[CJM 1;
Qcfcrch`gms bcogsbmtgvms
Jckg`mjchtls9 flrjms kc `bmsgfg`m`gðh y vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh. Cbc``gðh `lrrc`tm `lrrc`tm kc bm puh`gðh plr vêm pmrchtcrmb. Klsgfg`m`gðh. Url`ckgjgchtls y `ugkmkls. Maslr`gðh y kgstrgau`gðh kc fírjm`ls9 tlxg`gkmk y cfc`tls `lbmtcrmbcs. Fírjm`l vgogbmh`gm. @lhkg`glhcs kc `lhscrvm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls. @mku`gkmkcs. Ssl y cjpbcl kc @gtlstítg`ls Qcmb Kc`rctl 3??/15=0, kc 16 kc iubgl, plr cb quc sc rcoubm bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl Qcmb Kc`rctl =0;3/155?, kc == kc l`tuarc, plr cb quc sc rcoubm cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh, rcogstrl y `lhkg`glhcs kc kgspchsm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl fmarg`mkls ghkustrgmbjchtc, `uym ùbtgjm jlkgfg`m`gðh sc nm prlku`gkl plr Qcmb Kc`rctl 6>6/15=0, kc =6 kc scptgcjarc, plr cb quc sc jlkgfg`m cb Qcmb Kc`rctl =0;3/155?, kc == kc l`tuarc, plr cb quc sc rcoubm cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh, rcogstrl y `lhkg`glhcs kc kgspchsm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl fmarg`mkls ghkustrgmbjchtc
Laictgvls
Pmacr bms flrjms kc `bmsgfg`m`gðh y vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls Cstukgmr bms `lhkg`glhcs ch quc nmh kc `lhscrvmrsc bls jckg`mjchtls @lhl`cr bm plsgabc tlxg`gkmk y cfc`tls `lbmtcrmbcs kc bls fírjm`ls Cstukgmr bms `lhkg`glhcs kc `mku`gkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls Mprchkcr `ðjl sc utgbgzmh bls `gtlstítg`ls
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
=. JCKG@MJCH[LP9 JCKG@MJ CH[LP9 FLQJMP KC @BMPGFG @BMPGFG@M@GÐH @M@GÐH W VÊMP KC MKJGHGP[QM@GÐH Kmkl cb mflrtuhmkmjchtc ghjchsl, mrschmb fmrjm`çutg`l `lh quc sc `uchtm ch bm m`tumbgkmk ch bls pmêscs kchljghmkls kcb ‒juhkl kcsmrrlbbmkl‚ nm`cr uhm `bmsgfg`m`gðh cxtchsm kcb jgsjl scrêm uhm bmalr ghochtc quc cs`mpmrêm m bls fghcs kc cstc tcjmrgl, rmzðh çstm plr bm quc ncjls lptmkl plr nm`cr uhm `bmsgfg`m`gðh ochcrmb, pmrm plstcrglrjchtc vcr bls fírjm`ls jís usumbcs ch hucstrl sgstcjm kc smbuk, rcpmrmhkl jís ch sus cfc`tls sc`uhkmrgls, ghkg`m`glhcs, ghkg`m`glhcs, `lhtrmghkg`m`glhcs, ct`. y kc cstm jmhcrm nm`cr jís lpcrmtlrgl cb jgsjl.
=.= Jckg`mjchtls9 flrjms kc `bmsgfg`m`gðh M. Fmrjm`lblo Fmrjm`lbloêm êm kcb Pgstcjm Hcrvglsl @chtrmb m. Mhtgghfbmjmtlrgls hl cstcrlgkcls - Pmbg`gbmtls - Umrmmjghlfchlbcs - Kcrgvmkls pgrmzðbg`ls - Kcrgvmkls kcb í`gkl prlpgðhg`l - Kcrgvmkls kcb í`gkl m`çtg`l - Lxg`mjs
a. Mhcstçsg`l Mhcstçsg`lss - Mhcstçsg`ls ochcrmbcs - Mhcstçsg`ls ghnmbmkls - Mhcstçsg`ls ghtrmvchlsls - Mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs
`. Mhmboçsg`ls lpgí`cls - Lpgí`cls kçagbcs - Lpgí`cls kc pltch`gm ghtcrjckgm - Lpgí`cls pltchtcs
k. Mhtgcpgb Mhtgcpgbçptg`ls çptg`ls - Fchgtlêhm - @mramjmzcpghm - Fchlamragtmb
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Í`gkl vmbprlg`l - Ctlsuxgjgkm - Achzlkgmzcpghms
c. Mhtgpmrdg Mhtgpmrdghslhgmhls hslhgmhls - Bcvlklpm y `mragklpm - Molhgstms klpmjghçrog`ls - Pcbcogbghm y kcprchgbl - Mjmhtmkghm - Fírjm`ls mhtg`lbghçrog`ls
f. Mhtgkcprcsgvls - Mhtgkcprcsgvls trg`ê`bg`ls y tctrm`ê`bg`ls - Ghngagklrcs kc bm rc`mptm`gðh kc scrltlhghm - Ghngagklrcs kc bm jlhlmjghllxgkmsm - Pmbcs kc bgtgl
o. Hcurlbçptg Hcurlbçptg`ls `ls - Mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls têpg`ls - Mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls mtêpg`ls
n. Mhsglbêtg`ls c ngphðtg`ls - Achzlkgmzcpghms - Ltrls mhsglbêtg`ls - Amragtùrg`ls - Ltrls sckmhtcs hl-amragtùrg`ls
A. Mpmrmtl `mrkglvms`ubmr m. Fírjm`ls ghltrðpg`l ghltrðpg`lss - Kgolxghm y jctgbkgolxghm - Klpmjghm y klautmjghm - Mjrghlhm y jgbrghlhm
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
a. Fírjm`ls mhtgmrrêt mhtgmrrêtjg`ls jg`ls -
]ughgkghm
- Url`mghmjgkm - Mijmbghm - Kgslpgrmjgkm - Bgkl`mêhm - Urlpmfchlhm - Fbc`mghgkm - a-ablqucmhtcs - Mjglkmrlhm - Vcrmpmjgbl y kgbtgmzcj - Mkchlsghm
`. Mhtgmhoghls Mhtgmhoghlsls ls - Hgtrmtls y hgtrgtls - Mhtmolhgstms kcb `mb`gl - Actmablqucmhtcs - Jlbsgkljghm - Mhtgmorcomhtcs pbmquctmrgls y mhtgtrljaðtg`ls
k. Mhtgngpcrtchsgvls - Kgurçtg`ls - Ghngagklrcs mkrchçrog`ls - Mhtmolhgstms kcb `mb`gl - Ghngagklrcs kcb sgstcjm rchghm-mhogltchsghm - Vmslkgbmtmklrcs kgrc`tls - Mhtmolhgstms kc bls rc`cptlrcs kc bms chkltcbghms
@. Mpmrmtl Qcspgrmtlrgl m. Arlh`lkgbmtmklrcs Arlh`lkgbmtm klrcs y mhtgmsjítg mhtgmsjítg`ls `ls - Arlh`lkgbmtmklrcs kgrc`tls - Mhtgghfbmjmtlrgls arlhqugmbcs - Pgjpmtg`ljgjçtg`ls
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- ^mhtghms - Mhtg`lbghçrog`ls - @lrtg`lgkcs - Ghngagklrcs kc bm bgacrm`gðh kc jckgmklrcs - Mhtmolhgstms kc bcu`ltrgchls
a. Ju`lbêtg`ls Ju`lbêtg`l s y cxpc`tlrmht cxpc`tlrmhtcs cs - Klrhmsm mbfm - [rgpsghm y qugjltrgpsghm - H-m`ctgb`gstcêhm - Jcshm - Arljncxghm - Mjarlxlb - Oumgfchcsghm - Wlkurls - Pucrl ngpcrtðhg`l - Moum - Ltrls
`. Mhtgtusêoc Mhtgtusêochls hls - Kcrgvmkls lpgí`cls hl hmr`ðtg`ls - Kcrgvmkls lpgí`cls `lh cfc`tl hmr`ðtg`l - Fírjm`ls mhtgtusêochls `chtrmbcs hl lpgí`cls - Mhtgtusêochls pcrgfçrg`ls - Jlkgfg`mklrcs ju`l`gbgmrcs - Ltrls
K. Mpmrmtl Kgocstgvl m. Mhtgí`gkls y mhtgub`crlsls - Ablqucmhtcs kc bls rc`cptlrcs N1 - Ghngagklrcs kc bm aljam kc prltlhcs - Mhíblols kc bms prlstmobmhkghms - Mhtgí`gkls
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Urltc`tlrc Urltc`tlrcss kc bm ju`lsm
a. Mhtgcjçtg`ls, cstgjubmhtcs kc bm jltgbgkmk ghtcstghmb ghtcstghmb y cspmsjlbêtg`ls - Mhtgjus`mrêhg`ls - Mhtgngstmjêhg`ls - Mhtmolhgstms klpmjghçrog`ls - Mhtmolhgstms scrltlhçrog`l scrltlhçrog`lss - Ltrls
`. Bmxmhtcs - Fgarm y bmxmhtcs flrjmklrcs kc albl - Bmxmhtcs lsjðtg`ls - Bmxmhtcs cstgjubmhtcs kcb pcrgstmbtgsjl ghtcstghmb - Bmxmhtcs cjlbgchtcs l surfm`tmhtcs - Buarg`mhtcs
k. Ghsubglhm y mhtgkgmaçtg`ls mhtgkgmaçtg`ls lrmbcs - Ghsubghm - Mhtgkgmaçtg`ls lrmbcs
c. Mhtgkgmrrcg`ls y mhtgghfbmjmtlr mhtgghfbmjmtlrgls gls ghtcstghmbcs - Plbu`glhcs kc rcngkrmtm`gðh lrmb - Ghngagklrcs kc bm sêhtcsgs kc cg`lsmhlgkcs - Ghngagklrcs kc bm jltgbgkmk omstrlghtcstghmb - Ghngagklrcs kc bm sc`rc`gðh kc nlrjlhms nlrjlhms prlsc`rctlrms prlsc`rctlrms99 sljmtltrlpghm sljmtltrlpghm y l`tcðrgkl l`tcðrgkl
C. Pmhorc y ðromhls ncjmtlplyçtg`ls m. Mhtg`lmoubm Mhtg`lmoubmhtcs htcs - Ncpmrghms - Mhtg`lmoubmhtcs lrmbcs (M@L) - Mh`rlk - Mhtgtrljaghm GGG (M[ GGG)
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
a. Mhtgmorcomht Mhtgmorcomhtcs cs pbmquctmr pbmquctmrgls gls - Fírjm`ls quc ghtcrfgcrch bm vêm kcb flsflghlsgtlb [xM1 - Fírjm`ls quc cstgjubmh bm vêm kcb MJU` - Ablqucmhtcs kcb rc`cptlr GGa/GGGm
`. Ngplbgpcjgmhtcs - Qcsghms kc ghtcr`mjagl fðhg`l - Fgarmtls - Ghngagklrcs kc bm NJO-@lM rcku`tmsm - Í`gkl hg`ltêhg`l
k. Fgarghlbêtg`ls - Cstrcptlqughmsm (PD) - Srlqughmsm - Mhgstrcpbmsm (MUPM@) - Mbtcpbmsm (tUM) - Qctcpbmsm (rtUM)
F. Mpmrmtl bl`ljltlr m. Mhtgrrcujítg`ms - Pmbcs kc lrl - Uchg`gbmjghm - @blrlqughm c ngkrlxg`blrlqughm - Pubfmsmbmzghm - Jctltrcxmtl - Mzmtglprghm - @g`blsplrghm - @g`blflsfmjgkm
a. Jglrrcbmi Jglrrcbmimhtcs mhtcs - Ablqucmhtcs hcurljus`ubmrcs hl kcsplbmrgzmhtcs - Ablqucmhtcs hcurljus`ubmrcs kcsplbmrgzmhtcs - Cspmsjlbêtg`ls
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
O. [crmpgm [crmpgm nlrjlhmb m. Nlrjlhms ngplfgsmr ngplfgsmrgms gms y tgrlgkcms. Fírjm`ls mhtgtgrlg mhtgtgrlgkcls kcls - Nlrjlhms ngpltmbíjg`ms c ngplfgsmrgms - Nlrjlhms tgrlgkcms - Fírjm`ls mhtgtgrlgkcls
a. @lrtg`lstcrl @lrtg`lstcrlgkcs gkcs - Jghcrmbl`lrtg`lgkc - Obu`l`lrtg`lgkc
`. Nlrjlhms scxumbcs9 scxumbcs9 cstrðochls, prlocstcrl prlocstcrlhm hm y mhkrðochls - Cstrðochls - Mhtgcstrðochls - Urlocstíochls - Mhtgprlocstíochls - Mhkrðochls - Mhtgmhkrðochls
N. [crmpgm [crmpgm mhtghclpb mhtghclpbísg`m ísg`m m. ]ugjgðtcr ]ugjgðtcrípg`ls ípg`ls - Mhtgjctmalbgtls - Mochtcs mbqugbmhtcs - Ghngagklrcs kcb nusl jgtðtg`l - Mhtgagðtg`ls - Nlrjlhms - Ltrls
G. Mhtgghfc``glsls m. Mhtgagðtg Mhtgagðtg`ls `ls - Uchg`gbghms - @cfmblsplrghms
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Mztrclhmj - Gjgpchcj - Jcrlpchcj - Jm`rðbgkls - Bgh`lsmjgkms - @blrmhfchg`lb - [ctrm`g`bghms - Mjghlobu`ðsgkls - Obu`lpçptgkls - Fbulrqughlblhms - Jctrlhgkmzlb - Qgfmjpg`ghm - Uçptgkls - Pubfmjgkms y trgjctlprgj - Hgtrlfurmhtlêhm
a. Mhtgjg`ðtg` Mhtgjg`ðtg`ls ls - Mhtgagðtg`ls plbgçhg`ls - Mhtgagðtg`ls hl plbgçhg`ls - Mzlbcs - Mbgbmjghms - Ugrgjgkghms fbulrmkms
`. Mhtgtuacr` Mhtgtuacr`ublsls ublsls - Gslhgmzgkm - Ctmjautlb - Qgfmjpg`ghm - Cstrcptljg`ghm - Ugrmzghmjgkm - Ctglhmjgkm - @g`blscrghm - @mprcljg`ghm - Í`gkl pmrmjghlsmbg`êbg`l
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
k. Mhtgvgrm Mhtgvgrmbcs bcs - Ygklvukghm - Kgkmhlsghm - Ymb`gtmaghm - Cstmvukghm - Bmjgvukghm - Hcvgrmpghm - Pmqughmvgr - Qgtlhmvgr - Ghkghmvgr - Hcbfghmvgr - M`g`blvgr - Fmj`g`blvgr/pch`g`blvgr - Omh`g`blvgr - Gklxgurgkghm y trgfbulrltgjgkghm - Vmbm`g`blvgr - Vgkmrmaghm - @gklflvgr - Qgamvgrghm - Mjmhtmkghm - Fls`mrhct - Ghtcrfcrðh mbfm
=.1 Mbouhls fírjm`ls kc ghtcrçs Mbouhls orupls kc fírjm`ls plscch uh cspc`gmb rgcsol pmrm bms pcrslhms jmylrcs (kgurçtg`ls, mhtgngpcrtchsgvls, mhtgmrrêtjg`ls, mhtgpmrdghslhgmhls, mhtg`lmoubmhtcs, psg`lm`tgvls, ngplobu`cjgmhtcs y mhmboçsg`ls). Mkcjís kc quc rcsubtmh scr bls fírjm`ls jís usmkls ch hucstrl mjagchtc cs plr cstl, plr bl quc cstgjmjls `lhvchgchtc vcr jís kctchgkmjchtc.
M. Kgurçtg`ls Amims klsgs kc kgurçtg`ls tgm`êkg`ls (p. ci., ngkrl`blrltgmzgkm l `blrtmbgklhm =1,3 m 13 jo) puckch, cfc`tgvmjchtc, `lhtrlbmr bm ngpcrtchsgðh `lh jchlr rgcsol kc ngpl`mbcjgm c ngpcrobu`cjgm quc klsgs jmylrcs. Kc cstm flrjm, hl slh tmh hc`csmrgls bls supbcjchtls kc pltmsgl. Klsgs jmylrcs kc 13 jo/k nmh sgkl msl`gmkms `lh uh gh`rcjchtl kc bm jlrtmbgkmk.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
A. Mhtgngpcrtchsgvls Cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm ngpcrtchsgðh cs cfg`mz ch bms pcrslhms jmylrcs4 rc`gchtcs mhíbgsgs kc kgfcrchtcs cstukgls nmh kcjlstrmkl quc sðbl cb =>% kc bms pcrslhms jmylrcs kcach scr trmtmkms kurmhtc 3 mýls pmrm prcvchgr m``gkchtcs `mrkglvms`ubmrcs. Bm cfg`m`gm kc kgfcrchtcs orupls kc mhtgngpcrtchsgvls cs `ljpmrmabc ch pcrslhms jmylrcs kc rmzm abmh`m4 sgh cjamrol, bls ablqucmhtcs kc bls `mhmbcs kc `mb`gl y bls kgurçtg`ls slh jís cfg`m`cs ch bms pcrslhms jmylrcs kc rmzm hcorm. Hl cstí `bmrl sg mboùh orupl kc bls mhtgngpcrtchsgvls cstí jcilr ghkg`mkl plrquc prcscrvc jcilr bm `mbgkmk kc vgkm kc bms pcrslhms jmylrcs. Bls kgurçtg`ls y bls -ablqucmhtcs slh kc cbc``gðh, sg sc tlbcrmh, ym quc rcku`ch cb rgcsol kc `ljpbg`m`glhcs `mrkglvms`ubmrcs ch pcrslhms jmylrcs. Bls -ablqucmhtcs cstíh `lhtrmghkg`mkls `umhkl cxgstc chfcrjckmk pubjlhmr lastru`tgvm `rðhg`m y chfcrjckmk vms`ubmr pcrgfçrg`m4 bm `blhgkghm ch `msl kc kcprcsgðh, y bls vmslkgbmtmklrcs y ablqucmhtcs -mkrchçrog`ls ch `msl kc ngpltchsgðh lrtlstítg`m. Bms kgngkrlpgrgkghms kc m``gðh `lrtm (p. ci., hgfckgpghl) hl sc rc`ljgchkmh plr cb gh`rcjchtl kcb rgcsol kc jlrtmbgkmk quc sc nm kcs`rgtl.
@. Mhtgmrr Mhtgmrrêtjg`ls êtjg`ls Bls mhtgmrrêtjg`ls tgchch bms jgsjms ghkg`m`glhcs y slh goumbjchtc cfg`m`cs tmhtl ch pcrslhms kc ckmk mvmhzmkm `ljl ch iðvchcs. Pgh cjamrol, y kcagkl m bm mbtcrm`gðh kc pmríjctrls fmrjm`l`ghçtg`ls, bms klsgs kc mbouhls kcacrêmh rcku`grsc ch cb pm`gchtc kc ckmk mvmhzmkm (p. ci., prl`mghmjgkm, qughgkghm, bgkl`mêhm). Mkcjís, cb rgcsol kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms gjplrtmhtcs pmrm mbouhls fírjm`ls tmjagçh cstí mujchtmkl ch bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs (p. ci., jcxgbctghm4 fírjm`ls kcb orupl G` `ljl ch`mghgkm y fbc`mghgkm). Cb m`bmrmjgchtl kc bm kgolxghm kgsjghuyc ch uh 35% kc jckgm ch pm`gchtcs jmylrcs `lh hgvcbcs kc `rcmtghghm sçrg`m hlrjmb. Msê pucs, cb jmhtchgjgchtl kc bms klsgs kcacrêm `ljchzmrsc `lh klsgs amims (5,=13 jo/k) y miustmrsc kc m`ucrkl m bls b ls hgvcbcs pbmsjítg`ls kc kgolxghm y m bm rcspucstm mb`mhzmkm.
K. Mhtgpmrdghslhgmhls Cb m`bmrmjgchtl kc bm bcvlklpm cstí kgsjghugkl ch pm`gchtcs jmylrcs, qugchcs mkcjís slh jís sus`cptgabcs m bm ngpltchsgðh lrtlstítg`m y m bm `lhfusgðh. Ulr tmhtl, bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs kcacrêmh rc`gagr klsgs kc ghg`gl kc bcvlklpm amims y kcacrêmh scr `ugkmklsmjchtc jlhgtlrgzmkls pmrm `lhtrlbmr bls cfc`tls mkvcrsls. Mqucbbls pm`gchtcs quc prcschtmh `lhfusgðh `umhkl cstíh sgchkl trmtmkls `lh bcvlklpm, hl tlbcrmríh jcilr bls molhgstms klpmjghçrog`ls (p. ci., arljl`rgptghm, pcrolbgkm, prmjgpcxlb, rlpghgrlb). Bls mhtg`lbghçrog`ls kcach cvgtmrsc ch pm`gchtcs jmylrcs `lh pmrdghslhgsjl plr bm prlamabc mbtcrm`gðh `lohgtgvm msl`gmkm m su chfcrjckmk.
C. Mhtg`lmoubmhtcs Bm ckmk hl mbtcrm bm fmrjm`l`ghçtg`m kc bm wmrfmrghm, pcrl puckc mujchtmr bm schsgagbgkmk m sus cfc`tls mhtg`lmoubmhtcs. (Bls cstukgls cxgstchtcs hl nmh `lhfgrjmkl quc bm ckmk pcr sc gh`rcjchtc cb rgcsol tltmb kc ncjlrrmogm, pcrl ch mbouhls cstukgls sc nm vgstl quc mqucbbls pm`gchtcs quc tchêmh fgargbm`gðh murg`ubmr y crmh jmylrcs kc ?3 ? 3 mýls prcschtmamh uh rgcsol mujchtmkl kc pmkc`cr ncjlrrmogm `crcarmb). Bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs ochcrmbjchtc rcqugcrch klsgs kc `mrom (2?,3 jo) y kc jmhtchgjgchtl (usumbjchtc 23 jo/k) jchlrcs kc wmrfmrghm. Nmy quc tchcr ch `uchtm quc sg cb fírjm`l kcac scr suspchkgkl (p. ci., mhtcs kc uhm ghtcrvch`gðh qugrùrog`m) cb tgcjpl pmrm rc`upcrmr uh cstmkl hlrjmb kc `lmoubm`gðh scrí jmylr ch bls pm`gchtcs kc ckmk mvmhzmkm.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
F. Fírjm`ls psg`lm`tgvls Ch pm`gchtcs mogtmkls hl psg`ðtg`ls, bls mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls `lhtrlbmh bls sêhtljms sðbl bgocrmjchtc jcilr quc cb cfc`tl blormkl `lh pbm`cals. Muhquc mbouhls mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls puckch rcku`gr `umkrls kc pmrmhlgm, puckch mormvmr bm `lhfusgðh. Bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs, cspc`gmbjchtc bms juicrcs, tgchch uh rgcsol supcrglr kc kgsqughcsgm tmrkêm quc mkcjís cs frc`uchtcjchtc grrcvcrsgabc. Bm sckm`gðh, ngpltchsgðh plsturmb, cfc`tls mhtg`lbghçrog`ls y bm m`mtgsgm puckch l`urrgr nmstm ch uh 15% kc bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs quc cstíh tljmhkl mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls y cb pmrdghslhgsjl ghku`gkl plr fírjm`ls puckc pcrsgstgr nmstm 6 l 7 jcscs kcspuçs kc nmacr ghtcrrujpgkl cb trmtmjgchtl. @umhkl sc ghg`gm uh trmtmjgchtl `lh mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls bm klsgs ghg`gmb kcacrêm scr =/; kc bm klsgs usumb ch mkubtls c gr gh`rcjchtíhklbm prlorcsgvmjchtc. Cb rgcsol kc kgsfuh`gðh cxtrmpgrmjgkmb pmrc`c scr jchlr `lh bls hucvls mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls mtêpg`ls (p. ci., lbmhzmpghm, quctgmpghm, rgspcrgklhm), bl quc scrêm achcfg`glsl pmrm bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs. Pgh cjamrol, bm cxpcrgch`gm `lh csls fírjm`ls ch bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs cs cs`msm, y ch ochcrmb sc rc`ljgchkm bm rcku``gðh kc bm klsgs (p. ci., pmrm rgspcrgklhm, uhm klsgs têpg`m cs kc = m 1 jo/k). Bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs pmrc`c quc tlbcrmh rmzlhmabcjchtc agch bm lbmhzmpghm. Cb usl kc mhsglbêtg`ls c ngphðtg`ls cs prlabcjítg`l. Bms kgfcrchtcs achzlkgm`cpghms pmrc`ch scr goumbjchtc cfg`m`cs pmrm mbgvgmr bls sêhtljms kc mhsgckmk4 bm scbc``gðh kcpchkc kc bms `mrm`tcrêstg`ms fmrjm`l`ghçtg`ms y fmrjm`lkghíjg`ms kcb fírjm`l. Bms `musms trmtmabcs kc ghsljhgl kcacrêmh scr cstukgmkms y `lrrcogkms mhtcs kc utgbgzmr bls ngphðtg`ls. Ch ochcrmb plkcjls kc`gr quc bms achzlkgm`cpghms kc m``gðh `lrtm l ghtcrjckgm `lh scjgvgkms ghfcrglrcs m 1; n (p. ci., mbprmzlbmj, blrmzcpmj, lxmzcpmj, tcjmzcpmj) slh prcfcrgabcs pmrm ghku`gr sckm`gðh l sucýl. Pc kcacrêmh cvgtmr bms achzlkgm`cpghms kc m``gðh bmrom ym quc cb rgcsol kc m`ujubm`gðh y tlxg`gkmk cstí gh`rcjchtmkl, fm`gbgtmhkl, pucs, bm mpmrg`gðh kc sljhlbch`gm, cjpclrmjgchtl kc bm jcjlrgm y kcb cqugbgargl `lh rgcsol kc `mêkms y frm`turms. Cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm mhsgckmk y kcb ghsljhgl kcac scr bgjgtmkl ch cb tgcjpl sg cs plsgabc, ym quc sc puckc prlku`gr tlbcrmh`gm y kcpchkch`gm4 mkcjís, bm rctgrmkm kcb kcb fírjm`l puckc nm`cr quc vucbvm m mpmrc`cr cb ghsljhgl y bm mhsgckmk. Bm auspgrlhm, uh molhgstm pmr`gmb scrltlhghçrog`l, cs goumbjchtc cfg`mz quc bms achzlkgm`cpghms ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm mhsgckmk ochcrmb4 bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs tlbcrmh klsgs nmstm kc 05 jo/k. @ljl cb `ljgchzl kc bms m``glhcs mhsglbêtg`ms cs bchtl (nmstm 1 l 0 scj) puckc suplhcr uhm kcsvchtmim ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc `msls urochtcs. Cb zlbpgkcj cs uh ngphðtg`l hl achzlkgm`cpêhg`l quc sc uhc prgh`gpmbjchtc m uh suatgpl kc rc`cptlr kc bms achzlkgm`cpghms4 bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs `lh ghsljhgl pmrc`c quc tlbcrmh agch klsgs kc 3 m =5 jo. Bms plsgabcs vchtmims kcb zlbpgkcj frchtc m bms achzlkgm`cpghms slh bm jchlr mbtcrm`gðh kc bm mrqugtc`turm kcb sucýl, jchls cfc`tls kc rcaltc y jchlr kcsmrrlbbl kc kcpchkch`gm. Hl cstíh rc`ljchkmkls bls mhtgngstmjêhg`ls (p. ci., kgfchngkrmjghm, ngkrlxg`ghm) plr bls cfc`tls mhtg`lbghçrog`ls quc prlku`ch.
O. Mhtgkcprcsgvls Plh bm amsc kcb trmtmjgchtl kc bm kcprcsgðh ch bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs y bls ghngagklrcs scbc`tgvls kc bm rc`mptm`gðh kc scrltlhghm (GPQP9 p. ci., fbulxctghm, pmrlxctghm, scrtrmbghm) sc `lhsgkcrmh ochcrmbjchtc `ljl bls mhtgkcprcsgvls kc cbc``gðh. Cstls fírjm`ls pmrc`ch scr tmh cfg`m`cs `ljl bls mhtgkcprcsgvls trg`ê`bg`ls y prlku`ch jchls tlxg`gkmk, ch cspc`gmb ch slarcklsgs. Bm bmrom scjgvgkm kc cbgjghm`gðh, ch cspc`gmb kc su jctmalbgtl m`tgvl, cs bm prgh`gpmb kcsvchtmim kc
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
bm fbulxctghm. Bm pmrlxctghm cs jís sckmhtc, tgchc m``glhcs mhtg`lbghçrog`ms y puckc ghngagr bm m`tgvgkmk kc bm chzgjm ncpítg`m `gtl`rljl U-;35 1K6, `lh cb `lhsgougchtc rgcsol kc cjpclrmjgchtl kcb jctmalbgsjl kc kgfcrchtcs fírjm`ls, `ljl mbouhls mhtgpsg`ðtg`ls, mhtgmrrêtjg`ls y mhtgkcprcsgvls trg`ê`bg`ls. Bm scrtrmbghm cs jís m`tgvm4 bm kgmrrcm cs cb cfc`tl mkvcrsl jís frc`uchtc. Bms klsgs kc bls GPQP kcach rcku`grsc nmstm uh 35%. Bls mhtgkcprcsgvls trg`ê`bg`ls rcsubtmh cfg`m`cs. Mqucbbls quc tgchch jchls cfc`tls mkvcrsls slh bls kc cbc``gðh pmrm bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs y kcach cvgtmrsc mqucbbls `lh cfc`tls mhtg`lbghçrog`ls (p. ci., mjgtrgptgbghm c gjgprmjghm), mhtgngstmjêhg`ls (p. ci., klxcpghm) y mhtgklpmjghçrog`ls (p. ci., mjlxmpghm). Bm hlrtrgptgbghm y bm kcsgprmjghm, ghngagklrcs kc bm rc`mptm`gðh kc hlrmkrchmbghm, m klsgs kc ghg`gl chtrc =5 y 13 jo/k, slh bls jís ghkg`mkls. Mjals tgchch amim pltch`gm mhtg`lbghçrog`m y bm hlrtrgptgbghm tgchc bm jchlr m``gðh ablqucmhtc -mkrchçrog`m (m``gðh ngpltchsgvm). Bm slarcklsgs prlku`c tlxg`gkmk `mrkêm`m y hcurlbðog`m, gjpgkgchkl su usl ch pm`gchtcs `lh rgcsol kc sug`gkgl. Bm trmzlklhm cs ùtgb ch pm`gchtcs mogtmkls, tgchc amim pltch`gm mhtg`lbghçrog`m y cs jchls `mrkgltðxg`m quc bls trg`ê`bg`ls, pcrl puckc prlku`gr prgmpgsjl. Cb auprlpgðh hl cs `mrkgltðxg`l, pcrl puckc mujchtmr cb rgcsol kc `lhvubsglhcs. Umrm bls pm`gchtcs quc hl rcsplhkch l quc hl tlbcrmh bls GPQP sc kcach rcscrvmr bls hucvls fírjm`ls (p. ci., jgrtmzmpghm, hcfmzlklhm, vchbmfmxghm). Cb jctgbfchgkmtl puckc scr ùtgb ch cb trmtmjgchtl scbc`tgvl kc pm`gchtcs jmylrcs `lh kcprcsgðh quc nmh pmkc`gkl uh m``gkchtc `crcarlvms`ubmr `crcarlvms`ubmr u ltrm chfcrjckmk. Cb `ljgchzl kc m``gðh kcb fírjm`l cs rípgkl.
N. Ngplobu`cjgmhtcs Bms klsgs kc bls ngplobu`cjgmhtcs, tmhtl bm ghsubghm `ljl bms subflhgburcms, kcach scr miustmkms pmrm prcvchgr ngpcrobu`cjgms sghtljítg`ms sgh prlku`gr ngplobu`cjgms.Bm ckmk puckc rcku`gr cb m`bmrmjgchtl kc bm ghsubghm, pcrl bms klsgs rcqucrgkms kcpchkch kc bls hgvcbcs kc rcsgstch`gm m bm ghsubghm quc vmrêmh ju`nl chtrc bls pm`gchtcs `lh kgmactcs tgpl GG. Bm gh`gkch`gm kc ngplobu`cjgms sc`uhkmrgms mb usl kc subflhgburcms mujchtm `lh bm ckmk. Bm `blrprlpmjgkm hl cstí rc`ljchkmkm, ym quc bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs tgchch uh rgcsol cbcvmkl kc ngplhmtrcjgm y plrquc bm prlblhomkm kurm`gðh kc m``gðh kcb fírjm`l cs pcbgorlsm sg cxgstc tlxg`gkmk l ngplobu`cjgm.
m. Bm jctflrjghm Shm agoumhgkm cx`rctmkm plr cb rgýðh, gh`rcjchtm gh `rcjchtm bm schsgagbgkmk pcrgfçrg`m kc bls tcigkls m bm ghsubghm y plr tmhtl puckc scr cfg`mz ch pm`gchtcs jmylrcs mkjghgstrmkm slbm l ch `ljaghm`gðh `lh subflhgburcms. Pgh cjamrol, hl cstí agch cstmabc`gkm bm scourgkmk y cfg`m`gm kc trmtmjgchtls m bmrol pbmzl ch pm`gchtcs jmylrcs. Cb rgcsol kc m`gklsgs bí`tg`m, uhm `ljpbg`m`gðh rmrm pcrl ormvc, mujchtm `lh cb ormkl kc ghsufg`gch`gm rchmb y `lh bm ckmk kcb pm`gchtc.
a. Bm trlobgtmzlhm ]uc puckc utgbgzmrsc `lh ghsubghm y `lh ngplobu`cjgmhtcs lrmbcs, schsgagbgzm bls tcigkls pcrgfçrg`ls m bls cfc`tls kc bm ghsubghm. Bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs pmrc`c quc bl tlbcrmh agch. Pgh cjamrol, bm ncpmtltlxg`gkmk quc puckc prlku`gr labgom m `bmsgfg`mr mb fírjm`l `ljl kc rcscrvm. Kcac rctgrmrsc sg bm trlobgtmzlhm hl cs cfg`mz (p. ci., rcku``gðh kc NA M=` plr ch`gjm kcb =%).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
`. Bm m`mralsm Mkjghgstrmkm `lh bls mbgjchtls, rcku`c bms cbcvm`glhcs plsprmhkgmbcs kc bm obu`lsm y ch `ljaghm`gðh `lh ltrls ngplobu`cjgmhtcs puckc myukmr m `lhtrlbmr bm obu`cjgm ch mbouhls pm`gchtcs. Bm ghtlbcrmh`gm OG puckc scr uh prlabcjm.
G. Mhmboçs Mhmboçsg`ls g`ls Bls MGHC slh bls fírjm`ls jís utgbgzmkls y ju`nls kc cbbls cstíh kgsplhgabcs sgh prcs`rgp`gðh. Mbouhls kmtls ghkg`mh quc cb m`bmrmjgchtl kc bls smbg`gbmtls, lxmprl`ghm y hmprlxçh cstí kgsjghugkl ch bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs. Bm ùb`crm pçptg`m y bm ncjlrrmogm kcb trm`tl OG supcrglr slh ormvcs `lhsc`uch`gms kcb usl kc MGHC4 cb rgcsol cs jmylr `umhkl sc mujchtm bm klsgs uhm vcz mkjghgstrmkl cb MGHC. @gcrtls MGHC (p. ci., gauprlfchl, kg`blfchm`l, smbsmbmtl) prcschtmh uhm frc`uch`gm bgocrmjchtc jchlr kc mpmrg`gðh kc ncjlrrmogms kcb trm`tl OG supcrglr. Bm ckmk hl pmrc`c mujchtmr cb rgcsol kc cfc`tls mkvcrsls OG ghku`gkls plr bls MGHC, pcrl sg kg`nms `ljpbg`m`glhcs mpmrc`ch, bm jlragbgkmk y jlrtmbgkmk slh `lhsgkcrmabcjchtc jmylrcs jmylrcs ch pm`gchtcs kc ckmk mvmhzmkm. Cb rgcsol kc ncjlrrmogms kcb trm`tl OG supcrglr cstí mujchtmkl ch jís kc =5 vc`cs `umhkl bls MGHC sc `ljaghmh `lh wmrfmrghm. Umrm mqucbbls pm`gchtcs `lh rgcsol mbtl kc omstrlpmtêms ghku`gkms plr MGHC sc rc`ljgchkm mýmkgr jgslprlstlb u ltrls ghngagklrcs jís pltchtcs kc bm sc`rc`gðh í`gkm (p. ci., ljcprmzlb, bmhslprmzlb). Kg`nls fírjm`ls puckch kgsjghugr cb rgcsol kc ùb`crm pçptg`m. Cb rgcsol kc hcfrltlxg`gkmk ghku`gkl plr MGHC puckc cstmr mujchtmkl ch bls pm`gchtcs jmylrcs. Bm jlhgtlrgzm`gðh kc bls hgvcbcs kc `rcmtghghm sçrg`m cstí rc`ljchkmkm, cspc`gmbjchtc cspc`gmbjchtc pmrm mqucbbls pm`gchtcs `lh ltrls fm`tlrcs kc rgcsol (p. ci., ghsufg`gch`gm `mrkêm`m, ghsufg`gch`gm rchmb, `grrlsgs `lh ms`gtgs, ngplvlbcjgm, usl kc kgurçtg`ls). Ch uh futurl prðxgjl, bls ghngagklrcs scbc`tgvls kc bm `g`bllxgochmsm 1 (@L^-1) plkríh lfrc`cr jmylr scourgkmk quc bls MGHC `bísg`ls pmrm pm`gchtcs jmylrcs.
=.0 Vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh Bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls sc puckc rcmbgzmr plr kgvcrsms vêms. Bms kc utgbgzm`gðh jís frc`uchtc slh bm vêm pmrchtcrmb y bm vêm lrmb. Bm vêm rc`tmb, rc`tmb, suabghoumb, ghnmbmtlrgm y `utíhcm, sc utgbgzmh sðbl ch `msls pmrtg`ubmrcs.
M. Vêm lrmb @lhsgstc ch bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc fírjm`ls, bêqugkls l sðbgkls m trmvçs kc bm al`m pmrm scr maslragkls plr vêm omstrlghtcstghmb. Uuckch scr9 - @ljprgjgkls - [mabctms - Ormocms - Ormhubmkls - Imrmacs - Cbgxgrcs.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Cs bm vêm jís utgbgzmkm plr su `ljlkgkmk, pcrl tgchtc cb gh`lhvchgchtc kc quc bm maslr`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl (quc sc prlku`c ch cb cstðjmol y ch bm plr`gðh prlxgjmb kcb ghtcstghl kcbomkl), sc vc jlkgfg`mkm plr ju`nls fm`tlrcs. Cs prc`gsl quc cb fírjm`l scm slbuabc, pmrm pcrjgtgr cb pmsl m trmvçs kc bms pmrckcs ghtcstghmbcs.
A. Vêm Vêm suabghoum suabghoumbb Bm maslr`gðh sc rcmbgzm m trmvçs kc bls `mpgbmrcs kc bm amsc kc bm bchoum. Cs uhm vêm kc maslr`gðh rípgkm, plr bm ormh vms`ubmrgzm`gðh kc bm zlhm quc sc utgbgzm ch `gr`uhstmh`gms juy pmrtg`ubmrcs y `lh uh hùjcrl rcku`gkl kc fírjm`ls, plr cicjpbl ch bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc hgtrgtls ch bm `mrkglpmtêm gsquçjg`m. Cb prl`ckgjgchtl m scougr scrí9 - Ghkg`mr mb pm`gchtc quc bcvmhtc bm bchoum. - @lbl`mr cb jckg`mjchtl ch bm amsc kc bm jgsjm. - Cxpbg`mrbc quc hl puckc trmomrbl.
@. Vêm Vêm rc`tmb Cs uhm mbtcrhmtgvm m bm vêm lrmb, pcrl kc maslr`gðh juy vmrgmabc. Pc utgbgzm `umhkl cb pm`gchtc prcschtm vðjgtls, l ch hgýls quc rc`nmzmh bm mkjghgstrm`gðh lrmb. Bm maslr`gðh, `ljl ch cb `msl kc bm vêm lrmb, puckc vcrsc jlkgfg`mkm plr kgfcrchtcs k gfcrchtcs fm`tlrcs. fm`tlrcs. Pu usl puckc prlku`gr ghtlbcrmh`gms c grrgtm`glhcs. Cstm vêm, puckc utgbgzmrsc tmjagçh `lh fghcs cxpblrmtlrgls l kc cbgjghm`gðh kc rcsgkuls. Bm prcschtm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl, puckc scr9 suplsgtlrgls, chcjms. Cb prl`ckgjgchtl m scougr scrí9 - Puplsgtlrgls - @lbl`mr mb pm`gchtc ch plsg`gðh kc kc`ùagtl bmtcrmb bmtcrmb gzqugcrkl, `lh `lh pgcrhm kcrc`nm kcrc`nm fbcxglhmkm sg cs plsgabc. - Pcpmrmr pbgcouc ghtcrobùtcl ghtcrobùtcl `lh `lh uhm jmhl y `lh bm ltrm ghtrlku`gr ghtrlku`gr cb cb suplsgtlrgl. suplsgtlrgl. - Chcjms kc rctch`gðh - @lbl`mr mb pm`gchtc ch plsg`gðh kc kc`ùagtl bmtcrmb bmtcrmb gzqugcrkl, `lh `lh pgcrhm kcrc`nm kcrc`nm fbcxglhmkm sg cs plsgabc. - @lh bm jmhl bgarc, scpmrmr bms hmboms, pgkgçhklbc quc rcspgrc prlfuhkmjchtc plr bm al`m, pmrm rcbmimr csfêhtcrcs mhmbcs c gr ghtrlku`gchkl bm slhkm ch kgrc``gðh mb ljabgol, uhls =5 `j. Pg sc hltm rcsgstch`gm hl sc flrzmrí bm chtrmkm. - Plstchcr cb grrgomklr ch cbcvm`gðh - Kcac rctchcrbl 05 jghutls. - Umrm rctgrmrbl, rctgrmrbl, klabmr cb tual (pmrm quc hl sgom chtrmhkl bêqugkl) y sm`mrbl sm`mrbl bchtm y sumvcjchtc. sumvcjchtc.
