompts to complete the pairs of sentences. Use the past perfect in one sentence and the past simple in the other. When I got to Victoria station, a) the nine o'clock tra in (already/leave).
• Past simple. past continuous or past perfect 4> Complete the texts, putting the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past continuous or past perfect.
.J~.~.~!.~~.~.~~!~J~.rr.~.~~..~~.t!..~.k.~!!.~.Y..~~~ ................. b) I (wait) for the nine thirty tra in.
.J.w.~!~~J9.r..t~~.~.,~~.*~r:.tJl..~r.~!~.: ........................... I didn't phone Libby to tell her I'd be late
because ...
a] I (cannot] remember her phone number.
When il ....... 9.~~ ....... (get) hom e yesterday, my father
b) I (forget) to bring my address book with me.
1.....................................
(lie) on the sofa. There
2........ ........................ .....
(be) a newspaper in his lap but
he
J ..................................................
the TV 2 When the train arrived at Brighton station, a) Libby (already/drive) home.
Dad
4.....................................
(not read) it. A man on
(talk) about football, but
5.............................................. ........................
(not watch)
the program me. He 6..................................... (fa ll) asleep.
b) I (take) a taxi to Libby's house.
After I
7..................................................
(turn off) the TV,
I 8..................................... (wake) him up.
3 Luckily, I remembered the way to her house because ... a) I (know) it was near the hospital.
~
Woul d you like to come to the park with us for a picnic?
~~~
b) I (be) there before.
4 I got out of the taxi and found Libby holding a
ladder. . a) She (lose) her front door keys. I
b) She (look) extremely annoyed .
9.....................................
yesterday as I
(mee t) Martha and Kate
10.. .......... .. ... ... ... .. ..... .......
(walk) home from
the sw imming pool. They had j ust come out of the 5 She climbed through her bedroom window ...
a) which luckily she (leave) open .
supermarket. They
11.... ....................................................
to the park fo r a picnic and t hey (ask) me to go with th em. I
b) and she (open) the front door for me.
(want) to go bu t I
12....................................
13............................................. ..
14.................................................................
(arrange) to meet Vicky at th e cinema so I 15.....................................
100
(go)
(sa y) no.
Practice • Past simple. past continuous or past perfect
5 / Circle the correct option for each gap. Then write the words in the gaps.
When
ra ig
Myers .....~~.':'.~~~..... his re taurant, he
g I II lor a v ry go d price becau'e it I ......................................
empty for lw years. Nobody
w. nt d to buy the pia 'e because people said that it had a gho t. The ghost was a lady in a long green
dr 'S~ who
1. ........................... ..........
a singer in the
restaurant years before People said that one night, on l1"f way home from the restaurant, the singer I ......................................
liif~
.lf1d into the ea
her car off the road, over some
II w. Nobody had ever seen
the ing r live again . I eaple said they had seen her gh ) t, but Cra ig
He woke up in hosp ital. Two polic officers 12.....................................
4....................................................
in the room with him
in
'We need t ask you sam q uestions, ' hey suid .
ghosts 5 he wasn'l worried.
'who was the woman in the ar with
Three man hs ait r he ~ ...................................... the
y
u ? We
haven't been able to fi nd her since the .led enl. '
re L.lurilnl, Cr ig op ned it again. He called it '1
The Green Lady.
13 ......................................
anyone w ith ITIe in
the car,' Craig answered.
b......................................
r taurant
open for six
munths when J trange thing happened. It was a
turciay night. Everybody had left and Craig
'Yes, you did,' the you nger p lic offi er sai
'We
14 . .....................................
saw her. She 7....................... no . . . . . . . . .
behind you and we both
15......................................
a green dress.'
up the restaurant
Suddenly he h ilrd a woman inging in the
dinlllg room. She
II......................................
a
traditional !long ailed 'Gr ensleeves' . Craig went inlo Ih dintng fOum. The voice was
louder there, bu t the ro m was mpty. Craig fj ...................... ...............
record ~r • nd th
the re lauranL tape
radio in the kitchen, but they
wer both switched off. He ouldn'l stop the strange Singing but he didn't teel very worried. H
IU
...................... w .......... .
up the restaurant,
got Into hi car and tarted to drive hom . On the way home, he d
II ......................................
leep and cra~hed hi:. l:ar into a tree.
a) was buying 1 a) was being
2 a) was 3 a) was driving 4 a) doesn't believe 5 a) didn't buy 6 a) had been 7 a) tidied 8 a) was si nging 9 a) was checking 10 a) locked 11 a) was falling 12 a) had sat 13 a) didn't have 14 a} drove 15 a) wore
b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b} b)
had bought ecl bought) c) was had been c) had been has been c) has driven had driven didn't believe c) wasn't bel ieving was buying c) had bought c) was has been had ti died c) was tidying c} had sung sang had ch ecked c) checked c) had locked was locking fe ll c) had fallen c) were sitting sat c) wasn't having hadn't had c) were driving had driven c} had worn was wearing 101
4
Future with will/won't Positive statemen
• We use will:
I'll (will) meet you at six o'clock.
- to make predictions, e.g. Dinner will be ready at seven o'clock, - to make a decision or choice, e.g. I'll have an egg sandwich, please. - to rna ke prom ises, e,g. We'll be very quiet. - to make threats, e.g. Yo u'll be sorry. • We also use will/ won't to give opinions after verbs such as be sure, think, know and hope, e.g . I know you 'll enjoy this book.
Negative statements She won't (wil l not) be late,
Questions Will you call me later?
Short answers Positive
Negative
Yes, I wi ll .
No, I won't.
• We do not use will to talk about arrangements, e.g. What are you doin g tonight? (not Viila t will YOti do teRifjW)
Future with may/might
Take your key. I might/may be out when you get back.
You can borrow my sleeping bag but It might/may not
b very clean.
• We use may an d might to ta lk about possible futu re events. Th ere is no difference between may and might in t his case.
Future with going to • We use going to + ve rb:
Itive statements I'm going to see Judy soon.
You're gO ing to be late.
She's going t walch the football match.
Negative statements
I'm not going 0 see Tim for some time,
You aren't going to get there by three.
She isn't going to do her homework.
Questions
Am I going Lo need a bigger suitcase?
Are you going to take her a present?
Is she going to wear her helmet?
- to make predicti ons about t he immediate future, parti cularly when we already have evide nce of what is going to happen, e.g . Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. - to talk about fi xed plans and fu ture intentio ns, e.g. I'm going to buy a camera before the trip. • Going to go is not very comm on. The present contin uous is more common, e.g. We're going swimming in th e lake (not We 're going to go 5wimming in the lakc.)
Short answers
Positive Yes, you are. Yes, I am. Yes, she is.
Negative No, you aren't No, I'm not. No, she isn't.
Future with present continuous Dave's meeting me at the ci nema at seven thirty. What are you doing on Friday evening?
102
• We use the presen t conti nuous to talk about definite fu t ure arrangements. Th is ten se is common with t ime phrases.
Practice
Will/won't or (not) going to
1 / Circle the appropriate form t o complete the responses.
• Going
to or present continuous
2>Put the conversation in order. Then rewrite it, putting the verbs in brackets into the present continuous where possible. Where it isn't possible, use going to.
o Nothing yet. (I/get) her som ethin g in New York.
D
I am, too. By the way, what (you/give) her?
[II Hi, Maria. (you/walk) to the bus stop?
o Lucky you. Now let's wal k a bit faster. (We/miss) our bus. o N ext week.
D
o
D
A: What are you doing with that bucket?
/'/I ~'m going to)give the dog a bath.
Yes. It's Kate's birthd ay and (I/get) the bus to her house. Si lver earrings. What abou t you? When (you/go) to New York?
Maria:
2 .................................................. ........................ ...........
David:
3 ....................... ............................................. .................
Maria:
4 ................................................. ................. ...... ........... ..
David:
5 ... ................... ...... ................. ................. .......................
Maria:
6 ....... . .. ... .. ............. ........... . ... .. .. ... .................................. .
David:
7 ............... . ......................................... .. ..................... ... ..
Maria:
0 .............. ................................................................... .. ..
A: How are you feeling now? B: I th ink I'll / I'm going to be sick. 2 A: Liz and Andy are always together these days. B: Yes. They'll/ They're going to get married. 3 A: Let's get the seven o'clock bus. B: OK. I'll/I'm going to meet you at the bus station at quarter to seven. 4 A: Can you give me a lift to Lucy's party? B: No problem. I'll/I'm going to pick you up at eight. 5 A: I ca n't tell you the latest news about Eddie and Rose. It's a secret. B: Please tell me. I promise I'm not going to / I won't tell anyone else. 6 A: Why can't you come to the match tomorrow? B: I told you. We'll / We're going to have lunch with my cousins in Cambridge. 7 A: Have a fantastic weekend! B: Same to you. And /'I( / I'm going to see you on Monday. 103
-
---
. Practi:ce
-
---
-
• 'ff/will/won t or present continuous
3 ,/ Complete the sentences with a verb from the box, using 'II/ will/won't or the present continuous. • win • be • pass • happen • do • go • cost • have
-
• hurt stay
G·
• 'II/will/won't or might/might not
4> Match the statements with the responses. Then write the responses out in full. using '/I/wifl/won't or might/might not Did you phone Keith?
1II
..... ~~r.!'Y,.JiC!.r9.fJJ: ..e!!.p.h~~.~..~f.'!! ..r}!?'!:...........................
1 Have you seen my rollerblades?
o
2 Where are you going in the summer holidays?
D
3 Could you post this letter for me?
D
4 Do you think she'll win the 100 metres?
0
5 What time is the rehearsa l on Monday?
0
6 How about some choco late cake with cream?
0
You can borrow my rollerblades if you like.
I ~p..!.'.~~.!!.~!!.l9....... them for the next few days. , He ................................. to Brighton next weekend to visit his uncle.
2 The forecast says it .............................. cold and win dy tomorrow with rain in the afternoon.
3 ' ................................ you ............................... anything next weekend?'
'Yes. I ............................................. at home and
watching videos:
7 How will we get to the station tomorrow morn ing?
4 She's worried about her driving test She's sure she .............................................. .
5 I'm going to X-ray your foot. Don't worry, it .............................................. .
6 This jacket needs cleaning. How much .............................. it .............................. ? 7 Who do you th ink ...................... ........ the next World Cup? 8 'What would you like to drink?' 'I .............................. an orange juice, please: 9 I'm sorry about being late yesterday. I promise it ......................................................... again. 104
a) We haven't really decided yet. We (go) to the US. (bJ Sorry, I f orgot I (phone) him now.) c) Act ually, I! t hink th e director is ill. There (be) one on Monday. d) Sure. I (do) it on my way to school. e) No problem. My parents (t ake) us on their way to work. f) No, t hanks. I (have) a dessert. I'm fu ll. g) No. I'm sure she (win). Sh e isn't very fit. h) No, bu t they (be) in t he hall cupboard.
D
Practice
, I'm going to take my mum on a fabulous holiday to the Seychelles this summer.'
A eventeen-year-old London schoolgirl, Su anna Lownde , won the Face of the Year award in London last night. Tomorrow, usanna
will
collect
her $25.000 prize in New York and sign a year's conlfHct with Ihe ag.ency
ited. Susanna told our
reflurtcT 'I'm missing three day. of ~cho
lots of money:
I tlli week. I I..................................
my mum. The priL.e-giving dinner
15 on Thursday. Lots of t'amous people
I
12....................................................
young and beautiful so ['\Ie Jel'idt:J that
do Wilh her prize money. 'J m going to
r IJ ................................................... sum.:
lake my mum on a fabulous holiday
of my prize money for a rainY dllY.'
to
the SeycheUes this summer and ['m going
t New York by Com::orde tomorrow Yo ilh
10•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Suoanna has aLread decided what. to
Top Models 'J m ~ll e
next year. I might not ha\'t! the right I ok
weekends. It'U be fun and hopefuUy I
Susanna's mOlher i. delighted with
to buy myself some new clothes. I'm also
her daughter's succe s. ' uccess
going to give some to charity. BUl I'm
14.....................................
going
Mrs Lowndes says. ' usanna will always
10
'ave most of It. J "......................
............................ any modelling work
heT chanu;ter:
be. en.1ble and hard-working: •
'................................. to il On Friday. I ..................................... clothe at the top of the Empire tale buiiUing for
• Might, will/won 'f, going to or present
/"/lIIr magazine.'
Next month, usanna
..................... the deSIgner Karl Lorrin
In
Pari!;. 'I 5.................................... sign a ~lIrurat:1
\!at'
lie~
j"
g lOt,! It) .:ontinue with
at Kingston Pllrk School next
I ..................................................
leave school yet. I'm definitely going t
I
takl: my
levels next year and I
I..................................... go t.o .!Ir~r
Ihot - it' ll depend
rc.!~ulLs .
a) won't
b....... " ...........................
