Nþib Nmqmnjpmx~k kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd B^M W J@MD N MXDB^ @K DM X B^M W J@MD www,nmxdb~`kdmxb~mj`md,pc
Nþib Nmqmnjpmx~k kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd N MXDB^ @K DM X B^M W J@MD B^M W J@MD Djim)Qkxõ
Nblpjklk nmqép{db~ `k db~ ~jo{jklpk~ djhxb~5
MXPK Z K^PJDB @K IMXCKPJLO IBPJWMNJBLMD KD @BL @K MPXKWKX^K M DM ODBXJM KD QB@KX @K DM KVNKDKLNJM F[IMLM BXMPBXJM QMXM WKL@KX J@KM^ KLNJNDBQK@JM @K BXMPBXJM IBPJWMNJBLMD DB^ PÉP[DB^ KIQDKM@B^ ^K KN[KPXM Q[HDJNM@B^
HMEB DB^ QXJNJQJB^ @K DM DJNKNJM NXKMPJWK 8
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
NBIIB^ QKXÕ
Hjklwklj`b~$ }{jkxb moxm`knkxdk~ dm bqbxp{lj`m`
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >
}{k ik bgxknkl `k nbiqmxpjx {lm jlgbximnjþl i{z wmdjb~m, Xk{ljib~ m}{é {lm ~kxjk `k mxpén{db~$ j`km~$ q{hdjnm`b~ kl `jwkx~b~ `bn{iklpb~, Nbl dm ikebx jlpklnjþl `k `kwbdwkxdk~ dm xj}{kum `k nblbnjijklpb~ }{k dk qkxpklknkl m dm F{imlj`m`, @knklm~ qb`xíl qxko{lpmx~k qbx }{ê k~nxjhjx ~jl ljlo{lm xkpxjh{njþl qmxm db~ {~{mxjb~ `k dm xk`, Dm xk~q{k~pm k~ ~klnjddm5 m dm F{imlj`m` db }{k k~ `k dm F{imlj`m`, Dm~ j`km~ }{k nbiqmxpjib~ m}{é g{kxbl k~nxjpm~ nbl dm j`km `k `kwbdwkx db }{k xknjhjib~, Bpxb~ djhxb~ ~md`xíl `k l{k~pxb~ k~p{`jb~ k jlwk~pjomnjblk~ }{k pmd wku pkl`xíl {l nb~pb qkxb k~pm~ dkpxm~ fbz ~þdb pjklkl kd bhekpjwb `k ~kx {l wkfén{db `k qmu$ mxiblém z hjklk~pmx, Qbx k~pm ij~im xmuþl$ põ dm d m xknjhk~ oxmp{jpmiklpk z m~é nbib dm bhpjklk~ pmihjêl lb~ moxm`mxém }{k q{`jkxm~ nbiqmxpjxdb nbl i{nfm~ ií~ qkx~blm~$ m }{jklk~ nbl~j`kxm~ }{k q{`jkxm ~kxwjxdk, Pjklk~ dm djhkxpm` qmxm klnbikl`mxpk kl k~m pmxkm$ z k~ ií~ pk mdklpmib~ m }{k db fmom~, ^b~pklkx l{k~pxb ~klpj`b kl dm wj`m kl n{k~pjblk~ kvpkxlm~ ~þdb lb~ ddkwm m dm `k~jd{~jþl, Dm~ wjhxmlpk~ lbpm~ }{k mnbiqmýml dm nmlnjþl `k wjwjx kl dm `jnfm ~bl m{pêlpjnmiklpk kd xk~{dpm`b `k {l pxmhmeb qxbg{l`miklpk jlpkxjbx, Pk mljib m }{k q{k`m~ pbnmx dm~ pkndm~ `k p{ jl~px{iklpb i{~jnmd, Qmxm }{k q{k`m~ xkwkdmx md ~kx lmnj`b djhxk, M}{kd$ }{jkl lmnjþ nbl dm wjnpbxjm jlnbxqbxm`m, Z e{lpb~ nmlpmxkib~ dm~ ij~im~ dkpxm~ }{k mxpjn{dm mxpjn{d m @jkob Pbxxk~ kl ~{ NBDBX K^QKXMLUM, Põ kxk~ kd qxbpmoblj~pm `k p{ i{l`b$ z ií~ qxknj~miklpk kd `jxknpbx `k dm qkdén{dm `k p{ wj`m$ z ií~ qxknj~miklpk kd o{jblj~pm$ z ií~ qxknj~miklpk kd qxb`{npbx, Z ií~ qxknj~miklpk pk qj`b }{k pk mpxkwm~ z pk klgb}{k~, Kd ~knxkpb lb k~pí klpkxxm`b `khmeb `k dm~ qjxíij`k~ kojqnjm~$ kd ~knxkpb k~pí m}{é z mfbxm, ^jêlpkpk nbib `k~km~ ~klpjxpk mfbxm, OXMNJM^--Nmxdb~ `k dm Xb~m Wj`md nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi >
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
K~nxjhk md M{pbx5
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 0
Moxm`knkxkib~ qxbg{l`miklpk kd klwéb `k n{md}{jkx impkxjmd ~jijdmx$ m~é nbib p{~ nbiklpmxjb~$ qmxm q{hdjnmxdb~ kl {l qxþvjib djhxb$ k~nxjhjkl`b md m{pbx5 Nmxdb~ `k dm Xb~m Wj`md5 nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi K~qkxmib~ p{ ikl~mek,
Dm qxk~klpk Bhxm ~k q{hdjnm hmeb db~ qxjlnjqjb~ `k dm Djnklnjm `k Nxkmpjwk Nbiibl~ $ }{k m dm dkpxm `jnpm5 —Xknblbnjijklpb)Lb nbikxnjmd)^jl bhxm~ `kxjwm`m~ 8,; Qkx{ `k Nxkmpjwk Nbiibl~’,
Dm ij~im }{k qkxijpk dm `j~pxjh{njþl z nbqjm djhxk z qbx n{md}{jkx ik`jb ~jkiqxk }{k ~k imlpklom kd xknblbnjijklpb `kd m{pbx$ ~k njpk dm g{klpk bxjojlmd z lb ~k fmom {l {~b nbikxnjmd `kd djhxb$ lj ib`jgjnmnjþl mdo{lm, Dm Djnklnjm q{k`k nbl~{dpmx~k kl délkm kl5 fppq5""nxkmpjwknbiibl~,bxo"djnkl~k~"hz)ln) l`"8,;"qk" B klwék {lm nmxpm m5 Nxkmpjwk Nbiibl~$ ;;: Lmpfml Mhhbpp _mz$ ^pmlgb ^pm lgbx` x` Nmd Nmdjgb jgbxlj xljm m :0>1; :0>1; [^M [^M,,
0
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
M DM QKX^BLM IÍ^ JIQBXPMLPK @KD I[L@B Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;
WK JLIK@JMPMIKLPK M [L K^QKEB WKX M DM QKX^BLM IÍ^ JIQBXPMLPK @KD I[L@B$ @K P[ I[L@B$ KD ÕLJNB I[L@B ][K KVJ^PK$ QMXM ][JKL KVJ^PK, GXKLPK MD K^QKEB$ DM QKX^BLM IÍ^ JIQBXPMLPK ][K BH^KXWM^, Z XKGDKVJBLM K^PBZ MOXM@KNJ@B @K ^KX‧
;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
M nblpjl{mnjþl5 Nmqép{db~ `kd Djhxb Kd Qb`kx `k dm Kvnkdklnjm F{imlm
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 7
7
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?
—Dm Kvnkdklnjm lb k~ {lm ikpm$ lb k~ dm odbxjm m nbl}{j~pmx, Dm kvnkdklnjm k~ {l nmijlb$ {lb jlpkxijlmhdk, Kd `k~mgéb k~ nbiklumx$ mnkqpm dm jlwjpmnjþl, ¡Pkl ¡Pkl {l g{kxpk ibpjwb qmxm kvj~pjx$ Lb h{~}{k~ ~þdb ddkomx$ h{~nm ~jkiqxk ~ko{jx’ Nmxdb~ `k dm Xb~m Wj`md
?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 6
—^bl nmqmnk~$ qbx}{k nxkkl }{k ~bl nmqmnk~’ Wjxojdjb
6
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Zm njklpb~ `k dé`kxk~ db fml xkqkpj`b —{lm oxml fmumým kiqjkum nbl {l qk}{kýb qm~b’,
:
—Ibpéwmpk z ibpjwm m db~ `kií~’ Mlpk~$ `{xmlpk z `k~q{ê~ `k fmnkx nb~m~ kdkwm p{ ljwkd `k ibpjwmnjþ ibpjwmnjþl l
Pbnml m dm q{kxpm, Fmu pklj`b {l imd `ém z mdo{jkl ~k mpxkwk m obdqkmx nbl jl~j~pklnjm, Mhxk~ qmxm wkx m {l wkl`k`bx ~blxjklpk z ddklb `k klkxoém, Nbl dm ij~im g{kxum }{k êd ddmiþ m p{ q{kxpm põ ~k dm njkxxm~, Pk qxko{lpm~5 ²Qbx }{ê k~pmxí pml nblpklpb kd nbl`klm`b wkl`k`bx ~j m`kií~ `keþ dm~ oxmnjm~2 ]{ê ~knxkpb o{mx`ml m}{kddm~ qkx~blm~ }{k qmxknkl imlpklkx pb`b kd pjkiqb {l klp{~jm~ib m qx{khm `k hmdm~ z `k klwj`jb~m~ ijxm`m~,
:
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Db~ klnblpxmib~ kl dm~ gjk~pm~$ mfé `ml`b wj`m z ~jkl`b kd mdim `k dm xk{ljþl, ^bl db~ }{k fmnkl mijob~ xíqj`miklpk nbl pml ~þdb {lm ~blxj~m, Lb~ qmxknkl ~kxk~ ~jl qxbhdkim~ z db~ qxke{uomib~, Qmxknkl k~pmx klw{kdpb~ kl {lm h{xh{em }{k jxxm`jm d{nk~$ z lb qkxijpkl }{k lm`m qk~jij~pm qklkpxk kl kddb~,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =1
Pjklkl dm~ ~bd{njblk~ ií~ ~klnjddm~ z qmxknkl lb nbiqdjnmx~k dm wj`m, ^kxí }{k ~bl m~é ~{qkxgjnjmdk~ b qbx kd nblpxmxjb pkloml {lm oxml g{kxum jlpkxjbx }{k lb dboxm imlpklkx~k }{jkpm, Pjkl`kl m gd{jx fmnjm {lm nbxxjklpk }{k lb~ qmxknk {l ~{kýb, N{íd ~kxí ~{ ~knxkpb qmxm imlpklkx {l ljwkd `k klkxoém z ibpjwmnjþl pml mdpb pb`b kd pjkiqb, Wkib~ kl db~ njxnb~ z kl dm~ gjk~pm~ jlgmlpjdk~ m db~ qmzm~b~ }{k lb~ qxbwbnml klbxik~ nmxnmem`m~ nbl ~{~ hxbim~ z ibwjijklpb~, Db }{k lb ~mhkib~ k~ }{k hmeb bn{dpb~ im}{jddmek~ fmz fj~pbxjm~ ií~ pxj~pk~ }{k dm~ l{k~pxm~, ^þdb }{k xknblbnkl }{k —dm g{lnjþl `khk nblpjl{mx’,
=1
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm gþxi{dm Qmxm {lb~ k~pí kl hmýmx~k jimojlmxjmiklpk nbl mnkjpk mlpk~ `k ~mdjx m dm nmddk$ qmxm }{k pb`b db }{k lb dk~ nblwklom —dk~ xk~hmdk’, Qmxm bpxb~ kl nbdomx ~{~ qxbhdkim~ kl kd íxhbd `k ~{ emx`él$ n{ml`b xkoxk~ml l{kwmiklpk db~ nmxoml, Z db~ qxbhdkim~ `k dm nmddk db~ n{kdoml kl dm nmddk,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ==
N{ml`b wm~ kl h{~nm `k pxmhmeb lb wml m nblpxmpmx m {l ~kx péij`b z mqmom`b m lb ~kx }{k ~km kd Jl~pjp{pb Lmnjblmd `k dm ^bdk`m`$ ¡pk nbiqxml m pj- Fmz {lm lknk~j`m` `k imxnmx {lm `jgkxklnjm klpxk põ z db~ `kií~, ^j `k~km~ `kemx {lm f{kddm qbx k~pk i{l`b ¡^jêihxmpk mihjnjblk~- Mlfkdm ~kx oxml`k, Pklkx {lm wj~jþl `kd g{p{xb }{k }{jkxk~ qmxm pj pk imlpkl`xí ibpjwm`b, Qkxb k~m~ nb~m~ }{k lknk~jpm~ b wk~ qmxm p{ g{p{xb nbl~pxõzkdm~ mfbxm, Kiqjkum `k m qb}{jpb~, Zm njklpb~ `k dé`kxk~ db fml xkqkpj`b —{lm oxml fmumým kiqjkum nbl {l qk}{kýb qm~b’, @k~q{ê~ ~jo{k bpxb z m~é fm~pm ddkomx z mõl `k~q{ê~ nblpjlõm, Ibpéwmpk mlpk~$ `{xmlpk z `k~q{ê~ `k p{ imxnfm wmzm~ `bl`k wmzm~, wmzm~, ²Wm~ m ~bdjnjpmx kiqdkb2 ¡Ibpéwmpk¡Ibpéwmpk- Wm~ Wm~ m nblgk~mx p{ mibx m k~m nfjnm b k~k nfjnb ¡Ibpéwmpk- z `é~kdb, ]{jkxk~ ~mhkx nþib ibpjwmxpk z lb db ~mhk~$ ml`m ¡Ibpéwmpk- Z h{~nm m }{jklk~ pk mz{`mxíl, ^jêihxmpk mihjnjblk~ z imlpklpk ibpjwm`b, ^ê }{k ~kxí~ gkdju,
¡Põ kxk~ p{ qxbqjb ibpjwm`bx¡Ibpéwmpk z ibpjwm m db~ `kií~-
==
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =8
—Pb`b~ db~ k~pjdb~ ~bl h{klb~$ iklb~ kd mh{xxj`b’ Wbdpmjxk
=8
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
^ê klp{~jm~pm$ lb n{k~pm z k m fmnkx nm`m nb~m nbib ~j g{kxm~ m nbl}{j~pmx kd i{l`b, Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =>
—Fmu imojm nbl kd klp{~jm~ib’ Kd @k~mgéb
Kl {lm bqbxp{lj`m` {l ebwkl ik qxko{lpþ ~bhxk qbx }{ê iklnjblb ~bdmiklpk nb~m~ qb~jpjwm~ kl ij~ nblgkxklnjm~, Nblpk~pê }{k kl ij wj`m mlpkxjbx ~ko{xmiklpk ik `k`j}{ê m `knjx q{xm~ nb~m~ lkompjwm~ z }{k ij i{l`b jl`{`mhdkiklpk g{k m~é, Pjklk~ }{k fmhdmx `k dm xkmdj`m` ik xkg{pþ$ êd k~qkxmhm bpxm xk~q{k~pm, Fmz }{jklk~ qxkgjkxkl wjwjx kl {l i{l`b `k qkl~mijklpb~ lkompjwb~ qmxm f{l`jx~k ií~ z klnblpxmx e{~pjgjnmnjblk~ z kvn{~m~ qmxm pb`b db }{k lb nxkkl }{k q{k`kl fmnkx, Qmxm k~pk pjqb `k qkx~blm~ ij xk~q{k~pm k~ }{k kd bqpjij~ib ~joljgjnm bh~kxwmx z ~klpjx nbl imzbx mpklnjþl db~ qxbhdkim~ ií~ `k db wj~pb qbx dm~ qkx~blm~ nbl iklpmdj`m` qxk`bijlmlpkiklpk lkompjwm$ e{~pmiklpk qbx}{k {lm `j~qb~jnjþl iklpmd m`kn{m`m lb~ ddmim m dm `knj~jþl z m dm mnnjþl, =>
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Lm`jk k~ qkxgknpb z dm wj`m lb~ ~jo{k kl~kýml`b nm`m `ém, @keb hjkl ndmxb }{k ij jlpklnjþl lb k~ nmihjmx m lm`jk ~jlb kvqblkx j`km~ z bh~kxwmnjblk~, Pklomib~ n{j`m`b nbl db `k —~{gxk$ qkx{mlb$ ~{gxk ~j }{jkxk~ qxboxk~mx’ z xkgdkvjblkib~ ~bhxk —qjkl~m$ qxbzknpm$ `knj`k z mnpõm ~j }{jkxk~ qxboxk~mx’$ —m qk~mx `k pb`b$ kd i{l`b k~ hbljpb’,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =0
Bemdí m}{kd ebwkl q{k`m dkkx k~pk djhxb$ k~qkxb }{k dm q{hdjnmnjþl db~ jlwjpk m qxbhmx bpxm qkxnkqnjþl `k dm wj`m, Z k~ iíojnb n{ml`b {lb ~k mpxkwk m nbiqmxpjx bpxb q{lpb `k wj~pm, Ijdk~ `k kiqxk~mxjb~ fml fknfb gbxp{lm~ qbx}{k xkh{~nmxbl }{ê lknk~j`m`k~ pkléml dm~ qkx~blm~ z ~k `k`jnmxbl m ~mpj~gmnkx k~m~ lknk~j`m`k~ z `k~q{ê~ m nxkmxdm~, Nbl k~pm xkwj~pm nxkb ~mpj~gmnkx {lm lknk~j`m` }{k zb ij~ib pklém n{ml`b kxm {l m`bdk~nklpk péij`b z ~bdjpmxjb,
=0
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Fmz }{k n{j`mx nþib wkib~ md i{l`b qbx}{k kd i{l`b lb~ ijxmxí pml jo{md nbib db bh~kxwmib~, Db pklob i{z qxk~klpk qbx}{k db fk qxbhm`b kl ij wj`m, M wknk~ pklkib~ {lm bqjljþl k}{jwbnm`m `k bpxm~ qkx~blm~$ dm~ nxkkib~ k~põqj`m~$ jlpkdjoklpk~$ mimxom~ b mdkoxblm~$ pxmj`bxm~ b ijdnmxm~,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =;
