“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence”
CONTENTS
• • • •
•
•
•
•
• • •
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………..……..pg.2 HOW A DYING DECLARATION SHOULD BE…...………….……... pg.3 WHO MAY RECORD A DYING DECLARATION……..……….….... pg.4 IMPORTANT FACTS TO BE REMEMBERED BEFORE RECORDING DYING DECLARATION DECLARATION …………………………………………….... pg.5 TABLE SHOWING THE CONDITIONS FOR ADMISSIBILITY AND EVIDENTIARY EVIDENTI ARY VA VALUE OF A DYING DECLARATION……… DECLARATION…………… …… pg.5 DYING DECLARATION: AN EXCEPTION TO THE RULE AGAINST HEARSAY………………………………………………………….…..pg.11 DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDIAN AND. AND. ENGLISH LAW a) Sense ! I"#en$%n& I"#en$%n& Dea'(………………… Dea'(…………………………….. …………..…. …. pg.12 ) S*#e ! A##+%*a'%n……………………………………... A##+%*a'%n……………………………………... pg.13 *) E,%$en'%a E,%$en'%a- - Va+/e………………………… +/e………………………………………… ………………pg.14 $) C"#e'en* C"#e'en* O! T(e T(e De*+a-an De*+a-an'…………… '…………………...… ……...………. ……. pg.14 RELEVANCE RELEVANCE OF O F DYING DYI NG DECLARAT DEC LARATION ION a) Bas%s ! D%n& D%n& De*+a-a'% De*+a-a'%n n : H0 P-+e"a'%* P-+e"a'%*1..... 1.......... .......... ....... pg.16 ) E,%$en'%a- Va Va+/e ' e A''a*(e$ A''a*(e$ ' A D%n& De*+a-a'%n. De*+a-a'%n. pg.18 *) P-*e$/-es P-*e$/-es an$ P-e*a/'%ns P-e*a/'%ns…………………… ………………………..……. …..……... pg.21 2UDICIAL GUIDELINES ON DYING DECLARTION……………… DECLARTION……………… pg.28 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….pg.30 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………….pg.31
•
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” D%n D%n& & $e*+ $e*+a-a a-a'% '%n n %s ase asess n '(e '(e "a3% "a3%" " 4 Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire55 %.e. a "an 0%++ n' "ee' (%s "a6e- 0%'( a +%e %n (%s "/'(. T(e s'a'e"en's mentire "a$e a #e-sn as ' '(e *a/se ! (%s $ea'( - as ' *%-*/"s'an*es ! '(e '-ansa*'%n -es/+'%n& %n (%s $ea'( %s *a++e$ a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. Se*'%n 789) ! '(e In$%an E,%$en*e A*' 'a+6s a/' $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. A $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s a$"%s; s%+e %n e,%$en*e e,en '(/&( %' (as n' een &%,en n a'( an$ '(e #e-sn "a6%n& %' *ann' e *-ss;e3a"%ne$. I' %s an e3*e#'%n ' '(e -/+e a&a%ns' (ea-sa. T(%s e3*e#'%n< as s/*( $a'es a*6 as !a- as '(e !%-s' (a+! ! '(e =>>s< ? '(e #e-%$ 0(en '(e (ea-sa -/+e 0as *"%n& ' e ss'e"a'%*a++ an$ s'-%*'+ en!-*e$. 8 T(e */s'" ! /s%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n #-a+ *"es $0n as a '-a$%'%n +n& e!-e '(e e,%$en*e ss'e" a-%ses %n '(e @>>s. 7 A$"%ss%%+%' ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n as a -e+e,an' #%e*e ! e,%$en*e %s &/%$e$ '(e #-%n*%#+e ! ne*ess%' an$ -e+%&%/s !"S" #$%!& o' t(e ndian Evidence Act )rovides t(at a statement *y a )erson since deceased+ as to t(e cause o' (is deat( or any o' t(e circumstances circumstances o' t(e transaction t(at resulted into (is deat( is relevant+ irres)ective irres)ective o' t(e )roceedings in ,(ic( t(e cause o' (is deat( comes into -uestion"
$"As(utos(Salil+ “An “An Analysis o' ndian and Englis( Position o' Dying Declaration. J $/0+Cri"1"J"$223"
#"d"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” e+%e! ! '(e +$en $as. T(e ne*ess%' e%n&< '(a' '(a' %n *ases< 0(e-e ,%*'%" %s '(e n+ n+ ee;0%'ness ' '(e *-%"e< '(e e3*+/s%n ! (%s(e- s'a'e"en' "%&(' $e!ea' '(e en$s ! /s'%*e. T(e -e+%&%/s san*'%n e(%n$ '(e%- a$"%ss%%+%' *"es !-" '(e e+%e! %n '(e !a*'< '(a' a sense ! %"#en$%n& $ea'( #-$/*es %n a "ans "%n$ '(e sa"e !ee+%n& as '(a' ! a *ns*%en'%/s an$ ,%-'//s "an /n$e- a'(;ne" "-%'/-/s #-aes/"/n'/- "en'%-%.
HOW A DYING DECLARATION SHOULD BE?
T(e-e %s n #a-'%*/+a- !-" ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. H0e,e-< '(e es' !-" ! $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a' $e*+a-a'%n %n %s %n '(e !-" ! /es'% /es'%ns ns an$ ans0e-s. ans0e-s. H0e,e H0e,e-< -< 0(ene,e- a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s e%n& -e*-$e$ %n '(e !-" ! /es'%ns an$ ans0e-s #-e*a/'%n s(/+$ e 'a6en '(a' e3a*'+ 0(a' /es'%ns a-e as6e$ an$ 0(a' ans0e-s a-e &%,en '(e #a'%en' '(se s(/+$ e 0-%''en. A $%n& $e*+a-a'%n "a e %n '(e !++0%n& !-"s: . W-%'' -%''en en !-" !-" 8. Ve-a+ -a+ !-" !-"
4"Sudi)to Sar5ar6 7" 7" R" 8ano(ar+ Sar5ar on Evidence+ !3t( edn"+ vol" l"9ad(,a and Co"+ Nag)ur+ !///+ )" :##"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” 7. Ges'/-es Ges'/-es an$ S%&ns S%&ns !-". !-". In '(e *ase *ase /een /een ,s A$/++a A$/++a @< %' 0as (e+$ (e+$ '(a' %! '(e %n/-e$ #e-sn %s /na+e ' s#ea6< (e *an "a6e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s%&ns an$ &es'/-es %n -es#nse ' '(e /es'%n. . I! a #e-sn #e-sn %s n' *a#a+e *a#a+e ! s#ea6%n s#ea6%n& & - 0-%'%n& 0-%'%n& (e *an *an "a6e a &es'/-e &es'/-e %n '(e '(e !-" ! es - n n$$%n& an$ e,en s/*( '#e ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s ,a+%$. @. I' %s #-e!e-#-e!e--e$ e$ '(a' %' s(/+$ s(/+$ e 0-%''en 0-%''en %n '(e ,e-na*/+ ,e-na*/+aa- 0(%*( 0(%*( '(e #a'%en' #a'%en' /n$e-s'an$s an$ s#ea6s. . A $%n $%n& & $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n "a "a e %n '(e '(e !-" ! na--a na--a'% '%ns. ns. In *ase *ase ! a $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s -e*-$e$ %n '(e !-" ! na--a'%ns< n'(%n& %s e%n& e%n& #-"#'e$ an$ e,e- '(%n& %s *"%n& as s/*( !-" '(e "%n$ ! '(e #e-sn "a6%n& %'. OB2ECTS . T(e #-es/"#'% #-es/"#'%n n %s a #e-sn #e-sn 0( %s a/' a/' ' $%e $%e 0/+$ n' n' +%e. +%e. 8. I' %s a+s sa%$ sa%$ '(a' T-/'( T-/'( s%'s n n '(e +%#s +%#s ! a #e-sn 0( 0( %s a/' ' ' $%e. $%e. 7. T(e ,%*'%" ,%*'%" %s e3*+/s%,e e3*+/s%,e ee ee 0%'ness 0%'ness an$ (en*e (en*e s/*( e,%$en* e,%$en*ee s(/+$ n' n' e e3*+/$e$. WHO MAY RECORD A DYING DECLARAT DECLA RATION ION ?
. I' %s es' es' '(a' '(a' %' %s -e*-$e$ -e*-$e$ '(e "a&%s' "a&%s'-a'e. -a'e. 31R 0 #;3
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage 4
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” 8. I! '(e-e %s n '%"e '%"e ' *a++ '(e "a&%s'"a&%s'-a'e a'e<< 6ee#%n 6ee#%n& & %n ,%e0 '(e $e'e-% $e'e-%-a' -a'%n& %n& *n$%'%n ! '(e $e*+a-an'< %' *an e -e*-$e$ an$ e.&. #/+%* se-,an' +%6e $*'- - an '(e- #e-sn. 7. I' *ann' *ann' e sa%$ sa%$ '(a' a $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n -e* -e*-$ -$e$ e$ a #+% #+%*e *e !!%* !!%*ee- %s a+0as %n,a+%$. . I! an $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a $e*+a-a'% '%n n %s n' -e*-$e$ -e*-$e$ '(e *"#e'en *"#e'en'' Ma&%s'-a Ma&%s'-a'e< 'e< %' %s e''e- '(a' s%&na'/-es ! '(e 0%'nesses a-e 'a6en 0( a-e #-esen' a' '(e '%"e ! -e*-$%n& %'.
