Drilling operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-001-E
Drilling operations
a) Overview of drilling plants, equipment, components b) Overview of drilling fluids: muds, cements & chemicals c) Outline of drilling techniques. Innovative vs traditional drilling. On-shore & off-shore drilling d) Blow –out prevention and control e) Drilling site organisation f) Cutting disposal: problems and solutions
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-002-E
What’s the purpose of well drilling? The main goal is to reach the target!
Original Well Path
Directional well Vertical well Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-003-E
How should you drill a well?
0m 30" 20" 2000 m
Sand
13 3/8"
Sand + shale
4000 m 9 5/8"
Shale Limestone
Hy
d
r ca o r
n bo
Reservoir 7"
6000 m
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-004-E
What’s the purpose of well drilling?
Reservoir
Reservoir Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-005-E
Drilling Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-006-E
Type of rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-007-E
Drilling Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-008-E
Drilling Rigs
Swamp rigs
Floating rigs
Land rigs
Stationary platforms
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-009-E
Land Rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0010-E
Off-shore Rigs
Stationary Platform
200 m
Jack up rig
100 m
(Anchored) drilling ship Semi sub rig
1000 m
Tension legs (Dynamic positioning) Drilling ship
Maximum operational depth
3000 m Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0011-E
Off-shore Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0012-E
Inland Drilling Barge
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0013-E
Inland Drilling Barge
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0014-E
Posted Barge
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0015-E
Non Posted Barge
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0016-E
Submersible Rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0017-E
Platform Rgis
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0018-E
Platform Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0019-E
Platform Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0020-E
Tender rig type
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0021-E
Tender Unit
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0022-E
Tender Units Type
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0023-E
Tender Units Type
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0024-E
Stationary Platform
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0025-E
Off-shore Rigs Jack up rig
Surface Wellhead
0m 100 m
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0026-E
Jack-up rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0027-E
Jack-up rig In legs-out position
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0028-E
Off-shore Rigs Semisub rig Subsea Wellhead
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0029-E
Semi-sub rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0030-E
Off-shore Rigs
Subsea Wellhead
(Anchored) Drilling ship
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0031-E
Off-shore Rigs (Dynamic positioning) Drilling ship
Subsea Wellhead
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0032-E
Drilling Ship
Ultra Deep Water Drillship SAIPEM 10000 Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0033-E
Off-shore Rigs Max Water Depth 3000
TotalFinaElf
2500 Expl. 2000
SHELL SHELL SHELL
Prod.
Subsea Tree TLP
ELF TEXACO
1500
PETROBRAS SHELL
PETROBRAS
EXXON
1000
SHELL PETROBRAS SHELL
SHELL EXXON HUMBLE OIL EXXON
500 0
SHELL
+ 1950
1960
1980
1990
2000
2001 Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0034-E
Rig Equipment
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0035-E
Hoisting System E A) A)Top AstaDrive motrice B) Mobile pulley block B) Taglia mobile C) C)Hook Gancio D) Derrickman D) PiattaformaFloor del pontista E) E)Fixed Tagliapulley fissa block F) F) Winch Water table Driller’s G) G) Arganocabin head H) H) Injection Baracca del perforatore hose I I)) Jacket Testina d'iniezione pipes LL)) Drill Rotary hose Mast M) M) Aste di perforazione N) N)Blow Tool Out jointPreventer (BOP) O) O)Wellhead Torre
D M L
A
H A
B C F
I
G
N O
Ground Floor
Cellar Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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BO-018-GIA-0036-E
Rotary system
Drilling Operations
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0037-E
Old Rotary System The old rotary system comprises: kelly – kelly bushing – rotary table – injection head – hook – travelling block
Drilling line Kelly
Section
Hook
Travelling block
Rotary Hose
Bushing Injection Head Kelly Rotary Equipment
Hoisting Equipment Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0038-E
Drilling Gear and Wellheads
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0039-E
Drilling String Drill Pipes Heavy Weight (intermediate stiffness pipes) X-over Drill Collars (Heavy weight pipes) Jar (Shock tool to be activated while drilling string stuck) Drill Collars Stabilizer (for hole reaming) Drill Collar Shock absorber (vibrations damper) Stabilizer Drill Collar Near bit Drill bit Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
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BO-018-GIA-0040-E
Drilling String
Drill pipe
3-joint drill pipe stand
28,5 m - (94 ft) Drill pipe
9,5 m (31 ft)
Drill pipe
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0041-E
Drill Bits
Drilling Operations
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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0042-E
Drill Bits PDC BITS
Steel Body
Matrix Body
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0043-E
Drill Bits NATURAL DIAMOND BITS
Nat. Diamond
Impregnated
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0044-E
Coil Tubing
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0045-E
Coil Tubing
•
Coiled tubing can be used in several wellbore operations: perforating, fluid pumping, bridge plug setting, etc.