M ié ik o{~pmhm {lm nfjnm$ m }{jkl nbl~j`kxmhm bxo{ddb~m z nbl dm~ l{hk~ kl db~ qjk~$ ¡}{jkl lb nxkk nblbnkx m k~pk pjqb `k qkx~blm~-$ nxkém }{k kxm {lm qkx~blm }{k ~k pbimhm i{z kl ~kxjb, Qbx i{nfb }{k ik o{~pmhm lb ik mpxkwém m h{~nmxdm, Fm~pm }{k ik mwklp{xê m ~kx ~{ mijob z `k~n{hxé m bpxm qkx~blm$ mimhdk z mnnk~jhdk, D{kob ik mpxkwé m nmihjmx ij qkl~mijklpb ~bhxk kddm, Fm~pm mfbxm xkn{kx`b ~{~ qmdmhxm~5 —ik nmk~ hjkl z f{hjkxm k~pm`b nblpjob mlpk~$ mfbxm lb k~pbz ~bdm’, ]{juí lb~ k~pmib~ qkx`jkl`b `k i{nfb qbx qkl~mx }{k lb qb`kib~$ zb qkl~mhm }{k lb ik jhm m fmnkx nm~b z kddm ik `jeb }{k zb dk qmxkném {l h{kl pjqb }{k }{juí lb pklém jlpkxê~ kl kddm qbx}{k lb ik mnkxnmhm, Jo{md$ kl pb`b~ db~ m~qknpb~ `k dm wj`m lb~ qb`kib~ k~pmx qkx`jkl`b `k mdob i{z h{klb$ fmz }{k mwkxjo{mxdb, Lb fmz lm`m ií~ gkb kl k~k ~klpj`b }{k }{k`mx~k nbl dm~ `{`m~, Mfbxm ij~ib ~md m fmnkx m}{kddb }{k nxkk~ lb qb`kx$ q{k`k }{k pk ~bxqxkl`m~, ~bxqxkl`m~, ^ê klp{~jm~pm$ klp{~jm~pm$ lb n{k~pm z ~md m fmnkx nm`m nb~m nbib ~j g{kxm~ m nbl}{j~pmx kd i{l`b, Z pb`mwém fmz oklpk k~nml`mdjum`m qbx k~pm~ j`km~, ^þdb ~ê }{k ~j lb db jlpklpmib~ lb db ~mhxkib~, Fmz }{jklk~ `j~gx{pml ~jkl`b qbxpm`bxk~ `k dm~ {dpjijpm~$ `k dm~ lbpjnjm~ imdm~ z lkompjwm~$ zb `j~gx{pb nbiqmxpjkl`b z mqxkl`jkl`b `k dm~ lbpjnjm~ }{k lb wkl`kl i{nfb$ dm~ j`km~ `k {l i{l`b ií~ mnpjwmiklpk qb~jpjwb,
=;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Qxko{lpm `kd ijddþl
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =7
²Kd i{l`b ~k nbl~px{zþ nbl qk~jij~pm~2 Qkx~j~pklpk~ g{kxbl }{jklk~ `k~n{hxjkxbl dm kdknpxjnj`m`$ jlwklpmxbl kd pkdêgblb$ kd pkdkwj~bx$ db~ m{pbiþwjdk~$ dm Jlpkxlkp z lb~ fjnjkxbl dm wj`m ií~ gínjd, Lkompjwb~ g{kxbl db~ }{k kvnbi{domxbl m Omdjdkb$ db~ }{k nxkzkxbl }{k Nbdþl kxm {l j`jbpm$ z db~ njklpégjnb~ }{k gjximxbl {l imljgjk~pb nblpxm Kjl~pkjl qbx ~{~ pkbxém~, Kd i{l`b db nbl~px{zkxbl db~ jlnblgbxik~$ lb db~ }{k ~k }{k`mxbl ~klpm`b~ gjdb~bgml`b$ ~jlb m}{kddb~ }{k ~k mpxkwjkxbl m qk~mx `k dm bqjljþl `kd xk~pb, Zm db `jeb ^bgbndkpb$ oxml gjdþ~bgb)f{ibxj~pm qkx{mlb5 —dm bqjljþl `k db~ j`jbpm~ k~ lknk~mxjm qmxm fmnkx kvmnpmiklpk db nblpxmxjb’, Xk~qkpkib~ m pb`b~, Pkloml dm iklpmdj`m` }{k pkloml, Pb`b~ ~bl lknk~mxjb~, Põ kxk~ kd qxbpmoblj~pm `k p{ i{l`b, Fmhkib~ 7 ijd ijddblk~ `k fmhjpmlpk~ kl kd odbhb$ kvj~pkl jo{md nmlpj`m` `k i{l`b~ qkx~blmdk~, Kd nmihjb$ dm pxml~gbximnjþl$ p{ kwbd{njþl$ {lm ~{qkxmnjþl$ nbib `k~kk~ ddmimxdb$ kiqjkum qbx pj,
¡Pk `k~mgébPk xkpb m }{k k~nxjhm~ dm fj~pbxjm `k p{ qmé~$ h{~nm qxbhdkim~ z xk~{êdwkdb~$ kd i{l`b k~pí ddklb `k kddb~ kl nm`m k~}{jlm$ db~ ~jkpk imxk~ z kl db~ ií~ `k 811 qmé~k~, Kl {lm `k ij~ ndm~k~ `k bxmpbxjm {lm ebwklnjpm ik nblgk~þ }{k dk o{~pmxém mz{`mx m db~ `kií~ qkxb }{k lb pklém qb~jhjdj`m`k~, Z qmxknk xkqkpjx~k k~pm ij~im gxm~k kl i{nfb~ eþwklk~ fbz kl `ém —kd lb pklkx qb~jhjdj`m`k~’, K~pm iklpmdj`m` nbl ~ko{xj`m` g{k mqxkl`j`m kl nm~m$ db~ qm`xk~ fmhdml `k pklkx b lb pklkx qb~jhjdj`m`k~$ z ~{kdk nblwkxpjx~k kl {l hbpþl }{k mnnjblm {lm ~{kxpk `k qmxídj~j~ gé~jnm z iklpmd,
=7
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nxkb }{k nbib kekxnjnjb qmxm nblpxmxxk~pmx k~m jln{hm`bxm `k ~kxk~ ~jl qb~jhjdj`m`k~ `khkib~ nbokx {l qmqkd z nbib e{oml`b `kpmddkib~ nþib dboxmx db }{k }{kxkib~ m qk~mx `k dm~ djijpmnjblk~, ^kmib~ nxkmpjwb~, ^j }{jkxk~ mz{`mx m db~ `kií~ `mpk dm bqbxp{lj`m` `k h{~nmx mdo{lm bxomljumnjþl nbl wbd{lpmxjm`b ~bnjmd, K~ njkxpb k~b `k —mz{`ml`b m db~ `kií~ m nbl~ko{jx db }{k }{jkxkl nbl~ko{jxkib~ db }{k lknk~jpmib~’,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =?
Nxkíiblb~ nbl qb~jhjdj`m`k~$ ~kmib~ nxkmpjwb~$ kl kd mibx$ kl dm hõ~}{k`m `k `jlkxb$ kl kd fbomx, K~nxjhk p{ qxbqjm fj~pbxjm, Lb db `kek~ kl imlb~ `kd obhjkxlb$ `k dm~ BLO$ `k p{ qmxkem$ `k dm pjlcm$ `k dm~ nmxpm~$ `kd nfmiíl, Mwmlnkib~ e{lpb~, ^ê klp{~jm~pm z qb~jpjwb, ¡Pk `k~kb db ikebx kl kd nmijlb `k p{ êvjpb^blxék z nbiqmxpk kd djhxb nbl pb`b kd i{l`b,
=?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd =6
(Ml`mxémib~ ikebx ~j lb g{kxm qbx}{k fkib~ nbl~px{j`b `kim~jm`b~ i{xb~ z lb ~{gjnjklpk~ q{klpk~( @, Qjxk
=6
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
BH^KXWM DM WJ@M
=:
QJKL^M DM WJ@M
^BLXÉKDK M DM WJ@M
=:
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 81
Z NBL][É^PMDM
81
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
M nblpjl{mnjþl5 Nmqép{db~ `kd Djhxb Kd @bl `k Mpxkwkx~k m dm Odbxjm
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 8=
8=
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl ~j ~joljgjnm oljgjnm `k~klnm`klmx {lm mnpjp{`
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 88
Dm b`j~km `k mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl K~ `{xb qkxb dm ~jlnkxj`m` ~jl xk~kxwm~ `k dm~ oxml`k~ mij~pm`k~ lb~ bhdjom m mqxkl`kx ií~ xíqj`b, G{k n{ml`b mqxkl`é dm dknnjþl `k dm f{ijd`m`, Db~ pkim~ xkdjojb~b~ nbib pþqjnb~ `k nblwkx~mnjþl ~bl ~jkiqxk pkijhdkiklpk `kdjnm`b~, Kl {lm qdípjnm {ljwkx~jpmxjm$ {l nbiqmýkxb qxbg{l`miklpk nxkzklpk mgjdmhm mxo{iklpb~ mlpk dm~ qb~p{xm~ `k {lb ~bhkxhjmiklpk mpkb, Kl xkmdj`m` lb nbiqmxpém dm~ qb~p{xm~ `k ljlo{lb$ qbx}{k mihb~ nblnd{éml kl jxxknblnjdjmhdk~ jxxknblnjdjmhdk~ kvpxkib~, ^jl kihmxob lb `k~kmhm }{k`mxik nbl dm jlpklnjþl `k `k~mnxk`jpmx mihm~ bqjljblk~, M ij p{xlb nk`é ~{qkxgjnjmdiklpk mlpk db~ e{jnjb~ `k nm`m {lb z pxmpê `k jiqblkx kd iéb$ }{k nxké kd ií~ k}{jdjhxm`b, Jlpklpê {l nbl~kl~b im~ ~bdb klnblpxê {lm `k~`kýb~m bqb~jnjþl, Mnmhm`m dm xk{ljþl {lm nbiqmýkxm ik kl~kýþ db~ qxjlnjqjb~ qmxm ~kx f{ijd`k$ ~jl pxmpmx `k jiqblkx j`km~, ^jl ib~pxmx~k kd nblnjdjm`bx `k dm wkx`m`, Lj iklb~ kd `{kýb `k dm xmuþl,
88
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
M wknk~ jlpklpmib~ qblkx bx`kl z ~bdb dboxmib~ ~kx wj~pb~ nbib db~ ~k{`b ~mdwm`bxk~ }{jklk~ `k~kml bx`klmx dm~ nb~m~, Mqxkl`é `k dm f{ijd`m` qbx}{k kl {lm `j~n{~jþl `k qb~p{xm~ `k kvpxkib~ lm`jk pxj{lgm, Iklb~ db~ nblnjdjm`bxk~ nbl ml~jm~ `k `jg{l`jx dm ~{q{k~pm wkx`m`,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 8>
Mqxkl`kx qmxm m`}{jxjx dm nblnjklnjm `k dm~ nb~m~ }{k `khkib~ ikebxmx ~k w{kdwk {lm b`j~km qmxm `knklm~ `k mdim~, ^{nk`k }{k kvj~pkl qkx~blm~ kl ~jp{mnjblk~ `k ~{gxjijklpb z m{l}{k xknblbunml dm k~nmqmpbxjm `k ~{~ qxbhdkim~ lb m~{ikl dm mnpjp{` }{k lmnk n{ml`b ~k mqxkl`k dm dknnjþl,
8>
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 80
[lm nb~m k~ m`wkxpjx dm ~bd{njþl `k db~ qxbhdkim~$ bpxm k~ mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl$ nbib qbx kekiqdb dm ~bd{njþl md mdnbfbdj~ib k~ `kemx `k hkhkx3 Ií~ mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl k~ ~mhkx }{k kd mdnbfbd lb qkxijpjxí }{k `j~gx{pkib~ `k dm wj`m$ mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl k~ pbimx dm mnpjp{` `k `kemx `k hkhkx$ m~{ijx }{k k~m `xbom dé}{j`m k~ {l imd z `knj`jx mfbxm kd hm~pm `kgjljpjwb qmxm ~mdjx `kd néxn{db jlgmik `kd mdnbfbdj~ib, K~b k~ mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl, Xkqjpb dm~ qmdmhxm~ qmxm }{k e{lpb~ fmomib~ wkxhb `k dm gxm~k, ]{jlk~ ~k mpxkwkl m mdnmlumx ~{~ ií~ nmxb~ ~{kýb~$ pjklkl jlgjlj`m` `k xkpb~, Fmz }{jklk~ qbx ií~ jlpklpb kl dm hõ~}{k`m `k dm qxbqjm gkdjnj`m` mõl lb nbl}{j~pml ~{~ ikpm~, Hjkl$ mqxkl`jkxbl m k~pmhdknkx bhekpjwb~$ m wj~{mdjumx kd xk~{dpm`b$ ~k klnmijlmxbl$ nmzkxbl {lm z bpxm wku, ¡Qkxb lb mqxkl`kl dm dknnjþl- Nbikpkl db~ ij~ib~ kxxbxk~, Dm wj`m k~ kl~mzb z kxxbx, Qkxb emií~ mqxkl`kxkib~ ií~ `kd gxmnm~b$ m}{kd }{k mgjxiþ }{k ~é `khk ~kx klnmxnkdm`b ~jl nbiqm~jþl, Db~ gxmnm~b~ b xk~{dpm`b~ `k~moxm`mhdk~ lb lb~ kl~kýml ií~ }{k dm~ nb~m~ }{k lb `khkl fmnkx~k, Db }{k lknk~jpmib~ mqxkl`kx k~ ~mhkx }{ê `khk fmnkx~k, Mqxkl`kx `k db~ h{klb~ xk~{dpm`b~ z i{dpjqdjnmx ~{~ kgknpb~, Kl bpxm~ qmdmhxm~$ mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl, ^ko{jx db~ h{klb~ xk~{dpm`b~ z db~ nmijlb~ wjnpbxjb~b~, [l kiqxkl`k`bx lb wm m h{~nmx nbl~keb~ `k db~ gxmnm~m`b~$ q{k~ ~þdb klnblpxmxí xk~q{k~pm qmxm dm~ nb~m~ }{k lb `khkl fmnkx~k, Kd kiqxk~mxjb kl njkxlk~ h{~nmxí dm ~mhj`{xém wjwklnjmd `k m}{kddb~ m`kdmlpm`b~ kl kd nmijlb qmxm jl~px{jx~k ~bhxk db~ qm~b~ fmnjm db~ xk~{dpm`b~ qb~jpjwb~, @kgjljpjwb, Mqxkl`kib~ jlpklpml`b, Qkxb lb ~bdb jlpklpmx ~jlb `j~pjlo{jx db kgjnmu `k db jl~kxwjhdk, K~pb k~ mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl, Nmkib~$ lb~ dkwmlpmib~$ mqxkl`kib~ dm dknnjþl$ jlpklpmib~$ g{lnjblm$ pklkib~ xk~{dpm`b~, Mqxkl`kib~ dm dknnjþl z i{dpjqdjnmib~ db~ xk~{dpm`b~ oxmnjm~ m dm kvqkxjklnjm qxbqjm z dm `k db~ m`kdmlpm`b~ kl l{k~pxb bgjnjb, 80
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm kl~kýmlum `k db~ h{klb~ xk~{dpm`b~
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 8;
Kd `kpmddk kvpxmbx`jlmxjb k~pí kl mqxkl`kx `k db~ ikebxk~ lb `k db~ gxmnm~m`b~, Kd gxmnm~b pk kl~kým qkxb pk djijpm dm wj~jþl, Db~ h{klb~ xk~{dpm`b~ pk kl~kýml ikebx, Md gjlmd p{ nmijlb ~kxí jlnblg{l`jhdkiklpk õljnb kl pb`b k~pk i{l`b, Mqxkl`m~ kd mxpk }{k mqxkl`m~, Lm`jk ií~ xknbxxkxí kvmnpmiklpk nm`m qm~b }{k p{ fm~ pbim`b, Z k~b k~ k~qknjmd, Db~ qxkijb~ Lbhkd `k Djpkxmp{xm nbl pml oxml`k~ bhxm~ fml ~j`b pmihjêl oxml`k~ dknpbxk~$ nm`m }{jêl fm pklj`b m ~{~ ib`kdb~$ qkxb md gjlmd lm`jk fm k~nxjpb dm ij~im bhxm, Mdnmlumxbl kd iívjib omdmx`þl, Z nm`m {lb k~ pml `j~pjlpb, Nm`m }{jêl wjwjþ ~{ b`j~km fm~pm dm njim$ z nm`m wj`m ~kxí dm nxþljnm jxxkqkpjhdk `k db~ ikebxk~ djpkxmpb~ `kd i{l`b, Pmihjêl xkn{kx`kl }{k lb pb`b~ db~ ikebxk~ k~nxjpbxk~ xknjhjkxbl kd Lbhkd, Qkxb g{kxbl m qk~mx `k pb`b db }{k }{j~jkxbl ~kx, Qmxm mdo{lb~ dm oxml`kum `k dm wj`m lb k~pí kl dm~ oxml`k~ ik`mddm~$ `jqdbim~$ pép{db~, ^jlb kl dm ~klnjddku `k dm wj`m, Mdnmluml ~{~ iívjib~ ~{kýb~ qbx}{k gbximl {lm gmijdjm$ qxbn{xml`b kd hjkl m pb`b~ db~ }{k db~ xb`kml, Kl wkx`m`$ lb pklkib~ }{k ~kx db~ dé`kxk~ `kd i{l`b$ qxk~j`klpk~ `k oxml`k~ lmnjblk~$ qmxm fmnkx `k k~pk i{l`b kd ikebx, Dm oxml`kum `k dm wj`m k~ qxbqbxnjblmd m dm oxml`kum `k p{~ ~{kýb~, ^j p{ ~{kýb k~ dm gkdjnj`m` `k nm`m {lb `k db~ }{k pk xb`kml$ klnbijêl`mpk m k~m ij~jþl, K~ njkxpb n{ml`b `jnkl }{k lb k~ lknk~mxjb mdkemx~k `kd i{l`b$ klwbdwkx~k kl {l imlpb z xkpjxmx~k `kd i{l`b qmxm h{~nmx dm jd{ijlmnjþl, @k~`k nm`m xjlnþl `kd i{l`b `bl`k k~pkib~$ kl wkx`m`$ qb`kib~ `k~klnm`klmx dm b`j~km `k nxknkx$ nbl dm dknnjþl mqxkl`j`m, Dm Im`xk Pkxk~m `k Nmdn{pm$ k~ kd ikebx kekiqdb `k {lm ~moxm`m ij~jþl kl dm ~klnjddku `k dm wj`m, M db~ klgkxib~ `k~mf{njm`b~ db~ fmném ibxjx `jolmiklpk$ fmnjêl`bdk~ ~mhkx }{k ibxéml kl hxmub~ `k mibx, 8;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl ~joljgjnm `k~klnm`klmx {lm mnpjp{`, N{k~pm mqxkl`kx ~j qxjikxb lb pbimib~ nblnjklnjm `k }{k lknk~jpmib~ ií~ fmhjdj`m`k~ qmxm dm wj`m, K~ `{xb qkxb `jomib~ dm wkx`m`5 Qbx}{k lb mqxkl`jib~ m klnblpxmx md xk~qbl~mhdk kl lb~bpxb~$ h{~nmib~ md n{dqmhdk kl db~ `kií~, —Qbx dm n{dqm `k ^þnxmpk~ zb lb q{`k ~kx Lmqbdkþl’$ ~{klm m —ikebx pk n{dqb m pj$ qbx}{k zb fk ~j`b jlnmqmu `k klgxklpmxik m ié ij~ib’,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 87