K. Vêm Vêm vmoghmb Pu mkjghgstrm`gðh sc rcmbgzm ch bm vmoghm v moghm y su prcschtm`gðh puckc scr9 `rcjms, suplsgtlrgls, ðvubls.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Cb prl`ckgjgchtl m scougr scrí9 - Qcsoumrkmr su ghtgjgkmk. - Uckgr quc vm`êc bm vcigom. - @lbl`mr m bm pm`gchtc ch kc`ùagtl klrsmb `lh bms pgcrhms magcrtms y fbcxglhmkms. Bgjpgmr bm zlhm sg nmy sc`rc`glhcs. - Pcpmrmr bls bmagls jmylrcs jmylrcs `lh uhm jmhl (prcvgmjchtc (prcvgmjchtc bmvmkm y `lh oumhtc, hl cs hc`csmrgl hc`csmrgl cstçrgb) c ghtrlku`gr sumvcjchtc cb mpbg`mklr ch kgrc``gðh m bm zlhm sm`rm. - Jmhtchcr m bm pm`gchtc ch plsg`gðh nlrgzlhtmb uhls kgcz jghutls.
C. Vêm Vêm `utíhcm Pu mpbg`m`gðh cs slarc bm pmrtc `ðrhcm kc bm pgcb. Maslr`gðh juy bchtm. Uuckc prcschtmrsc ch9 `rcjms, pljmkms y bghgjchtls. Cb prl`ckgjgchtl m scougr scrí9 - Mscourmr bm bgjpgczm kc bm zlhm, bgjpgmr `lh moum y imaðh l sucrl sucrl fgsglbðog`l fgsglbðog`l l omsms omsms cstçrgbcs, cstçrgbcs, sg nmy rcstls kc prlku`tl. p rlku`tl. - Mpbg`mr bm jckg`m`gðh jckg`m`gðh `lh bm ycjm kc bls kckls, kckls, frg``glhmhkl frg``glhmhkl y ch ch `mpm fghm. @uargr bm supcrfgsupcrfg`gc, plstcrglrjchtc, sg cs hc`csmrgl. h c`csmrgl. - Pg nmy ncrgkm, sc utgbgzmrí uhm tç`hg`m cstçrgb.
F. Vêm lftíbjg`m Bm prcschtm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl, puckc scr9 pljmkm l `lbgrgls. Cb prl`ckgjgchtl m scougr scrí9 - Jmr`mr ch cb frms`l bm fc`nm kc mpcrturm. @lhscrvmrbl ch ch uh buomr frêl y sc`l y rc`nmzmrbl m bls 05 kêms kc su mpcrturm. - Bgjpgmr bms sc`rc`glhcs kcb pírpmkl9 - C`nmr nm`gm mtrís bm `maczm kcb pm`gchtc. - Mpbg`mr ch bm pmrtc ghfcrglr kc bm `lhiuhtgvm, hl slarc bm supcrfg`gc supcrfg`gc `lrhcmb. `lrhcmb. - Nm`cr prcsgðh slarc cb `lhku`tl bmorgjmb m mjals bmkls kc bm hmrgz, pmrm gjpckgr quc cb jckg`mjchtl krchc nm`gm mbbê.
O. Vêm ðtg`m Cb prl`ckgjgchtl m scougr scrí9 - @mbchtmr cb frms`l `lh bms jmhls. - @lbl`mr mb pm`gchtc pm`gchtc ch kc`ùagtl kc`ùagtl bmtcrmb slarc cb bmkl smhl. smhl. - Cstgrmr cb pmacbbðh mukgtgvl sumvcjchtc mtrís y mrrgam. - Qc`ljchkmrbc quc jmhtchom bm plsturm plsturm 3 jghutls jghutls trms bm mkjghgstrm`gðh. mkjghgstrm`gðh.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
N. Vêm rcspgrmt rcspgrmtlrgm lrgm [gchc `ljl fuh`gðh bm ghnmbm`gðh kc uhm slbu`gðh ch flrjm kc pmrtê`ubms suspchkgkms ch cb mgrc pmrm kcplsgtmrsc kcspuçs ch íralb trmquclarlhqugmb. Bls mcrlslbcs slh fírjm`ls bêqugkls (arlh`lkgbmtmklrcs cstcrlgkcs, ju`lbêtg`ls, mhtgagðtg`ls y mochtcs mhtgvêrg`ls suspchkgkls ch flrjm kc pmrtê`ubms). Bls ochcrmklrcs kc mcrlslb prlpcbgkls plr mgrc l jcz`bms kc mgrc-lxêochl ch ochcrmb sc kgvgkch ch9 - Hcaubgzmklrcs kc pcqucýl tmjmýl (jms`mrgbbms). - Hcaubgzmklrcs ubtrmsðhg`ls. - Ghnmbmklrcs kc klsgs jckgkm
G. Vêm Umrchtcr Umrchtcrmb mb m. Jmtcrgmb - Jckg`mjchtl. - Mouims
a. Urcpmrm`gðh kc bm pgcb - Mb`lnlb ctêbg`l, cs cb cb jís utgbgzmkl pcrl pcrl hl plr cbbl cb jcilr. - Pc bgjpgmrí bm zlhm `lh `lh ylkl, ylkl, plvgklhm ylkmkm l mb`lnlb ctêbg`l. - Cb mhtgsçptg`l sc mpbg`m `lh `lh uh jlvgjgchtl `gr`ubmr kcskc cb puhtl kc ghscr`gðh nm`gm fucrm, ykcac kc `uargr uh írcm kc uhls 3-=5 `j kc kgíjctrl. Pc kcim sc`mr.
`. [ç`hg`m - Bmvmkl kc jmhls kcb prlfcsglhmb. - Pc plhkríh bls oumhtcs. - Urcpmrm`gðh `lrrc`tm y mkc`umkm kcb jckg`mjchtl jckg`mjchtl m mkjghgstrmr, mkjghgstrmr, `lh `lh icrghougbbms y mouims cstcrgbcs, sgstcjm kc oltcl, `mtçtcr, plrtm sucrls...ct`. - Pcbc``gðh `ugkmklsm kcb kcb puhtl kc ghyc``gðh, ghyc``gðh, hl cbgogchkl zlhms chrlic`gkms, ghfbmjmkms...ct`. - Pc kcsghfc`tm kcsghfc`tm bm pgcb y sc pchctrm pchctrm `lh bm mouim mkc`umkm, `ljprlamhkl `ljprlamhkl quc hl mpmrcz`m fbuil kc smhorc (m cx`cp`gðh kc bm ghtrmvchlsm) y sc ghyc`tm cb jckg`mjchtl. Mb pchctrmr bm p gcb y `lh bm jmhl lpucstm m bm quc utgbgzmjls pmrm pgh`nmr, sc nm kc cstgrmr bm pgcb plr kcamil kcb sgtgl kc puh`gðh pmrm fgimr bm vchm, ch `msl kc quc bm mkjghgstrm`gðh scm ghtrmvchlsm. Kcspuçs kc bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc `umbqugcr prl`ckgjgchtl kc puh`gðh pmrm mkjghgstrmr jckg`mjchtls plr vêm pmrchtcrmb, sc nm kc `lbl`mr uh mpðsgtl. - Pg nmy quc rcmbgzmr vmrgms mkjghgstrm`glhcs mkjghgstrm`glhcs pmrchtcrmbcs, pmrchtcrmbcs, cs rc`ljchkmabc bm rltm`gðh kc bls puhtls kc ghscr`gðh.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
1. CBC@@GÐH CBC@@G ÐH @LQQC@[ @LQQC@[M M KC BM USH@GÐH ULQ VÊM UMQCH[CQMB 1.= Uuhtls kc cbc``gðh - Ghtrmkçrjg`m9 bm mouim sc ghtrlku`c `msg pmrmbcbm m bm puh`gðh cstgrmhkl bm pgcb mhtcs mhtcs kc puhzmr. - Pua`utíhcm9 flrjm`gðh flrjm`gðh kc uh pbgcouc kc plr plr bl jchls 1.3 `j, mb pcbbgz`mrbl chtrc chtrc bls kckls kckls pubomr c êhkg`c y pgh`nmr pcrpchkg`ubmrjchtc. - Ghtrmjus`ubmr9 mouim flrjmkm plr uh íhoubl kc 75 ormkls `lh bm supcrfg`gc kc bm pgcb. - Ghtrmvchlsm9 mpbg`m`gðh kc uh tlrhgquctc pmrm kgbmtmr bm vchm, fgiíhklsc jckgmhtc jckgmhtc uh kckl kc bm jmhl y sc lrgchtm bm mouim ch bm kgrc``gðh kcb fbuil smhouêhcl slstchgçhklbm flrjmhkl uh íhoubl kc ;3 ormkls, jmhtchgchkl sgcjprc cb agscb nm`gm mrrgam. Pg cs pmrm rcmbgzmr uhm cxtrm``gðh kc smhorc sc rcmbgzm bl kg`nl mhtcrglrjchtc, pcrl sg cs pmrm `locr uhm vêm mkcjís sc fgim m bm pgcb.
1.1 [ç`hg`ms M. Vêm Vêm ghtrmkçr ghtrmkçrjg`m jg`m m. @lh`cptl Cs bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`m`gðh ch bm supcrfg`gc vchtrmb kcb mhtcarmzl, ch cb ghtcrglr kc bm `mpm cxtcrhm kc bm pgcb `lh fghcs tcrmpçutg`ls, prcvchtgvls l kc kgmohðstg`l. Pg cstm zlhm prcschtmrm grrgtm`gðh l qucjmkurms sc puckc utgbgzmr bm pmrtc supcrglr kcb tðrmx l cb írcm `utíhcm `lrrcsplhkgchtc m bms cs`ípubms. [lkms cstms zlhms sc `mrm`tcrgzmh plr tchcr pgojchtm`gðh bgocrm, cs`msm qucrmtghgzm`gðh y musch`gm kc vcbbl, bl quc fm`gbgtm bm lascrvm`gðh kc bms rcm``glhcs m bm ghyc``gðh. Bls `mpgbmrcs kc bm kcrjgs maslrach cb jckg`mjchtl `lh jmylr bchtgtuk quc bls kcb tcigkl sua`utíhcl l cb jùs`ubl
a. Ghkg`m`glhcs - Stgbgkmk tcrmpçutg`m9 tcrmpçutg`m9 ghjuhltcrmpgm. ghjuhltcrmpgm. Bm ghjuhltcrmpgm `lhsgstc `lhsgstc ch uh prl`ckgjgchtl ch`mjghmkl m pltch`gmr l jcilrmr bm rcspucstm ghjuhc kcb ghkgvgkul. Bm vêm kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc mbouhls prlku`tls, `ljl vm`uhms, utgbgzmkls ch ghjuhltcrmpgm, cs bm ghtrmkçrjg`m. - Stgbgkmk kgmohðstg`m9 ghyc``gðh ghtrmkçrjg`m ghtrmkçrjg`m kc jmtcrgmb tðxg`l tðxg`l l mhtgoçhg`l `lh `lh cb fgh kc lascrvmr sg kcsch`mkchm uhm rcspucstm ghfbmjmtlrgm bl`mb, `ljl plr cicjpbl cb [cst kc Jmhtlux, [cst kc Png`d l bm prucams kc mbcrogm.
`. Urcpmrm`gðh/prccic`u`gðh - @ljprlamr ghkg`m`gðh
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- @ljprlamr gkchtgfg`m`gðh kcb pm`gchtc - @lhsubtmr prltl`lbl kc m`tum`gðh kc bm uhgkmk - Urcpmrm`gðh kcb jmtcrgmb hc`csmrgl9 - Cb fírjm`l prcs`rgtl - Icrghougbbm kc =jb - Mouim kc =6 jj kc blhogtuk y `mbgarc 16 - Omsm cstçrgb kc =5x=5 `j - [lruhkms nujckc`gkms `lh mb`lnlb - Urcpmrm`gðh kcb pm`gchtc9 - Ghflrjm`gðh `lrrc`tm `lrrc`tm mb pm`gchtc. Nm`gchkl çhfmsgs çhfmsgs ch bls bls puhtls ch bls quc kcac `lbmalrmr `lh cb pcrslhmb y kc bm flrjm ch quc puckch nm`crbl. - @lbl`m`gðh mkc`umkm kcb pm`gchtc. @lbl`mr @lbl`mr mb pm`gchtc ch ch kc`ùagtl supghl l sckcstm`gðh `lh cb armzl cxtchkgkl y `lh bm pmbjm kc bm jmhl nm`gm mrrgam - Urcpmrm`gðh kcb pcrslhmb
k. [ç`hg`m - Bl`mbg`c cb cb cspm`gl mhtc`uagtmb y jgkm m pmrtgr kc çb vmrgls trmvcscs trmvcscs kc kckl ch kgrc``gðh m bm jmhl. Cs`lim uh írcm sgtumkm mprlxgjmkmjchtc m uh pmbjl kc bm juýc`m. Cvgtc `umbqugcr zlhm `lh vcbbl, bcsglhcs l jmh`nms ym quc plkrêmh kgfg`ubtmr bm bc`turm kcb rcsubtmkl. - Kcschormsc bm pgcb `lh `lh mb`lnlb, cjpczmhkl ch cb `chtrl kc bm zlhm cs`logkm y kgrgogçhklsc nm`gm fucrm `lh uh jlvgjgchtl `gr`ubmr. Hl utgbg`c uh kcsghfc`tmhtc, `ljl `ljl bm plvgklhm ylkmkm, quc plkrêm tcýgr bm pgcb, hg frltc `lh cx`csgvm fucrzm pmrm cvgtmr grrgtm`gðh. @umbqugcrm kc cstls fm`tlrcs puckc kgfg`ubtmr bm bc`turm kc rcsubtmkls kc bm prucam kctcrjghmkm. Kcic b m pgcb quc sc scquc plr `ljpbctl. Pg ghyc`tm `umhkl bm pgcb tlkmvêm cstí nùjckm, plkrêm ghtrlku`gr m``gkchtmbjchtc uh pl`l kc mhtgsçptg`l ch bm kcrjgs. - Plstchom cb cb mhtcarmzl kcb kcb pm`gchtc `lh `lh uhm jmhl y cstgrc bm pgcb `lh cb kckl pubomr. M `lhtghum`gðh `lh bm ltrm jmhl, `lim bm icrghougbbm chtrc bls kckls pubomr c êhkg`c y mplyc cb çjalbl `lhtrm bm pmbjm. Cxpubsc cb mgrc quc pukgcrm quckmr ch bm mouim. - @lblquc bm icrghougbbm kc flrjm flrjm quc bm mouim quckc `msg pmrmbcbm m bm supcrfg`gc `utíhcm kcb pm`gchtc y `lh cb agscb nm`gm mrrgam. - Ghscrtc bm mouim prcsglhíhklbm `lhtrm bm pgcb nmstm quc ch`uchtrc uhm rcsgstch`gm. Kcspuçs mvmh`c bm mouim m bl bmrol kc bm cpgkcrjgs kc flrjm quc bm puhtm scm vgsgabc m trmvçs kc bm pgcb. Kctçhomsc `umhkl quckc sgtumkm uhls 0 jj mprlxgjmkmjchtc plr kcamil bm supcrfg`gc `utíhcm, chtrc bms `mpms kçrjg`m y cpgkçrjg`m. - Pcougkmjchtc ghyc`tc bm jckg`m`gðh `lh bm jmylr bchtgtuk bchtgtuk y sumvgkmk plsgabc. Kcacrêm ch`lhch`lhtrmr `gcrtm rcsgstch`gm, quc `lhfgrjmrí uhm `lbl`m`gðh `lrrc`tm kc bm mouim. Pg cb çjalbl sc jucvc sgh kgfg`ubtmk, tchom plr scourl quc bm ghscr`gðh nm sgkl kcjmsgmkl prlfuhkm. Qctgrc bm mouim uh pl`l y vucbvm m ghtchtmrbl. @umhkl nmym m`mamkl kc ghyc`tmr bm slbu`gðh, kcic bm mouim `lbl`mkm plr uhls ghstmhtcs y lascrvc sg sc flrjm uhm pcqucým pípubm l vcsê`ubm.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- @umhkl sc nmym flrjmkl bm pípubm, rctgrc rctgrc bm mouim y cicrzm uhm prcsgðh sumvc slarc bm zlhm. Hl mpbgquc jmsmic pucs plkrêm mbtcrmr cb rcsubtmkl kc bm prucam. - M `lhtghum`gðh flrjc uhm pípubm kc `lhtrlb. - Mhltc cb cb hljarc kcb prlku`tl ghyc`tmkl y bm `mhtgkmk mkjghgstrmkm. Pg cb pm`gchtc kcsmkcsmrrlbbm uhm rcm``gðh mbçrog`m m bm ghyc``gðh ch cb pbmzl kc 05 jghutls, hltgfêqucbl mb jçkg`l. Ch bm jmylrêm kc bls `msls bm rcm``gðh mpmrc`c m bms ;>-?1 nlrms.
c. Ulstcic`u`gðh - Vcrgfg`mr quc cb pm`gchtc quckc ch ch `lhkg`glhcs `lhkg`glhcs scourms scourms y `lhflrtmabcs. `lhflrtmabcs. - Qc`locr cb jmtcrgmb jmtcrgmb kc kcsc`nl y kcplsgtmrbl kcplsgtmrbl ch cb `lhtghchtc mkc`umkl. - Qcogstrl. - Mhltc ch bm nlim kc cvlbu`gðh bm fc`nm, nlrm... nlrm... msê `ljl `ljl `umbqugcr `gr`uhstmh`gm kc ghtcrçs quc l`urrm kurmhtc cb prl`ckgjgchtl.
A. Vêm Vêm sua`utm sua`utmhcm hcm Shm ghyc``gðh sua`utmhcm cs bm quc sc mkjghgstrm ch bm `mpm kcb tcigkl ormsl ghjckgmtmjchtc kcamil kc bm pgcb (sc `loc uh pcqucýl pcbbgz`l ch cb buomr kc ghyc``gðh). Pc mkjghgstrmh plrquc nmy pl`l fbuil kc smhorc ch cb tcigkl ormsl y cb jckg`mjchtl ghyc`tmkl ochcrmbjchtc maslragkl kc flrjm jís bchtm (ci9 ghsubghm) . Bm icrghom y mouim utgbgzmkm kcpchkcrí kc bm `mhtgkmk kcb jckg`mjchtl m mkjghgstrmr y kcb tmjmýl kcb ghkgvgkul (hgýl/mkubtl). (h gýl/mkubtl). Bls puhtls kc ghyc``gðh slh9 - Klrsl kcb armzl. - Ylhm makljghmb. - Umrtc mhtcrglr kc bls jusbls. - Hmbom l obùtcls. Pcoùh bm bl`mbgzm`gðh mhmtðjg`m nmy uhm jmylr l jchlr rmpgkcz kc maslr`gðh. Cb lrkch kc jmylr m jchlr cs cb sgougchtc9 Makljch8 Kcbtlgkcs 8 Jusbl 8 Hmbom l Obùtcl Pg slh juy rcgtcrmtgvms sucbch utgbgzmrsc tç`hg`ms kc rltm`gðh. Msgjgsjl slh víbgkms bm jmylr pmrtc kc bms rc`ljchkm`glhcs lfrc`gkms ch cb mpmrtmkl mhtcrglr pmrm bm vêm ghtrmkçrjg`m ch `umhtl m bm tç`hg`m.
@. Vêm Vêm ghtrmjus ghtrmjus`ubmr `ubmr m. Ghkg`m`g Ghkg`m`glhcs lhcs Pc lptmrí plr cstm vêm `umhkl sc kcscc9 - Mkjghgstrmr suspchsglhcs m`ulsms, lbclsms l jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls quc hl cstçh cstçh `ljcr`gmbgzm`ljcr`gmbgzmkls ch flrjm lrmb.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`m`gðh pmrchtcrmb ch ormhkcs klsgs (nmstm 3-=5 jb). - Mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`m`gðh jckg`m`gðh m uh pm`gchtc pl`l pl`l `lbmalrmklr, `lbmalrmklr, gh`lhs`gchtc gh`lhs`gchtc l gh`mpmz kc kcobutgr. - Cvgtmr bm pçrkgkm kcb cfc`tl fmrjm`lbðog`l plr vðjgtls l plr bm m`tgvgkmk oístrg`m. - @lhscougr uh cfc`tl cfc`tl rípgkl y mscourmr bm maslr`gðh maslr`gðh m bmrol pbmzl.
a. Gh`lhvchgchtcs - Ulsgagbgkmk kc bcsglhmr vmsls, prlvl`mhkl ncjlrrmogm. - Ulsgagbgkmk kc bcsglhmr hcrvgls y `musmr klblr l pmríbgsgs - Ulsgagbgkmk kc bcsglhmr nucsl.
`. Írcms kc ghyc``gðh Bm vêm ghtrmjus`ubmr tgchc bms sgougchtcs írcms kc ghyc``gðh9 - Írcm vchtrlobùtcm, bm mkjghgstrm`gðh mkjghgstrm`gðh sc rcmbgzm ch cb jùs`ubl vchtrlobùtcl jckgl. - Írcm kcbtlgkcm, kcbtlgkcm, mquê bm `mpm jus`ubmr cs pcqucým y sðbl sc maslracrí maslracrí klsgs fmrjm`lbðog`ms pcqucýms. - Írcm klrslobùtcl, klrslobùtcl, frc`uchtc frc`uchtc ch mkubtls, pcrl hl ch bm`tmhtcs bm`tmhtcs hg jchlrcs jchlrcs kc 0 mýls, ym ym quc cstls jùs`ubls hl cstíh pbchmjchtc kcsmrrlbbmkls. - Írcm kcb vmstl vmstl cxtcrhl y rc`tl fcjlrmb, sc utgbgzm ch tlkl tgpl kc pm`gchtcs, pm`gchtcs, cspc`gmbjchtc cspc`gmbjchtc ch hgýls, ym quc cstí agch kcsmrrlbbmkl y tgchc pl`ls vmsls smhouêhcls y hcrvgls gjplrtmhtcs. Cs bm zlhm kc jís fí`gb mutlghyc`gðh.
k. Urc`mu`g Urc`mu`glhcs lhcs - Umrm mkjghgstrmr mkjghgstrmr kls l jís jckg`mjchtls, jckg`mjchtls, m vc`cs vc`cs sc puckc rc`urrgr mb jçtlkl ch ch Y, ch klhkc sc kcspbmzmrí bm pgcb kc tmb flrjm quc cb trmyc`tl kc bm mouim quckc `crrmkl kcspuçs kc bm ghyc``gðh, bl quc pcrjgtc jghgjgzmr bm grrgtm`gðh y bm kc`lblrm`gðh kc bm pgcb. - Pg sc cjpbcm uhm mouim kc blhogtuk ghmkc`umkm sc puckc prlvl`mr uhm puh`gðh ch uhm `mpm gh`lrrc`tm prlku`gchkl klblr ghcspc`êfg`l c ngpcrtrlfgm. - Pg hl sc `ljprucam cb cb rcfbuil kc smhorc y sc mkjghgstrm mkjghgstrm uh jckg`mjchtl ch vchm puckc puckc mpmrc`cr snl`d ( tmqug`mrkgm, kgshcm, kcs`chsl arus`l kc bm tchsgðh mrtcrgmb..ct`.).
K. Vêm Vêm ghtrmvchls ghtrmvchlsm m m. Ghkg`m`gl Ghkg`m`glhcs hcs Pc cjpbcm `umhkl kcscmjls9 k cscmjls9 - [rmtmr sgh kcjlrms prl`csls ormvcs. - Mb`mhzmr y jmhtchcr rípgkmjchtc bls hgvcbcs mkc`umkls kcb fírjm`l. fírjm`l.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls `umhkl cstçh `lhtrmghkg`mkls plr ltrm vêm. - Mkjghgstrm`gðh kc ormhkcs klsgs kc jckg`mjchtl. - [rmtmr m uh pm`gchtc quc hl puckc rc`gagr rc`gagr jckg`m`gðh jckg`m`gðh plr ltrm vêm mbtcrhmtgvm. - Cvgtmr bcsglhcs bcsglhcs ch bms `mpms sua`utíhcms l ghtrmjus`ubmrcs ghtrmjus`ubmrcs plr fírjm`ls pltch`gmbjchtc pcbgorlsls. - Qctrmsmr bm kcsm`tgvm`gðh kc fírjm`ls plr cb nêomkl. Hl kcac utgbgzmrsc cstm vêm sg9 - Cb pm`gchtc prcschtm trmstlrhls kc `lmoubm`gðh ( m cx`cp`gðh kc bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl pmrm trmtmr cstm pmtlbloêm). - Pg cb jckg`mjchtl cstí `ljcr`gmbgzmkl `ljcr`gmbgzmkl ch flrjm flrjm lrmb y cb pm`gchtc puckc kcobutgr.
a. Cqugpl - Pgstcjms kc oltcl - Jg`rloltcl9 pmrm mkjghgstrmr mkjghgstrmr pl`m pl`m `mhtgkmk kc uhm slbu`gðh l kc jmhtchgjgchtl. - Jm`rloltcl9 pmrm mkjghgstrmr ormhkcs slbu`glhcs m ormh vcbl`gkmk. - Chtrmkm pmrm jghgpcrfusgðh9 pmrm mkjghgstrmr jckg`m`gðh kc flrjm flrjm ghtcrjgtchtc ghtcrjgtchtc kurmhtc cb trmtmjgchtl ghtrmvchlsl. - Chtrmkm kc mgrc9 Cstc kgsplsgtgvl pcrjgtc pcrjgtc quc cb mgrc chtrc ch cb vm`gl kcb frms`l frms`l y kcspbm`c bm slbu`gðh m jckgkm quc vmym fbuychkl. - Chtrmkm sc`uhkmrgm4 `umhkl sc qugcrc mkjghgstrmr kls slbu`glhcs9 slbu`glhcs9 uhm prgh`gpmb y ltrm sc`uhkmrgm. - @íjmrm kc `lhtrlb kc vlbujch9 slh `íjmrms `íjmrms kc oltcl m`lpbmkms pmrm mkjghgstrmr pcqucýms klsgs kc jckg`mjchtls l bêqugkls ch uh pcrglkl kc tgcjpl prlblhomkl. - Ughzms9 pmrm rcoubmr cb cb fbuil, pukgchkl scr kc ruckm, rls`m, kcsbgzmhtc.. ct`. ct`. - Fgbtrls9 myukm m `lhtrlbmr cb rgcsol kc `lhtmjghm`gðh. - Mouims y `mtçtcrcs `mtçtcrcs99 - Mouim kc pmbljgtm9 cjpbcmkl cjpbcmkl pmrm pmrm hgýls, rc`gch hm`gkls y mh`gmhls `lh vchms juy fghms. fghms. Ch mkubtls pmrm trmtmjgchtls ghtrmvchlsls m `lrtl pbmzl. - @ítctcr quc rc`uarc bm mouim9 pmrm trmtmjgchtl m bmrol pbmzl, jlhgtlrgzm`gðh mrtcrgmb, y mkjghgstrm`gðh kc bêqugkls vgs`lsls, `ljl smhorc l bêqugkls kc ngpcrmbgjchtm`gðh. - Mouim ghtrm`mtçtcr9 ghtrm`mtçtcr9 Pc cjpbcm cjpbcm ch ch trmtmjgchtls trmtmjgchtls m bmrol bmrol pbmzl, pbmzl, mkjghgstrm`gðh kc bêqugkls vgs`lsls, mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls ch vchms `chtrmbcs y jlhgtlrgzm`gðh kc bm prcsgñh vchlsm `chtrmb. - Krujs9 Pc utgbgzm pmrm `locr vgm `chtrmb. Mhtcs kc kc`gkgr quc mouim utgbgzmr, nmy quc tchcr ch `uchtm9 bm ckmk, `lrpubch`gm y cb cstmkl kcb pm`gchtc.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Qc`lrkmrcjls quc9 - Umrm bm jmylrêm kc bms puh`glhcs rutghmrgms ch cb mkubtl, utgbgzmr mouims l `mtçtcrcs `mtçtcrcs pcqucýls (15 O m 11 O) - Umrm bms puh`glhcs vchlsms ch rc`gçh hm`gkls l hgýls, cjpbcmr uhm mouim kc pmbljgtm `lrtm `lrtm ( =,0 `j.). - Ch bms puh`glhcs puh`glhcs mrtcrgmbcs mrtcrgmbcs utgbgzmr uhm mouim jís bmrom (0,?3 m 3 `j), plrquc plrquc bms mrtcrgms cstíh cstíh m jís prlfuhkgkmk quc bms vchms.
`. [gpls kc mkjghgstrm` mkjghgstrm`gðh gðh ghtrmvchlsm • Mkjghgstrm`gðh kgrc`tm (albl ghtrmvchlsl) - Vchtmims9 ¿
Cb fírjm`l m`tùm kc flrjm ghjckgmtm.
¿
Cb prl`csl prl`csl kc maslr`gðh maslr`gðh cs jís prckc`gabc quc `lh `lh ltrls ltrls jçtlkls. jçtlkls.
- Gh`lhvchgchtcs9 ¿
Uuckc `musmr snl`d.
¿
Cs jís prlamabc quc grrgtc bm vchm.
¿
Jmylr rgcsol kc `ljpbg`m`glhcs9 `ljpbg`m`glhcs9 cxtrmvmsm`gðh, ghfc``gðh sgstçjg`m y cjalbgsjl cjalbgsjl mçrcl. mçrcl.
• Oltcl ghtrmvchlsl Cs bm pcrfusgðh ch bm vêm prgjmrgm pmrm jmhtchcr cb sujghgstrl m uh hgvcb tcrmpcùtg`l. - Vchtmims9 ¿
Jchlr grrgtm`gðh quc `umhkl sc mkjghgstrm kgrc`tmjchtc.
¿
Qcqugcrc jchls jcz`bms y jmhgpubm`glhcs quc cb sgstcjm sgstcjm ghtcrjgtchtc.
¿
Fí`gb kc ghtcrrujpgr.
- Gh`lhvchgchtcs9 ¿
Nmy quc vgogbmr cb fbuil, y cstl gjpbg`m quc puckc scr scr pcbgorlsl. pcbgorlsl.
¿
Vcr bm cstmagbgkmk kc bls fírjm`ls fírjm`ls mkjghgstrmkls, mkjghgstrmkls, pucs mbouhls bm pgcrkch kurmhtc cb tgcjpl kc mkjghgstrm`gðh. - Mujchtm cb rgcsol kc `ljpbg`m`glhcs9 cxtrmvmsm`gðh, ghfc``gðh sgstçjg`m y cjalbgsjl mçrcl. - Bm jcz`bm kc jckg`mjchtls puckc lrgoghmr gh`ljpmtgagbgkmk.
• Ghtcrjgtchtc Plh mkg``glhcs rcpctgkms mb sgstcjm kc pcrfusgðh. Pc utgbgzm pmrm fírjm`ls jcz`bmkls `lh uh kgbuychtc, pcrjgtgchkl bm pcrfusgðh ghtcrjgtchtc kurmhtc uh pcrglkl kctcrjghmkl. - Vchtmims9
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Cb tgcjpl kc mkjghgstrm`gðh cs jís bmrol quc `lh bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kgrc`tm y jís `lrtl quc `lh cb oltcl `lhtghul. - Jchls rgcsol rgcsol kc snl`d y jchlr grrgtm`gðh quc `lh uhm ghyc``gðh ghtrmvchlsm kgrc`tm. - Gh`lhvchgchtcs9 - @mrl. - Mujchtm cb cb rgcsol kc `lhtmjghm`gðh `lhtmjghm`gðh plr cb usl frc`uchtc kcb `lhl kc chtrmkm. chtrmkm. - Qgcsol kc gh`ljpmtgagbgkmk jckg`mjchtlsm. - Mujchtl kcb rgcsol kc `ljpbg`m`glhcs.
1.0 Urlabcjms jís frc`uchtcs - Klblr - Ghfgbtrm`gðh, kcagkl kcagkl mb kcspbmzmjgchtl kcspbmzmjgchtl kc bm mouim l `mtçtcr l agch plr fuom kc smhorc mbrckcklr kc bm mouim l `mtçtcr. - Ghkurm`gðh - Qualr - [rljalfbcagtgs, kcagkl m uhm bcsgðh kc uhm vchm kurmhtc bm puh`gðh l plr uh plstcrglr plstcrglr kcspbmzmjgchtl kc bm mouim l agch prlku`gkm plr bm grrgtm`gðh kc bm vchm utgbgzmkm. - Plarc`mrom `gr`ubmtlrgm, prlku`gkm plr bm cx`csgvm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc bêqugkls l plrquc cb bêqugkl sc mkjghgstrð `lh cx`csgvm rmpgkcz. - Cjalbgsjl omsclsl, omsclsl, prlku`gkl prlku`gkl plr cb vm`gmjgchtl kcb rc`gpgchtc, rc`gpgchtc, l plr bm prcsch`gm kc mgrc ch cb cqugpl, l agch plr `lhcxglhcs fblims. - Cjalbgsjl plr `mtçtcr, prlku`gkl mb rctgrmr cb `mtçtcr mhtcs quc bm mouim l agch plr bm fgim`gðh ghmkc`umkm kcb `mtçtcr m bm pgcb. - Ghfc``gðh kcb írcm írcm kc puh`gðh vchlsm, vchlsm, kcagkl m uhm jmbm tç`hg`m tç`hg`m msçptg`m. msçptg`m. - Ghfc``gðh sgstçjg`m, kcagkl m uhm jmbm tç`hg`m msçptg`m, msçptg`m, l agch m bm `lhtmjghm`gðh kcb cqugpl kurmhtc bm fmarg`m`gðh, chvmsmkl l usl . - Pnl`d, prlku`gkl plr jckg`mjchtl mkjghgstrmkl `lh `lh cx`csgvm cx`csgvm rmpgkcz l agch plr mkjghgstrm`gðh gh`lrrc`tm kc bm ghyc``gðh ch albl.
0. KLPGFG@M@ KLPGFG@M@GÐH. GÐH. UQL@CKG UQL@CKGJGCH[LP JGCH[LP W @SGKMKLP 0.= Klsgfg`m`gðh Umrm cb `íb`ubl kc bm klsgs y rgtjl kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls vêm ghtrmvchlsm sc rcmbgzm mtchkgchkl m bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc oltms, tchgchkl ch `uchtm su tmjmýl. - Cb tmjmýl hlrjmb kc bm oltm9 oltm9 = `` `lhtgchc 15 oltms. oltms.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Cb tmjmýl pckgítrg`l kc bm oltm9 = `` `lhtgchc 65 oltms pckgítrg`ms. Mkjghgstrm`gðh kc oltms9 H¹ kc oltms/`` (15-65 oltms) plr h¹ jb/=nlrm \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\ [gcjpl ch jghutls. Ltrm flrjm kc rcmbgzm`gðh9 H¹ kc oltms ch = jb plr h¹ kc jb quc sc bc pmsmh ch = nlrm \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\ [gcjpl ch jghutls.
0.1 Url`ckgjgchtls y `ugkmkls Cb jçkg`l cs qugçh prcs`rgac bm jckg`m`gðh m uh pm`gchtc , y bl rcfbcim plr cs`rgtl ch bm lrkch kc jckg`m`gðh l `umbqugcr ltrl kl`ujchtl mptl pmrm cstc `ljctgkl. Ch cstls kl`ujchtls kcach fgourmr `lh tlkm `bmrgkmk9 - Hljarc kcb pm`gchtc. - Fc`nms kc prcs`rgp`gðh. - Hljarc, klsgfg`m`gðh, plslbloêm kcb jckg`mjchtl. - Vêm kc mkjghgstrm`gðh, kurm`gðh kcb trmtmjgchtl, y fgrjm. Kcspuçs kc bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc bm jckg`m`gðh, sc rcogstrmrí ch bm nlim kc trmtmjgchtls, bgarl kc jckg`m`gðh l sgstcjm kc rcogstrl cjpbcmkl ch cb `chtrl msgstch`gmb. Ucrl mhtc tlkl ncjls kc tchcr ch `uchtm9 - ]uc cb chfcrjcrl, plr bcy, hl kgspchsm cb jckg`mjchtl, sgchkl rcsplhsmagbgkmk rcsplhsmagbgkmk kcb scrvg`gl scrvg`gl kc fmrjm`gm. - Cb chfcrjl tgchc kcrc`nl kcrc`nl m hl tljmrsc bm jckg`m`gðh prcs`rgtm. prcs`rgtm. Ch cstc cstc `msl sc mhltmrí cb gh`gkchtc y sc `ljuhg`mrí mb jçkg`l. - Pc nmh kc `ujpbgr bms ðrkchcs kcb fm`ubtmtgvl, sgcjprc y `umhkl sc çstc, scourms scourms kc cbbms. - Pg bm lrkch lrkch kcb jçkg`l jçkg`l gh`buyc bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc kls fírjm`ls fírjm`ls gh`ljpmtgabcs, y cb chfcrjcrl chfcrjcrl bl mkjghgstrm, cb rcsplhsmabc scrí cstc ùbtgjl, pucs plr bcy sc bc `lhsgkcrm prcpmrmkl pmrm kgspchsmr `ugkmkls kc smbuk, y plr bl tmhtl kcac `lhl`cr bms pc`ubgmrgkmkcs kc bls jckg`mjchtls. - Shm rcsplhsmagbgkmk kc chfcrjcrêm cs bm prcpmrm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls, pmrm cbbl sc rc`ljgchkm bm rcobm kc bms b ms `gh`l `ljprlam`glhcs9 - Fírjm`l cxm`tl. - Klsgs cxm`tm. - Vêm kc mkjghgstrm`gðh. - Nlrm cxm`tm. - Um`gchtc cxm`tl.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
[lkl cbbl `ljprlaíhklbl `lh bm lrkch jçkg`m, jçkg`m, y cstm m su vcz `lh bm nlim l bgarl kc jckg`m`gðh kc chfcrjcrêm. - @ljprlamr quc cb pm`gchtc hl sufrm hghouhm mbcrogm m kg`nl jckg`mjchtl prcs`rgtl, prcs`rgtl, agch jgríhklbl ch bm nlim kc jckg`m`gðh, l ch bm ngstlrgm `bêhg`m y, sgcjprc quc sc puckm, prcouhtíhklscbl. - @ljprlamr cb hljarc kcb fírjm`l fírjm`l mhtcs kc `locrbl, jgchtrms quc sc prcpmrm y `umhkl sc sc kcvucbvm m su sgtgl l sc tgrm. - Bmvmrsc bms jmhls y prcpmrmr prcpmrmr bm jckg`m`gðh scoùh scoùh bm tç`hg`m mkc`umkm, mkc`umkm, `ljprlamhkl9 `ljprlamhkl9 - Vêm prcs`rgtm y fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk. - @mrm`tcrêstg`ms lromhlbçptg`ms kcb jckg`mjchtl. - Ltrls kmtls kc ghtcrçs - Stgbgzmr l agch cb `mrrl `mrrl kc jckg`m`gðh jckg`m`gðh l cb sgstcjm nmagtumb quc sc utgbg`c utgbg`c ch cb `chtrl msgstchmsgstch`gmb. Cb `mrrl kc jckg`m`gðh `lhstm kc uhm scrgc kc amhkcims l `milhcs ghkgvgkumbcs, kcstghmkls uhl pmrm `mkm pm`gchtc, bl quc fm`gbgtm cb rcpmrtl y prltc``gðh kc bls fírjm`ls. M vc`cs vc`cs sc cjpbcm uhm amhkcim l amtcm, ch bm quc sc puckc `lbl`mr bls rc`gpgchtcs rc`gpgchtcs kc uhgklsgs, kcagkmjchtc gkchtgfg`mkls. Ucrl sgcjprc sc kcac9 - Gkchtgfg`mr mb pm`gchtc y cxpbg`mrbc cxpbg`mrbc bl quc sc bc vm m nm`cr. nm`cr. - @lbl`mr mb pm`gchtc ch bm plsg`gðh mkc`umkm. - Mkjghgstrmr cb jckg`mjchtl plr bm plsg`gðh mkc`umkm. - Lascrvmr bms rcm``glhcs kcb pm`gchtc pm`gchtc kcspuçs kc bm mkjghgstrm`gðh. mkjghgstrm`gðh. - Mhltmr sg prl`ckc, ch cb rcogstrl kc bm jckg`m`gðh bm nlrm, nlrm, cb hljarc kcb fírjm`l, vêm, klsgs y bms lascrvm`glhcs kctc`tmkms. kctc`tmkms. - Pg sc nm `ljctgkl `ljctgkl mboùh crrlr, hltgfg`mrbl rípgkmjchtc mb jçkg`l. jçkg`l.