I'm l;ulI n w t.1I Ibis bw ioess:
Susanna her ,IU
5> Circle the correct option for each gap. Then write the words in the gaps.
with him: she says. 'but I'm nol
ure. t agent dC\;id~
continuous
4..................... ..
011
university
my exam
While I'm slill at school,
I!)........................._................. .. IIlI.dclling in the holiduys Olnd al the
1 a) 'II fly
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
a) a) a) a) a) a) a} a) a) a) a) a) a)
are coming 'II model met might mightn't 'm not going to might 'm not doing 'm earning might not get 'm not always won't keep won't change
( b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b) b)
c) might will ) c) might fly 'm flyin g c) won 't come wi ll come c) 'II have modell ed 'm modelling c) will meet has met c) won't migh tn't c) will might c) mightn't will c) won't 'II c) 'm going to do won't do c) won't earn 'II earn c) might get 'm not getting won' t always be c) 'II always be c) 'm going to keep might keep mightn't change c) will change 105
Unit 6
Cl auses and linkers of contrast: although, however, in spite of/despite Although that shop IS a bit expensive, I like it.
I like thal shop allhough it's a bit expensive.
It's a wonderful city for shops and nigh life. However, the
pub lic transport is very expensive.
In spite of having very little money, he had a brilliant
time in dmburgk
Despite haVing very little money, he had a brilliant
time in Edinburgh.
He had a brilliant time in Edinburgh in spite of
havfn g ve.ry little money.
He had a bril liant time in Edinburgh despite having
very li ttle money.
I ilke Scotland In spite of the weath r.
I like Scotland despite the weather.
106
• Although introduces a clause and is follo wed by a su bject and a verb.
• When t he Although cl ause comes fi rst, it is followed by a comma . • The lin ke r However starts a new sentence and is followed by a comma. • However is much more common in wri tten Engl ish t ha n in spoken Eng lish. In spoke n English, it is very forma l.
. The lin kers in spite of and despite are foll owed by a gerund (- ing form) or by a noun. • When the In spite of/Despite phrase com es first in a sentence, it is fo llowed by a co mma. • In spite of is more common tha n Despite.
Practice
• linker: aft/l0ugh
I
>Complete the sentences using
llthough and a sentenc.e from the box.
)se capital letters and commas ",here necessary.
• linkers: in spite of and despite + noun
2>
Complete the sentences with the phrases in the box. • her doctor's advice
• her ag e (. t he noise)
• the number • the rubb ish • th e weather • the traffic • the time • th eir disa greement My parents slept well in spite of .... ~~~.~2!!.~.... we were making dow nst airs with our elect ric guitars. We arrived in time for th e fl ig ht desp ite ............................................... on the road to t he ai rport. 2 We decided to queue for tickets fo r t he Texas concert despite .................................................. of people in the queue at the ticket office.
(she'd known him a long time) Rob had only seen Linda in a photo (I don't have any money to spend) I hadn't invited him to mine I don't usually read the articles she was very tired he'd had a breakfast at seven the train was about to leave She didn't re<:ognise him in his hat and sung lasses
..~!.~~~.':!9.~.~~.t;.'~.~~~!'!~.~.~'E..~ ..~~~9..~~.~:.......................
A#.I:!f!.':!9.~.!.. ~.C!.!!1.~.~~~.~t:'1l..'!!.t?,~~..!!!..~p.~~.~~ .. I· d like to look around this CD shop. Peter was hungry by ten o'clock ....................................
3 She woke up at four o'clock this morni ng bu t decided to get up despite .............................................. . 4 One ra iny weekend in Novem ber. we decide d to
go camping in spi t e of .................................................... . 5 Despite ......................................................................... last weekend, Tim and Dominic are still good frien ds. 6 It's a fascina ting and co lourful city in spite of .................................................. and dirt in t he streets. 7 She continued to drink ten cups of coffee a day despite ................................... .............................................. . 8 My grandmother goes everywh ere by bi cycle in spite of ................................................................................ .
2 .................................................................................................. .
she couldn't get to sleep .
................._... _.............................................. he recogn ised her as soon as she got off the train.
1- I always look at the photos in sports magazines
.......................... he stopped to buy a magazine for
the journey.
) Sam invited me to his party ............................................
107
Practice
• linkers: in spite of and despite + gerund
J,/ Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Make sure the second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence. I waved and shouted but I couldn't attract the waiter's attention. (in spite of)
.J~..~P'!~~..9f.W.~.~!.'.'.9..f!m.t!.. ~~!!'~~!~9A.!..~~~l4~.:t.@.;r.~~t ..
.
Jh~..w.~rr~r.:~ ~n~~~(9.~:......................................................... Although she has a swimm ing pool in her garDen. she doesn' t know how to swim. (despite)
• linkers: although, in spite of 4> Complete the sentences in the explorer's notebook using although or in spite of. Moxd~ Sf'&<
M(MI
We've tiedrAeA to hearJ....jrrrfhe -top of Mor..nt A~plArna ........ ~.~~h9.H9.~....... JtfCk ~v(t foelAttj l)e..(y wetA.. at the momettt. rrid~ 7tYt M~ 1•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ser-ious ~iffi"aA.U;iesI
we..
reacJted. the p€ak aJ 2 p.wt. flnAay r ~tt( a pit wurried about JP.ck l •....•.•.•••..........••.••••..••••
he says he i5 jeelArtg b~fmia.Jf' 2 I went to bed early last night but I still feel tired today. (in spite of)
~"ttda.y. q+h M~
We. are. now Ol't. tJU.f ~y ~QWYt..
1...................................
the
3 She has an exam tomorrow morning but she's going to a party tonight. (in spite of)
4 We know the city well but we got lost on the way to the castle. (despite)
5 Although he plays in a band three nights a week. he still gets good grades at school. (in spite of)
6 I wrote down the rehearsal time but I completely forgot to go. (despite)
;6 5MU~. ~ck. the C01t?-. ~u. tAay.
SlUt
htl~ comp~iMed about W~ne?dtw. 12th M~
In the. 1/i,(kAge, of k'amtlA(() 4................................... my IAmited lGfI(JWled.je of t{ep~leseJ r ~aA1~9u( to PlAy same JuurA' We tAte tJU(' w.mcn bi{ ~ deep rod<. pout. I dAv-ed.. i..fl. ~fte¥Mm.rds 5.................................. ttle. ternper~tMre.
oj tJre, ~ter .................................. r ~id. my
"e~t tlJ get Ja,c.k. fa come itt) he 5~t OK.. the 51de loohYl3 rn6et'~ble. ThMr~d(p( 13th
We are.
Me;ty _ Ct(mpin.J tMtside the. ~~ of
'PaurM.. 7................................. the. vr,t,(a.9e.t"'s afe vexy fr'~dly, Hte,y wiU rtot lek lAS take-.
photos of them. ::rack has e{ proplem with
hAs ~h1wt~ch nOW) 8 .................................. I.1f€...
htlAle. ~rlAnk QYt1Jy Pail.M ~tM dlArlA19 0«( ti.ttte. ttM'e.. Fri~ 14#\ M~y ...... ~
7 He does a lot of sport but he doesn't look very fit. (i n spite of)
r
5hou/~ft't 5Q.y trllS, ~dt.. is gettttt,9 tm my nIMYeS. 10..................................
'1- -
•• • u •• r ........... •••••••••
Of the. place he compit«-rts t<1.A. the -tirne.. 11.................................. we ka.ve ha.c( some 9tJUd. t\.+tt(!s to~ltrel; r wtU NeVeR
ifte, beaiAty
J
trave{ wittt hAM ~gatrt I
108
Unit 7
Verbs should{n't), ought(n't} to, had better (not) Positive statements fht:y should work harder. She ought to ~o to bed earlier. You'd better tell them the news.
N gative statements
They shouldn't play loud music late at night.
51 oughtn't to go to bed 50 late.
You'd better not drlve in this weather.
Questions
Cars are safer than motorbikes. love is more important than money. Money IS less important than love. Money n't as impor ant as love.
Jaguar is the fas st animal in the world.
Motor racing is one of th most drmgerous sports.
Ka e is th sportiest of the three sisters.
Rita is the least sporty of the three sisters.
T
Irregular adjectives
much/many It tie
• We don 't use had better to express general advice or obl igat ion: I thiRk the govcfflfflent hBd better do
comparative bet er war e t rther more less
• The rules for form ing t he com parative an d superla tive form of adjectives are as follo ws: - We form the comparative of one-syllable adjectives by adding -er or -r, and the su perlative by add ing -est or -st, e.g. worm/ wormer/warmest; pale/paler/palest.
Superlative adjectives
ar
better sit do wn:
Negative No, they shouldn't. No, she oughtn't to. No, you'd better not.
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs Comparative adjectives
adjective ood bad
• We use had better to give advice in an immed iate or particular sit uation, e.g. 'I feel very weak: 'You 'd
50fflethiRg Beout !JeHu tio R fA this eOt:J Atf):
Should they try to get holiday jobs?
Ought she to lend J,m some money?
Had I better go hom now?
Snort answers Positive Y they shou ld, he ought to. es, you'd better.
• We use should and ought to when we give advice, criticise or make a stro ng suggestion. Should and ought to mean t he same, but should is more common. The question forms of ought to, e.g. Ought I to phone? are very uncomm on.
superlative best worst farthest most least
- When a short adj ective (one or two syll ables) ends in y, we form th e com para tive an d superlative by deleting t he -y-an d ad ding -ier/-jest, e.g.
eas y/easier/easiest. - When an adject ive has one sylla bl e and ends in one vowel and one consonant (not war yJ. we doub le the fina l consona nt in t he comparative and superlat ive and add -er/-est, e.g. big/bigger/biggest. • To form the comparative and superla t ive of long adjectives, we put more or (the) most in front of the adject ive, e.g. more expensive, (the) most expensive. • We can use almost, nearly or just with as ... as, e.g. She's almost as tall as her mother. • Some forms are irreg ula r. See t he list on the left.
109
--
Grammar highlights Comparative adverbs Women drive more/Ie s dangerously than men.
M n drive faster than women.
Women don't tJrfve as fast as men.
I work bel er/worse in th~ morning than in the evening.
Superlative adverbs Who works (the) hardest in your family?
Who cooks (the) most egularly in your family?
Irregular adverbs adverb badly
well much I lie
far
comparative worse bIter more less arther
superlative worst best most least farthest
Comparatives with much/a lot/far/a bit Jane IS a much safer driver than Tom. J n~ drives far better than Tom.
igation and prohibition with verbs
must, have (got) to, don't need to Obligation
You must bring a photO for your student card.
You have (got) to bring a photo for your s udenl card.
No obligation
Y u don't have to wear a cycle helmet but it's safer If you do.
You haven't got to wear a cycle helmet but it's safer if you do.
You don't need a wear a cycle helmet but it's safer if you do,
lU needn't wea r a cycle helmet but it's safer if you do.
Prohibition
You mustn't eat or drink in the classroom.
• Most adverbs end in -Iy. To fo rm the comparative and superlative of these adverbs, we pu t more/less or (the) most/(th e) least in front of t he adverb. • In the case of adverbs which do no t end in -Iy, we make the comparati ve and superlative forms by addi ng -er/-est, e.g.
faster/fastest, harder/ha rdest; -r/-st, e.g. later/latest; or -ier/-iest, e.g. earlier/earliest. • For some irregular forms, see the list on the left. • We ca n use almost, nearly or just wi th as ... as, e.g. He drives nearly as well as
his father.
• We can use the intensifiers much, a lot, far and a bit to ma ke a comparative adjective or adverb stro nger.
. 'n positive statements, if we are talking about obligations which come from other peopl e, we use have (got) to, e.g.
Ihave to I I've got to finish this homework. We use have to to talk about routines, e.g. He has to cook dinner once a week (not J-Ic must cook dinf'lcr ORce a wcck.) . In the first person, we use must to express strong fee lings and wi shes of the speaker, e.g. I must buy some new
jeans soon. • In positive statem en ts, have to and must are very close in meaning . If you aren't su re wh ich to use, it's safest to use
have to. • We ca n't use must to talk about past obli gations. We use had to. • We use don't/doesn't have to,
haven't/hasn't got to, needn't, don 't/doesn't need to to express a lack of obli gati on. • We use mustn 't to express prohibition .
110
Practice • Verbs shoLlld{n't}. ought(n'tj to, had
better (not)
1 / Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. using the correct form of the words in brackets.
• Com pa rat ive adjectives and adverbs with
n't (...) as ... as 2,) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. using
n't (...J as ... as. Cars are safer than motorcycles.
..M~~~r.9l~.~~..'!.r.~.~~t.~~.~tY.~..~~.~~~:...............................
Naom i is more bea utiful t han Jodie.
Jodie .....................................................................................
2 The Edinburgh accent is cleare r than the Glasgow accent. The Glasgow accent ........................................................