IMOR IMORT TANT !ACTS TO BE REMEMB REMEMBERE ERED D BE!ORE BE!ORE RECOR RECORDIN DING G DYING DECLARATION"
. T(e T(e $e*+ $e*+a-a a-an' n' 0as %n a !%' !%' *n$ *n$%' %'% %n n ! "%n$ "%n$ ' &%,e &%,e '(e '(e s'a' s'a'e" e"en en'' 0(en 0(en -e* -e*-$ -$%n %n& & 0as 0as s'a-' s'a-'e$ e$ an$ an$ -e"a% -e"a%ne ne$ $ %n !%' !%' *n$ *n$%' %'% %n n ! "%n$ "%n$ /n'% /n'%++ '(e '(e -e*-$%n& ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s *"#+e'e$. 8. T(e T(e !a*' ! !%' *n$%'% *n$%'%n n ! "%n$ ! $e*+a-a $e*+a-an' n' *an e es' *e-'% *e-'%!%e !%e$ $ '(e $*'-. 7. Ye'<
%n *ase *ase ! 0(e0(e-ee %' 0as 0as n' n' #ss% #ss%+e +e ' 'a6e 'a6e !%'n !%'ness ess !-" !-" '(e '(e $*'$*'-<<
$%n& $e*+a-a'%n (as -e'a%ne$ %'s !/++ san*'%' %! '(e-e a-e '(e- 0%'nesses '
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage 3
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” 'es'%! '(a' $e*+a-an' 0as %n !%' *n$%'%n ! '(e "%n$ 0(%*( $%$ n' #-e,en' (%" !-" "a6%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. . H0e,e H0e,e-< -< %' s(/+$ s(/+$ n' e /n$e/n$e- '(e %n!+/e %n!+/en*e n*e ! an$ an$ - #-e#a#-e#a-e$ e$ #-"#'%n&< '/'-%n& - %"a&%na'%n.
I! an $%n& $e*+a-a'%n e*"es
s/s#%*%/s< %' 0%++ 0%++ nee$ *---a'%n. *---a'%n. @. I! a $e*+a-an' $e*+a-an' "a$e "-e "-e '(an ne $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a $e*+a-a'%ns '%ns an$ an$ %! '(ese a-e n' n' a' ,a-%an*e 0%'( ea*( '(e- %n essen*e '(e -e'a%n '(e%- !/++ ,a+/e. I! '(ese $e*+a-a'%ns a-e %n*ns%s'en* - *n'-a$%*'-< s/*( $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns +se '(e%- ,a+/e.
NOW NOW IT IS #ER #ERY ES ESSE SENT NTIA IAL L TO $NOW $NOW TH THE E COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS !OR !OR ADMISSIBILITY
AND
E#IDENTIARY
#ALUE
O!
A
DYING
DECLARATION. THE TABLE GI#EN IN!RA SUCCINCTLY E%LAINS THE SAME"
CONDITIONS
!OR
E#IDENTIARY #ALUE
ADMISSIBILITY
. T(e $%n $%n& &
$e*+a-an'
<0( &a,e
$e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n< n<
s(/ s(/+$ +$
(a,e $%e$.
. E,% E,%$en $en'%a '%a- ,a+ ,a+/e ! $%n %n& $e*+a-a'%n 0%++ *(an&e !-" *ase ' *ase a**-$%n& ' !a*' an$ an$ *%-* *%-*/" /"s' s'an an*e *ess ! ea*( ea*(
8. A$"%ss%%+%'
!
$%n&
*ase.
$e*+ $e*+a-a a-a'% '%n n %s e3#+ e3#+a% a%ne ne$ $ %n PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage :
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” '(e se*'%n 78 9) ! In$%an E,%$en*e A*'.
8. A $%n $%n& & $e*+a $e*+a-a' -a'% %n n "/s' "/s' e -e*-$e -$e$
%n
e3a*'
0-$s -$s
s#6en '(e $e*+a-an'. 7. W(en W(en '(e '(e s'a' s'a'e" e"en en'' %s "a$e "a$e a #e-sn as ' '(e *a/se !
7. I! a *"# "#e'en' Ma&%s'-a'e
(%s $ea'(< - an ! '(e
-e*-$s a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n
*%-*/"s'an*es
'(e
/es'%n an$ ans0e- !-" <
'-ansa*'%n 0(%*( -es/+'e$ %n
s/*( s/*( $%n& $%n& $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n 0%++ 0%++
(%s $ea'(< %n *ases %n 0(%*(
(a,e "/*( e,%$en'%a- ,a+/e.
!
'(e '(e *a/s *a/see ! '(a' '(a' #e-s #e-sn ns $ea'( $ea'( *"es *"es %n' %n' /es'% /es'%n. n. S/*( s'a'e"en's a-e -e+e,an' 0(e'(e"a$e a$e
'(e
'(% '(%s
#e-s -sn 0as 0as
0(
e3# e3#e*' e*'%n& %n&
$ea'( - n'. 9See se*'%n 78 9) ! In$%an E,%$en*e A*'). A*'). . T(e T(e $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n "/s' "/s' e *"#+e'e . @. T(e T(e *a/se *a/se ! $ea' $ea'( ( "/s' "/s' e
. I! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s -e*-$e$ N sne- $es '(e %n!-"a'%n -e*e%,e '(an '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s -e*-$e$< '/'-%n& %n'e-es'e$ #e-sns *an e a,%$e$. @. In *ase *ase "-e "-e '(an '(an ne ne $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns<
a++
$e*+a-a'%ns
"/s'
s/*( e
%$en'%*a+.
e3#+a%ne$ '(e $e*+a-an' - a'+e a'+eas as''
'(e '(e
*%-* *%-*/" /"s' s'an an*e *ess
. In
2a% 2a% P-a P-a6a 6as( s( ,s S' S'a'e a'e ! !
incomplete as deceased not being able to answer further, held :
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage 0
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” 0(%*( -es/+'e$ (%s(e- $ea'(
Ha-anaK< %' 0as se-,e$
"/s' e e3#+a%ne$.
'(a' a s'a'e"en' ! ,%*'%" 0(%* 0(%*( ( 0as 0as -e* -e*-$ -$e$ e$ '(e '(e
. T(e $e* $e*+a-a +a-an' n'<< 0( "a6es a6es $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n< n< "/s' "/s' e *ns*%/s an$ *(e-en'.
s'a'e %n "%n$. *a/se
$e*+a-an'
La'e La'e-< -< s/*( s/*( s'a' s'a'e" e"en en'' 0as 0as 'a6en
=. T(e T(e $e*+a $e*+a-a -an' n' "/s' "/s' e s/n s/n$ $
J. T(e
#+%*e !!%*e- %n (s#%'a+.
'
e
a
$%n&
$e*+a-a'%n. =. In s"e s"e *ases *ases<< F. F.I.R 0as 0as a+s a+s
!
$ea'(
!
*ns%$e-e$
"/s'
e
%n
$e*+a-a'%n.
/es'%n.
as
J. In*ns%s'en'
a
$%n&
$%n&
K. H0e H0e,e ,e-< -< '(e '(e $e*+ $e*+aa-an an'' nee$ nee$
$e*+a-a'%n %s n e,%$en'%a-
n' e /n$e- e3#e*'a'%n !
,a+/e. 9 S"' a"+a ,s S'a'e
$ea'( /n+%6e En&+%s( L La0. a0.
! P/na>)
>.T( >.T(ee $e*+ $e*+aa-an an'' nee$ nee$ n' n' e /n$e- s(a$0 ! $ea'(. =
K. T(e
$%n&
$e*+a-a'%n
-e*-$e$ '(e C+e-6 %n '(e #-esen*e ! Ma&%s'-a'e n'
. . T(e $%n& $%n& $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n "a e %n ,e-a+ !-". 8. T(e 0(+e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n
%na$"%ss%+e. S*-%e nee$ n' e #-$/*e$ ' #-,e %' %' . >.Des .Des# #%'e '(e-e %s a $%n&
0 State o' >aryana vs 8anageram 6 ot(ers %AR $22# SC 33;&
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage ;
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” "/s'
e
'a6en
%n'
$e*+a e*+a-a -a''%n< %n<
C/-' /-'
*ns *ns%$ %$ee-a' a'% %n n '(e '(e C/C/-''
!/-'(e-
*---a'%n.
/' n' s"e #-'%n ! %'.
H0e,e-< Cn,%*'%n *an e ase$
7.T(e s'a'e"en' "a e "a$e e!-e '(e *a/se ! $ea'( (as
n
%'
see6 see6ss
0%'(/'
*---a'%n %! %' %s '-/e an$ ,+/n'a-.
a-%sen< - e!-e '(e $e*ease$ (as an -easn ' an'%*%#a'e e%n& 6%++e$J.
.Re#+%es s%&ns an$ &es'/-es *ns'% *ns'%'/' '/'ee ,e-a+ ,e-a+ s'a'e" s'a'e"en' en' -ese -ese" "+% +%n& n& '(e '(e *as *asee !
; Pa5ala Narayana S,ami vs Em)eror
/ %!//;& 0 SCC $;4
!2 AR !//# SC #04"
!! (52 Cr.L.J 883)
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage /
a
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” . .
C-C-- -a' a'% %n n $e*+ $e*+a-a a-a'% '%n n
'
n' n'
$%n $%n& &
$/" #e-sn an$ %s -e+e,an'
ne*e ne*ess ssaa- .
an$ a$"%ss a$"%ss%+ %+ee %n e,%$en e,%$en*e. *e.
9KK> C-+.L.2 8K)
9AIR KK Na& >@)
@.E3a*' 0-$s ! $e*ease$ %n
8. 8. D%n D%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n %s an
$%n& $e*+a-a'%n nee$ n' e
e3*e#'%n
'
(ea-sa
s'a'e$. 9KK> C-+.L.2 8=8>)
e,%$en*e
e*a/se
%!
'(%s
e,%$ e,%$en en*e *e %s n' n' *ns *ns%$ %$ee-e$ e$ .I' .I' %s %"" %""a'e-%a+ '(a' '(e #e-sn
#/'
a
,e- ,e- #/-# #/-#s see ! '(e '(e /s' /s'%* %*ee
'(/"
0%++ 0%++ e !-!e !-!e%' %'e$ e$ %n *e-'a *e-'a%n %n
%"#-ess%n - s%&ne$ a $%n
s%'/ s%'/a' a'% %ns ns 0(en 0(en '(e'(e-ee "a "a
$e*+a-a'%n %! '(e $e*+a-a'%n
n' e an '(e- 0%'ness '
%s $/+ 0%'nesse$.
'(e *-%"e e3*e#' '(e #e-sn 0( (as s%n*e $%e$.