;. MAPLQ@GÐH MAPLQ@GÐ H W KGP[QGA KGP[QGAS@GÐH S@GÐH KC FÍQJM@LP9 [L^G@GKMK W CFC@[LP @LBM[CQMBCP ;.= Maslr`gðh y kgstrgau`gðh Cs cb pmsl kcb prgh`gpgl m`tgvl kc uh fírjm`l, kcskc kcskc cb buomr klhkc nm sgkl bgacrmkl, nmstm cb tlrrchtc smhouêhcl, mtrmvcsmhkl bms pmrckcs `cbubmrcs. Bm maslr`gðh kcpchkc kc bms `mrm`tcrêstg`ms kcb fírjm`l kc su prcpmrm`gðh fmrjm`çutg`m y kc sus vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh9 kgrc`tm l ghkgrc`tm. Cstc prl`csl puckc vcrsc mbtcrmkl plr vmrgls fm`tlrcs fgsglbðog`ls y pmtlbðog`ls. p mtlbðog`ls. - Fm`tlrcs fgsglbðog`ls9 vmrêmh sg cs cs uh rc`gçh. rc`gçh. hm`gkl, kurmhtc cb cjamrmzl y ch bm mh`gmhgkmk. Bms mbtcrm`glhcs kc bm maslr`gðh slh kcagkms m bls `mjagls ch cb Un, m bm jltgbgkmk ghtcstghmb, mb fbuil smhouêhcl, ct`.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Fm`tlrcs pmtlbðog`ls9 `ljl bm prcsch`gm prcsch`gm kc kgmrrcms y vðjgtls. Pg cb fírjm`l sc mkjghgstrð plr vêm lrmb, cb mujchtl kcb pcrgstmbtgsjl nm`c quc cb jckg`mjchtl pcrjmhcz`m jchls tgcjpl ch cb ghtcstghl y hl puckm scr maslragkl. Pc kchljghm maslr`gðh cb pmsl kc uh fírjm`l kcskc cb cxtcrglr mb jckgl ghtcrhl. Pc puckc `lhsgkcrmr, csqucjítg`mjchtc, mb lromhgsjl `ljl uh `lhiuhtl kc ðromhls y tcigkls scpmrmkls kcb juhkl cxtcrglr plr bm pgcb y bms ju`lsms (kgocstgvm, l`ubmr, rcspgrmtlrgm, urlochgtmb, ct`.). Bls jckg`mjchtls sc plhch ch `lhtm`tl `lh bls cbcjchtls slarc bls quc m`tùmh, mtrmvcsmhkl bm pgcb l bms ju`lsms ghtm`tms, l plr cfrm``gðh kc cstls rcvcstgjchtls. rcvcstgjchtls. Ch cb prgjcr `msl bm maslr`gðh cs jckgmtm l ghkgrc`tm y ch cb scouhkl, kgrc`tm l ghjckgmtm. Bm maslr`gðh suplhc cb pmsl kcb fírjm`l kcskc cb buomr kc mkjghgstrm`gðh m bm `gr`ubm`gðh sgstçjg`m. Bm tmsm kc maslr`gðh vgchc kctcrjghmkm plr bm vêm kc mkjghgstrm`gðh. Bls fírjm`ls quc sc mkjghgstrmh vêm lrmb (v.l.) puckch maslracrsc kcb trm`tl kgocstgvl jckgmhtc kgfusgðh pmsgvm l trmhsplrtc m`tgvl. Cb pN oístrg`l, bm m`gkcz l mb`mbghgkmk kcb fírjm`l, c fbuil smhouêhcl kcb buomr kc ghyc``gðh, bm supcrfg`gc kgsplhgabc pmrm bm maslr`gðh y cb tgcjpl kc `lhtm`tl `lh cstm supcrfg`gc slh bls prgh`gpmbcs fm`tlrcs quc ghfbuych ch bm maslr`gðh. Bm aglkgsplhgagbgkmk kcb fírjm`l cs bm `mhtgkmk kc fírjm`l quc mb`mhzm bm `gr`ubm`gðh sgstçjg`m trms bm mkjghgstrm`gðh plr uhm vêm kgstghtm m bm g.v. Vchkrí kctcrjghmkm plr cb cfc`tl kc prgjcr pmsl ncpítg`l, bm slbuagbgkmk kcb fírjm`l y su cstmagbgkmk quêjg`m. Bms vêms kc maslr`gðh jckgmtms l ghkgrc`tms slh bms sgougchtcs9 - Vêm lrmb. - Vêm au`mb y suabghoumb. - Vêm rc`tmb. - Vêm rcspgrmtlrgm. - Vêm `utíhcm. - Vêm `lhiuhtgvmb. - Vêm ochgtlurghmrgm. Bms vêms kc maslr`gðh kgrc`tms l ghjckgmtms slh bms sgougchtcs9 - Vêm sua`utíhcm. - Vêm ghtrmjus`ubmr. - Vêm ghtrmpcrgtlhcmb. - Vêm ghtrmpbcurmb. - Vêm ghtrmmrtg`ubmr. - Vêm ghtrmvms`ubmr9 ghtrmvchlsm, ghtrmmrtcrgmb, ghtrm`mrkêm`m, ghtrmbghfítg`m. - Vêm ghtrmðscm. - Vêm ghtrmtc`mb. - Vêm ghtrmhcurmb.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
M. Vêms jckgmtms l ghkgrc`tms m. Vêm lrmb (maslr`g (maslr`gðh ðh omstrlghtc omstrlghtcstghmb) stghmb) Cb iuol oístrg`l tgchc uh pN juy í`gkl, ym quc cs prí`tg`mjchtc uhm slbu`gðh kc í`gkl `blrnêkrg`l kc`ghlrjmb, bucol sðbl bms sustmh`gms í`gkms (í`gkl m`ctgbsmbg`êbg`l, fchgbautmzlhm, ct`.), l juy bgplslbuabcs `ljl cb ctmhlb puckch maslracrsc. Bms sustmh`gms aísg`ms (jlrfghm, qughghm, ct`.) sc maslrach cs`msmjchtc ch cb cstðjmol. Ch cb ghtcstghl cb pN cs jís mb`mbghl quc ch cb cstðjmol4 bm maslr`gðh cs jís rípgkm kcagkl m bm jmylr supcrfg`gc plr bm prcsch`gm kc bms vcbblsgkmkcs ghtcstghmbcs y m bm jís rg`m vms`ubmrgzm`gðh kc bm ju`lsm. Ch cb ghtcstghl sc maslrach bms sustmh`gms bgplslbuabcs (`mrltchls, vgtmjghms M, K, C, D, ct`.), mzù`mrcs (jlhlsm`írgkls), amscs pùrg`ms y pgrgjgkêhg`ms, mjghlí`gkls, smbcs jghcrmbcs, vgtmjghm A=1, jckg`mjchtls kc `mrí`tcr aísg`l (jlrfghm, `lkcêhm, `mfcêhm, ct`.). Bm maslr`gðh tgchc buomr prcfcrchtcjchtc ch bls trm`tls mbtls kc ghtcstghl kcbomkl, ym quc m hgvcb kc `lblh sðbl sc maslrac prgh`gpmbjchtc moum y slkgl. Bm vêm lrmb prcschtm bms sgougchtcs vchtmims9 cs fí`gb y scourm, pcrjgtgchkl bm mutlmkjghgstrm`gðh kc bls fírjm`ls, c`lhðjg`m y juy agch m`cptmkm plr cb pm`gchtc y ch `msl kc slarcklsgfg`m`gðh sc puckc rctgrmr juy fí`gbjchtc cb fírjm`l sg hl nm trmhs`urrgkl kcjmsgmkl tgcjpl. Chtrc sus gh`lhvchgchtcs kcstm`mh bls sgougchtcs9 - cs kcjmsgmkl kcjmsgmkl bchtm bchtm pmrm scr ùtgb ch uhm sgtum`gðh sgtum`gðh kc cjcroch`gm. - bls fírjm`ls fírjm`ls grrgtmhtcs grrgtmhtcs prlvl`mh prlvl`mh híuscms y vðjgtls vðjgtls plr grrgtmr bm ju`lsm oístrg`m. oístrg`m. - bm prcsch`gm kc mbgjchtls y ltrls ltrls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls ch cb mpmrmtl kgocstgvl jlkgfg`m jlkgfg`m bm rmpgkcz l ghtchsgkmk kc bm maslr`gðh. - bms vchms quc krchmh bm ju`lsm ju`lsm omstrlghtcstghmb omstrlghtcstghmb slh mfbuchtcs kc bm vchm plrtm, plrtm, plr bl quc bls jckg`mjchtls pmsmh m trmvçs kcb nêomkl pukgchkl scr ghm`tgvmkls tltmb l pmr`gmbjchtc. - bm m`gkcz kcb iuol oístrg`l oístrg`l l bm prcsch`gm kc fcrjchtls fcrjchtls prltclbêtg`ls prltclbêtg`ls puckc ghm`tgvmr ormh hùjcrl kc fírjm`ls (pchg`gbghm O. ghsubghm, vmslprcsghm, M@[N, ct`.). Cstc gh`lhvchgchtc puckc lavgmrsc, ch mbouhls `msls, rc`urrgchkl mb cjpbcl kc bm `ípsubm chtçrg`m. - fm`tlrcs fgsglbðog`ls l pmtlbðog`ls, pmtlbðog`ls, tmbcs tmbcs `ljl vm`gmjgchtl oístrg`l, oístrg`l, jltgbgkmk omstrlghtcsomstrlghtcstghmb, musch`gm kc sc`rc`glhcs, grrgom`gðh grrgom`gðh kc bms ju`lsms, ct`., jlkgfg`mh bm maslr`gðh. - bls `mrm`tcrcs lromhlbçptg`ls kc bls jckg`mjchtls l bm hmturmbczm kc bls cx`gpgchtcs puckch jlkgfg`mr cb prl`csl kc maslr`gðh4 - hl sc puckc utgbgzmr utgbgzmr cstm cstm vêm `umhkl cb cb chfcrjl chfcrjl cstí cstí gh`lhs`gchtc. gh`lhs`gchtc.
a. Vêm au`mb y suabghoumb @gcrtl hùjcrl kc fírjm`ls `lbl`mkls slarc bm ju`lsm au`mb, hlrjmbjchtc kcamil kc bm bchoum, sc maslrach `lh rcbmtgvm fm`gbgkmk y rmpgkcz kcagkl mb cs`msl cspcslr kcb cpgtcbgl y m su rg`m vms`ubmrgzm`gðh. Bms vchms quc krchmh bm ju`lsm au`mb slh mfbuchtcs kc bm vchm `mvm y hl kc bm vchm plrtm, plr bl quc sc cbukc cb pmsl plr cb nêomkl. Bm hgtrlobg`crghm, mb`mblgkcs kcb `lrhczucbl kc `chtchl y nlrjlhms scxumbcs sc mkjghgstrmh plr cstm vêm.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
`. Vêm rc`tmb Bls fírjm`ls mkjghgstrmkls plr vêm rc`tmb sc maslrach kc flrjm grrcoubmr, vmrgmhkl ju`nl kc uhms sustmh`gms m ltrms. Bms prgh`gpmbcs vchtmims kc cstm vêm rmkg`mh ch quc puckc rc`urrgrsc m cbbm ch chfcrjls gh`lhs`gchtcs. Bls fírjm`ls cbukch pmr`gmbjchtc cb pmsl plr cb nêomkl, ym quc bms vchms ncjlrrlgkmbcs jckgm l ghfcrglr slh mfbuchtcs kc bm vchm `mvm y hl kc bm vchm plrtm, mkcjís ch cstm plr`gðh tmh kgstmb hl slh kcstrugkls plr bms chzgjms kgocstgvms. Bm grrgtm`gðh kc bm ju`lsm, gh`ljlkgkmk kc mkjghgstrm`gðh c grrcoubmrgkmk kc maslr`gðh slh sus p rgh`gpmbcs gh`lhvchgchtcs.
k. Vêm rcspgrmtl rcspgrmtlrgm rgm M hgvcb kc bm ju`lsm hmsmb sc maslrach mbouhls jckg`mjchtls, `ljl cb plbvl kc cxtrm`tl kc plstngpðfgsgs, mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs, vmsl`lhstrg`tlrcs, mhtgsçptg`ls mpbg`mkls tðpg`mjchtc, ct`. Bm ju`lsm kc bm tríqucm y kc bls arlhqugls tgchc uhm supcrfg`gc tltmb kc >5 m =55 jctrls `umkrmkls y cstí juy rg`mjchtc vms`ubmrgzmkm. Pc maslrach `lh ormh fm`gbgkmk bls omscs mhcstçsg`ls (`g`blprlpmhl, ctgbchl, ct`.), bêqugkls vlbítgbcs (fbultmhc, çtcr, `blrlflrjl, ct`.), l jlbç`ubms bgplslbuabcs kc cbcvmkm tchsgðh kc vmplr (`rclsltm, cu`mbgptlb, ct`., quc sc mkjghgstrmh ch flrjm kc ghnmbm`glhcs mrrmstrmkms plr cb vmplr kc moum), mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs (`l`mêhm), mcrlslbcs mcrlslbcs kc mkrchmbghm l gsuprcb, ct`. Bm vcbl`gkmk kc maslr`gðh kc uhm sustmh`gm plr vêm rcspgrmtlrgm kcpchkc kc su `lh`chtrm`gðh ch cb mgrc ghspgrmkl, frc`uch`gm rcspgrmtlrgm, pcrfusgðh pubjlhmr y slbuagbgkmk ch smhorc.
c. Vêm `utíhcm Bm pgcb cs uhm vêm kc maslr`gðh juy kcfg`gchtc, ym quc `lhstm kc uh cpgtcbgl plbgcstrmtgfg`mkl kc `çbubms `lrhgfg`mkms `lh fuh`gðh prltc`tlrm, pcrl hl maslrachtc, quc hl sc kcim mtrmvcsmr plr moum hg sustmh`gms ngkrlslbuabcs. Bls `ljpucstls juy bgplslbuabcs ( hg`ltghm, ghsc`tg`gkms lromhlflsflrmkls), l `lh `gcrtm tchsgðh kc vmplr, mtrmvgcsmh bm pgcb ghtm`tm. Cxgstch trcs fírjm`ls9 cb kgjctgsubfðxgkl (KJPL), HHKgjctgbflrjmjgkm (KJF) y HHKgjctgbm`ctmjgkm (KJM@), quc fmvlrc`ch bm maslr`gðh pcr`utíhcm kc ltrls fírjm`ls slbuagbgzmkls ch cbbls. Bm frg``gðh fmvlrc`c bm pchctrm`gðh kc sustmh`gms m trmvçs kc bms obíhkubms y flbê`ubls pgblsls. Bm mpbg`m`gðh kç `lrrgchtc cbç`trg`m (glhtlflrcsgs) gh`rcjchtm bm maslr`gðh kc bls `ljpucstls glhgzmkls m trmvçs kc bm pgcb.
f. Vêm `lhiuhtgvmb Bm ju`lsm `lhiuhtgvmb maslrac ju`nêsgjls fírjm`ls quc puckch prlvl`mr ormvêsgjms ghtlxg`m`glhcs sgstçjg`ms (mtrlpghm). Bms slbu`glhcs mpbg`mkms plr cstm vêm tgchch quc scr hcutrms c gsltðhg`ms. Ch mbouhls `msls puckch utgbgzmrsc slbu`glhcs lbclsms.
o. Vêm ochgtlurgumr ochgtlurgumrgm gm Bm ju`lsm vcsg`mb sc `ljplrtm kc flrjm scjcimhtc m bm pgcb y pcrjgtc bm maslr`gðh kc juy pl`ls fírjm`ls, hl msê bms ju`lsms urctrmb y vmoghmb, quc maslrach ormh hùjcrl kc fírjm`ls mpbg`mkls tðpg`mjchtc (mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs, mhtgsçptg`ls, ct`.), bbcomhkl m prlvl`mr `umkrls kc ghtlxg`m`gðh ochcrmb.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
A. Vêms kgrc`tms, ghjckgmtm ghjckgmtmss l pmrchtc pmrchtcrmbcs rmbcs Ch cstc tgpl kc vêms, cb fírjm`l, m kgfcrch`gm kcb `msl mhtcrglr, hl tgchc quc mtrmvcsmr hghouhm amrrcrm `cbubmr kc tgpl cpgtcbgmb l chkltcbgmb. Jckgmhtc ghyc``gðh, sc plhc ch `lhtm`tl `lh cb jckgl ghtcrhl. Bm vêm pmrchtcrmb rcqugcrc uhm rgourlsm mscpsgm, cs `mrm, klblrlsm, y cb pm`gchtc hlrjmbjchtc hl sc puckc mkjghgstrmr cb fírjm`l plr sê jgsjl4 cs ju`nl jís rípgkm quc bm vêm lrmb, jís ùtgb ch sgtum`glhcs kc cjcroch`gm l kc ghtlbcrmh`gm kgocstgvm, pcrl sg nmy slarcklsgfg`m`gðh, cs juy kgfê`gb rctgrmr cb fírjm`l mkjghgstrmkl. Pcoùh cb puhtl klhkc sc kcplsgtc, sc tgchch bms vêms quc sc `ljchtmh m `lhtghum`gðh.
m. Vêm sua`utíhcm Cb fírjm`l ch slbu`gðh l suspchsgðh sc ghyc`tm kcamil kc bm pgcb, kgfuhkc m trmvçs kc bm sustmh`gm fuhkmjchtmb kcb tcigkl `lhc`tgvl y pchctrm ch cb tlrrchtc `gr`ubmtlrgl m trmvçs kc bls `mpgbmrcs. Bms slbu`glhcs ghyc`tmkms tgchch quc scr hcutrms c gsltðhg`ms, ym quc, sg hl, slh juy grrgtmhtcs y prlvl`mh klblr y hc`rlsgs. Bm chzgjm ngmburlhgkmsm fmvlrc`c bm kgfusgðh c gh`rcjchtm bm vcbl`gkmk kc maslr`gðh, msê `ljl cb jmsmic y bm mpbg`m`gðh kc `mblr ch cb puhtl kc ghyc``gðh. Ulr cb `lhtrmrgl, bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc vmsl`lhstrg`tlrcs vmsl`lhstrg`tlrcs l bm mpbg`m`gðh bl`mb kc frêl rctmrkm bm maslr`gðh m pmrtgr kcb puhtl kc ghyc``gðh. Bms slbu`glhcs lbclsms puckch chqugstmrsc y prlvl`mr bm mpmrg`gðh kc uh mas`csl cstçrgb. Mbouhms sustmh`gms (tuacr`ubghm, vm`uhms, ct`.) sc ghyc`tmh ch cb cspcslr kc bm pgcb y sc nmabm kc vêm ghtrmkçrjg`m.
a. Vêm ghtrmjus`ub ghtrmjus`ubmr mr Ulr vêm ghtrmjus`ubmr bm maslr`gðh cs ju`nl jís rípgkm quc plr vêm sua`utíhcm, kcagkl m quc cb jùs`ubl cstrgmkl cstí ju`nl jís grrgomkl y bm ghyc``gðh cs jchls klblrlsm kcagkl m su jchlr rgquczm ch fgarms schsgtgvms4 kcac cvgtmrsc bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc sustmh`gms grrgtmhtcs quc prlvl`mh hc`rlsgs jus`ubmr. Bm ghyc``gðh puckc plhcrsc ch bm jmsm kcb trê`cps, `mrm mhtcrlbmtcrmb kcb jusbl l `umkrmhtc supcrglr y cxtcrhl kc bm rcogðh obùtcm4 nmy quc cvgtmr cb plhcr bm ghyc``gðh kchtrl kc uh vmsl, bl quc sc `ljprucam mspgrmhkl `lh cb çjalbl kc bm icrghom mhtcs kc ghyc`tmr, plrquc sg cb jckg`mjchtl cs uhm suspchsgðh l uhm slbu`gðh lbclsm, sc puckc prlvl`mr uhm cjalbgm4 tmjagçh cs hc`csmrgl cvgtmr bm puh`gðh p uh`gðh kc uh trlh`l hcrvglsl.
`. Vêm ghtrmpcrg ghtrmpcrgtlhcmb tlhcmb Juy utgbgzmkm ch Fmrjm`lbloêm cxpcrgjchtmb, pcrl su cjpbcl cs pcbgorlsl ch Fmrjm`lbloêm nujmhm, ym quc sg sc pcrflrm uh msm ghtcstghmb sc prlvl`m uhm ormvc pcrgtlhgtgs, y sg sc ghyc`tm uhm sustmh`gm grrgtmhtc tgchc buomr bm flrjm`gðh kc mkncrch`gms pcrgtlhcmbcs. Bm supcrfg`gc kc maslr`gðh cs juy ormhkc y bm rmpgkcz kc pchctrm`gðh cs cqugvmbchtc m bm kc bm vêm ghtrmvchlsm.
k. Vêm ghtrmpbc ghtrmpbcurmb urmb Urcschtm `mrm`tcrêstg`ms juy scjcimhtcs m bm mhtcrglr, cs juy pl`l cjpbcmkm y ch mbouhms l`msglhcs sc ghyc`tmh fcrjchtls prltclbêtg`ls l mhtgagðtg`ls ch prl`csls ghfc``glsls bl`mbgzmkls ch cstm scrlsm.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
c. Vêm ghtrmmrtg` ghtrmmrtg`ubmr ubmr Cjpbcmkm ch rcujmtlbloêm pmrm bm mkjghgstrm`gðh mkjghg strm`gðh kc `lrtgsðhg`ls. Kcac cxtrcjmrsc cxtrcjmrsc bm mscpsgm.
f. Vêm ghtrmvms` ghtrmvms`ubmr ubmr Kchtrl kc bm vêm ghtrmvms`ubmr, bm jís frc`uchtcjchtc cjpbcmkm cs bm ghtrmvchlsm, cspc`gmbjchtc ghkg`mkm ch `msls kc uroch`gm y pmrm mkjghgstrmr jckg`mjchtls grrgtmhtcs plr ltrms vêms (slbu`glhcs mb`mbghms, ngpcrtðhg`ms, obu`ðsgkls `mrkêm`ls, mrschg`mbcs, jlstmzms hgtrlochmkms, ct`.)4 pcrjgtc tmjagçh bm mkjghgstrm`gðh `lhtghumkm kc fírjm`ls l kc ormhkcs vlbùjchcs kc slbu`glhcs plr ghfusgðh `lhtghum. Hl sc puckch ghyc`tmr plr vêm chklvchlsm suspchsglhcs hg slbu`glhcs lbclsms. Bm ghyc``gðh chklvchlsm kcac plhcrsc juy bchtmjchtc pmrm cvgtmr cb snl`d kc vcbl`gkmk, quc ch cb `msl kc bm tclfgbghm puckc bbcomr m scr jlrtmb. Bm vêm ghtrmmrtcrgmb sc utgbgzm ch bm qugjgltcrmpgm rcoglhmb kc bls tujlrcs, pmrm vgsumbgzmr uh kctcrjghmkl tcrrgtlrgl jckgmhtc bm ghyc``gðh kc `lhtrmstc rmkglpm`l, l pmrm mkjghgstrmr vmslkgbmtmklrcs ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bms cjalbgms mrtcrgmbcs. M bm vêm ghtrm`mrkêm`m sc rc`urrc ch `msls kcscspcrmkls (ghyc``gðh kc mkrchmbghm ch bm pmrmkm `mrkêm`m). Bm ghyc``gðh kc `lhtrmstc glkmkl l kc mhtgjgtðtg`ls kchtrl kc bls bghfítg`ls tgchc utgbgkmk ch pmtlbloêm tujlrmb.
o. Vêm ghtrmðscm Ch mbouhls `msls hl cs plsgabc `mhubmr uhm vchm y sc ghyc`tmh fírjm`ls ch bls nucsls pbmhls (cstcrhðh). Bm rmpgkcz kc bm maslr`gðh cs scjcimhtc m bm kc bm vêm vê m ghtrmvchlsm.
n. Vêm ghtrmtc`m ghtrmtc`mbb (ghtrmrrmquê (ghtrmrrmquêkcm) kcm) Ulr cstm vêm sc ghyc`tmh sustmh`gms quc hl mtrmvgcsmh bm amrrcrm ncjmtlch`cfíbg`m (mhtgagðtg`ls), l mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs pmrm bm mhcstcsgm rmquêkcm kcagkl m bm bchtm `gr`ubm`gðh kcb bêqugkl `crcarlcspghmb4 bm kchsgkmk kc bms slbu`glhcs kc mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs sc vmrêm mrtgfg`gmbjchtc4 `umhkl slh jís kchsms quc cb bêqugkl `cfmblrrmquêkcl sc nmabm kc slbu`glhcs ngpcramrms4 l jchls kchsms, slbu`glhcs ngplamrms, scoùh bm zlhm quc sc qugcrm mhcstcsgmr. Bm ghyc``gðh kc fírjm`ls ch bls vchtrê`ubls `crcarmbcs lrgoghm rcspucstms kgfcrchtcs m bms prlku`gkms plr ltrms vêms. Msê, plr cicjpbl, kc ktual`urmrghm plr vêm ghtrmvchlsm cs rcbmimrtc jus`ubmr y plr vêm ghtrmvchtrg`ubmr cs `lhvubsgvmhtc.
g. Vêm ghtrmhcurmb Mbouhls jckg`mjchtls (mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs, ctmhlb) sc ghyc`tmh m hgvcb kc bls h crvgls (mhcstcsgm bl`mb kc ghfgbtrm`gðh, trlh`ubmr, pbcxubmr, cpgkurmb) l kc bls omhobgls sgjpítg`ls. Cb ablqucl kc `lhku``gðh latchgkl puckc scr rcvcrsgabc, `msl kc bls mhcstçsg`ls bl`mbcs, l grrcvcrsgabc, `msl kcb ctmhlb (mb`lnlb), utgbgzmkl plr cstm vêm ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm hcurmbogm kc trgoçjghl.
;.1 Cbgjghm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls Bm cbgjghm`gðh kcb fírjm`l m trmvçs kcb rgýðh sc rcmbgzm prgh`gpmbjchtc plr fgbtrm`gðh obljcrubmr y sc`rc`gðh ch cb tùaubl prlxgjmb. Bm `mhtgkmk kc fírjm`l quc sc cbgjghm kcb pbmsjm ch uh pcrglkl kc tgcjpl kctcrjghmkl sc kchljghm m`bmrm`gðh rchmb. Ch sgtum`glhcs `ljl cb snl`d `mrkgloçhg`l, bm ghsufg`gch`gm `mrkgm`m l bm ncjlrrmogm, ch bms quc cb fbuil rchmb cstí kgsjghugkl, bm scjgvgkm kc uh fírjm`l puckc mujchtmr. Pg sc mkjghgstrm jís kc uh fírjm`l kc flrjm sgjubtíhcm, puckc cstmabc`crsc uhm `ljpctg`gðh chtrc mjals plr bms prltcêhms pbmsjítg`ms y mujchtmr b m cx`rc`gðh kcb quc sc
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
uhm jchls m kg`nms prltcêhms. Bm chfcrjckmk rchmb puckc kgsjghugr tmjagçh bm tmsm kc cx`rc`gðh Bm cbgjghm`gðh cs cb pmsl kc uh fírjm`l kcb jckgl ghtcrhl mb cxtcrglr y sc rgoc plr bls jgsjls prgh`gpgls cxpucstls mhtcrglrjchtc. Pc kgstghouch bms sgougchtcs vêms kc cbgjghm`gðh9 - Qchmb. - Agbgmr. - Uubjlhmr. - Pmbgvmb. - Oístrg`m. - Ghtcstghmb. - @utíhcm. - Bmorgjmb. - Jmjmrgm.
M. Cbgjghm`gðh rchmb [lkms bms sustmh`gms kc pcsl jlbc`ubmr ghfcrglr m 67.555 fgbtrmh plr cb obljçrubl rchmb, hl pmsmhkl bls fírjm`ls uhgkls m bms prltcêhms pbmsjítg`ms. Ch bm plr`gðh kgstmb kcb tual `lhtlrhcmkl prlxgjmb y m bl bmrol kcb tual kgstmb mujchtm bm `lh`chtrm`gðh kc bms sustmh`gms bgplslbuabcs ch bm buz tuaubmr y pmsmh mb cspm`gl pcrgtuaubmr m fmvlr kc uh ormkgchtc kc `lh`chtrm`gðh. Cb pN urghmrgl ghfbuyc slarc bm kgsl`gm`gðh, ghtcrvghgchkl ch cb prl`csl kc rcmaslr`gðh. Ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm ghtlxg`m`gðh plr í`gkls kçagbcs (fchlamragtmb, smbg`gbmtls, subflhmjgkms, ct`.), sc mb`mbghgzm bm lrghm `lh ag`mralhmtl sðkg`l pmrm fmvlrc`cr bm cbgjghm`gðh kc cstms sustmh`gms plr gh`rcjchtmr bm frm``gðh glhgzmkm. Pg sc trmtm kc amscs kçagbcs (mhfctmjghm), sc m`gkgfg`m `lh `blrurl mjðhg`l. Bls í`gkls lroíhg`ls kgsl`gmkls (pchg`gbghm, achzltgmkgmzghms, obg`urlhl`lhiuomkls, ct`.), sc cx`rctmh plr cb tùaubl prlxgjmb y plr uh jc`mhgsjl kc trmhsplrtc m`tgvl quc cs ablqucmkl plr cb prlachc`gk y bm `mrlhmrhgkm. Cb í`gkl ùrg`l cs rcmaslragkl plr cstc jgsjl sgstcjm kc trmhsplrtc. Bms amscs lroíhg`ms (trgolhcbghm, `lbghm, ngstmjghm, ncxmrhctlhgl, ct`.), sc cx`rctmh plr uh jc`mhgsjl kc trmhsplrtc m`tgvl kgstghtl, pucs bls ablqucmhtcs `gtmkls mhtcrglrjchtc hl bc mfc`tmh.
A. Cbgjghm`gðh Cbgjghm`gðh agbgmr Bls jckg`mjchtls smbch kcb nêomkl9 plr vêm smhouêhcm m trmvçs kc bms vchms suprmncpítg`ms, plr vêm bghfítg`m l plr bm agbgs. Ch bm cx`rc`gðh agbgmr ghtcrvgchch trcs prl`csls kc trmhsplrtc m`tgvl9 uhl pmrm í`gkls lroíhg`ls, ltrl pmrm amscs lroíhg`ms y ltrl pmrm sustmh`gms ngkrlslbuabcs hl glhgzmkms (obu`ðsgkls `mrkêm`ls). Cb mhtgagðtg`l hlvlagl`ghm `ljpgtc `lh bm agbgrruaghm m hgvcb kc su trmhsplrtc m`tgvl y mujchtm su `lh`chtrm`gðh pbmsjítg`m prlvl`mhkl g`tcrg`gm. Bls jckg`mjchtls cbgjghmkls plr agbgs vucbvch m scr rcmaslragkl ch cb ghtcstghl (`gr`ubm`gðh chtcrlncpítg`m).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
@. Cbgjghm`gðh Cbgjghm`gðh pubjlhmr Bls mhcstçsg`ls mhcstçsg`ls vlbítgbcs, kgjctgbsubfðxgkl kgjctgbsubfurl, jchtlb, ct`., ct`., sc cbgjghmh m trmvçs kcb mgrc cspgrmkl. Bls glkurls, plr sc`rc`gðh arlhqugmb.
K. Cbgjghm` Cbgjghm`gðh gðh smbgvmb Bls glkurls y jctmbcs pcsmkls (agsjutl, jcr`urgl, ct`.) sc cbgjghmh plr bm smbgvm, sgchkl rcmaslragkls ch trm`tls mbtls kcb ghtcstghl kcbomkl. k cbomkl.
C. Cbgjghm`gðh Cbgjghm`gðh oístrg`m Bms amscs kçagbcs, `ljl bm jlrfghm, pmsmh kcb pbmsjm mb iuol oístrg`l, klhkc sc glhgzmh y sc m`ujubmh (mtrmpc plr glhgzm`gðh). Ch cstc prl`csl kc cbgjghm`gðh oístrg`m sc amsm cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm ghtlxg`m`gðh jlrfêhg`m plr jckgl kcb bmvmkl kc cstðjmol.
F. Cbgjghm`gðh Cbgjghm`gðh ghtcstghmb Mbouhls jckg`mjchtls, `ljl bm fchgtlêhm, pmsmh kc bm smhorc m bm buz ghtcstghmb, mtrmvcsmhkl cb cpgtcbgl y cbgjghíhklsc plr nc`cs.
O. Cbgjghm`gðh `utíhcm Ulr pgcb y fmhcrms sc cbgjghm cb mrsçhg`l y, m trmvçs kcb suklr, bls arljurls c glkurls.
N. Cbgjghm`gðh bm`rgjmb Ulr bms bíorgjms sc cbgjghmh bls glkurls quc plr cb `lhku`tl bm`rgjmb pmsmh m bms flsms hmsmbcs y slh ubtcrglrjchtc rcmaslragkls. Kcagkl m cstm cbgjghm`gðh kc bls glkurls plr bms bíorgjms, bls chfcrjls sljctgkls m cstm jckg`m`gðh, mfc`tls m prl`csls l`ubmrcs, hl puckch scr trmtmkls `lh pljmkms jcr`urgmbcs, pucs sc flrjm ch bm b m `lhiuhtgvm glkurl jcr`ùrg`l, cxtrmlrkghmrgmjchtc cxtrmlrkghmrgmjchtc grrgtmhtc.
G. Cbgjghm`gðh plr bm obíhkubm jmjmrgm Mbouhls fírjm`ls bgplslbuabcs (ctmhlb), l amscs kçagbcs (hg`ltghm, jlrfghm), pmsmh m bm sc`rc`gðh bí`tcm, quc tgchc uh pN mbol jís í`gkl quc cb kcb pbmsjm. Bm cbgjghm`gðh kc mbouhms sustmh`gms `ljl bm jlrfghm plr cstm vêm cs juy pcbgorlsm, pucs sc nmh kcs`rgtl sêhkrljcs kc fmrjm`lkcpchkch`gm ch bm`tmhtcs `uyms jmkrcs tljmamh lpgí`cls.
;.0 [l [lxg`gkmk xg`gkmk y cfc`tls `lbmtcrmbcs Hghoùh jckg`mjchtl cstmrí bgarc kc cfc`tls tðxg`ls, quc slh rcmbjchtc uhm mjpbgm`gðh kc bls cfc`tls tcrmpçutg`ls.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
M. @musms kc tlxg`gkmk Chtrc bms `musms kc tlxg`gkmk sc puckch kgstghougr bms sgougchtcs9
m. Plarcklsgfg`m`gðh Uuckc scr maslbutm (cx`csl kc klsgs) l rcbmtgvm4 bm klsgs cs `lrrc`tm, pcrl sc mkjghgstrm m suictls ngpcrschsgabcs (ngpltgrlgkcls, ghsufg`gch`gm ncpítg`m l rchmb, rc`gçh hm`gkls l prcjmturls, suictls `lh ngplpltmscjgm m bls quc sc mkjghgstrm mkjghg strm obu`ðsgkls, `mrkêm`ls, ct`.). ct`.).
a. Ngpcrschsg Ngpcrschsgagbgkmk agbgkmk Mbouhls fírjm`ls m`tùmh `ljl nmptchls y prlku`ch rcm``glhcs mbçrog`ms.
A. Jc`mhgsjls kc mbcrogm Cxgstch bls sgougchtcs jc`mhgsjls kc mbcrogm m bls jckg`mjchtls9
m. Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl G (ghjckgmtm) Cstm flrjm kc mbcrogm `ljprchkc rcm``glhcs jckgmkms plr GoC m pg`mkurms kc mhgjmbcs y jckg`mjchtls. Bms rcm``glhcs slh kc trcs `bmscs9 - Mhmfgbmxgm - Srtg`mrgm - Mhoglckcjm.
Bms jlbç`ubms jckg`mjchtlsms pcqucýms puckch m`tumr `ljl nmptchls `umhkl sc uhch m prltcêhms trmhsplrtmklrms, ghg`gmhkl bm prlbgfcrm`gðh y kgfcrch`gm`gðh kc bls bghfl`gtls A y bm sêhtcsgs kc mhtg`ucrpls GoC. Cstls sc uhch m `çbubms `camkms tgsubmrcs y amsðfgbls smhouêhcls, quc rcsubtmh kc cstc jlkl schsgagbgzmkls. Ch uhm cxplsg`gðh plstcrglr cb jckg`mjchtl mhtgoçhg`l sc uhc m mhtg`ucrpls, kcsch`mkchmhkl bm bgacrm`gðh kc jckgmklrcs m rcspucstms vms`ubmrcs y bm bcsgðh bcsgð h tgsubmr, `ljl ngstmjghm, `ghghms, prlstmobmhkghms y bcu`ltrgchls. Bls fírjm`ls quc `ljùhjchtc `musmh rcm``glhcs mbçrog`ms tgpl = slh bms pchg`gbghms y bms subflhmjgkms.
a. Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl GG Ch cbbm ghtcrvgchch mhtg`ucrpls kc `bmsc GoO l GoJ, quc sc uhch m bls crgtrl`gtls `gr`ubmhtcs. `gr`ubmhtcs. Ch bm rccxplsg`gðh mb mhtêochl nmy bgsgs `cbubmr kcpchkgchtc kc `ljpbcjchtl. Bms rcm``glhcs mbçrog`ms tgpl GG gh`buych sêhkrljcs mutlghjuhgtmrgls, `ljl mormhubl`gtlsgs (plr vmrgls jckg`mjchtls) y bupus crgtcjmtlsl sgstçjg`l (plr cxplsg`gðh m ngkrmbm`ghm l prl`mghmjgkm).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
`. Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl GGG Cstc tgpl `ljpbcil kc rcm``gðh `ljprchkc mhtg`ucrpls GoJ l GoO fgimklrcs kcb `ljpbcjchtl y tmb vcz mhtg`ucrpls GoC. Plh cicjpbls bm chfcrjckmk kcb sucrl ghku`gkm plr fírjm`ls y bm vms`ubgtgs4 mkcjís, cb sêhkrljc kc PtcvchsIlnhslh puckc prlku`grsc plr jc`mhgsjls tgpl GGG.
k. Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl GV Cstm cs uhm rcm``gðh jckgmkm plr `çbubms y puckc prlku`grsc plr mpbg`m`gðh tðpg`m kc jckg`mjchtls, `ljl bm kcrjmtgtgs plr `lhtm`tl.
c. Gkglsgh`rm Gkglsgh`rmsgm sgm Cs uhm rcspucstm mhlrjmb hl rcbm`glhmkm `lh bm klsgs y `umbgtmtgvmjchtc kgfcrchtc kc bls cfc`tls fmrjm`lbðog`ls `mrm`tcrêstg`ls kcb jckg`mjchtl, quc sc prcschtm ch `gcrtls ghkgvgkuls, `ljl plr cicjpbl, bm mhcjgm ncjlbêtg`m, `lhsc`utgvm m bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc >mjghlqughlbghms4 l bm mormhubl`gtlsgs, quc sc prcschtm trms bm ghocstgðh kc fchgbautmzlhm. @lhl`gjgchtl gh`ljpbctl kc bm fmrjm`lkghmjgm kc bls jckg`mjchtls.
@. Cfc`tls `lbmtcrmbcs y sc`uhkmrgls Pc kchljghm cfc`tl `lbmtcrmb mqucb cfc`tl prlku`gkl `lh klsgs nmagtumbcs kc jckg`mjchtl, pcrl quc hl sc kcscm ch uh kctcrjghmkl jljchtl4 plr cicjpbl, =m mtrlpghm sc utgbgzm ch cb trmtmjgchtl kcb ub`us omstrlkulkchmb, pcrl prlvl`m trmstlrhls ch bm vgsgðh4 bls mhtgngstmjêhg`ls, utgbgzmkls `ljl mhtgmbçrog`ls, prlvl`mh sljhlbch`gm. Pc kchljghm cfc`tl sc`uhkmrgl cb cfc`tl hl kcscmkl kc uh jckg`mjchtl, pcrl quc cs `lhsc`uch`gm kc su m``gðh fmrjm`lbðog`m4 plr cicjpbl, bm jlhgbgmsgs `lhsc`utgvm m uh trmtmjgchtl lrmb `lh tctrm`g`bghms. Bms jmhgfcstm`glhcs tðxg`ms jís gjplrtmhtcs slh bms sgougchtcs9
m. Ngpcrschsgagbgk Ngpcrschsgagbgkmk mk l mbcrogm m bls fírjm`ls - Pnl`d mhmfgbí`tg`l `lh ngpltchsgðh, kgshcm, pçrkgkm kc `lh`gch`gm. - Qcm``glhcs `utíhcms, quc vmrêmh kcskc cb rmsn bgocrl m bm kcrjmtgtgs cxflbgmtgvm, kcrjmtgtgs kcrjmtgtgs kc `lhtm`tl plr `lsjçtg`ls, pljmkms kc mhtgagðtg`ls, ct`. - Qcm``glhcs kcb mpmrmtl rcspgrmtlrgl9 rghgtgs, msjm. - Qcm``glhcs vms`ubmrcs9 urtg`mrgm, ckcjm mhoglhcurðtg`l, mhoglhcurðtg`l, mrtcrgtgs plr kcochcrm`gðh kcochcrm`gðh kc bm tùhg`m jckgm. - Fgcarc. - Qcm``glhcs ncjmtlbðog`ms9 bcu`l`gtlsgs, clsghlfgbgm, mkchlpmtêms. - Mrtrmbogm. - Kcprcsgðh kc bm jçkubm ðscm. Hc`rlsgs ncpítg`m. - G`tcrg`gm lastru`tgvm. - Kcochcrm`gðh kc bls tùaubls rchmbcs. - Fltlschsgagbgzm`gðh (tctrm`g`bghms, fchltgmzghms, subflhmjgkms).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
a. Mbtcrm`glhcs kc pgcb y ju`lsms - Kcrjmtgtgs cxflbgmtgvm (lrl, subflhmjgkms, vm`uhms, ct`.). - Mblpc`gm (ncpmrghm, mhtghclpbísg`ls, ct`.). - Ngpcrtrg`lsgs (mhkrðochls). - @gmhlsgs (subflhmjgkms). - @lrrlsgðh (qucrmtlbêtg`ls). - Pêhkrljcs kc PtcvchIlnhslh y Bycbb (amragtùrg`ls, smbg`gbmtls, subflhmjgkms). - Bupucs crgtcjmtlsl kgscjghmkl y pcrgmrtcrgtgs pcrgmrtcrgtgs hlklsm (ngkrmbmzghm, orgsclfubvghm, orgsclfubvghm, subflhmjgkms).