•
It allows to carry out operations in a well while other operations are performed in a second well
•
It can also be used in the drilling phase
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0046-E
Drill Pipes
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0047-E
Steel for drill pipes Steels used for drill pipes are alloys of: – – – – –
Iron-carbon Manganese Silicon Molibden Nickel, etc…in different percentages. In these alloys impurities must not exceed the following values: 0,060 % of sulphur 0,040 % of phosphorus (API Standard)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0048-E
Material of drill pipe
Tubular goods are classified according to the Minimum Yield Strength. TYPES OF STEEL
Minimum Yield Strength
Minimum Yield Strength
psi
kg/mm2
Common steel X_42
42000
29,52
Mud pipes X-52
52000
36,55
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0049-E
Pipe body and pipe joint The drill pipes, are composed by : Drill pipe body Tool joint •
Drill pipe body – Hollow cylindrical pipe with upset at the end. – Built using different tipes of steel (E, X, G e S).
•
Tool joint – Box or pin end of the drill pipe: – Build using 120000 steel type
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
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BO-018-GIA-0050-E
Upset • An upset is done at the two ends of the drill pipe body in order to have higher thickness in the end part and therefore a gradual change in section from drill pipe body to tool joint • There are three kinds of upsets:
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0051-E
Tool Joint
• Finished Tool Joint
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0052-E
Tool Joint
The connection of a drill pipe body and a tool joint should be provided by:
FLASH WELDING
FRICTION WELDING
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0053-E
Non-destructive Tests
Types of a drill pipe inspections : – – – –
Visual Inspection Magnaflux Penetrant Liquids Ultrasounds And Gamma Rays
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0054-E
Non-destructive Tests
PENETRANT LIQUIDS: They enable the identification of discontinuities having an outlet to the surface. Unlike the MAGNAFLUX method, with penetrant liquids it is possible to survey discontinuities (cracks) also at high depth only with an outlet on the surface. ULTRASOUND AND GAMMA RAY: These nondestructive test methods are very effective. They are able to survey not only the presence of discontinuities inside the drill pipe, but also its position and extent. They also enable to verify the thickness and transversal section of the drill pipe.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0055-E
Heavy Weight Drill Pipes
The Heavy Weights are semi heavy drill pipes: something between DP and DC (drill collar) They have similar configuration to normal drill pipes. However, the tool joints are much longer and have an upset in the centre, working as stabilizer. Both the tool joints and the centre upset are protected from wear by hard facing bands.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0056-E
Heavy Weight Drill Pipes Heavy Weights are normally installed between the drill pipes and the drill collars to connect the flexibility of the drill pipes and the stiffness of the drill collars, reducing the fatigue stress acting on the last drill pipes, just above the DC. HWDP are design to work also in compression: their positioning above the DC enables the compensation of the shifting of the neutral point during normal drilling. Their function is providing weight to the bit, when the well conditions require fewer drill collars. In deviated wells characterized by high dip, they can be used instead of DC. They must work in tension when used in vertical wells with high diameter. Field experiences have shown that excessive bend, in high diameter wells, damages the HWDP: Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0057-E
Drill Collar
The drill collars (heavy drill pipes) are manufactured from a solid bar, externally turned, internally bored and thread at its ends.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0058-E
Drill Collar External Configuration:
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0059-E
Drill Collar
They are produced in a wide range of dimensions – Minimum external diameter: – Maximum external diameter:
2 7/8” 14”
– Minimum internal diameter: – Maximum internal diameter:
1” 3 1/4”
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0060-E
Drilling Muds
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0061-E
What are the main functions performed by drilling mud?
• Containing formation fluids by exercising a hydrostatic pressure at bottom hole • Consolidating the borehole walls by creating a filter cake • Cooling and lubricating the drill bit • Conveying drilling debris from the bottom hole to the surface • Keeping cuttings in suspension when circulation is halted • Providing information on drilled formations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0062-E
What Is A Drilling Fluid? Mud is a two-phase compound:
- LIQUID PHASE
- SOLID PHASE
• Fresh H2O • Salt H2O • Low Toxic OIL • Sintetic OIL
Weigh-down materials Solids incorporated in mud
• Foreign elements Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0063-E
How many mud types do we know?