=.I! a $e*+a-an'< 0( %s +a%n& %n '(e e$< %s /na+e ' &e' /# ' s%&n $/e (%s *n$%'%n< -
7. D%n& D%n& $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n %s ,a+%$ ,a+%$ '( %n *%,%+ an$ *-%"%na+
%' %s *n, *n,en en%e %en' n' !!- (%" (%" '
*ases 0(ene,e- '(e *a/se !
#/' '(/" %"#-ess%n< (e *an
$ea'( *"es %n' /es'%n.
#/' '(/" %"#-ess%n. . . J.T(e-e %s /s/a++ n '%"e +%"%' '(a'
$%n&
e*"es %n,a+%$.
$e*+a-a'%n
D%n& %n&
$e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n
n' n'
a''e a''es' s'e$ e$ 0%!e 0%!e - $a*' $a*'- - #-esen'
'(e-e.
S"a*6s
!
*n**'%n. In*ns%s'en* %n -a+ -a+ an$ "e$%*a "e$%*a++ e,%$en e,%$en*e. *e. Cn,%* Cn,%*'% '%n n *ann' *ann' e ase$ ase$ n s/*( e,%$en*e 8.
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !2
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” @. I' %s #e-!e*'+ #e-"%ss%+e ' -ee*'
a
#a-'
!
$%n&
$e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n %! %' %s %s !/n$ !/n$ ' e /n'-/e an$ %! %' *an e se#a se#a-a' -a'e$ e$ Nan$ Nan$ /"a /"a-- ,. s'a'e ! Ma(a-as'-a 7.. . De*+aDe*+a-an' an' s/$$en s/$$en+ + $%n& $%n& an$ an$ (%s (%s '(/" '(/" %"#%"#-es ess% s%n n 'a6e 'a6en n a!'e a!'e-- (%s (%s $ea' $ea'( ( (e+$ (e+$ $%n& $e*+a-a'%n a$"%ss%+e %n e,%$en*e. 9AIR K8 SC 8@8)
!$ AIR 1981 SC 1578.
!# Cri LJ 1988 1313
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !!
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence”
DYING DYING DECLAR DECLARA ATION" ION" AN E%CE E%CETIO TION N TO TH THE E RULE RULE AGAINST GAINST HEARSAY
B+a*6s La0 D%*'%na- $e!%nes (ea-sa as A s'a'e"en'< '(e- '(an ne "a$e '(e $e*+a-an' 0(%+e 'es'%!%n& a' '(e '-%a+ - (ea-%n&< !!e-e$ %n e,%$en*e ' #-,e '(e '-/'( ! '(e "a''e- asse-'e$. Hea-sa e,%$en*e %s 'es'%"n %n C/-' ! a s'a'e"en' "a$e /' ! '(e C/-'< '(e s'a'e"en' e%n& !!e-e$ as an asse-'%n ' s(0 '(e '-/'( ! "a''e-s asse-'e$ '(e-e%n< an$ '(/s -es'%n& !- %'s ,a+/e /#n '(e *-e$%%+%' ! '(e /' ! C/-' asse-'e-. !4" Dying Declaration+ at (tt)?@,,,"la,yersclu*india"com@arti (tt)?@,,,"la,yersclu*india"com@articles cles
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !$
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” T(e (ea-sa -/+e &ene-a++ $%sa++0s '(e /se ! /' ! C/-' s'a'e"en's as e,%$en*e ! '(e '-/'( ! '(e "a''e-s asse-'e$ %n '(a' s'a'e"en'. Be*a/se '(e #e-sn 0( %s &%,%n& '(%s e,%$en*e %s n' 'e++%n& (%s e3#e-%en*e /' '(a' ! an'(e- #e-sn. D%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s ne ! '(e e3*e#'%ns ' '(e -/+e a&a%ns' (ea-sa. T(e "a%n &/%$%n& -easn !- "a6%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n an e3*e#'%n ' '(e (ea-sa -/+e a-%ses /' ! ne*ess%'. I! '(%s e,%$en*e n' *ns%$e-e$ ,e- #/-#se ! /s'%*e 0%++ e !-!e%'e$ %n *e-'a%n s%'/a'%n 0(en '(e-e "a n' e an '(e- 0%'ness ' '(e *-%"e e3*e#' '(e #e-sn 0( (as s%n*e $%e$.@. S%n*e< '(e-e "%&(' a-%se s%'/a'%ns 0(e-e s"ene 0/+$ (a,e een s(' a' - %n!+%*'e$ 0%'( !a'a+ %n/-%es 0(%+e n ne 0as a-/n$. In s/*( s%'/a'%ns ' +e' '(e a**/se$ & !-ee /s' e*a/se '(e-e 0as n 0%'ness ' '(e *-%"e 0/+$ -es/+' %n' "%s*a--%a&e ! /s'%*e. Hen*e< ' a,%$ s%'/a'%ns +%6e a,e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n (as een "a$e an e3*e#'%n ' '(e -/+e a&a%ns' (ea-sa.
DISTINCTION DISTINCTI ON BETWEEN B ETWEEN INDIAN AND. ENGLISH LAW" LAW"
& Sense of Impending Impending Death
T(e T(e +a0 +a0 -e+a -e+a'% '%n& n& ' $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n %n In$% In$%aa an$ an$ En&+ En&+an an$ $ $%!! $%!!ee-ss s%&n%!%*an'+. In En&+an$ a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s(/+$ (a,e een "a$e /n$e- '(e sense ! %"#en$%n& $ea'(< %.e. '(e #e-sn "a6%n& %' s(/+$ (a,e &%,en /# a++ (#es !3 Dr" Dr" R" " Borea+ “Critical A))raisal o' Dying Declaration”JAF8+ Declaration”JAF8+ $224+ $:%!&"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !#
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” ! +%,%n& 9Se''+e$ (#e +ess e3#e*'a'%n ! $ea'(). W(e-eas a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n In$%a %s -e+e,an' 0(e'(e- '(e #e-sn 0( "a$e %' 0as - 0as n'< a' '(e '%"e %' 0as "a$e /n$e- '(e e3#e*'a'%n ! $ea'(. T(/s< %n In$%a %' %s %""a'e-%a+ 0(e'(e- '(e-e e3%s'e$ an e3#e*'a'%n ! $ea'( a' '(e '%"e ! '(e $e*+a-a'%n. In R v. Jenkins17 '(e $e*ease$ "a$e a s'a'e"en' %"#+%*a'%n& '(e a**/se$. He- $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n*+/$e$ '(e 0-$s '(a' %' 0as "a$e 0%'( n (#e ! " -e*,e-. W(%+e %' 0as e%n& -ea$ ' (e- s(e s/&(' ' a"en$ '(e sa"e an$ as6e$ ' a$$ #-esen' e!-e (#e. T(/s< (e- $%n& $e*+a-a'%n *n'a%ne$ '(e 0-$s '(a' %' 0as "a$e 0%'( n #-esen' (#e ! " -e*,e -e*,e- -.. T(e C/-' (e+$< '(a' '(e s'a'e"en s'a'e"en'' */+$ */+$ n' e -e*e%, -e*e%,e$ e$ %n e,%$en*e s%n*e< a' '(e '%"e ! "a6%n& %' '(e $e*ease$ I 0as n' /n$e- se''+e$ (#e+ess e3#e*'a'%n ! $ea'( an$ (e- $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s/&&es'e$ '(a' a' '(e '%"e ! "a6%n& %' s(e en'e-'a%ne$ a !a%n' (#e ! -e*,e-. Ha$ '(e sa"e s%'/a'%n a-%sen %n In$%a< %' 0/+$ (a,e een a$"%''e$ %n e,%$en*e s%n*e %n In$%a an s'a'e"en' "a$e a #e-sn 9s%n*e $e*ease$) as ' '(e *a/se ! $ea'( *%-*/"s'an*es ! '(e '-ansa*'%n -es/+'%n& %n $ea'( ! '(a' #e-sn %s a$"%'' a$"%''e$ e$ %n e,%$en e,%$en*e. *e. T(/s< T(/s< (e- s'a'e" s'a'e"en' en' %"#+%* %"#+%*a'% a'%n& n& '(e a**/se a**/se$ $ 0/+$ 0/+$ (a,e (a,e s/!!%*e$ ' "a6e %' a$"%ss%+e /n$e- Se*'%n 789) ! '(e A*'. T(e #-+e" 0%'( En&+%s( #s%'%n %s '(a' ! as*e-'a%n%n& '(e e3%s'en*e ! 6n0+e$&e ! a##-a*(%n& !: Avatar Sing( “Princi)les o' t(e 1a, o' Evidence+!:t( ed"$220+Central 1a, Pu*lication"
!0"%!;:/& 1R ! CCR !;0"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !4
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” $ea'(. $ea'(. S%n*e< '(%s as*e-'a%n"en' as*e-'a%n"en' %s ' e $ne '(e 2/$&es 2/$&es $e#en$%n& $e#en$%n& /#n '(e *%-*/"s'an*es ! ea*( *ase %' a+0as +ea,es '(e #ss%%+%' ! s/e*'%,%' *-ee#%n& %n.J • Scope of Application