3 Your car is much better than mine. It's a bad idea to leave valuables in your car
overnight. (should)
My car ..................................................................... yours. 4 My jeans were cheape r t han Harry's.
You .... ~~.'?'!.~~'1:.~............... leave valuables in your car overnigh t.
Harry's jeans ........................................................... mine.
1
the police's job to do something about crime in this area. (should)
My grandfath er drives more da ngerously than my grandmother.
The police ..................................... do something about crime in this area.
My grandmot her ..~!!.~~.:~Ar.~~~.~!..!!.~~9.~r!i'.!-!~,Y. ...... . ..~~.mJl.9.r.~~y!fC!J~.f!.'::..........................................................
2 It causes problems when people park on these double ye llow lines. (ought) People ..................................... park on these double yellow lines.
5 Sa lly drove much fa ster t han Kevin. Kevin .................................................................................... 6 Rachid got up earlier than Carlo. Carlo .....................................................................................
3 It's dangerous to drive long distances without regular breaks. (should) People ..................................... drive long distances without regu lar breaks. 4 Stop and have a break now. (had better)
7 Ma le drivers take risks more freque ntly than fema le drivers. Female drivers ...................................................................
You ................................... stop and have a break now. S The speed limit of 120 kilometres per hour is too fast on this small road. (ought) They ..................................... reduce the speed limit on this small road. 6 It's a bad idea to go clubbing tonight We've got school tomorrow. (had better)
8 Maria was dancing more energet ical ly than the other girls. The other gi rls ...................................................................
9 Jake's jacket fi ts me better than Nancy's. Nancy's j acket ..................;................................................
We .. go clubbing tonight.
We've got school tomorrow. TOo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
• Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs
• Comparative adje.ctives and adverbs with mu hla bi r
• as ... as 3> Use the chart and the prompts to write com parative sentences with much or a bit.
4>Complete the letter with as + adjective/
adverb, or the comparative/superlative fo rm.
1Jear emily) I hope /JtJU're hQuing 0 nice time In Spain. 1m on holir.hJj in Scot/and near l.txh Fi.Jne.(Loch meons /.alre, by the wag) I Mink lJ,is is one of .~~!:.."E~~.~~~~ifi.!.~ .. (beautiful)
or
1 2 3 4 5
Age Accidents Top speed Crashes Cost of car Car breakdowns Prize money
36 6
320kph 2
$4m 3 $10m
places in Britain. amrse the weather isn't ....~~.~.~L .. (hot) as in Spain but the water in the loch is much ~ ~~Xp.~r. . (warm) 'mel I ............... ............ . . .. ... ... . .. ........ .. (easy) to get intxJ than I expected. Don't be Jealous but 1m stoying in q castle. YES.~II' II mal co~i£. My uncle Steve} who is une of 2 ..... .... .. .. .. .............
..................................................... (lucky) pet7p~ In the wurld, Wtm 15 miUiqn ill the lott.ery and Ixvght it tiS 0 holiday ht11Tle!.~1 MIJ f'tXJrn is ................................................ (high) one in the castle and ii has 4 .. . .. .. .. . .... ...... ..... ... .... .... ... ........... .. ... ......... .
34 12 314kph 10 $7m 2
$2m
lo ld) Sochmacher is a bit older than Kikkonen .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 • • • • 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 • • •
(spectacular) view
I've ever seen. I get up
(have accidents/freque nt) Kikkonen .. ~.~~.~!:~~~~~.~~.p..~!:~..p..~r.~fr.~q!:'.~~~w. .......... than Sochmacher.
5 ....................................................
(d rive/fast)
and go fur a jag euvy mqrning.
Sochmacher ..........................................................................
2 (drive/dan gerous) Kikkonen ................................................................................
3 (have/a n expensive car)
Kikkonen ................................................................................
4 (car/perfo rm we ll)
Kikkonen's .............................................................................
5 (be/rich)
Sochma ch er ..........................................................................
112
(early) than everyone elst.
Haw's the summer Job going? fire you wurking 6 .. ................................................. (hard) as last fji!4r?Or have you 11M time to go tD d'/t~t club C4iJed Whispers? Is the beach 7 ......... .... .... ,............ .. .................. (crowded) as lost year? Does that Californian guy called UJI(e jec-ski II..... ...... ............ ......... ... .. .............. (dangerously) os last !JetV.' My COUSin Tim is 9............ .................................... (boring) i:his fjetlr thtln last year: He isn't 10.... . .. .. ........... .. ......................
(relaxed) as he WQS last summer dnd he seems to be
Wing his sWdies much II ................................. ... ..... ............. .
(seriously) than befure.
See you S«m .
Lots ot ltwe,
SerentJ
Practice • Must{n't) or don't have to 5/ Complete the teacher's rules about safety in the laboratory, using must{n't} or don't have to.
• Obligation, prohibition, need or advice
6> Complete the sentences with the words in the box. • mustn't • mustn't • had better • shouldn't • don't have to shou ld) • have to
You .......~~~:~...... enter the laboratory
without permission.
C·
You .................................................. eat or drink in
the lab.
•
2 You .................................................. bring your own lab coat. There are some In the cupboard.
Pure Wool
3 You .................................................. wear safety
glasses during ALL experiments.
4 You .................................................. play around in
.'
the lab. S If you have long hair, you ........................................
3
tie it back.
6 You ........................................... ....... never walk
away from an experiment that you have
started.
7 You .................................................. bring your own ca lculators. We can provide them. 8 If you spill or break anything, you
.................................................. tell me.
9 You .................................................. clean all your equipment after use.
5
r-------------~
NO
6
10 You .................................................. write the results of your experiments In th e lab. You can do that in the library if you prefer. 11 You .................................................. behave safely and sensibly at all times. 12 You .................................................. leave at three
thirty if you haven't finished. The technician will be here until five o'clock.
SMOKING For best resu Its, you .............~.~~~!!!. ................ wash this sweater by hand. 2 You .......................................... take a handkerchief because it will make you cry. 3 You .......................................... be at least eighteen years old to see this horror film. You probably .......................................... see it on your own are the nervous type.
if you
4 You .......................................... pay before eleven.
5 You .......................................... smoke in this building.
6 You ................................. park here. 113
Practice • Time clauses wi h wilen, as soon as 3:;" Combine the sentences using the given time phrases. You'll arrive in India soon. You must send me your address immediately.
• If or when
4> Complete the sentences, circling when or if and putting the verbs in brackets into the present tense or the future tense with 'II/won't.
.. X~~.. ~.~~.~~~.~.p.~.y.~~!:..~~~~~~ .............. as soon as
.. JI.~'l..~r.r.~r.~. fn. ~rJ.~!!!.: ...........................................................
He's going to phone louise. He'll ask her about the computer. When .................................................................................... ..
2 I'm leaving school soon . Then I'm going to Australia. As soon as .............................................................................
3 I'm going on holiday next week. Can you look after my cat?
when .................................................................................... ?
4 Jack will arrive soon. Please call me immediately.
as soon as .............................................................................
5 We're moving to Edinburgh soon. I won't know anyone. ....................................................................................... when
6 She's goi ng to arrive in a minute. Let's all sing Happy Birthday.
as soon as .............................................................................
7 She'll be seventeen soon. She's going to take driving lessons. When ......................................................................................
8 I'm nearly eighteen. Then I'll be able to vote.
when .......................................................................................
116
I .'~~ ...... (dream) about you (when)'if I .. fl.'!... (go) to bed tonigh t. I'm goi ng to Canada next wee k. Wh en/If I ................................... (be) t here, I ................................... (visit) my frien d Sue.
2 When/If t he weather ................................... (get) wo rse later, she probabl y ........................................... (not take) us to the swimming pool. 3 Nei l might co me rou nd this evening. When/lfhe ............................ (come). we ........................................... (not be able) to go to the ci nema. 4 Andy is goi ng to send me a postca rd when/If he ................................... (arrive) in New York. 5 Wh en/If he ................................... (have) to work
late, he ................................... (miss) t he party.
6 I ................................... (make) t he tea when/If
the wa ter ................................... (boil).
7 Wh en/ If you ................................... (pay) for my coffee today, I ..................................... (pay) for yours tomorrow. 8 Wh en/If I ..................................... (go) to San Francisco next t ime, I ................................... (not stay) at t hat hote l aga in.
Unit 9
Relative clauses wIth who{m}, which,
that, where; whose Defining They're looking for omeone who can speak French .
The man (who/whom) I wanted to see wasn 't there
I don't like books which/that have sad endings
Th hotel Iwhich/tha ) we stayed at had a view of the sea.
The cupboard in which the videos are kept is
a ways locked.
The cupboard (which) the videos are kept in is
always locked.
The club where I met Roberro was called Dr Sound
The ,I wI ose flat I'm staying In is on holiday in Mexico.
• Defini ng relative clauses gi ve essential information. They do not have co mmas. • In defin in g re lative clauses, we use who(m), whose or that to refer to people, which or that to refer to t hings and where to refer to places. • Prepositions can be placed in front of the definin g relative pronou ns whom and which or at the end of the re la tive clause. It is more formal to put t he preposition in front of the pron oun. The room which I slept in had a wonderful view is less forma l than The room in which I slept had a wonderful view. The man whom I gave the letter to had a strange face, is less formal th an The man to whom { gave the letter had a stra nge face. • When that and who are used with prepositions, the prepositio n must be placed at the end of the defi ning re lative cl au se, e.g. Th e room that I slept in had a wonderful view. The man that/ who I gave the letter to had a strange face. • Whom, that or which can be omi tted if they are the object in a defining relat ive clause.
Non-defining
My Sister Anlla, who lives," New York, is a photographer.
Peter, whose fa ther works for a record company, often gets
fft concert l·ckets.
Jim told us about hiS holiday job, which he's enjoYing
v ry much.
Th match, in which I played very badly, lasted an hour..
I'd like 0 visit Perlh, where one of my cousins lives.
• Non -defi ning rela tive cla uses, which give ext ra informatio n and which can be left out, have a comma before the relat ive cl ause an d a comma or fu ll stop after it. • We can not use that in non- defin ing relative clau ses. We have to use who, whom, whose or which. • We ca n never om it th e re lative prono un in a non-definin g relative clause.
• Whom can be used instead of who as t he object of the verb in a relative clause. It is more forma l tha n who. • Whose is used mostly fo r people and sometimes fo t" an imals. It is never used fo r objects.
117
Grammar highlights
Present perfect simple and continuous Present perfect simple Positive statements You've been to India three times.
She's hved in Paris for SIX months.
He's had a motorbike for year.
I 's the best film I've ever seen.
Negative statements You haven't visited China yet. ~ hasn't used it much recently.
Questions Have you had your photos developed yet? Has he. decided to buy a car instead?
Short answers Positive Ye , I have. Yes, he has,
Negative No, I haven'L No, he hasn't
Present perfect continuous Positive statements You've been drawing and painting a lot recently. 's been ta lking on lhe phone for ages now.
N yative statements ou haven 't be n reading much recently. He hasn't been watching the film with us.
Questions lav you been taking many photographs? Has he been chatting to hiS new girlfriend?
Short answers Positive y ~, have. es, he has.
11 a
Negative No, I haven'l No, he hasn't.
• We use the present perfect simple wi t h j ust, already, yet, ever, never, so for.
• We use th e present perfect simple to ta lk about how many tim es someth ing has happened, e.g. He's been there lots of times. • We use the present perfect simple with superlatives. • We use the present perfect ontinuous with How long, fora nd since and some other time expressi ons to talk about events t hat started in the past and are still going on, e.g. I've been reading this book fo r six hours / since ten o'clock.
• We can use the present perfect con tinuous or simple with How long, for and since and the verbs live, work and study, e.g. I've been working in France for three months, or I've worked in France since August / for th ree months.
• We have to use the present perfect simple with How long, fo r and since an d certain verbs not norm ally used in the co ntinuous tenses such as know, like, love, hate, have, e.g. I've known Lucy for three years. I've had t his tennis racket for two years.
• We use the present perfect continuous to descri be an action in the past that has co ntributed to a situation in the present, e.g. She's very tired. She hasn't been sleeping well lately.
• In general, we use th e present perfect simple when we are in terested in the result of an activity. We use the presen t perfect continuous when we are interested in the activity not the resu lt, e.g. I've made three cakes this afternoon (= present perfect), and I've been making cakes this afternoon (= presen t perfect co nt inuous) .
Practice • Non-defining relative clauses 1 / Match the incomplete sentences to the Extra Facts. Check your answers. Then complete each sentence with a relative clause. Use where, who, whose or which.