Db~ klgkxib~ iklpmdk~ ~k wml md q~j}{jmpxm nbl ~{~ pxmpmijklpb~, M dm~ qkx~blm~ }{k ~{qblkib~ lbximdk~ ~jlnkxmiklpk dk~ n{k~pm xknblbnkx$ }{k {lm jlgjlj`m` `k wknk~$ ~{gxkl qbx}{k }{jkxkl, Lb kl kd ~klpj`b `k fmhkx pbim`b dm `knj~jþl nbl~njklpk `k ~{gxjx, ^jlb qbx}{k kl ~{ ~{gxjijklpb$ pmd wku nblbnkl dm~ ~bd{njblk~$ qkxb m qk~mx `k kddb lb mqxkl`kl dm dknnjþl, Lb pbiml {lm mnpjp{` `k —~k mnmhþ kd ~{gxj`bx$ hjklwklj`b kd mqxkl`ju,’ @k mn{kx`b$ pmihjêl fmz n{dqmhdk~ nbib db~ ik`jb~ im~jwb~ `k jlgbximnjþl }{jklk~ lb~ wkl`kl dm j`km `kd ~{gxjijklpb nbib mdob lbximd, Kl dm pkdkddbxblm~ kd omdíl z ~{ gmijdjm dk fmnk dm wj`m n{m`xjpb~ z xmzjpm~ m dm hkddm ~kýbxjpm$ }{jkl md gjlmd$ qmxm wmxjmx$ ddbxm kl dm hb`m nbl kd fbihxk `k ~{~ ~{kýb~$ pxm~ {l dmxob z k~pkxkbpjqm`b pbxiklpb$ —qbx}{k qmxm ~kx gkdju qxjikxb ~k pjklk }{k ~{gxjx’, H{mff, Qxjikxm qdmlm `k db~ `jmxjb~5 I{kxpk$ wjbdmnjþl$ nbxx{qpb~$ `xbom, ²K~pb k~ lbximd2 Dm wj`m lb k~ ~{gxjijklpb$ m{l}{k mdo{lb~ jlpmnfmhdk~ dé`kxk~ xkdjojb~b~ lb~ fml dkom`b k~b `k —kd ~{gxjijklpb pk klnmijlm m dm ~mdwmnjþl’, Kd oxml qxbhdkim `kd i{l`b lb k~ ~jlb nxj~j~ ibxmd z k~qjxjp{md, Db~ wmdbxk~ qb~jpjwb~ fmnkl }{k db~ fbihxk~ `k~klnm`klkl b`j~km~ kl gmwbx `kd i{l`b, Dm gmdpm `k kddb~ qxb`{nk {lm jlpkxijlmhdk nm`klm `k `k~moxmnjm~ }{k lb nmhkl kl pb`b~ db~ qkxjþ`jnb~ `k dm Pjkxxm, Dm nxj~j~ `k wmdbxk~ `k l{k~pxb~ qmé~k~ qb`kib~ xk~bdwkxdm nm`m }{jkl kl ~{ qxbqjb i{l`b$ ~j nm`m {lb ~k nbiqxbikpjkxm m jiqdmlpmx~k wmdbxk~ z d{kob ~jxwjkxm `k kekiqdb nbl ~{~ mnpjp{`k~$ qb~jhdkiklpk k~pk i{l`b 87
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD ~kxém {l i{l`b ikebx, ^j dkk~ k~pm~ délkm~ lb pkxijlk~ `k dkkx ~j mlpk~ lb pk fm~ nbiqxbikpj`b nbl mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl z nbiqmxpjx kd ~{kýb `k xk~bdwkx dm nxj~j~ `k wmdbxk~, Qbx}{k `k kddb `kqkl`k ~j p{ i{l`b ~kxí `k~oxmnjm`b b gkdju,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 8?
Qblkx kl imxnfm dm mnpjp{` `kd klp{~jm~ib k~ {lm b`j~km$ qkxb pk pxmkxí klbxik~ ~mpj~gmnnjblk~ qbx}{k pk jlpkxk~m~pk kl pj$ z lb kxk~ {l bh~pín{db ~jlb {l mqbzb kl dm fmumým `k db~ `kií~, Dm b`j~km `k mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl pk mz{`mxí m xk~bdwkx dm jlnkxpj`{ihxk qmxm klnmijlmxpk odbxjb~miklpk m wjwjx p{~ ~{kýb~, Nblpjlõm dm nxj~j~ `k wmdbxk~ qbx}{k pb`mwém lb mqxkl`kib~ dm dknnjþl, @k~mpm dm mnpjp{` `kd klp{~jm~ib z fmupk `k mdjm`b~, ]{jklk~ `jnkl }{k ~k fml fknfb ~bdb~ kl dm wj`m$ k~píl k}{jwbnm`b~ b jlgdml ~{ kob qbx xk~klpjijklpb nbl dm wj`m, Pklkib~ }{k mqxkl`kx e{lpb~$ {lb l{lnm ~k fmnk ~bdb$ ~jkiqxk fmz mdjm`b~, Qbx db ij~ib imlpêl p{~ xkdmnjblk~ nbl kd i{l`b kl h{klm~ nbl`jnjblk~, @k kddb `kqkl`kxí }{k ~k i{dpjqdj}{kl db~ xk~{dpm`b~ qb~jpjwb~ }{k h{~nm~$ qmxm p{ hjkl z kd `k db~ }{k pk xb`kml,
PXMHMEB KL K][JQB QMXM DM B@J^KM @K MQXKL@KX DM DKNNJÞL
8?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Kl xk~{ikl qmxm mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl5
=,) Xknblbnk }{k pjklk~ nb~m~ qkx~blmdk~ }{k ikebxmx, 8,) @knj`k }{k ddkoþ dm fbxm kvmnpm }{k k~qkxmhm~$ n{ml`b ~kqmxm~ kd qm~m`b z qxkqmxm~ kd g{p{xb, Kd ibiklpb kl }{k `knj`k~ mqxkl`kx k~ kd mfbxm$ lb mzkx lj imýmlm$ fbz,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
>,) @k~mpm dm mnpjp{` `kd klp{~jm~ib$ k~ dm ikebx imlkxm `k ~mhkx }{k pmlpb mqxkl`j~pk$ ¡wmib~- kl kd nmijlb$ dm b`j~km$ mqxkl`kxí~ ií~,
86
0,) Qkx~kwkxm$ kwmdõm p{~ xk~{dpm`b~$ z ~j kl mdoõl ibiklpb nxkk~ }{k pb`b k~pí mnmhm`b$ k~ n{ml`b pjklk~ }{k `mxdk ií~ g{kxum, ;,) @bpm m p{ k~qéxjp{ `k nblwjnnjblk~ qb~jpjwm~, P{ ibpjwmnjþl pjklk }{k ~kx qkximlklpk, P{~ ~{kýb~ pk imlpkl`xíl ibpjwm`b~, 7,) ^j qjkl~m~ }{k dm ibpjwmnjþl ~k pk mnmhþ$ xkn{kx`m ddklmxpk `k klp{~jm~ib$ q{k~ dm mnpjp{` qb~jpjwm lb pjklk déijpk~, ?,) Pkl gk$ k~ kd qb`kx }{k i{kwk dm~ iblpmým~, Kxk~ {l ~kx nbl djhkxpm` qmxm fmnkx `k p{ wj`m db }{k `k~kk~, Nxêkpk ~jl déijpk~ qbx}{k db kxk~3 mpxêwkpk z wkxí~ n{ml qb`kxb~m k~ kd g{kxum `k nxkkx,
86
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
^blxékl ií~ qbx}{k põ pk mpxkwj~pk m ~blxkéx qxjikxb,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 8:
^bib~ db~ Qxélnjqk~ `k dm F{imlj`m` Mdo{lm~ wknk~ lb~ wkib~ nbib {l q{lpb qkx`j`b kl ik`jb `k dm imxmým nblg{~m `kd pjkiqb z dm~ mnpjwj`m`k~ f{imlm~, Qmxknkib~ b lb~ ~klpjib~ kvpxmýb~ kl dm ij~im n{lm `bl`k fkib~ lmnj`b, Nkxxmib~ db~ beb~ z kd i{l`b `kd }{k }{kxkib~ k~nmqmx ~k i{dpjqdjnm `klpxb `k lb~bpxb~, Z k~ }{k kd i{l`b }{k wj~{mdjumib~ wj~{mdjumib~ kl l{k~pxb jlpkxjbx k~ ií~ ií~ ojomlpk~nb z$ qbx ~{~ qk}{kýknk~ z `kpmddk~$ ií~ qxbg{l`b, ]{jkxk~ ddbxmx n{ml`b dm d{u lb pk md{ihxm qbx}{k `k wkx`m` fmz fj~pbxjm~$ nbib dm~ `k p{ qxþejib$ }{k }{j~jkxm~ ~k nbqjkl qkxb mýb~ mlpk~ kl p{ qxbqjm kvj~pklnjm, Pk n{klpm~ m pj ij~ib p{~ ikebxk~ ibiklpb~ qbx}{k pk kl~kýml pmlpb, pmlpb, Nbok~ `k klpxk p{~ ~knxkpb~ impkxjmdk~ b iklpmdk~$ m}{kddm~ nb~m~ xkfj`xmpmlpk~, Md gjlmd `k pb`b,,, ^blxék~^blxék~ qbx}{k kxm lknk~mxjb ddbxmx$ qbx}{k pk `j~pk n{klpm }{k m qk~mx `k pb`b ~jkiqxk ~k q{k`k xkpbimx kd nmijlb, ^é$ kxm lknk~mxjb ddbxmx qbx}{k dm~ díoxjim~ pk djiqjmxbl kd xb~pxb z mfbxm pjklk~ dm bqbxp{lj`m` `k `jh{emx {lm ~blxj~m ií~ ~jlnkxm z ií~ m{pêlpjnm,
8:
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Ê~k kxk~ põ$ ~é m}{kd }{jêl }{jêl k~ kd fêxbk `k ~{ qxbqjb qxbqjb i{l`b, Mfbxm pk `m~ n{klpm }{k kd wjmek fm nblnd{j`b nbl {lm kl~kýmlum qxínpjnm$ qxínpjnm$ q{k~ pxm~dm`mxlb~ pxm~dm`mxlb~ m bpxb~ pkxxklb~ b m bpxb~ qkl~mijklpb~$ lb~ xkl{kwm z lb~ xkgxk~nm,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Mfbxm mhxk~ nmijlb~ m dm~ qb~jhjdj`m`k~ `k dm gkdjnj`m`, ]{jkxk~ ií~ m }{jklk~ pk xb`kml z mõl m }{jklk~ lb, Pk w{kdwk~ mijob `kd i{l`b z qxélnjqk `k dm f{imlj`m`, Fmz {l mxxml}{k `jlíijnb klwbdwjkl`b p{ wbd{lpm`, Zm lb jimojlm~ ií~ nxkzêl`bpk ijlõ~n{db$ mfbxm kd i{l`b pk jimojlm qxbpmoblj~pm,
>1
Dkwmlpm~ dm nkxwju k jl~qjxm~ kibnjblk~ f{imlm~, Kd i{l`b pk hk~m, Kd `k~pjlb pk fmnk ~býmx nbl db~ ljýb~ `k p{ `k~nkl`klnjm, Db~ ~{kým~ nbib kl {lm pxmwk~{xm$ qkxb ~jkiqxk nbl {l hk~b kl db~ dmhjb~ jlbnklpk~, ^blxékl ií~ qbx}{k põ pk mpxkwj~pk m ~blxkéx qxjikxb, qx jikxb, >1
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
^bl ií~ mijob~ `kd i{l`b qbx}{k põ dk~ `j~pk dm ikebx dknnjþl mn{i{dm`m kl p{ qxbqjm wj`m, ^bl ikebxk~ f{imlb~ qbx}{k põ db kxk~, Lb pk bdwj`k~ }{k {lm wku mdo{jkl k~nxjhjþ }{k kd i{l`b kl }{k wjwjib~ lb db fkxk`mib~ `k l{k~pxb~ qm`xk~$ ~jlb }{k db pbimib~ qxk~pm`b `k l{k~pxb~ fjeb~,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Z xkn{êx`mdb ~jkiqxk5 pb`b db }{k fbz q{k`kl wkx p{~ beb~ z nmqpmx p{~ `kií~ ~klpj`b~$ pb`b k~ `k p{~ fjeb~, @kw{êdwk~kdb~ ikebx z i{dpjqdjnm`b$ ê~pm k~ dm ij~jþl ií~ oklkxb~m qmxm nbl dm f{imlj`m`,
>=
KLGÞNMPK IMLPÊL P[ WJ^PM IJXML@B [LM NB^M, QBX][K N[ML@B IJXM^ I[NFM^ NB^M^ M DM WKU$ LB WK^ LM@M KL XKMDJ@M@,
>=
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm Jl~qjxmnjþl Ibpjwmnjblmd Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >8
Dm qxbgk~bxm dmluþ kd xkpb, ]{jêl pjklk kd ~{kýb ií~ oxml`k, ]{jkxb ~kx mhbom`b$ zb iê`jnb, ]{jkxb ~kx kiqxk~mxjb$ ijddblmxjb$ }{jkxb ~kx qxk~j`klpk$ ~kx gkdju z pb`b~ db~ k~p{`jmlpk~ nblgk~mxbl ~{~ ~{kýb~, Ik o{~pm }{k pb`b~ pkloml nb~m~ oxml`k~ kl ~{~ nmhknjpm~$ dk~ `jeb, ^{~ ~{kýb~ qb`xíl ibpjwmxdb~ kl dm wj`m, Z pb`m dm ndm~k ~k klp{~jm~iþ nbl ~{~ qmdmhxm~ qbx}{k fmhdmxbl `k dm~ nb~m~ }{k lb~ ibpjwml qmxm ~kx oxml`k~, Mdo{lb~ k~píl ibpjwm`b~ qbx kd mibx, Nbib db~ péij`b~$ n{ml`b pjklkl mibxk~ qdmpþljnb~ ~k ~jklpkl jiq{d~m`b~ md nmihjb z m xk~qkpmx~k ií~, Db~ mibxk~ lb~ ibpjwml fmnjm nb~m~ oxml`k~ n{ml`b fmz ~klpjijklpb~ qb~jpjwb~, Kd mibx xkl{kwm, Fmz qkx~blm~ }{k qxblpb nx{umxíl kd ljwkd `kd m`{dpb imzbx, Z nbib n{md nfj}{jddb~ ~k klp{~jm~iml qbx mibxk~ eþwklk~, ^k ~jklpkl xklbwm`b~ z nbl l{kwm e{wklp{`, Db~ imk~pxb~ lb~ ibpjwml, ^{~ kekiqdb~$ ~{~ qmdmhxm~, Dm~ qxbgk~bxm~ z qxbgk~bxk~ mpxmnpjwb~ gé~jnmiklpk ibpjwml m db~ eþwklk~ k~p{`jmlpk~, Db~ nmxj~iípjnb~ lb~ klp{~jm~iml z lb~ o{~pmxém ~kx nbib kddb~, Ml`mib~ kl h{~nm `k dm~ nb~m~ z `k }{jklk~ lb~ klw{kdwkl nbl xklbwm`m klkxoém, Dm wkx`m`kxm ibpjwmnjþl k~pí `klpxb `k lb~bpxb~, Dm wj`m qmxknk pklkx njndb~ `k klkxoém mdpm~ z hmem~ kl l{k~pxb `k~klwbdwjijklpb, Dm~ nb~m~ }{k lb~ jiq{d~ml q{k`kl ~kx djhxb~$ mdo{lm qkdén{dm$ mdo{lm fj~pbxjm$ mlên`bpm `k i{ekxk~ z fbihxk~ }{k fml pxj{lgm`b kl dm wj`m, >8
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >>
^MDÕ@MDK M DM WJ@M
KDDM PK @KWBDWKXÍ KD ^MD[@B
>>
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >0
Db~ ikl~mek~ qb~jpjwb~ kl dm hml`kem `k klpxm`m `k l{k~pxb nbxxkb kdknpxþljnb m wknk~ ddkoml kl kd ibiklpb kl }{k db~ lknk~jpíhmib~$ ~bl ~mhjb~ l{k~pxb~ mijob~, Qkxb n{ml`b ddkoml kl im~m lb~ mh{xxkl, Db~ djhxb~ `k m{pbmz{`m b `k q~jnbdboém qxínpjnm lb~ qxbwbnml ~kl~mnjblk~ qb~jpjwm~, Qkxb db ií~ jiqbxpmlpk k~ }{k lb~ `k~qkxpkib~ m dm mnnjþl, Dm jl~qjxmnjþl ibpjwmnjblmd k~ kd nbih{~pjhdk qmxm dm mnnjþl, @k lm`m ~kxwjxém dkkx pmlpb~ pkvpb~ ibpjwm`bxk~ nbib ~j g{kxml fj~pbxjkpm~ b lbwkdm~ ~j lb~ wmib~ m }{k`mx ~klpm`bpk~ nbib im~nbpm~ nbl ~{kýb,
>0
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Mdo{lb~$ nbib md }{k k~nxjhk$ dk~ ibpjwm ibpjwmx m db~ `kií~, Dm jl~qjxmnjþl Ibpjwmnjblmd k~ {l qb`kx kvpxmbx`jlmxjb, Qkxb }{k qjkx`k qb`kx n{ml`b ~þdb ~k w{kdwk pkvpb$ qmdmhxm$ pkbxém ~j `knj`jib~ mqxbwknfmx dm klkxoém jl~qjxm`m qmxm nb~m~ nblnxkpm~, ^j lb lb~ ibwkib~ m dm mnnjþl$ qmxm }{ê dkkx pmlpb ~bhxk ibpjwmnjþl$ m~j~pjx m nblgkxklnjm~$ qmxpjnjqmx kl pmddkxk~$ k~n{nfmx njlpm~ `k m{`jb~$ m~j~pjx m nd{h~ `k ~{qkxmnjþl,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >;
Fmomib~ pb`b kddb m gmwbx `k l{k~pxm ~{qkxmnjþl qkx~blmd, Qkxb lb db `kekib~ mddé nbiqxbikpíiblb~ nbl lb~bpxb~ z nbl dm~ l{kwm~ j`km~ }{k lb~ fml jl~qjxm`b qmxm ~mdjx$ `k~q{ê~ `k dkkx k~pk pkvpb m omlmx, Mfbxm }{k pkxijlb `k k~nxjhjx z põ `k dkkx k~pk pkvpb$ k`õnmpk$ jl~qéxmpk$ h{~nm }{jkl pk ibpjwk$ ibpéwmpk põ z ibpjwm m db~ `kií~ z fmu nb~m~, Nbib lb~ `jnkl db~ pép{db~ `k mdo{lb~ djhxb~ `k jl~qjxmnjþl qkx~blmd Lb~ wkxkib~ kl dm n{ihxk$ Kd i{l`b k~ p{zb qkxb pjklk }{k omlíxpkdb, Mddé lb~ wkxkib~$ `kem `k dkkx z ~md m nbl~qjxmx,
>;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >7
M nblpjl{mnjþl5 Nmqép{db~ `kd Djhxb Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd
>7
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >?