In En&+an$ '(e a$"%ss%%+%' ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s *n!%ne$ n+ ' '(e *ases ! ("%*%$e 0(e-eas %n In$%a a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n 0%++ e a$"%ss%+e %n an *ase %n 0(%*( '(e *a/se ! $ea'( ! a #e-sn *"es %n' /es'%n. In R v. Mead 19 '(e a**/se$ 0as *(a-&e$ 0%'( #e-/-. He 'a%ne$ an -$e- !- a ne0 '-%a+ an$ s(' '(e $e*ease$ e!-e %' '6 #+a*e. A $%n& $e*+a-a'%n "a$e '(e $e*ease$ *n*e-n%n& '(e '-ansa*'%n /' ! 0(%*( '(e #-se*/'%n !- #e-/- a-se 0as -ee*'e$. T(e C/-' (e+$ '(a' '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns a-e n+ a$"%ss%+e 0(e-e '(e $ea'( ! '(e $e*ease$ %s '(e s/e*' ! '(e *(a-&e< an$ '(e *%-*/"s'an*es ! '(e $ea'( a-e '(e s/e*' ! '(e $e*+a-a'%n. F- e3 a"#+e< %n In$%a %n a *(a-&e ! -a#e< a 0"ans $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s a$"%ss%+e e,en %! '(e $ea'( ! '(e $e*ease$ %s n' '(e s/e*';"a''e- ! '(e *(a-&e< #-,%$e$ '(a' '(e /es'%n ! (e- $ea'( *"es %n !;"
9igmore o*serves in ascertaining generally t(e eistence eistence o' a 5no,ledge o'= a))roac(ing deat(+ Courts are no, and =?+ t(en ma5ing rulings at ,(ic( common sense revolts" 8oved eit(er *y declination to allo, t(e slig(test ei*ility ei*ility o' rule in a))lying )rinci)les to circumstances or *y a general re)ugnance to ece)tions to t(e (earsay rule+ t(ey (ave recorded decisions ,(ic( can only *e desired *ylaymen and re)udiated *y t(e )ro'ession" C"'G su)ra+ note $+ )" $#0"
!/"
%!;$4& $ H 6 C :23+ c"'"G c"'"G su)ra+ note ;+ )" :3$"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !3
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” *(a-&e *(a-&e ! -a#e. B/'< %n En&+an$ En&+an$ s/*( $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n $e*+a-a'%n %s n' a$"%ss%+e a$"%ss%+e ' #-,e -a#e.8> S%n*e< %n s/*( *ases< '(e $ea'( ! '(e $e*ease$ %s n' '(e s/e*';"a''e- ! '(e *(a-&e. In In$%a a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s a$"%ss%+e e,en %n *%,%+ s/%'s a+s. Se*'%n 789) ! '(e A*' *+ea-+ #-,%$es '(a' s/*( s'a'e"en's 9%.e. s'a'e"en's as ' *a/se ! $ea'( - as ' an ............. (%s $ea'() a-e -e+e,an' 0(a'e,e- "a e '(e na'/-e ! '(e #-*ee$%n&s %n 0(%*( '(e *a/se ! (%s $ea'( *"es %n' /es'%n. T(/s< %n In$%a a$"% a$"%ss ss% %%+ %+%' %' ! a $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n $es $es n' n' $e#e $e#en$ n$ /#n /#n '(e '(e na'/ na'/-e -e ! '(e '(e #-*ee$%n&s. B/' %n En&+an$ a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s a$"%''e$ %n e,%$en*e n+ !- '(e *-%"%na+ *ases an$ '(a' ' %' %s -es'-%*'e$ n+ ' '(se *ases 0(e-e '(e $ea'( %s '(e s/e*';"a''e- ! '(e *(a-&e. 8 • Evidentiary Value
An'(e An'(e-- $%s'% $%s'%n*' n*'%n %n e'0ee e'0een n In$%an In$%an an$ En&+%s En&+%s( ( +a0 %s 0%'( 0%'( -es#e* -es#e*'' ' e,%$en'%a- ,a+/e ' e a''a*(e$ ' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. T(%s $%!!e-en*e 0as #%n'e$ /' %n '(e *ase ! P+/s Jasunga S/oAkumu v. R. 22 0(e-e '(e C/-' e"#(as%e$ '(a' $2"Su)ra+ note 4+ )" :#4"
$!"Su)ra+ note 4+ )" :#4"
$$"%!/34& $! EACA ##!+ c"'"+ Nam*(ard v"T(e Iueen+ %!/;$& ! All ER !;# PC"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !:
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” '(e 0e%&(' ' e a''a*(e$ ' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n -e*-$e$ /n$e- S. 789) ! '(e A*' 0/+$ e +ess '(an '(e 0e%&(' ' e a''a*(e$ ' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n /n$e- *""n +a0 -/+es. T(e -easn%n& e(%n$ s/*( se-,a'%n 0as '(a' '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n /n$e /n$e-- S. 789 789)) 0/+ 0/+$ $ +a*6 +a*6 '(a' '(a' s#e* s#e*%a %a++ /a+ /a+%' %' '(a' '(a' %s '(/ '(/&( &('' ' s/--/n s/--/n$ $ a $e*+a-a'%n "a$e a $%n& "an 0( 0as *ns*%/s ! (%s *n$%'%n an$ 0( (a$ &%,en /# a++ (#es ! s/-,%,a+.
Competency Of The Declarant
Un$e- '(e En&+%s( +a0< '(e $e*+a-an' "/s' (a,e een *"#e'en' as a 0%'ness '(/s %"e*%+%' - 'en$e- a&e 0%++ e3*+/$e '(e $e*+a-a'%n. I' %s (0e,e- $/'!/+ 0(e'(e- '(%s -/+e %s a##+%*a+e %n In$%a< '(/&( '(e-e *an e n $/' '(a' $e*+a-a; '%n ! a #e-sn n' *"#e'en' ' e a 0%'ness 0%++ *a-- +%''+e 0e%&('. 87 In In$%a< a *(%+$ e%n& a *"#e'en' 0%'ness 8< 'en$e- a&e *ann' e a &-/n$ !- '(e e3*+/s%n
$#"8" 8onir+ “1a, o' Evidence” 0t( ed" niversal 1a, Pu*lis(ing Co" Alla(a*ad+ $22:+ )"!$#"
$4"S" !!; o' t(e ndian Evidence Act reads t(at All )ersons s(all *e com)etent to testi'y unless t(e Court considers t(at t(ey are )revented 'rom understanding t(e -uestions )ut to t(em+ or 'rom giving rational ans,ers to t(ose -uestions+ *y tender years+ etreme old age+ disease ,(et(er o' *ody or mind+ or any ot(er cause o' t(e same 5ind"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !0
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” ! (%s(e- $e*+a-a'%n. 2/$%*%a+ #-n/n*e"en's %n '(%s a-ea< 0(%+e -e*&n%%n& *"#e'en* ! a *(%+$ as a 0%'ness (a,e s'-esse$ n '(e nee$ ' e,a+/a'e '(e%- e,%$en*e "-e *a-e!/++ an$ 0%'( &-ea'e- *%-*/"s#e*'%n. 8@ T(/s< '(e-e a-e s%&n%!%*an' $%!!e-en*es e'0een In$%an an$ En&+%s( +a0 %n '(e a-ea ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. En&+%s( +a0 %s n' n+ -%&%$ /' a+s na--0e- %n %'s s*#e. T(e La0 C""%ss%n O! En&+an$ %n %'s 8@'( -e#-' n E,%$en*e %n C-%"%na+ P-*ee$%n&s : Hea-sa an$ Re+a'e$ T#%*s T#%*s (as a#'+ *""en'e$ '(a'< 8 A#a-' !-" '(e $/%/s #s*(+&%*a+ !/n$a'%n !- '(e e3*e#'%n< an$ '(e $%!!%*/+' ! #-,%n& '(a' '(e $e*ease$ (a$ a se''+e$ (#e+ess e3#e*'a'%n ! $ea'(< '(e '(e #-%n #-%n*% *%#a #a++ %++ %++&% &%*a *a+% +%' ' ! '(%s '(%s e3*e e3*e#' #'% %n n %s %'s %'s -es' -es'-% -%*' *'% %n n ' "/-$ "/-$ee- an$ an$ "ans+a/&('e-. I' $es n' a##+ ' -a#e - a-"e$ -e-< /' '(e-e %s n +&%*a+ /s'%!%*a'%n !- s/*( a -es'-%*'%n. -es'-%*'%n. I' %s a+s /' ! s'e# s'e# 0%'( '(e "$e-n a##-a*( a##-a*( ' -es &es'ae< %n 0(%*( '(e e"#(as%s %s -%&('+ n #-a'%,e ,a+/e.