••••••••• ••••• • ••• •• • ••••• •••••••
THE SNAPSHOT FILM, FACTFILE • •••• • • ••• • ••••• • ••• • • •••••• • ••••
a) It starred Gwyneth Palt row. (b) Many American fi lms are made here. ) c) He died in a car crash in 1955 aged twenty-four. d) He received almost $20 million fo! Rambo III. e) Her rea l name was Norma Jean Mortenson. fl His fi lms include Jaws, IT an d Jurassic Park. g) He was created by Wa lt Disney in 1928. h) Many fi lm stars have thei r homes here. i) They are prizes in t he film in dustry.
fbl
Hol lywood• ..~~~r.~.~~~y..A~.f!!.~~~.~fi..~m~............
5
D James Dean,
...............................................................
... ~~.'!..'!:!~.~~....... is in California.
D Academy Awards,
.................., was th e star of Rebel Without A Cause.
.....................................................
.......... ............................................................................, are some Imes called Oscars.
15
0 ~
2
D Shakespeare in Love, ................................................
.......~ .............................................., won seven Oscars.
3
0
Marilyn Monroe, .......................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. •• -. ••••••••••••••• u • •• u u . , ....... t ................. ,
died in 1961.
7
Steven Spielberg, ......................................................
0 Sylvester Sta ll one, .................................................... .......... ..... ............................ .. .............................. .........,
".,.,
,."
,
,
,.-
is one of the world's best-paid actors. ................................................, started making films at high s.chool.
8
D
Mickey Mouse, .......................................,...................
. ..................................... , ....................................... n.' ••••••• _ ........ ,
4
0
Beverly Hills, ..............................................................
..............................................................................., is right next to Los Angeles.
is the world's most popu lar cartoon character. 58 'PL ';)9
'J')
'41> '1£ 'ez 'I l :SJaMsu\f
119
Practice
• Present perfect SImple or present perfect continuous
2/' Combine the sentences using a relative pronoun each time. If it is possible to omit the relative pronoun, write it in brackets. We stayed at a hotel in Tanzania. It had a view of
Lake Manyara.
.r.~~.~.'?f.~!..f.~I.!!f~!~!J.~J. ..W.~.~9Y.~t!..~..~IJ.T~~~.~~.~~ ......
.~.9.t!...~.~~..9fJg~~.Mg~!l~.r:~~ ...........,....... .......................
We drove down a road to get to the hotel. It was rocky. The road .................................................................................
3/ Use the prompts to write questions and answers with How manV? and How long? films/she/act in? six; seven years
How many .. fi..~'E~.!!.~~.~~~..'!:~~~J']!.. .............................. She's aded in six• How long ....~~.~.~~.~.~~~~..~~!.~9.? ....................................
..§!!.~:~..~~~~ ..'!:~!~!Jfo.r..~~~!!.Jl.~.'!.r.~:................................... books/she/write? th ree ; ten years How many .............................................................................
2 A man owned the hotel. He was very interested In wi ldlife.
How long ...............................................................................
The man ................................................................................. 2 pizzas/he/cook? fou r; one hour 3 The hotel had a restaurant. You could eat Tanzanian food there. The hotel had a restaurant .... ..........................................
4 Some rooms didn't have air conditioning. They got
very hot at night.
How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
3 kilometres/they/cycle? thirty; B a.m. How many .............................................................................
The rooms ............,................................................................. How lon g ............................................................................... 5 We saw wild animals in the Serengeti Park. These were elephants, zebras and giraffes.
4 games/they/play? five; four thi rty How man y .............................................................................
The wild animals ................................................................ . How long ...............................................................................
5 shirts/he/iron? ten ; he got up How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
6 pictures/he/pa int ? t hree; four hours
How many .............................................................................
How long ............................................................................... 120
• Relative pronouns
• Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 4> Match the interview questions and the
actor's answers. Then complete the answers,
putting the verbs into the present perfect
simple or continuous.
• Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous
5
>
Complete the sentences with who, whom, whose, where or which, and the present perfect simple or continuous of the verbs in brackets.
~uest\ans Skiing is one sport ... I (never/be) good at
2
III ~ou tDDk di~re(\~-roAa~. W~ is *,,,\? 0 How do ~ Ije~ on un", Ju\io. 'RDnins?
3
D
What's the name of the boy ... Oust/move in) upstai rs?
w'nen an~ ~ou 9"inq -\0 s~rl- wcr\c.. on 'Aoo,,",e.t
l...UeJdAng' ~ When diel ~u meet lit h.tr\e'j~ 5 D ls lit ',U at ~e mcM\a\t ~ 6 D "lou're lao\ci~ summer. \t"ve ~ OW'lllm'\:A,,'l O'\If?
-
~~H~9..!~.~.~~.~p.~.'1..~h.~f.~ ..~:r.~.r!.~.'!.'!!:..~~~I)..9.9.~.c!.~: ......
2 I (lose) t he book ... I was read ing this morning.
R"SWe.<'5
• hoe W£ ............................................. (make) ~~ ~Ims bl~e.",er £1M *~~ .................................................. (a ll/be)
3 I Oust/see) the film ... everybody (talk) about for ages.
a Su.cce.ss . •
~e.f~ps irs be.c4M5e.L ~.~f:j~~.t.~~~.~~!!......... Oust/wash)
4 I went to see him at t he cafe ... he (work).
~'j ~a,r.
• ~. but $he's ex'MusteA.She. ................................................ (work) nanshlp fur ""e ~"st- si:x: n\01\-ths.
e
~e.s.l
................................................ (take) mare a:ercis~ 1'e.ce..fIt~ and 1 ........................................................................
5 The man ... telephone number I Uust/give) you might help.
(not eat) ~5 ~
choco\ah.\ G Ten ty!IlfS ago. Wt. ..._........................................... (not be) atwt fur mare 4han ~ week S\f'1C.4. -\he". • We. ..........................._.................................. (already/start).
I .................................................... (film) ',n \..onGkm t01"
6 I don't like t he boy ... sh e (g o out) with recently.
the ~ast month. 7 Australia is one place ... she (always/want) to go.
121
•
nl
11
Causative have (hove something done) Where are you going to have your hair cut?
Don't you need to have a passport photo taken?
I ad my eyes tested yesterday,
Why hasn't he had the bike repaired yet?
She doesn't have her ha ir cut at the hajrdresser'~. She cuts
it herself.
Second conditional: if/unless clause + 'd (would)/wouldn't If I had lots of money, I'd buy a huge motorbike
I'd buy a huge motorbike if I had lots of monty.
I I were you, I wouldn't hitchhike to Edinburgh.
If he didn' t lIVe so far away, I'd see him more often.
I wouldn' t eat snails unless I was extremely hungry.
• We use causative have when we arrange fo r someone else to do something for us, e.g. My father has his car washed once a week. • We can replace have by ge t in more inform al speech, e.g. My father gets his car washed once a wee k.
• We use the se cond cond itional to tal k about unli ke ly sit uati ons in the prese nt or the futu re. Anothe r use is to talk about imag inary situ at ions. We also use it to give advice, e.g. If I were YOll, I'd see a doctor about th at cough. . In second conditional sentences, we always use the si mple past in the if or unless cl ause. We use would/wou ldn't in the main clause. We can al so use could(n't) or might (not) in t he main clause. • We usua lly use the phrase If I were ... {not if{ WfJ5 ... J when we give advi ce. • Unless means if ... no t.
I wi hllf only + past tense I wish I had longer legs.
If only I had longer legs.
I WIsh I could fly.
If only I could fly.
I wish I didn't have to revise this weekend.
If only I didn'l have to revise th is weekend.
need + gerund (-ing form) Thes cards ne d posting.
Do tile battery need replacing?
need + passive infinitive These cards need to be posted
Does the battery need Lo be replaced?
122
• We use th e verb phra se I wish or the ph rase If only, ea ch followed by a verb in t he simple past tense, to talk about wishes or regrets in a presen t situation .
• The ve rb need + passive infin itive means the same as need + gerund H ng form).
Practice • Causative hove (have something done) 1 / Complete the adverts with the correct form of have and the past participle of the verbs in the box. • test • deve lop • cut (. print) • make • read
2> Use the prompts to write questions and answers with the present simple, present continuous, present perfect or past simple of have. Q: (you /your bike/re pair) yet?
..IJ.~~~!1~.':'..'""~!!.!1.t?':'.r..!?~~~.!.~p..~!r.~~.y.~!.. .................
A: No, I (it/repair) t om orrow.
..ryf?~ ..~:P.~.~~!~!1.!~.r.~p.~.~r.~.~.~~!!.'.~r.!P.~: ...................
If you want ...!~..~~~~ ... cards or invitations ...p.r!.r.!!.~!!.~.. come to
Q: (Bob/hi s eyes/t est) yet?
What does the future hold for you?
flasy Print
A: No, he (them /test) next week.
Find out when you .................... your palm
CHEAPEST PRICES
.................... by Madame Zingara.
IN TOWN!
2 Q: What's that smell? A: My parents (t he house/paint) at the momen t.
Three million people .................... their photos ... M .....................
Snappers
by us last year.
3 Q: Where (you/th is passport photo/take)?
G--- ...... ----- . .
TOP~~@D~I
If you need .........................
colour photocopies ......................... come to us for the cheapest photocopies in London.
A: I (i t/take) at Farrell Photos last week.
4 Q: How ofte n (you/ usua lly/your ha ir/cut)?
A: I (usuall y/it/cut) every t hree months.
Have you lost your keys? We can help you. Twenty thousand people
5 Q: Is your foot still painfu l?
............... new keys
.................... by us last year.
-(
A: Yes. I (an X- ray/tak ) to morrow.
.1.------------.1
H
~
opticare
Everyone should .................... their eyes ................... regularly. Phone us now for an appointment.
6 Q: Why aren't you wea ri ng yo u new trousers? A: Because I (not/th em/shorten /yet).
123
Practice
• I wish/If only + past simple
• Second conditional 3> Complete the survey questions in the second conditional using the verbs in brackets. Then answer the questions with Y (Yes) or N (No).
4 > Rewrite Dave's thoughts using I wish and If only.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
I don't have time to thin k. I feel so nervous. I have to write an essay on European politics. I don't know th e answer to question 3. I can't concentrate. This exam is so im portan t. The questions are so difficult. I can't remember what I revised yesterday. They don't al low us to bring in ou r textbooks. This room is so hot.
.. If.1I9.':~fo.!.!.'J4. .... (youlfind) £100 in the street,
.. ~~.,!;~~M~.'!;.!!.~!!.~..~~.!.'!. ..... (you/hand it in) to the police? [Y] 1 ...................................................._.........................................
(0 shop assistant/give) you £20 too much change, ................_............................................... (you/keep) quiet?
0
2 ..... ....................._................... (you/see) someone cheating in an exa
................................................. (you/report) them
to the teacher?
0
3 ................................................. (you/crash) your motorbike into
on expensive cor and ............................................ (nobody/see)
you. _............................................. (you/telL) the poUce? D
I wish
4 ............................................................................................... (your rich fnend/forget) she had lent you £30, ................................................................. (you/remind) her?
'had time to think.
If on ly .. L~!4.'.!:~f~~!..~~.'.!.~!!~.~~: ......................................
0
If only .....................................................................................
5 ............................................................................................... (the waiter/forget) to charge you for your drinks, ............................................................. (you/teU) him?
2 I wish ......................................................................................
0 3 I wish ......................................................................................
6 ........ ...................................... (youlfind) your sister's love
letters, .................._..................................... (you/read) them?
D
7 .... ........................................................................... (you/not want)
to upset someone, .................._................... (you/teU) a Ue? D
8 .........................~ .......................................... (you/hand in) a wallet
4 If only .....................................................................................
5 If only .....................................................................................
6 I wish ......................................................................................
you'd found In the street, ................................................................ (you/expect) a reward?
0
7 If only .....................................................................................
8 I wish ......................................................................................
1'lA
Practice • Verb need + gerund (-/ ng form)! need + passive infinitive 5:" Use the fashion designer's notes to write pairs of sentences with need.
II ~.]: IIX.]: I li13: I[.]: I','J 44:11 KARL WINEFELD'S SPRING COLlECTION
I
2'3 ~
5
o
"/hin5s to do
dec.ide on iJ...e orde- of the sJ...ow
set lAp the 1'~I..;ts
dress tJ...e Models
do tJ...eir Mak-e-I.'p
cJ...oose tJ...e sJ...oes
repair the MIc.ropJ...one
replac.e the batteries in
MI.] c.aMera
7 rec:J...ar5e
M~ Mabile pJ...one
• Revision 6> Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the words in brackets. Jim needs to ask someone to mend his watch. (have)
.. 1'm.~.~t;.rJ~.~Q.h.~y.~.h!.~..~~*!J..m~m!.t;.rJ: ........................... We're going to ask someone to bu ild a swimming
pool in our gard en. (have)
We're go ing to .....................................................................
..............................,....................................... in our garden.
2 Nina is very sad because her camera is broken. (wishes) Nina ........................................................................................
3 You're tired becau se you go to bed so late every night. (wou ldn't) If you did n't ..........................................................................
..Th~..~r.~~r..pjJ~~.~~Q~.~.f!.~~~..rg..~~..t!.~~l~~~..9.~:............