`. [rmstlrhls kgocstgvls - Pcquckmk kc ju`lsms (mhtg`lbghçrog`ls). - Sb`us omstrlkulkchmb (`lrtg`lgkcs, smbg`gbmtls, fchgbautmzlhm). - Ucrflrm`gðh ycyuhmb (`blrurl pltísg`l). - Cstcmtlrrcm (hcljg`ghm). - Pêhkrljc kc jmbmaslr`gðh ghtcstghmb (m`cgtc kc pmrmfghm). - Híuscms, vðjgtls, kgmrrcm.
k. Kgs`rmsgm Kgs`rmsgmss smhouêhcms - Ngpcr`lmoubmagbgkmk (mhtg`lh`cptgvls lrmbcs, `lrtg`lgkcs, ct`.). - Ncjlrrmogms plr ngpltrljaghcjgm (kcxtrmhl, í`gkl pmrmjghlsmbg`êbg`l, smbg`gbmtls, kg`ujmrêhg`ls, ct`.). - Clsghlfgbgm (kgogtíbg`ls). - Bcu`lpchgm, ormhubl`gtlpchgm. - Mhcjgm jcomblabístg`m (kgfchgbngkmhtlêhm, trgjctlprgj, fchlamragtmb). - [rljal`gtlpchgm. - Mormhubl`gtlsgs (mhtghclpbísg`ls, mhtgtgrlgkcls, subflhms, ct`.). - Mhcjgm mpbístg`m (`blrmhfchg`lb, fchgbautmzlhm, lrl, ;mjghlqughlbghms, ct`.). - Jctmncjloblaghcjgm (subflhmjgkms, fchm`ctghm, hgtrgtls). - @rgsgs kc plrfgrgm (amragtùrg`ls, pbljl, orgsclfubvghm). - Mhcjgm ncjlbêtg`m ncjlbêtg`m kcagkm m uh kçfg`gt kc kc bm chzgjm obu`lsm 6 flsfmtl kcngkrlochmsm, csch`gmb pmrm cb `g`bl kc bms pchtlsms, fuchtc kc HMKUGG y obutmtgðh rcku`gkl (subflhmjgkms, mhtgpmbùkg`ls, hgtxlfurmhls, ct`.).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
c. Ncpmtlxg` Ncpmtlxg`gkmk gkmk - Hc`rlsgs ncpmtl`cbubmr (mrsçhg`l, (mrsçhg`l, mhcstçsg`ls mhcstçsg`ls nmblochmkls, Mtlfíh, ghngagklrcs ghngagklrcs kc jlhlmjghlxgkmsm). - @lblstmsgs ghtrmncpítg`m (fchltgmzghms, crgtrljg`ghm, trgm`ctgblchkljg`ghm, jctgbtcstlstc jctgbtcstlstcrlhm). rlhm). - @ljm ncpítg`l (kgurçtg`ls tgmzêkg`ls). - Ngpcragbgrruaghcjgm y dcrhg`tcrus (subflhmjgkms, vgtmjghm D). - Cstcmtlsgs (tctrm`g`bghms). - Ncpmtgtgs `rðhg`m m`tgvm (hgtrlfurmhtlêhm, Mbkljct).
f. Hcfrltlxg`g Hcfrltlxg`gkmk kmk - Kcochcrm`gðh tuaubmr (subflhmjgkms, mhtgagðtg`ls mjghlobg`lsêkg`ls, ct`.). - Hcfrgtgs ghtcrstg`gmb (fchm`ctghm). - @rgstmburgms rchmbcs (subflhmjgkms). - Obljcrublhcfrgtgs. - Lbgourgm. - Mbaujghurgm. - Ncjmturgm. - Hcfrlpmtêms mbçrog`ms (fchgbautmzlhm).
o. [rmstlrhls kcb mpmrmtl rcspgrmtl rcspgrmtlrgl rgl - Fgarlsgs pubjlhmr (ausubfíh, jctgscrogkm, ngkrmbmzghm, prl`mghmjgkm, ct`.). - Arlh`lcspmsjl (ngstmjghm, actm mkrchlbêtg`ls, `lbghljgjçtg`ls, mb`mblgkcs fchmtrçhg`ls kcb lpgl, ktual`urmrghm, ct`.). - Kcprcsgðh kcb `chtrl `chtrl rcspgrmtlrgl rcspgrmtlrgl (mhcstçsg`ls ochcrmbcs, ngphðtg`ls, ngphlmhmboçsg`ls, hcurlbçptg`ls, ct`.). - Grrgtm`gðh kc bm ju`lsm arlhqugmb (cxpc`tlrmhtcs).
n. [rmstlrhls `mrkglvms` `mrkglvms`ubmrcs ubmrcs - Fgargbm`gðh vchtrg`ubmr (obu`ðsgkls `mrkêm`ls). - Ngpcrtchsgðh (cstrðochls, `lrtg`lgkcs). - Ngpltchsgðh. - @lbmpsl. - Mrrgtjgms (psg`lfírjm`ls, hcurlbçptg`ls, ct`.). - Ghsufg`gch`gm `mrkêm`m (actm mkrchlbêtg`ls). - Jgl`mrkgtgs tðxg`m (cjctghm).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
g. Jctmalbgsjl y ambmh`c ngkrlcbc`trlbêtg`l - Kcsngkrmtm`gðh (puromhtcs, kgurçtg`ls, ct`.). - Ngpldmbgcjgm (puromhtcs, bmxmhtcs, kgurçtg`ls jcr`urgmbcs l tgmzêkg`ls). - Ngpcrdmbgcjgm (trgmghtcrchc, mjgblrgkc, cspgrlhlbm`tlhms, ct`.). - Qctch`gðh kc slkgl (`lrtg`lgkcs, pgrmzlblhms). - Ngpcr`mb`cjgm (vgtmjghm K). - Ngpcrurg`cjgm (tgmzgkms, kgmzðxgkl, jlrfmzghmjgkm). - M`gklsgs jctmaðbg`m (`blrurl mjðhg`l, ghngagklrcs kc `mraðhg`l mhngkrmsm, ct`.). - Mb`mblsgs jctmaðbg`m (kgurçtg`ls jcr`urgmbcs). - Mb`mblsgs omsclsm (smbg`gbmtls). - Lstclplrlsgs (`lrtg`lgkcs, ncpmrghm, ngkmhtlêhms).
i. Pgstcjm chkl`rghl - GGgplobu`cjgm (ghngagklrcs kc jlhlmjghlxgkmsm, subflhgburcms, ghsubghm, actm mkrchlbêtg`ls). - Ngpcrobu`cjgm (tgmzgkms, kgmzðxgkl, `lrtg`lgkcs, ct`.). - Mtrlfgm suprmrrchmb (obu`l`lrtg`lgkcs (obu`l`lrtg`lgkcs).). - Mbtcrm`glhcs scxumbcs (mhkrðochls, cstrðochls, prlocstíochls prlocstíochls).). - Ngpltgrlgkgsjl (subflhmjgkms, í`gkl pmrmmjghl smbg`êbg`l, kcrgvmkls kcb tglurm`gbl, tglurm`gbl, fchgbautmzlhm, ct`.). - Gjpltch`gm (oumhctgkghm, mbfm mkrchlbêtg`ls, ghngagklrcs kc jlhlmjghllxgkmsm, ct`.). - Mjchlrrcmombm`tlr Mjchlrrcmombm`tlrrcm rcm (`blrprljmzghm, subpgrgkc, rcscrpghm).
d. Pgstcjm hcrvglsl `chtrmb y pcrgfçrg`l - Cstgjubm`gðh y `lhvubsglhcs (gslhgmzgkm, pchg`gbghm ghtrmrrmquêkcm). - Kcprcsgðh, sljhlbch`gm y `ljm (sckmhbcs `chtrmbcs). - Ulbghcurgtgs (gslhgmzgkm). - Umrdghslhgsjl (rcscrpghm, fchltgmzghms, autgrlfchlhms, ct`.). - Pêhkrljc jgmstçhg`l (ablqucmhtcs hcurljus`ubmrcs, mhtgagðtg`ls mjghlobg`ðsgkls). - Ghsljhgl (mhfctmjghms, rgtmbghm, ct`.).
b. Ðromhls Ð romhls kc bls schtgkls - Bcsglhcs kcb hcrvgl hcrvgl ðptg`l (ctmjautlb, kgsubfgrmj, ncbc`nl jm`nl, ct`.). - @mtmrmtms ([rgpmrmhlb l Jcr17). - Kcochcrm`gðh rctghgmhm (;mjghlqughlbghms).
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Obmu`ljm (mtrlpghm, cs`lplbmjghm, achm`bgzghm, gjgprmjghm). - Mhlsthgm (tgrltrg`ghm). - Mbtcrm`gðh kc bm vgsgðh kc bls `lblrcs `lblrcs (obu`ðsgkls `mrkêm`ls, smhtlhghm). - Jglpêm trmhsgtlrgm (subflhmjgkms, m`ctmzlbmjgkm). - Plrkcrm (kgngkrlcstrcptljg`ghm, dmhmjg`ghm, ct`.). - Vçrtgols (cstrcptljg`ghm).
j. Mbtcrm`g Mbtcrm`glhcs lhcs kc bm `lhku`tm - Gh`llrkghm`gðh jltlrm y mbtcrm`gðh kc rcfbcils (jcprlamjmtl, achzlkgmzcpghms, ct`.). - Mhsgckmk y mujchtl kc morcsgvgkmk (`g`blscrghm, mhfctmjghms, bcvlklpm). - Mbtcrm`glhcs kc bm jcjlrgm, mtch`gðh y mprchkgzmic. - Qcm``glhcs pmrmhlgkcs (mhfctmjghms). - Kcprcsgðh `lh tchkch`gm mb sug`gkgl (rcscrpghm). - Usg`lsgs tðxg`m `lh `lh rcm``gðh rcm``gðh cxðochm cxðochm kc Alhnlffcr (`blrmhfchg`lb, obu`ðsgkls `mrkêm`ls). - Mbu`ghm`glhcs (mtrlpghm). - Nmagtum`gðh y tlxg`ljmhêm (ctmhlb, jlrfghm, jctmklhm, amragtùrg`ls, `l`mêhm, ct`.).
h. [rmstlrhls bl`mbcs - Hc`rlsgs jus`ubmr (`blrurl kc `mb`gl). - [rljalfbcagtgs (jlstmzms hgtrlochmkms). - Jchghogsjl quêjg`l (pchg`gbghm ghtrmrrmquêkcm). - Cspmsjls mhtcrgmIcs (pchtltmb sðkg`l).
ý. Qcm``gðh Qcm``gð h kc Ncrxncgjcr L`urrc `lh bls fírjm`ls kc m``gðh mhtgghfc``glsm, quc bbcomh m prlvl`mr uhm bgsgs arutmb kcb mochtc ghfc``glsl, `lh bgacrm`gðh jmsgvm kc chkltlxghms4 plr cicjpbl, bm pchg`gbghm ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm sêfgbgs, cb `blrmhfchg`lb ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm fgcarc tgflgkcm, cb nctrmzíh ch cb trmtmjgchtl kc bm fgbmrgmsgs, bms subflhms ch bm bcprm.
l. [rmstlrhls kc supcrghfc``g supcrghfc``gðh ðh Bls mhtgagðtg`ls (tctrm`g`bghms) kc mjpbgl cspc`trl, cs`msm maslr`gðh lrmb y cbgjghm`gðh agbgmr, mfc`tmh m bm bblrm smprðfgtm ghtcstghmb hlrjmb, sc rljpc su cqugbgargl y kls oçrjchcs hl schsgabcs m bm m``gðh kc cstls mhtgagðtg`ls (cb cstmfgbl`l`l klrmkl y bm @mhkgkm Mbag`mhs) prlbgfcrmh, prlvl`mhkl, cspc`gmbjchtc cb prgjcrl, uhm chtcrgtgs supcrtðxg`m jlrtmb. Bm pçrkgkm kc bm fblrm ghtcstghmb hlrjmb `lhku`c m `umkrls kc mvgtmjghlsgs `lh `mrch`gm kc vgtmjghm D, `ljpbcil A, í`gkl pmhtltçhg`l, ct`.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
p. Kcprcsgð Kcprcsgðh h kc bm kcfchsm ghjuhgtmrgm Fchðjchl prlvl`mkl plr bls obu`l`lrtg`lgkcs, mhtghclpbísg`ls c ghjuhlsuprcslrcs.
K. Cfc`tls tcrmtloçhg`l tcrmtloçhg`lss y mbtcrm`glhcs `rljlsðjg`ms M rmêz kc bm `mtístrlfc `mtístrlfc prlvl`mkm plr bm tmbgkljghm ch =761, nly cs prc`cptgvl prc`cptgvl cb cstukgl kc bls fírjm`ls slarc cb fctl. Bm prcschtm`gðh kc cfc`tls tctrmtloçhg`ls vmrêm scoùh cb tcrrchl, quc puckc scr9 - Jmtcrhl4 plr cicjpbl, cs jís frc`uchtc frc`uchtc bm mpmrg`gðh mpmrg`gðh kc jmbflrjm`glhcs jmbflrjm`glhcs sg sg bm cjamrmzmkm cjamrmzmkm tgchc jchls kc kgc`gsçgs mýls l jís kc trcghtm y `gh`l. - Fctmb, cxgstch`gm l hl kc kcfg`gch`gms kcfg`gch`gms chzgjítg`ms kc lrgoch lrgoch ochçtg`l. ochçtg`l. - Kcb cstmkl kc bm pbm`chtm pbm`chtm y kc bm ckmk kc bm jgsjm, ym quc mb chvcic`cr chvcic`cr mujchtm bm supcrfg`gc y kgsjghuyc su cspcslr. - Bm `rlhlbloêm fctmb cs tmjagçh ltrl fm`tlr gjplrtmhtc4 bls mochtcs tcrmtloçhg`ls puckch m`tumr9 - Mhtcs kc bm fc`uhkm`gðh, bcsglhmhkl cb ðvubl l cb cspcrjmtlzlgkc cspcrjmtlzlgkc (mhtghclpbísg`ls, (mhtghclpbísg`ls, rmkgm`glhcs, ct`.). - Ch cb cstmkl kc scojchtm`gðh. - Ch cb pcrêlkl kc cjargloçhcsgs. Bm schsgagbgkmk jíxgjm m bls fírjm`ls tgchc buomr chtrc bls qugh`c y scschtm kêms pmrm bm cspc`gc nujmhm. Bls prgh`gpmbcs jckg`mjchtls tcrmtðochls slh bls sgougchtcs9 mhtgkgmaçtg`ls lrmbcs (subflhgburcms, agoumhgkms), nlrjlhms scxumbcs, cspc`gmbjchtc bls ocstíochls y cstcrlgkcs mhmalbgzmhtcs, quc prlvl`mh pscuklncrjmfrlkgtgsjl ch bls fctls fcjchghls4 bls mhtgtgrlgkcls, quc prlvl`mh al`gl4 mhtghclpbísg`ls, mhtgcpgbçptg`ls, amragtùrg`ls, mhtgpmbùkg`ls (prgjctmjghm, >mjghlqughlbghms, ;mjghlqughlbghms), psg`lfírjm`ls (gjgprmjghm), mhtgghfc``glsls (trgjctlprgj, cstrcptljg`ghm y `blrlqughm)4 cstms kls ùbtgjms sustmh`gms prlvl`mh slrkcrms fctmbcs. Kurmhtc cb pmrtl `lhvgchc vgogbmr bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc hmr`ðtg`ls quc kcprgjch bm rcspgrm`gðh fctmb, y kc mhtg`lmoubmhtcs kc tgpl kg`ujmrêhg`l quc mtrmvgcsmh bm pbm`chtm y puckch prlvl`mr ormvcs ncjlrrmogms ch cb rc`gçh hm`gkl. Bls fírjm`ls mhtghclpbísg`ls (Url`mramzghm l Hmtubíh, jlstmzms hgtrlochmkms, ct`.) prlvl`mh mbtcrm`glhcs `rljlsðjg`ms (frmojchtm`gðh `rljlsðjg`m l rupturm kc `rljítgkcs). Cb mbu`ghðochl BPK-13 tmjagçh prlvl`m trmstlrhls `rljlsðjg`ls. Cs ghtcrcsmhtc kcstm`mr bls cfc`tls `mh`crêochls (mbqugbgzmhtcs, mhtgjgtðtg`ls, ct`.) y jutmoçhg`ls (mbqugbgzmhtcs, ngkmhtlêhms).
C. [rmtmjgchtl kc bms ghtlxg`m`gl ghtlxg`m`glhcs hcs jckg`mjchtlsms Bms jmhgfcstm`glhcs mbçrog`ms kcsmpmrc`ch suprgjgchkl bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kcb fírjm`l rcsplhsmabc. Pg fucrm hc`csmrgl sc puckc prl`ckcr m uhm kcschsgagbgzm`gðh.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Bls sgjpmtg`ljgjçtg`ls, mhtgngstmjêhg`ls y `lrtg`lgkcs `lmkyuvmh mb trmtmjgchtl. Bls cfcc`tls tðxg`ls kgrc`tls sc trmtmh `ljl sc `ljchtmh ch bls sgougchtcs mpmrtmkls.
m. Cxpubsgðh kcb tðxg`l (trmtmjgchtl cvm`umhtc) Jckgmhtc bmvmkl kc pgcb y ju`lsms sg nm sgkl çstm bm vêm kc pchctrm`gðh4 bmvmkl oístrg`l y mkjghgstrm`gðh kc cjçtg`ls sg nm sgkl ghocrgkl (`lhvgchc quc cb chfcrjl cstç `lhs`gchtc pmrm cvgtmr fmbsms vêms)4 rcspgrm`gðh mrtgfg`gmb sg cs uh oms l bêqugkl vlbítgb4 mkjghgstrm`gðh kc puromhtcs, quc kcach scr smbghls, quc hl fmvlrc`ch bm maslr`gðh kcb tðxg`l, `ljl bls lbclsls. Pc kcac fmvlrc`cr bm cbgjghm`gðh (trmtmjgchtl cbgjghmklr), jckgmhtc m`gkgfg`m`gðh l mb`mbghgzm`gðh sg cb pN kcb lromhgsjl cstí `cr`m kcb pDm, kcb fírjm`l. Kgurcsgs flrjmkm `lh jmhgtlb (plbgurgm lsjðtg`m), cx`buychkl prcvgmjchtc tlkm mhljmbêm `mrkglvms`ubmr4 smhorêm y cxmhoughltrmhsfusgðh, kgíbgsgs pcrgtlhcmb l rgýðh mrtgfg`gmb.
a. Stgbgzm`gðh Stgbgz m`gðh kc mhtêkltls Uuckch scr9 m) Mhtêkltls quêjg`ls M`tùmh plr9 - qucbm`gðh (AMB l kgjcr`mprlb, CK[M) - maslr`gðh (`mraðh mhgjmb) - hcutrmbgzm`gðh (í`gkls l amscs) - lxgkm`gðh (pcrjmhomhmtl pltísg`l mb =/=.555 ð =/1.555) - rcku``gðh (rlhombgtm ch bm ghtlxg`m`gðh jcr`urgmb) - prc`gpgtm`gðh (ylkurls, tmhghl, moum mbaujghlsm, quc sc prcpmrm prcpmrm kgslbvgchkl scgs `bmrms `bmrms kc nucvl ch uh bgtrl kc moum) - ghm`tgvm`gðh (obu`lsm ch bm ghtlxg`m`gðh `gmhurmkm plr flrjm`gðh kc `gmhngkrghms). a) Mhtêkltls fgsglbðog`ls (ngstmjghmmkrchmbghm). `) Mhtêkltls fmrjm`lbðog`ls - mhtmolhgstms `ljpctgtgvls (mtrlpghmpgbl`mrpghm, ngstmjghm`bcjgzlb, ct`.) - molhgstms pmr`gmbcs (hmblrfghmjlrfghm, ct`.). k) Mhtêkltls aglbðog`ls Stgbgzm`gðh kc mhtgtlxghms, mhtgtlxghms, `ljl `ljl ch ch cb `msl kc tçtmhls, tçtmhls, altubgsjl, pg`mkurms kc scrpgchtc, scrpgchtc, rmagm (jckgmhtc utgbgzm`gðh kcb sucrl ngpcrghjuhc kcb Ghstgtutl Umstcur).
`. [rmtmjgchtl sghtljítg`l [gchkc m slstchcr bms fuh`glhcs vgtmbcs kcb lromhgsjl, jgchtrms sc cbgjghm cb tðxg`l. Nmy quc `ljamtgr9
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Bm mhlxgm, `lh rcspgrm`gðh rcspgrm`gðh mrtgfg`gmb, mrtgfg`gmb, mkjghgstrm`gðh mkjghgstrm`gðh kc `mraðochl (3 % kc mhnêkrgkl `mraðhg`l y 73 % kc lxêochl), kcshukmhkl mb chfcrjl pmrm mscourmr bm bgacrtmk kc bls jlvgjgchtls rcspgrmtlrgls. - Cb `ljm, jckgmhtc vgogbmh`gm, mplrtc mplrtc mbgjchtg`gl, mbgjchtg`gl, miustc miustc kcb ambmh`c ngkrlcbc`trlbêtg`l. - Mbtcrm`glhcs `mrkglvms`ubmrcs `lh mhmbçptg`ls, mhmbçptg`ls, ngpcrtchslrcs, ngpcrtchslrcs, `mrkgltðhg`ls, sucrls smbghls, ct`. - Ghsufg`gch`gm ncpítg`m utgbgzmhkl ncpmtlprltc`tl ncpmtlprltc`tlrcs, rcs, sg agch su cfg`m`gm cfg`m`gm cs amstmhtc kgs`utgabc. - [rmstlrhls omstrlghtcstghmbcs `lh ngkrmtm`gðh4 ngkrmtm`gðh4 jmhgfcstm`glhcs jmhgfcstm`glhcs hcrvglsms9 sckm`gðh kc bms `lhvubsglhcs `lh utgbgzm`gðh kc psg`lfírjm`ls, `lrrc``gðh kc bms mbtcrm`glhcs kcb sgstcjm hcrvglsl mutðhljl, ct`.4 prcvch`gðh kc bms ghfc``glhcs `lh subflhmjgkms, mhtgagðtg`ls, ct`.
3. FMQJM@L FMQJM@LVGOGBMH@ VGOGBMH@GM GM Bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm cs cb `lhiuhtl kc m`tgvgkmkcs quc tgchch plr laictl bm gkchtgfg`m`gðh y bm `umhtgfg`m`gðh kcb rgcsol kc cfc`tls ghkcscmkls y/l rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms prcvgmjchtc kcs`lhl`gkms y prlku`gkls plr bls jckg`mjchtls, msê `ljl bm gkchtgfg`m`gðh y `umhtgfg`m`gðh kc bls fm`tlrcs l `mrm`tcrêstg`ms quc gh`rcjchtmh cb rgcsol y tljmr jckgkms rcoubmklrms mb rcspc`tl, c ghflrjmr m bls prlfcsglhmbcs p rlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y mb pùabg`l slarc cstms `ucstglhcs. Ulr cstc jltgvl, bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm cs uhm m`tgvgkmk kc bm fmrjm`lbloêm `bêhg`m quc cstukgm bls fírjm`ls cxgstchtcs ch cb jcr`mkl. @lhsgstc ch cb scougjgchtl kc bls plsgabcs cfc`tls mkvcrsls kc bls jckg`mjchtls. Bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm cs uhm tmrcm kc vgogbmh`gm cpgkcjglbðog`m kc bls fírjm`ls uhm vcz quc nmh sgkl `ljcr`gmbgzmkls, ym quc bm mprlam`gðh kc uh fírjm`l hl sgohgfg`m quc su rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl/ rgcsol cstç cstmabc`gkl kcfghgtgvmjchtc, sg hl quc su cfg`m`gm nm sgkl kcjlstrmkm y quc bls cfc`tls mkvcrsls kctc`tmkls slh m`cptmabcs ch rcbm`gðh mb tgpl kc pmtlbloêm quc vmh m `ljamtgr. Cs kc`gr, quc uh fírjm`l sc jmhtchkrí ch cb jcr`mkl ch fuh`gðh kc su `ljplrtmjgchtl. Bls laictgvls kc bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm slh aísg`mjchtc `umtrl - Gkchtgfg`mr bls cfc`tls cfc`tls ghkcscmkls mhtcrglrjchtc hl kcs`rgtls kcs`rgtls l kcs`lhl`gkls. kcs`lhl`gkls. - @umhtgfg`mr cb rgcsol. - Urlplhcr jckgkms kc smbuk pùabg`m pmrm rcku`gr bm gh`gkch`gm, gh`gkch`gm, c - Ghflrjmr m bls prcs`rgptlrcs, prcs`rgptlrcs, ltrls ltrls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls, bms mutlrgkmkcs smhgtmrgms y cb pùabg`l. Bms m`tgvgkmkcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm sc `llrkghmh m trmvçs kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kcb Jckg`mjchtl, lromhgsjl pùabg`l `lh `mrí`tcr mutðhljl, mks`rgtl mb Jghgstcrgl kc Pmhgkmk, Ulbêtg`m Pl`gmb c Goumbkmk, quc kgsplhc kc uhm Puakgrc``gðh Ochcrmb Ochcrmb kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls, `lh uhm scrgc kc fuh`glhcs rcbm`glhmkms `lh bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm9 - Ubmhgfg`mr, cvmbumr y kcsmrrlbbmr cb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. - M`tumr `ljl `ljl `chtrl `chtrl hm`glhmb kc rcfcrch`gm rcfcrch`gm ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Qc`gagr, vmblrmr y prl`csmr y cjgtgr ghflrjm`gðh slarc slarc bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms mkvcrsms prl`ckchtcs kc bm ghkustrgm fmrjm`çutg`m `lrrcsplhkgchtcs m bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl. - Qcmbgzmr m`tum`glhcs ghtcrhm`glhmbcs ch jmtcrgm kc ghspc``gðh y `lhtrlb kc jckg`mjchtls `lh ltrms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms y `lh lromhgsjls ghtcrhm`glhmbcs. - Gkchtgfg`mr, cvmbumr y prcvchgr bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m bm utgbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl ym `ljcr`gmbgzmkls. - Qcmbgzmr cstukgls fmrjm`lcpgkcjglbðo fmrjm`lcpgkcjglbðog`ls g`ls kcstghmkls kcstghmkls m cvmbumr bm scourgkmk scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl.
3.= @ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls y fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Ch Cspmým cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl sc rcoubm jckgmhtc cb Qcmb Kc`rctl =0;3/155?, kc == kc l`tuarc, plr cb quc sc rcoubm cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh, rcogstrl y `lhkg`glhcs kc kgspchsm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl fmarg`mkls ghkustrgmbjchtc. Hghoùh jckg`mjchtl fmarg`mkl ghkustrgmbjchtc plkrí scr pucstl ch cb jcr`mkl sgh bm prcvgm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh ltlromkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls l plr bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm, c ghs`rgp`gðh ch cb rcogstrl kc jckg`mjchtls, kc m`ucrkl `lh bls prl`ckgjgchtls cstmabc`gkls pmrm `mkm `msl. [lkm jlkgfg`m`gðh, trmhsjgsgðh, suspchsgðh y rcvl`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl kcacrí scr hltgf g`mkm, l slbg`gtmkm y mutlrgzmkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, scoùh prl`ckm, kcagchkl `lhstmr ch tl kls bls `msls ch cb rcogstrl kc jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls quc, m cstls cfc`tls, tchkrí, kcb jgsjl jlkl quc bm ghs`rgp`gðh, `mrí`tcr `lhstgtutgvl, smbvl ch cb `msl kc bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls p lr bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm.
3.1 Labgom`glhcs kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl cstí labgomkl m rcspctmr bms hlrjms slarc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm y, kurmhtc bm vgoch`gm kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, m9 - Lascrvmr bms `lhkg`glhcs ch ch bms quc sc `lh`ckgð `lh`ckgð bm mutlrgzm`gðh mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, mkcjís kc bms labgom`glhcs ochcrmbcs quc scýmbm bm bcogsbm`gðh vgochtc, msê `ljl bms kc `umbqugcr jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh cstmabc`gkms, gh`bugkms bms kc bls prl`ckgjgchtls kc fmarg`m`gðh y kc `lhtrlb. - Qcspctmr bm `lhtghugkmk ch cb scrvg`gl. scrvg`gl. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh tgchc labgom`gðh kc tchcr mamstc`gkl cb jcr`mkl kc bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls. - Jmhtchcr pcrjmhchtc m`tumbgzm`gðh cb cxpckgchtc. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kcacrí kcacrí prcschtmr prcschtmr bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk cstmabc`gkls rcobmjchtmrgmjchtc, `lh cb fgh kc jmhtchcr m`tumbgzmkl cb cxpckgchtc ch jmtcrgm kc scourgkmk y ch pmrtg`ubmr bm ghflrjm`gðh kgrgogkm m bls prlfcsglhmbcs gh`bugkm ch bm fg`nm tç`hg`m kcb jckg`mjchtl y bm ghflrjm`gðh kcb prlspc`tl omrmhtgzmhkl bm mkc`umkm `ljprchsgðh kcb jgsjl. - @lhtrgaugr mb mkc`umkl `lhl`gjgchtl `lhl`gjgchtl kcb jckg`mjchtl y prljlvcr su usl rm`glhmb. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh cstí labgomkl m plhcr m kgsplsg`gðh pùabg`m, ch pmrtg`ubmr kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls bm ghflrjm`gðh m`tumbgzmkm kc bm fg`nm tç`hg`m kcb jckg`mjchtl `lh bm ghflrjm`gðh bcombjchtc
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
cstmabc`gkm, msê `ljl m nm`cr pùabg`ls bls rcsubtmkls kc bls chsmyls `bêhg`ls, ghkcpchkgchtcjchtc kcb rcsubtmkl fmvlrmabc l hl kc sus `lh`busglhcs. - @lbmalrmr ch ch bls prlormjms prlormjms kc `lhtrlb, omrmhtgzmr bm mkc`um`gðh kc bls prlku`tls prlku`tls ch cb cb jcr`mkl c ghflrjmr kc `umbqugcr plsgabc rctgrmkm kc bltcs kcb jcr`mkl. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl kcacrí `ljuhg`mr m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, m bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms y m bms mutlrgkmkcs kc tlkls bls pmêscs klhkc sc nmym kgstrgaugkl, `lh bm rmpgkcz mkc`umkm m `mkm `msl y cxplhgchkl bls jltgvls, tlkm m``gðh cjprchkgkm pmrm rctgrmr uh bltc kcb jcr`mkl. - Umrtg`gpmr ch sgstcjms quc omrmhtg`ch bm rc`logkm kc bls rcsgkuls kc jckg`mjchtls quc sc ochcrch ch bls kljg`gbgls. - @umbqugcr ltrm labgom`gðh bcomb l rcobmjchtmrgmjchtc cstmabc`gkm.
3.0 Cspc`gmb rcfcrch`gm mb mb Qcmb Kc`rctl 3??/15=0, kc 16 kc iubgl, plr cb quc sc rcoubm bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl Cstc Qcmb Kc`rctl kcsmrrlbbm cb @mpêtubl VG kcb [êtubl GG kcb Qcmb Kc`rctl Bcogsbmtgvl =/15=3, kc 1; kc iubgl, plr cb quc sc mprucam cb tcxtl rcfuhkgkl kc bm Bcy kc omrmhtêms y usl rm`glhmb kc bls jckg`mjchtls y prlku`tls smhgtmrgls, quc cstmabc`c bms omrmhtêms kc scougjgchtl kc bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol ch bls jckg`mjchtls y rcoubm, plr tmhtl, cb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm y bm Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc bls b ls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl.
M. Kgsplsg`glhcs ochcrmbcs m. Kcfghg`g Kcfghg`glhcs lhcs M cfc`tls kcb Qcmb Kc`rctl 3??/15=0, kc 16 kc iubgl, plr cb quc sc rcoubm bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl, sc chtchkcrí plr9 =. Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl9 Cstru`turm Cstru`turm kcs`chkcs`chtrmbgzmkm, `llrkghmkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, quc ghtcorm bms m`tgvgkmkcs quc bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms rcmbgzmh kc jmhcrm pcrjmhchtc y `lhtghumkm pmrm rc`locr, cbmalrmr y, ch su `msl, prl`csmr p rl`csmr bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc gkchtgfg`mr rgcsols prcvgmjchtc hl `lhl`gkls l `mjagls kc rgcsols ym `lhl`gkls, msê `ljl pmrm bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc `umhtls cstukgls sc `lhsgkcrch hc`csmrgls pmrm `lhfgrjmr y/l `umhtgfg`mr kg`nls rgcsols. Cstí ghtcormkl plr bls ðromhls `ljpctchtcs ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms y bms uhgkmkcs l `chtrls mutlhðjg`ls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm m cbbms mks`rgtls, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y bls `gukmkmhls. 1. Urlormjm kc Hltgfg`m`gðh Hltgfg`m`gðh Csplhtíhcm9 Jçtlkl Jçtlkl kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm amsmkl ch bm `ljuhg`m`gðh, rc`logkm, rcogstrl y cvmbum`gðh kc hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls. 0. @chtrl Mutlhðjg`l kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm9 Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm9 Shgkmk rcsplhsmabc kc cic`utmr cb prlormjm kc hltgfg`m`gðh csplhtíhcm msê `ljl `umbqugcr ltrm tmrcm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm ch`ljchkmkm
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
plr bm `ljuhgkmk mutðhljm `lrrcsplhkgchtc, sgh pcriug`gl kc bm kchljghm`gðh quc rc`gam ch `mkm uhm kc cbbms. ;. Qcm``gðh mkvcrsm9 mkvcrsm9 @umbqugcr rcspucstm rcspucstm hl`gvm y hl ghtch`glhmkm m uh jckg`mjchtl. 3. Qcm``gðh mkvcrsm ormvc9 @umbqugcr rcm``gðh mkvcrsm quc l`msglhc bm jucrtc, puckm plhcr ch pcbgorl bm vgkm, cxgim bm nlspgtmbgzm`gðh kcb pm`gchtc l bm prlblhom`gðh kc bm nlspgtmbgzm`gðh ym cxgstchtc, l`msglhc uhm kgs`mpm`gkmk l ghvmbgkcz sgohgfg`mtgvm l pcrsgstchtc, l `lhstgtuym uhm mhljmbêm `lhoçhgtm l kcfc`tl kc hm`gjgchtl. M cfc`tls kc su hltgfg`m`gðh, sc trmtmríh tmjagçh `ljl ormvcs mqucbbms slspc`nms kc rcm``gðh mkvcrsm quc sc `lhsgkcrch gjplrtmhtcs kcskc cb puhtl kc vgstm jçkg`l, muhquc hl `ujpbmh bls `rgtcrgls mhtcrglrcs, `ljl bms quc plhch ch rgcsol mb pm`gchtc l rcqugcrch uhm ghtcrvch`gðh pmrm prcvchgr mbouhl kc bls kcschbm`cs mhtcrglrcs y tlkms bms slspc`nms kc trmhsjgsgðh kc uh mochtc ghfc``glsl m trmvçs kc uh jckg`mjchtl. 6. Qcm``gðh mkvcrsm ghcspcrmkm9 ghcspcrmkm9 @umbqugcr rcm``gðh mkvcrsm `uym hmturmbczm, ormvckmk ormvckmk l `lhsc`uch`gms hl scmh `lncrchtcs `lh bm ghflrjm`gðh kcs`rgtm ch bm fg`nm tç`hg`m kcb jckg`mjchtl. ?. Crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh9 jckg`m`gðh9 Fmbbl hl ghtch`glhmkl ch cb prl`csl prl`csl kc prcs`rgp`gðh, prcs`rgp`gðh, kgspchsm`gðh l mkjghgstrm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl amil cb `lhtrlb kcb prlfcsglhmb smhgtmrgl l kcb `gukmkmhl quc `lhsujc cb jckg`mjchtl. Bls crrlrcs kc jckg`m`gðh quc l`msglhch uh kmýl ch cb pm`gchtc sc `lhsgkcrmh rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, cx`cptl mqucbbls kcrgvmkls kcb fmbbl tcrmpçutg`l plr ljgsgðh kc uh trmtmjgchtl. >. Mr`ngvl jmcstrl kcb kcb sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm9 Kcs`rgp`gðh Kcs`rgp`gðh kctmbbmkm kcb sgstcjm sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm utgbgzmkl plr cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh ch rcbm`gðh `lh uhl l vmrgls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls. 7. Pcýmb9 Ghflrjm`gðh ch fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm prl`ckchtc prl`ckchtc kc uhm l vmrgms fuchtcs quc suogcrc uhm plsgabc hucvm msl`gm`gðh `musmb l uh hucvl mspc`tl kc uhm msl`gm`gðh `lhl`gkm chtrc uh jckg`mjchtl y uh m`lhtc`gjgchtl l morupm`gðh kc m`lhtc`gjgchtls mkvcrsls, mkvcrsls, quc sc iuzom i uzom sufg`gchtcjchtc vcrlsêjgb `ljl pmrm iustgfg`mr m``glhcs ch`mjghmkms m su vcrgfg`m`gðh. =5. [mrictm mjmrgbbm9 Flrjubmrgl pmrm bm hltgfg`m`gðh kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. Pu flrjmtl puckc scr ch pmpcb l cbc`trðhg`l. ==. Jckg`mjchtls suictls m uh scougjgchtl mkg`glhmb9 Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls gh`bugkls ch bm bgstm quc cbmalrmrí y jmhtchkrí bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls kc m`ucrkl `lh bls `rgtcrgls cstmabc`gkls ch cb mrt. 10 kcb Qcobmjchtl (@C) h¹ ?16/155;, kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;, plr cb quc sc cstmabc`ch prl`ckgjgchtls `ljuhgtmrgls pmrm bm mutlrgzm`gðh y cb `lhtrlb kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl y vctcrghmrgl y plr cb quc sc `rcm bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls. Kg`nm bgstm sc cbmalrmrí prcvgm `lhsubtm mb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl y `lhtchkrí tlkls bls jckg`mjchtls quc `lhtchomh hucvls prgh`gpgls m`tgvls, y jckg`mjchtls aglbðog`ls, gh`bugkls aglsgjgbmrcs. Bm bgstm tmjagçh plkrí `lhtchcr jckg`mjchtls suictls m bm labgom`gðh kc rcmbgzmr uh cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh, l m `lhkg`glhcs l rcstrg``glhcs rcbmtgvms m uh usl scourl y cfg`mz kcb jckg`mjchtl. =1. Auchms Urí`tg`ms kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm9 @lhiuhtl kc hlrjms y rc`ljchkm`glhcs cbmalrmkms plr cb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, tchgchkl ch `uchtm bms kgrc`trg`cs curlpcms slarc auchms prí`tg`ms ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, kcstghmkms m omrmhtgzmr9 m) Bm mutchtg`gkmk y bm `mbgkmk kc bls kmtls kc slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms rc`logkls rc`logkls plr cb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
a) Bm `lhfgkch`gmbgkmk kc bms ghflrjm`glhcs rcbmtgvms rcbmtgvms m bm gkchtgkmk kc bls pm`gchtcs y prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls. `) Cb usl kc `rgtcrgls nljloçhcls ch bm ocstgðh kc bm ghflrjm`gðh rc`logkm m trmvçs kcb prlormjm kc hltgfg`m`gðh csplhtíhcm. =0. Auchms Urí`tg`ms kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm pmrm bm ghkustrgm fmrjm`çutg`m9 @lhiuhtl kc hlrjms kc `mbgkmk rcfcrchtcs m bm lromhgzm`gðh y fuh`glhmjgchtl kc bls tgtubmrcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls kgrgogkms m omrmhtgzmr bm mutchtg`gkmk y bm `mbgkmk kc bls kmtls kc scourgkmk pmrm bm cvmbum`gðh `lhtghumkm kc bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m bls jckg`mjchtls kc bls quc cs tgtubmr. =;. Qgcsols msl`gmkls m bm utgbgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl9 @umbqugcr rgcsol pmrm bm smbuk kcb pm`gchtc l bm smbuk pùabg`m rcbm`glhmkl `lh bm `mbgkmk, bm scourgkmk l bm cfg`m`gm kcb jckg`mjchtl, msê `ljl `umbqugcr rgcsol kc cfc`tls hl kcscmkls ch cb jckgl mjagchtc. =3. Ghflrjc pcrgðkg`l kc scourgkmk9 Kl`ujchtl prcpmrmkl plr cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `lhflrjc m bm hlrjmtgvm y bms kgrc`trg`cs cstmabc`gkms mb rcspc`tl ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm, `uym fghmbgkmk cs m`tumbgzmr bm hucvm ghflrjm`gðh quc sc `lhl`c slarc cb jckg`mjchtl ch cb pcrglkl kc rcfcrch`gm, gh`buychkl uhm cvmbum`gðh `gchtêfg`m kcb ambmh`c achcfg`gl-rgcsol kcb jckg`mjchtl. =6. Cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh9 @umbqugcr cstukgl `bêhg`l l cpgkcjglbðog`l rcmbgzmkl kurmhtc bm `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `ljcr`gmbgzm` gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl scoùh bms `lhkg`glhcs mutlrgzmkms ch su fg`nm tç`hg`m, l agch ch `lhkg`glhcs hlrjmbcs kc usl, ch cb quc cb jckg`mjchtl l bls jckg`mjchtls kc ghtcrçs slh cb fm`tlr kc cxplsg`gðh fuhkmjchtmb ghvcstgomkl. Cstc cstukgl plkrí mklptmr bm flrjm kc uh chsmyl `bêhg`l l uh cstukgl lascrvm`glhmb. =?. Cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc scourgkmk9 [lkl cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh cfc`tumkl cfc`tumkl `lh cb prlpðsgtl kc gkchtgfg`mr, `mrm`tcrgzmr l `umhtgfg`mr uh rgcsol pmrm bm scourgkmk, `lhfgrjmr cb pcrfgb kc scourgkmk kc uh jckg`mjchtl mutlrgzmkl l jckgr bm cfc`tgvgkmk kc bms jckgkms kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols. =>. Cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc scougjgchtl prlspc`tgvl9 [lkl mqucb cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh ch cb quc bls pm`gchtcs slh scougkls m bl bmrol kcb tgcjpl ch rcbm`gðh `lh cb m`lhtc`gjgchtl kc ghtcrçs, sgchkl tlkl l pmrtc kcb pcrêlkl ghvcstgomkl plstcrglr m bm fc`nm kc ghg`gl kcb cstukgl. =7. Ambmh`c l rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kcb jckg`mjchtl9 Vmblrm`gðh kc bls cfc`tls tcrmpçutg`ls fmvlrmabcs kcb jckg`mjchtl ch rcbm`gðh `lh bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m su utgbgzm`gðh. 15. Pgstcjm kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols9 @lhiuhtl kc m`tgvgkmkcs c ghtcrvch`glhcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kgrgogkms m kctcrjghmr, `mrm`tcrgzmr, prcvchgr l jghgjgzmr bls rgcsols rcbmtgvls m uh jckg`mjchtl, gh`bugkm bm cvmbum`gðh kc bm b m cfc`tgvgkmk kc kg`nms m`tgvgkmkcs c ghtcrvch`glhcs. 1=. Ubmh kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols9 Kcs`rgp`gðh kctmbbmkm kcb sgstcjm kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols.
a. Fuchtcs kc ghflrjm`gðh ch fmrjm`lvgogb fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm mh`gm Bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m bm utgbgzm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls puckc prl`ckcr kc bms sgougchtcs fuchtcs9 m) Qcsubtmkls kc cstukgls mplrtmkls plr slbg`gtmhtcs slbg`gtmhtcs l tgtubmrcs kc mutlrgzm`glhcs kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls, l plr ghvcstgomklrcs ghkcpchkgchtcs, ym scmh cstukgls kc `mbgkmk, prc`bêhg`ls (fmrjm`lbðog`ls y tlxg`lbðog`ls), cstukgls prcvgls m bm mutlrgzm`gðh, cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh, l jctm-mhíbgsgs.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
a) @msls ghkgvgkumbcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms rc`logkls ch Urlormjms Urlormjms kc Hltgfg`m`gðh Csplhtíhcm. `) Amscs kc kmtls kmtls smhgtmrgms smhgtmrgms ghflrjmtgzmkms. ghflrjmtgzmkms. k) Qcogstrls kc pm`gchtcs scbc``glhmkls scbc``glhmkls ch fuh`gðh kc pmtlbloêms l kc trmtmjgchtls trmtmjgchtls fmrjm`lbðog`ls y `umbqugcr ltrl tgpl kc rc`logkm sgstcjítg`m kc ghflrjm`gðh slarc mspc`tls kc scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls. c) Kmtls rcbm`glhmkls `lh bm fmarg`m`gðh, fmarg`m`gðh, `lhscrvm`gðh, vchtm, kgstrgau`gðh, kgstrgau`gðh, kgspchsm`gðh, prcs`rgp`gðh y usl kc bls jckg`mjchtls, gh`buychkl bls cstukgls kc utgbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls. f) Kmtls rcbmtgvls rcbmtgvls mb usl gh`lrrc`tl gh`lrrc`tl y mausl kc bls jckg`mjchtls, jckg`mjchtls, crrlrcs crrlrcs kc jckg`m`gðh, l bm cxplsgcxplsg`gðh l`upm`glhmb, quc scmh rcbcvmhtcs pmrm bm cvmbum`gðh kc bls achcfg`gls y rgcsols kc bls jckg`mjchtls. o) Uuabg`m`glhcs `gchtêfg`ms kc `msls, scrgcs scrgcs kc `msls, cstukgls fmrjm`lbðog`ls y tlxg`lbðog`ls, tlxg`lbðog`ls, chsmyls `bêhg`ls, cstukgls fmrjm`lcpgkcjglbðog`ls y jctm-mhíbgsgs. n) Ghflrjm`glhcs prl`ckchtcs prl`ckchtcs kc ltrms mutlrgkmkcs smhgtmrgms y lromhgsjls lromhgsjls smhgtmrgls ghtcrhm`glhmghtcrhm`glhmbcs. g) @umbqugcr ltrm fuchtc fuchtc kc ghflrjm`gðh ghflrjm`gðh quc puckm mplrtmr mplrtmr kmtls slarc slarc bls rgcsols rgcsols msl`gmkls mb usl kc bls jckg`mjchtls. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cstmabc`crí bls `lhvchgls hc`csmrgls `lh bls lromhgsjls `ljpctchtcs kc bm Mkjghgstrm`gðh Ochcrmb kcb Cstmkl y kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms pmrm fm`gbgtmr cb usl `ljpmrtgkl kc bms fuchtcs kc ghflrjm`gðh quc kc cbbls kcpchkmh scýmbmkms ch bls pírrmfls `), k), c) y f) mhtcrglrcs.
A. Bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms m. Fuh`glhcs kc bm Moch Moch`gm `gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl Plh fuh`glhcs kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls9 Pmhgtmrgls9 m) @llrkghmr y cvmbumr cvmbumr cb fuh`glhmjgchtl kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl, ch mkcbmhtc Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, tchgchkl ch `uchtm bms Auchms Urí`tg`ms kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. Ch cicr`g`gl cicr`g`gl kc sus sus mtrgau`glhcs mtrgau`glhcs kc `llrkghm`gðh, `llrkghm`gðh, bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls supcrvgsmrí bm `lhtghugkmk y bm `mbgkmk kcb prlormjm kc hltgfg`m`gðh csplhtíhcm ch bms rcspc`tgvms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, y prcschtmrí uh ghflrjc mhumb kc m`tgvgkmkcs kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm mb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl. Msgjgsjl, ghflrjmrí m bls ðromhls `ljpctchtcs ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms kc `umbqugcr kcsvgm`gðh rcbmtgvm m su `lrrc`tl fuh`glhmjgchtl, `lh cb fgh kc quc çstls cstmabcz`mh bms jckgkms `lrrc`tlrms hc`csmrgms, prcvgl ghflrjc mb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl. a) Bbcvmr m `mal bms tmrcms kc sc`rctmrêm sc`rctmrêm kcb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl, @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm y kcb @ljgtç kc @llrkghm`gðh kc Cstukgls Ulsmutlrgzm`gðh. Bls laictgvls, fuh`glhcs y `ljplsg`gðh kc cstls `ljgtçs sc cstmabc`ch ch cb
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Qcmb Kc`rctl =1?3/15==, kc =6 kc scptgcjarc, plr cb quc sc `rcm bm Moch`gm cstmtmb «Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls´ y sc mprucam su Cstmtutl. `) Cstmabc`cr y jmhtchcr, jmhtchcr, ch `llrkghm`gðh `lh bms `ljuhgkmkcs `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, uhm rck kc prl`csl kc kmtls quc pcrjgtm m bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms `ljpctchtcs ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kgsplhcr kc flrjm tcbcjítg`m kc tlkm bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms l`urrgkms ch Cspmým kc bms quc sc nmym tchgkl `lhl`gjgchtl. Cstm ghflrjm`gðh cstmrí ghtcormkm ch bm amsc kc kmtls kchljghmkm «Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Cspmýlbm, Kmtls kc Qcm``glhcs Mkvcrsms´, ch mkcbmhtc FCKQM. k) Mkjghgstrmr bm amsc kc kmtls FCKQM, mscourmhkl mscourmhkl ch tlkl jljchtl jljchtl su kgsplhgagbgkmk y m`tumm`tumbgzm`gðh, omrmhtgzmhkl su scourgkmk, msê `ljl bm prltc``gðh kc kmtls kc `mrí`tcr pcrslhmb, y bm ghtcorgkmk kc bls kmtls kurmhtc bls prl`csls kc trmhsfcrch`gm kc bls jgsjls. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cstmabc`crí, ch `lbmalrm`gðh `lh cb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, bls tçrjghls ch quc cstm ghflrjm`gðh scrí pucstm m kgsplsg`gðh kcb pùabg`l. c) M`tumr `ljl `chtrl `chtrl kc rcfcrch`gm kcb Pgstcjm Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm `lh bls tgtubmrcs kc mutlrgzm`glhcs kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls y `lh bls lromhgsjls ghtcrhm`glhmbcs, sgh pcriug`gl kc bms `ljpctch`gms ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms. f) [rmhsjgtgr m bm amsc kc kmtls kmtls kc bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls,, ch mkcbmhtc CukrmvgogCukrmvgogbmh`c, bms hltgfg`m`glhcs slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms ormvcs quc nmymh hltgfg`mkl bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls l bls `gukmkmhls mb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, kchtrl kc bls qugh`c kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs m su rc`cp`gðh. o) [rmhsjgtgr m Cukrmvgogbmh`c bms hltgfg`m`glhcs slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms hl ormvcs quc nmymh hltgfg`mkl bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls l bls `gukmkmhls mb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, kchtrl kc bls hlvchtm kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs m su rc`cp`gðh. n) Cstmabc`cr, ch `llrkghm`gðh `llrkghm`gðh `lh bls @chtrls Mutlhðjg`ls Mutlhðjg`ls kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, uh sgstcjm quc pcrjgtm bm hltgfg`m`gðh m trmvçs kc flrjubmrgls cbc`trðhg`ls ch píoghms wca kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms plr pmrtc kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y kc bls `gukmkmhls. g) Fm`gbgtmr m bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm ghflrjm`gðh ghflrjm`gðh agchmb slarc bms m`tgvgkmkcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, gh`buychkl mqucbbms quc `ljpctch mb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. i) Urljlvcr bm `rcm`gðh `rcm`gðh y fm`gbgtmr cb usl kc amscs kc kmtls smhgtmrgms ghflrjmtgzmkms ghflrjmtgzmkms quc sgrvmh `ljl fuchtc kc ghflrjm`gðh pmrm bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc cstukgls fmrjm`lcpgkcjglbðog`ls `lh bm pmrtg`gpm`gðh kc bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms y bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls, msê `ljl cstgjubmr bm `rcm`gðh y jmhtchgjgchtl kc uh rcogstrl uhgfg`mkl kc bms amscs kc kmtls kgsplhgabcs. d) Urljlvcr bm `rcm`gðh `rcm`gðh kc rcogstrls ghkcpchkgchtcs ghkcpchkgchtcs quc mplrtch ghflrjm`gðh slarc slarc bm scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls, ch `lbmalrm`gðh `lh bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms y bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls. b) Urljlvcr y rcmbgzmr cstukgls kc fmrjm`lcpgkcjglblo fmrjm`lcpgkcjglbloêm êm kcstghmkls m cvmbumr bm rcbm`gðh rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kc bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls. j) Cvmbumr bm ghflrjm`gðh rc`gagkm kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, msê `ljl kc ltrms fuchtcs kc ghflrjm`gðh. h) Cvmbumr bm mpmrg`gðh kc hucvls rgcsols l `mjagls ch bls rgcsols ym cxgstchtcs, bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk, bls pbmhcs kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols, bls rcsubtmkls kc cstukgls plsmu-
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
tlrgzm`gðh quc puckmh jlkgfg`mr bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kc bls jckg`mjchtls y `umbqugcr ltrl ghflrjc rcbmtgvl m bm scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls, ch `llrkghm`gðh `lh bms mutlrgkmkcs `ljpctchtcs kc bls Cstmkls jgcjarls. Ch cstc schtgkl, cbmalrmrí bls ghflrjcs pmrm bm rck kc moch`gms hm`glhmbcs kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm `umhkl msê sc kctcrjghc rcjgtgchkl kg`nls ghflrjcs m bls Cstmkls jgcjarls y m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls ch bls pbmzls cstmabc`gkls. ý) Cstmabc`cr bms jckgkms lplrtuhms pmrm jghgjgzmr l prcvchgr bls rgcsols gkchtgfg`mkls, gh`buychkl bm flrjm`gðh c ghflrjm`gðh hc`csmrgms, y cvmbumr cb gjpm`tl kc kg`nms jckgkms. l) Uuabg`mr, m trmvçs kc su plrtmb wca, bls rcsùjchcs rcsùjchcs kc bls pbmhcs kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols, bm bgstm kc jckg`mjchtls suictls m uh scougjgchtl mkg`glhmb c ghflrjm`gðh slarc bls jckgls pmrm hltgfg`mr slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms plr pmrtc kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y bls `gukmkmhls iuhtl `lh cb flrjubmrgl wca pmrm su `ljuhg`m`gðh, msê `ljl `umbqugcr ltrm ghflrjm`gðh quc scm rcbcvmhtc pmrm jghgjgzmr bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m bls jckg`mjchtls. p) Kgfuhkgr bm ghflrjm`gðh quc sc `lhsgkcrc rcbcvmhtc pmrm bm prltc``gðh kc bm smbuk pùabg`m gh`buychkl, `umhkl scm pcrtghchtc, kmtls rcjgtgkls plr bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh l plr `umbqugcr ltrm chtgkmk l pcrslhm. q) @lbmalrmr ch cb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl kc bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls y rcmbgzmr bms tmrcms quc bc scmh ch`ljchkmkms. r) Cstmabc`cr, `lhiuhtmjchtc `lh `lh bms `ljuhgkmkcs `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms ch cb schl kcb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kc Ghspc``gðh, bls prl`ckgjgchtls kc ghspc``gðh pcrtghchtcs quc mscourch cb `ujpbgjgchtl kc bms labgom`glhcs kc bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh y rcmbgzmr bms ghspc``glhcs hc`csmrgms pmrm vcrgfg`mr su `ujpbgjgchtl kchtrl kc su íjagtl kc `ljpctch`gms. s) @umbqugcr ltrm fuh`gðh quc puckm rcsubtmr hc`csmrgm ch cb íjagtl kc bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, y quc kcam scr cicr`gkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls.
Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls omrmhtgzmrí, ch su íjagtl kc `ljpctch`gms, bls jckgls hc`csmrgls pmrm bbcvmr m `mal bms tmrcms mrrgam ch`ljchkmkms, `ujpbgchkl `lh bls rcqugsgtls jêhgjls kcb sgstcjm kc `mbgkmk cstmabc`gkls plr bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm ch bms jckgkms kc cic`u`gðh, msê `ljl bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc cstukgls ghkcpchkgchtcs ch`mjghmkls m cvmbumr bm scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls.
a. Fuh`glhcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms Plh fuh`glhcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, m trmvçs kc sus ðromhls `ljpctchtcs l kc bms uhgkmkcs ch qugch cstls kcbcouch9 - Cstmabc`cr kc flrjm pcrjmhchtc y `lhtghumkm uh prlormjm kc hltgfg`m`gðh hltgfg`m`gðh csplhtíhcm csplhtíhcm mkc`uíhklsc m bms Auchms Urí`tg`ms kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, y `ljuhg`mr m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bm uhgkmk rcsplhsmabc kc cic`utmr cstm tmrcm ch bm `ljuhgkmk mutðhljm. - Urljlvcr y rcmbgzmr bms m``glhcs, cstukgls l prlormjms kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm quc sc m`ucrkch ch cb schl kcb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fm rjm`lvgogbmh`gm.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Ulsgagbgtmr bm hltgfg`m`gðh kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms mkvcrsms plr pmrtc kc prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y `gukmkmhls m trmvçs kc kgvcrsls jckgls, gh`bugkl cb cbc`trðhg`l, tchgchkl ch `uchtm bl m`lrkmkl ch cb schl kcb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. - Ulhcr ch ch jmr`nm kgfcrchtcs kgfcrchtcs cstrmtcogms pmrm fm`gbgtmr m jçkg`ls, fmrjm`çutg`ls y kcjís prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y `gukmkmhls, bm hltgfg`m`gðh kc bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. Cb kgscýl kc kg`nms cstrmtcogms sc rcmbgzmrí ch `llrkghm`gðh `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ch cb schl kcb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, pukgçhklsc `lhtmr `lh bm pmrtg`gpm`gðh kc lromhgzm`glhcs kc `lhsujgklrcs y pm`gchtcs, sl`gckmkcs `gchtêfg`ms y lromhgzm`glhcs prlfcsglhmbcs. - Qcogstrmr ch bm amsc kc kmtls FCKQM bms slspc`nms kc bms rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms mkvcrsms rc`gagkms. rc`gagkms. Cb pbmzl jíxgjl pmrm cstc rcogstrl scrí kc kgcz kêms hmturmbcs kcskc bm rc`cp`gðh kc bm ghflrjm`gðh pmrm bls `msls ormvcs y kc l`nchtm kêms hmturmbcs kcskc su rc`cp`gðh pmrm bls `msls hl ormvcs. - Urlplr`glhmr m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bm ghflrjm`gðh quc sc bcs rcqugcrm pmrm cvmbumr bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kc bls jckg`mjchtls l cb gjpm`tl kc bms jckgkms rcoubmklrms cic`utmkms plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk. - Cvmbumr bm ghflrjm`gðh ghflrjm`gðh `lhtchgkm ch bm amsc kc kmtls FCKQM y ch ltrms amscs kc kmtls kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m``csgabcs pmrm kctc`tmr scýmbcs. - @llpcrmr `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh ch bm kctc``gðh kc plsgabcs kupbg`gkmkcs kc hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. - @llpcrmr `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls pmrm pmrm bm gjpbmhtm`gðh y kcsmrrlbbl kc prlormjms y cstukgls slarc bm cvmbum`gðh y ocstgðh kc bls rgcsols kc bls jckg`mjchtls, kc `lhflrjgkmk `lh bls m`ucrkls mklptmkls plr cb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl. - @llpcrmr `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls Pmhgtmrgls ch bm kgfusgðh kcb `lhl`gjgchtl slarc bm scourgkmk kc bls b ls jckg`mjchtls. - Cstmabc`cr sgstcjms sgstcjms kc `lbmalrm`gðh `lh bms uhgkmkcs rcsplhsmabcs rcsplhsmabcs kc scourgkmk kcb pm`gchtc, kc tmb jmhcrm quc bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms kcrgvmkms kc crrlrcs kc jckg`m`gðh sc ghtcorch ch bm amsc kc kmtls FCKQM, ghflrjmhkl m su vcz m kg`nms uhgkmkcs kc bls `msls quc bbcomh kgrc`tmjchtc m bls @chtrls Mutlhðjg`ls kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. - Gjpbcjchtmr bms jckgkms lplrtuhms m`lrkmkms ch cb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, ch`mjghmkms m gkchtgfg`mr cb hljarc kcb jckg`mjchtl y cb hùjcrl kc bltc ch mqucbbms hltgfg`m`glhcs quc ghvlbu`rch m jckg`mjchtls kc lrgoch aglbðog`l l agltc`hlbðog`l. - Gjpbcjchtmr bms jckgkms lplrtuhms pmrm latchcr latchcr bm ghflrjm`gðh hc`csmrgm pmrm bm mkc`umkm cvmbum`gðh `gchtêfg`m kc bms hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, gjpbg`mhkl m bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls l m bls `gukmkmhls, scoùh prl`ckm, ch bm latch`gðh kc ghflrjm`gðh kc scougjgchtl. -
Qcmbgzmr y rcjgtgr rcjgtgr m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls uh ghflrjc ghflrjc mhumb kc m`tgvgkmkcs y bbcvmr m `mal mukgtlrêms ghtcrhms agchmbcs kc su @chtrl Mutlhðjg`l kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, cjgtgchkl ghflrjc m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls.
- Qcmbgzmr bms fuh`glhcs rcbmtgvms m bls cstukgls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh plsmutlrgzm`gðh rcfcrgkms rcfcrgkms ch cb @mpêtubl VG.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Qcmbgzmr bms ghspc``glhcs prc`gsms prc`gsms pmrm vcrgfg`mr cb `ujpbgjgchtl kc bl kgspucstl ch cb @mpêtubl V, kchtrl kc su íjagtl kc `ljpctch`gms y hltgfg`mr m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cb rcsubtmkl kc bms ghspc``glhcs, tmhtl bms fmvlrmabcs `ljl bms kcsfmvlrmabcs, gh`buychkl ch cstc ùbtgjl `msl bls gh`ujpbgjgchtls quc kctc`tch. - @lhtrgaugr mb prlorcsl `gchtêfg`l jcilrmhkl jcilrmhkl bls jçtlkls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, msê msê `ljl cb `lhl`gjgchtl y bm `ljprchsgðh kc bm hmturmbczm y jc`mhgsjls kc bms rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, y cb pcrfgb kc scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls. - @umbqugcr ltrm ltrm fuh`gðh quc puckm rcsubtmr hc`csmrgm ch ch cb íjagtl íjagtl kc bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, y quc kcam scr cicr`gkm plr bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms. - Bms `ljuhgkmkcs `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms omrmhtgzmríh bls jckgls hc`csmrgls pmrm bbcvmr m `mal bms tmrcms mrrgam ch`ljchkmkms.
@. Bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y bls `gukmkmhls m. Umrtg`gpm`gðh kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls Bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls tgchch bm labgom`gðh kc9 - Hltgfg`mr bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms kc bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls, mutlrgzmkls, gh`bugkms bms kc mqucbbls quc sc nmymh utgbgzmkl ch `lhkg`glhcs kgfcrchtcs m bms mutlrgzmkms. Cstms hltgfg`m`glhcs sc chvgmríh bl jís rípgkmjchtc plsgabc mb @chtrl Mutlhðjg`l kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm `lrrcsplhkgchtc m su íjagtl msgstch`gmb, jckgmhtc `umbqugcrm kc bms vêms quc çstc plhom m su kgsplsg`gðh. Bm kgrc``gðh wca pmrm su hltgfg`m`gðh cbc`trðhg`m cstmrí kgsplhgabc ch bms fg`nms tç`hg`ms kc bls jckg`mjchtls. - Hltgfg`mr bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms kc jckg`mjchtls hl `ljcr`gmbgzmkls `ljcr`gmbgzmkls ch Cspmým quc sc nmymh latchgkl m trmvçs kc bls prl`ckgjgchtls rc`logkls ch cb Qcmb Kc`rctl =5=3/1557, kc =7 kc iuhgl, plr cb quc sc rcoubm bm kgsplhgagbgkmk kc jckg`mjchtls ch sgtum`glhcs cspc`gmbcs, kc m`ucrkl `lh bl cstmabc`gkl ch cb jgsjl. - @umhkl bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms scmh `lhsc`uch`gm kc uh crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh, cspc`gfg`mríh cstm `gr`uhstmh`gm ch bm tmrictm mjmrgbbm. Umrm cstc fgh, sc cstmabc`críh prl`ckgjgchtls cspc`gmbcs quc sc rc`locríh ch cb kl`ujchtl kc Auchms Urí`tg`ms kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. - @lhscrvmr kurmhtc mb jchls `gh`l `gh`l mýls bm kl`ujchtm`gðh `bêhg`m kc bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m jckg`mjchtls, `lh cb fgh kc `ljpbctmr l rcmbgzmr cb scougjgchtl, ch `msl hc`csmrgl. - @llpcrmr `lh cb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, prlplr`glhmhkl prlplr`glhmhkl bm ghflrjm`gðh hc`csmrgm quc çstc bcs puckm slbg`gtmr pmrm mjpbgmr l `ljpbctmr bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms hltgfg`mkms. - Ch `msl kc quc nmymh nmymh hltgfg`mkl uhm slspc`nm kc rcm``gðh mkvcrsm mb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, `lbmalrmr `lh çstc mplrtmhkl bm ghflrjm`gðh quc sc prc`gsc pmrm su mkc`umkm cvmbum`gðh `gchtêfg`m. - Jmhtchcrsc ghflrjmkls slarc slarc bls kmtls kc scourgkmk rcbmtgvls rcbmtgvls m bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls quc nmagtumbjchtc prcs`rgamh, kgspchsch l mkjghgstrch, y bbcvmr m `mal ch su íjagtl msgstch`gmb bms jckgkms kc prcvch`gðh kc rgcsols quc sc cstmabcz`mh ch bm fg`nm tç`hg`m kcb jckg`mjchtl y `umhtls prl`ckgjgchtls sc m`ucrkch pmrm fm`gbgtmr cb `ujpbgjgchtl kc cstms jckgkms, gh`buychkl bms jckgkms flrjmtgvms c ghflrjmtgvms m bls usumrgls.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- @lbmalrmr `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms ch `umbqugcr slbg`gtuk kc rc`logkm sgstcjítg`m kc ghflrjm`gðh ch`mjghmkm m cvmbumr bls rgcsols kc bls jckg`mjchtls l cb gjpm`tl kc bms jckgkms mkjghgstrmtgvms pucstms ch jmr`nm pmrm jghgjgzmrbls, gh`buychkl bl cstmabc`gkl ch bls pbmh cs kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols. - @lbmalrmr, ch ch `mbgkmk kc cxpcrtls, `lh bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y `lh bls @chtrls Mutlhðjg`ls kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm ch mqucbbl quc sc bcs slbg`gtc.
a. Umrtg`gpm`gðh kc bls `gukmkmhls Bls `gukmkmhls plkríh hltgfg`mr slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls, agch plhgçhklbms ch `lhl`gjgchtl kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls qugchcs, uhm vcz rcmbgzmkm su vmblrm`gðh `bêhg`m, bms plhkríh ch `lhl`gjgchtl kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, l agch kgrc`tmjchtc mb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. Cstl ùbtgjl sc fm`gbgtmrí m trmvçs kc uh flrjubmrgl cbc`trðhg`l ch píoghm wca, `uyl m``csl cstmrí ghkg`mkl ch cb prlspc`tl kc `mkm jckg`mjchtl.
K. Bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`g `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh ðh m. Pgstcjm kc fmrjm`l fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm vgogbmh`gm kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí kgsplhcr kc uh sgstcjm mkc`umkl pmrm cb `ujpbgjgchtl kc sus fuh`glhcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, kgrgogkl m `lhtrlbmr bm scourgkmk kc bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls c gkchtgfg`mr `umbqugcr jlkgfg`m`gðh kc su rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol. Sh rcsujch kcb jgsjl kcacrí gh`bugrsc ch bm slbg`gtuk kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. Umrm cbbl, cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí9 - Cbmalrmr uh mr`ngvl jmcstrl jmcstrl kcb sgstcjm sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. Bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí rcqucrgr ch tlkl jljchtl mb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh bm prcschtm`gðh kc uhm `lpgm kc cstc mr`ngvl, quc kcacrí prcschtmr m jís tmrkmr ch uh pbmzl kc sgctc kêms hmturmbcs kcskc bm rc`cp`gðh kcb rcqucrgjgchtl. Msgjgsjl, cb mr`ngvl jmcstrl kcb sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm cstmrí kgsplhgabc `lh fghcs kc ghspc``gðh. - Qcmbgzmr uhm mukgtlrêm ghkcpchkgchtc y pcrgðkg`m kc su sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, rc`logchkl bls rcsubtmkls prgh`gpmbcs ch cb mr`ngvl jmcstrl. Amsíhklsc ch cbbls, sc mscourmrí kc quc sc cbmalrc y cic`utc uh pbmh kc jckgkms `lrrc`tlrms mprlpgmkl, pukgchkl cbgjghmr bm rcfcrch`gm m bls rcsubtmkls kc bm mukgtlrêm uhm vcz `ljpbctmkms bms jckgkms `lrrc`tlrms `lrrc`tlrms.. - [chcr m su kgsplsg`gðh kc flrjm flrjm pcrjmhchtc y `lhtghum m uhm pcrslhm pcrslhm kcagkmjchtc `umbgfg`mkm rcsplhsmabc kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm. Cstm pcrslhm rcsgkgrí y rcmbgzmrí sus m`tgvgkmkcs ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm y scrí rcsplhsmabc kcb cstmabc`gjgchtl y cb jmhtchgjgchtl kcb sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `ljuhg`mrí m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls cb hljarc y bls kmtls kc `lhtm`tl kc bm p crslhm rcsplhsmabc. - Cvmbumr `gchtêfg`mjchtc `gchtêfg`mjchtc tlkm bm ghflrjm`gðh, `lhsgkcrmr bms lp`glhcs lp`glhcs pmrm jghgjgzmr y prcvchgr rgcsols, y mklptmr, kc scr hc`csmrgl, bms jckgkms lplrtuhms.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- @ujpbgr `lh `lh bms hlrjms kc Auchms Urí`tg`ms Urí`tg`ms kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm pmrm bm ghkustrgm fmrjm`çutg`m fmrjm`çutg`m puabg`mkms plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls. Pmhgtmrgls.
a. Labgom`glhcs ch rcbm`gðh `lh bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms Ch rcbm`gðh `lh bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, cb tgtubmr kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí9 - Qcogstrmr cbc`trðhg`mjchtc bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms quc sc prlkuz`mh prlkuz`mh ch Cspmým, Cspmým, ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm l ch uh tcr`cr pmês kc bms quc tchom `lhl`gjgchtl, tmhtl bms hltgfg`mkms kc flrjm csplhtíhcm plr bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls l `gukmkmhls `ljl bms rc`logkms kurmhtc uh cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh. - @ljuhg`mr plr vêm cbc`trðhg`m cbc`trðhg`m bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc `msls ghkgvgkumbcs kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms mtchkgchkl m bls rcqucrgjgchtls cstmabc`gkls ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm rcfbcimkls ch bls kl`ujchtls m bls b ls quc sc nm`c rcfcrch`gm ch cb pírrmfl scouhkl kcb mrt. =. - Chvgmr plr jckgls cbc`trðhg`ls m bm amsc kc kmtls Cukrmvgogbmh`c9 m) [lkms bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms ormvcs l`urrgkms l`urrgkms ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm y ch tcr`crls pmêscs, ch bls qugh`c kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs mb kêm ch cb quc nmym tchgkl `lhl`gjgchtl kc çstms. a) [lkms bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms hl ormvcs l`urrgkms ch ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm ch bls hlvchtm kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs mb kêm ch cb quc nmym tchgkl `lhl`gjgchtl kc çstms. Umrm mqucbbms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms `ljuhg`mkms plr prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls quc cicr`ch su m`tgvgkmk prlfcsglhmb ch Cspmým, l plr `gukmkmhls quc sc ch`uchtrmh ch Cspmým, cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí gh`bugr bm ghflrjm`gðh quc pcrjgtm `lhl`cr bm `ljuhgkmk mutðhljm klhkc cicr`c su m`tgvgkmk cb prlfcsglhmb smhgtmrgl l klhkc rcsgkc cb `gukmkmhl quc nm ghflrjmkl kcb `msl, rcspc`tgvmjchtc. rcspc`tgvmjchtc. Bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms rc`logkms ch cb jmr`l kc uh chsmyl `bêhg`l sc sc hltgfg`mhltgfg`mríh kc m`ucrkl m bm hlrjmtgvm `lrrcsplhkgchtc. - Hltgfg`mr m bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glrcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m jckg`mjchtls ch ghvcstgom`gðh latchgkls m trmvçs kc usl `ljpmsgvl kc bms quc tchom `lhl`gjgchtl. - Gkchtgfg`mr mkc`umkmjchtc bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms `uyl hltgfg`mklr hltgfg`mklr nmym ghflrjmkl ghflrjmkl cxpbê`gtmjchtc quc slh `lhsc`uch`gm kc uh crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh. - Qcmbgzmr uh scougjgchtl kc bm agabglormfêm `gchtêfg`m juhkgmb, `lh cb fgh kc gkchtgfg`mr gkchtgfg`mr bls `msls kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms msl`gmkms m uh prgh`gpgl m`tgvl kc uh jckg`mjchtl kcb quc scm tgtubmr ch Cspmým l`urrgkms ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm, msê `ljl ch tcr`crls pmêscs ch bls quc cstc tgtubmr tchom bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh pmrm uh jckg`mjchtl quc `lhtchom csc prgh`gpgl m`tgvl. Cstls `msls sc `ljuhg`mríh plr vêm cbc`trðhg`m mtchkgchkl m bls rcqucrgjgchtls curlpcls rcfbcimkls ch bls kl`ujchtls m bls quc sc nm`c rcfcrch`gm ch cb pírrmfl scouhkl kcb íjagtl kc mpbg`m`gðh. Hl lastmhtc, pmrm bls jckg`mjchtls `lh bls prgh`gpgls m`tgvls gh`bugkls ch bm bgstm supcrvgsmkm plr bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls, `lh mrrcobl mb mrt. 1? kcb Qcobmjchtl (@C) h¹ ?16/155;, kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;, bls tgtubmrcs kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh hl cstmríh labgomkls m hltgfg`mr m bm amsc kc kmtls Cukrmvgogbmh`c bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms rc`logkms ch bm agabglormfêm jçkg`m quc cstç gh`bugkm ch bm bgstm kc puabg`m`glhcs supcrvgsmkm plr bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Cstmabc`cr prl`ckgjgchtls pmrm latchcr ghflrjm`gðh cxm`tm cxm`tm y vcrgfg`mabc quc pcrjgtm bm cvmbum`gðh `gchtêfg`m kc bms hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. @lh cstm fghmbgkmk rc`mamríh ghflrjm`gðh kc scougjgchtl slarc bms hltgfg`m`glhcs `umhkl sc `lhsgkcrc hc`csmrgl agch plr cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, agch plr cb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm y `ljuhg`mríh bms m`tumbgzm`glhcs kc kg`nm ghflrjm`gðh `lh mrrcobl mb tcr`cr pírrmkl kc cstc cpêormfc. - @lbmalrmr `lh cb Pgstcjm Pgstcjm Cspmýlb Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm ch ch bm kctc``gðh kctc``gðh kc hltgfg`m`glhc hltgfg`m`glhcss kupbg`mkms kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. - Gh`bugr ch bm hltgfg`m`gðh kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms bms cxplsg`glhcs kc tgpl kcs`rgptgvl y tcxtumb êhtcorms ch `mstcbbmhl tmb `ljl sc nmymh hltgfg`mkl, msê `ljl uh rcsujch ch ghobçs. - Bls tgtubmrcs tgtubmrcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls nljclpítg`ls mutlrgzmkls mtchkgchkl mb mrt. 3? kcb Qcmb Kc`rctl =0;3/155?, kc == kc l`tuarc, cstíh cxgjgkls kc cstmabc`cr uh sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, pcrl ch tlkl `msl ghflrjmríh ghjckgmtmjchtc mb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc m`ucrkl `lh bls `mu`cs nmagtumbcs cstmabc`gkls mb cfc`tl, kc `umbqugcr gh`gkchtc quc nmym supucstl uh kmýl pmrm cb pm`gchtc.
`. Labgom`glhcs ch rcbm`gðh m bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí prcschtmr bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk kc flrjm tcbcjítg`m mb mr`ngvl `rcmkl pmrm tmb cfc`tl ch bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls ch vgrtuk kcb mrt. 13 ags kcb Qcobmjchtl (@C) h¹ ?16/155;, kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;. Bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk tchkríh cb flrjmtl m`lrkmkl ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm. Cstls gh`bugríh rcsùjchcs kc bls kmtls pcrtghchtcs slarc bls achcfg`gls y bls rgcsols kcb jckg`mjchtl, `lhtcjpbmhkl bls rcsubtmkls kc tlkls bls cstukgls, `lh uhm vmblrm`gðh kc su plsgabc gjpm`tl slarc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh y uhm cvmbum`gðh `gchtêfg`m kc bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kcb jckg`mjchtl, mkcjís kc tlkls bls kmtls rcbmtgvls mb vlbujch kc vchtms kcb jckg`mjchtl, msê `ljl `umbqugcr kmtl slarc cb hùjcrl kc prcs`rgp`glhcs ch plkcr kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, iuhtl `lh uhm cstgjm`gðh kcb hùjcrl kc pcrslhms cxpucstms mb jckg`mjchtl. Qcspc`tl m bm frc`uch`gm y fc`nm kc prcschtm`gðh kc bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk9 m) Bm frc`uch`gm y bm fc`nm kc prcschtm`gðh prcschtm`gðh kc ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk sc cstmabc`crí cstmabc`crí ch bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl y plkrí jlkgfg`mrsc kcspuçs kc nmacrsc `lh`ckgkl bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. a) Bm fc`nm kc prcschtm`gðh kc bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk sc `mb`ubm m pmrtgr kc bm fc`nm kc mutlrgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl. `) Bm prcschtm`gðh kcacrí cfc`tumrsc ghjckgmtmjchtc m slbg`gtuk kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, y msgjgsjl, kc flrjm pcrgðkg`m `lh mrrcobl m bls pbmzls rc`logkls ch cstc mpmrtmkl, sgcjprc quc hl sc nmym cstmabc`gkl ltrm frc`uch`gm `ljl `lhkg`gðh pmrm bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl. Bm pcrglkg`gkmk kc prcschtm`gðh kc bls ghflrjcs scrí scjcstrmb m pmrtgr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh y nmstm su `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. Shm vcz `ljcr`gmbgzmkls sc prcschtmríh scjcstrmbjchtc kurmhtc bls kls prgjcrls mýls trms bm prgjcrm `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh ch `umbqugcr pmês kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm y mhumbjchtc kurmhtc bls kls mýls sgougchtcs. M pmrtgr kc csc jljchtl, cb ghflrjc pcrgðkg`l kc scourgkmk sc prcschtmrí m ghtcrvmbls kc trcs mýls.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Pgh pcriug`gl kc bl `lhtcjpbmkl mhtcrglrjchtc y `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc rcmbgzmr uhm cvmbum`gðh ùhg`m mrjlhgzmkm kc bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk kc jckg`mjchtls quc `lhtchomh cb jgsjl prgh`gpgl m`tgvl l bm jgsjm `ljaghm`gðh kc prgh`gpgls m`tgvls, mutlrgzmkls ch jís kc uh Cstmkl jgcjarl kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm, bm frc`uch`gm y bms fc`nms kc prcschtm`gðh plkríh jlkgfg`mrsc y mrjlhgzmrsc kc m`ucrkl m uhm fc`nm kc rcfcrch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm. Cstm fc`nm scrí m`lrkmkm plr bms mutlrgkmkcs `ljpctchtcs curlpcms ch amsc m bm fc`nm kc mutlrgzm`gðh kcb prgjcr jckg`mjchtl `lhtchgchkl csc prgh`gpgl m`tgvl l bm jgsjm `ljaghm`gðh kc k c prgh`gpgls m`tgvls ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm. Mb rcspc`tl9 m) Bm frc`uch`gm, frc`uch`gm, bm fc`nm kc rcfcrch`gm rcfcrch`gm y bms fc`nms kc prcschtm`gðh prcschtm`gðh sc puabg`mríh ch cb cb plrtmb wca kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y ch cb plrtmb wca curlpcl kc jckg`mjchtls. a) Bls tgtubmrcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacríh slbg`gtmr slbg`gtmr uhm jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh `lh cb laictl kc prcschtmr cstls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk scoùh bm fc`nm kc rcfcrch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm. `) M su vcz, bls tgtubmrcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh plkríh plkríh slbg`gtmr m bms mutlrgkmkcs curlpcms `ljpctchtcs uh `mjagl kc fc`nm kc rcfcrch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm l kc bm frc`uch`gm kc prcschtm`gðh kc bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk kc uh jckg`mjchtl `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc cvgtmr uhm kupbg`m`gðh kc bm cvmbum`gðh, blormr uh mrjlhgzm`gðh ghtcrhm`glhmb l plr rmzlhcs kc smbuk pùabg`m. k) @umbqugcr jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bms fc`nms y kc bm frc`uch`gm frc`uch`gm kc prcschtm`gðh prcschtm`gðh kc bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk, `lhsc`uch`gm kc bm mpbg`m`gðh kc cstc mpmrtmkl, chtrmrí ch vgolr scgs jcscs kcspuçs kc bm fc`nm kc puabg`m`gðh. c) Bm cvmbum`gðh ùhg`m sc rcmbgzmrí kc flrjm mrjlhgzmkm mrjlhgzmkm chtrc bls pmêscs kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kgsplhkrí kc trcghtm kêms hmturmbcs, kcskc bm rc`cp`gðh kcb ghflrjc kc cvmbum`gðh, pmrm cjgtgr sus lascrvm`glhcs, quc chvgmrí m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls y mb pmês quc cstç bgkcrmhkl bm cvmbum`gðh. Bm cvmbum`gðh fghmb sc mklptmrí ch cb schl kcb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl, quc cjgtgrí uhm rc`ljchkm`gðh. Bms jckgkms rcoubmklrms kcrgvmkms kc kg`nm rc`ljchkm`gðh sc plhkríh m kgsplsg`gðh kcb tgtubmr kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. Ch `msl kc quc `lhbbcvch bm hc`csgkmk kc jlkgfg`mr bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh, cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí slbg`gtmr bm jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `lrrcsplhkgchtc mtchkgchkl mb `mbchkmrgl quc sc cstmabcz`m. ]uckmh cxchtls kc prcschtmr ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls `ljl ochçrg`ls, bls jckg`mjchtls nljclpítg`ls mutlrgzmkls m trmvçs kc uh rcogstrl sgjpbgf g`mkl, bls jckg`mjchtls trmkg`glhmbcs m amsc kc pbmhtms l mqucbbls kc usl jçkg`l agch cstmabc`gkl, smbvl quc sc nmym gjpucstl kg`nm labgom`gðh `ljl `lhkg`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh l ch cb `msl kc quc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bl slbg`gtc plr jltgvls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm l kcagkl m quc ym hl sc kgsplhom kc ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk pmrm cb prgh`gpgl m`tgvl quc `lhtgchc cb jckg`mjchtl.