- (inhibiting or non-inhibiting) WATER-BASED MUDS
- (direct or reverse-emulsion) OIL BASED MUDS
- AIR-CUT MUDS (seldom employed)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0064-E
Control Formation Pressure: Density •
One of the main functions of drilling fluid is to keep the formation pressure under control
•
The pressure exerted by the mud column in static conditions (without circulation) is called hydrostatic pressure.
•
Hydrostatic pressure is the product of the mud weight and the True Vertical Depth (TVD) of the well. If the hydrostatic pressure of the column of drilling mud is equal to or higher than the formation pressure, formation fluids can’t flow into the wellbore
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0065-E
Control Formation Pressure: Density
•
Formation pressure typically increases with depth
•
To compensate for this we increase the density of the mud with barite
•
Mud weight must be limited to the minimum necessary to control the well, maintain its stability, and still stay below the fracture gradient
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0066-E
Cool and Lubricate the Drillstring and Bit Circulation of the drilling fluids cools the bit and the drillstring assembly, to temperatures lower than the bottom-hole temperature •
Mechanical and hydraulic energy generated by pumping mud to the bit, and abrasion between the drill string and the hole, produces a great amount of heat
•
Since the formation is a poor conductor the heat has no where to go
•
Circulating fluid helps to dissipate this heat at surface
•
Because of the composition of the mud, it has a lubricating effect which also cuts down on the heat production. Indicators of poor lubrication are high torque and drag
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0067-E
Transmit Hydraulic Power to Bit Hydraulic Power is used to: • • • •
Maximize penetration rate (ROP) Remove cuttings from under the bit and up to the surface Run downhole motors and other special equipment The hydraulic program is based on using the right diameter nozzles in the bit, the pump’s efficiency, and choosing the proper circulation pressures and rates for the hole conditions
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0068-E
Mud Circuit
Mud chemicals store
Mixing hopper Shale shaker
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0069-E
Directional Wells
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0070-E
Logistical problems
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0071-E
Environmental concerns
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0072-E
Multi-target wells
Drilling Operations
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Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0073-E
To aim at a different target
Original Well Sidetrack
Corrected Well Path
Original Well Path
Sidetrack Original Well
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0074-E
Unapproachable targets
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0075-E
Relief Wells
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0076-E
Horizontal Wells
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0077-E
Why use horizontal drilling? To increase well productivity
Horizontal well Vertical well
Horizontal wells have wider drainage areas than vertical ones Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0078-E
Different types of horizontal wells
Long Radius
Medium Radius Short Radius
Drilling Operations
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Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0079-E
Directional Drilling Tools
Drilling Operations
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Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0080-E
Downhole Motors PDM - (Positive Displacement Motors)
Bent Sub & Motor
Kick Off Sub (KOS) Motor
Bent Sub
1/2° - 3°/100ft (30m)
Double Kick Off (DKO) Motor
≤ 6°/100ft (30m)
Large BOS
Large BOS
No Surface Rotation
No Surface Rotation 1/2° - 3°/100ft (30m) Smaller BOS No Surface Rotation
Double Kick-Off Sub
Kick-Off Sub
BOS = Bit offset
BOS
BOS
BOS
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0081-E
Basic Steering Concept
Rotating shaft
Movable piston
Non-rotating sleeve Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0082-E
AUTOTRAK (for deviated wells) AutoTrak Features Rotary Closed-Loop Drilling System • It can change direction while rotating • Expandable ribs create a side force on the bit, producing a controlled closed loop with the MWD tool
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0083-E
Standard Steerable Drilling System compared to Autotrak
Standard steerable
Autotrak
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0084-E
Casing
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0085-E
What is a “Casing” ? •
Casing is metallic pipe that is lowered in a well in order to cover the open hole, isolating it from the drilled formations.
•
Once positioned at the desired depth, casing is cemented in place by pumping a slurry inside it. The slurry goes out of the casing’s bottom, which is called “shoe”, and rises in the casing/open hole annulus. Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0086-E
What is the casing function? •
To support the wellhead and the BOPs
•
To allow mud circulation to the surface
•
To isolate formations having different pore pressure or fracture gradients
•
To exclude formations that can cause problems to drilling activities on account of their geological characteristics
•
To isolate productive formations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0087-E
Different Types of Casing
•
Conductor pipe
•
Surface casing
•
Intermediate casing
•
Production casing
•
Liner (a casing string that does not extend to the top of the wellbore) Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0088-E
Cementing Operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0089-E
What is casing cementing? Casing is cemented in place by pumping slurry in the open hole/casing annulus. As the slurry solidifies, it acquires the necessary mechanical resistances.