$3"Panc((i v" v" State o' "P"+ "P"+ !//; Cri 1J 4244 %SC&
$:"(tt "( tt) ) ?@@ ? @@,,,"la,com"gov"u5@04"(tm ,,,"la,com"gov"u5@04"(tm "
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !;
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence”
RELE#ANCE RELE#ANCE O! DYING DECLARATION " Basis of Dying Declaration Declaration !o" #ro$lematic% #ro$lematic%
D%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s an %"#-'an' #%e*e ! e,%$en*e an$ *n,%*'%n *an e ase$ s+e+ n a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. I's a$"%ss%n %n e,%$en*e %s ne*ess%'a'e$ '(e !a*' '(a' %n "an ! '(e %n*%$en's ! "/-$e- '(e-e %s /s/a++ n ee;0%'ness e3*e#' '(e %n/-e$ ,%*'%". Hen*e< %! (%s s'a'e"en' a/' '(e *%-*/"s'an*es %n 0(%*( (%s $ea'( **/--e$ %s n' a$"%''e$ %n e,%$en*e $/-%n& '(e *-%"%na+ '-%a+< '(en '(e n+ e,%$en*e ! *-%"e 0/+$ e +s' -es/+'%n& %n' "%s*a--%a&e ! /s'%*e. An'(e- &-/n$< n 0(%*( '(e a$"%ss%%+%' ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n -es's< %s '(e e+%e! '(a' '-/'( s%'s /#n '(e +%#s ! $%n& "en. 8= B/'< #a-a 8 ! C+a/se 9) ! Se*'%n 78 ! '(e A*'< '(e ,e- !/n$a'%n !-" 0(%*( '(e san*'%' ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s -n %s #/++e$ /' !-" %'s e'(%*a+ an$ -e+%&%/s ase an$ %'s *nse/en' e,%$en'%a- ,a+/e.8J T(e #a-a&-a#( "a6es %' ,e- *+ea- '(a' '(e #e-sn "a6%n& '(e $e*+a-a'%n $0"
Ne(a7iKayvarigya+ Ne(a7iKayvarigya+ admissi*ility O' Dying Declaration ?9(et(er JustiLed”$22: %!& Cri"1J+ )" !00""
$;"8"B" Amin+ Assum)tions *e(ind sanctity o' dying declarations+ declarations+ %!//3& 0 N1SJ+ )" ;;"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage !/
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” s(/+$ s(/+$ n' ne*ess ne*essa-% a-%+ + e /n$e/n$e- e3#e*' e3#e*'a'% a'%n n ! $ea'(. $ea'(. D%s*aD%s*a-$%n $%n& & '(e En&+%s En&+%s( ( #-%n*%#+e ! a**e#'%n& a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n n+ 0(en %' %s "a$e /n$e- '(e se''+e$ e3#e*'a'% e3#e*'a'%n n ! $ea'(< $ea'(< '(%s se*'%n 'a6es a0a '(e s%n*e-%' s%n*e-%' ! '(e s'a'e"en' s'a'e"en' '(a' %s $es%-e$. T(e T(e '-a$ '-a$%' %'% %na na++ a-&/ a-&/"e "en' n' '(a' '(a'<< '(e '(e /s' /s'%!% %!%*a *a'% '%n n !!- a$"% a$"%'' ''%n %n& & a $%n $%n& & $e*+a-a'%n $e-%,es !-" '(e #-#s%'%n '(a' n ne 0/+$ 0%s( ' "ee' (%s "a6e- 0%'( a +%e %+ (%s +%#s %s s+%&('+ #-+e"a'%* %n '$as *n'e3'. I' "%&(' *n'%n/e ' e '-/e ! s"e G$;!ea-%n& %n$%,%$/a+s< %n$%,%$/a+s< /' %n "$e-n s*%e' %' %' *a--%es +%''+e - n *n,%* *n,%*'% '%n n 0(e-e 0(e-e '(e "a-% "a-%' ' ! *%'%e *%'%ens ns a-e *n*e*n*e-ne$ ne$.. 8K Re$!%e Re$!%e+$< +$< C.2.< C.2.< %n G-een+ea!< E,%$en*e< 0-%'eQ '(a' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s n' -e*e%,e$ /#n an '(e- &-/n$ '(an '(a' ! ne*ess%'< A$"%ss%n n '(e &-/n$ '(a' '(e $e*+a-an' 0as /n$e- '(e "s' s+e"n san*'%n ' s#ea6 '(e '-/'( %s !a- !-" #-esen'%n& '(e '-/e &-/n$ ! a$"%ss%n. T(e *(%e! &-/n$s ! '(%s e3*e#'%n %n '(e +a0 ! e,%$en*e %s '(e #-es/"#'%n ! '(e-e n' e%n& e/a++ sa'%s!a*'- #-! ! '(e sa"e !a*'s< an$ '(e *nse/en' #-a%+%' ! *-%"e &%n& /n#/n%s(e$. 7>
$/"R" v" v" 1a,son %Raymond&+ %!//;& CriJ 1"R" ;;# %CA %Crim Div&&+ c"'" c"'" ,,,",estla,international"com
#2"Su)ra+ note $"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $2
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” T(e "a%n #-+e" 0%'( $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s n' s "/*( ne ! s%n*e-%' - !a/+' "e"-< /' ne ! #e-*e#'%n. M'%,e ! (a'e-e$ an$ -e,en&e "a +ea$ a $e*+a-an' ' "a6e !a+se s'a'e"en's< e,en 0%'( '(e a##-a*( ! $ea'(. T(e $e*+a-an' "a e3(%%' s'-n& !ee+%n& ! (a'-e$ an$ -e,en&e an$ %! (e %s %n s/*( a !-a"e ! "%n$< '(e s/##se$ &/a-an'ee ! '-/s'0-'(%ness !a%+s< an$ '(e $e*+a-a'%n s(/+$ n' e a$"%''e$. 7 D%n& D%n& $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n (as een een s/e* s/e*'' ' /$%*% /$%*%a+ a+ s*-/'%n s*-/'%n n %nn/"e %nn/"e-a -a+e +e **a **as% s%n ns s '(e '(e nee$ nee$ ! -e+ -e+%n %n& & n a $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n (as (as een een /es /es'% '%n ne$ e$ es#e*%a++ %n '(se *ases 0(e-e '(e 6%++%n& 0as n' se*-e' an$ '(e-e 0e-e '(e- a$e/a'e 'es'%"n as ' '(e *%-*/"s'an*es ! '(e $ea'(.
Value ue to $e Attached Attached to A Dying Declaration Declaration • Evidentiary Val
#!"Su)ra+ note $"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $!
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” T(e-e $esn' see" ' e "/*( *n'-,e-s as !a- as< '(e /es'%n ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n e%n& a s%&n%!%*an' #%e*e ! e,%$en*e %s *n*e-ne$. T(e $%,e-&en' an$ *n!+%*'%n& 2/$%*%a+ #%n%n (as een 0%'( -es#e*' ' ,a+/e an$ %"#-'an*e ' e a''a*(e$ ' $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n as%n& '(e *n,%*'%n ! an a**/se$: T(e C/-'s %n In$%a (a,e (e+$ '%"e an$ a&a%n< '(a' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n e!-e %' */+$ e -e+%e$ /#n "/s' #ass a 'es' ! -e+%a%+%'< as %' %s a s'a'e"en' "a$e %n '(e asen*e ! '(e a**/se$ an$ '(e-e %s n *-ss;e3a"%na'%n ! '(e $e*+a-an' ' 'es' %'s &en/%ne' - ,e-a*%'. T(/s< a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n "/s' e s/e*' ' *+se s*-/'%n. 78A $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n In$%a s'an$s n a $%!!e-en' !'%n& '(an %n En&+an$. Un$e- '(e En&+%s( +a0< *-e$en*e an$ '(e -e+e,an* ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s %"#-'an' n+ 0(en #e-sn "a6%n& s/*( s'a'e"en' %s %n (#e+ess *n$%'%n an$ e3#e*'%n& an %""%nen' %""%nen' $ea'(. $ea'(. 77 In In$% In$%a< a< '(e '(e 0e%& 0e%&(' (' ' e a''a a''a*( *(e$ e$ ' a $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %n n $e#en$s n' /#n '(e e3#e*'a'%n ! $ea'( '(a' %s #-es/"e$ ' &/a-an'ee '(e '-/'( ! '(e s'a'e"en'< /' /#n '(e *%-*/"s'an*es an$ s/--/n$%n& /n$e- 0(%*( %' 0as "a$e< an$ ,e- "/*( a+s /#n '(e na'/-e ! -e*-$ '(a' (as een "a$e ! %'. 7 I' %s a+"s' a /es'%n ! !a*' 0(e'(e- a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s(/+$ e -e+%e$ /#n - n'. In ne ! %'s ea-+%es' /$&"en's n $%n& $e*+a-a'%n '(e S/#-e"e C/-' (a$ (e+$ '(a'< %' 0as n' sa!e ' *n,%*' an a**/se$ n an /n*---a'e$ #$"Su)ra note !0+ )" !$3"
##" $3"is(an 1ai v" State o' RaKast(an+ !/// Cri1J4202 %SC&" $:" Su)ra+ note !;+ )" 4!#"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $$
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. 7@S%n*e '(en< '(e S/#-e"e C/-' %n a *a'ena ! *ases (as (e+$ '(a' *n,%*'%n *an e ase$ n an /n*---a'e$ $%n& $e*+a-a'%n #-,%$e$ '(a' '(e C/-' (as *"e ' '(e *n*+/s%n '(a' %' %s '-/e an$ ,+/n'a-. T(e "s' s%&n%!%*an' e%n& '(e *ase ! Khusha Rao ,. Rao ,. State o! "om#a$ %& 0(e-e< '(e S/#-e"e C/-' +a%$ $0n $0n se,e se,e-a -a++ #-# #-#s s%' %'% %ns ns 0%'( 0%'( -es# -es#e* e*'' ' $%n $%n& & $e*+ $e*+aa-a' a'% %ns ns an$ an$ '(es '(esee #-#s%'%ns '%++ $a'e *n'%n/e ' &,e-n '(e +a0 -e+a'%n& ' $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns. T(e C/-' (e+$< '(a' '(e-e %s n as+/'e -/+e ! +a0 '(a' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n *ann' !-" '(e s+e as%s ! *n,%*'%n /n+ess %' %s *---a'e$< n- *an %' e sa%$ '(a' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s a 0ea6 #%e*e ! e,%$en*e. T(e C/-' !/-'(e- (e+$ '(a' a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s'an$s n '(e sa"e !'%n& as an'(e- #%e*e ! e,%$en*e an$ (as ' e /$&e$ %n '(e +%&(' ! s/--/n$%n& *%-*/"s'an*es an$ 0%'( 0%'( -e!e-en*e ' '(e #-%n*%#+e &,e-n%n& '(e 0e%&(%n& ! e,%$en*e. S#ea6%n& n '(e sa"e +%ne '(e S/#-e"e C/-' #4"Su)ra note $$
#3"Ram Nat(8ad(o Prasad v" State o' 8"P"+ AR !/3# SC 4$2" %Even in t(is case t(e a*ove o*servation o' t(e Court came in lig(t o' t(e 'act t(at t(e deceased ,as s(ot at during a cloudy+ dar5 nig(t t(ere*y ma5ing it (ig(ly im)ossi*le 'or (im to recogniMe t(e )erson" Since+ t(ere ,as a )ossi*ility o' t(e dying declaration not containing t(e trut('ul account o' ,(at (a))ened+ t(e Court insisted on t(e corro*oration o' t(e dying declaration"&
#:"AR !/3; SC $$ ? !/3; CrK 1J !2:"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $#