..~.~..~~~~~.~f.~~~.~~~~.~~~.~~.~~~~~!.':'.!!..?~:.....................
4 Unfortun ately, I live in a bori ng little vi ll age. (wish)
I .........................................................;......................................
" ....................... ............................................................................
, {.
5 Somebody should clean this room. (needs) This room ...............................................................................
3 .................................................................................................. .
4 ...................................................................................................
5 ...................................................................................................
6 ...................................................................................................
6 Unfort unately we don't have a dishwasher. (wish)
I ................................................................................................
7 You don't like Tim beca use you don 't really know him. (if) You'd .......................................................................................
8 She's going to ask someone to take some photos. (h ave) She's goi ng ............................................................................
7 ...................................................................................................
9 They really ought to do somet hing about the traffic in this to wn. (n eed s) Something .............................................................................
125
Verbs should have/ought to have Positive statements You should have been more careful.
You ought to have been more careful.
Negative statements
They shou ldn't have riven so fast.
They oughtn't to h ve driven 50 fast
Questions
Should we have helped him'
Ought we to have helped him?
Do you think we should have helped him'
Do you lhink we ought to have helped him?
Short answers Positive Yes, we should have.
Yes,
ough[ to have
• We use should have/ought to have to criticise people's past actio ns, e.g. You shouldn't have driven 50 fast (= You drove fast an d it was the wrong th in g to do.) Yo u should have slowed do wn at the corner(= You di dn't sl ow down atth e corner and t ha t was a mist ake.}
• Ought to have is more form al and less freq uently used th an should have. In question forms it is very uncommon. • We often use the verb think to ask a questi on with should have/ought to have.
Negative No, we shouldn't have. No, we oughtn't to have.
Verbs make, let and be aI/owed to Our coach made us practise every day.
He dic1n't let me play in the first half of the match.
00 your parents let you have parties whi le lhey're away?
W ar n'l allowed to w ar make-lip at my school.
• Th e verbs make and let are followe d by an object and an infinitive without to. But when make is used in th e passive, we use the infinitive with to, e.g. She
was made to work very hard. • We cannot use let in the passive form. Instea d, we must use allowed to.
126
Practice
• Verb should have
.X~~..~.~~.'!.!~..~~.~~fi!.~~.~.!.f!..~.fC!.~p. ..~~..~!:~~p.~~~~....... 1 '/ The manager of the campsite asked Bob to leave because he disobeyed the rules. Read the rules and complete the manager's words, using should(n 't) have each time.
when you arrived.
2 ............................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................... .
4 ............................................................................................
Pine Hill Campsite
5 ............................................................................................
Rules 1 2 3 4 5 8
1 8 9
10
Fill in a form at reception when you arrive. Use the barbecue provided. Do not light fires. Put all your litter in the bins.
Do not play loud music.
Do not damage the trees.
Leave the showers clean and tidy. Do not bring any animals to this campsite. Do not break the speed limit of 10 kph. Do not waste water.
6 ............................................................................................
7 ............................................................................................
8 ............................................................................................
......................................... your cat to this campsite.
9 ............................................................................................
10 ............................................................................................
~ ................... ....... ...... ..... .
u
...... u
..
J-....... u
....... u
......... u
••••• u
••••••
127
Practice Verb
2/-
ought to have
Complete the sentences with
• Verbs
ought{n'tj to have
and the past participle of the verbs in the box. • go ~ • get • give • pack • stop • train • visit • miss
• fail
3
make, let and be allowed
/'0
>Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence. using the correct form of the words in brackets. The rules say that students must not chew gum anywhere in the schoo l. (allow) Students .....~r.~':'.~~.!!!.~f!.~~~..~~ .~~~~.9.':!.'!.! .... anywhere in the school. She has to get home before midn ight. (allow) She .......................................................................................... stay out after midnigh t.
2 My parents' rule is that I have to do the washing up every night. (make) My parents ............................................................................ every night.
3 In the army we had t o get up at f ive o'clock every I'm not surprised you're feeling sick. You ..~~9.~.~.~~.~~.~.~~~.~~.~~,}... so much cake
moming. (ma ke) In t he army they ................................................................. at five o'clock every morn ing.
We had a brill iant time last night. You ....................... ..... .................................................................... home early.
2 Tha
raffic light was red. You ........................................
4 My parents won't allow me to borrow the car tonight. (let) My parents ...........................................,................................ tonight.
3 The director was angry that you didn' t come. You
....................................................................... the rehearsal.
4 They lost the match. They ................................................
.................................................................................... harder.
5 Why didn't she pass after all her work? She ..............
6 Come on! We're leaving in fifteen minutes. You
You .......................................................................................... in this park. 6 At my last schoo l t hey let us wear make-up and jewellery. (allow) At my last school we ......................................:.................. make- up an d jewellery.
really ..................................................................... your bag by now.
7 Th e ru le was that we ha d to eat everythi ng on our· plates. (m ake)
7 I'm not surprised t hey're getting divorced. They .......
They .........................................................................................
................................................................................... married at seventeen. 8 It's raining now. Do you think we ................................ .. ............................................................ a lift to that poor hitchhiker tha t we saw at the petrol station? 9 Those tourists missed the best bit of the tour. They ......................................................................................... the old city.
128
5 Do not play football in thi s park. (al low)
everything on our plates. 8 You won't be all owed t o leave early. (let) They ............................................................................. early.
Practice
• Verbs make, ler and be aJ/owed to
Sunnybank Camp
4> Read Rebecca's notes below. Then complete
by Rebecca Wa re
her essay on the right with made us/let us or weren't' allowed.
~
[ went to Sunnybank, a summer camp on the coa'it of D
~f ,
t . summer. llwas a great experience and [ made lots of new [nends. There were quite a few rules although [ thought that most of them were quite reasonable.
They .................... made us td , I ) our rooms every day. But I! did n't take Chloe and me very long because we're both quite ti y. The best thmg was that they .)~.I!.~... leave the camp in the
evellIngs and go into the nearest town, Lyme RegiS. Of cou~.
we had to ask permission first and we weren't allowed .
......... _............ to
stay out after eleven o'clock. ..... We 1.......................................... . to have pani . in our rooms generally, but they 2........................ _ ............... have
parties for special occasions if we asked pennission first. or example, Chloe had her binhday while we were at summer
We~t# ...
camp and they
·:::rk~~~~
~t1.~
• I..J.p witt tk. ~ cma ~ ~ -~~~tiL~
.IJ:.w .in.:tJ..... ~f'IAT1l1..d
• ~ 4.I.fJ d ~ ~tUI;)
3.......................................... .
litlle party for her. But it ended quite early because we 4
........................................... to play any music after eleven o'clock. In some summer camps you can't choose who you want to share you r room \\~ th but at Sunnybank they 5..........................................
(if ~ WDAti:.U£
have a
choose our roommates.
That was great because Chloe and [ already knew each other and wanted to share. We did lots of things together.
'C I)'one had to
h lp on the camp and there was a list of names and things we had
Wt~lt ...
• ~ tnd
a./tu
to do each day. For example, they 6................................ ........
~ ()'~
.~~u..tNr~ ~~
and I always did that together. Once a week the)' 7 ........................................... help with the cooking and we
· M~4tu~td~ • .wu J:k JnmI;s ~ ~ W~
usually asked to do that together, too. Every day they 8........................................... choose for ourselves the sports and activities we wanted to do. One day we made a raft 1 But we 9................................... ........ to go
couU. ...
• ~tk.~iAtk.~
a/-tu~~
• ~ wIt..o we ~ k .s.ke a. t't1'I:m\.-wiiA
out on the raft or boats without asking permission first. One thing that I didn't like at Sunnybank was 10................... ....... .................
thaI they
lay the table and wash the
dishes twice a week. [ have to do that at home e cry da~ and I
.~~~.we~ ;l;orJ".,
• ~.in..kJ, ~ ~
organise games for the younger kids in the afternoons and Chloe
'I ~
~t~~a.d
don't like doing it on my holid3)'. Probably the worst rule was that they " ........................................... get up at eight 111 the morning [or breakfast. We complained a lot and in the end they changed the rule and they
1/. ......................................
stay
in bed until ten if we didn't want breakfast.
129
Uni 13
Verbs must/can't for drawing conclusions YOU\i been playing football all day. You must be
tired and hungry. It can't be an Ir1sect. It's ot eighr legs. I must be spid r.
Adjective word order Mana IS the one with short spiky hair. She's weanng a long black leather coa .
I'v got a beautiful 010 Chinese jewellery box.
• We can use must / can't + the verb be, or another verb, to make logical deduct ions about th present, e.g. She's on ly j ust moved to our area. She must be lonely. She can't have many new friends yet.
• Adjectives used together usua lly occu r in the
following order:
Opinion
POSlbv statements He ms{Jooks/sounds cl vcr. He ems/looks/sounds like an Interesting person. It s ems/looks/sounds as if she's working very hard. Negative statements
Th y on't eem/look/sound friendly.
S doesn't seem/look/sound like a student.
H doesn't seem/look! ound a5 if he IS enjoying himself.
Gu ions Do I 100 good in this jar et? Does sh,. sound like a nice person? Did h 5 em happy? Old th Ylook as i they were haVing fun?
no
Age
Style
Colour Origin
Material
black
leath
Purpose
old
Noun
hair
spiky
sh ort long
beautiful
Verbs seem, look, 50und + adjective or I'ke/as if
Size
Ch inese
jewellery
coat box
• The verbs seem, look and soun d ca n be followed by: - an adjective, e.g. She sounds American. , - like + a noun phrase, e.g. He looks like an Australian surfer. - as if + a clause, e.g. They look as if they've just had a fight.
• Some people use like + a clause after the verbs seem, look and sound, e.g. They look like they've just had a fight. However, it is best to avoid t his form in written English. Use as if instead.
Practice • Verbs must!can't for drawing conclusions
>
1 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use must be or can't be.
• Verbs must/can't for drawing conclusions
2> Match the responses to the statements. Then complete the responses with must or can't.
I'm sure you aren't hungry after eating all that cake.
......y.~!!..~.~!?:.t~.~...... hungry after eating all that cake.
Their car is here so I'm sure they're at home.
Their car is here so they ................................. at home.
2 It hasn 't got eight legs so I'm sure it isn't a spider. It hasn't got eight legs so It ................................. a spider. 3 I'm sure there are some biscuits in the packet I bought yesterday.
There ................................. some biscuits in the packet
I bought yesterday.
4 I'm sure she isn't Australian. She doesn't have an Australian accent She ................................. Australian. She doesn't have an Australian accent. 5 I'm sure you're j oking. I haven't got £',000 to lend you .
You ................................. joking. I haven't got £',000
to lend you.
6 The lig hts are on in his bedroom so I'm sure he
I didn't go to bed until fou r o'clock this morn ing.
1 I haven't had anythi ng to eat all day.
D
2 He says he's got your key.
4 I'm afraid I can't see a way through this forest.
D 0 D
5 Mr Lavender is in Aust ralia.
o
6 She says she lives in Chestnut Avenue.
D
3 Are John and Tessa the same age?
isn't asleep.
7 That restaura nt is nearly always empty.
The lights are on in his bedroom so he
8 The plane is about t o land.
................................. asleep. 7 I'm sure she's tired after driving all night.
She ................................. tired after driving all night. 8 I'm sure she doesn't have room in her flat for all six of us.
There ................................. room in her flat for all six
of us.
9 I'm sure she's wearing make-up. Her skin looks smoother than usual.
She ................................. wearing make-up. Her skin
looks smoother than usual.
[kJ
o o
a) It ......................... be very good.
eb) c)
Yo u ........~.~~........ be exhausted.) It ......................... be mine. Mine is in my pocket.
d) You ......................... be hu ng ry. e) There ......................... be a path somewhere.
f)
Then she ......................... be a neighbour of mine. That's where I live.
g) That ......................... be right. I saw him at the bus stop this morn ing. h) It ......................... be. We've only just taken off. i)
Th ey ......................... be. They've always been in the same class at sc:hool. 13 1
• Adjective word order
3> Write sentences by putting the words in the correct order and adding punctuation.
6 a / We lsh I bri efcase I cheap I middle-aged I He's I plasti c I with a
I ma n
He's .........................................................................................
7 blue / bowls / chicken
I delicio us I gave I in /Iarge
I She I soup I us She ..........................................................................................
• Verbs seem, look, sound + adjective or like/os if 4 > Complete the sentences with like or as if where necessary.
Australian / denim / man / in / jacket / tall/the
/ the / Who's
Who's ..~~~..~~~!..~.~~~~!f!.~ ..~f!.'.'..!.'.'..~~~.~~.'.'.~~j~.~~~!' ..
and / big I Lucy's
I blond I blue /
eyes / got long / hair
Lu( ;) ......................................................................................
2 and a / Irish accent / the man / hair / is / Jim / red / strong / with short Jim ...........................................................................................