Why a cement should be use? • To cement casing in place (single-stage or multi-stage operations) • To run cement plugs (permanent abandonment, plugs to start a sidetrack, isolation of depleted productive formations) • To squeeze cement into a formation to avoid lost circulation
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0090-E
Manufacturing Portland Cement The following reactions take place during the product baking stage: 100º C
evaporation of free water
600º C
dehydroxylation of clay minerals
900º C
crystallization of dehydroxylated clay minerals
900º - 1200º C
reactions between CaCO3 and CaCO with the
aluminiumsilicates 1250º - 1280º C start of the liquid phase above 1280º C
the material becomes Clinker
It will then be ground and mixed with gypsum to become CEMENT.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0091-E
Properties of cement slurry The characteristics of a cement slurry can be altered depending on its use. These characteristics can be summed up as follows: 1. Easy mixing and pumping. 2. Ideal rheological characteristics for the removal of the mud. 3. Rapid development of compressive strength. 4. Capacity to prevent the passage of gas. 5. Maintain a good level of compressive strength over time. 6. Capacity to fix to the surfaces. 7. Elasticity. 8. Capacity to maintain these characteristics at high temperatures. Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0092-E
Reasons for using cement
Filling the annular space between the wall of an uncased hole and the casing is the first operation after the bit has been run out of the hole and the casing has been run in for the following reasons: a) To support the casing and anchor it to the borehole wall. b) To prevent the borehole from caving. c) To protect the casing from corrosion. d) To protect the casing from crushing or bursting. e) To isolate adjacent zones of the borehole and prevent the different formation fluids from mixing. f) To extend and optimize the life of a well. g) To increase well safety and control.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0093-E
Types of cementing jobs
Cement slurries can be used in three types of jobs: a) Cementing of casing or strings (primary) b) Remedial or complementary cementing c) Cement plugs.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0094-E
Casing Cementing
Depending on the order, their position and purpose, casing can be called: a) b) c) d)
Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing Liner
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0095-E
Most common diameters
The normal dimensions of the casing or liner and in which open hole they are run in are shown below; the dimensions are given in inches: casing/ liner dimension (inches)
open hole dimension (inches)
20” 18 5/8” 13 3/8” 9 5/8” 7” 5”
26” 24” 17.5” 12.25” 8.5” 6.5”
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0096-E
Types of casings
Conductor pipe Surfaces Intermediate Production Liner
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0097-E
Main characteristics of cement slurry YIELD This is an important value on which the calculation of the final volumes, in bottomhole conditions, depends. There are additives such as Sferelite whose microsfers tend to break under pressure and so undergo fluid invasion when they are in the well, increasing the need for mixing water compared to the 0 pressure conditions on the surface. It will therefore be the down hole yield, based on the volume of liquid cement required for the job, which will therefore tell us the quantity of powdered cement needed. Yield is expressed in litres of slurry per 100 kg of cement, or in cubic feet per sack. For a class “G” cement without additives, these values are around 760 lt / 100 kg, or 1.15 cuft / sk. Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0098-E
Main characteristics of cement slurry THICKENING TIME
This is perhaps the most significant and closely examined value in a lab report. For a very good reason, because the Thickening Time (T.T.) is the value which allows us to carry out the job in safe conditions. Underestimating the time can result in disastrous cementing which can even lead to the well having to be abandoned in the most serious cases.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0099-E
Main characteristics of cement slurry RHEOLOGY (Fann Reading) Cement slurry is classified as a “non Newtonian” fluid; i.e. a fluid whose viscosity is not constant but varies with the speed at which it flows through a pipe. Rheology measurements on slurry allow the characteristics of its flow to be predicted as well as its capacity to suspend solids. The PV (Plastic Viscosity) and YP (Yield Point) values can be obtained on the basis of the apparent viscosity values, determined for example using a Fann Viscosimeter. These values tell us to what extent a slurry is fluid and if it is able to transport solids and keep them in suspension. Moreover, the Flow Index (n’) and Consistency Index (K’) are obtained and allow us to estimate the pressure loss caused by friction during the motion of the slurry and its flow type; that is, if it movement is plug, laminar or turbulent.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00100-E
Cementer
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00101-E
1)Displacement 1)Displacementof ofcement cementby byaadrilling drilling mud mud 2)The 2)Theplugs plugsare arein incontact contactand and displacement displacementisiscompleted. completed. Cement Cementstarts startsto tosolidify solidify
Fango
Fang o Malta Fango
Operational sequence of casing cementing
The Thetime timeneeded neededthe thecement cementto toset set at atthe theend endof ofdisplacement displacement(WOC) (WOC) will willvary varyaccording accordingto tothe thetype typeof of used usedslurry slurry
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00102-E
What is the chemical composition of cement?