k. Labgom`glhcs ch rcbm`gðh `lh bls sgstcjms kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols y bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh Ch rcbm`gðh `lh bls sgstcjms kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols y bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh, cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí9
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Kgsplhcr kc uh sgstcjm kc ocstgðh ocstgðh kc rgcsols rgcsols pmrm `mkm jckg`mjchtl pmrm cb quc sc slbg`gtc mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh m pmrtgr kc bm chtrmkm ch vgolr kcb prcschtc rcmb kc`rctl. Umrm jckg`mjchtls ym mutlrgzmkls, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí cxgogr mb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kgsplhcr kc uh sgstcjm kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols ch `msl kc quc mpmrcz`mh hucvls rgcsols quc pukgcrmh mfc`tmr m bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kcb jckg`mjchtl. Ch cstls `msls cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh plkrí rcjgtgr mbcom`glhcs ch uh pbmzl kc trcghtm kêms hmturmbcs m pmrtgr kc bm rc`cp`gðh kc bm slbg`gtuk. Ch `msl kc quc, uhm vcz vgstms bms mbcom`glhcs, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls rmtgfgquc bm hc`csgkmk kcb sgstcjm kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols, cstc sc gh`lrplrmrí m bm mutlrgzm`gðh m utlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. M cstc rcspc`tl9 m) Kcacrí gh`lrplrmr mb sgstcjm kc ocstgðh ocstgðh kc rgcsols bms `lhkg`glhcs `lhkg`glhcs cxgogkms kurmhtc cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl l plstcrglrjchtc. a) Pupcrvgsmrí cb rcsubtmkl kc bms jckgkms kc jghgjgzm`gðh kc rgcsols gh`bugkms ch cb sgstcjm kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols. `) M`tumbgzmrí cb sgstcjm kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols. k) Cb pbmh kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols sc prcschtmrí m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls iuhtl `lh uh rcsujch kcb jgsjl ch `mstcbbmhl, kc m`ucrkl mb flrjmtl quc sc cstmabcz`m. - Qcmbgzmr bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc scourgkmk scourgkmk rcqucrgkls plr bls Cstmkls jgcjarls jgcjarls l bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm9 m) @ljl `lhkg`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. Bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh fgimrí, ch `msl hc`csmrgl, bls pbmzls kc `ujpbgjgchtl. a) @lh plstcrglrgkmk m bm `lh`csgðh `lh`csgðh kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, ch `msl kc quc mpmrcz`mh kukms m`cr`m kc bm scourgkmk kc uh jckg`mjchtl mutlrgzmkl. @umhkl cstl mfc`tc m jís kc uh jckg`mjchtl, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, prcvgm `lhsubtm mb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl, ghvgtmrí m bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc quc sc trmtc m rcmbgzmr `lhiuhtmjchtc uh ùhg`l cstukgl. - Qcmbgzmr bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc cfg`m`gm rcqucrgkls rcqucrgkls plr bls Cstmkls jgcjarls l bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm, ch bms sgougchtcs `gr`uhstmh`gms9 m) @ljl `lhkg`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, `umhkl sc pbmhtcch `ucstglhcs slarc bm cfg`m`gm kcb jckg`mjchtl quc sðbl puckmh rcslbvcrsc kcspuçs kc bm `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc çstc. Bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh fgimrí, ch `msl hc`csmrgl, bls pbmzls kc `ujpbgjgchtl. a) @lh plstcrglrgkmk m bm `lh`csgðh kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, `umhkl cb `lhl`gjgchtl kc bm chfcrjckmk l bm jctlklbloêm `bêhg`m ghkgquch quc bms cvmbum`glhcs prcvgms kc bm cfg`m`gm plkrêmh tchcr quc rcvgsmrsc kc flrjm sgohgfg`mtgvm. Cb rcqucrgjgchtl pmrm rcmbgzmr tmbcs cstukgls sc amsmrí ch bms sgtum`glhcs cstgpubmkms plr bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm.
c. Labgom`glhcs kc cvmbum`gðh `lhtghumk `lhtghumkmm kc bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol y m`tumbgzm`gðh kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí9
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Qcmbgzmr uhm cvmbum`gðh `lhtghum kc bm rcbm`gðh rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol achcfg`gl-rgcsol kc bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls quc tchom mutlrgzmkls ch Cspmým, `ljuhg`mhkl ghjckgmtmjchtc m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls tlkm mqucbbm hucvm ghflrjm`gðh quc puckm ghfbugr ch bm cvmbum`gðh oblamb kc bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol l quc puckm rcqucrgr bm jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bm fg`nm tç`hg`m, prlspc`tl l mjals. Msgjgsjl, kcacrí `ljuhg`mr kc flrjm ghjckgmtm m bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls `umbqugcr rcstrg``gðh, suspchsgðh l prlngag`gðh gjpucstm plr bms mutlrgkmkcs `ljpctchtcs kc `umbqugcr pmês. - Pujghgstrmr uh ghflrjc kc bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcso achcfg`gl-rgcsol l `umhkl bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchJckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bl slbg`gtc, l `umbqugcr ghflrjm`gðh mkg`glhmb quc bm jgsjm `lhsgkcrc hc`csmrgm pmrm plkcr cvmbumr bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kc uh jckg`mjchtl, gh`bugkm bm ghflrjm`gðh rcbmtgvm mb vlbujch kc vchtms l kc prcs`rgp`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl kc quc sc trmtc. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh rcsplhkcrí kc flrjm `ljpbctm y ch bls pbmzls rcqucrgkls m cstc tgpl kc slbg`gtukcs. - Bbcvmr m `mal ch Cspmým bms jckgkms rcoubmklrms rcoubmklrms mklptmkms plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk, scourgkmk, gh`buychkl bms `lhtcjpbmkms ch cb pbmh kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols. - Cvmbumr cb gjpm`tl kc bms jckgkms rcoubmklrms mklptmkms mklptmkms plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk, gh`buychkl, gh`buychkl, ch su `msl, bls b ls cstukgls quc sc `lhsgkcrch hc`csmrgls. - Umrm bls jckg`mjchtls quc cstçh gh`bugkls ch bm bgstm kc jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls suictls m scougjgchtl mkg`glhmb, puabg`mkm ch cb plrtmb wca curlpcl kc jckg`mjchtls y ch cb plrtmb wca kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, cb tgtubmr cstmrí labgomkl m gh`bugr ch bm fg`nm tç`hg`m y prlspc`tl cb sêjalbl, scougkl kc bm frmsc y cxpbg`m`gðh m`lrkmkls plr bms mutlrgkmkcs `ljpctchtcs kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm4 msgjgsjl, cstmrí labgomkl m gh`bugr ghflrjm`gðh slarc cb cstmtus kc scougjgchtl mkg`glhmb ch `umbqugcr tgpl kc jmtcrgmb pmrm kgfusgðh m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls, gh`buychkl mqucbbls pmrm su kgfusgðh m bls pm`gchtcs m trmvçs kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls.
f. Ghflrjm`gðh sujghgstrmk sujghgstrmkmm plr cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh plr jltgvls kc scourgkmk Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh ghflrjmrí prcvgmjchtc m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls kc `umbqugcr `ljuhg`m`gðh kgrgogkm mb pùabg`l slarc `ucstglhcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm rcbmtgvm m su jckg`mjchtl. Kcacrí mscourmr quc bm ghflrjm`gðh sc prcschtc kc jmhcrm laictgvm y hl chomýlsm, sgh ljgtgr ghflrjm`gðh kc scourgkmk rcbcvmhtc. Kgfuhkgr bm ghflrjm`gðh sgh rcspctmr bls tçrjghls prcvgstls ch cstc mpmrtmkl scrí `lhsgkcrmkl `ljl gh`ujpbgjgchtl kcb kcacr kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. @umhkl, m `rgtcrgl kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls l kc bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls, sc `lhsgkcrc hc`csmrgl quc cb prgjcrl ghflrjc m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls slarc kmtls rcbmtgvls m bm scourgkmk kcb jckg`mjchtl l bm prcvch`gðh kc rgcsols, y sc kc`gkm k c`gkm rcjgtgr ghflrjm`gðh kc flrjm ghkgvgkumbgzmkm m çstls, cb tgtubmr kcacrí9 m) M`lrkmr prcvgmjchtc `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls Pmhgtmrgls cb tcxtl y `umbqugcr ltrl jmtcrgmb `ljpbcjchtmrgl. a) M`lrkmr bm cstrmtcogm kc `ljuhg`m`gðh, bm `umb gh`bugrí mb jchls cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc kgstrgau`gðh, cb `mbchkmrgl y cb tgpl kc prlfcsglhmb smhgtmrgl mb quc kcac gr kgrgogkm. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls mkcjís ghflrjmrí m bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc bls lromhgsjls l ghstgtu`glhcs m bls quc ch tlkls bls `msls kcacrí chvgmrsc bm `ljuhg`m`gðh. `) Ghflrjmr m bm Moch`gm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls m`cr`m kcb hùjcrl kc prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls m bls quc sc nm rcmbgzmkl bm `ljuhg`m`gðh. k) Gkchtgfg`mr kcagkmjchtc ch bm `ljuhg`m`gðh `ljuhg`m`gðh quc cb tcxtl sc nm m`lrkmkl `lh `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls c gh`lrplrmr uh kgstghtgvl ghkg`mhkl bm hmturmbczm kc bm ghflrjm`gðh quc `lhtgchc. Bms labgom`glhcs rc`logkms ch cstc mpmrtmkl tmjagçh scríh kc mpbg`m`gðh mb jmtcrgmb ch`mjghmkl m bm jghgjgzm`gðh kc rgcsols gh`bugkl ch bls pbmhcs kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols quc kcam kmrsc m `lhl`cr m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y, m trmvçs kc cstls, m bls pm`gchtcs.
o. Ucrslhm kc `lhtm`tl kc fmrjm`lvgogbm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm h`gm Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí kgsplhcr ch Cspmým, kc jmhcrm pcrjmhchtc y `lhtghum, kc uhm pcrslhm kc `lhtm`tl ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, y `ljuhg`mrí m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bls kmtls kc `lhtm`tl kc bm jg sjm m trmvçs kc uh sgstcjm cbc`trðhg`l quc sc prlvccrí m tmb cfc`tl. Bm pcrslhm kcsgohmkm kcacrí plsccr bm cxpcrgch`gm y flrjm`gðh mkc`umkms pmrm bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc sus fuh`glhcs. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls jmhtchkrí uhm amsc kc kmtls kc cstms pcrslhms, quc cstmrí kgsplhgabc pmrm bls ðromhls `ljpctchtcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms. Bm pcrslhm kc `lhtm`tl kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm msgstgrí m bm pcrslhm `umbgfg`mkm rcsplhsmabc kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcm ch mqucbbms fuh`glhcs quc sc bc ch`ljgchkch y `lbmalrmrí ch bms sgougchtcs fuh`glhcs9 m) Qc`lpgbmr, bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc slarc tlkms bms slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms mkvcrsms kc bms quc tchom `lhl`gjgchtl cb pcrslhmb kc bm cjprcsm, `lh cb fgh kc quc kg`nm ghflrjm`gðh sc gh`lrplrc ch cb rcogstrl kc bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, omrmhtgzmhkl quc9 =¹ Pc latgchc ghflrjm`gðh cxm`tm cxm`tm y vcrgfg`mabc quc pcrjgtm bm cvmbum`gðh `gchtêfg`m `gchtêfg`m kc bms hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. 1¹ Pc rc`mac ghflrjm`gðh ghflrjm`gðh kc scougjgchtl slarc slarc cstms hltgfg`m`glhcs. hltgfg`m`glhcs. 0¹ Ch `lbmalrm`gðh `lh cb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm sc kctc`tch `msls `msls kupbg`mkls kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms. ;¹ Pc gkchtgfgquch mkc`umkmjchtc bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms quc cb hltgfg`mklr nmym ghflrjmkl quc slh `lhsc`uch`gm kc uh crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh. a) [rmsjgtgr m bm pcrslhm rcsplhsmabc rcsplhsmabc kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm `umbqugcr slbg`gslbg`gtuk kc ghflrjm`gðh mkg`glhmb kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls Pmhgtmrgls hc`csmrgm pmrm plkcr cvmbumr bls achcfg`gls y rgcsols kc uh jckg`mjchtl y kmr rcspucstm m `umbqugcr ghflrjm`gðhquc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bc slbg`gtc rcbmtgvm mb vlbujch kc vchtms l kc prcs`rgp`glhcs kcb jckg`mjchtl kc quc sc trmtc ch Cspmým. `) M`tumr `ljl puhtl kc `lhtm`tl pmrm prlplr`glhmr ghflrjm`gðh m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls m`cr`m m`cr`m kc bm cic`u`gðh ch Cspmým kc bms jckgkms rcoubmklrms mklptmkms plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk, msê `ljl kc bms m``glhcs rcmbgzmkms ch Cspmým rcbmtgvms m bl cstmabc`gkl ch cb pbmh kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
k) Cstmabc`cr bls prl`ckgjgchtls prl`ckgjgchtls hc`csmrgls quc omrmhtg`ch cb `lrrc`tl `lrrc`tl fuh`glhmjgchtl kc bms m`tgvgkmkcs bl`mbcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. c) M`tumr `ljl pcrslhm kc `lhtm`tl pmrm bms ghspc``glhcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm rcmbg zmkms ch Cspmým. f) @llpcrmr `lh `lh bls `chtrls `chtrls mutlhðjg`ls mutlhðjg`ls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fm`gbgtmhkl tlkm bm ghflrjm`gðh ghflrjm`gðh kc quc kgsplhom ch rcbm`gðh `lh bms hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms mkvcrsms m jckg`mjchtls.
C. Ghtcrvch`gðh Ghtcrvch`gðh mkjghgstrmtgvm m. Ðromhl kc mscslrmjgchtl y pmrtg`gpm`gðh kc cxpcrtls Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls `lhtmrí `lh cb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl, ðromhl `lbcogmkl prcvgstl ch cb Cstmtutl kc çstm mprlamkl plr cb Qcmb Kc`rctl =1?3/15==, kc =6 kc scptgcjarc, pmrm su mscslrmjgchtl ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí slbg`gtmr cb mscslrmjgchtl kc cxpcrtls ch scourgkmk kc jckg`mjchtls y ch ltrms írcms jçkg`ms y `gchtêfg`ms, chtrc bls `umbcs sc ch`lhtrmríh bls tç`hg`ls kcb Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm.
a. Jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh plr jltgvls kc fmrjm`lvgo fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm gbmh`gm Kc `lhflrjgkmk `lh cb mrt. =6.1 kcb Qcmb Kc`rctl 3??/15=0, `umhkl cb tgtubmr kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl `lhlz`m hucvm ghflrjm`gðh rcbcvmhtc quc mfc`tc m bm scourgkmk kc kg`nl jckg`mjchtl, kcacrí m`tumbgzmr sgh kgbm`gðh cb cxpckgchtc kc mutlrgzm`gðh y rcogstrl, jckgmhtc bls prl`ckgjgchtls kc jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl, sgchkl su gh`ujpbgjgchtl `musm kc suspchsgðh l rcvl`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh. Cstms jlkgfg`m`glhcs cstmríh suictms mb pmol kc bm tmsm `lrrcsplhkgchtc. Cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh sc mscourmrí kc quc bm ghflrjm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl cstç m`tumbgzmkm, ch fuh`gðh kc bls ùbtgjls `lhl`gjgchtls `gchtêfg`ls, chtrc bls quc sc gh`buych bms `lh`busglhcs kc bms cvmbum`glhcs y bms rc`ljchkm`glhcs puabg`mkms ch cb plrtmb wca curlpcl slarc jckg`mjchtls, `rcmkl kc `lhflrjgkmk `lh cb mrt. 16 kcb Qcobmjchtl ?16/155;, kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;, y ch cb plrtmb wca kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls. Bms `lh`busglhcs mrrgam ghkg`mkms gh`bugríh bms m`lrkmkms ch cb Orupl kc @llrkghm`gðh l cjgtgkms plr bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm, scoùh `lrrcsplhkm. Cstms sc amsmríh ch bms rc`ljchkm`glhcs kcb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl kcrgvmkms kc bms cvmbum`glhcs kc ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkmk, cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh, rcsubtmkls kc bls pbmhcs kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols y `umbqugcr kmtl slarc hucvls rgcsols l `mjagls ch bls rgcsols ym `lhl`gkls. @lh bm fghmbgkmk kc fm`gbgtmr mb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh cb `ujpbgjgchtl kc sus labgom`glhcs, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls gh`bugrí ch su plrtmb wca uh `mbchkmrgl kc mpbg`m`gðh. Msgjgsjl, ghflrjmrí mb ghtcrcsmkl slarc `umbqugcr ltrm jckgkm ch`mjghmkm m rcku`gr cb rgcsol. @umhkl kc bm cvmbum`gðh kc bls kmtls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm sc ghfgcrmh rmzlhcs kc ghtcrçs pùabg`l, kcfchsm kc bm smbuk l scourgkmk kc bms pcrslhms, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí rcstrghogr bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl, y cstmabc`cr mbouhm kc bms rcscrvms l rcstrg``glhcs kcb íjagtl kc usl kcb jgsjl quc m `lhtghum`gðh sc chujcrmh, scoùh
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
sc kcfghch ch bm hlrjmtgvm quc rcoubm cb prl`ckgjgchtl pmrm bm mutlrgzm`gðh, rcogstrl y `lhkg`glhcs kc kgspchsm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl fmarg`mkls ghkustrgmbjchtc9 m) Jckg`mjchtl kc usl nlspgtmbmrgl (N). a) Jckg`mjchtl kc kgmohðstg`l kgmohðstg`l nlspgtmbmrgl l prcs`rgp`gðh prcs`rgp`gðh plr kctcrjghmkls jçkg`ls jçkg`ls cspc`gmbgstms (KN). `) Jckg`mjchtl kc cspc`gmb cspc`gmb `lhtrlb `lhtrlb jçkg`l (C@J). Cstms rcscrvms l rcstrg``glhcs kc usl tmjagçh plkríh mpbg`mrsc m jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls plr bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm suictls m prcs`rgp`gðh jçkg`m rcstrghogkm.
`. Jlkgfg`m`glhcs urochtcs plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk y prl`ckgjgchtl mpbg`mabc @umhkl sc tchom `lhl`gjgchtl kc uhm hucvm ghflrjm`gðh quc ghkgquc uh rgcsol gjplrtmhtc pmrm bm smbuk pùabg`m msl`gmkm mb usl kc uh jckg`mjchtl l quc tchom uh gjpm`tl rcbcvmhtc ch bm scourgkmk kcb jgsjl, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí m`lrkmr cb `mjagl prlvgsglhmb y urochtc kc bm ghflrjm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl quc mfc`tmrí cspc`gmbjchtc m mbouhl kc bls sgougchtcs mpmrtmkls kc bm fg`nm tç`hg`m9 ghkg`m`glhcs, plslbloêm, `lhtrmghkg`m`glhcs, rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, mkvcrtch`gms y prc`mu`glhcs cspc`gmbcs kc cjpbcl, gh`buychkl mqucbbms mkvcrtch`gms quc mfc`tch m su usl kurmhtc cb cjamrmzl y bm bm`tmh`gm. @umhkl cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `lhsgkcrc hc`csmrgm bm jlkgfg`m`gðh urochtc kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk, slbg`gtmrí kg`nm jlkgfg`m`gðh m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, m`ljpmm`ljpmýmhkl bm sgougchtc kl`ujchtm`gðh9 m) Ghflrjc slarc bls bls rgcsols kctc`tmkls kctc`tmkls quc nm`ch hc`csmrgm hc`csmrgm bm jlkgfg`m`gðh. a) Urlpucstm kc jlkgfg`m`gðh jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bm fg`nm tç`hg`m tç`hg`m y prlspc`tl. `) Urlpucstm kc ghflrjm`gðh ghflrjm`gðh m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls smhgtmrgls y, ch su `msl, bm quc çstls çstls kcach sujghgstrmr m bls usumrgls. k) Urlpucstm kc m`tum`glhcs `ljpbcjchtmrgms, msê `ljl `umbqugc `umbqugcrr ltrm ghflrjm`gðh quc sc `lhsgkcrc hc`csmrgm pmrm bm mpbg`m`gðh cfc`tgvm kc bm jlkgfg`m`gðh. Pg bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls hl flrjubm laic`gðh mbouhm kchtrl kcb kêm níagb sgougchtc m bm rc`cp`gðh kc bm ghflrjm`gðh, bms jlkgfg`m`glhcs urochtcs plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk sc `lhsgkcrmríh m`cptmkms kc flrjm prlvgsglhmb y cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí slbg`gtmr bm jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bm fg`nm tç`hg`m ch uh pbmzl kc qugh`c kêms hmturmbcs kcskc bm fc`nm kc m`cptm`gðh. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cstmabc`crí bls prl`ckgjgchtls cspc`êfg`ls m scougr. @umhkl bm jlkgfg`m`gðh urochtc plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk vchom gjpucstm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh cstmrí labgomkl m prcschtmr uhm slbg`gtuk kc jlkgfg`m`gðh ch bls tçrjghls quc cstmabcz`m bm Moch`gm kc flrjm ghjckgmtm y ch uh pbmzl hl supcrglr m bls qugh`c kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs m bm rc`cp`gðh kc bm hltgfg`m`gðh kc bm Moch`gm.
@umhkl sc trmtc kc prlku`tls mutlrgzmkls plr cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc rc`lhl`gjgchtl jutul l kcs`chtrmbgzmkl, sc tchkrí ch `uchtm bls jc`mhgsjls kc mrjlhgzm`gðh quc sc cstmabcz`mh m tmb cfc`tl ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm m trmvçs kc bms kgrc`trg`cs `lrrcsplhkgchtcs.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Ch bls supucstls mhtcrglrcs, cb pbmzl y bls tçrjghls kc bm ghflrjm`gðh kgrgogkm m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls, msê `ljl bm mpbg`m`gðh cfc`tgvm kc bm jlkgfg`m`gðh plr pmrtc kcb tgtubmr, gh`buychkl bls `mjagls ch cb jmtcrgmb kc m`lhkg`glhmjgchtl, sc m`lrkmríh `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls.
k. Puspchsgðh l rcvl`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm` mutlrgzm`gðh gðh plr jltgvls kc fmrjm`lvgogbm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm h`gm Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, kc `lhflrjgkmk `lh bm cvmbum`gðh kc bls kmtls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, plkrí suspchkcr tcjplrmbjchtc l rcvl`mr kcfghgtgvmjchtc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl `umhkl9 - [chom uhm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kcsfmvlrmabc. - Puplhom uh rgcsol hl mkjgsgabc pmrm bm smbuk l scourgkmk kc bms pcrslhms. - Pc gh`ujpbm bm hlrjmtgvm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm.. - Msê sc ch`uchtrc rcoubmkl ch bm bcogsbm`gðh vgochtc.
c. Url`ckgjgcht Url`ckgjgchtl l kc uroch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ghg`gmrí cb prl`ckgjgchtl cstmabc`gkl ch cb prcschtc mrtê`ubl ghflrjmhkl m bls kcjís Cstmkls jgcjarls, m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls y m bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm sg, `ljl rcsubtmkl kc bm cvmbum`gðh kc uh prlabcjm kc scourgkmk y prcvgl mscslrmjgchtl kcb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl, cstç `lhsgkcrmhkl suspchkcr l rcvl`mr uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, prlngagr cb sujghgstrl kc uh jckg`mjchtl l kchcomr bm rchlvm`gðh kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. Msgjgsjl, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls vmblrmrí ghg`gmr cb prl`ckgjgchtl cstmabc`gkl ch cb prcschtc mrtê`ubl ghflrjmhkl m bls kcjís Cstmkls jgcjarls, m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls y m bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm sg, `ljl rcsubtmkl kc bm cvmbum`gðh kc uh prlabcjm kc scourgkmk9 m) @lhsgkcrm hc`csmrgm, prcvgl mscslrmjgchtl kcb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl, uhm hucvm `lhtrmghkg`m`gðh, uhm rcku``gðh kc bm klsgs rc`ljchkmkm, uhm rcstrg``gðh kc bms ghkg`m`glhcs l mbouhm kc bms rcscrvms l rcstrg``glhcs rcstrg``glhcs kcb íjagtl kc uslrcfcrgkms ch cb mrt. =6.0. l, a) cb tgtubmr kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh bc nm ghflrjmkl kc quc, amsíhklsc ch prlabcjms kc scourgkmk, nm ghtcrrujpgkl bm `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl l nm tljmkl jckgkms pmrm bm rctgrmkm kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, l prcvç nm`crbl, l hl nm slbg`gtmkl bm rchlvm`gðh kc uhm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh. Ch cb `msl kc quc cstçh mfc`tmkls jckg`mjchtls quc `lhtchomh prgh`gpgls m`tgvls mutlrgzmkls ch jís kc uh Cstmkl jgcjarl kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm, cb msuhtl scrí cvmbumkl plr cb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl, `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc mb`mhzmr uhm kc`gsgðh `ljùh ch tlkl cb íjagtl kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm. M cstc rcspc`tl9 m) Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls mplrtmrí mplrtmrí mb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl tlkm cvmbum`gðh rcmbgzmkm c ghflrjm`gðh `gchtêfg`m kc bm quc sc kgsplhom. a) Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí mhuh`gmr cb ghg`gl kcb prl`ckgjgchtl kc cvmbum`gðh curlpcm ch su plrtmb wca, y ch tlkl `msl sc mhuh`gmrí ch cb plrtmb wca
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
curlpcl slarc jckg`mjchtls prcvgstl ch cb mrtê`ubl 16 kcb Qcobmjchtl (@C) h¹ ?16/155;, kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;, gh`buychkl bls prl`ckgjgchtls plr bls quc cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y bls `gukmkmhls puckch mplrtmr ghflrjm`gðh pcrtghchtc mb prl`ckgjgchtl. `) Cb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl curlpcl cjgtgrí uhms rc`ljchkm`glhcs ch bls scschtm kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs m bm prcschtm`gðh kc bm ghflrjm`gðh. Msgjgsjl, ch `msl kc jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls jckgmhtc cb prl`ckgjgchtl `chtrmbgzmkl cstmabc`gkl ch cb Qcobmjchtl (@C) h¹ ?16/155;, kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;, `umhkl bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls `lhsgkcrc tljmr kc`gsglhcs l jckgkms `lhtcjpbmkms ch cb mrt. 15 kcb rcfcrgkl Qcobmjchtl amsíhklsc ch bm cvmbum`gðh kc kmtls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, rcjgtgrí cb msuhtl pmrm su cvmbum`gðh plr cb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl, prcvgl mscslrmjgchtl kcb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl. Ch cb `msl kc quc sðbl cstçh mfc`tmkls jckg`mjchtls quc `lhtchomh prgh`gpgls m`tgvls ùhg`mjchtc mutlrgzmkls ch Cspmým y hl ch ltrls Cstmkls jgcjarls kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm, cb msuhtl scrí cvmbumkl `lhflrjc mb sgougchtc prl`ckgjgchtl9 m) Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls slbg`gtmrí mb tgtubmr tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh uh ghflrjc ch cb quc sc cvmbùc cb prlabcjm kc scourgkmk kctc`tmkl y, ch su `msl, bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol kcb jckg`mjchtl pmrm bms `lhkg`glhcs kc usl mutlrgzmkms ch Cspmým, gh`buychkl prlpucstm kc jckgkms pmrm bm rcku``gðh kcb rgcsol. Kg`nl ghflrjc sc miustmrí m bm cstru`tur cstru`turmm y `ucstglhcs quc sc cspc`gfgquch ch bm slbg`gtuk. Cb ghflrjc kcacrí scr rcjgtgkl ch cb pbmzl jíxgjl kc scschtm kêms hmturmbcs kcskc bm rc`cp`gðh kc bm slbg`gtuk, m jchls quc plr bm uroch`gm kcb prlabcjm sc cstmabcz`m uh pbmzl jchlr, l ch `msls cx`cp`glhmbcs y m pctg`gðh kcb tgtubmr, sc m`ucrkc `lh bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls uhm mjpbgm`gðh kc cstc pbmzl. a) M bm vgstm kcb ghflrjc mhtcrglr, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cbmalrmrí uh ghflrjc kc cvmbum`gðh kcb prlabcjm kc scourgkmk. `) Ch tlkls bls `msls ch ch bls quc sc puckm kcrgvmr mbouhm kc bms rcstrg``glhcs rcstrg``glhcs kc usl `lhtcjpbm`lhtcjpbmkms, uhm suspchsgðh l uhm rcvl`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, cb @ljgtç kc Pcourgkmk kc Jckg`mjchtls kc Ssl Nujmhl cjgtgrí kg`tmjch prc`cptgvl, kíhklsc mukgch`gm mb ghtcrcsmkl.
f. Jckgkms mkjghgstrm mkjghgstrmtgvms tgvms kcrgvmkms kcb prl`ckgjgc prl`ckgjgchtl htl kc uroch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm Bms jckgkms mkjghgstrmtgvms kcrgvmkms kc bm cvmbum`gðh sc m`lrkmríh plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ch cb Orupl kc @llrkghm`gðh, l jckgmhtc kc`gsgðh kc bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm `ljuhg`mkm m bls Cstmkls jgcjarls y mb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, scoùh `lrrcsplhkm, y sc m`ljpmýmríh kc uh `mbchkmrgl pmrm su mpbg`m`gðh. Ch cb `msl kc quc, kcrgvmkl kc bls prl`ckgjgchtls kcs`rgtls ch cb mrtê`ubl mhtcrglr, kcam jlkgfg`mrsc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, bls `mjagls quc kcamh ghtrlku`grsc ch bm fg`nm tç`hg`m y prlspc`tl sc plhkríh m kgsplsg`gðh kcb ghtcrcsmkl m trmvçs kcb plrtmb wca kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, iuhtl `lh cb `mbchkmrgl kc mpbg`m`gðh. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ghflrjmrí mb ghtcrcsmkl slarc `umbqugcr ltrm jckgkm ch`mjghmkm m rcku`gr cb rgcsol.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Kc `lhflrjgkmk `lh kg`nms ghkg`m`glhcs, cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcacrí slbg`gtmr bm lplrtuhm jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl, mtchkgchkl m bls prl`ckgjgchtls prcvgstls ch cb Qcmb Kc`rctl =0;3/155?, kc == kc l`tuarc, plr cb quc sc rcoubm cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh, rcogstrl y `lhkg`glhcs kc kgspchsm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl fmarg`mkls ghkustrgmbjchtc. Ch cb `msl kc quc, kcrgvmkl kc bls prl`ckgjgchtls kcs`rgtls ch cb mrtê`ubl mhtcrglr, kcam suspchkcrsc suspchkcrsc bm `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl, rcvl`mrsc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh l jlkgfg`mrsc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc m`ucrkl `lh bl `lhtcjpbmkl ch cb mrt. =6 mpmrtmkl 0, sc kg`tmrí rcslbu`gðh ghkg`mhkl bls rc`ursls prl`ckchtcs y cb pbmzl kc cic`u`gðh, quc sc hltgfg`mrí mb ghtcrcsmkl. Cstms jckgkms mkjghgstrmtgvms hl scríh kc mpbg`m`gðh m bls jckg`mjchtls mutlrgzmkls jckgmhtc cb prl`ckgjgchtl `chtrmbgzmkl cstmabc`gkl ch cb Qcobmjchtl (@C) h¹ ?16/155; kcb Umrbmjchtl y kcb @lhscil, kc 0= kc jmrzl kc 155;, bls `umbcs sc rcogríh plr su hlrjmtgvm cspc`êfg`m.
o. Jckgkms `mutcbmrc `mutcbmrcss Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, m bm vgstm kc bls kmtls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm, plkrí mklptmr bms jckgkms `mutcbmrcs cstmabc`gkms ch cb mrt. =57 kcb Qcmb Kc`rctl Bcogsbmtgvl=/15=3, kc 1; kc iubgl. Msgjgsjl, plkrí mklptmr cstms jckgkms ch `umbqugcr fmsc kcb prl`ckgjgchtl cstmabc`gkl ch cb mrt. =7 kcb Qcmb Kc`rctl 3??/15=0, plr prlpgm ghg`gmtgvm, l m slbg`gtuk kc bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ghflrjmrí kc bms jckgkms `mutcbmrcs tljmkms m jís tmrkmr cb kêm níagb sgougchtc m bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, m bls Cstmkls jgcjarls, m bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm y m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls.
Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls plkrí puabg`mr ch su plrtmb wca bms fg`nms tç`hg`ms y bls prlspc`tls gh`buychkl ghflrjm`gðh rcfcrchtc m bms jlkgfg`m`glhcs kc scourgkmk kc`gkgkms ch bls prl`ckgjgchtls kc uroch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm, muh `umhkl cb tgtubmr hl nmym prcschtmkl tlkmvêm bm `lrrcsplhkgchtc jlkgfg`m`gðh. Cstm puabg`m`gðh hl cxgjgrí m çstc ch hghoùh `msl kc prcschtmr bm slbg`gtuk kc jlkgfg`m`gðh `lrrcsplhkgchtc.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
n. @ljuhg`m`glhcs @ljuhg`m`g lhcs m bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, prlfcsglhmb prlfcsglhmbcs cs smhgtmrgls smhgtmrgls,, `gukmkmhls y lromhgsjls ghtcrhm`glhmbcs Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ghflrjmrí m bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms y ltrls lromhgsjls rcsplhsmabcs, m`cr`m m`cr`m kc bm mklp`gðh kc bms jckgkms prcvgstms ch cstc `mpêtubl quc tchomh rcbcvmh`gm pmrm bm smbuk pùabg`m. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms nmríh bbcomr m bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y m bls `gukmkmhls, ch flrjm mprlpgmkm, ghflrjm`gðh slarc bls rgcsols kc bls jckg`mjchtls. Bm ghflrjm`gðh kgfuhkgkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cstmrí cstmrí kgsplhgabc ch su plrtmb wca. Bms rcslbu`glhcs kc suspchsgðh, rcvl`m`gðh y jlkgfg`m`gðh rcbcvmhtc kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh, ch bl quc puckmh mfc`tmr m bm smbuk pùabg`m kc tcr`crls pmêscs, sc plhkríh ch `lhl`gjgchtl kc bm Lromhgzm`gðh Juhkgmb kc bm Pmbuk.
g. Ghspc``glhcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm h`gm Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls y bms mutlrgkmkcs smhgtmrgms `ljpctchtcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, ch cb íjagtl kc sus rcspc`tgvms `ljpctch`gms, vcrgfg`mríh cb `ujpbgjgchtl kc bl kgspucstl ch cb @mpêtubl GV, jckgmhtc ghspc``glhcs m bls bl`mbcs, mr`ngvls, kl`ujchtls y mb mr`ngvl jmcstrl kcb sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh l kc `umbqugcr cjprcsm `lhtrmtmkm plr kg`nl tgtubmr pmrm cb kcsmrrlbbl kc bms m`tgvgkmkcs prcvgstms ch kg`nl `mpêtubl. [rms `mkm ghspc``gðh, quc sc kcsmrrlbbmrí kc m`ucrkl `lh bls prl`ckgjgchtls `lhschsumkls ch cb @ljgtç [ç`hg`l kc Ghspc``gðh, bls ghspc`tlrcs rckm`tmríh uh ghflrjc quc sc miustmrí mb flrjmtl m`lrkmkl ch bm Shgðh Curlpcm, kmhkl m bm chtgkmk ghspc``glhmkm `lrrcsplhkgchtc bm lplrtuhgkmk kc prcschtmr `ljchtmrgls. Pg ch cstms ghspc``glhcs sc bbcom m bm `lh`busgðh kc quc cb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh hl nm rcspctmkl cb sgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kcs`rgtl ch su mr`ngvl jmcstrl l mbouhm kcb rcstl kc bms labgom`glhcs prcvgstms, sc `ljuhg`mrí kg`nl gh`ujpbgjgchtl mb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh pmrm su suasmhm`gðh. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls l bms mutlrgkmkcs smhgtmrgms `ljpctchtcs `ljpctchtcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms gjplhkríh, ch su `msl, bms smh`glhcs lplrtuhms. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tl Pmhgtmrgls `ljuhg`mrí cstls gh`ujpbgjgchtls m bls kcjís Cstmkls jgcjarls, m bm Moch`gm Curlpcm kc Jckg`mjchtls y m bm @ljgsgðh Curlpcm.
F. Cstukgls Cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh m. Íjagtl kc mpbg`m`gðh y mspc`tls ochcrmbcs Bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh kcacríh tchcr `ljl fghmbgkmk `ljpbcjchtmr bm ghflrjm`gðh latchgkm kurmhtc cb kcsmrrlbbl `bêhg`l kc bls jckg`mjchtls prcvgl m su mutlrgzm`gðh. ]uckm prlngagkm bm pbmhgfg`m`gðh, rcmbgzm`gðh l fghmh`gm`gðh kc cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc prljlvcr bm prcs`rgp`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls. Bm rcjuhcrm`gðh kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls quc pmrtg`gpch ch bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh sc bgjgtmrí m uhm `ljpchsm`gð `ljpchsm`gðh h plr cb tgcjpl ghvcrtgkl y bls omstls l`msglhmkls, l`msglhmkls, sgh pcriug`gl kc
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
bm hlrjmtgvm mpbg`mabc m bms rctrgau`glhcs quc pcr`gach bls cjpbcmkls pùabg`ls, msê `ljl bms hlrjms ghtcrhms kc bms chtgkmkcs cjpbcmklrms kc bls ghvcstgomklrcs rcbmtgvms m cstm `ucstgðh. @lh cb fgh kc mscourmr cb agchcstmr y bls kcrc`nls kc bls pmrtg`gpmhtcs, bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh kcacríh `lhtmr, prcvgl m su ghg`gl, `lh cb kg`tmjch fmvlrmabc kc uh @ljgtç kc Çtg`m kc bm Ghvcstgom`gðh. Kg`nl kg`tmjch scrí ùhg`l y, plr tmhtl, rc`lhl`gkl ch tlkl cb tcrrgtlrgl hm`glhmb. @umhkl cb cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh, tchom `mrí`tcr kc chsmyl `bêhg`l y hl kc cstukgl lascrvm`glhmb, hl sc rcogrí plr bl kgspucstl ch cstc `mpêtubl, sghl quc bc rcsubtmrí kc mpbg`m`gðh cb Qcmb Kc`rctl 110/155;, kc 6 kc fcarcrl, plr cb quc sc rcoubmh bls chsmyls `bêhg`ls `lh jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl.
a. Url`ckgjgc Url`ckgjgchtl htl mkjghgstrmt mkjghgstrmtgvl gvl Bms Mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms m trmvçs kcb @ljgtç kc @llrkghm`gðh kc Cstukgls Ulsmutlrgzm`gðh, mrjlhgzmríh bls `rgtcrgls y cxgoch`gms ch jmtcrgm kc cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh `lh jckg`mjchtls, fm`gbgtmhkl bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc mqucbbls quc tchomh jmylr ghtcrçs `gchtêfg`l y puckmh `lhtrgaugr mb `lhl`gjgchtl kcb jckg`mjchtl l m jcilrmr bm prí`tg`m `bêhg`m. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, ch `lbmalrm`gðh y `llrkghm`gðh `lh bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, fm`gbgtmrí fm`gbgtmrí m bls ghtcrcsmkls uh puhtl ùhg`l kc m``csl pmrm bm trmjgtm`gðh vêm tcbcjítg`m kc bms slbg`gtukcs `lrrcsplhkgchtcs m cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh, msê `ljl cb ghtcr`mjagl plr kg`nm vêm kc ghflrjm`gðh, kl`ujchtm`gðh y lfg`gls. Bls ðromhls `ljpctchtcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms tchkríh m``csl m bls kmtls rcogstrmkls ch cb sgstcjm kc ghflrjm`gðh quc cstmabcz`m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, Pmhgtmrgls, y jmhtchkríh m`tumbgzmkls bls kmtls rcbmtgvls m bms slbg`gtukcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh quc rc`gamh msê `ljl cb rcsubtmkl kc sus cvmbum`glhcs. Mhtcs kcb ghg`gl ch Cspmým kc bls cstukgls quc `ujpbmh `lh bls `rgtcrgls quc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cstmabcz`m, cb prljltlr kcacrí slbg`gtmr su `bmsgfg`m`gðh m çstm. Kg`nls cstukgls scríh gh`bugkls ch cb rcogstrl pùabg`l kc cstukgls `bêhg`ls quc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls cstmabcz`m. Pgh pcriug`gl kc su hc`csmrgm mprlam`gðh plr bms chtgkmkcs prcstmklrms kc scrvg`gls y mtch`gðh m bm smbuk ch `uyl íjagtl sc vmymh m rcmbgzmr, bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh rcqucrgríh kc mutlrgzm`gðh prcvgm kc m`ucrkl m bl sgougchtc9 m) Bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh plsmutlrgzm`gðh quc `ujpbmh `lh bl cstmabc`gkl ch cb mrt. mrt. ==.1, scríh cvmbumkls plr cb @ljgtç pmrm bm Cvmbum`gðh kc Qgcsols ch Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm curlpcl, qugch rcslbvcrí ch bls scschtm kêms hmturmbcs sgougchtcs m bm prcschtm`gðh kcb prlyc`tl kc prltl`lbl. Bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls scrí rcsplhsmabc kc bm cvmbum`gðh kc bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh ch bls sgougchtcs `msls9 =¹ Cstukgls quc scmh rcqucrgkls rcqucrgkls plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls Pmhgtmrgls plr jltgvls kc scourgkmk `lh plstcrglrgkmk m bm `lh`csgðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh, y sc prctchkmh rcmbgzmr sðbl ch Cspmým. 1¹ Cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc scougjgchtl scougjgchtl prlspc`tgvl quc sc gh`buymh ch cb pbmh kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols kc uh jckg`mjchtl y sc prctchkmh rcmbgzmr ch Cspmým, hl rcfcrgkls ch bls mpmrtmkls mhtcrglrcs. a) Bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc scougjgchtl prlspc`tgvl prlspc`tgvl prljlvgkls plr bms Mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms l fghmh`gmkls `lh flhkls pùabg`ls, rcqucrgríh bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls qugch slbg`gtmrí kc flrjm prc`cptgvm ghflrjc mb @ljgtç kc @llrkghm`gðh kc Cstukgls Ulsmutlrgzm`gðh.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
`) Bls ðromhls `ljpctchtcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms cvmbumríh mqucbbms slbg`gtukcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh kc scougjgchtl prlspc`tgvl quc hl `ujpbmh `lh bl cstmabc`gkl ch bls mpmrtmkls mhtcrglrcs. Umrm mrjlhgzmr cstms cvmbum`glhcs y mutlrgzmr uh prltl`lbl `ljùh, cb @ljgtç kc @llrkghm`gðh kc Cstukgls Ulsmutlrgzm`gðh cstmabc`crí uh sgstcjm kc rc`lhl`gjgchtl jutul chtrc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms. Bms jlkgfg`m`glhcs rcbcvmhtcs kc uh cstukgl plsmutlrgzm`gðh quc sc prctchkmh gh`lrplrmr uhm vcz mutlrgzmkl, kcacríh `lhtmr `lh bm mutlrgzm`gðh prcvgm kc bls lromhgsjls quc bl cvmbumrlh ghg`gmbjchtc. Cb prljltlr `ljuhg`mrí m bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls bm fc`nm cfc`tgvm kc ghg`gl kcb cstukgl, rcjgtgrí bls ghflrjcs kc scougjgchtl mhumbcs `umhkl msê sc cstmabcz`m y, ch cb pbmzl kc kl`c jcscs m pmrtgr kc bm fghmbgzm`gðh kc bm rc`lpgbm`gðh kc bls kmtls, cb ghflrjc fghmb. Cstm ghflrjm`gðh cstmrí m kgsplsg`gðh kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms m trmvçs kcb sgstcjm kc ghflrjm`gðh jch`glhmkl mhtcrglrjchtc.
3.; Urlormjm kc tmrictm mjmrgbbm M. ¼]uç cs bm Fmrjm`l Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm< vgogbmh`gm< M`tgvgkmk kc smbuk pùabg`m kcstghmkm m bm gkchtgfg`m`gðh, `umhtgfg`m`gðh, cvmbum`gðh y prcvch`gðh kc bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m bls jckg`mjchtls uhm vcz `ljcr`gmbgzmkls.
A. Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvg Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm ogbmh`gm (PCFV) Cstru`turm kcs`chtrmbgzmkm, `llrkghmkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, quc ghtcorm bms m`tgvgkmkcs quc bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms rcmbgzmh kc jmhcrm pcrjmhchtc y `lhtghumkm pmrm rc`locr, cbmalrmr y, ch su `msl, prl`csmr bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc gkchtgfg`mr rgcsols prcvgmjchtc hl `lhl`gkls l `mjagls kc rgcsols ym `lhl`gkls, msê `ljl pmrm bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc `umhtls cstukgls sc `lhsgkcrch hc`csmrgls pmrm `lhfgrjmr y/l `umhtgfg`mr kg`nls rgcsols. Cstí ghtcormkl plr bls ðromhls `ljpctchtcs ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms y bms uhgkmkcs l `chtrls mutlhðjg`ls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm m cbbms mks`rgtls, bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y bls `gukmkmhls.
@. Urlormjm kc [mrictm Mjmrgbbm (prlormjm kc Hltgfg`m`gðh Csplhtíhcm) Jçtlkl kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm amsmkl ch bm `ljuhg`m`gðh, rc`logkm, rcogstrl rcogstrl y cvmbum`gðh kc hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls.
K. ¼]uç cs uhm Qcm``gðh Mkvcrsm< @umbqugcr rcspucstm hl`gvm y hl ghtch`glhmkm m uh jckg`mjchtl. Pc `lhsgkcrm QCM@@GÐH MKVCQPM OQMVC, `umbqugcr rcm``gðh mkvcrsm qu c9 - L`msglhc bm jucrtc
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Uuckm plhcr ch pcbgorl bm vgkm - Cxgim bm nlspgtmbgzm`gðh kcb pm`gchtc l bm prlblhom`gðh prlblhom`gðh kc bm nlspgtmbgzm`gðh nlspgtmbgzm`gðh ym cxgstchtc - L`msglhc uhm kgs`mpm`gkmk l ghvmbgkcz sgohgfg`mtgvm l pcrsgstchtc - @lhstgtuym uhm mhljmbêm `lhoçhgtm l kcfc`tl kc hm`gjgchtl. M cfc`tls kc su hltgfg`m`gðh, sc trmtmríh tmjagçh `ljl ormvcs mqucbbms slspc`nms kc rcm``gðh mkvcrsm quc sc `lhsgkcrch gjplrtmhtcs kcskc cb puhtl kc vgstm jçkg`l, muhquc hl `ujpbmh bls `rgtcrgls mhtcrglrcs y tlkms bms slspc`nms kc trmhsjgsgðh kc uh mochtc ghfc``glsl m trmvçs kc uh jckg`mjchtl. Pc `lhsgkcrm QCM@@GÐH MKVCQPM GHCPUCQMKM, `umbqugcr rcm``gðh mkvcrsm `uym hmturmbczm, ormvckmk l `lhsc`uch`gms hl scmh `lncrchtcs `lh bm ghflrjm`gðh kcs`rgtm ch bm fg`nm tç`hg`m kcb jckg`mjchtl.
C. ¼]uç cs uh crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh< Pc `lhsgkcrm crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh cb fmbbl hl ghtch`glhmkl ch cb prl`csl kc prcs`rgp`gðh, kgspchsm`gðh l mkjghgstrm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl amil cb `lhtrlb kcb prlfcsglhmb smhgtmrgl l kcb `gukmkmhl quc `lhsujc cb jckg`mjchtl. Bls crrlrcs kc jckg`m`gðh quc l`msglhch uh kmýl ch cb pm`gchtc sc `lhsgkcrmh rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms, cx`cptl mqucbbls kcrgvmkls kcb fmbbl tcrmpçutg`l plr ljgsgðh kc uh trmtmjgchtl.
F. ¼]uç sc kcac hltgfg`mr< Pc kcach hltgfg`mr bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m jckg`mjchtls. Urgh`gpmbjchtc, sc rc`ljgchkm hltgfg`mr9 - [lkms bms Plspc`nms kc Qcm``glhcs Mkvcrsms OQMVCP. - [lkms bms Plspc`nms kc Qcm``glhcs Mkvcrsms GHCPUCQMKMP. - [lkms bms Plspc`nms kc Qcm``glhcs Mkvcrsms rcbm`glhmkms `lh bls jckg`mjchtls suictls m uh scougjgchtl mkg`glhmb. Cstls jckg`mjchtls cstíh gkchtgfg`mkls jckgmhtc uh trgmhoubl hcorl ghvcrtgkl.
O. Vêms kc hltgfg`m`gðh hltgfg`m`gðh kc slspc`nms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms - [mrictm Mjmrgbbm (`lh frmhqucl ch kcstghl) - Pgstcjm kc Ghflrjm`gðh Mjaubmtlrgm (PGM) - Lh-bghc9 [mrictm Mjmrgbbm - Pgstcjm kc Ghflrjm`gðh Vm`uhmb
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
6. @LHKG@GLHCP @LHKG@GLHC P KC @LHPCQV @LHPCQVM@GÐH M@GÐH KC BLP JCKG@MJCH[LP 6.= Mbjm`chmjgchtl9 ochcrmbgkmkcs Kc flrjm ochçrg`m bls jckg`mjchtls kcach mbjm`chmrsc y `lhscrvmrsc scoùh bls rcqugsgtls kcs`rgtls ch `mkm chvmsc pmrm `mkm jckg`mjchtl, muhquc plkcjls mpbg`mr m tlkls bms sgougchtcs hlrjms9 - Hlrjms y prltl`lbls kc uhgkmkcs kc trmamil, `chtrls, nlspgtmbcs… - @mkm jckg`mjchtl ch su chvmsc - Urltcogkls kc buz slbmr slbmr kgrc`tm, fuchtcs kc `mblr, nujckmkcs… - Ch `msl kc chvmscs jùbtgpbcs, `lhscrvmr `lhscrvmr sgcjprc sgcjprc bm gkchtgfg`m`gðh, klsgs y fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk kc bls cbcjchtls ghkgvgkumbcs - Lrkchmkls `umhkl jchls plr lrkch lrkch mbfmaçtg`l, mbfmaçtg`l, muhquc `lhvgchc tmjagçh lrkchmrbls lrkchmrbls plr plr vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh y fc`nms kc `mku`gkmk - Juy gjplrtmhtcs `ujpbgr `lh cxm`tgtuk bls rcqugsgtls cspc`gmbcs kc `lhscrvm`gðh `umhkl cstls cxgstch (oumrkmr ch hcvcrm) - Bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls hl kcach cstmr cstmr mb mb`mh`c kcb kcb pùabg`l, pm`gchtcs pm`gchtcs hg pcrslhmb hl mutlrgzmkl
6.1 Mbjm`chmjgchtl y `lhscrvm`gðh M. Mbjm`chmjgchtl Cb mbjm`chmjgchtl suplhc `lhscrvmr bm `mbgkmk kcb jckg`mjchtl kcskc su ghorcsl, pcrjmhch`gm ch bm fmrjm`gm, y su kgstrgau`gðh plstcrglr kc jlkl quc bbcouc mb pm`gchtc ch bms jcilrcs `lhkg`glhcs pmrm su usl. @lhscrvmr hl cs sðbl tchcr uh kcpðsgtl klhkc sc oumrkmh bls jckg`mjchtls. Mspc`tls quc sc kcac `lhsgkcrmr9 - Vcrgfg`mr quc bls chvmscs y chvlbturms cstçh agch `crrmkls `crrmkls y scbbmkls mhtcs kc oumrkmr bls bls jckg`mjchtl. - Ulr hghoùh jltgvl sc kcac rctgrmr rctgrmr bm ctgquctm ctgquctm lrgoghmb kc bm `mim l chvmsc pmrm cvgtmr chtrcomr chtrcomr uhm jckg`ghm plr ltrm. - Qc`lrkmr quc sc kcac `lbl`mr bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls ch uh buomr quc cstç fucrm fucrm kcb mb`mh`c kc bls hgýls. - Ulh bls jckg`mjchtls ch cstmhtcs, cstmhtcs, lrkchmkls mbfmaçtg`mjchtc y/l ch orupls kc m`ucrkl m su cfc`tl fmrjm`lbðog`l.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
A. @lhscrvm` @lhscrvm`gðh gðh Bm buz y cb `mblr m`cbcrmh bm kcs`ljplsg`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl, plr tmhtl kcach `lhscrvmrsc ch uh buomr klhkc hl sc prlkuz`mh cstms `gr`uhstmh`gms.
@. Qc`lhl`gjgchtl kc bls jckg`mjc jckg`mjchtls htls jmblormkls - Ulr `mjagls ch cb lblr - @mjagl kc `lblr l mpmrg`gðh kc jmh`nms9 nmy quc kcsc`nmr `umbqugcr jckg`mjchtl jckg`mjchtl quc `mjagc `mjagc kc `lblr l sc nmbbc jmh`nmkl. - Frm``glhmjgchtl l rcsc`mjgchtl - Nujckc`gjgchtl - Ch uh jckg`mjchtl jckg`mjchtl ghyc`tmabc ghyc`tmabc sg lascrvmjls pmrtê`ubms, pmrtê`ubms, bêqugkl turagl l hl tgchc su `lblr nmagtumb. Mhtc `umbqugcr jêhgjm kukm, cs jcilr hl utgbgzmr kg`nls jckg`mjchtls.
?. @MKS @MKS@GKM @GKMKCP KCP Bm fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk kc uh prcpmrmkl fmrjm`lbðog`l hls ghkg`m cb jljchtl m pmrtgr kcb `umb hl sc puckc utgbgzmr kg`nl jckg`mjchtl. Nmy quc tchcr ch `uchtm quc kg`nm fc`nm hls jucstrm cb tgcjpl jíxgjl kc `lhscrvm`gðh y cfg`m`gm, sgcjprc quc sc jmhtchom cb chvmsc ghtcorl. Ch cb jljchtl ch quc ch`lhtrcjls cb chvmsc kctcrglrmkl l sg hl cstí ghtcorl, kcacjls kcsc`nmrbl.
?.= @mku`gkmk M`tumbjchtc y sgougchkl ghkg`m`glhcs kc bm L.J.P. sc `lhsgkcrm quc tlkls bls jckg`mjchtls tgchch uhm vgoch`gm jíxgjm kc `gh`l mýls kcskc su fc`nm kc fmarg`m`gðh, tchgchkl ùhg`mjchtc bm labgomtlrgckmk kc bbcvmr cb sêjalbl ch cb chvmsc, mqucbbls `uym fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk scm ghfcrglr m `gh`l mýls. Msê jgsjl bbcvmh gjprcsl cb bltc `lh uhm bctrm quc ghkg`m cb mýl kc fmarg`m`gðh9 BL[C J -
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Pgougchkl cb lrkch mbfmaçtg`l mhumbjchtc, cx`cptumhkl bms bctrms9 @n, F, BB, Ý, L, ], QQ, S, _ c W. Qcspc`tl kc bm `mku`gkmk kcacjls tchcr ch `uchtm9 - Cs uh pmríjctrl ouêm pmrm cb mbjm`chmjgchtl y `lhsujl kcb jckg`mjchtl, kc tmb flrjm quc kcac `lhsujgrsc prgjcrl cb quc mhtcs `mkuquc, kcagchkl cstmr mkcjís jís m jmhl quc cb quc `mku`m kcspuçs. - Bm fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk sucbc cxprcsmrsc cxprcsmrsc ch jcscs mýl, hl mpmrc`c cb kêm huh`m, plr tmhtl cb jckg`mjchtl cs víbgkl nmstm cb ùbtgjl kêm kê m kcb jcs quc fgourm `ljl fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Hl usmr huh`m uh jckg`mjchtl jckg`mjchtl `uyl chvmsc, mspc`tl mspc`tl y `mrm`tcrêstg`ms cstçh kctcrglrmkls kctcrglrmkls y/l mbtcrmkls. Bms jckgkms jís mkc`umkms slh9 - Hl mbjm`chmr mbjm`chmr `mhtgkmkcs supcrglrcs m bls jíxgjls cstmabc`gkls cstmabc`gkls scoùh scoùh bms `mrm`tcrêstg`ms kc bm uhgkmk. - Kcvlbvcr m Fmrjm`gm Fmrjm`gm kgmrgmjchtc mqucbbls jckg`mjchtls quc hl sc utgbg`ch. - Vgogbmr jchsumbjchtc jchsumbjchtc quc bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls cstçh cstçh ch pcrglkl kc vmbgkcz, bbcvmhkl uh lrkch m fgh kc quc sc utgbg`ch mhtcs bls kc fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk jís prðxgjm. Pcougr pmrm cbbls bm ghstru``gðh kc trmamil cstmabc`gkm. - Hl margr hghoùh chvmsc kc jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls sgh mhtcs `ljprlamr `ljprlamr quc hl cxgstc ltrl kc goumbcs `mrm`tcrêstg`ms `mrm`tcrêstg` ms ch usl.
?.1 Stgbgzm`gðh uhm vcz magcrtls Msgjgsjl tchcjls jckg`mjchtls cspc`gmbcs cspc`gmbcs quc mb jmroch kc su fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk, `ljl hl slh uhgklsgs, uhm vcz magcrtls, ¼`uíhtl tgcjpl plkrcjls scougr utgbgzíhklbls sgh quc pgcrkmh sus `mrm`tcrêstg`ms y su cfc`tgvgkmk< Agch, `ljl hlrjm ochcrmb tchcjls quc uh `lbgrgl, uhm vcz magcrtl, sc `lhsgkcrmrí `mku`mkl trmhs`urrgkls vcghtc kêms y uhm pljmkm trcghtm kêms. - Bls `lbgrgls, `lbgrgls, vchkríh rltubmkls rltubmkls `lh cb kêm ch quc sc margð plr prgjcrm vcz y m pmrtgr kc csc csc kêm, slbl sc jmhtchkrí magcrtl vcghtc kêms hmturmbcs, trmhs`urrgkls bls `umbcs sc kcsc`nmrí. Kurmhtc cstc tgcjpl sc `lhscrvmrí ch cb frgolrêfg`l `lh cb chvmsc `crrmkl. - @lh bms pljmkms, `rcjms y slbu`glhcs lrmbcs, sc sc prl`ckcrí prl`ckcrí kc goumb flrjm quc `lh bls `lbgrgls `lh bm ùhg`m smbvckmk kc quc ch cb `msl kc cstc tgpl kc prcschtm`glhcs sc puckc `lhscrvmr cb jckg`mjchtl kurmhtc uh jcs ch buomr kc vcghtc kêms. Pg sc nm bbcvmkl m `mal uhm rc`lhstgtu`gðh cxtcjplríhcm cxtcjplríhcm mtchkcrcjls bls pcrglkls ghkg`mkls plr cb fmarg`mhtc. - Bms pljmkms lftíbjg`ms, hlrjmbjchtc sc sc `lhtmjghmh jchls pcrl pcrl kcagkl m bm kgfg`ubtmk kc su `lrrc`tm mkjghgstrm`gðh cs m`lhscimabc kmr cb chvmsc mb pm`gchtc uhm vcz rcmbgzmkm bm mpbg`m`gðh. Cb pm`gchtc tchkrí quc bgjpgmr bm puhtm `lh omsm cstçrgb chtrc bms mpbg`m`glhcs.
>. SPL S PL W CJU CJUBCL BCL KC @G[L @G[LP[Í P[Í[G@L [G@LP P [lkls bls fírjm`ls `gtlstítg`ls tgchch uhm `mpm`gkmk kc mbtcrmr l bcsglhmr cb jmtcrgmb ochçtg`l, plr bl quc cs gjplrtmhtc tchcr ch `uchtm uhms jckgkms kc prltc``gðh m bm nlrm kc prcpmrmr, jmhgpubmr, mkjghgstrmr y kcsc`nmr bls `gtlstítg`ls pmrm cvgtmr bm `lhtmjghm`gðh kcb jckgl mjagchtc y bms pcrslhms. Cb pm`gchtc vm m prcschtmr ju`nls sêhtljms, sêhtljms, plr bl quc vm m hc`csgtmr hc`csgtmr uh cbcvmkl hùjcrl kc fírjm`ls pmrm su mkc`umkl `lhtrlb kurmhtc cb tgcjpl quc kurc bm chfcrjckmk. Ulr cstc jltgvl, nmy quc `lhscougr bm jíxgjm mutlhljêm pmrm cb pm`gchtc y bm fmjgbgm ch bm mpbg`m`gðh kc bms jckgkms tcrmpçutg`ms.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
>.= @mrm`tcrêstg`ms kc bms bms vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls Bm vêm kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls cbcogkm cbcogkm kcac prl`urmr quc scm9 scm9 - Mutðhljm, quc pcrjgtm pcrjgtm mb pm`gchtc bbcvmr uhm vgkm bl jís hlrjmb hlrjmb plsgabc. - Kc fí`gb utgbgzm`gðh plr pmrtc kcb pm`gchtc pm`gchtc y bm fmjgbgm. - Bl jchls morcsgvm plsgabc pucs vm m utgbgzmrsc utgbgzmrsc kurmhtc kurmhtc mboùh tgcjpl. - [chomh bls jchls cfc`tls sc`uhkmrgls ch su utgbgzm`gðh.
>.1 Vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh M. Vêm lrmb Pgcjprc quc scm plsgabc vmjls m utgbgzmr bm vêm lrmb ym quc9 - Pcoùh bm Lromhgzm`gðh Lromhgzm`gðh Juhkgmb kc bm Pmbuk, cb 75% kc bls klblrcs prlvl`mkls plr cb cb `íh`cr `íh`cr sc puckch `lhtrlbmr `lh mhmboçsg`ls plr vêm lrmb nmstm bls ùbtgjls kêms, gh`busl nlrms kc vgkm. - Cs bm jchls klblrlsm. - Cs bm quc prlplr`glhm jís mutlhljêm mb chfcrjl Pgh cjamrol, nmy l`msglhcs ch bms quc hl cs plsgabc utgbgzmr bm vêm lrmb y chtlh`cs sc cjpbcm ltrm vêm mbtcrhmtgvm. Bms `gr`uhstmh`gms ch bms quc hl sc puckch utgbgzmr çstm vêm slh9 - Híuscms y/l vðjgtls - Kgsfmogm l gjplsgagbgkmk kc trmomr - Ghtlbcrmh`gm m bms krloms plr vêm lrmb - Jmb maslr`gðh - Cstmkls kc kcagbgkmk cxtrcjm, gh`lhs`gch`gm l `ljm.
A. Vêm Vêm suabghoum suabghoumbb Cs uhm kc bms mbtcrhmtgvms kc bm vêm lrmb. Cs juy ùtgb pcrl, mbouhls fírjm`ls csch`gmbcs hl cstíh `ljcr`gmbgzmkls ch cstm prcschtm`gðh.
@. Vêm Vêm rc`tmb @lh cstm vêm su`ckc bl jgsjl quc `lh bm vêm suabghoumb, mbouhls fírjm`ls csch`gmbcs hl vgchch ch cstm prcschtm`gðh.
K. Vêm Vêm ghtrmjus ghtrmjus`ubmr `ubmr Ju`nls pm`gchtcs tcrjghmbcs, kcagkl m bm `mqucxgm, hl tgchch jmsm jus`ubmr bl quc nm`c quc bms ghyc``glhcs scmh juy klblrlsm y plr tmhtl, cstm vêm hl sucbc utgbgzmrsc.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
C. Vêm Vêm ghtrmvchl ghtrmvchlsm sm [gchch trcs gh`lhvchgchtcs quc slh9 - Nmy ju`nls chfcrjls quc hl tgchch bms vchms m``csgabcs m``csgabcs kcagkl m quc nmh sgkl cs`bcrlsmcs`bcrlsmkms plr bls trmtmjgchtls kc qugjgltcrmpgm. - Cs prc`gsl prc`gsl pcrslhmb pcrslhmb mkgcstrmkl mkgcstrmkl pmrm puh`glhmr uhm vchm, `lhtrlbmr y prcvchgr prcvchgr `ljpbg`m`glhcs `ljpbg`m`glhcs `ljl9 cxtrmvmsm`glhcs, trljalfbcagtgs, smbgkm m``gkchtmb kcb `mtçtcr... - Uçrkgkm kc ghkcpchkch`gm, ym quc gjpgkc quc cb pm`gchtc puckm jlvcrsc `lh bgacrtmk. Mkcjís cs uhm vêm juy gh`ðjlkm g h`ðjlkm y klblrlsm. Cstms `gr`uhstmh`gms bgjgtmh su usl, prí`tg`mjchtc cs kc usl nlspgtmbmrgl. Cxgstch `mtçtcrcs kc bmrom kurm`gðh `umhkl sc mkjghgstrmh plr vêm ghtrmvchlsm `ljl slh cb `mtçtcr kc G@MJ y cb `mtçtcr rcscrvlrgl l pucrtm kc ghfusgðh mutlscbbmhtc. mutlscbbmhtc. Ju`nls qugjgltcrípg`ls slh vcsg`mhtcs (quc prlku`ch mjplbbms) sg sc cxtrmvmsmh prlku`gchkl kmýl tgsubmr y hc`rlsgs4 plr tmhtl cs gjplrtmhtc `ljprlamr cb `lrrc`tl fuh`glhmjgchtl kc bm vêm mhtcs kc prl`ckcr m su mkjghgstrm`gðh. Cb mhtghclpbísg`l jís vcsg`mhtc kcac mkjghgstrmrsc sgcjprc ch ùbtgjl buomr.
F. Vêm sua`utí sua`utíhcm hcm @umhkl bm vêm lrmb cs gjprm`tg`mabc, bm vêm kc cbc``gðh cs `lh kgfcrch`gm bm sua`utíhcm, pcrl su usl cstí juy bgjgtmkl. Cb laictgvl kc cstm vêm cs cb kc mscourmr bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc bm jckg`m`gðh `umhkl hl cs plsgabc utgbgzmr bm vêm lrmb. Cxgstch kls jlkmbgkmkcs kc cstm vêm9
m. Mkjghgstrm`gðh Mkjghgs trm`gðh ‒ch albls‚ Cb cfc`tl kc bm jckg`m`gðh sc prlku`c ch flrjm kc pg`ls, cs kc`gr, grm mujchtmhkl nmstm mb`mhzmr su jíxgjm cfg`m`gm m rmêz kc bm `umb cjpczmrí m kgsjghugr. kgsjghugr. Bm jckg`m`gðh sc plkrí plhcr kc kls jmhcrms9 - Jckgmhtc bm utgbgzm`gðh utgbgzm`gðh kc ghyc``glhcs rcpctgkms m hgvcb hgvcb sua`utíhcl. sua`utíhcl. - Jckgmhtc cb usl kc uhm pmbljgtm prcvgmjchtc prcvgmjchtc puromkm puromkm y fgimkm m bm pgcb, m trmvçs, trmvçs, kc bm `umb sc pmsmrí bm jckg`m`gðh.
a. Ghfusgðh `lhtghum Pc mkjghgstrm bm jckg`m`gðh m trmvçs kc bms aljams kc ghfusgðh. Bm vcbl`gkmk `lh bm quc sc bgacrm bm jckg`m`gðh cs uhgflrjc, pcrjgtgchkl quc cb cfc`tl kc bls fírjm`ls scm `lhtghul y hl sc prlkuz`mh pg`ls. M bm nlrm kc cbcogr quç tgpl kc ghfuslr utgbgzmr, sc kcac tchcr ch `uchtm9 quc scm `ðjlkl, kc fí`gb jmhcil plr cb pm`gchtc y fmjgbgm, quc pcrjgtm mb pm`gchtc jmhtchcr jmhtchcr bm mutlhljêm y quc tchom uh prc`gl rmzlhmabc kc m`ucrkl `lh sus prcstm`glhcs.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Nmy quc cxpbg`mr mb pm`gchtc y fmjgbgm quç cs, `ðjl cs, `ðjl fuh`glhm y quc `ljctgkl tgchc uh ghfuslr. Mb pm`gchtc sc bc pckgrí su mutlrgzm`gðh pmrm bm mpbg`m`gðh kc cstm tç`hg`m. Pg çstc hl pukgcrm sc bm pckgrêm m bm fmjgbgm. Bms zlhms kc puh`gðh kc bm vêm sua`utíhcm gh`buych `umbqugcr pmrtc kcb `ucrpl, pcrl bls sgtgls jís nmagtumbcs slh9 armzls, makljch, tðrmx y jusbls, sgchkl bm zlhm jís frc`uchtc kc puh`gðh cb armzl, kucbc jchls, kcimhkl pmrm `msls cx`cp`glhmbcs bls jusbls, zlhms jís klblrlsms. Bls jckg`mjchtls quc jís sc utgbgzmh plr vêm sua`utíhcm slh9 - @blrurl jðrfg`l - Nmblpcrgklb - Jgkmzlbmh - Ngls`ghm - Bcvljcprljm`ghm [lkls cstls fírjm`ls puckch jcz`bmrsc chtrc sê tchgchkl ch `uchtm quc9 - Bcvlprljm`ghm nmy quc utgbgzmrbm m pcqucýms klsgs klsgs y tgchc tgchc quc gr juy kgbugkm ym quc kc bl `lhtrmrgl l`msglhm rcm``gðh bl`mb ch bm pgcb. - Bm Jctl`blprmjgkm Jctl`blprmjgkm prlku`c rcm``gðh bl`mb bl`mb sg sc sc utgbgzm plr vêm sua`utíhcm jís kc 1; nlrms plr bl quc hl sc usm. - Bm Kcxmjctmslhm Kcxmjctmslhm sc utgbgzm sðbl l`msglhmbjchtc, pucs prlvl`m rcm``gðh m hgvcb kc bm pgcb y puckc prc`gpgtmr mb jcz`bmrsc `lh kctcrjghmkls jckg`mjchtls. - Cb Kgm`cpmh y bm @blrprljm`ghm @blrprljm`ghm hl sc puckch puckch usmr m trmvçs kc bm vêm sua`utíhcm ym quc slh bgplslbuabcs, juy grrgtmhtcs y prlvl`mh uhm ormh rcm``gðh m hg vcb bl`mb. Bm utgbgzm`gðh kc bm vêm sua`utíhcm ch bls pm`gchtcs `lh `íh`cr ch fmsc tcrjghmb vm m pcrjgtgr quc cb pm`gchtc quc bl kcscc puckm jlrgr ch su `msm, ch su `mjm y rlkcmkl kc tlkm su fmjgbgm.
>.0 Hlrjms kc labgomkl `ujpbgjgchtl `ujpbgjgchtl ch bm prcpmrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls `gtlstítg`ls Bls `gtlstítg`ls slh kcs`rgtls `ljl mochtcs lh`loçhg`ls, jutmoçhg`ls y tcrmtloçhg`ls, kc jmhcrm quc cs hc`csmrgl tljmr jckgkms kc prltc``gðh kcb pcrslhmb quc cstç ch `lhtm`tl `lh cstc tgpl kc fírjm`ls, tmhtl ch bls mspc`tls kc jmhgpubm`gðh, rc`lhstru``gðh, prcpmrm`gðh y mkjghgstrm`gðh m bls pm`gchtcs, `ljl ch bls prl`csls kc rc`logkm y cbgjghm`gðh kc rcsgkuls. Msgjgsjl, sgcjprc tchkrcjls ch `uchtm bms `mrm`tcrêstg`ms cspc`gmbcs kcb rc`cptlr fghmb kcb prl`csl, cb pm`gchtc lh`lbðog`l, quc plr sê jgsjl prcschtm uhm ormh sus`cptgagbgkmk frchtc m ghfc``glhcs, plr bl quc sc `ljprchkc bm gjplrtmh`gm kc quc bms prcpmrm`glhcs kc `gtlstítg`ls sc nmomh ch `lhkg`glhcs msçptg`ms.
M. @mrm`tcrêstg`ms ochcrmbcs Bls `gtlstítg`ls slh ju`nls y kc hmturmbczms juy vmrgmkms plr bl quc cb jmroch kc cstmagbgkmk y scourgkmk cs cstrc`nl. Msgjgsjl slh ju`nls bls fm`tlrcs cxtcrhls quc mfc`tmh m bm cstmagbgkmk kc bls `gtlstítg`ls, `ljl cb tgpl kc kgbuychtc cjpbcmkl, bms `lhkg`glhcs kc buz y tcjpcrmturm, ct`.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
Bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc uh mochtc mhtghclpbísg`l, bm jmylrêm kc bms vc`cs, rcqugcrc prcvgmjchtc uh prl`csl kc rc`lhstgtu`gðh y plstcrglr kgbu`gðh m pmrtgr kc bm prcschtm`gðh fmrjm`çutg`m. Bm `rcm`gðh kc Shgkmkcs @chtrmbgzmkms kc prcpmrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls labgom m uh jmylr `lhl`gjgchtl kc bms `lhkg`glhcs ðptgjms kc cstmagbgkmk kc bms slbu`glhcs prcpmrmkms msê `ljl sus bgjgtm`glhcs.
A. Cstmagbgkmk kc bls prcpmrmkls `gtlstítg`l `gtlstítg`lss Bm cstmagbgkmk sc cxprcsm ch uhgkmkcs kc tgcjpl y rcprcschtm cb pcrglkl kc tgcjpl ch quc sc jmhtgchc `ljl jêhgjl uh 75% kc bm m`tgvgkmk kc bm sustmh`gm. Pgcjprc kcacríh rcfcrgrsc bms `lhkg`glhcs kcb cstukgl9 tcjpcrmturm, `lh`chtrm`gðh, tgpl kc rc`gpgchtc, ct`. Bm pçrkgkm kc pltch`gm puckc prlku`grsc p rlku`grsc plr `mjagls quêjg`ls `ljl bm pçrkgkm kc m`tgvgkmk, bm ochcrm`gðh kc prlku`tls tðxg`ls, y bm mbtcrm`gðh ch bm prcschtm`gðh fmrjm`çutg`m4 y plr `mjagls fêsg`ls `ljl bms mbtcrm`glhcs ch bm slbuagbgkmk, fchðjchls kc mkslr`gðh y maslr`gðh kc fírjm`ls m bls rc`gpgchtcs. Bls fm`tlrcs quc kctcrjghmh bm cstmagbgkmk kc bls `gtlstítg`ls slh9
m. Hmturmbczm kcb mochtc hclpbísg`l Mbouhls tgchch uhm bmagbgkmk ghncrchtc amim `ljl cb fbulrm`gbl, `gtmrmvghm, ct`. Pgh cjamrol, bm `mrjustghm sc mbtcrm `lh fm`gbgkmk.
a. [gpl kc kgbuychtc cjpbcmkl (PF, PO 3%4 ct`.) Urgh`gpmbjchtc m `musm kc su pN, pcrl tmjagçh plr bm `lh`chtrm`gðh y tgpl kc glhcs kc bls sucrls. Msê bm cstmagbgkmk kcb `gspbmtghl sc gh`rcjchtm sgohgfg`mtgvmjchtc mb mujchtmr bm `lh`chtrm`gðh kc `blrurls ch bm kgslbu`gðh.
`. @lh`chtr @lh`chtrm`gðh m`gðh kc bm kgslbu`gðh Ch ochcrmb slh jís cstmabcs bms slbu`glhcs `lh`chtrmkms. Pgh cjamrol, su`ckc bl `lhtrmrgl `umhkl bls jckg`mjchtls sc ch`uchtrmh prðxgjls m sus bêjgtcs kc slbuagbgkmk, pukgchkl mpmrc`cr prc`gpgtm`glhcs ch bms slbu`glhcs jís `lh`chtrmkms. Cstc prlabcjm sc moukgzm sg bms slbu`glhcs slh rcfrgocrmkms. Ch `mjagl ch slbu`glhcs kgbugkms cs fmvlrmabc bm rcfrgocrm`gðh pmrm uhm jmylr `lhscrvm`gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl, smbvl quc cb prlpgl jckg`mjchtl cxprcsc bm gjplsgagbgkmk kc rcfrgocrm`gðh.
k. [gpl kc chvmsc @blrurl kc plbgvghgbl, plbgprlpgbchl (UU), plbgctgbchl (UC), vgkrgl. Uuckch prlku`grsc pçrkgkms plr mkslr`gðh y maslr`gðh. Bm mkslr`gðh cs uh prl`csl smturmabc, flrjmhkl ochcrmbjchtc uhm `mpm kc fírjm`l ch bm supcrfg`gc ghtcrhm kcb rc`gpgchtc (cb UV@ pmrc`c maslracr `mhtgkmkcs sgohgfg`mtgvms kc mbouhls jckg`mjchtls). Bm maslr`gðh cs uh prl`csl `mrm`tcrgzmkl plr bm kgfusgðh `lhtrlbmkm. Bm ormh `mpm`gkmk kc maslr`gðh kcb pbístg`l puckc kcacrsc m bm slbuagbgzm`gðh kc fírjm`ls fírjm`ls bgplslbuabcs ch cb mochtc pbmstgfg`mhtc. Cb UU y cb UC rctgchch fírjm`ls ch jchlr ormkl.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
c. @lhkg`glhcs mjagchtmbc mjagchtmbcss Buz, tcjpcrmturm. Bm tcjpcrmturm m`cbcrm bm vcbl`gkmk kc kcormkm`gðh kc ju`nls fírjm`ls. Muhquc bm cstmagbgkmk quêjg`m sc vcm gh`rcjchtmkm m tcjpcrmturms amims, sc puckc prlku`gr uh mujchtl ch bm gh`ljpmtgagbgkmk fêsg`m. Bms rmkgm`glhcs bujghlsms puckch tmjagçh m`cbcrmr bm vcbl`gkmk kc kcormkm`gðh. Bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls fltlschsgabcs kcacrí rcmbgzmrsc prltcogchkl cb rc`gpgchtc y cb sgstcjm `lh jmtcrgmb lpm`l4 pcrl tmjagçh nmy quc tchcr ch `uchtm quc nmy mutlrcs quc pgchsmh quc hl kcach prltcocrsc kc bm buz pucs hl puckch vmblrmrsc bls `mjagls quc puckch l`urrgr kurmhtc cb pcrêlkl kc su mkjghgstrm`gðh `ljl bm mpmrg`gðh kc prc`gpgtmkl l `mjagls kc `lblr quc kchltmh kcormkm`gðh. [lkls cstls fm`tlrcs sc `lh`rctmrmh `lh`rctmrmh ch uhm tmabm kc cstmagbgkmkcs kcpchkgchkl kc bms `mrm`tcrêstg`ms kc trmamil prlpgms kc `mkm scrvg`gl kc Fmrjm`gm.
@. Qc`cp`gðh, mbjm`chmjgc mbjm`chmjgchtl htl y trmhspl trmhsplrtc rtc Bm rc`cp`gðh kc bls `gtlstítg`ls scrí rcmbgzmkm plr pcrslhmb `lh `lhl`gjgchtl kcb prlku`tl quc jmhcim. Cb buomr kc mbjm`chmjgchtl kcac scr mkc`umkl pmrm cvgtmr ch bl plsgabc bm `mêkm y rlturm kc chvmscs, mtchkgchkl, mb jgsjl tgcjpl, m bms `lhkg`glhcs kc tcjpcrmturm cspc`gmbcs kc mbouhls kc cbbls. Cb buomr cstmrí scýmbgzmkl `ljl mbjm`çh kc `gtlstítg`ls. Bm `gr`ubm`gðh ch cb nlspgtmb kc `gtlstítg`ls, tmhtl ch chvmsc lrgoghmb `ljl ch prcpmrmkls, sc rcmbgzmrí kc flrjm quc sc omrmhtg`c bm prltc``gðh kcb pcrslhmb quc bls trmhsplrtm, y bm hl `lhtmjghm`gðh kcb mjagchtc ch `msl kc rlturm.
K. Ylhm kc trmami trmamil l Pcrí uh rc`ghtl cx`busgvl kchtrl kcb scrvg`gl kc Fmrjm`gm, `lh m``csl bgjgtmkl mb pcrslhmb mutlrgzmkl, ch bm quc sc cxgoch jckgkms prlpgms kc uhm zlhm prcvgm m bm kc prcpmrm`gðh kc prlku`tls cstçrgbcs9 bgjpgczm jíxgjm, `gr`ubm`gðh kc pcrslhmb `lh amtm, musch`gm kc cjambmics u ltrms fuchtcs kc pmrtê`ubms, bgjgtm`gðh kc bm chtrmkm kc mgrc `lhtmjghmkl, ct`. Hl cstmrí pcrjgtgkl kchtrl `ljcr, acacr, fujmr, jms`mr `ng`bc, ct`., hg mbjm`chmr mbgjchtls l acagkms. Bms pmrckcs kcb rc`ghtl scríh kc fí`gb bgjpgczm `lh moum y imaðh. Bm pucrtm kc bm nmagtm`gðh kcac pcrjmhc`cr sgcjprc `crrmkm pmrm jmhtchcr bm mscpsgm kcb rc`ghtl
C. @maghm kc scourgkmk aglbðog`m Kchtrl kc cstm zlhm kc trmamil sc ghstmbmrí uhm @MAGHM KC FBSIL VCQ[G@MB @BMPC GG, [GUL A (05% mgrc `gr`ubmhtc y 75% mgrc mb cxtcrglr) quc omrmhtgzm sufg`gchtcjchtc bm prltc``gðh prltc``gðh kcb jckg`mjchtl, kcb lpcrmklr y kcb mjagchtc y sc utgbgzmrí cx`busgvmjchtc pmrm cb jmhcil kc `gtlstítg`ls. `gtlstítg`ls. Bm `maghm kcac pcrjmhc`cr ch fuh`glhmjgchtl jckgm nlrm mhtcs kc `ljchzmr bm prcpmrm`gðh y nmstm cb fghmb kc bm jmýmhm. Uuckc bbcvmr m`lpbmkm uhm bíjpmrm kc buz ubtrmvglbctm quc pcrjmhc`crí ch`chkgkm ch`chkgkm kurmhtc tlkl cb tgcjpl ch quc HL sc cstí trmamimhkl `lh cbbm. Pc bgjpgmrí kgmrgmjchtc `lh mb`lnlb kc ?5¹ l `blrncxgkghm mb`lnðbg`m 5.3% mhtcs kc `ljchzmr y kcspuçs kc fghmbgzmr bm scsgðh kc trmamil. Shm vcz mb jcs sc bgjpgmrí kc flrjm jís kctmbbmkm bm pmrtc
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
ghfcrglr y supcrglr kc bm jgsjm cvgtmhkl ch tlkl jljchtl kmýmr bls fgbtrls NCUM kmhkl olbpcs, prlyc`tmhkl bêqugkls l smbpg`mkurms, ct`.. Mb fghmbgzmr `mkm kêm bm bgjpgczm kcspuçs kc bm scsgðh kc trmamil sc `lbl`mrí bm pucrtm quc `gcrrm bm `maghm. Hl sc kcach ghtrlku`gr ch bm `maghm jmtcrgmbcs tmbcs `ljl pmpcb, jmkcrm, `mrtðh, oljm kc alrrmr, mbolkðh ct`., ym quc slh mbtmjchtc kcsprchkcklrcs kc pmrtê`ubms. @umbqugcr jmhgpubm`gðh sc rcmbgzmrí sgcjprc PGH LAP[M@SBGYMQ CB FBSIL KC MGQC. Cstc pmsm m trmvçs kc bm zlhm kc trmamil kcskc mrrgam kc bm `maghm nm`gm mamil. Pc cvgtmríh jlvgjgchtls ghhc`csmrgls ch bm zlhm kc trmamil4 bls jlvgjgchtls bmtcrmbcs rípgkls l cx`csgvls kc armzls y jmhls puckch mbtcrmr c ghtcrrujpgr bm amrrcrm vcrtg`mb kc mgrc. Bls jlvgjgchtls kc mprlxgjm`gðh y rctgrmkm kc bm `mjpmhm kcacríh kc nm`crsc kc jmhcrm kgrc`tm pcrpchkg`ubmrjchtc mb frchtc. Bls prlku`tls cstçrgbcs nmh kc `lbl`mrsc kchtrl kc bm `maghm ch bm ghjckgmtm vc`ghkmk kc bm zlhm `chtrmb kc trmamil. Cb jmtcrgmb hl cstçrgb sc kcac `lbl`mr ch bm pmrtc bmtcrmb, mprlxgjmkmjchtc m ?.3 `j. kc bls bmkls. [chkrcjls ch `uchtm tmjagçh quc bm zlhm kc jchlr cfg`gch`gm `lh rcbm`gðh m bm scourgkmk, tmhtl kcb prlku`tl `ljl kcb lpcrmklr, slh bls > `j. jís prðxgjls mb frchtc magcrtl. Kcacrí cfc`tumrsc uh `lhtrlb pcrgðkg`l kcb `lrrc`tl fuh`glhmjgchtl kc tlkls bls `ljplhchtcs kc bm `maghm. Pc m`lhscim uhm rcvgsgðh kc bm vcbl`gkmk kc gjpubsgðh `mkm 355-=555 nlrms kc fuh`glhmjgchtl y `mjagl kcb fgbtrl maslbutl m bms 0555-;555 nlrms. Mkcjís bm `maghm kgsplhc kc uh jmhðjctrl kgfcrch`gmb4 cb mujchtl kc bm prcsgðh kgfcrch`gmb scýmbm cb ormkl kc `lbjmtm`gðh kcb fgbtrl NCUM. Sh vmblr kc uhls ;-3 jj `m. supcrglrcs m bls ghkg`mkls ch bm pucstm ch jmr`nm scýmbm quc cb fgbtrl kcac scr rcvgsmkl. Bm rcvgsgðh y bm sustgtu`gðh kc bls fgbtrls NCUM, kcach scr rcmbgzmkls plr pcrslhmb tç`hg`l cspc`gmbgzmkl.
F. Ucrslhmb Cb pcrslhmb rcsplhsmabc kc bm prcpmrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls kcacrí scr pcrslhmb fgil y agch ghflrjmkl m`cr`m kc bls rgcsols msl`gmkls `lh su trmamil y slarc bms prc`mu`glhcs quc nm kc tljmr pmrm jghgjgzmr cstls rgcsols. Hl tlkls bls `gtlstítg`ls prcschtmh bm jgsjm flrjm fmrjm`çutg`m hg bls jgsjls rgcsols y cstls hl slh sðbl bls kcrgvmkls kcb `lhtm`tl kgrc`tl plr vcrtgkl, sghl tmjagçh plr bm ghnmbm`gðh kc bls vmplrcs l jg`rloltms jg`rloltms quc sc ochcrmh ch bm rc`lhstgtu`gðh.
Kc m`ucrkl `lh jckg`ghm prcvchtgvm, sc bbcvmrí m `mal pcrgðkg`mjchtc uh `lhtrlb kcb pcrslhmb gjpbg`mkl ch bm jmhgpubm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls. Bls `msls kc cxplsg`gðh moukm nmh kc scr `ljuhg`mkls.
Hl kcach jmhcimr `gtlstítg`ls juicrcs ch cstmkl kc ocstm`gðh l quc cstçh pbmhtcmhkl uh cjamrmzl, jmkrcs ch pcrglkl kc bm`tmh`gm, jmkrcs kc ngils `lh jmbflrjm`glhcs `lhoçhgtms l ngstlrgms kc malrtls, pcrslhmb `lh ngstlrgm kc mbcrogms, trmtmjgchtls prcvgls `lh `gtlstítg`ls, qugchcs trmamimh nmagtumbjchtc `lh rmkgm`glhcs glhgzmhtcs (plr cb cfc`tl sghçrog`l) msê `ljl `lh `umbqugcr prl`csl ghfc``glsl l `lh ncrgkms ch bms jmhls. Cb pcrslhmb sc nm kc mastchcr kc usmr jmqugbbmic ch bm `mrm, ch bls lils, pghtmbmagls, csjmbtc kc uýms, bm`m kc pcbl u ltrls `lsjçtg`ls, pucs puckch scr fuchtc kc cxplsg`gðh prlblhomkm sg sc `lhtmjghmh. Msgjgsjl kcacrí cvgtmr tl`mrsc bm al`m y bls lils. Mhtcs kc `mkm scsgðh kc trmamil sc qugtmríh rcbli, mhgbbls y pubscrms.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
O. Cqugpl prltc`tlr kcb lpcrmklr - Oumhtcs kc bítcx kc jíxgjl jíxgjl orlslr (5.;3 jj) sgh tmb`l, tmb`l, cstçrgbcs y `lbl`mkls plr kcamil kc bls puýls kc bm amtm. Pc `mjagmríh `ljl jêhgjl `mkm 05 jghutls, sgcjprc quc cxgstm `lhtmjghm`gðh y/l rlturm y mb fghmbgzmr `mkm scsgðh kc trmamil. - Amtm bmrom, cstçrgb, marl`nmkm marl`nmkm m bm cspmbkm, `lh puýls miustmabcs (ym scmh cbístg`ls cbístg`ls l kc puhtl), gjpcrjcmabcs, quc hl kcsprchkmh ngbls l pmrtê`ubms y kc uh slbl usl. - Kcacrí usmrsc tmjagçh jms`mrgbbm jms`mrgbbm `lh laictl kc prcvchgr bm ghnmbm`gðh kc mcrlslbcs. - Olrrl y `mbzms lp`glhmbcs.
N. Qcstl kc jmtcrgmb - Icrghoms kc trcs pgczms pgczms kc 3jb - =5jb - 15jb - 35jb `lh `lhcxgðh `lhcxgðh Bucr-Bl`d Bucr-Bl`d y tmplhcs pmrm cbbms. Mouims, trmsvmsmklrcs y fgbtrls kc vchtcl pmrm cvgtmr ghnmbm`gðh kc mcrlslbcs. - Omsms cstçrgbcs, `ljprcsms cstçrgbcs, maslrachtc cstçrgb `lh cb rcvçs pbmstgfg`mkl. pbmstgfg`mkl. - Pgstcjms kc oltcrl oltcrl hlrjmbcs, lpm`ls hlrjmbcs y lpm`ls lpm`ls pmrm aljams. - Albsm maslrachtc kc rmkgm`glhcs ubtrmvglbctms pmrm cb prcpmrmkl quc bl prc`gsc, prc`gsc, ctgquctms pmrm gkchtgfg`mr bls prcpmrmkls, ctgquctms pmrm scýmbmr prlku`tls `gtlstítg`ls. `gtlstítg`ls. - Ltrls `ljl `lhtchcklr kc rcsgkuls rcsgkuls Aglpcbgorlsls, `lhtchcklr kc mouims. mouims.
G. Hlrjms ochcrmbcs kc prcpmrm`gðh ch bm prcpmrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`l `gtlstítg`lss - Cb m`lhkg`glhmjgchtl kc bm `maghm sc ghg`gm prl`ckgchkl prl`ckgchkl m bm bgjpgczm kc bms pmrckcs y kc bm supcrfg`gc kc trmamil `lh omsm nujckc`gkm ch mb`lnlb kc ?5¹ l `blrncxgkghm. Mb fghmbgzmr bm scsgðh kc trmamil sc rcmbgzmrí bm jgsjm lpcrm`gðh. Pc cspcrmrí jckgm nlrm kcspuçs kc bm bgjpgczm pmrm `ljchzmr cb trmamil kgmrgl. - Pc scougríh scougríh bms hlrjms kc ngogchc quc nmagtumbjchtc cstíh cstmabc`gkms ch cb írcm kc trmamil cstçrgb `ljl `cpgbbmkl y bmvmkl kc jmhls y mhtcarmzls `lh imaðh ocrjg`gkm y sc bbcvmrí m `mal bm prcpmrm`gðh `lh bls prgh`gpgls kc uhm tç`hg`m msçptg`m. - Mhtcs kc `ljchzmr bm prcpmrm`gðh kcacrí kcacrí cxtchkcrsc cxtchkcrsc slarc bm supcrfg`gc kc mplyl kc bm `maghm, `maghm, amil bm rcigbbm, uh pmýl maslrachtc cstçrgb, `lh cb rcvçs pbmstgfg`mkl. Cstc pmýl kcacrí rccjpbmzmrsc plr ltrl `mkm vcz quc sc prlkuz`m uh kcrrmjc ch çb y mb fghmbgzmr bm scsgðh kc trmamil. - Pc kgsplhkrí kgsplhkrí ch cb ghtcrglr kc bm `maghm kc uh `lhtchcklr kc scourgkmk pmrm kcsc`nmr kcsc`nmr icrghougbbms, mouims, vgmbcs y mjplbbms. Ch cb `msl kc tchcr quc cbgjghmr `gtlstítg`ls bêqugkls, cstls sc kcsc`nmríh ch su prlpgl vgmb y sc cbgjghmrí iuhtl `lh cb `lhtchcklr kc mouims, pmýl, amtm, oumhtcs, omsms ct`., ch cb rc`gpgchtc pmrm rcsgkuls aglpcbgorlsls. - Pc lromhgzmrí lromhgzmrí bm nlim kc trmamil kc m`ucrkl `lh bms prcs`rgp`glhcs, prcs`rgp`glhcs, sc prcpmrmríh prcpmrmríh bms ctgquctms, ctgquctms, sc sm`mrmh bls jckg`mjchtls y cb jmtcrgmb plr pmrtgkms. Bm nlim kc trmamil sujghgstrmrí bls kctmbbcs hc`csmrgls pmrm bm prcpmrm`gðh9 jckg`mjchtl, klsgs, hùjcrl kc flrjms fmrjm`çutg`ms hc`csmrgms, hc`csmrgms, kgslbvchtc, slbu`gðh GV ch quc sc kgbuyc. Ch bms ctgquctms sc cs`rgagrí cb hljarc kcb pm`gchtc, scrvg`gl, jckg`mjchtl y klsgs, tgcjpl kc mkjghgstrm`gðh, fc`nm kc prcpmrm`gðh, cstmagbgkmk y sg nmy mbouhm lascrvm`gðh slarc bm `lhscrvm`gðh.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Pc `ljprlamrí `ljprlamrí quc bls jckg`mjchtls jckg`mjchtls sm`mkls, slh bls ghkg`mkls ch bm prcs`rgp`gðh prcs`rgp`gðh y quc bm `mku`gkmk cs `lrrc`tm. Pc `lbl`mríh bls vgmbcs y bms mjplbbms ch uhm amtcm pmrm bmvmrbls `lh mb`lnlb, kcspuçs quc cb mb`lnlb sc cvmplrc, sc ghtrlku`gríh ch bm `maghm. @ljprlamrcjls tmjagçh tlkls bls kmtls kc bm ctgquctm. - Pc ghtrlku`grí ghtrlku`grí tlkl tlkl cb jmtcrgmb hc`csmrgl hc`csmrgl ch cb ghtcrglr kc bm `maghm kgsplhgçhklbl kgsplhgçhklbl kc m`ucrkl `lh bms rc`ljchkm`glhcs `gtmkms (bls prlku`tls cstçrgbcs ch cb `chtrl y bls hl cstçrgbcs m > `j kc bls bmkls). - Mhtcs kc ghg`gmr bms lpcrm`glhcs lpcrm`glhcs sc cspcrmrí cspcrmrí uh jêhgjl kc 0 jghutls pmrm pcrjgtgr bm cstmagbgzm`gðh kcb fbuil kc mgrc y bm kcpurm`gðh kc bms pmrtê`ubms quc nuagcrmh plkgkl ochcrmrsc. - Pg cb `gtlstítg`l sc prcschtm prcschtm ch vgmb, bm mouim sc ghtrlku`grí ghtrlku`grí ch íhoubl íhoubl kc ;3¹ `lh bm supcrfg`gc kcb tmpðh, `lh cb agscb nm`gm mrrgam y `lhtrm cb lpcrmklr4 `umhkl nmym pchctrmkl bm jgtmk kcb agscb, bm mouim sc kgsplhkrí pcrpchkg`ubmr mb tmpðh `lhtghumhkl m bm vcz su ghtrlku``gðh. Bm jckg`gðh fghmb kc jckg`mjchtl sc nm kc nm`cr mhtcs kc sm`mr bm mouim kcb tmpðh y kcspuçs kc goumbmr prcsglhcs. Pc cvgtmrí bm slarcprcsgðh ch cb ghtcrglr kcb vgmb, ym quc plkrêmh prlyc`tmrsc mcrlslbcs4 utgbgzmhkl, ch `msl hc`csmrgl, fgbtrls kc vchtcl prlvgstls kc jcjarmhm ngkrðflam `lh plrls kc 5.11 jg`rms. Umrm cvgtmr oltcls sc `lbl`mrí uhm omsm cstçrgb mbrckcklr kcb puhtl kc ghscr`gðh kc bm mouim, ch cb jljchtl kc bm cxtrm``gðh. - Bm rc`lhstgtu`gðh rc`lhstgtu`gðh kc bls vgmbcs sc rcmbgzmrí rcmbgzmrí sgcjprc kc bm jgsjm flrjm pmrm quc bms `lh`ch`lh`chtrm`glhcs scmh sgcjprc bms jgsjms. @umhkl uh `gtlstítg`l tchom uhm l vmrgms prcschtm`glhcs y/l kc kgstghtls Bmalrmtlrgls Fmrjm`çutg`ls, huh`m kcacríh jcz`bmrsc. - Bms icrghoms `lh `lhcxgðh Bucr-Bl`d tchkríh bm sufg`gchtcjchtc `mpm`gkmk `ljl pmrm hl l`upmr jís kc bms ¸ pmrtcs kc su `mpm`gkmk `lh cb `gtlstítg`l. Umrm `mkm `gtlstítg`l sc usmrí mouim y icrghom hucvm. Pg bm kgspchsm`gðh sc rcmbgzm ch bm prlpgm icrghom, ghjckgmtmjchtc sc `lbl`mrí uh tmpðh cstçrgb. - Bm purom kcb sgstcjm kc oltcrl, oltcrl, ch `msl kc pcrfusgðh ghtrm-vchlsm, ghtrm-vchlsm, kcac rcmbgzmrsc mpmrtc mpmrtc y `lh cb jgsjl tgpl kc sucrl `lh cb quc cstç kgbugkl cb `gtlstítg`l. Kcspuçs kc mkg`glhmr cb `gtlstítg`l mb fbugkl ghtrm-vchlsl, sc `lhc`tmrí mb sucrl. Mkcjís, sc kcacrí cxtrmcr bm jgsjm `mhtgkmk kc sucrl quc jckg`mjchtl sc vmym m ghtrlku`gr. Ch `msl hc`csmrgl, prltcocr kc bm buz cb prcpmrmkl y `lbl`mr cb sgstcjm kc oltcrl lpm`l. - Ctgquctmr ghjckgmtmjchtc `mkm icrghom y `mkm ghfusgðh bgstm pmrm usmr, `ljprlamhkl `ljprlamhkl sg `lrrcsplhkc mb jckg`mjchtl y mb chfcrjl. Mkcjís sc ghkg`mrí bm nlrm cxm`tm kc bm prcpmrm`gðh. Pc cjpmquctmrí ghkgvgkumbjchtc y sc scýmbmrí `lh ctgquctm rlim kc `gtlstítg`l pmrm quc su trmhsplrtc y su cbgjghm`gðh scmh bms mkc`umkms. Pg nmy jís kc uhm ghfusgðh GV pmrm cb jgsjl chfcrjl, prgjcrl sc cjpmquctmrí ghkgvgkumbjchtc `mkm ghfusgðh y sc `lbl`mrí kc flrjm quc mb sm`mrbms kcb pmquctc pmqu ctc y `lbomrbms quckch ch cb lrkch kc ghfusgðh (sc mkjghgstrmríh prgjcrl bms pl`l grrgtmhtcs, grrgtmhtcs y plr ùbtgjl bms vcsg`mhtcs).
I. M`tum`gðh ch `msl kc cxplsg`glhc cxplsg`glhcss moukms Kcspuçs kc uhm cxplsg`gðh jmhgfgcstm, sc rctgrmrmh bls oumhtcs y bms kcjís pgczms `lhtmjghmkms. Pc bmvmríh bms jmhls ghjckgmtmjchtc. - Ch cb `msl `msl kc quc bm pgcb cstuvgcrm cstuvgcrm ch `lhtm`tl `lhtm`tl `lh `lh cb `gtlstítg`l `gtlstítg`l l gh`busl ch `msl kc ghl`ubm`gðh m``gkchtmb cb írcm mfc`tmkm sc nm kc bmvmr jghu`glsmjchtc `lh moum y imaðh bl jís rípgkl plsgabc y kurmhtc mb jchls =5 jghutls. - Ch `msl kc cxplsg`gðh cxplsg`gðh kc bls lils, bmvmr ghjckgmtmjchtc ghjckgmtmjchtc `lh `lh moum mauhkmhtc mauhkmhtc cb lil mfc`tmkl. mfc`tmkl.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Ghjckgmtmjchtc ch `umbqugcr `msl, m`tumr scoùh scoùh cb prltl`lbl prlpgl kc `mkm `chtrl. `chtrl.
D. M`tum`gðh ch `msl kc kcrrmjcs [lkl cb pcrslhmb gjpbg`mkl ch bm bgjpgczm kc uh kcrrmjc nm kc bbcvmr rlpm prltc`tlrm9 kls pmrcs kc oumhtcs, amtm, jms`mrgbbm, olrrl y omfms. - Ormhkcs kcrrmjcs9 kcrrmjcs9 plr m``gkchtc m``gkchtc kurmhtc bm prcpmrm`gðh l trmhsplrtc kc cstls fírjm`ls, fírjm`ls, sc prl`ckc m bm hcutrmbgzm`gðh sg cs plsgabc. Pg cb prlku`tl cs sðbgkl, sc rc`loc `lh uhm omsm cjpmpmkm ch moum, y sg cs bêqugkl `lh uhm omsm sc`m4 m `lhtghum`gðh sc bmvm `lh slbu`gðh kctcrochtc y sc m`bmrm. - Ucqucýls kcrrmjcs9 kcrrmjcs9 ch cb sucbl l ch bm `maghm, sc rc`loc rc`loc cb `gtlstítg`l `gtlstítg`l kc goumb flrjm y sc bmvm bm supcrfg`gc rcpctgkmjchtc `lh mb`lnlb kc ?5¹ l `blrncxgkghm. - Ch bm rlpm pcrslhmb9 pcrslhmb9 bmvmr `lh mauhkmhtc moum y sg cs cs plsgabc plsgabc bciêm. - [lkl cb jmtcrgmb jmtcrgmb rc`logkl ch cb kcrrmjc kcrrmjc y tlkl tlkl cb jmtcrgmb jmtcrgmb usmkl pmrm rc`locrbl sc plhkrí ch ch cb rc`gpgchtc pmrm gh`ghcrm`gðh.
B. @lhtrlb jg`rlaglbðog`l @mkm scgs jcscs y ch bls prgjcrls 3 kêms kcb jcs quc `lrrcsplhkm, sc kcacrêm kc rcmbgzmr uh `lhtrlb jg`rlaglbðog`l kc bm `maghm. Pc usmríh 3 pbm`ms Momr-Pmhorc9 - =¹ Kêm9 Írcm Kcrc`nm kc trmamil trmamil (kurmhtc 1 nlrms kc trmamil). trmamil). - 1¹ Kêm9 Írcm Gzqugcrkm kc trmamil (kurmhtc 1 nlrms kc trmamil). trmamil). - 0¹ Kêm9 Fbuil Kcrc`nl, Kcrc`nl, (kurmhtc 1-; jghutls, mb fghmbgzmr bm ilrhmkm kc trmamil). trmamil). - ;¹ Kêm9 Fbuil Gzqugcrkl, Gzqugcrkl, (kurmhtc 1-; jghutls mb fghmbgzmr bm ilrhmkm kc trmamil). trmamil). - 3¹ Kêm9 @lhtrlb.
J. Cbgjghm`gðh kc rcsgkuls [lkls bls jmtcrgmbcs `lhtmjghmkls sc `lbl`mríh ch uhls `lhtchcklrcs kgscýmkls pmrm tmb fgh, fmarg`mkls `lh ch jmtcrgmb fuhogabc y rltubmkls kcagkmjchtc9 ¡UQC@MS@GÐH @LH[CHGKL AGLUCBGOQLPL @G[LP[Í[G@L!, y bls sêjalbls ghtcrhm`glhmbcs. Cstls `lhtchcklrcs scríh utgbgzmkls C^@BSPGVMJCH[C pmrm cstls kcsc`nls. Umrm bm kcstru``gðh kc cstls rcsgkuls sc prl`ckcrí m bm gh`ghcrm`gðh m =555¹ @ ch gh`ghcrmklrms kltmkms kc fgbtrls kc mbtm scourgkmk (NCUM), quc gjpgkch bm `lhtmjghm`gðh kcb jckgl mjagchtc.
H. Hlrjms kc bgjpgczm kcb rc`ghtl kc bm `maghm kc fbuil bmjghmr Kmkm bm êhklbc kcb trmamil rcmbgzmkl ch cb rc`ghtl y cb rgcsol quc puckc gjpbg`mr pmrm bls pm`gchtcs cb quc ch cbbm sc m`ujubc su`gckmk, bm bgjpgczm kc kg`nm zlhm sc nmrí kc m`ucrkl `lh bms sgougchtcs hlrjms9 - Cb sucbl hl sc amrrcrí m fgh kc hl bcvmhtmr plbvl quc kmýmrêm bls fgbtrls fgbtrls y bls prcfgbtrls. prcfgbtrls.
ckgtlrgmb } `cp
- Pc bgjpgmrí cb sucbl kgmrgmjchtc pmsmhkl uhm frcolhm frcolhm `lh bls kctcrochtcs kctcrochtcs utgbgzmkls pmrm bms zlhms cstçrgbcs kcb Nlspgtmb. Bm frcolhm scrí cx`busgvm. - Bls buomrcs kc mplyl mplyl sc bgjpgmríh kgmrgmjchtc `lh uhm amyctm ùhg`m. - Bms pmrckcs sc bmvmríh `mkm `mkm jcs `lh `lh moum y imaðh utgbgzmhkl amyctms amyctms quc sc sc tgrmríh uhm vcz tcrjghmkm bm bgjpgczm. - Cstc rc`ghtl rc`ghtl kcacríh kcacríh bgjpgmrsc mb tcrjghmr cb trmamil kc bm jmýmhm. Amil hghoùh `lh`cptl plkrí quckmr su`gl nmstm bm jmýmhm sgougchtc. - Ch cstm zlhm cb pcrslhmb kc bgjpgczm kcacrí vcstgrsc `lh amtm kcsc`nmabc, klabc klabc oumhtc y jms`mrgbbm.
Ý. Qc`cp`gðh, mbjm`chmjg mbjm`chmjgchtl chtl y trmhsplr trmhsplrtc tc Bm rc`cp`gðh kc bls `gtlstítg`ls scrí rcmbgzmkm plr pcrslhmb `lh `lhl`gjgchtl kcb prlku`tl quc jmhcim. Cb buomr kc mbjm`chmjgchtl kcac scr mkc`umkl pmrm cvgtmr ch bl plsgabc bm `mêkm y rlturm kc chvmscs, mtchkgchkl, mb jgsjl tgcjpl, m bms `lhkg`glhcs kc tcjpcrmturm cspc`gmbcs kc mbouhls kc cbbls. Cb buomr cstmrí scýmbgzmkl `ljl mbjm`çh kc `gtlstítg`ls. Bm `gr`ubm`gðh ch cb nlspgtmb kc `gtlstítg`ls, tmhtl ch chvmsc lrgoghmb `ljl ch prcpmrmkls, sc rcmbgzmrí kc flrjm quc sc omrmhtg`c bm prltc``gðh kcb pcrslhmb quc bls trmhsplrtm, y bm hl `lhtmjghm`gðh kcb mjagchtc ch `msl kc rlturm.
Csqucjm 1;
JCKG@MJCH[LP9 FLQJMP KC @BMPGFG@M@GÐH W VÊMP KC MKJGHGP[QM@GÐH Jckg`mjchtls9 flrjms kc `bmsgfg`m`gðh Fmrjm`lbloêm kcb Pgstcjm Hcrvglsl @chtrmb Mhtgghfbmjmtlrgls hl cstcrlgkcls Mhcstçsg`ls Mhmboçsg`ls lpgí`cls Mhtgcpgbçptg`ls Mhtgpmrdghslhgmhls Mhtgkcprcsgvls Hcurlbçptg`ls Mhsglbêtg`ls c ngphðtg`ls Mpmrmtl `mrkglvms`ubm `mrkglvms`ubmrr Fírjm`ls ghltrðpg`ls Fírjm`ls mhtgmrrêtjg`ls Mhtgmhoghlsls Mhtgngpcrtchsgvls Mpmrmtl Qcspgrmtlrgl Arlh`lkgbmtmklrcs y mhtgmsjítg`ls Ju`lbêtg`ls y cxpc`tlrmhtcs Mhtgtusêochls Mpmrmtl Kgocstgvl Mhtgí`gkls y mhtgub`crlsls Mhtgcjçtg`ls, cstgjubmhtcs kc bm jltgbgkmk ghtcstghmb y cspmsjlbêtg`ls Bmxmhtcs Ghsubglhm y mhtgkgmaçtg`ls lrmbcs Mhtgkgmrrcg`ls y mhtgghfbmjmtlrgls ghtcstghmbcs Pmhorc y ðromhls ncjmtlplyçtg`ls ncjmtlplyçtg`ls Mhtg`lmoubmhtcs Mhtgmorcomhtcs pbmquctmrgls Ngplbgpcjgmhtcs Fgarghlbêtg`ls Mpmrmtl bl`ljltlr Mhtgrrcujítg`ms Jglrrcbmimhtcs [crmpgm nlrjlhmb Nlrjlhms ngplfgsmrgms y tgrlgkcms. Fírjm`ls mhtgtgrlgkcls
@lrtg`lstcrlgkcs Nlrjlhms scxumbcs9 cstrðochls, prlocstcrlhm y mhkrðochls
[crmpgm mhtghclpbísg`m ]ugjgðtcrípg`ls Mhtgghfc``glsls Mhtgagðtg`ls Mhtgjg`ðtg`ls Mhtgtuacr`ublsls Mhtgvgrmbcs
Mbouhls fírjm`ls kc ghtcrçs Mbouhls orupls kc fírjm`ls plscch uh cspc`gmb rgcsol pmrm bms pcrslhms jmylrcs (kgurçtg`ls, mhtgngpcrtchsgvls, mhtgmrrêtjg`ls, mhtgpmrdghslhgmhls, mhtg`lmoubmhtcs, psg`lm`tgvls, ngplobu`cjgmhtcs y mhmboçsg`ls)
Kgurçtg`ls Mhtgngpcrtchsgvls Mhtgmrrêtjg`ls Mhtgpmrdghslhgmhls Mhtg`lmoubmhtcs Fírjm`ls psg`lm`tgvls Mhtgkcprcsgvls Ngplobu`cjgmhtcs Bm jctflrjghm Bm trlobgtmzlhm Bm m`mralsm Mhmboçsg`ls
Vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh Vêm lrmb Vêm suabghoumb Vêm rc`tmb Vêm vmoghmb Vêm `utíhcm Vêm lftíbjg`m Vêm ðtg`m Vêm rcspgrmtlrgm
Vêm Umrchtcrmb Jmtcrgmb Urcpmrm`gðh kc bm pgcb [ç`hg`m
CBC@@GÐH CBC@@G ÐH @LQQC@[M KC BM USH@GÐH USH@G ÐH ULQ VÊM UMQCH[ UMQCH[CQMB CQMB Uuhtls kc cbc``gðh [ç`hg`ms Vêm ghtrmkçrjg`m @lh`cptl Ghkg`m`glhcs [ç`hg`m Ulstcic`u`gðh Vêm sua`utmhcm Vêm ghtrmjus`ubmr Ghkg`m`glhcs Gh`lhvchgchtcs Írcms kc ghyc``gðh Urc`mu`glhcs Vêm ghtrmvchlsm Ghkg`m`glhcs Cqugpl [gpls kc mkjghgstrm`gðh ghtrmvchlsm Mkjghgstrm`gðh kgrc`tm (albl ghtrmvchlsl) Oltcl ghtrmvchlsl Ghtcrjgtchtc
Urlabcjms jís frc`uchtcs
KLPGFG@M@GÐH. UQL@CKGJGCH[LP W @SGKMKLP Klsgfg`m`gðh Umrm cb `íb`ubl kc bm klsgs y rgtjl kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls vêm ghtrmvchlsm sc rcmbgzm mtchkgchkl m bm mkjghgstrm`gðh kc oltms, tchgchkl ch `uchtm su tmjmýl
Url`ckgjgchtls y `ugkmkls
MAPLQ@GÐ H W KGP[QGAS@GÐ MAPLQ@GÐH KGP[QG AS@GÐH H KC FÍQJM@LP9 FÍQJM@LP9 [L^G@GKMK W CFC@[LP @LBM[CQMBCP Maslr`gðh y kgstrgau`gðh Vêms jckgmtms l ghkgrc`tms Vêm lrmb (maslr`gðh omstrlghtcstghmb) Vêm au`mb y suabghoumb Vêm rc`tmb Vêm rcspgrmtlrgm Vêm `utíhcm Vêm `lhiuhtgvmb Vêm ochgtlurgumrgm Vêms kgrc`tms, ghjckgmtms l pmrchtcrmbcs Vêm sua`utíhcm Vêm ghtrmjus`ubmr Vêm ghtrmpcrgtlhcmb Vêm ghtrmpbcurmb Vêm ghtrmmrtg`ubmr Vêm ghtrmvms`ubmr Vêm ghtrmðscm Vêm ghtrmtc`mb (ghtrmrrmquêkcm) Vêm ghtrmhcurmb
Cbgjghm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls Cbgjghm`gðh rchmb Cbgjghm`gðh agbgmr Cbgjghm`gðh pubjlhmr Cbgjghm`gðh smbgvmb Cbgjghm`gðh oístrg`m Cbgjghm`gðh ghtcstghmb Cbgjghm`gðh `utíhcm Cbgjghm`gðh bm`rgjmb Cbgjghm`gðh plr bm obíhkubm jmjmrgm
[lxg`gkmk y cfc`tls `lbmtcrmbcs @musms kc tlxg`gkmk Plarcklsgfg`m`gðh Ngpcrschsgagbgkmk
Jc`mhgsjls kc mbcrogm Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl G (ghjckgmtm) Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl GG Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl GGG Mbcrogm m jckg`mjchtls tgpl GV Gkglsgh`rmsgm Cfc`tls `lbmtcrmbcs y sc`uhkmrgls Ngpcrschsgagbgkmk l mbcrogm m bls fírjm`ls Mbtcrm`glhcs kc pgcb y ju`lsms [rmstlrhls kgocstgvls Kgs`rmsgms smhouêhcms Ncpmtlxg`gkmk Hcfrltlxg`gkmk [rmstlrhls kcb mpmrmtl rcspgrmtlrgl [rmstlrhls `mrkglvms`ubmrcs Jctmalbgsjl y ambmh`c ngkrlcbc`trlbêtg`l Pgstcjm chkl`rghl Pgstcjm hcrvglsl `chtrmb y pcrgfçrg`l Ðromhls kc bls schtgkls Mbtcrm`glhcs kc bm `lhku`tm [rmstlrhls bl`mbcs Qcm``gðh kc Ncrxncgjcr [rmstlrhls kc supcrghfc``gðh Kcprcsgðh kc bm kcfchsm ghjuhgtmrgm Cfc`tls tcrmtloçhg`ls y mbtcrm`glhcs `rljlsðjg`ms [rmtmjgchtl kc bms ghtlxg`m`glhcs jckg`mjchtlsms [rmtmjgchtl Cxpubsgðh kcb tðxg`l (trmtmjgchtl cvm`umhtc) Stgbgzm`gðh kc mhtêkltls [rmtmjgchtl sghtljítg`l
FMQJM@L VGOGBMH@GM VGOGBMH @GM @ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh @ljcr`gmbgzm `gðh kc jckg`mjchtls y fmrjm`lvgo fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm gbmh`gm Ch Cspmým cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl sc rcoubm jckgmhtc cb Qcmb Kc`rctl =0;3/155?, kc == kc l`tuarc, plr cb quc sc rcoubm cb prl`ckgjgchtl kc mutlrgzm`gðh, rcogstrl y `lhkg`glhcs kc kgspchsm`gðh kc bls jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl fmarg`mkls ghkustrgmbjchtc
Labgom`glhcs kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh
Cspc`gmb rcfcrch`gm mb Qcmb Kc`rctl 3??/15=0, kc 16 kc iubgl, plr cb quc sc rcoubm bm fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm fmrjm`lvgog bmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl Kgsplsg`glhcs ochcrmbcs Kcfghg`glhcs Fuchtcs kc ghflrjm`gðh ch fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms Fuh`glhcs kc bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls ch jmtcrgm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kc jckg`mjchtls kc usl nujmhl Fuh`glhcs kc bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms Bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls y bls `gukmkmhls Umrtg`gpm`gðh kc bls prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls Umrtg`gpm`gðh kc bls `gukmkmhls Bls tgtubmrcs kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh Pgstcjm kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm kcb tgtubmr kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh Labgom`glhcs ch rcbm`gðh `lh bms slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms Labgom`glhcs ch rcbm`gðh m bls ghflrjcs pcrgðkg`ls kc scourgkm Labgom`glhcs ch rcbm`gðh `lh bls sgstcjms kc ocstgðh kc rgcsols y bls cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh Labgom`glhcs kc cvmbum`gðh `lhtghumkm kc bm rcbm`gðh achcfg`gl-rgcsol y m`tumbgzm`gðh kc bms `lhkg`glhcs kc mutlrgzm`gðh Ghflrjm`gðh sujghgstrmkm plr cb tgtubmr kc bm b m mutlrgzm`gðh kc `ljcr`gmbgzm`gðh plr jltgvls kc scourgkmk Ucrslhm kc `lhtm`tl kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Ghtcrvch`gðh mkjghgstrmtgvm Ðromhl kc mscslrmjgchtl y pmrtg`gpm`gðh kc cxpcrtls Jlkgfg`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh plr jltgvls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Jlkgfg`m`glhcs urochtcs plr rmzlhcs kc scourgkmk y prl`ckgjgchtl mpbg`mabc Puspchsgðh l rcvl`m`gðh kc bm mutlrgzm`gðh plr jltgvls kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Url`ckgjgchtl kc uroch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm Jckgkms mkjghgstrmtgvms kcrgvmkms kcb prl`ckgjgchtl kc uroch`gm kc bm Shgðh Curlpcm Jckgkms `mutcbmrcs @ljuhg`m`glhcs m bms `ljuhgkmkcs mutðhljms, prlfcsglhmbcs smhgtmrgls, `gukmkmhls y lromhgsjls ghtcrhm`glhmbcs Ghspc``glhcs kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm Cstukgls plsmutlrgzm`gðh Íjagtl kc mpbg`m`gðh y mspc`tls ochcrmbcs Url`ckgjgchtl mkjghgstrmtgvl
Urlormjm kc tmrictm mjmrgbbm ¼]uç cs bm Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm< Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm< M`tgvgkmk kc smbuk pùabg`m kcstghmkm m bm gkchtgfg`m`gðh, `umhtgfg`m`gðh, cvmbum`gðh y prcvch`gðh kc bls rgcsols msl`gmkls m bls jckg`mjchtls uhm vcz `ljcr`gmbgzmkls Pgstcjm Cspmýlb kc Fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm (PCFV) Cstru`turm kcs`chtrmbgzmkm, `llrkghmkm plr bm Moch`gm Cspmýlbm kc Jckg`mjchtls y Urlku`tls Pmhgtmrgls, quc ghtcorm bms m`tgvgkmkcs quc bms mkjghgstrm`glhcs smhgtmrgms rcmbgzmh kc jmhcrm pcrjmhchtc y `lhtghumkm pmrm rc`locr, cbmalrmr y, ch su `msl, prl`csmr bm ghflrjm`gðh slarc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls `lh bm fghmbgkmk kc gkchtgfg`mr rgcsols prcvgmjchtc hl `lhl`gkls l `mjagls kc rgcsols ym `lhl`gkls, msê `ljl pmrm bm rcmbgzm`gðh kc `umhtls cstukgls sc `lhsgkcrch hc`csmrgls pmrm `lhfgrjmr y/l `umhtgfg`mr kg`nls rgcsols Urlormjm kc [mrictm Mjmrgbbm (prlormjm kc Hltgfg`m`gðh Csplhtíhcm) Jçtlkl kc fmrjm`lvgogbmh`gm amsmkl ch bm `ljuhg`m`gðh, rc`logkm, rcogstrl y cvmbum`gðh kc hltgfg`m`glhcs kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms m bls jckg`mjchtls ¼]uç cs uhm Qcm``gðh Mkvcrsm< @umbqugcr rcspucstm hl`gvm y hl ghtch`glhmkm m uh jckg`mjchtl ¼]uç cs uh crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh< Pc `lhsgkcrm crrlr kc jckg`m`gðh cb fmbbl hl ghtch`glhmkl ch cb prl`csl kc prcs`rgp`gðh, kgspchsm`gðh l mkjghgstrm`gðh kc uh jckg`mjchtl amil cb `lhtrlb kcb prlfcsglhmb smhgtmrgl l kcb `gukmkmhl quc `lhsujc cb jckg`mjchtl ¼]uç sc kcac hltgfg`mr< Vêms kc hltgfg`m`gðh kc slspc`nms kc rcm``glhcs mkvcrsms
@LHKG@GLHCP KC @LHPCQVM@GÐH KC BLP JCKG@MJCH[LP Mbjm`chmjgchtl9 Mbjm`chmjgc htl9 ochcrmbgkmkcs Mbjm`chmjgchtl Mbjm`chmjgc htl y `lhscrvm`gðh Mbjm`chmjgchtl @lhscrvm`gðh Qc`lhl`gjgchtl Qc`lhl` gjgchtl kc bls jckg`mjchtls jmblormkls
@MKS@GKMKCP @mku`gkmk M`tumbjchtc y sgougchkl ghkg`m`glhcs kc bm L.J.P. sc `lhsgkcrm quc tlkls bls jckg`mjchtls tgchch uhm vgoch`gm jíxgjm kc `gh`l mýls kcskc su fc`nm kc fmarg`m`gðh, tchgchkl ùhg`mjchtc bm labgomtlrgckmk kc bbcvmr cb sêjalbl ch cb chvmsc, mqucbbls `uym fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk scm ghfcrglr m `gh`l mýls
Stgbgzm`gðh uhm vcz magcrtls Msgjgsjl tchcjls jckg`mjchtls cspc`gmbcs quc mb jmroch kc su fc`nm kc `mku`gkmk, `ljl hl slh uhgklsgs, uhm vcz magcrtls, ¼`uíhtl tgcjpl plkrcjls scougr utgbgzíhklbls sgh quc pgcrkmh sus `mrm`tcrêstg`ms y su cfc`tgvgkmk< Agch, `ljl hlrjm ochcrmb tchcjls quc uh `lbgrgl, uhm vcz magcrtl, sc `lhsgkcrmrí `mku`mkl trmhs`urrgkls vcghtc kêms y uhm pljmkm trcghtm kêms
SPL W CJUBCL CJU BCL KC @G[LP[Í @G [LP[Í[G@LP [G@LP @mrm`tcrêstg`ms kc bms vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh kc jckg`mjchtls Vêms kc mkjghgstrm`gðh Vêm lrmb Vêm suabghoumb Vêm rc`tmb Vêm ghtrmjus`ubmr Vêm ghtrmvchlsm Vêm sua`utíhcm Mkjghgstrm`gðh ‒ch albls‚ Ghfusgðh `lhtghum
Hlrjms kc labgomkl `ujpbgjgchtl ch bm prcpmrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls @mrm`tcrêstg`ms ochcrmbcs Cstmagbgkmk kc bls prcpmrmkls `gtlstítg`ls Hmturmbczm kcb mochtc hclpbísg`l [gpl kc kgbuychtc cjpbcmkl (PF, PO 3%4 ct`.) @lh`chtrm`gðh kc bm kgslbu`gðh [gpl kc chvmsc @lhkg`glhcs mjagchtmbcs Qc`cp`gðh, mbjm`chmjgchtl mbjm`chmjgchtl y trmhsplrtc Ylhm kc trmamil @maghm kc scourgkmk aglbðog`m Ucrslhmb Cqugpl prltc`tlr kcb lpcrmklr Qcstl kc jmtcrgmb Hlrjms ochcrmbcs kc prcpmrm`gðh ch bm prcpmrm`gðh kc `gtlstítg`ls M`tum`gðh M`tum`gð h ch `msl kc cxplsg`glhcs moukms M`tum`gðh M`tum`gð h ch `msl kc kcrrmjcs
@lhtrlb jg`rlaglbðog`l Cbgjghm`gðh kc rcsgkuls Hlrjms kc bgjpgczm kcb rc`ghtl kc bm `maghm kc fbuil bmjghmr Qc`cp`gðh, mbjm`chmjgchtl y trmhsplrtc