3 an / blue / expensive / Italian / She's / suit / wearing She's ........................................................................................
My feet feel .. F~~
... blocks of ice.
That si nger sounds ........................ a dying cat.
2 She looks ........................ about eighteen. 3 You look ........................ tired. Didn't you sl eep last ni ght? 4 It looks ........................ summer has arrived. 5 She seemed ........................ totally miserabl e. 6 They look ........................ they have just ha d a fi gh t.
4 antique / beautifu l /bought / earrings / for her birthd ay /1/ silver / some I ................................................................................................
7 Those tourists sounded ........................ Scan dinavi an to me.
8 This cheese tastes ........................ soap. 9 You loo k .. ...................... you have just seen a ghost.
5 brown I Do I in I know / leath er I Span ish / student I t he / the / trousers / you / young Do ............................................................................................
10 I spoke to her on the phone and she so unded ........................ she had a bad cold. 11 He ph oned up and started shouting. He seemed ........................ very an gry. 12 You loo k ........................ a doctor in that whi t e coat.
132
unl
Verb used to Positive statements
I used to walk to school but now I take the bus. Negative statements My sister didn't use to like jazz but she does now
didn 't use to wear glasses. Negative No, he didn't.
Positive statements I'm used to wearing a uniform.
She's used to living in a big city.
They're used to looking after younger children.
Negative statements I'm flOt used to dOing homework every night. She Isn't used to living on h r own. ey aren't used to studying at weekends.
Questions Are you used to weartng a uniform to school?
Is she used to ge mg up early?
Are h y used to worKing hard?
Short answers
POSit v (es, I m Yes, she IS. Yes, they are.
Negative
No, I'm not.
No, she isn't.
No, they aren't
Clauses of purpose with to, in order 50
that
I shut th window to stop the flIes coming In.
In ord r to shu Ihe Window, I had to stand on a chair.
I had to stand on a chair in order to shut the window.
look my ho 0 f in order no to dirty the chair,
I hu the wmdow 0 that the flies couldn't/wouldn't
come m,
I stood on a chair so that I could reach the Window.
10k my sho
future form.
• In the question and negative forms, we delete the fi; e.g. Did you use to live in Australia? He
Verb be used to
(not) to,
• Used to refers to the past There is no present or • Used to is followed by an infinitive.
Questions Did he us to W ar glasses? Short answers Pos ttve Yes, he did.
• With used to we refer to habits or situations wh ich were true in the past but are not true now.
off so that the chair wouldn't get dirty.
• With be used to we refer to an activity or situation which is (or was) someth ing familiar to us.
• Be used to can refer to the present or the past, e.g. I'm used to driving on the left now. I wasn't used to driving on the left when I first came to Britain. • Be used to is followed by a noun or a gerund (-ing form). • We use get used to when we want to talk about the process of becom ing used to something, e.g.
When I went to Arizona, I couldn't get used to the heat. • We genera lly use get used to (not ae used ta) when we refer to the future, e.g. You'll soon get used to the Scottish accent. • Get used to is fo ll owed by a noun or a gerund
(-ing form). • We can use to and in order {not} to + the infinitive on ly when the subject of the main clause and the clause of purpose are the same.
• In order to is more formal th an to. • We ca n use so that when the subject of the main clause an d t he clause of purpose are the same and when t hey are different, e.g. I took my
biology book so that I could revise on the train. She wore her sunglasses so that nobody would recognise her.
133
Practice
• Verb be used to
>
1 Complete Miranda's letter to a teacher
at Kingswood School. where she used to be a
student. Use I'm (not) used to and the prompts.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
wear a uniform V work at night X going to bed at strange imes X live on my own X eat canteen food II' work hard II' study a lot V look after old people V be with sick people all the time X make beds with people still in them X
r>ea~ Mrs
MiJJ.K,
I'm. t!Aljotf"'1 YNJ fW,(5~ ~ at 5t M~'S Husyvf.al in.l.muinL but I"" Mt tMd To a1.L tIu. ~ in. mlJ lifo Ifd· I t.Itm t m.i"rd. tJu. ~. A!fu' aiJ,
fur
..................................................... a..nd, ~...............................
wearin9 .~ ..':'.!!!f.~!.~ ... fum- fYUj ~ d ~:;;;;;"'5~ but ...... .!.:~..~~!..I!.~~~.~f?.......... "
used to
.. ~.C?!~!~9..~..".';!g.~~... tUVi •••••••••••• "
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. u
~ ~
I ... ....................................... ... .
................................................ L
is thai
•••••••• ••••
..
.J ..............................................
sol
.~.~..~.;;;;;;.; ..;;;;.~:..~;;.;;:.~ lets
4. pupk new aNi Itut ~ I
wed
........................................................................ . Bcd I'm. ~ 1UU'S~ a. t,t ~ i:Juur. ~. I'm. ~ ~ ~ 1;, ItUJ fUKt wet.i
. . . . . . . . .·.:::·.:·~::·.:·.·.::·.··~·I·~·J:J;:;.··~·. · ·
tJu. but ................................
~ in, •••••••••••• u
h"'jAA"~
r_~
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
••••••••
cWJ,~ wr1Jt Stm1L at mAl ~ ~ Iht fuud. /6 oK. J ................................................... .
tJtat 8........................................................................................
......_.........._...................................................... /rrnn. mIJ
..................................................................................................
~ ~ Tht. Iud ~
a.boui t1; i5 tJud I
krit ~ fA hRLp ~ wi1A tJu. ~~ up!
134
1WI ~ ali, the. time 1AroT~ ar ~"'1 ~. As ~ /U!OW, 4 .............................................. ..
........................................................ . Oltt
p.r-trhl..enz U
• Clauses of purpose with to or so that 2:" Correct the statements 1 to 8 by rewriting them with used to/didn't use to.
3> The Graysons made a lot of changes to their home. Combine the pairs of sentences using to where possible. Where it isn't possible, use so that ... could(n 't)/would(n't). They bu ilt a cup boa rd. They wanted to store t hei r
sports equ ipment.
.. !~!!Y..~!!!.1!.!!..~HI?~~.~r.~.~~.:rr.~r.~..t1!~~!'..~p.~~.................
..~qy'i.P.!!:!~!~.~: ............................................................................
They got a secon d lV set. They wanted the children
to watch lV in their own room .
.. "!]r;~.g~~.~..~!~~!!.~..!.Y..~~.~~..~~.'!!..~~.'f.E~!!~~.'f!:'. ............
could watch TV in their own room.
Wome n don't have the vote.
They knocked down a wal l. They wanted to make t he sitting room bi gger.
...w.~m~!L~i!!.n~t~~~.!9..h.~.~~J~~..¥.CJ.f~:..............................
Salt is very expensive .
...~~.~.y.~.~!!..tCJ..~.~..¥.~.r:JJ..~P~~.~!.¥~: ........................................
The fastest way to travel is by horse.
2 The poorest chi ldren do not go to school.
2 They put bars on t he wi ndow. They didn't want t hieves to get in.
3 Ligh ts were installed in the 'garden. They wanted to eat outside in th e eve ning.
3 Chi ldren work in factories. 4 They pu t a bi g w indow in th e dining room. They 4 There isn 't much pollution In our rivers.
wan ted to make it lig hter.
5 There aren't many cars. 5 They cut down some trees. They didn't want t he garden to be so shady. 6 Not many people have televisions.
7 Men have all the top jobs.
6 They installed sol ar panels. They wanted to save money on electrici ty.
8 Medicine isn't very reliable.
135
u
\)
The passive Present simple Ho 0 en are the rooms cI aned? They're cleaned once a w k.
Pent continuous Her bik IS being repair d at the moment We r n't being taught by Mr Morris thiS year.
Past simple Printing was invented In China.
Wh n w re you told about he acdden ?
Pa t continuous
Wh I h r bike was being r paired, she walked everywhere.
Present perfect simple
uy
Have you ever been bitten a snake?
We haven't been inVited 0 Jack's party.
Past p rfeet simple
Our ouse lad bee brok n Into when we got back
frOI
liday
Had anythin been stOlen?
Luc Ily, my CD call ('tion hadn't been touched.
• We use the passive: - when we are more interested in t he event tha n t he person who did the action, e.g. I'm afraid the room hasn't been clean ed. - to ta lk about events in history, e.g. The electric light bu lb was invented in 1878. - to describe tech nica l or scientific processes, e.g. When the tea leaves have been picked, they are left in special rooms to dry. - to be obj ective, especially in news reports or scie ntific experiments, e.g. Two swimmers were attacked by sharks at Bango Bay yesterda y. • To form t he passive, we use t he verb to be in the appropria te ten se + the past participle of t he main verb. • When we use t he passive with modal ve rbs, we use a moda l ve rb + the passive in finitive.
Mod Is
T e door can't/couldr!' b opened.
• The passive gerund is formed with the gerund being + the past participle.
om thing shOUld/must be done about the. traffic in hiS town. Wh n will we be paid? We mlgh Imay be m t at lh airport.
• The passive infiniti ve is formed wi t h the in fi ni tive to be + the past participle.
Grund
I ha Ing bitten by mosquitoes.
Infimtiv How ofte do the plants have to be watered?
• When we want to say who or what was responsible for the action , we use the preposition by + a noun, e.g. These flowers were delivered by a man on a motorbike. • We often use t he verb get instead of be, as an informa l passive form, when we refer to something unpleasant or SUdden, e.g. She got bitten by a dog. This is more common in spoken than in written English.
136
Practice • The pas ive: present simple and past simple 1 '/ Complete the article. putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple passive or past simple passive.
dangerous than freshies. Swimmers who 5.......................................
(catch) by a saltie,
6.... _ ....._ ........................"
(roll) around in the water
until their necks
7 ........................................
the swimmer's body
8.................................
(break). Then
(store)
under some wood by the croc until it is soft enough for him to chew. Freshies are much smaller and swimming with them
9.................................
(think)
to be safe but a little Kary. Last year, by a river in the Australian outback, J
10.................................
(tell) that there were no 5alties
in the water, but just a few freshies. ' I I ...................................... ............ ...............................................
(people/ever/eat) by freshies?' I asked a croc expert nervously. It 1<................................................. . (explain) to me that freshies are vegetarian didn't need to worry. J
50
I
13..................................................
(encourage) by this so I put one foot in the water. . Crocodiles or croes ..... ~t~.J~.~~~~..... (talk) about a lot in Australia. Usually they I. _ ...................................
(separate) into two types:
At the lost minute, I
14......................................
(stop)
by the croc expert who said, smiling, 'Actually I'm not sure if they're vegetarian or if they only eat
saltwater crocs and freshwater crocs. Saltwater
vegetarians! You aren't a vegetarian, are you?'
croo <................................. (know) as 'salties' and
In the end I was
freshwater croes J................................. (call) 'fresh ies'.
nice, J dived in. I'm pleased to soy that I enjoyed
Salties, which can be five metres long, ·1........................................... _.
(consider) much more
50
hot and the water looked so
my sw{m and my toes
15............................................
(not
bite) off!
• The passive: present continuous
..!.~~.~~~!.~..f!fN~~~~n.~~..~~~~!l..~'!'.P.r.~~~~.!!!..m!:l.~.!l.........
2> Match the noun phrases to the verbs. Then write sentences in the present continuous passive.
. ~iJJ.~t:!!!.~.~~,!I.~: ........................................................ ~ ..............
The whole of Newtown
[kJ
a) build
The old theatre
b) improve in many different ways
2 ...................................................................................................
2 Cars
0 L
3 Public transport
0
3 .................................................................................................. .
4 More trees
D 0
c) redecorate d) make cheaper and more efficient e) not allow into the centre f) plant in all the
5 A new sports centre
n
4 .................................................................................................. .
5 ...................................................................................................
Practice
• The passive: present perfect simple
Th passive: past continuous 3) Complete the letter, putting the verbs in brackets into the past continuous tense, active or passive. Dear Sir/Mailam.
4> Rewrite the vet's comments in the passive. 1 2 3 4 S
Our Easy World huliduy on tbe island of Batto
was a Ii aster.
Somebody has trea te d this horse bad ly for years. People haven't fed him prope rly. People have ridd en hi m too much. They have forced him to wo rk t oo hard. They have left hi m outsid e in col d weat her. Nobody has brushed him fo r years.
Throughout ur lWo-we 'k stay, the lift .~~L~~Jn9..
..!~!~.~.'?~~.~~~.~.~.~~.~~~!~~..~~~w..f~!:.y.~~r.~:...............
,.t;.~p..!!!r.~d.. (repair) As we .~~r.~.g9Jl!~!l. ( lay) on the ,c\cnth noor we gOl vay tired.
He ............................................................................................
For the Ii rsl len day:-. lht: po I I ••.••.•••.•••..•••••••••••••••••••• ...........•........................ (clean)
2 .................................................................................................. .