• Cement is a complex mixture of silicates and calcium aluminates. Its grinding fineness determines its hydration capacity. • A little difference in the chemical composition or in the physical condition of cement can cause a strong performance variation. • It is essential to perform lab tests before each operation, using water, cement and additives samples obtained from the site where the operation will take place.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00103-E
Difficulties in drilling operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00104-E
Lost Circulation • PARTIAL LOSSES Absorption up to a maximum value of about 8 m3/h • TOTAL LOSSES Mud doesn’t return to the surface during drilling operations Absorptions are caused by: • High-porosity and high-permeability formations • Fractured formations • Underpressured formations • Karst
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00105-E
Lost Circulation
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00106-E
Stuck Pipe
Main stuck pipe causes are: • • • •
Key seats Differential pressure (sticking) Wedging in (Packing off) - While the drill string is being lowered - While the drill string is being pulled out A collapse caused by: - Total circulation loss - Unstable formations - Debris accumulation in caved-in boreholes
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00107-E
Stuck Pipe: Key Seat Block
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00108-E
Sticking Block
Drill pipes
Borehole Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00109-E
Fishing Operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00110-E
Overshot
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00111-E
Magnetic Fisher
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00112-E
Underground Blow-out
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00113-E
Underground Blow-out Gas Migration
Charged formation
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00114-E
Underground Blow-out - 1 Gas Migration
Shear Rams (open)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00115-E
Underground Blow-out - 2 Gas Migration
Shear Rams (closed)
Fracturing below csg. shoe
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00116-E
Underground Blow-out - 3 Gas Migration
Shear Rams (closed)
Initiation of underground blow out
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00117-E
Well Capping Techniques
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00118-E
Capping 1) 1) Well Well Flowing Flowing
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00119-E
Capping 2) 2) positioning positioning BOP BOP
= Valves Closed Guide Line Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00120-E
Capping 3) 3) Set Set Up Up Choke Choke & & Kill Kill lines lines
BOP open
= Valves Closed
Choke line
Kill line
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00121-E
Capping 4) 4) opening opening Choke Choke & & Kill Kill lines lines
BOP open
Choke line
Kill line
= Valves Open
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00122-E
Capping 5) 5) Closing Closing BOP BOP
BOP closed
Choke line
Kill line
= Valves Open
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00123-E
Capping 6) 6) Gradual Gradual Closing Closing of of Choke Choke ee Kill Kill lines lines (the (the well well is is in in pressure) pressure)
BOP closed
Choke line
Kill line
= Valves closed
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00124-E
Capping 7) 7) Well Well Killing Killing by by pumping pumping through through kill kill line. line.
BOP closed
Choke line
Kill line
= Choke closed = Kill open
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00125-E
Surface Bop Stack
Bag Preventer
Double rams Preventer
Single ram Preventer
Used on land, offshore, jack-up, tender rigs and stationary platforms
The BOP stack components are: • Bag BOP • Ram BOPs • Drilling spool (optional) • Choke valves • Kill valves They are usually built according to API 16 A standards.
Drilling Spool Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00126-E
Snapshots of real operations....
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00127-E
Snapshots of real operations..
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00128-E
Relief Well Techniques
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00129-E
Relief well
Reservoir Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00130-E
Relief well
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00131-E
Surface Bop Control System .