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” (e+$ (e+$ %n '(e '(e *ase *ase ! #adma$en Shamal$hai #atel '. State of &u'arat () '(a'< a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s an %n$e#en$en' #%e*e ! e,%$en*e;ne%'(e- e3'-a s'-n& n- 0ea6 an$ *an e a*'e$ /#n 0%'(/' *---a'%n %! %' %s !/n$ ' e '(e-0%se '-/e an$ -e+%a+e. T(e #s%'%n 0%'( -es#e*' ' *---a'%n ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n In$%a %s s%"%+a- ' '(a' %n En&+an$. T(e #s%'%n e%n&< '(a' '(e-e %s n as+/'e -/+e ! +a0 '(a' #-e,en's an /n*---a'e$ $%n& $e*+a-a'%n !-" e%n& a$"%''e$ %n e,%$en*e. C/-'s 0(%+e a$"%''%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns nee$ ' $ a &-ea' a+an*%n& a*' e'0een '(e -%&('s ! '(e a**/se$ an$ ens/-%n& $e+%,e- ! /s'%*e. S%n*e< '(e a**/se$ *ann' *-ss;e3a"%ne $e*+a-an' as ' '(e '-/'( ! (%s(e- $e*+a-a'%n '(e-e a-%ses nee$ !- a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n '(a' 0%++ %ns#%-e !/++ *n!%$en*e ! '(e C/-' %n %'s *--e*'ness. 7J Se*'%n 789) ! '(e A*' "a6es %' *+ea- '(a' '(e $e*+a-a'%n *an e a$"%''e$ #0
!//! SCC %!& 044
#;"T(e Su)reme Court in Pani*en v" State o' BuKarat+ (as summed u) t(e )rinci)les goverining dying declarations" Some o' t(e im)ortant )rinci)les are as 'ollo," %!& t is neit(er a rule o' la, nor nor )rudence t(at a dying dying declaration cannot cannot *e acted u)on ,it(out corro*oration" ' t(e Court is satisLed t(at t(e dying declaration is true and voluntary it can *ase a conviction on it+ ,it(out corro*oration" %$& T(e Court (as to scrutiniMe t(e dying dying declaration care'ully and ensure t(at t(e declaration is not t(e result o' tutoring+ )rom)ting or imagination and t(e deceased (ad o))ortunity to o*serve and identi'y t(e assailants and ,as in a Lt state to ma5e t(e declaration" declaration" %#& %#& 9(er 9(ere e a dyin dying g declar declarati ation on is is sus)ic sus)iciou ious s it s(o s(ould uld not not *e *e acted acted u)on u)on ,it( ,it( out out corro*orative evidence" 4& Normally t(e Court in order to satis'y ,(et(er t(e deceased ,as in a Lt state o' mind ,(ile ma5ing dying declaration loo5 u) to t(e medical o)inion" Hut+ ,(ere t(e eye,itness (as said t(at t(e deceased ,as in a Lt and conscious state to ma5e t(e dying declaration+ t(e medical o)inion cannot )revail" PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $4
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” n+ 0(en '(e $ea'( ! '(e $e*+a-an' *"es %n' /es'%n. S/*( a *ns'-/*'%n #ses #-+e"s %n "an s%'/a'%ns. F- e. &. B an$ (%s 0%!e 0e-e s(' a'. B'( ! '(e" '(e" $%e$. $%e$. M-s. M-s. B. 0(en 0(en $%n& $%n& $es*-% $es*-%e$ e$ '(e assa%+ assa%+an' an'.. He- $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%n n 0as e3*+/$e$< e*a/se %' 0as n' (e- $ea'( /' '(e $ea'( ! (e- (/san$ '(a' 0as '(e s/e*' "a''e- ! '(e *(a-&e. W%&"-e *a++s '(%s e3*+/s%n '(e sense+ess -/+e ! e3*+/s%n.7K In s%'/a'%n s/*( as a,e '(e $e*+a-a'%n 0%'( -es#e*' ' '(e- #e-sns $ea'( a+s nee$ ' e a$"%''e$ %n -$e- ' #-e,en' '(e "%s*a--%a&e ! /s'%*e. T(e +a0 *""%ss%n ! In$%a< %n %'s s%3';n%n'( -e#-' n '(e In$%an E,%$en*e A*'< J=8 se se-, -,e$ e$ '(a' '(a' '(e '(e +an& +an&/a /a&e &e ! '(e '(e Se*' Se*'% %n n %s e,en e,en n0 n0 *a#a *a#a+ +ee a 0%$e 0%$e- - *ns'-/*'%n. A**-$%n&+ %' -e*""en$e$ '(a'< an e3#+ana'%n II "%&(' e a$$e$ ' Se*. 78 9) n '(e !++0%n& +%nes T(e T(e *%-*/" *%-*/"s'a s'an*e n*ess ! '(e '-ansa '-ansa*'% *'%n n 0(%*( 0(%*( -es/+' -es/+'e$ e$ %n '(e $ea'( $ea'( "a %n*+/$e !a*'s -e+a'%n& ' '(e $ea'( ! an'(e- #e+ sn. >
#/
Su)ra+ note $"
42
"Su)ra+ note $;+ )" #03"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $3
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” #rocedures and #recautions #recautions
Se*' Se*'% %n n 789 789)) ! '(e '(e A*' %s s%+e s%+en' n' a/ a/'' '(e '(e #e-s #e-sn n ' 0(" 0(" a $%n $%n& & $e*+a-a'%n *an e "a$e an$ '(e "$e ! "a6%n& s/*( a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. T(e sa"e (as -%&('+ n' een #-,%$e$ s%n*e< !- s"ene 0( %s -ea'(%n& (%s +as'< %' 0/+$ e -%$%*/+/s ' "a6e (%"(e- /n$e-& se,e-a+ #-*e$/-es e!-e (es(e */+$ &e' (%s(e- $%n& $e*+a-a'%n -e*-$e$. B/'< '(e asen*e ! s/e$ #-,%s%ns &%,es -%se ' se,e-a+ /es'%ns< F- e3a"#+e< *an a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n "a$e ' '(e n+ !a"%+ "e"e- #-esen' a' '(e '%"e ! 6%++%n& e e+%e,e$1 Can an %n,es'%; &a'%n !!%*e- -e*-$ a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n1 W%++ '(e s'a'e"en' "a$e ' a "a&%s'-a'e /n$e- Se*'%n ! '(e C$e ! C-%"%na+ P-*e$/-e *,e- a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n as 0e++1 W(a' (a##ens %n *ases 0(e-e '(e-e %s n *e-'%!%*a'%n '(e $*'- ' '(e e!!e*' '(a' '(e $e*+a-an' 0as %n a !%' s'a'e ! "%n$ 0(%+e "a6%n& '(e $e*+a-a'%n1 T(e-e *ann' e s'-a%&(' ans0e-s ' s/*( /es'%ns s%n*e< '(e a$"%ss%%+%' ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s ,e- !a*' s#e*%!%* an$ ' a &-ea' e3'en' %s $e'e-"%ne$ '(e *%-*/"s'an*es /n$e- 0(%*( %' 0as "a$e. Se*' Se*'% %n n +8 +8 9+) 9+) ! '(e '(e C$e C$e ! C-%" C-%"%n %na+ a+ P-*e P-*e$/ $/-e -e #-, #-,%$ %$es es '(a' '(a' an an s'a' s'a'e" e"en en'' "a$e "a$e ' a #+% #+%*e *e !!% !!%*e *e-- $/-% $/-%n& n& '(e '(e */*/-se se ! %n,es %n,es'% '%&a &a'% '%n n %s %na$"%ss%+e. B/' C+a/se ! '(e sa"e se*'%n "a6es an e3*e#'%n %n !a,/- ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n #-,%$%n& '(a'< '(e #-,%s%ns ! '(%s se*'%n s(a++ n' a##+ ' s'a'e"en' !a++%n& 0%'(%n '(e #-,%s%ns ! S. 789) ! '(e A*'. T(e C/-'s (a,e een (es%'a (es%'an' n' ' a$"%' a$"%' $%n& $%n& $e*+a$e*+a-a'% a'%ns ns "a$e "a$e ' an %n,es' %n,es'%&a %&a'% '%n n !!%*e !!%*e-< -< !- '(e ,%/ ,%/ss -easn -easn '(a' '(a' %n,es' %n,es'%&a %&a'%n '%n& & !!%* !!%*e-s e-s e%n& e%n& %n'e-e %n'e-es'e s'e$ $ %n '(e s/**ess s/**ess ! 4!
Su)ra note !2"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $:
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” %n,es'%&a'%n "%&(' 'a"#e- 0%'( '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n ' '%+' '(e a+an*e %n '(e%- !a,/-. T(e S/#-e"e C/-' %n '(e *ase ! 'aip Singh ,. Singh ,. State o! (un)a# *2(as (e+$ '(a' %' %s e''e- ' +ea,e $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns "a$e ' #+%*e !!%*e-s; $/-%n& %n; s'%&a'%n /' ! *ns%$e-a'%n /n'%+ an$ /n+ess #-se*/'%n sa'%s!%es '(e C/-' as ' 0( %' 0as n' -e*-$e$ a "a&%s'-a'e - $*'-. I' !/-'(e- (e+$ '(a' s/*( $e*+a-a; '%ns "%&(' e -e+%e$ /#n %! '(e-e 0as n '%"e - !a*%+%' !- a$#'%n& '(e e''e- "e'( "e'($ $.. Se,e Se,e-a -a++ H%&( H%&( C/C/-'s 's (a,e (a,e a+s a+s (e+$ (e+$ '(a' '(a' %' %s n' n' #-/$ #-/$en en'' ' ase ase *n,%*'%n n a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n "a$e ' an %n,es'%&a'%n& !!%*e- an$ '(e #-a*'%*e ! '(e %n,es'%&a'%n& !!%*e- -e*-$%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s(/+$ n' e en*/-a&e$. 7 I' a++ $e#en$s n '(e !a*'s an$ *%-*/"s'an*es ! '(e *ase. T(/s< 0(e-e '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n -e*-$e$ '(e #+%*e !!%*e- 0as na'/-a+< *(e-en'< '-/'(!/+< na--a'%n& %n*%$en' 0%'(/' e"e++%s("en' an$ e3#+%*%'+ %$en'%!%n& a**/se$< s/*( $%n& $e*+a-a'%n 0as (e+$ ' e ,a+%$. B/'< 0(e-e '(e %n,es'%&a'%n& !!%*e- (a$ 4$
"AR !/0/ SC !!0# ? !/0/ Cri 1J 022
4#
"AtulBand(ia v" v" State o' Assam+ !//2 Cri" 1" J" !24/ %Bau&+ Ha*ura v" State o' RaKast(an+ !//# Cr" Cr" 1" J" $:/: %RaK&
44
"" 1+ R" %!/0/& ! Del" 03$+ c"'G Dee)a5 Arora+ R" S" Dogra6Jas,ant Sing(+ 1a, o' Evidence+ vol" ! 8adras 1a, Kournal+ 8adras+ !//;+ )" 3!:"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $0
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” -e*-$e$ '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n e,en e!-e '(e ,%*'%" 0as *e-'%!%e$ '(e $*'- ' e !%' !- "a6%n& a s'a'e"en' an$ '(/&( '(e ,%*'%" s/-,%,e$ !- '0 0ee6s '(e-ea!'e-< '(e %n,es'%&a'%n& !!%*e- "a$e n e!!-'s ' &e' '(%s s'a'e"en's -e*-$e$ a "a&%s'-a'e< %' 0as (e+$< '(a' n -e+%an*e */+$ e #+a*e$ n s/*( $%n& $e*+a-a'%n.@ In Ram#ai v. State o! +hhattisgarh, +hhattisgarh, *& I' 0as (e+$ '(a' %! '(e #e-sn -e*-$%n& '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s sa'%s!%e$ '(a' '(e $e*+a-an' %s %n a !%' "e$%*a+ *n$%'%n ' "a6e a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n '(en s/*( $%n& $e*+a-a'%n 0%++ n' e %n,a+%$ s+e+ n '(e &-/n$ '(a' '(e $*'- (as n' *e-'%!%e$ as ' '(e *n$%'%n ! '(e $e*+a-an' ' "a6e '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n.