3 ...................................................................................................
4 ...................................................................................................
'or nne week of Our holiday, a pop group
1,.............................................
(u 'e) the hotel for concert
5 ...................................................................................................
rehear. Is. Can yo u imagine lht: nOIse? TIlt:
mati (Jut,ide Lhe
h( t'l
............................... (repair)
~o
J...............................................
the hOlel was fuU of du
t all
• The passive: past perfect
the time, for our fir t Iw J ays. the dimng room ~ ........................................................................ (redecorate.)
5> Complete the text, putting the verbs in brackets into the past perfect passive. When we got back from our su mm er holidays last
.........
• . . . . . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . ••• . . ••• . . . . • . . •• . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ••• •
(ha.ve)
ur dinner in the garden \ hen the manager came Lo
year, we got a horrible shock. Our house .....~~~.~.~~~ ...
peak to us . We tolil him thal we
..~~~~~':!.!.':!~
b ...................................
...... ............................... (nut look after) properly and we 7....... ~ ........................................................... ...
o
I[
holiday. He laughcd and said everylhing possible
II. .... ""...................................................
th
lIuation.
1.....................................................
(steal) . The N and video
2...... .. .............................................
(take) and my mother's
(not enjoy)
(do) to improve
favourite vase
3...... ........... ................. ............................ .
(knock over) . In my parents' room, all the drawers 4 .................. . .........................................
their clothes
(open) and all
5..............................................
(throw) on
the floor. Luckily, my moth er's jewel lery 6....................................... ............ .
and it
(hide) unde r the bed
1....................................................
My room
(not fou nd).
8.........................................................................
(not touch) but in my sister's room th e poste rs 9........ .. ...........................................
her mirror
138
(tea r) off the walls and
10.................. .. ......................................
(break).
Practice • The passive with modals: should, must,
• The passive: gerunds and infinitives
will, can 6 ) Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. Then rewrite them in the passive.
7 ) Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the passive gerund or infinitive form.
• check • contact • leave • len d • park • pick up
~.use
'P~i(ip
f~ttksrfor" ~
4teK ~e CtV witt&. we're a;u!{l~
yOt{ c~n ".. J!.~~........ i.e ~ yQtt ICmttt. yot( 5~'t .................... "tlte r~JJo Ut ~ ca.t: 2
YOl( tt(/A~t
.............. ......
fltt. ~r fA
~
of .!jQt{r
{irBNi.s 3
Ycu s~(d .................... hod alta -flte ~res r~uIa"tJ .
4
yOt( ~tJ.. mJ~ .................... .(~J.. -free. pei:rd!.
5
goml'.Ol1e wJ1. l1eJtt week.
6
yet( m«~t .................... tIte Ut~(MCL (dIt1~~ ~tt(ed(a~ if ~tn( f.uw.e. ~t\ a.cd~.
7
You CtlI1
~!.(t~s
....................
....................
Strut.
#Ie. CArrfor ~vicitt8
-#At. car in. -Ik ~r ~rk ir\.
After .... !!.~.~~9.P.!.C!.!!~~~..... (plan t) in a sunny warm place at the end of su mmer, stra wberry plants have
.. !~..~~.~~~~r.~(. ..!.~.f~.'.'..~.~..~~~~..~~~~.~~r....Y.~~..~~.'.'.~·................................
(water) regulprly, especially in dry
weath er. In the sp ring, when t he fruit starts to grow, straw nee ds
I . ....................................................
(p lace)
under and around each plant. The reason for this is 2 ...................................................................................................
that t he fruit needs 2................................................... .. (keep) dry when the pl ants are bei ng watered.
3 ...................................................................................................
When the fruit starts gettin g ripe, the pl ants have
4 .................................................................................................. .
J.....................................................
with nets. This prevents the stra wberries from 4 ......... .................. ......... ..... . ...........
5 ...... ......................................... ....................................................
(cover)
(eat) by birds. For
the best possi ble taste, strawberries need s ..................................................... (grow) orga nical ly
6 ...................................................................................................
without chemical fe rti lisers and pesticides. If you wa nt to make strawberry j am, the berries need G.................................................. .. .
7 .................................................................................................. .
(pi ck) when they are still
qu ite hard. Before 7 .......................................... ........... (u se) for ja m, or eaten raw, th e f ruit ought
B.............................
.......................... (wash). 139
u
I I
I wish/If only + past perfect I w' 11 I'd bought a magazin to read on the train.
If only I'd bought a rna azine to read on the train.
I Nt h I hadn' left my mob Ie phone at home.
If only I hadn't left my mobile phone at home.
Third conditional: if clause + 'd (wQuJd}/might/cQuld have If h 'd worked a bit harder, he'd have passed his exam.
If I'd known he was in hospital. I'd have visited her.
Sh mlgh have passed h r driving tes it she hadn't
dnv n so fast
If you'o had your camera, you could have taken some
amazing photos.
If I'd tak n the later train, I wouldn't have met Peter.
• We use I wish an d Ifon ly+ the past perfect to express regrets abou t a past situation, e.g. I wish I'd studied languages instead ofscience at university.
• We use the th ird cond itional: - to tal k about unrea l situations in the past, e.g. If I'd had his phone number, I could have called him (= But I didn't have it so I coul dn't call hi m.) - to express regret about past situations, e.g. If we'd trained harder, we would have won the ma tch. • In third cond itional sen te nces, the verb in the if clau se is in th e past perfect tense. In the main cla use, we use 'd (WOU ld) have, might have or could have + the past parti\:iple.
140
• I wish/If only + past perfect
• I wish + past perfect
>
1 Read the examiner's report after Rachel failed her motorcycle test. Then write her wishes.
Motorcycle Test
o,d1'l't
t Of
Dlt tfA.e.
>
2 Read Craig's reasons for his team losing a football match. Write sentences with I wish or If only.
tJi®
fy'A-N ie
lj~/AL
(,
drove.
tfA.e.
wrO'l't
w~ dow~
" o~-wo.~ Sfrt-t.t
d,d1\ 't
Dl1\SWt-r
ill f ~
~14t.stiO~S
..~ .~!~~..t.~~!!'!!Jfo.r!l!?y.!!n.t(J.. !!?~~..~!!..~~.~.'!!.~r:!.!?.r:. ..........
.!?if..~r.~.~!.r.~~~!!9..~.ff: ............................. ..................................
...If..9.n.Iy..~~..~9!!~:t.!g.~.~.~r..!~£~Y.m9!~g~i~.~ ...........
...",g,q.~~..~~~..'n9J~~:.............................................................
2 ..................................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................................
4 ...................................................................................................
5 ...................................................................................................
If onl y ..................................................................................
2 I wish ...................................................................................
3 If only ...................................................................................
4 I wish ...................................................................................
5 If only ...................................................................................
6 ...................................................................................................
6 I wish ...................................................................................
7 .................................................................................................. .
7 If only ...................................................................................
8 If only ...................................................................................
141
Practice
• Third conditional
3> Combine the pairs of sentences to make third conditional sentences with If
• Thi,.d conditional
4>
Match the sentence halves. Then write sentences in the third conditional. If I (not go) to t he party
lliJ
If she (n ot say) th at about his mot her
6 How much (they pay) yo u at the hote l
0 0 0 0 0 0
7 How long (i t t ake) to get t o America
0
2 I (not camp) t here 3 If (you t ell) us that you were in t ro uble 4 She (die)
5 If I (not spend) all my money
a) he (n ot get) so angry We didn't have a good map. That's why we got lost
..If.w.~:4..h.f:I.~..f:I..9.9.g~.m.t;lp.I.. W.~.W.9.H!~fJ:~.h!!'¥'~.99J.!.9.g:. We didn't check the oil. That's why the car broke down.
(b) I (not meet) Joseph ) c) if she (not have) the opera t ion d) if we (go) by Conco rde? e) I (b uy) you some flowers
f) if I (kn ow) abo ut the snakes in that forest
g) if yo u (t ake) the cleani ng job? h) we (h el p) you
2
~e didn't listen to the weather forecast That's
why we were caught in the fog.
.. If..~..~~.t!~.'.~.9.l?,~.~..~~..~h~p.f!.r:!lI!..L~l?,~.~~!J.:!..~~.':.~............
..~·~~J.l?,~~p.~:..............···.···.·.·... .........
l ••• ••••••••••.••.• • .•.•.•.•••.•...••••
2 ...................................................................................................
3 Nina broke her ankle. That's why we had to wait
for help. 3 ...................................................................................................
4 .................................................................................................. .
4 We didn't have our mobile phone. That's why we couldn 't phone for help.
5 ...................................................................................................
6 .......................................................................... ".......................
5 We were rescued the next day. That's why we didn't die of cold.
7 .................................................................................................. .
Practice
• Conditionals: first. second and third
5:" Use the prompts to complete the sentences using the correct conditionals.
• Revision 6 > Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the words in brackets. I didn' t catch the thief so they didn't give me a reward. (would) If I .. ~.~(~~~9~~.~~~.~~!if,.. ~~!w...l!~~.~~..~~~!:.9~~~':!....... me a reward. She regrets missi ng the concert. (wishes)
She ..........................................................................................
the concert.
2 I'm so sorry th at I ate five pieces of chocolate cake. (only)
Where wo uId you Iive ....if..J!.~!!..~~~.~~..~~.~~!~ ...............
..~~Y.~~.~E~.!.'.!.!~!: ..~'?r.~~.? ............... (if you/ca n choose anywhere in the world?) If sh e goes to bed now, .....................................................
If ............................................................................................... fr ve pieces of chocolate cake. 3 We were so t ired that we didn 't go to the party. (would)
If we ........................................................................................
.......................................................................... to the party.
(she/probably feel better in the morning)
2 If I were yo u, ........................................................................ (I/tell them th e truth)
4 I stopped reading the bo ok because th e plot was so com plicated. (been)
If the plot ..............................................................................
...................................................... ............................................ /
3 If everybody gives me a pound, ...................................... (I/buy a present for Judy from a11 of us)
4 If you won a mi llion pounds, .......................................... (what/you spend it on?)
5 What shal l we do ................................................................ (if it/rai n tomorrow?) 6 You would have met Caroline .........................................
reading the book.
5 I'm sorry I didn't remember her birthday. (wish) I ................................................................................................ her birthday.
6 What a pity there wasn 't any good mu sic at the party! (o nly) If ............................................................................................... some good music at the party! 7 They did n't have brea kfast so they were hu ngry by
ten thirty. (WOUldn't) If they .....................................................................................
(if you/come to the party on Saturday)
7 If you'd got lost in that wood, .......................................
.................................................................... (what/you do?)
8 If my headache doesn ~way, ......;...........................
.......................................................... hungry by ten th irty.
8 The chair broke beca use you stood on it. (if) The chair ................................................................................ ....................................................................................... on it.
(I/not come with you t o the beach)
14 3
u
o
Verbs must have, might have, can't have for dra wing conclusions She must have forgotten about the rehearsal.
Sh c n' have gone to the library. It's closed today.
She might have gone or a bike ide.
• We use must/might/can't have + the past particip le to make logica l deductions abo ut the past.
Reported speech: statements
Direct speech pr nt simple I know lucy.
Reported speech
past simple
She said (that) she knew lucy.
present continuous I'm aying wIth her.
past continuous
She said she wa staying with her.
past simple We met in Italy.
past perfect
She aid lh y had met in Italy.
present perfect past perfect
I haven't m t her bra er, She said she hadn't m t her brother.
Will/can/may
would/could/might
I'll flte 500n. I ca tay long. I may I plane later.
She said she. would write soon.
She said she couldn't stay long.
She said she might telephone later.
says she can give us a lift to the station. • It is possible to keep the past simple instea d of chang ing it to the past perfect in reported speech , e.g. She said they met in Ital y or She said they had met in Italy. . • The verb used to remains t he same in reported sp eech, e.g. I used to live in New York becomes She said she used to live in New York. Mod al verbs should, could, would, might and ought to also remai n the same. • Some time an d plac phrases change in reported speech.
must!hav to
had to
Direct speech
Reported speech
I must go. I hav to catch a train.
She said she had to go.
She said she had to catch a train.
today/tonight this morning tomorrow yesterda y last week next week here th is place
that da y/that night that morning the next day the day before the week before the following week there that place
Reported speech: questions Oir ct questions I h angry? Wh t does h want?
Reported questions I asked if he was angry. I wondered what he wanted.
Verbs of reporting: various structures V rb (+ that) + clause
He saldfexplain d/whlspered hat he was very tired
V r + direct object + infinitive
S e sked/ordered/told/p rsuaded/invited him to come in.
144
• If th e reporti ng verb is in the present tense, t here are no tense changes, e.g. 'I can give you a lift to the station.' She
• Tense ch anges in reported questions are the same as for reported statements. . In re ported Wh- question s, we use the Wh- word + the subject + the verb. We do not use the interrogative form of the verb.