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00132-E
Well Control
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00133-E
Kick: Rise in Pit Levels 0
LOSS GAIN Indicator placed on the driller’s console
Pit Gain
Suction Pit
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00134-E
Causes of a kick
Drilling Drilling in in an an over over pressurized pressurized formation formation Gas
Gas
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00135-E
Blowout Control Systems
•• Blowout Blowoutcontrol controlsystems systemscan canbe bedivided dividedinto: into: •• Primary Primary(active): (active):these theseare arethe thesystems systemsthat thatprevent preventthe the occurrence occurrenceof ofaablowout blowout(i.e. (i.e.hydrostatic hydrostaticload loadof ofaamud) mud) •• Secondary Secondary(passive): (passive):all allsafety safetyequipment equipmentcontributes contributesto to close close aawellbore wellborewhen whenaaserious seriouspossibility possibilityof ofblowout blowoutexists exists or orwhen whenaablowout blowoutis isalready alreadyunder underway way
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00136-E
Logistical Services
•
Road transports
•
Sea transports
•
Communications
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00137-E
Road Transports
• This service provides logistical assistance
and
transport
of
materials in onshore operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00138-E
Sea Transports Supply Vessel – Helicopter • The Supply Vessel Service provides logistical assistance and transport of materials in offshore operations • The Helicopter Service provides in – out rig personnel transport
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00139-E
Communications
The Communications Service allows data transmission in the rig – operational district – headquarters loop
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00140-E
Drilling Waste Management And Cycle
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00141-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Drilling Waste •Drilling Cuttings •Exhaust mud •Wash water •Drilling fluids •Municipal solid wastes Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00142-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
•Drilling waste from WBM (mud and cuttings): non-hazardous •Drilling waste from OBM (mud and cuttings): hazardous
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00143-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Operations priorities: Reduction at source Recycle – Re-use Recovery
Waste Reduction
Treatment Disposal
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00144-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Guiding criteria Waste volume reduction Re-use of wash water
Storage by type
Use of dedicated corrals (excluding shallow wells)
Solids control equipment
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00145-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Disposal methods:
On-site treatment Transport to treatment plant
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00146-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Semataf: aerial view of treatment and disposal site (2B type) in Lanciano Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00147-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings Cuttings can be treated chemically, physically or mechanically in order to separate or fix contaminants to reach legal standards
• Consolidation/stabilization • Thermal treatment • Biodegradation Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00148-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Consolidation and inertization Shale shakers Cement
CORRAL excavator
silos
Sodium Silicate
pomp Mixing conveyer
Landfill CONSOLIDATION CORRAL
Re-use Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00149-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Thermal treatment of cuttings The process consists of heating the cuttings to reach a water-oil gaseous stage and subsequent condensation low Temp 250° - 370° (oil recovery) high Temp >900° (incinerator)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00150-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Biodegradation A natural process where adapted microorganisms degrade complex hydrocarbons to a more elementary chain that can be easily reduced to environmentally acceptable Carbon compounds Operationally simple
Does not need special equipment (farm equipment) Does not generate a biproduct: recyclable cuttings/soil Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00151-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Disposal methods: •On-site treatment
Landfill Re-use
Cuttings Dehydration process
Exhaust mud
Solid Water
Washing water Re-use on rig Waste water depuration plant Discharge
Depuration process Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00152-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Dehydration
Filterpress for dehydration of exhaust mud Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00153-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Off-shore disposal methods:
•Up to 1987 :
•From 1987:
Discharge into the sea of cuttings (OBM/WBM) and muds (WBM) Zero-discharge and consequent transport to shore of solid and liquid waste (WBM - OBM) Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00154-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Closed Loop System
Cuttings washer
vibrovagl Shale shakers i
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00155-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings slurrification and re-injection Options : -- Existing well (production well) -- Drilling and re-injection simultaneously well -- Dedicated well
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00156-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings re-injection cuttings Exhaus drilling fluids water
Injection fluid characteristics: Particle size in suspension Concentration (volume) Density
<300 micron 15-25% 1.2-1.6Kg/l Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00157-E
Waste Management
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00158-E
What kinds of waste are produced in a rig site ? • Drilling debris • Exhausted mud • Washing H2O • Intervention fluids • Urban solid waste
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00159-E
Why to carry out a waste management ?
To reduce the environmental impact with respect to the regulations in force
To maximize waste recycling (cement, brick and expanded clay plants, environmental restoration, RSU dump covers)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00160-E
How we can manage waste disposal? ONSHORE :
OFFSHORE :
• Rig site treatment • Zero discharge: solid and (consolidation and liquid waste (WBM – dehydration) OBM) is transported onshore • Untreated waste disposal • H2O recycling ( a closed-loop system allows reduction of waste volumes to be disposed of by recovering water from exhausted mud)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-00161-E