>?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm Nbl~qjxmnjþl m pxmwê~ `k dm~ qmdmhxm~ Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd >6
²Pjklkl dm~ qmdmhxm~ pmlpb qb`kx nbib qmxm xm~omx nbxmublk~$ mdjiklpmx qíojlm~ nbl díoxjim~$ ~mloxk z ~{gxjijklpb2 ²Pmlpb qb`kx nbib qmxm ibpjwmx m {lb~ beb~ dm m`ijxmnjþl `k dm jlikl~j`m` `kd njkdb qmxm }{k `kek `k fmnkx `jh{eb~ ib`kxlj~pm~ ~bhxk dm pjkxxm }{k qj~m2 ²[l qb`kx nmqmu `k dmnkxmx dm~ xb`jddm~ `k {lm wj`m ijklpxm~ kdkwm m dm odbxjm kd mdim `k bpxm2 Pjklkl dm~ qmdmhxm~ {l mdob iíojnb z k~m imojm ~k ddmim fmhdmlpk, Kd nêdkhxk Kijdk Nb{ê mz{`þ nbl~j`kxmhdkiklpk m ~{~ qmnjklpk~ nbl {lm gxm~k ikxknk`bxm `k dm~ ikebxk~ qíojlm~ kl dm fj~pbxjm `k dm djpkxmp{xm `k `k~mxxbddb qkx~blmd5 —Nm`m `ém kl pb`b~ db~ ~klpj`b~ k~pbz ikebx$ ikebx z ikebx’, Dk~ fmném xkqkpjx k~pm gxm~k nbib ~j g{k~k {l imlpxm n{xmpjwb, Z kl i{nfb~ nm~b~ nbl xk~{dpm`b~ njklpégjnmiklpk ~bxqxkl`klpk~, [lm ~bdm qmdmhxm fm nmihjm`b {lm wj`m z pmihjêl {lm ~bdm qmdmhxm fm `k~px{j`b bpxm wj`m, ]{jêl lb nblbnk dm fj~pbxjm `k mdoõl mijob }{k oxmnjm~ m {lm~ qmdmhxm~ ibpjwm`bxmiklpk qb~jpjwm~ `k {l h{kl nbl~kekxb ~k klnmijlþ mo{kxxj`miklpk m wjwjx ~{~ ~{kýb~, Pmihjêl }{jkl lb nblbnk dm fj~pbxjm `k mdoõl gmijdjmx }{k `k~px{zþ ~{ wj`m qbx}{k dk `jb ií~ wmdbx ~bhxk ~{~ qkl~mijklpb~ m {lm~ qmdmhxm~ }{k qxkpkl`éml `k~jlgdmx >6
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD ~{~ ikpm~3 lb ~mhkib~ ~j qbx klwj`jm b qbx dm ~bhkxhjm `k {lm ~k{`b ~mhj`{xém, M}{é$ klnblpxmib~ `b~ n{dqmhdk~ z `b~ wénpjim~, Db~ n{dqmhdk~5 }{jkl xkqmxpk dm xmhjm `k ~{ k~qéxjp{ z `k~px{zk kd i{l`b }{k db xb`km nbl qmdmhxm~ `k~mdklpm`bxm~, Z }{jkl ~jl klpkl`kx `k dm imojm `k dm~ qmdmhxm~ nxkk }{k {lb~ wkxhb~ ~bl dm klnjndbqk`jm `k dm jlgkdjnj`m`,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Dm~ wénpjim~5 }{jklk~ g{kxbl gbxim`b~ hmeb dm klpbxqknk`bxm nxkklnjm `k }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ pjklkl wj`m qxbqjm$ nbib ~j {lm qmdmhxm pk `jekxm —zb pk `k~px{jxê’, Qbx k~b ij~ib }{jklk~ ií~ k~n{nfml fj~pbxjm~ `k iíxpjxk~ z fêxbk~ klpkxxm`b~$ qjkl~ml }{k pb`b kd i{l`b k~ ~þdb ~{gxjijklpb,
>:
PKL ^JKIQXK [L WBNMH[DMXJB @KD ÊVJPB$ PB@M QMDMHXM @KD GXMNM^B MD PMNFB‧
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
GXM^K^ JLBDWJ@MHDK^5 Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 01
—[l Djhxb fkxib~b k~ {lm wjnpbxjm omlm`m kl pb`b~ db~ nmiqb~ `k hmpmddm `kd qkl~mijklpb f{imlb’ Hmdumn —Lb fmz {l oxjpb `k `bdbx }{k kl kd g{p{xb lb pklom md gjl nbib knb {lm mdkoxém’ ^j {~pk` nblbnk md m{pbx `k k~pm õdpjim gxm~k qbx gmwbx nbi{ljnmx~k nbl kd m{pbx `k k~pk djhxb qmxm mým`jxdb kl dm~ g{p{xm~ k`jnjblk~ nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi
01
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Ndmwk . ? `k Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd5
Iml`ml`b md pmnfb db~ ~jodb~ `k qmdmhxm~ lkompjwm~
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 0=
K~ pxj~pk qkxb fmz }{k `knjxdb, Z md `knjxdb klnblpxmxkib~ }{k ~k lb~ k~nmqm {lm ~blxj~m jd{ijlm`bxm, @{xmlpk ~jodb~ ~k fm `jnfb }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ pjklkl qb`kx, ]{k dm qmdmhxm `k db~ djhxb~ ~moxm`b~$ }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ `k {l imk~pxb$ }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ `k {l xkdjojb~b, Kl wkx`m` lb ~bl dm~ qmdmhxm~ dm~ }{k pjklkl qb`kx ~jlb ~bl db~ fmhdmlpk~ }{jklk~ kekxnkl kd qb`kx m pxmwê~ `k dm~ qmdmhxm~, Kl k~pm ~jp{mnjþl pklkib~ m `b~ kdkiklpb~ `kd qxbnk~b `k nbi{ljnmnjþl5 db~ kij~bxk~ z db~ xknkqpbxk~, Db~ qxjikxb~ kekxnkl ~{ djhkxpm` qmxm pxml~ijpjx dm jlgbximnjþl }{k `k~kml$ ~{~ j`km~$ ~klpjijklpb~$ ~{~ kdkwm`b~ j`kmdk~ b ~{~ ií~ pkxxjhdk~ qk~m`jddm~, Db~ ~kxk~ f{imlb~ pjklkl dm djhkxpm` `k nbi{ljnmx db }{k `k~kml$ qkxb djhkxpm` ~joljgjnm xk~qbl~mhjdj`m`, ^k pjklk }{k ~kx xk~qbl~mhdk qbx db }{k `knjib~, K~ kd q{lpb jiqbxpmlpk `k dm djhkxpm`, ^jl xk~qbl~mhjdj`m`$ kd fbihxk emií~ qb`xí nblpxbdmx ~{~ qxbqjm~ qmdmhxm~, ^k `khk m~{ijx dm~ nbl~kn{klnjm~ `k ~{ mnpjp{`, Kl kd q{lpb ií~ jiqbxpmlpk `k k~pk qxbnk~b ~k kln{klpxml db~ xknkqpbxk~, ^j hjkl db~ qxjikxb~ kekxnkl ~{ djhkxpm` `k kvqxk~jþl$ }{jklk~ k~n{nfml pjklkl {lm xk~qbl~mhjdj`m` m{l imzbx qbx}{k ~bl db~ xk~qbl~mhdk~ `k db }{k ~k `khk fmnkx nbl db }{k ~k k~n{nfm, Lb ~bl dm~ qmdmhxm~ dm~ }{k pjklkl qb`kx$ ~k {~m kd qb`kx m pxmwê~ `k dm~ qmdmhxm~, Z kd k~nmdþl k ~nmdþl ií~ jiqbxpmlpk kl kd qxbnk~b `k k~pk qb`kx k~ xk~qbl~mhjdj`m` `k }{jklk~ xknjhjib~ dm jlgbximnjþl, 0=
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 08
@MPK W[KDPM K JOLBXM DM^ QMDMHXM^ @KD GXMNM^B$ IÉXM ^ÞDB DB ][K @K^KM^$ KLGÞNMPK, ^j mdo{jkl pk `jnk }{k kxk~ {l pmdklpb~b k~nxjpbx$ nbl k~pm jlgbximnjþl põ f{ijd`kiklpk moxm`knkxí~, ^j mdo{jkl pk `jekxm }{k kxk~ {l xk`mnpbx `k~m~pxb~b$ mdo{jkl k~pí kekxnjkl`b {l qb`kx ~bhxk pj z põ pjklk~ dm xk~qbl~mhjdj`m` `k fmnkx nbl k~m jlgbximnjþl ~þdb `b~ nb~m~5 iml`mxdm md pmnfb qbx}{k pk ~mhk~ {l k~nxjpbx mnkqpmhdk$ b ~{ijxpk kl dm ií~ qxbg{l`m `kqxk~jþl qbx}{k mdo{jkl fm xm~o{ým`b {lm pkndm `k p{ `khjdj`m` jlpkxjbx, Dm~ qkx~blm~ }{k ií~ nblgéml z `ml nxê`jpb m dm~ qmdmhxm~ nbl nblpklj`b~ lkompjwb~ }{k ddkoml fmnjm kddb~$ ~bl dm~ }{k ií~ ~{gxkl, Qkxb db ií~ pxíojnb ddkom n{ml`b {lm~ qmdmhxm~ qb~jpjwm~ ddkoml m k~pm~ ij~im~ qkx~blm~, Dm~ pbiml nbl iklb~ wmdbx, Kl dm~ qkx~blm~ }{k nbl~j`kxml }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ impml dm~ qmdmhxm~ ibpjwm`bxm~ z qb~jpjwm~ lb pjklkl imzbx wmdbx,
08
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 0>
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
²]{jêl k~ kd xk~qbl~mhdk `k ~kihxmx qk~jij~ib kl kd jlpkxjbx `k dm~ qkx~blm~2 ²]{jêl k~ kd xk~qbl~mhdk `k fmnkxdk~ nxkkx m dm~ qkx~blm~ }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ ~bl n{nfjddb~ z lb ~bdmiklpk ~b dmiklpk ~jolb~ nblwklnjblmdk~2
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 00
Db jiqbxpmlpk lb ~bl dm~ qmdmhxm~ ~jlb jlpklpmx `k~n{hxjx dm wkx`m`kxm kvqxk~jþl `k db~ `kií~, Pb`b~ fmhdmib~ dm~ ij~im~ qmdmhxm~ qkxb lb dk~ `mib~ db~ ij~ib~ ~joljgjnm`b~, Põ dk q{k`k~ `knjx m {lm i{ekx }{k k~ nb}{kpm$ z q{k`k bn{xxjx hí~jnmiklpk pxk~ nb~m~5 Dm i{ekx ~k bgkl`kxí ~jl nbiqm~jþl3 ^blxkjxí$ nþiqdjnk$ qbx}{k ~mhk }{k kddb k~ {l ~jolb `k ~{ gkijlj`m`3 jl`jgkxklpk$ nblpjl{mxí dm nblwkx~mnjþl nblpjob, Kl k~pm k~nklm kd ~joljgjnm`b `k l{k~pxm jlpkxdbn{pbxm q{k`k pklkx wmxjm~ mdpkxlmpjwm~$ n{ml`b `k xkqklpk l{k~pxm jlpklnjþl g{k mgjximx ~bhxk {l k~pm`b mdkoxk, Ndmxb {lm nb~m k~ `knjx —kxk~ nb}{kpm’ }{k —kxk~ {lm nb}{kpm’, Qxkoõlpmpk5 }{ê k~ ií~ jiqbxpmlpk dm~ jlpklnjblk~ `k }{jklk~ pk fmhdml b dm~ jlpkxqxkpmnjblk~ }{k põ dk `m~ m db }{k pk `jnkl, ²]{jkl pjklk kd nblpxbd `k p{ wj`m2 ²põ b db~ `kií~2 Kvmnpb, Põ nblpxbdm~ p{ mnpjp{`, Põ qkl~mijklpb ~bhxk pj k~ ií~ jiqbxpmlpk }{k kd qkl~mijklpb `k db~ `kií~ ~bhxk pj$ qkxb p{ wj`m `khk xkojx~k qbx dm djhkxpm` z dm xk~qbl~mhjdj`m`, ]{jkl mnpõm nbl djhkxpm`$ pjklk }{k mnp{mx nbl xk~qbl~mhjdj`m`, Xkhbhjlml`b5 ²]{ê k~ ií~ jiqbxpmlpk2 ²dm~ jlpklnjblk~ z ~joljgjnm`b~ `k db~ `kií~2 ²b p{~ qxbqjm~ jlpkxqxkpmnjblk~ z ~joljgjnm`b~2 Kvmnpb, P{~ jlpkxqxkpmnjblk~ ~bl ií~ jiqbxpmlpk~, ^j mdo{jkl pk `jnk }{k lb nxkk }{k dboxmxí~ db }{k pk qxbqblk~$ lb jiqbxpml ~{~ jlpklnjblk~$ põ `knj`k iml`mx md pmnfb k~m~ qmdmhxm~, —M qmdmhxm~ lknjm~ bé`b~ ~bx`b~’ `jnpm {l xkgxíl pml ~mhjb,
00
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
QXKQÍXMPK M MDJ^PMX [LM ^BLXJ^M Z‧
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 0;
^BLXÉK---
Db ií~ jiqbxpmlpk k~ db }{k põ jlpkxqxkpm~, Põ qkl~mijklpb q{k`k~ nblpxbdmxdb$ lb kd `k db~ `kií~, Põ `knj`k }{k fmnkx nbl dm~ qmdmhxm~ }{k wjklkl m pj, Põ `knj`k qkl~mx$ lb `knj`m~ }{k bpxb~ qjkl~kl qbx pj, Dm~ qmdmhxm~ lb ~bl n{nfjddb~$ db~ n{nfjddb~ ~bl dm~ imdm~ jlpklnjblk~ `k db~ `kií~ qmxm nbl kddb~ ij~ib~, Dm~ qmdmhxm~ lb klwklklml pk klwklklm~ põ ~j põ fmnk~ }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ lkompjwm~ pk pxbnkl kd mdim, Põ kxk~ kd õljnb xk~qbl~mhdk `k fmnkx nbl dm~ qmdmhxm~ db põ `k~kk~$ ~j }{jkxk~ }{k ~kml ibpjwm`bxk~ qb~jpjwb~ b `k~px{npbxk~$ `j~nmqmnjpmlpk~, Z k~ jiqbxpmlpk ~mhkxdb, Qkxb db }{k emií~ fm dboxm`b `jg{l`jx~k md dm`b `k k~pk ikl~mek k~ }{k ~bib~ dm~ qkx~blm~ }{jklk~ pklkib~ kd qb`kx `k mnkqpmx ~þdb db }{k lb~ nblwjklk mnkqpmx z db }{k lb~ `k~px{zk, 0;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 07 L[LNM K^PMXÍ^ ^BDB ^JIKIQXK FMZ MIJOB^ NBL^QJXML@B QBX [L I[LB IÍ^ F[IMLB, P[ NBIQMÝKXB K^PÍ I[Z NKXNM,
Nbib ~kxk~ f{imlb~ pklkib~ kd `kxknfb m `k~nmxpmxdb, Fkib~ ~j`b k`{nm`b~ qmxm `mxdk m pb`m~ dm~ qmdmhxm~ wmdbx }{k lb pjklkl, K~ ~õqkx h{klb n{j`mx kd dklo{mek, ^j }{kxkib~ {l i{l`b nbl hjklk~pmx dþojnmiklpk ~j klpxk l{k~pxm~ qmdmhxm~ ~þdb fmz qmdmhxm~ lkompjwm~ l{k~pxb i{l`b jl`{`mhdkiklpk ~kxí m~é, Nbl~keb5 iml`m md pmnfb pb`m qmdmhxm }{k qxkpkl`m `k~px{jxpk nbib qkx~blm$ mlmdjum ~j mdo{lm nxépjnm pjklkl mdob }{k pk ~jxwm qmxm nxknkx z xkqmxmx `kgknpb~ qkx~blmdk~, D{kob nblwêlnkpk nbl mnkqpmx ~þdb db }{k m pj pk ~jxwm$ db }{k lb pk ~jxwm xkoxê~mdb$ bdwé`mdb$ `k~níxpmdb$ mdêemdb `k pj, Fmz }{k n{j`mx l{k~pxm~ qmdmhxm~ qbx ~{q{k~pb$ ij fkximlb pklém {lm mijom kl dm {ljwkx~j`m`$ }{k nm`m wku }{k k~n{nfmhm mdob lkompjwb$ nbxxém oxmnjb~miklpk m klnblpxmx im`kxm qmxm pbnmxdm, Lb wmzmib~ m db~ kvpxkib~$ ~jl kihmxob nmlnkdkib~ `kgjljpjwmiklpk pb`b dklo{mek `k qk~m`jddm z `k pkxxbxj~ib wkxhmd,
07
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 0?
XKN[KX@M BH^K][JMX [L ^MD[@B M @JK^PXM Z ^JLJK^PXM
Kvj~pkl pmihjêl qmdmhxm~ m{pbdjijpm`bxm~, Qbx kekiqdb dm gxm~k5 —zb ~bz m~é’$ qmxknk }{k k~m~ qmdmhxm~ ~bl kd nbib`él, ^kqmxkib~ qxk~klpk$ qm~m`b z g{p{xb, ^j qxkpkl`kib~ mdoõl nmihjb qkx~blmd fmomib~ mdob qxínpjnb5 Emií~ wbdwmib~ m `knjx —zb ~bz m~é z lb ~k nþib nmihjmx’$ kl d{omx `k kddb$ mxpjn{dkib~5 —zb g{j m~é mfbxm }{jkxb nmihjmx z m{l}{k lb ~kqm nþib db jlpklpmxê’, ^j nmihjm~ p{~ qmdmhxm~ }{juí ddko{k~ m nmihjmx p{~ qkl~mijklpb~ z m~é ddko{k~ m nmihjmx p{ i{l`b$ jlpêlpmdb, Kl k~pk jl~pmlpk k~pmib~ pxmpml`b `k nmihjmx kd klgb}{k, ^j mlfkdm~ mdo{lm pxml~gbximnjþl jlpkxjbx k~pbz ~ko{xb }{k põ lb }{jkxk~ ~kx m~é nbib fm~pm k~pk jl~pmlpk fmhém~ ~j`b, Kl kd g{p{xb k~pbz ~ko{xb }{k pk o{~pmxém ~kx `jgkxklpk$ qkxb nbib põ nxkk~ }{k kxk~ m~é$ lb ~mhk~ nþib mdnmlumx db j`kmd,
0?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
FMZ I[NFM OKLPK NBLG[L@J@M H[^NML@B XK^Q[K^PM^$ MDO[LB^ PB@MWÉM H[^NMIB^ DM^ QXKO[LPM^,
06 Kd ~knxkpb5 `kem `k nblpmxdk md i{l`b }{k põ —kxk~ m~é’, Kl nmihjb `jdk md i{l`b zb g{j m~é z mfbxm mzõ`mik kl k~pk nmihjb kl kd }{k ik fk mwklp{xm`b, Z ~blxkjxí~ ~jkiqxk k jloxk~mxí~ kl dm nbl~qjxmnjþl, Z kiqkumxí~ m nbl~qjxmx qbx p{ i{l`b ií~ mnpjwmiklpk qb~jpjwb z nm`m `ém ikebx$ ikebx z ikebx, Kl pb`b~ dm`b~ ~k k~n{nfm m qkx~blm~ }{k `jnkl —pb`b k~ imdb’$ qjkl~ml }{k pb`m dm nmxom `kd i{l`b k~pí kl nblpxm `k kddb~, Dm~ qmdmhxm~ nbib n{nfjddb~ lb wjklkl `k bpxm~ qkx~blm~$ dm~ ií~ gjd{`m~ qxbwjklkl `k ~{~ qxbqjm~ qxbg{l`j`m`k~ jlpkxjbxk~, Kl d{omx `k kddb ~{nk`m db }{k ~{nk`m dm~ qkx~blm~ `khkxéml `knjx5 —Pb`b bn{xxk qmxm ij hjkl’$ —Pb`b bn{xxk qmxm ij hjkl’$ —Pb`b bn{xxk q‧
06
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Z GKDJUIKLPK$ I@KNKLM^ @K EÞWKLK^ K^PÍL QMXPJKL@B KL DM IMXMPÞL @K DM WJ@M,
0:
Z ][JKL H[^NM‧
0:
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
KLN[KLPXM---
GXM^K^ JLBDWJ@MHDK^5
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
—Lb k~ kd Pmimýb `kd ~bd`m`b `klpxb `k dm qkdkm ~jlb kd pmimýb `k dm qkdkm `klpxb `kd ~bd`m`b’
;1
—Kd i{l`b kl }{k jwjib~ lb db fkxk`mib~ `k l{k~pxb~ qm`xk~ ~jlb }{k db pbimib~ qxk~pm`b `k l{k~pxb~ fjeb~’ ^j {~pk` nblbnk md m{pbx `k k~pm õdpjim gxm~k qbx gmwbx nbi{ljnmx~k nbl kd m{pbx `k k~pk djhxb qmxm q mxm mým`jxdb kl dm~ g{p{xm~ k`jnjblk~ nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi
;1
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
H[^NMIB^ Z H[^NMIB^$ H[K^PXM^ IMLB^ ^K MPXBQKDDML KLPXK QMQKDK^‧ QKL^ML@B KLNBLPXMX DM G[KXUM KL [L [LJWKX^B^ DKEMLB^
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Z @K QXBLPB‧
;=
^BDB PKLÉM^ ][K E[LPMXDM^ QMXM KLNBLPXMX DM G[KXUM ][K P[ IJ^IB PJKLK^
;=
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;8
@K QXBLPB$ M QK^MX @K DB^ IJK@B^$
@JNK^
ZB
Z MNKQPM^ KD XKPB,
;8
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;> Ndmwk . 6 `k Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd5 Ibpjwmnjblmd5
Kd qb`kx m{pêlpjnb `k dm~ qmdmhxm~
Kl wkx`m` pb`b bn{xxk qmxm l{k~pxb hjkl, Dm~ m{pêlpjnm~ qmdmhxm~ qb`kxb~m~ ~bl dm~ }{k lb~bpxb~ ij~ib~ lb~ qb`kib~ `knjx qmxm nxkmx {l i{l`b ií~ gkdju z qb~jpjwb, Qbx}{k dm gkdjnj`m` lb k~ {l xk~{dpm`b$ lb k~ {l kgknpb b {lm ikpm$ dm gkdjnj`m` k~ {lm nm{~m$ lb ~k ddkom m dm gkdjnj`m` ~k kiqjkum nbl kddm, K~ pmihjêl {l nmxh{xmlpk `kd nmijlb$ ~k mwmlum nbl kddm, Kd qb`kx `k dm~ qmdmhxm~ k~ kd qxbhdkim z m`kií~ dm m{pêlpjnm k jlnxkéhdk ~bd{njþl, ^bib~ nbl~njklpk~ `kd m{pêlpjnb qb`kx `k dm~ qmdmhxm~ n{ml`b fkib~ xknblbnj`b }{k kd qb`kx gmd~b `k dm~ qmdmhxm~ qxbwjklk `k bpxb~ z fm~pm `k lb~bpxb~ ij~ib~, Kl xkmdj`m` nxkkib~ }{k wjklk `k bpxb~, Qbx}{k ~bib~ db~ õljnb~ xk~qbl~mhdk~ `k fmnkx nbl dm~ qmdmhxm~ dm xknkpm b qmxm dm `k~oxmnjm b qmxm dm gkdjnj`m`, Wjwk nm`m jl~pmlpk$ wjwk dm wj`m$ m{l}{k ~bdb mdo{lm~ nb~m~ ~{nk`ml nbib põ }{jkxm~, ;>
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm~ qmdmhxm~ pxm~ijpkl qb`kx$ {lb kekxnj`b qbx db~ fmhdmlpk~, Kd qb`kx m{pêlpjnb k~pí kl pklkx {l e{ob~b dêvjnb }{k klxj}{kunm l{k~pxm wj`m,
Ndmwk . : `k Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd5 Ibpjwmnjblmd5
Dm nbl~qjxmnjþl qmxm nxkmx Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;0
Qxboxmim db~ wbnmhdb~ }{k `k~`k fbz `khkl ~kx db~ jlpkoxmlpk~ `k p{ wbnmh{dmxjb fmhjdjpm`bx, M qmxpjx `k fbz ~kdknnjblm }{ê qmdmhxm~ k~pmxíl ~jkiqxk kl p{ dêvjnb$ qmdmhxm~ }{k pk qkxijpml nxknkx$ }{k pk fmoml fjeb `k dm nxkmnjþl$ {pjdjum qbx kekiqdb5 Zb q{k`b$ zb }{jkxb$ k~pb k~ kvnkdklpk$ omlmxkib~$ ~é ~k q{k`k$ ~j kvj~pk kl ij~ ~{kýb~ kvj~pjxí kl ij xkmdj`m`$ pklob gk$ pklkib~ }{k `mx$ dm xj}{kum k~pí kl ~kxwjx$ zb wjwb$ ~bz djhxk$ zb fmob db }{k ií~ ik o{~pm$ zb kln{klpxb$ wjwb z kvqdbpb ij~ pmdklpb~$ z db~ qblob md ~kxwjnjb `k dm ij~jþl$ ¡`k ij ij~jþl- Zb mqxkl`b pb`b~ db~ `ém~$ nxkunb nm`m `ém, Wjwjxê ~jkiqxk dm wj`m }{k zb }{jkxb, Fbz wjwjxê db ikebx }{k q{k`m, Zm lb `jom~ zb ~bz m~é nblgbxij~pm z m{pb xk~klpj`b$ `j zb g{j m~é$ mfbxm zm lb, ]{k ~k mnmhk dm nmlpmdkpm k~m `k }{k dm~ qmdmhxm~ pjklkl ií~ qb`kx }{k {l obdqk, Obdqk$ kd }{k lb~bpxb~ ij~ib~ lb~ `mib~ qbx fmhkxlb~ nxké`b kd n{klpb k~k `k dm qmdmhxm nbib ~j g{k~k dkz, Mxim p{ qxbqjm nbl~qjxmnjþl qb~jpjwm kl gmwbx `k p{ `k~mxxbddb qkx~blmd, Kd ~kx f{imlb emií~ pkxijlmxí qbx qkxgknnjblmx~k$ z kd õdpjib k~g{kxub `khkxí k~pmx ~jlnxbljum`b nbl kd õdpjib mdjklpb, Pkl p{ qxbqjb `jnnjblmxjb nbl qmdmhxm~ `k qb`kx, Dm~ qmdmhxm~ n{ml`b wjklkl qmxm `k~px{jxpk ~bl ~þdb qêx`j`m `k pjkiqb3 m qmxpjx `k mfbxm }{épmdk~ kd qb`kx }{k lb pjklkl, Põ xkqmxpk qb`kx m pxmwê~ `k p{~ qmdmhxm~, ;0
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;;
Pk m~ko{xb dm ií~ `jnfb~m mwklp{xm kl dm kiqxk~m `k ~þdb pxml~ijpjx dm~ jlgbximnjblk~ }{k nbl~px{zkl, Pk `k~kb õljnmiklpk db }{k pk ikxknk~ z mõl ií~ qbx}{k pk mpxkwk~ m nbl~qjxmx kl {l p{ qxbqjb hklkgjnjb z kd `k db~ `kií~, ]{k dm odbxjm$ nbib fbem~ `k dm{xkd$ ~bhxk p{ nmhkum$ ~km {l ~éihbdb `k f{ijd`m` kl kd nmijlb `k mqxkl`kx m ~kx ií~ f{imlb~,
GXM^K^ JLBDWJ@MHDK^5
—N{md}{jkx }{k ikxkunm pklkx kl dm wj`m ikxknk }{k ~k pxmhmek qbx kddm’ Ml`xk Nmxlkojk
;;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Db~ hklkgjnjb~ `k dm Hjhdjbpkxmqjm Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;7
K~ ~bxqxkl`klpk }{k kl mdo{lm~ k~n{kdm~ db~ k~p{`jmlpk~ `k k`{nmnjþl hí~jnm pjd`kl m dm dknp{xm `k miklmum$ m db~ djhxb~ `k nmxp{nfkxm `k `bn{iklpb~ z m dm~ hjhdjbpknm~ h jhdjbpknm~ `k m`bxlb fj~pþxjnb, Qbx mddé {l m{pbx iklnjblþ5 —}{ê qklm ibxjx~k pkljkl`b pmlpb qbx dkkx,’ Ií~ `kd 66+ `k db~ k~p{`jmlpk~ `k k`{nmnjþl hí~jnm `kpk~pm db~ djhxb~3 dm xkmdj`m` kl dm k`{nmnjþl ~{qkxjbx dmpjlbmikxjnmlm k~ pmihjêl pkxxjhdk5 {l 71+ ~k ~jklpk bhdjom`b m dkkx3 z klpxk db~ qxbgk~jblmdk~$ {l 01+ fm dké`b ~{ õdpjib djhxb qbx}{k k~pí bhdjom`b m fmnkxdb, Dm dknp{xm lb `khk ~kx bhdjomnjþl, Jl`{`mhdkiklpk dm jln{hm`bxm `k dm ik`jbnxj`m` k~ dm jolbxmlnjm, Db~ djhxb~ qxbqbxnjblml djhkxpm`$ dm~ qmdmhxm~ }{k kiqdkm~ k~píl qxbqbxnjblmdiklpk j`klpjgjnm`m~ nbl p{ gbxim `k wkx kd i{l`b, Pjklk~ ií~ qmdmhxm~ kl p{ wbnmh{dmxjb$ pjklk~ ií~ q{kxpm~)bqbxp{lj`m`k~ }{k ~k mhxkl mlpk pj, [lm gxm~k gmib~m iklnjblm5 Ijklpxm~ ií~ djhxb~$ ií~ djhxk~, K~ kd qxjlnjqmd hklkgjnjb,
Ndmwk . =1 `k Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd5 Ibpjwmnjblmd5
Ií~ djhxb~$ ií~ djhxk~
;7
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm jolbxmlnjm k~ dm qkbx níxnkd$ qbx k~b ij~ib$ db~ djhxb~ ~bl dm~ q{kxpm~ m dm djhkxpm`, Dm dknp{xm k~ dm ddmwk }{k mhxk k~m q{kxpm$ qkxb ~þdb dm nbiqxkl~jþl$ dm pxml~gbximnjþl pxml~gbximnjþl `k dm ~jiqdk jlgbximnjþl kl nblbnjijklpb m{pêlpjnb$ fmxíl `k db~ dknpbxk~ qkx~blm~ ~{qkxjbxk~ z djhxk~, Kd fbihxk q{k`k wkx nbl db~ beb~$ k~ bhwjb$ qkxb mõl ií~ qb`xí wkx kd i{l`b qbx kd miqdjb fbxjublpk$ xk~{dpm`b `k dm dknp{xm nbl~pmlpk z `k nmdj`m`,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;?