V rb + gerund (-ing form)
H u9 sted buying h d eaper tickets.
• In reported Yes/No questions, we use if + the subject + the verb. We do not use th e interrogative form of the verb.
Verb + infinitive
Sh a re d/oflered/promised
• We ca n use whether instead of ifin reported Yes/No questions.
0
pay him back
Practice
• Verbs must flove, might hove, can't have for drawing conclusions 1 / Match the arch~logist's conclusions with the evidence. Check your answers. Then complete the conclusions with must have, might have or can 't have and the correct form of the verb in brackets.
EVIDENCE a) A volcano ended all life on their i land around 3,000 years ago. b) We have found a lot of gold jewellery in their dty.
c) There are two picture of a giant fi h with a woman's bead in a temple. d) The door' into their hou es are only 1.4 metres hi h . e) We'v found large bird
[l] The. ~po.ra'Ki ... !!!!!.~..~~.Y.~.~.~.~.r:! ... (be)
ve.~
ric."'-.
o The1J .....................................,...............
(be)
ve.Y]' t/}..U.
D ~e.(j ...."............ ~ ................................. (study)
2
t"'-e. 3
0
s"lJ j;\+
1'l1~"'-t.
Me.1'\ ..................................................... (be) i~t"-xt "'oS
4
0 The-lj
WOttl£.'K
i1'l ttA.e-rr c.1AH1Ar-e .
passibilJ ..........................................................
................ (believe In) j;\
5
(;\.S
.pis"'-
~ddes.s.
D \1I.e.ir c.rvil,Sj;\tio'K ....................................................
cages in s )me
Raparoni houses. t) There L no Raparoni writing ot any kind on any object&.
g) Their drawings how the correCl pOSition of the earth and moun. h) We have found many ex clIent Raparoni boats in the sand near the coast. i) We haven't found many human bones in their dt}'.
j) There are only pi tw-e ' of queens,
none of kings.
(end) j;\ro1A'Kd (POD Be.. 6
O;:J;;t;;;~: .. m..... . .
(be)
7
0
The.1J ..................................................... (keep) (»-rrots (;\.S pe. t.s .
8
0
1ke.lJ ....................,................................ (have)
16 18
JL
49
ES
)t
fE
6(; Pl
S~3MSN \f
t\1'l &\ip~t. 9
0
~t;~. t~~~.:;;::t~:~:~.
145
Practice • Reported speech: statements
• Verbs must have, might hove, can't hove for drawing conclusions
2>
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the words in brackets.
3 > Mr Rush and Ms Drift had a car crash. Read their statements. Then write the police report. I stopped at t he lights. She was drivi ng on t he wrong si de of the road . 2 She's a very areless driver. 3 I won't make her pay if she apologises.
I'm sure he didn't break it beca use' was with him all t he time. (can't) He can't have broken;r all the t ime.
He we nt through a red light. 1 He wa s tal king on his mobi le phone. 2 He is going to kill someo ne one day. 3 I won't say anyth ing until I've seen my lawyer.
because I was with him
• • • • • • • 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I'm sure she was miserable when they broke up. must) She .......................................................................................... miserable when they broke up.
POLICE
REPORT
2 I'm su re she went rollerblading . Her rollerblades aren't he re. (must)
Form 244c
Mr Rush said h~.~~.. ~.~P.~.. ~~..~.~..~~:. Ms Drift sa id .~~.~~~3~.~.~~~~~ ..~ ..:.~.~ ..~~
She ........................................................................... Her rollerblades aren't here.
He said ...........................................................................
3 Maybe it was the dog wh ich ate our sandwiches. (m ight)
Sh e said .........................................................................
The dog .................................................................................. our sand wi ches. 4 I don't believe you took three hours to write th is essay - it's very short. (can' )
2
You .......................................................................... three hours to write this essay - it's very short. S Perhaps I threw away your letter from Mike by accident. (might) I .......................................................................... you r letter from Mike by accident.
146
He said ...........................................................................
She said ................................................................_.......
3
He said ................_.........................................................
She said .........................................................................
Practice
-
-
• Reported speech: statements and questions 4 / Report the interview with the TV zoologist, Alistair Batten.
• Verbs of reporting: various structures 5> Complete the sentences in reported speech using the verbs in the box. • agreed • apol ogised for • explained • invi ted • offered orde red) • prom ised • rem inded • suggested
C·
Q: Why ~;d )"tJ'U lHam~ a ~o/,?!;sl-.' II: I~ ",,,r~ ,,,fv45f-ed I;' ttnilfltAls --In..." p~/~. 'I Q: Ar~ /here. ~"Y 4n;Mifk ydN "/~/"'ke ?
1/: / ",,/f't eAj"Y S'Mnitl my h,,;t wi-Ht raHle~'fAker.
Z Q: Wlt~.f's Y(1Ut" fov(J'7;tf"if~ pllfACl!.'
/I:
flo(/I! Ma"A.1ltst:~
J C/: H6W '"It/{r Ii,"~f Alttlt. )"tPf ~~" -#tefe? A: t:alt'./- r~,"~M~ 4- Q: wit ...,. will yIJU do wilelt ym..'f'l! fDo 61d +0 -fr"ave1.'
r
A: 1'wI .1"'".1 to +ravel UI1I7'1 I
ti,e..
I asked Alistair .. ~hy..h.~.~~.t!..~~~!?'E.~.~.~~!.I!.9!¥':....... He said .~~ ..~.t¥...'E.l?r.~.!~~~r.~f!.t!.}~.. ~.'.';!P.~!.~ ..................
'Take th e gum out of your mouth at once, Jim.' The teacher ...~r.~~r.~~.I!P..r.l?.r.~~~..~h.~.!l~.'!!..~~tif.. .....
his mouth at once. 'Don't fo rget t o pack you r toot hbrush , Daisy.' Daisy's mother .....................................................................
2 'I'll drive you to the airport.' My mot her ............................................................................
3 'I'm sorry about breaki ng th e picture.'
I ................................................................................................
.Jh.~~.p~~p'~~: ......................................................................... I asked him ...........................................................................
4 'I'll never lie again: He ............................................................................................
He said ...................................................................................
5 'OK. I'll lend you the car.' Her fa ther ..............................................................................
2 I asked him ...........................................................................
He said ...................................................................................
6 'Why don't you ta ke t he trai n instead of th e bus?' Mrs Martin ............................................................................
3 I asked him ...........................................................................
He said ...................................................................................
4 I asked him ...........................................................................
7 'Would you like to com e and stay for a few days, Alice?'
Sue .......................................................................................... 8 'Lawn Avenue is the t hi rd tu rn ing on th e rig ht.'
He said ...................................................................................
The police offi cer ................................................................ 141
VI
Future continuous Positive statements You'll be Iymg on the beach
In
two weeks' time.
N gativ statements
They won't be revismg for their exams a week
from now.
• We use th e fu tu re continuo us to ta lk about events whi ch wi ll be in progress at a particular time in the futur • We use will/won't be + the present partici ple of the verb to form the future continuous.
Questions
Wilt she til l be studying English in a year's time?
Short answers
Positive Y ,sh w (I.
Negative
No, she won't.
Future perfect
Positive statements
We'll have had supper by nine o'clock
tlV
statements
't have gone to bed yet.
Questions
• We use t he future perfect to ta lk about events which will be completed at a pa rticula r t ime in the future. • We use will/won't + have + the past particip le of the verb to form the futu re perfect.
Will you have written your essay by omorrow?
Short answers
Positive Y s, I wll!.
Negative
No, I won't
Short answers with verb + so/not 1st gOing to be hot tomorrow?
Positive
Negative
I hln so. I pcct so
I don't· hlnk so.
I don't expect so.!1 e pect not.
I hope no
I'm afraid not.
I don't uppose so./1 suppose not.
'hop so. J'm a raid so I tJr po,>e o.
148
• After t he verbs think, expect, hope, be afraid and suppose, we can use so when respon ding affi rmatively to a comment or question. • For th e nega t ive responses using these verbs, see t he list on the left.
Practice Future cont inuous
1 :, Look at the programme. Then complete the sentences in the future continuous.
2> Use the notes below to write predictions using the future perfect.
IYI 100 ye4YS' tiMe-_
cV'ea1'e lot.s o.f reW trtAih /Mel wild /I city
v~tAiJIe..s l'(£5)
~e W1DOVo
tNO)
I .54IVe the hl/lck. ~iV'O trOWl eXtlVIG+iOVl tNO) '2. eliMi~te MIlIav-ia l YES) :!, di.scoveV' II CI.\'I'e fo'l' oArrtce'l' t YES) ov\
4 ilo'IVel'lt av-tificilll eyes tNO)
S 9ive lAp lASiV19 petrol 6
Cleves School
de.st'l'oy
~e.,.1
ot ~
.fIAe1 lNO) Y'lIir.fwe.st t YES)
II.s II
In 100 years' time:
..w.~:(~.~.~~~.~r.~~~~.~~.~~.. ~1.~.~fr.~.~~.~!.'.~...................
..I(.~9.~~.~~~~:...........................................................................
. w.~.~~.~:~.~~~~. ~~Ht.~..~!~.!?1) ..~~!:..~~~~:...................
8.20: 8.:50: 8.40-9.30: 9.30-10.00:
Meet outside the school Walk to the underground Travel by train to Gross Harbour Station Walk through the tunne1 under the river · GreenWich 10.00-18.00: VIsit Gr eenWich Observatory 12.00-1.30: Have lunch In the park 2.0D-3.00: Go to WestminSter Pier by boat 3..00-4.00: Return to Hammersmith by underground
2 ................................................................................................
3 ..............................................................................................
4 ................................................................................................
5 ................................................................................................
At 8.30, they ~~~.~.~.. ~~.~~!!!!1 ..~~J~!:..'!:~.~~r9.r.~!!.1)~~ .......
At 9.00, they ........................................................................
2 At 9.40, they ........................................................................
3 At 11 .00, they ............................... ........................................
4 At 1.00, they ........................................................................
5 At 2.30. they ........................................................................
6 At 3.15, they ........................................................................
6 ................................................................................................
• Future continuous or future perfect 3> Read about Bob. Then write pairs of sentences in the future perfect and the future continuous.
• Short answers with verb + so/not 4> Use the prompts to write B's answers.
Every day of Bob's life is the same and he likes it that way. He has his breakfast every morning at seven thirty. It takes him exactly ten minutes to eat it. Then he sunbathes on the steps of his house for two hours. At nine forty, he stops sunbathing and lies down on Claudia's bed. Claudia is Bob's owner and in Bob's opinion, her bed is the most comfortable one in the house. At twelve o'clock, he jumps off the bed and plays in the garden with Marmalade, the neighbours' cat. At three o'clock, he comes in from the garden and sits down in front of the fridge to wait for his tea. Claudia gets home from school at four fifteen and immediately gives Bob his food . It takes him five minutes to eat it. After his meal, Bob goes to sleep again and dreams about his breakfast. At eight o'clock tomorrow, Bob ...
a)
will have eaten his breakfast.
b) .. ~~!!..~~.~~.':'.~.c!'!~!~!1. ... on the steps of his house.
At nine fifty tomorrow, Bob ... a) ................................................................... sunbathing.
b)
.......
on Claudia's bed.
no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 At twelve fifteen tomorrow, Bob ... a) ................................................................... off the bed. b) .............................................................................. in the garden with Marmalade. 3 At three thirty tomorrow, Bob '" a) .................................................... in from the garden.
b) ................................................. in front of the fridge. 4 At four sixteen tomorrow, Claudia ... a) ....................................................... home from school. b) .................................................................. Bob his food. S At six o'dock tomorrow, Bob .. a) ......................................................................... his food.
b) .................................................... about his breakfast.
A: Is it go ing to ra in? B: (hope) .... L~~p.~.~.t?,~....... I want to play tennis.
A: Do you ha ve to leave now? B: (afrai d) ................................................ I have to get
up ea rly t om orro w. 2 A: Will Jane be com ing home for supper? B: (expect) .................................... She likes her food! 3 A: Is it goi ng to be sunny tom orrow? B: (hope) .................................................... I'm meet ing
Ellen at t he beach. 4 A: Does t he fi lm st art at eight? , B: (suppose) .......................................................... That's
when th ey usually start. S A: Is Martha going to be at t he party? B: (h ope) ...................................... I ca n't stand her. 6 A: Have we got to walk to th e ci nema? B: (thi nk) ................................... Dave's taken th e car. 7 A: Have you got a room for tonight? B: (afraid) ......................................................... We have
no rooms availabl e until Su nday. 8 A: Do you th ink Engla nd will wi n? B: (think) .......................................................... Scotland
are a mu ch stronger t eam. 9 A: Do you thi nk you'll get a big part in the play? B: (expect) ......................................................... . I'm not
a very good actor. 10 A: Do your black jea ns still fit you ? B: (suppose) ....................................................... I've put on th ree kilos th is year!
150