S%"%+a-+< '(e-e %s n (a-$ an$ !as' -/+e '(a' a $*'-s *e-'%!%*a'e as ' '(e "en'a+ !%'ness ! '(e $e*ease$ %s #-e-e/%s%'e !- '(e a$"%ss%%+%' ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %n e,%$en*e. A *ns'%'/'%na+ en*( ! '(e S/#-e"e C/-' %n '(e *ase ! *a+man '. State of ,aharashtra-) 0(%+e -ee*'%n& '(e *n'en'%n ! '(e a##e++an'< '(a' s%n*e
'(e *e-'%!%*a'%n ! '(e $*'- 0as n' ' '(e e!!e*' '(a' '(e #a'%en' 0as %n a !%' s'a'e ! "%n$ ' "a6e '(e s'a'e"en'< '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n */+$ n' !-" '(e s+e as%s 43
"Bula* Sing( v" State+ !//3 Cr" 1" J" #!;2 %Del&
4:
%$22$& ; SCC ##
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $;
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” ! *n,%*'%n< (e+$< '(a' %' *ann' e sa%$ '(a' s%n*e '(e-e %s n *e-'%!%*a'%n as ' !%'ness ! "%n$ ! '(e $e*+a-an'< '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s n' a**e#'a+e. T(e C/-' (e+$ (e+$ '(a' '(a' 0(a' 0(a' %s essen'% essen'%a++ a++ -e/%-e/%-e$ e$ %s '(a' '(a' '(e #e-sn #e-sn 0( -e*-$s -e*-$s a $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n "/s' e sa'%s!%e$ '(a' '(e $e*ease$ 0as %n a !%' s'a'e ! "%n$. T(e C/-' !/-'(e- (e+$ '(a' a *e-'%!%*a'e $*'- %s essen'%a++ a -/+e ! *a/'%n *a/ '%n an$ '(e-e!-e< '(e ,+/n'a- an$ '-/'(!/+ na'/-e ! '(e $e*+a-a'%n *an e es'a+%s(e$ '(e-0%se. T(e-e "%&(' a-%se s%'/a'%ns 0(e-e %' 0/+$ n' (a,e een #ss%+e ' &e' a $*'-< '(/s a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n -e*-$e$ %n s/*( s%'/a'%ns *ann' e -ee*'e$ "e-e+ e*a/se '(e-e 0as n ne ' *e-'%! '(e !a*' '(a' '(e $e*ease$ 0as %n a !%' s'a'e ! "%n$ 0(%+e "a6%n& '(e s'a'e"en'. In s/*( s%'/a'%ns '(e C/-'s nee$ n' -ee*' '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n /' s(/+$ s/e*' %' ' s'-%*' s*-/'%n ' ,e-%! '(e '-/'( an$ &en/%nene &en/%neness ss ! %'s *n'en's. *n'en's. On*e '(e C/-' %s sa'%s!%e$ sa'%s!%e$ '(a' '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n $e*+a-a'%n 0as -e*-$e$ 0%'(/' $e*ease$<e%n& '/'-e$< '(e sa"e s(/+$ e a**e#'e$ an$ -e+%e$ /#n. JT(/s< a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n s(/+$ n' e -ee*'e$ "e-e+ n '(e &-/n$ '(a' *e-'a%n !-"a+%'%es 0e-e n' *"#+%e$ 0%'(. As +n& as %' %s '-/'(!/+ an$ ,+/n'a-%+ "a$e %' s(/+$ e -e+%e$ /#n. In Smt. #ani$en v. State of &u'arat (4)'(e S/#-e"e C/-' (as +a%$ $0n %n se,e-a+ #-%n*%#+es &,e-n%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n< 0(%*( 0(%*( */+$ e s/""e$ /# as /n$e-: 40
"$22$ Cri 1J 42/3
4;
"SurKeet aur v" State o' 8"P" !//4 Cri 1J !;;:"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage $/
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” 9%) T(e-e %s ne%'(e- -/+e ! +a0 n- ! #-/$en*e '(a' $%n& $e*+a-a'%n *ann' e a*'e$ /#n 0%'(/' *---a'%n. 9%%) I! '(e C/-' %s sa'%s!%e$ '(a' '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s '-/e an$ ,+/n'a- %' *an ase *n,%*'%n n %'< 0%'(/' *---a'%n. *---a'%n. 9%%%) T(e C/-' (as ' s*-/'%n%e '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n *a-e!/++ an$ "/s' ens/-e '(a' '(e $e*+a-a'%n %s n' '(e -es/+' ! '/'-%n&< #-"#'%n& - %"a&%na'%n. T(e $e*ease$ (a$ an ##-'/n%' ' se-,e an$ %$en'%! '(e assa%+an's an$ 0as %n a !%' s'a'e ' "a6e '(e $e*+a-a'%n. 9%,)W(e-e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s s/s#%*%/s< %' s(/+$ n' e a*'e$ /#n 0%'(/' *---a'%,e e,%$en*e 9,) W(e-e '(e $e*ease$ 0as /n*ns*%/s an$ */+$ ne,e- "a6e an $%n& $e*+a-a'%n '(e e,%$en*e 0%'( -e&a-$ ' %' %s ' e -ee*'e$. 9,%) A $%n& $e*+a-a'%n 0(%*( s/!!e-s !-" %n!%-"%' *ann' !-" '(e as%s ! *n,%*'%n. 9,%%) Me-e+ e*a/se a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n $es *n'a%n '(e $e'a%+s as ' '(e **/--en*e< %' %s n' ' e -ee*'e$. 9,%%%) E/a++< "e-e+ e*a/se %' %s a -%e! s'a'e"en'< %' %s n' ' e $%s*a-$e$. On '(e *n'-a-< '(e s(-'ness ! '(e s'a'e"en' %'se+! &/a-an'ees '-/'(.
4/
AR !//$ SC !;!0"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #2
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” 9%3) N-"a++ '(e C/-' %n -$e- ' sa'%s! 0(e'(e- $e*ease$ 0as %n a !%' "en'a+ *n$%'%n ' "a6e '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n +6 /# ' '(e "e$%*a+ #%n%n. B/' 0(e-e '(e ee;0%'ness sa%$ '(a' '(e $e*ease$ 0as %n a !%' an$ *ns*%/s s'a'e ' "a6e '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n< '(e "e$%*a+ #%n%n *ann' #-e,a%+. 93) W(e-e '(e #-se*/'%n ,e-s%n $%!!e-s !-" '(e ,e-s%n as &%,en %n '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n< '(e sa%$ $e*+a-a'%n *ann' e a*'e$ /#n. 93%) W(e-e '(e-e a-e "-e '(an ne s'a'e"en' %n '(e na'/-e ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n< ne !%-s' %n #%n' ! '%"e "/s' e #-e!e--e$. O! */-se< %! '(e #+/-a+%' ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%n */+$ e (e+$ ' e '-/s'0-'( an$ -e+%a+e< %' (as ' e a**e#'e$. In *ase ! State o! -( , Madan Mohan */-' a$"%''e$ '(a' Cn,%*'%n *an e ase$ n %' 0%'(/' *---a'%n %! %' %s '-/e an$ ,+/n'a-. ,+/n'a-. D%n& $e*+a-a'%n e*"es /n-e+%a+e %! %' %s n' as #e- #-se*/'%n ,e-s%n. T(%s (as een s/""e$ /# '(e S/#-e"e C/-': . I' %s !- '(e */-' ' see '(a' $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %ns#%-es !/++ *n!%$en*e as '(e "a6e- ! '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s n' a,a%+a+e !- *-ss e3a"%na'%n 8. C/-' s(/+$ sa'%s! '(a' '(e-e 0as n #ss%%+%' ! '/'-%n& - #-"#'%n&. 7. Ce-'%!%*a'e ! '(e $*'- s(/+$ "en'%n '(a' ,%*'%" 0as %n a !%' s'a'e ! "%n$. Ma&%s'-a'e -e*-$%n& (%s 0n sa'%s!a*'%n a/' '(e !%' "en'a+ *n$%'%n ! '(e $e*+a-an' 0as n' a**e#'a+e es#e*%a++ %! '(e $*'- 0as a,a%+a+e.
32
AR !/;/ SC !3!/"
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #!
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” . D%n& $e*+a-a'%n s(/+$ e -e*-$e$ '(e e3e*/'%,e "a&%s'-a'e an$ #+%*e !!%*e- ' -e*-$ '(e $%n& $e*+a-a'%n n+ %! *n$%'%n ! '(e $e*ease$ 0as s #-e*a-%/s '(a' n '(e'(e- a+'e-na'%,e 0as +e!'. @. D%n& $e*+a-a'%n "a e %n '(e !-" ! /es'%ns an$ ans0e-s an$ ans0e-s e%n& 0-%''en %n '(e 0-$s ! '(e #e-sn "a6%n& '(e $e*+a-a'%n. B/' */-' *ann' e ' 'e*(n%*a+.