²]{ê k~ dm hjhdjbpkxmqjm hjh djbpkxmqjm22 k~ {l pxmpmijklpb `k m{pbmz{`m ik`jmlpk dm dknp{xm `k djhxb~, Gkxlml`b ^mwmpkx$ kd m{pbx k~qmýbd `k Êpjnm qmxm Mim`bx5 kl {lb `k ~{~ kv}{j~jpb~ mxpén{db~ xk`mnpm5 ¡Hjklmwklp{xm`b~ db~ }{k nbl~joml ikebxk~ `jnnjblmxjb~$ qbx}{k kddb~ qb`xíl ddmimx m pb`m~ dm~ nb~m~ qbx ~{ qxbqjb lbihxkKwj`klpkiklpk dm ~bdm dknp{xm `k djhxb~ lb ~kxí dm nm{~mlpk `k {l nmihjb qkx~blmd$ ~jlb dm~ mnnjblk~ }{k pbik kd dknpbx, —Db~ kgknpb~ pkxmqê{pjnb~ ~k q{k`kl i{dpjqdjnmx ~j ~k e{lpm {l ox{qb qmxm k~p{`jmx z `j~n{pjx djhxb~ kl nbiõl,’ k~nxjhjþ Wénpbx Gxmlcd$ g{l`m`bx `k dm Dbobpkxmqjm$ }{jkl g{kxm qxj~jblkxb kl {l nmiqb `k nblnklpxmnjþl$ `{xmlpk dm ~ko{l`m o{kxxm i{l`jmd,
K~ i{z njkxpb$ m`kií~$ }{k fmz im`kxm~ }{k lb momxxml kd hmxlju$ qkxb lb qbx kddb wmib~ m ijl{~wmdbxmx kd qb`kx `k dm dknp{xm, Kd m{pbx ikvjnmlb Gkdjqk Omxxj`b pjklk {lm bhxm kdknpxþljnm nbl kd pép{db5 —Kd h{kl dknpbx ~k fmnk$ lb lmnk,’
;?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;6
MPXKWKX^K M [^MX KD NBLBNJIJKLPB @KD I[L@B
;6
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ;:
Dm njgxm~ `k dm ~bnjk`m` `k dm jlgbximnjþl ~bl jiqmnpmlpk~, Db~ xk~{dpm`b~ `k {lm jlwk~pjomnjþl `k dm [ljwkx~j`m` `k Hkxckdkz mxxbemxbl }{k$ ~þdb kl kd 8118$ ~k qxb`{eb {lm nmlpj`m` `k jlgbximnjþl k}{jwmdklpk m >? ijd hjhdjbpknm~ `kd Nbloxk~b `k K~pm`b~ [lj`b~$ dm ij~im }{k xkõlk ií~ `k ?1 ijddblk~ `k wbdõiklk~, Kl {lm klpxkwj~pm nbl kd Fj~pbxjm`bx qkx{mlb Lkd~bl Imlxj}{k$ kd jlpkdknp{md iklnjblmhm dm oxml wklpmem `k wjwjx kl k~pb~ pjkiqb~ qbx}{k fbz db~ k~p{`jmlpk~$ kl n{k~pjþl `k pknlbdboém~ `k dm jlgbximnjþl$ ~mhkl ií~ }{k ~{~ imk~pxb~, Fmz jlgbximnjþl `k pb`b~ db~ pkim~ ikebx }{k ijd klnjndbqk`jm~, @k~`k nþib pxj{lgmx kl dm wj`m$ nþib m`jk~pxmx qkxxb~$ ~bhxk imxckpjlo k`jpbxjmd$ dm õdpjim lbwkdm `kd õdpjib qxkijb Lbhkd$ fm~pm dm õdpjim xknkpm `k nbij`m kvþpjnm pjhkpmlm$ pb`b md mdnmlnk `k n{md}{jkx jlpkxk~m`b, ^ko{l`b hklkgjnjb5 jlgbximnjþl djhxk `k pb`b~ db~ pkim~, Jlgbximnjþl kvj~pk$ ~þdb fmz }{k h{~nmxdm, Lb nbl~j`kxb }{k ~k k~pêl qkx`jkl`b dknpbxk~$ b }{k wjwjib~ kl {lm ~bnjk`m` qkx{mlm }{k lb dkk$ qbx kd nblpxmxjb ~bib~ nm`m wku ií~ {lm nbi{lj`m` nbl ií~ dknpbxk~, Nm`m wku kvj~pkl ií~ klp{~jm~pm~ `kd nblbnjijklpb, Ií~ mqm~jblm`miklpk pklkib~ mimlpk~ `k dm dknp{xm, —Dkkx lb k~ impmx kd pjkiqb$ ~jlb gkn{l`mxdb,’$ ~{ojxjþ F, N, Hx{imlm$ xkwkdíl`blb~ {l pkxnkx hklkgjnjb `k dm dknp{xm, [l nmiqkþl `k hbvkb$ Mxnfjk Ibbxk$ kl dm nmpkobxém qk~b ik`jmlb nblgk~þ kl {lm bqbxp{lj`m` m dm qxkl~m5 —mfbxm }{k `k~n{hxé db~ djhxb~$ wjwb `k wkx`m`,’
K~ xkwkdm`bx$ n{md}{jkx fbihxk `k n{md}{jkx qxbgk~jþl q{k`k z `khk hklkgjnjmx~k `k dm dknp{xm,
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 71
XKWJ^M P[^ LBPM^$ DM^ ][K OXMHM^ KL P[ IKLPK PB@B^ DB^ @ÉM^
Qbx k~b dm gxm~k `k —`jik nþib fmhdm~ z pk `jxê }{jkl kxk~’$ qmxknk ~kx i{z njkxpm, ]{jklk~ qjkl~ml }{k db~ }{k pjklkl miqdjb wbnmh{dmxjb ~bl {lb~ —q{xm~ qmdmhxm~$ xbddkxb~ b gdbxkxb~’ ~k k}{jwbnml, Z ~bhxkpb`b ~k `kdmpml, Qbx}{k ~bl jlnmqmnk~ `k dkkx nxkkl }{k }{jklk~ pjklkl ikebxk~ qmdmhxm~ }{k kddb~ ~bl {lb~ —q{xm~ qmdmhxm~,’ Nbib qbx kekiqdb$ ~j {lm qkx~blm nbl ~mnb z nbxhmpm nmijlm qbx q{khdb~ `k k~nm~b~ xkn{x~b~ knblþijnb~$ ~kxí pjd`m`b jlik`jmpmiklpk `k qxbgk~bx$ m{l}{k lb db ~km$ qbx}{k m db~ õljnb~ }{k fml wj~pb dm~ qkx~blm~ `k k~pb~ d{omxk~ nbl ~mnb z nbxhmpm ~bl db~ qxbgk~bxk~, Jo{md bn{xxk nbl }{jklk~ qjkl~ml }{k db~ }{k pjklkl h{kl wkxhb ~bl {lb~ —q{xm~ qmdmhxm~$ xbddkxb~ b gdbxkxb~’$ }{jklk~ `jnkl k~pb ~k `kdmpml$ q{k~ lb ~mhkl }{k pjklkl {l ikebx wkxhb }{k kddb~ qbx}{k miml kd nblbnjijklpb z dm dknp{xm,
71
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 7=
Z KL DB QB^JHDK DKK PMIHJÊL DM^ MLBPMNJBLK^ @K P[^ MNBIQMÝMLPK MNBIQMÝMLPK^ ^ @KD NMIJLB, Kd ddmim`b m dm dknp{xm k~ {lm jlwjpmnjþl m ~mhbxkmx dm xj}{kum jlpkdknp{md z nbiqxkl~jþl `kd i{l`b, Dm~ bhxm~ lmxxmpjwm~ `k nmdj`m` ~bl nmqmnk~ `k pxml~gbximx z miqdjmx dm wj~jþl `k db~ fbihxk~, Dm dknp{xm$ db~ djhxb~ z dm hjhdjbpkxmqjm ~bl dm~ ikebxk~ mxim qmxm nbihmpjx kd x{j`b `k db~ jlnmqmnk~ `kd i{l`b nbl kd ~blj`b `k dm~ j`km~ z kd ~mhjb nblbnjijklpb, Wjwjib~ kl db~ pjkiqb~ kl `bl`k {lb q{k`k `knjx5 }{jêl k~ i{z obx`b z lb ~k o{~pm k~ qbx}{k }{jkxk, Iêpb`b~ qmxm djhxmx~k `k k~b~ cjdb~ `kií~ mh{l`ml m iblpblk~$ fm~pm dm `kd meb z kd mo{m$ nbib ~{kdk iklnjblmx kd ibpjwm`bx ikvjnmlb Ijo{kd Ílokd Nbxlkeb, —Meb‧`kx~k z mo{mlpmx~k,’
7=
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
GXM^K^ JLBDWJ@MHDK^5
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
—Wjwjxê k~pk `ém nbib ~j g{kxm kd õdpjib `k ij kvj~pklnjm’ Bo Iml`jlb
78
78
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Ndmwk . => `k Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd5 Ibpjwmnjblmd5
Kd ^knxkpb `kd Qb`kx `k dm Qm~jþl
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 7>
[lb `k db~ ~knxkpb~ `k }{jkl ~k mpxkwk k~pí kl `k~mpmx mx`jklpkiklpk kd klp{~jm~ib, Kl kd mx`bx nbl }{k `khkl fmnkx~k dm~ nb~m~ qbx qk}{kým~ }{k ~kml, Mqm~jþlmpk n{ml`b dk wmzm~ m `knjx m mdo{jkl }{k dm mim~, N{ml`b kl dm imýmlm qxkqmxk~ p{ `k~mz{lb fmudb nbl mibx qbx}{k k~ qmxm pj$ z ~jêlpkpk nblpklpb ~j db nbiqmxpk~ nbl mdo{jkl ií~, N{ml`b wmzm~ m `kemx m p{ fjeb md nbdkojb$ kibnjþlmpk qbx}{k k~pí nmijlml`b p{ bhxm imk~pxm, N{ml`b k~pê~ kl kd mdpmx z pk wmzm~ m nm~mx$ lb `jom~ —~é mnkqpb’ m ~knm~$ ~jlb `jdb nbl klp{~jm~ib wjhxmlpk z pml kibnjblm`A nbib q{k`m~5 —^é$ mnkqpb `k nbxmuþlllll‧’ Lbpmxí~ dm `jgkxklnjm, P{ qmxkem lb ~þdb }{kxxí `mxpk {l hk~b ijddblmxjb$ ~jlb }{k pk fmxí ~klpjx$ n{md qbkpm$ }{k g{l`k ~{ k~qéxjp{ nbl kd p{zb, Mn{êx`mpk `k k~pb z zb k~pmxê ií~ nblpklpb qbx}{k pkxijlm~pk `k dkkx k~pk mxpén{db z ~mhxê }{k lb g{k k~nxjpb kl wmlb, Pk `k~kb dm ikebx gkdjnj`m`$ qbx}{k ~km~ }{jkl ~km~ ¡Pk dm ikxknk~-
7>
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
]{jkl pjklk {l dé`kx kl ~{ nbxmuþl
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 70
Mim m{pêlpjnmiklpk db }{k `kgjkl`k Hmpmddm qbx db~ jlpkxk~k~ `k db~ `kií~ Nbib ~j kd i{l`b g{kxm `k ~{~ fkximlb~, @jh{em kl nm`m xb~pxb K~m mihjnjþl `k ~kx oxml`k, Gkdjnjpm$ ibpjwm z ~k mpxkwk m dm qxþvjim ikpm O{kxxkm m gmwbx$ emií~ kl kl nblpxm Fmnk qbx}{k `knj`k qxjikxb, Jlwjpm m kvqkxjiklpmx kd êvjpb, E{lpml`b ~{kýb~ z ~blxj~m~ qbx}{k `kpxí~ `kd Cjdþikpxb }{k ~jo{k k~pí db }{k h{~nmib~, Db~ dé`kxk~ }{k pxml~gbximl kd I{l`b ~bl klp{~jm~pm~ z qb~jpjwb~, L{pxkl db~ k~qéxjp{~ nbl dm qmu z Bh~k}{jml m dm~ mdim~ dm fkxklnjm `kd hjklk~pmx, Qbx}{k {l dé`kx k~ {l imk~pxb ]{k ~k i{dpjqdjnm klpxk dm~ kl~kýmlum kl~kýmlum~, ~, Xknd{pm mwknjddm~ z `kw{kdwk ío{jdm~ ^jklpk md imx z md njkdb nbib mdjm`b~ Pbnm dm~ iklpk~ z kln{klpxm iõ~jnm, [l dé`kx ~k pxml~gbxim qxjikxb m ~é ij~ib Wjkxpk mnnjþl m db~ ~{kýb~ `kd ox{qb V }{k k~ kd kd qxjikxb kl `mx dm dm nmxm Z kd õdpjib kl xkpjxmx~k, [l dé`kx,,, Umih{ddk ~{~ ~{kýb~ ¡kl db~ ~{kýb~ `k db~ `kií~Qbx5 Nmxdb~ `k dm Xb~m Wj`md G[KLPK5 KLNJNDBQK@JM @K BXMPBXJM IBPJWMNJBLMD,
70
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Qkl~mijklpb~ Ijddblmxjb~5 Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 7;
—~j q{k`k~ ~býmxdb q{k`k~ fmnkxdb’ _mdp @j~lkz
—Md lmnkx ~þdb põ ddbxmhm~ z db~ `kií~ ~blxkéml $ wjwk `k pmd ib`b }{k n{ml`b pk wmzm~ pb`b~ pk ddbxkl z põ ~þdb ~blxém~’ ^j {~pk` nblbnk md m{pbx `k k~pm õdpjim gxm~k qbx gmwbx nbi{ljnmx~k nbl kd m{pbx `k k~pk djhxb qmxm mým`jxdb kl dm~ g{p{xm~ k`jnjblk~ ne,`kdmxb~mwAoimjd,nbi
7;
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 77
—Nblpjl{m,,, mõl n{ml`b ddkwk~ wklpmem, Pmlpb jiqbxpm {lm hkddm xkpjxm`m nbib {lm omddmx`m mnbikpj`m, Xkn{kx`m }{k db qxjibx`jmd lb k~ }{k pk mqdm{`ml n{ml`b ddko{k~$ ~jlb }{k ~k klpxj~pkunml n{ml`b ~mdom~’, Hmdpm~mx Oxmnjíl,
77
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm Imojm `kd Imxckpjlo Qkx~blmd
^ê {l Imk~pxb kl dm wklpm `k p{~ j`km~ Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 7?
Jimoélmpk nbib {l qxb`{npb, M wkx }{ê k~nboj~pk$ ml`m fmudb$ k~nbok {l qxb`{npb `k p{ qxkgkxklnjm {l pkdêgblb iþwjd$ {l m{pb `kd mýb$ mýb$ {l djhxb$ {lm omddkpm$ {lm qkdén{dm$ {lm nmij~kpm `k {l nd{h `kqbxpjwb$ db }{k `k~kk~, Mfbxm }{ê lbihxk pjklk~$ ²N{íd k~ p{ imxnm2 Pkdkgþljnm$ Pbzbpm$ Ikxnk`k~ Hklu$ Kd mibx kl db~ pjkiqb~ `kd nþdkxm$ Dm o{kxxm `kd gjl `kd i{l`b$ Pxm`jnjblk~ Qkx{mlm~$ Þxkb$ ^b`m Wjnpbxjm$ Pjpmljn$ K,P, Dm lõikxb =1$ E{ml @jkob Gdbxk~$ Nfmh{nm Oxml`m$ Nmxdb~ Omx`kd$ Bxmpbxjm Ibpjwmnjblmd, Pk ddmim~ E{ml Qêxku$ hjkl k~m k~ p{ imxnm5 E{ml Qêxku ^, M, Hjkl mfbxm zm pjklk~ {l lbihxk$ nbib qxb`{npb fmu ~j`b `k~pjlm`b m {l qõhdjnb m ~mpj~gmnkx mdo{lm lknk~j`m`, ²]{ê fmnkx qmxm }{k lb~ nbiqxkl2 Pk `bz {l ijl{pb, @khkib~ dboxmx }{k lb~ `jgkxklnjkl z `j~pjloml `k l{k~pxb~ nbiqkpj`bxk~, Qbx}{k fmz i{nfb~ qxb`{npb~ nbib põ `k `jgkxklpk~ imxnm~$ n{mdj`m`k~ n{mdj`m`k~ z qxknjb~, ²Zm nxmlkm~pk2 Qmxm {l ikxnm`b `k klbxik~ qxbqbxnjblk~ &8? ijddblk~ `k qkx{mlb~* lknk~jpm~ imlpklkx {l mpxmnpjwb wkl`k`bx$ imxckpkxb$ fk m}{é {lm qmdmhxm iíojnm5 imxckpjlo, imxckpjlo, Lknk~jpm~ {l qdml, qdml, Qxjikxb j`klpjgjnm p{~ ~{kýb~ z fmhjdj`m`k~, M}{kddb~ bhekpjwb~ m `bl`k }{j~jkxm~ ddkomx z `bl`k ikebx ~k kvqxk~m l{k~pxm qkx~blmdj`m`$ m}{kddb }{k ikebx ~mhkib~ fmnkx$ `bl`k qkl~mib~ }{k bhpkl`xkib~ dm nmdj`m` `k wj`m `k~km`m,
7?
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
K^PK MXPÉN[DB QB@XÍ^ KLNBLPXMXDB KL KD DJHXB M][É JL@JNM@B KLNJNDBQK@JM @K BXMPBXJM IBPJWMNJBLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 76
Mijom$ mijob klpxk dm~ oklkxmnjblk~ ií~ eþwklk~ dm qxjikxm pênljnm xknbikl`mhdk qmxm pxj{lgmx k~pí kl nblbnkx~k m ~é ij~ib, K~ db qxjikxb$ mwkxjo{m }{jêl kxk~$ nþib ddkom~pk fm~pm m}{é$ }{ê k~ db }{k `k~km~$ n{íd k~ p{ jimokl qkx~blmd$ nþib pk wk~ m pj ij~ib3 n{íd k~ p{ jimokl ~bnjmd$ nþib pk wkl db~ `kií~ z qbx }{ê$ Xknblbnk p{~ gbxpmdkum~ z `khjdj`m`k~$ }{ê ~k bqblk m p{~ m~qjxmnjblk~$ n{ídk~ ~bl dm~ bqbxp{lj`m`k~ }{k `khb mqxbwknfmx$ nþib nxkmxdm~,
76
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 7:
PB@B^ WKL@KIB^ J@KM^ Kl xk~{ikl nþib q{k`k~ dboxmx ~kx kd ikebx kl kd nmiqb }{k pk mqm~jblk, M mdo{lb~ dk~ mqm~jblm kd nmlpb$ m pj q{k`k lb o{~pmxpk$ }{juí pk o{~pk dm kl~kýmlum$ m bpxb pmd wku k~nxjhjx djhxb~$ dm jlwk~pjomnjþl$ klpxk ijddblk~ `k bgjnjb~, Ï Kl mdoõl ibiklpb `k l{k~pxm wj`m pb`b~ h{~nmib~ {l nmihjb$ mdo{lb~ k~qkxml }{k k~k nmihjb wklom `k mg{kxm z kddb~ ij~ib~ emií~ jlpklpml fmnkx mdob qbx}{k k~k nmihjb ~k mqxk~{xk$ nxkkl }{k lmnjkxbl hmeb {lm
7:
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD imdm k~pxkddm b }{k kd `k~pjlb pklém k~nxjpb qmxm kddb~ dm qbhxkum impkxjmd z iklpmd,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?1
H[^NM M ][JKL WKL@KXDK P[^ J@KM^
Gkdjuiklpk db~ }{k nmihjml kd i{l`b fml nmihjm`b qxjikxb kddb~ ij~ib~$ qbx}{k mnnk`jkxbl md ~knxkpb `k —kd nmihjb jlpkxjbx’$ z ~k m`{kýmxbl `k dm j`km `k ~kx db~ qxbpmoblj~pm~ `k ~{ qxbqjb nmihjb, Qxjikxb eþwklk~ mijob~ qmxm wkl`kx l{k~pxm jimokl$ l{k~pxm imxnm m {l qxknjb i{z mdpb lknk~jpmib~ ~mhkx }{ê `khkib~ qbpklnjmx$ }{ê m~qknpb~ fmz }{k nmihjmx$ ?1
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
l{k~pxb pxmpb nbl dm oklpk }{juí$ mqxkl`kx m ~blxkéxdk m dm wj`m$ wjwjx nbib ~j g{kxm kd õljnb `ém,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?=
FM^PM NBL^KO[JX ][K QXK^PKL MPKNLNJÞL M DB ][K PKLOM^ ][K @KNJX
M~é nblbnjkl`b p{~ g{kxum~$ z md fmhkx qxbnk`j`b m {lm jl~qknnjþl oklkxmd `k p{ wj`m$ mfbxm qdmljgjnm nþib q{k`k `jgkxklnjmxpk `k dm nbiqkpklnjm$ xkn{kx`m kxk~ {l qxb`{npb, Qbl p{ ikebx kl imxnfm$ pkl kl dm ijxm p{ ij~jþl `k dm wj`m qbx}{k nm`m nb~m }{k fmom~ k~pí xkdmnjblm`b nbl kddm, Qmxm k~b k`õnmpk$ xkn{kx`m kddb pkxijlm nbl dm i{kxpk, ^ê {l ibpjwm`bx$ jl~qjxm m `kií~ fmnjm dm oxml`kum, ^ê kd ikebx nbi{ljnm`bx `k p{~ n{mdj`m`k~$ kl xkmdj`m` kxk~ kd õljnb$ imxckpkm p{ imxnm$ —ZB$ ^bnjk`m` `k Xk~qbl~mhjdj`m` Xk~qbl~mhjdj`m` õljnm’, õl jnm’, Zb‧ Ibpjwmnjblmd ^,M,
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?8 JLPKXNMIHJM KVQKXJKLNJM^ Emií~ `kek~ `k qxkqmxmxpk qmxm dm wj`m$ mõl `k~q{ê~ `k nbl~ko{jx db~ ií~ mdpb~ q{k~pb~ `k dm kvj~pklnjm$ pb`mwém fmz k~qmnjb qmxm ~ko{jx mqxkl`jkl`b$ xkn{kx`m dm wj`m k~ {lm imk~pxm, Nm`m nb~m b ~kx wjwjklpk }{k pk xb`km k~ {l imk~pxb$ q{k`k~ mqxkl`kx `k db~ ljýb~$ `k db~ dbnb~$ `k dm~ díoxjim~$ `k db~ njkdb~, Pk m{o{xb i{nfb êvjpb ~j pk mwklp{xm~ qbx ~kx ikebx nm`m `ém z qbx fmnkx `k p{ wj`m mdob }{k i{nfb~ `k~kkl jijpmx$ kxk~ {l qxb`{npb ¡oílmpk m dm oklpk-$ Kddb~ pk ddkwmxíl m dm njim, Imlpêl {l kvnkdklpk ljwkd `k p{~ xkdmnjblk~ nbl db~ `kií~$ k~ kd ~knxkpb `k db~ ikebxk~ nbi{ljnm`bxk~,
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Qmxm nmihjmx ij i{l`b N{ml`b kxm ebwkl z djhxk z ij jimojlmnjþl lb pklém déijpk~,,, ,,,^býmhm nbl nmihjmx kd i{l`b,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?>
N{ml`b im`{xê z ik wbdwé ií~ ~mhjb$ `k~n{hxé }{k kd i{l`b lb nmihjmxém$ m~é }{k ib`kxê ij~ m~qjxmnjblk~ z `knj`é nmihjmx õljnmiklpk m ij qmé~, Qkxb pmihjêl `k~n{hxé }{k ij qmé~ lb nmihjmxém, Md ddkomx m ij wkeku kl {l õdpjib jlpklpb `k~k~qkxm`b xk~bdwé nmihjmx õljnmiklpk m ij gmijdjm z ij pxmhmeb, Qkxb kddb~ l{lnm db qkxijpjkxbl, Z mfbxm$ md gjlmd `k ij wj`m$ ¡@k qxblpb ik `bz n{klpm^j pml ~bdb ik f{hjkxm nmihjm`b qxjikxb m ij ij~ib,,, Klpblnk~ nbl ij kekiqdb fmhxém nmihjm`b m ij gmijdjm z ij pxmhmeb Nbl ~{ jl~qjxmnjþl z mdjklpb$ fmhxém qb`j`b ikebxmx m ij qmé~,,, Z }{jkl ~mhk$ }{juí qb`xém fmhkx nmihjm`b ¡jlnd{~b kd i{l`b Mlþljib
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Dm mij~pm` ~jl gxblpkxm~ N{klpml }{k k~pm fj~pbxjm ~{nk`jþ `k~q{ê~ `k {lm ~mloxjklpm hmpmddm,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?0
) Ij mijob lb fm xkoxk~m`b `kd nmiqb `k hmpmddm ~kýbx, ^bdjnjpb qkxij~b qmxm jx m h{~nmxdb‧) `jeb {l ~bd`m`b m ~{ pkljklpk, ) Qkxij~b lkom`b )xkqdjnþ kd bgjnjmd ~{qkxjbx) Lb }{jkxb }{k mxxjk~o{k {~pk` ~{ wj`m qbx {l fbihxk }{k qxbhmhdkiklpk fm i{kxpb, Kd ~bd`m`b fmnjkl`b nm~b bij~b `k dm qxbfjhjnjþl ~mdjþ z xkoxk~þ {lm fbxm ií~ pmx`k$ ibxpmdiklpk fkxj`b$ pxml~qbxpml`b kd nm`íwkx `k ~{ mijob, Kd Pkljklpk k~pmhm g{xjb~b, ) Zm dk `jek }{k fmhém i{kxpb--- @éomik‧²Ikxkném dm qklm jx fm~pm mddí qmxm pxmkx {l nm`íwkx2 Z kd ~bd`m`b ibxjh{l`b xk~qbl`jþ5 Ndmxb }{k ~é ~kýbx, N{ml`b db klnblpxê pb`mwém k~pmhm wjwb z q{`b `knjxik,,, ’ ¡K~pmhm ~ko{xb }{k wkl`xém~-’ ’Mijob k~ m}{kd }{k ddkom n{ml`b pb`b~ ~k fml j`b,( Mlþljib
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Qkl~mijklpb~ Ijddblmxjb~ Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?;
—^bdmiklpk fmz {lm k~}{jlm `kd {ljwkx~b }{k p{ q{k`k~ ikebxmx$ z k~m k~}{jlm kxk~ p{ ij~ib,’ „ Md`b{~ F{vdkz —Qdmlkm p{ wj`m nbib ~j g{kxm~ m wjwjx qmxm ~jkiqxk3 qkxb wjwk p{ wj`m nbib ~j g{kxm~ m ibxjx imýmlm’ ^j {~pk` nblbnk md m{pbx `k k~pm õdpjim gxm~k qbx gmwbx nbi{ljnmx~k nbl kd m{pbx `k k~pk djhxb qmxm mým`jxdb kl dm~ g{p{xm~ k`jnjblk~ nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nblbné m Imií
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?7
Xkgjkxk {lm mlpjo{m dkzkl`m }{k {l ljýb qxþvjib m lmnkx dk `jeb m `jb~5 ) Ik wm~ klwjmx imýmlm m dm pjkxxm$ qkxb ²Nþib wjwjxê mddí$ ~jkl`b pml qk}{kýb z `êhjd2 ) Klpxk db~ i{nfb~ ílokdk~ k~nboé m {lb }{k pk k~qkxm) nblpk~pþ @jb~, ) Qkxb m}{é kl kd njkdb lb fmob ií~ }{k nmlpmx z ~blxkéx z k~b hm~pm qmxm ij gkdjnj`m` ²Qb`xê fmnkxdb mddí2 ) K~k ílokd pk nmlpmxm z ~blxkjxí pb`b~ db~ `ém~ z pk ~klpjxí~ i{z gkdju nbl ~{~ nmlnjblk~ z ~blxj~m~,,, ) ²Z nþib klpkl`kxê n{ml`b ik fmhdk$ ~j lb nblbunb kd kvpxmýb j`jbim `k db~ fbihxk~2 ) K~k ílokd pk fmhdmxí z pk kl~kýmxm dm~ qmdmhxm~ ií~ `{dnk~ z ií~ pjkxlm~ }{k k~n{nfml db~ f{imlb~,,,,, ) ²]{ê fmxê n{ml`b }{jkxm fmhdmx nblpjob2 ) K~k ílokd e{lpmxí p{~ qk}{kým~ qk}{ kým~ imlb~ z pk kl~kýmxí m bxmx, ) Fk bé`b }{k kl dm pjkxxm fmz fbihxk~ imdb~ ²]{jêl ik `kgkl`kxí2 ) K~k ílokd pk `kgkl`kxí$ m{l}{k dk n{k~pk dm wj`m, ) Qkxb k~pmxê ~jkiqxk pxj~pk qbx}{k lb pk wkxê ií~, ^kýbx$ ~jl wkxpk ik ~klpjxê ~bdb‧ ) K~k ílokd pk fmhdmxm `k ié z pk ib~pxmxí kd nmijlb qmxm wbdwkx m ij qxk~klnjm$ dk `jeb @jb~,,, Kl k~pk jl~pmlpk$ {lm jlikl~m qmu xkjlmhm kl kd njkdb,,,,, Lb ~k béml wbnk~ pkxxk~pxk~$ kd ljýb `kném ~{mwkiklpk5 ) @jik ~{ lbihxk$ ^kýbx, Z @jb~ nblpk~pb5 ) K~k ílokd ~k ddmim,,, —Imií’ Mlþljib
?7
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
@kd ijk`b md Klp{~jm~ib Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ??
N{klpm {lm mlpjo{m fj~pbxjm }{k ~k xk{ljkxbl$ kl {lm nblgkxklnjm i{l`jmd$ pb`b~ db~ fbihxk~ ií~ wmdjklpk~ `k dm pjkxxm3 qmxm `j~n{pjx ~bhxk }{jêl kxm kd n{dqmhdk `k oklkxmx kd ijk`b kl dm~ qkx~blm~, Lknk~jpmhml klnblpxmx md n{dqmhdk qmxm e{uomxdb$ z `kndmxmx jlpkxlmnjblmdiklpk$ dm i{kxpk `kd ijk`b z ~{~ qm`xk~, Qxblpb db~ wmdjklpk~ `kd pkxnkx i{l`b n{dqmxbl m db~ imolmpk~ `k db~ qmé~k~ `k~mxxbddm`b~$ z ê~pb~ m ~{ wku$ mn{~mxbl m dm jolbxmlnjm `k db~ fbihxk~ dm n{dqmhdk `kd ijk`b, Db~ mpkb~ dkwmlpmxbl {lm ínj`m nxépjnm nblpxm dm~ xkdjojblk~ mn{~íl`bdm~ `k dm qxjwmpjumnjþl `k @jb~$ z m ~{ p{xlb ê~pm~ mn{~mxbl m dm gmdpm `k gk$ dm xk~qbl~mhjdj`m` `kd ijk`b `k db~ fbihxk~, Db~ fjeb~ mn{~mxbl m db~ qm`xk~$ z dm~ i{ekxk~ m ~{~ mimlpk~, @k~q{ê~ `k pmlpb~ `ém~ `k {l `khmpk jlgx{np{b~b$ qj`jþ dm qmdmhxm {lm i{ekx pml ~mhjm nbib wmdjklpk }{k fm~pm kd ibiklpb lb fmhém qxbl{lnjm`b `j~n{x~b mdo{lb, Qmxm nblbnkx kd bxjokl `kd ijk`b z ~{~ xk~qbl~mhdk~ ) ~klpklnjþ nbl kdbn{klnjm) lb `khjib~ nblwbnmx m db~ ií~ wmdjklpk~ `kd i{l`b$ ~jlb m db~ ií~ péij`b~ `k dm pjkxxm, ^jdklnjb, Db~ ijddblk~ `k xb~pxb~ wmdjklpk~ ~k ??
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD bh~kxwmxbl {lb~ m bpxb~,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?6
XBIQK DB^ IJK@B^
Qkxb lb k~ lknk~mxjb }{k nblwb}{kib~ m bpxm nblgkxklnjm `k dm lmnjblk~$ mijob~ nbl~qjxm`bxk~$ nblpjl{þ dm i{ekx$ lj }{k om~pkib~ ijddblk~$ ~jlb }{k lb~ qxko{lpkib~ nm`m {lb `k lb~bpxb~$ qbx ~{qb~jnjþl db~ ií~ wmdjklpk~$ ~j pklkib~ mdoõl ijk`b }{k jiqj`k ~kx db }{k }{kxkib~$ b fmnkx dm~ nb~m~ ml~jm`m~, L{kwb ~jdklnjb, M{l$ klpxk db~ ií~ wmdjklpk~$ kvj~pkl ijk`b~, Dm ~bd{njþl lb k~pí kl `kndmxmx ~{ i{kxpk ~jlb kl nblwkxpjxdb kl {lm g{kxum `k mxxml}{k z lb kl {l gmnpbx `k m{pbmlj}{jdmijklpb, Pb`b~ ~k mhxmumxbl kl ~kýmd `k jd{ijlmnjþl z ~mhj`{xém, Dm~ qmdmhxm~ `k k~pm ~mhjm nbl~qjxm`bxm nmdmxbl qxbg{l`miklpk kl kd nbxmuþl `k m}{kddb~ ijdk~ `k ijdk~ `k wmdjklpk~, Z m~é nbib k~pm fj~pbxjm ~bl pmihjêl `knklm~ dm~ `j~n{~jblk~ n{m~j gjdb~þgjnm~$ `khmpk~ klimxmým`b~ kl dm hõ~}{k`m `k db~ n{dqmhdk~ `k {l qm~m`b }{k zm lb kvj~pk$ n{ml`b `khkl h{~nmx~k m db~ ?6
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD xk~qbl~mhdk~ `kd g{p{xb z `kd qxk~klpk,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd ?:
^BLXÉKDK IÍ^ Z IÍ^ M DM WJ@M
M}{kddb~ n{dqmhdk~ z xk~qbl~mhdk~ ~bib~ lb~bpxb~ ij~ib~, Qbx}{k fkib~ mnp{m`b kl l{k~pxm nblpxm nbl dm~ kvn{~m~ `k —kd bpxb lb ik `kem ~kx zb ij~ib’$ n{ml`b kl wkx`m` db~ xk~qbl~mhdk~ `k ~kx lb~bpxb~ ij~ib~$ ¡}{k nbjlnj`klnjm- ~bib~ lb~bpxb~ ij~ib~, H{~nmib~ n{dqmhdk~ kl pb`b, @kxxbnfmib~ klkxoém kl {lm k~qknjk `k e{~pjnjm wklompjwm z lb xknblnjdjm`bxm, xknblnjdjm`bxm, Qbx õdpjib dk knfmib~ dm n{dqm m l{k~pxb~ ijk`b~$ nxkzkl`b ~{ bxjokl pml dkeb~ `k lb~bpxb~, Ijk`b m mimx m{pêlpjnmiklpk$ ijk`b m dm xj}{kum$ ijk`b m dm qmu$ z qbx õdpjib nbib k~nxjhjþ Kxjnf Gxbii$ —ijk`b m dm ?:
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD djhkxpm`,
Md}{jij~pm~ ²Qkxijpjxkib~ }{k l{k~pxb~ ijk`b~ lb~ nblpxbdkl2 ²B ~kxkib~ db~ md}{jij~pm~ `kd nmihjb }{k pxml~i{pmxkib~ kd ijk`b kl g{kxum$ kl klp{~jm~ib2 ²Nblpxbdmxkib~ kd ijk`b2
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 61
Z @MDK DM IMLB MD H[KL @ÉM ][K K^ FBZ
Db~ xk~qbl~mhdk~ `k k~k qxbnk~b ~bib~ lb~bpxb~, M~é nbib jlwkxpjib~ kl dm hõ~}{k`m `k db~ n{dqmhdk~ `kd qm~m`b nbl dm ij~im wkfkiklnjm klnblpxkib~ m db~ xk~qbl~mhdk~ `kd g{p{xb z `kd qxk~klpk, M}{kd }{k ~k xknblbnk nbl~qjxm`bx ~mhk }{k q{k`k k}{jwbnmx~k qkxb d{kob mqxkl`kx dm dknnjþl, ]{k ijklpxm~ ií~ mwmlnk ~k oklkxmxíl ií~ `{`m~$ qkxb k~k pxmzknpb `k nbl~qjxm`bx k~pí n{hjkxpb `k klnmlpb~ z ~mpj~gmnnjblk~$ kd ij~ib }{k qxb`{nk k~nxjhjx k~pk pkvpb qmxm {~pk`k~ mijob~ nbl~qjxm`bxk~ `kd nmihjb, Kl {lm bqbxp{lj`m`$ {lm i{ekx `k 01 mýb~ ~k mnkxnþ qmxm qxko{lpmxik ~j nblbném `k mdoõl pxmhmeb qmxm kddm, 61
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD Zb dk `jek ~j `k~kmhm wkl`kx, —Lb$ zb ~þdb ~bz qmxm nbnjlmx$ dmwmx,,,’ db ií~ n{xjb~b `k ~{ xk~q{k~pm ~{ g{k ~{ ~jlnkxj`m`$ nbl i{nfb~ pjlpk~ `k {lm kwj`klpk m{pbk~pjim dm~pjim`m, ^{ wbu kxm kd ~bqdb ií~ gxmlnb `k dm xk~jolmnjþl, M wknk~ ~þdb lb~ klnm~jddmib~ kl {lm ublm `k nblgbxp) ij~pm qbx}{k m~é lb~ g{lnjblml hjkl dm~ nb~m~$ nbl dm~ e{~pm~$ qkxb g{lnjblml,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 6=
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NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 68
Z XKLMNK NBIB KD GÊLJV--Lb k~ }{k m}{kddm~ qkx~blm~ lb pkloml ~{kýb~$ ~jlb fmnk gmdpm kvqdbpmx ií~ dm klkxoém `k dm ~mlm mihjnjþl qkxb ²}{k lb~ `kpjklk2 ²~kxíl db~ ijk`b~2
68
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 6>
Z ^JÊLPKPK NBL KD QB@KX JLPKXJBX
Fmomib~ `kd ijk`b kd klp{~jm~ib, ^kihxêiblb~ ~{kýb~ oxml`k~, Mqxkl`mib~ m ~býmx, K~ njkxpb }{k i{nfb~ nbiqdkeb~ hjkl klxmjum`b~ fmhjpml l{k~pxm iklpk, Gmdpm djiqjkum$ fmz i{nfm hm~{xm mddé, Fmomib~ md}{jijm `kd ijk`b$ db~ nbiqdkeb~$ z kl gjl pb`b m}{kddb w{kdpb k~pbxhb qmxm l{k~pxm djhkxpm`, ]{kikib~ {lb m {lb dm ~mxpm `k nbiqdkeb~ }{k dm ~bnjk`m` z dm n{dp{xm fml jiq{k~pb nbib db ií~ lbximd `kd i{l`b, M~qjxkib~ m dm kvnkdklnjm f{imlm$ nbl~px{zmib~ l{k~pxm qxbqjm gjdb~bgém `k wj`m$ nbl wmdbxk~, Z m~é k~pmxkib~ n{iqdjkl`b kd ~êqpjib qxjlnjqjb `k db~ eþwklk~ kiqxkl`k`bxk~5 —[l Ebwkl Kiqxkl`k`bx pjklk {l bhekpjwb z {lm mdpm ij~jþl }{k n{iqdjx kl dm wj`m, ^mhk 6>
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD }{k ~{ `k~mxxbddb jlpkoxmd k~ kd mlpknk`klpk `kd qxboxk~b lmnjblmd’,
Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd 60
Z ^Ê KD NMIQKÞL
²Pk o{~pþ kd djhxb2 ¡K~nxjhk md M{pbxPjklk~ {l Khbbc Oxmp{jpb$ kd ikebx bh~k}{jb k~ bh~k}{jmxdb m mdo{jkl ií~3 z klwjml`b mdoõl nbiklpmxjb md m{pbx, Moxm`knkxkib~ qxbg{l`miklpk kd klwéb `k n{md}{jkx impkxjmd ~jijdmx$ m~é nbib p{~ bqjljblk~$ qmxm q{hdjnmxdb~ kl {l qxþvjib djhxb, Nbl kd qkxij~b `k q{hdjnmx p{ lbihxk z kd qmé~ `k xk~j`klnjm,
nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi
60
NMQMNJPMNJÞL KL IBPJWMNJÞL QKX^BLMD
Oxmnjm~ Ijddblmxjm~-Ijddblmxjm~---Nmqmnjpmnjþl kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd
Nmxdb~ `k dm Xb~m Wj`md
6;
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fppq5"",nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`md,pc Ibpjwmpknm .11=5—Dm~ .11=5—Dm~ ? Dkzk~ K~qjxjp{mdk~ `kd Okljb Bxm`bx’$ kl `bl`k nbiqmxpémib~ mdo{lm~ xkgdkvjblk~ ~bhxk db~ qxjlnjqjb~ k~qjxjp{mdk~ `k {l nbi{ljnm`bx,
Ibpjwmpknm .1185—Dm .1185—Dm Jxxk~j~pjhdk Qm~jþl `k Wjwjx Jlpkl~miklpk’$ ~jkpk ~knxkpb~ }{k lb~ mnkxnml m ~klpjx {lm qm~jþl qmxm wjwjx db ikebx qb~jhdk, Qxbwbnml`b mnpb~ nxkmpjwb~,
Ibpjwmpknm .11>5—Dm .11>5—Dm M~bihxb~m Wkx`m` `k dm Hkddkum Jlpkxjbx’$ db~ g{l`miklpb~ k~qjxjp{mdk~ `k dm m{pbjimokl ~bl xkwkdm`b~ kl k~pk pkxnkx `b~~jkx ibpjwmnjblmd,
Ibpjwmpknm .1105(Nblnkqpb .1105(Nblnkqpb z Gx{pb~ `kd Bqpjij~ib Jlpkdjoklpk’$ mndmxmnjþl qxínpjnm `k dm nblnjklnjm bqpjij~pm$ `bl`k dm jlwk~pjomnjþl njklpégjnm xkwkdm z `ki{k~pxm ~{~ hklkgjnjb~, Ibpjwmpknm .11;5—Kd .11;5—Kd Mxpk `k dm Gk Jlpkdjoklpk’$ kd k~dmhþl klpxk dm djhkxpm` z dm nxkmpjwj`m`, N{ml`b {lb `k~qjkxpm dm g{kxum `k dm qxbqjm nblwjnnjþl nblwjkxpk dm djhkxpm` kl nxkmpjwj`m`,
Ibpjwmpknm .1175—Nþib .1175—Nþib Mqxkl`kx dm Dknnjþl `k dm Wj`m’$ ~bhxk dm nbiqxkl~jþl `k m`}{jxjx {l qb`kx `k mnnjþl$ nbib xk~{dpm`b `k dm b`j~km `k mqxkl`kx `k dm wj`m,
Ibpjwmpknm .11?5—Dm .11?5—Dm Nbl~qjxmnjþl `k dm Djhkxpm` Jlpkxjbx’$ kd qbx}{ê qmxm `k~mpmx dm mnpjp{` `kd klp{~jm~ib$ qmxm k~nxjhjx dm qxbqjm nxþljnm `k wj`m, Ibpjwmpknm .1165—Ibpéwmpk .1165—Ibpéwmpk z Ibpjwm m db~ @kií~’$ {lm ~klnjddm gþxi{dm qmxm `k~qkxpmx kd k~péi{db jlpkxlb qmxm wjwjx xkmdiklpk z nbiqmxpjxdb nbl db~ `kií~,
Ibpjwmpknm .11:5—Kd .11:5—Kd M{pêlpjnb Qb`kx `k dm~ Qmdmhxm~’ kvj~pk {l qb`kx nmqmu kdkwmx kd mdim `k {l wjmekxb `k dm wj`m$ m dm wku nmqmu `k dmnkxmx dm~ xb`jddm~$ `k~px{zkl`b kd k~qéxjp{ `k bpxm,
Ibpjwmpknm .1=15 —Kd Qb`kx `k dm Jlgd{klnjm Êpjnm’$ mz{`mib~ m nblgjo{xmx kd `k~pjlb `k dm wj`m `k db~ `kií~$ l{k~pxm xk~qbl~mhjdj`m`5 kd `k jlgd{jx ií~ qb~jpjwm z nbl~njklpkiklpk,
Db~ lõikxb~ mlpkxjbxk~ `k dm XKWJ^PM IBPJWMPKNM Q{k`k~ `k~nmxomxdb~ oxmp{jpmiklpk `k5
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Wj~ pk5 ,nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`md,pc
NBIKLPMXJB^ @K DKNPBXK^5 Dm bqjljþl `k db~ dknpbxk~$ pmd z nbib g{kxbl xknjhj`m~ kl kd nbxxkb kdknpxþljnb `kd m{pbx mnkxnm `k ~{~ bhxm~, K~nxjhk md m{pbx5 nmxdb~`kdmxb~mwj`mdAoimjd,nbi
—Fbdm Nmxdb~$ ~bz {l oxml m`ijxm`bx p{zb `k~`k }{k pk `k~n{hxé$ lb fk `kem`b `k dkkxpk z xkdkkxpk nm`m `ém qmxm }{k lb ~k ik bdwj`k ljloõl qíxxmgb `k p{~ k~nxjpb~ z pk q{k`b m~ko{xmx }{k ik fm~ ~j`b `k oxml mz{`m, ^bz {l im`{xb péij`b qkxb `k~`k }{k dké (Kd `bl `k mpxkwkx~k m dm odbxjm( z dm (Klnjndbqk`jm `k Bxmpbxjm Ibpjwmnjblmd( ij mnpjp{` mlpk dm wj`m z qmxm nbl kd i{l`b nmihjþ xm`jnmdiklpk, Lb `kek~ `k k~nxjhjx l{lnm qmxm dm N{dp{xm nbl imzõ~n{dm~, Oxmnjm~ qbx Ijdddblk~,’
)Eb~ê Nkx`í D, Mdjnmlpk$ K~qmým,
—[zzz ij fkximlb$ lb ~mhk~ }{k oxmpjgjnmlpk fmhkx dké`b p{ kl~mzb (Mxpk z k~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd($ ddko{ê m êd qbx kd pkim `k Imxckpjlo z ik ddkwk {l oxmpé~jim ~bxqxk~m qíojlm pxm~ qíojlm, Nbiklnê z lb q{`k qmxmx$ kl k~pk ibiklpb w{kdwb m ij~ dmhbxk~ `jmxjm~ nbl {lm ~blxj~m z i{nfm~ xkgdkvjblk~ qb~jpjwm~, K~qkxb xkdkkxdb {lm~ n{mlpm~ wknk~ k jlpkxjbxjumxdb qmxm ~kx ikebx,’ ) Ebfl Emjxb B~bxjb
Hbobpí$ Nbdbihjm
—Fk dké`b kd djhxb `k (Bxmpbxjm qmxm wkl`kx j`km~( Kl pb`b kd djhxb pk nbl`{nk~ nbl f{ijd`m` z ~mhj`{xém md ií~ q{xb k~pjdb bxjklpmd z k~qjxjp{md$ z qxk~klpm~ fkxxmijklpm~ qxínpjnm~ `k mz{`m qmxm dm mqdjnmnjþl, [lm `k dm~ nb~m~ }{k ií~ wmdbxb kl p{ k~nxjpb k~ dm nmqmnj`m` `k ~élpk~j~ }{k i{k~pxm~, Nm`m gxm~k imlpjklk dm mpklnjþl `kd dknpbx z nxkm {lm gxjnnjþl ibpjwm`bxm fmnjm kd k~g{kxub `k~jlpkxk~m`b, K~ dm k~klnjm `k db~ wmdbxk~ f{imlb~ mqdjnm`b~ md nmiqb xkdmnjblmd `k mz{`m m pxmwê~ `k dm qmdmhxm, Pk gkdjnjpb ~jlnkxmiklpk, N{mlpm {pjdj`m` kl pml qbnm~ qíojlm~$ `ki{k~pxm p{ nmqmnj`m` z ndmxj`m` `k j`km~$ m dm wku `k p{ gmnjdj`m` `k ddkomx md nbxmuþl `k dm~ qkx~blm~$ pmd z nbib põ kvqblk~, P{~ qxbq{k~pm~ ~k qkxnjhkl kl dm~ qxbqjm~ kibnjblk~ }{k kd dknpbx wjwk pmd z nbib qxbg{l`jum kl dm~ j`km~ }{k kvqblk~, K~ {lm i{k~pxm pmlojhdk `k nþib dm ~klnjddku k~ dm ikebx gbxim `k nbl~ko{jx db ií~ `jgénjd$ mqxkl`kx m `mx ~jl k~qkxmx ií~ xknkqnjþl }{k dm ~mpj~gmnnjþl `k ` k db }{k `k~n{hxkl p{~ qxþejib~ `k kddb~ ij~ib qbx p{~ qmdmhxm~,’
)Mdhkxpb ^mdwjm Imxpjl Nm~pkddþl `k dm Qdmlm$ Nbi{lj`m` Wmdklnjmlm `k K~qmým,
—Ij lbihxk k~ Zbwmlj z }{jkxb gkdjnjpmxpk qbx db~ djhxb~ m db~ n{mdk~ mnnk`é nm~j qbx mnnj`klpk, Pk n{klpb mdob5 Ik `kgjlb nbib {lm qkx~blm }{k qb~kk {l pxkikl`b qbpklnjmd `k dj`kxmuob$ ~jl kihmxob k~m n{mdj`m` mõl lb dm kvqdbpb, Nbl kd djhxb (Kd @bl `k Mpxkwkx~k m dm Odbxjm($ mqklm~ dké {l pxbub z ik mpxkwé m fmnkx nb~m~ }{k ik fml fknfb `k~pmnmx `klpxb `k ij pxmhmeb$ nb~m~ }{k qbx ~{q{k~pb klnmeml `klpxb `k ij qkxgjd z }{k qbx (pkibx( lb dm~ kekn{pmhm b$ ~j db fmném$ k~qkxmhm }{k mdo{jkl ik `jkxm kd jiq{d~b, Qbx k~pb$ xkjpkxb ij~ gkdjnjpmnjblk~ z k~qkxb qb`kx mnnk`kx m n{md}{jkx pjqb `k jlgbximnjþl }{k ~mdom `k p{ m{pbxém, [l g{kxpk mhxmub z êvjpb’
) Zbwmlj G, O{pjêxxku Imxpélku Nfjdk —]{kxj`b Nmxdb~5 ^bz k~nxjpbx z ik `k`jnb fmnk i{nfb~ mýb~ m dm `bnklnjm &`k~`k kd mýb =::=*, Mnp{mdiklpk nbbx`jlb pmddkxk~ `k nxkmpjwj`m` djpkxmxjm$ nxkmpjwj`m` mqdjnm`m &qmxm qxbgk~jblmdk~ z kiqxk~m~* z k~pbz qxkqmxml`b {l ~kijlmxjb"pmddkx `k bxmpbxjm, Ij gbximnjþl k~pm ~b~pklj`m qbx dm dknp{xm `k pxmhmeb~ kl~mzé~pjnb~ nbib kd p{zb$ }{k qbx njkxpb$ ik qmxknk fjqkx`j`ínpjnb, Pk iml`b {l ~md{`b Mgknp{b~b `k~`k dm nj{`m` `k H{klb~ Mjxk~$ xkqõhdjnm Mxoklpjlm, &qkx`þl qbx kd (p{pkb($ qkxb kl ij qmé~ ~k {pjdjum nbl dm oklpk qbx }{jêl {lb pjklk mgknpb,*’
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Nénkxb Gxmlnj~nb @{mxpk Hxm~jd
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Klnjndbqk`jm `k xmpbxjm Ibpjwmnjblmd Bxmpbxjm qmxm Wkl`kx J`km~ Kd @bl `k Mpxkwkx k m dm Odbxjm Kd Qb`kx `k dm Kv kdklnjm F{imlm Kd Jiqxk~njl`jhdk Xkpbxlb m dm Gkdjnj`m` Mxpk z K~pjdb `k Imxckpjlo Ibpjwmnjblmd Nþib Nmqmnjpmx~ kl Ibpjwmnjþl Qkx~blmd Mxpk z Qb`kx `kd lp{~jm~ib Kd Qbkim `k dm~ mxpm~ Ibpjwmpknm .1=D ~ Dkzk~ K~qjxjp{mdk~ `kd Okljb Bxm`bx Ibpjwmpknm .18 Dm Jxxk~j~pjhdk Qm~jþl `k Wjwjx Jlpkl~miklpk Ibpjwmpknm .1> Dm M~bihxb~m Wkx`m` `k dm Hkddkum Jlpkxjbx Ibpjwmpknm .10 Bqpjij~ib Jlpkdjoklpk Ibpjwmpknm .1; Kd Mxpk `k dm Gk Jlpkdjoklpk Ibpjwmpknm .17 Nþib Mqxkl`kx dm Dknnjþl `k dm Wj`m Ibpjwmpknm .1? Dm Nbl~qjxmnjþl `k dm Djhkxpm` Jlpkxjbx Ibpjwmpknm .16 bpéwmpk z Ibpjwm m db~ @kií~ Ibpjwmpknm .1: Kd M{pêlpjnb Qb`kx `k dm~ Qmdmhxm~ Nmxpm `k Nbiqxb j~b Qkx~blmd @kndmxmnjþl `k W dbxk~ k Jlpkdjoklnjm Êpjnm Ibpjwmpknm .=1 Kd Qb`kx `k dm Jlgd{klnjm Êpjnm Pênljnm~ `k Nbi ljnmnjþl Nbiqkpklnjm~ qmxm dm Kiqdkmhjdj`m` ^qkmcjlo pb ^kdd J`km~ Nbl~qjxm`bxk~ `kd Nmihjb Qkx~{m~jþl Fjqlþ jnm$ =1 ^knxkpb~ qmxm {lm Nblgkxklnjm `k Mdpb Jiqmnpb PKI 11= ) @k db blwkljklpk `k ~kx Gkb PKI 118 ) Kd ^jl klpj`b Nblpkiqbxílkb PKI 11> ) Nmxpm~ m {lm Ebwkl ^bým`bxm PKI 110 „ [lm Dkzkl`m }{k lb Bdwj`k dm Fj~pbxjm PKI 11; „ Dm Gbxp{lm `k K~pmx Wjwb z Dm Qbhxkum `k lb ^mhkxdb Xkqbxpk~ Jlwbvv 1= „ Nþib ~kx {l Kvqb~jpbx Qxbgk~jblmd Xkqbxpk~ Jlwbvv 18 „ Imxckpjlo Qkx~blmd$ Nþib K~nxjhjx kl Xk`k~ ^bnjmdk~ Kd Qb`kx `k dm Wj`m Jl~qjxm`m ^j P{ Wj`m k~ {l bkim Jl~qjxmxí~ md I{l`b Qbk~ém Jl~qjxmnj lmd ^j Wjwjkxm Ij~ õdpjib~ @ém~
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