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #$
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence”
*UDICIAL GUIDELINES ON DYING DECLARTION
Sudha/ar ' . State of ,aharashtra ,aharashtra ( AIR 2000 SC 2602" +2000, 6 SCC 6-1
In '(%s *ase (n+e s/#-e"e */-' (as +a%$ $0n !++0%n& &/%$e+%nes:; . Se*'%n 78 %s an e3*e#'%n ! '(e -/+e ! (ea-sa an$ "a6es a$"%ss%+e '(e s'a'e"en' ! a #e-sn 0( $%es< 0(e'(e- '(e $ea'( %s a ("%*%$e - a s/%*%$e< #-,%$e$ '(e s'a'e"en' -e+a'es ' '(e *a/se ! $ea'(< - e3(%%'s *%-*/"s'an*es +ea$%n& ' '(e $ea'(. In '(%s -es#e*'< as %n$%*a'e$ a,e< '(e In$%an E,%$en*e A*'< %n ,%e0 ! '(e #e*/+%a- *n$%'%ns ! /- s*%e' an$ '(e $%,e-se na'/-e an$ *(a-a*'e- ! /- #e#+e< (as '(/&(' %' ne*essa- ' 0%$en '(e s#(e-e ! se*'%n 78 ' a,%$ %n/s'%*e. 8. T(e 'es' ! #-3%"%' *ann' e ' +%'e-a++ *ns'-/e$ an$ #-a*'%*a++ -e$/*e$ ' a */';an$;$-%e$ !-"/+a ! /n%,e-sa+ a##+%*a'%n s as ' e *n!%ne$ %n a s'-a%'; a*6e'. D%s'an*e ! '%"e 0/+$ $e#en$ $e#en$ - ,a- 0%'( '(e *%-*/"s'an*es ! ea*( *ase. F- %ns'an*e< 0(e-e $ea'( %s a +&%*a+ */+"%na'%n ! a *n'%n//s $-a"a +n& %n #-*ess an$ %s< as %' 0e-e a !%na+e ! '(e s'-< '(e s'a'e"en' -e&a-$%n& ea*( s'e# $%-e*'+ *nne*'e$ 0%'( '(e en$ ! '(e $-a"a 0/+$ e a$"%ss%+e e*a/se '(e en'%-e s'a'e"en' 0/+$ (a,e ' e -ea$ as an -&an%* 0(+e an$ n' '-n !-" '(e *n'e3'. S"e'%"es s'a'e"en's -e+e,an' ' - !/-n%s(%n& an %""e$%a'e "'%,e "a a+s e a$"%ss%+e as e%n& a #a-' ! '(e '-ansa*'%n ! $ea'(. I' %s "an%!es' '(a' a++ PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage ##
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” '(ese s'a'e"en's *"e ' +%&(' n+ a!'e- '(e $ea'( ! '(e $e*ease$ 0( s#ea6s !-" $ea'(. F- %ns'an*e< 0(e-e '(e $ea'( 'a6es #+a*e 0%'(%n a ,e- s(-' '%"e ! '(e "a--%a&e - '(e $%s'an*e ! '%"e %s n' s#-ea$ ,e- "-e '(an 7; "n'(s '(e s'a'e"en' "a e a$"%ss%+e /n$e- se*'%n 78. 7. T(e se*n$ #a-' ! *+a/se 9) ! se*'%n 78 %s e' an'(e- e3*e#'%n ' '(e -/+e '(a' %n *-%"%na+ +a0 '(e e,%$en*e ! a #e-sn 0( 0as n' e%n& s/e*'e$ ' - &%,en an ##-'/n%' ! e%n& *-ss;e3a"%ne$ '(e a**/se$< 0/+$ e ,a+/e+ess e*a/se '(e #+a*e ! *-ss;e3a"%na'%n %s 'a6en '(e s+e"n%' an$ san*'%' ! a'( !- '(e s%"#+e -easn '(a' a #e-sn n '(e ,e-&e ! $ea'( %s n' +%6e+ ' "a6e a !a+se s'a'e"en' /n+ess '(e-e %s s'-n& e,%$en*e ' s(0 '(a' '(e s'a'e"en' 0as se*/-e$ e%'(e- #-"#'%n& - '/'-%n&. . I' "a e %"#-'an' ' n'e '(a' se*'%n 78 $es n' s#ea6 ! ("%*%$e a+ne /' %n*+/$es s/%*%$e a+s< (en*e a++ '(e *%-*/"s'an*es 0(%*( "a e -e+e,an' ' #-,e a *ase ! ("%*%$e 0/+$ e e/a++ -e+e,an' ' #-,e a *ase ! s/%*%$e. @. W(e-e '(e "a%n e,%$en*e *ns%s's ! s'a'e"en's an$ +e''e-s 0-%''en '(e $e*ease$ 0(%*( a-e $%-e*'+ *nne*'e$ 0%'( - -e+a'e$ ' (e- $ea'( an$ 0(%*( -e,ea+ a 'e++;'a+e s'-< '(e sa%$ s'a'e"en' 0/+$ *+ea-+ !a++ 0%'(%n '(e !/- *-ne-s ! se*'%n 78 an$< '(e-e!-e< a$"%ss%+e. T(e $%s'an*e ! '%"e a+ne %n s/*( *ases 0/+$ n' "a6e '(e s'a'e"en' %--e+e,an'.
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #4
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence”
CONCLUSION "
A $%n& $%n& $e*+a-a'%n %s %n$ee$ an %"#-'an' #%e*e ! e,%$en*e. S "/*( s '(a' *n; *n ; ,%*'%n *an e ase$ s+e+ n '(e as%s ! a $%n& $e*+a-a'%n. An ana+s%s ! '( En&+%s( an$ In$%an #s%'%n "a6es %' ,e- *+ea- '(a' $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns *n'%n/e ' en sa*-san*' s'a'/s %n e,%$en*e. T(e /es'%n '(a' nee$s ' e ans0e-e$ %s: (0 -e+e,an' $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns a-e %n '$as *n'e3' an$ (0 "/*( -e+%an*e *an e #+a*e$ n %'1 T(e as%s !- '(e sa*-san*' s'a'/s ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns $e* +a-a'%ns *n'%n/es ' e '(e &$ +$ e+%e! '(a' a "an 0%++ n' "ee' (%s "a6e- 0%'( a +%e n (%s +%#s. T(%s e+%e! #-es/##ses '(a' #e#+e a-e -e+%&%/s an$ '(e 0%++ n' +%e n '(e%- $ea'(e$. B/'< '(%s $es n' see" ' (a##en %n -ea+ +%!e 0(e-e !ee+%n&s ! (a'-e$< -e,en&e an$ "an '%"es +,e 'a6e 'a6e #-e*e$en*e ,e- '(e /-&e ' s#ea6 '(e '-/'(. T(%s %-n%*a++ e+%es '(e ,e- #-%n*%#+e /n$e-+%n& '(e a$"%''an*e ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns< %.e. a "an 0%++ n' "ee' (%s "a6e- 0%'( a +%e n (%s +%#s. T(e &ene-a+ #-%n*%#+e n 0(%*( '(%s s#e*%es e,%$en*e %s a$"%''e$ %s '(a' '(e a-e $e*+a-a'%ns "a$e %n e3'-e"%'< 0(en '(e #e-sn %s a' #%n' ! $ea'( an$ 0(en e,e- (#e ! '(%s 0-+$ %s &ne. A' '(a' #%n' ! '%"e e,e- "'%,e ' !a+se($ %s s%+en*e$ an$ '(e "%n$ %s %n$/*e$ '(e "s' #0e-!/+ *ns%$e-a'%n ' s#ea6 '(e '-/'(. S/*( a S+e"n s%'/a'%n %s *ns%$e-e$ '(e +a0 as *-ea'%n& an +%&a'%n e/a+ ' 0(%*( %s %"# %"#se se$ $ a #s% #s%'% '%,e ,e a'( a'( a$"% a$"%n% n%s' s'ee-e$ e$ %n a */*/-'' ! /s' /s'%* %*e. e. T(e T(e $%n $%n& & $e*+a-a'%ns a-e 0ea6 6%n$ ! e,%$en*e e,en '(/&( '(e a-e ase$ n '(e #-%n*%#+e '(a' a #e-sn 0/+$ n' $%e 0%'( a +%e %n (%s "/'(.T(e +a0 -e+a'e$ ' $%n& PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #3
“Dying Declaration As Documentary Evidence” $e*+a-a'%n nee$ *e-'a%n *(an&es ' e %n*-#-a'e$ %n' %'< s as ' "a6e %' "-e -e+e,an' %n '$as *n'e3'.
BIBLIOGRAHY
Ashutosh Sai < 4An 4An Ana+ na+s% s%ss ! In$% In$%an an an$ an$ En&+ En&+%s %s( ( Ps% Ps%'% '%n n ! D%n D%n& &
De*+a-a'%n 2 8K=>@ Sudipto Sarkar 0 . R. Manohar, Sarkar n Sarkar n E,%$en*e< @'( e$n
D%n& De*+a-a'%n< a' (''#:000.+a0e-s*+/ (''#:000.+a0e-s*+/%n$%a.*"a-'%*+es %n$%a.*"a-'%*+es
Avatar Avatar Singh 4P-%n*%#+es Singh 4P-%n*%#+es ! '(e La0 ! E,%$en*e< '( e$.8>>=<
M. Monir < 4La0 ! E,%$en*e5 ='( e$ i)a$varig$a<< A$" A$"%s %ss% s%% %+% +%' ' O! D%n D%n& & Neha i)a$varig$a
De*+ De*+aa-a' a'% %n n
:W(e :W(e'( '(e- e-
2/s'%!%e$58>> 9) C-%.L2 Amin< Ass/"#'%ns e(%n$ san*'%' ! $%n& $e*+a-a'%ns< 9KK@) = M.. Amin< NLS2< Arora<< R. S. D&-a2as0an' S%n&(< La0 ! E,%$en*e< ,+. Ma$-as 'eepak Arora
La0 /-na+< Ma$-as< KKJ B+a*6s La0 D%*'%na-< E$< B-an A. Ga-ne-< ='( e$n< Wes' G-/#< S'. Pa/+< M%nn< KKK
PROJECT REPORT OF FORENSC SCENCEPage #:
