engleza

Alfabetul limbii engleze a[ei]  b[bi:] c[si:] d[di:] e[i:] f[ef] g[dji:] h[eitch] i[ai]  j[gei] k[kei] l[el] m[em] n[en] o[ou]  p[pi:] q[kju:] r[a:] s[es] t[ti:] u[ju:] v[vi:] w['dablju:] x[eks] y[wai] z[zed]

Verbul

In limba engleza sunt doua categorii de verbe: -verbe regulate -verbe neregulate Verbele regulate: Cele mai multe verbe in limba engleza sunt regulate. Ele se conjuga astfel: Indicativ prezent : I call You call He calls She calls

I do not call You do not call He does not call She does not call

We call You call They call

We do not call You do not call They do not ask

Forma interogativa: Do I call ? Do you call ? Does he call ? Does she call ? Do we call ? Do you call ? Do they call ?

Forma interogativ-ne interogativ-negativa: gativa: Don't I call ? Don't you call ? Doesn't he call ? Doesn't she call ? Don't we call ? Don't you call ? Don't they call ?

- - - La indiativ prezent, numai prsoana a treia (III-a) singular, verbele primesc un "-s", celelalte ramanand neschimbate. - - - Pentru verbele terminate terminate in "ch", "sh", "ss", "x" - la persoana III-a singular va fi "-es". - - - Verbele terminate in "y" precedate de o consoana, schimba pe "y" in "i" si primesc terminatia "-es". - - - Verbele terminate in "o" primesc terminatia "-es"

Toate verbele din limba engleza (cu exceptia celor doua verbe auxiliare: HAVE = a avea si BE = a fi) se conjuga la formele f ormele simple interogative si negative cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO/DOES.

Past tense : La Imperfect si Perfect Simplu verbele neregulate primesc terminatia "-ed". I called You called ca lled He called she called We called You called ca lled They called Forma negativa: I did not call You did not call He did not call She did not call We did not call You did not call They did not call Forma in interogativa:

Forma in interogatv-negativa:

Did I call ? Did you call ? Did she call ? Did he call ?

Didn't I call ? Didn't you call ? Didn't she call ? Didn't he call ?

Did we call ? Did you call ? Did they call ?

Didn't we call ? Didn't you call ? Didn't they call ?

Future Tense: Viitorul in limba engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare SHALL/WILL urmate de infinitiv. - auxiliarul SHALL - pentru persoana I singular si plural - auxiliarul Will - pentru restul persoanelor  I shall call You will call He will call She will call We shall call You will call They will call Forma negativa : I shall not (shan't) call You will not call He will not call

We shall not call You will not call They will not call Forma interogativa : Shall I call ? Will you call ? Will he call ? Will she call ? Shall we call ? will you call ? Will they call ? Mai-mult-ca-perfect(past Mai-mult-ca-perfe ct(past perfect): M.m.c.p se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar HAVE la trecur (adica HAD) +participiu trecut al verbului. I had called You had called He had called She had called We had called You had called They had called

Conditionalul prezent : Se formeaza cu verbele auxiliarele SHOULD/WOULD SHOULD/WOULD + infinitivul verbului. I should call You would call ... Conditionalul Conditiona lul trecut : Se formeaza din conditionalul prezent al verbului HAVE + partici participiu piu trecut al verbului I should have called you would have called He would have called She would have called We should have called You would have called They would have called Participiu prezent: Se formeaza adaugand "-ing" la infinitivul verbului. to call = a striga, a suna -> calling = strigand strigand Participiu trecut :

Se formeaza adaugand "-ed" la infinitivul verbului call -> called

Nr. Tense

Form

Used to express

Romana

S + V1 Do/Does + S + V1 S + Do/does + not + V1

1.actiuni obisnuite repetabile 2.adevaruri general valabile 3.repros, constatari 4.in loc de viitpr- pentru actiuni planificate oficial

Prezent

Present Tense Continous

S + To be + V-ing

1.actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii(now, vorbirii(now, at present, at the moment) 2.actiuni temporare(today, temporare(today, this week, this mounth) 3.repros accentuat aproape de prezent. 4.actiuni oficiale planificate neoficial

Prezent

3.

Present Perfect Simple

1.actiune termiata in moment trecut neprecizat (lately,  just, always, offe, ever, never) S + have/has + V3 2.actiune terminata in perioada de timp neterminata Have/has + S + V3 (today, this week) 3.actiune terminata care are legatura cu prezentul

Perfect compus

4.

Present Perfect Continous

S + have/has + been + v-ing Have/has + been + S + V-ing

actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent sau al carui rezultat se vede acum in prezent For + perioada de timp Since + inceputul de timp

prezent

5.

S + V2 Actiunitrecute terminate in momentul precizat(ago, last, Past Pa st te tens nse e si simp mple le Did + S + V1 yesterday,, in 1990) yesterday S + did + not + V1

perfect compus

6.

Past tense continous

actiune trecuta in progres: S + was/were + Vwhile + timp continuu ing when + timp simple

7.

Past perfect simple

S + had + V3

exprima o actiune trecuta terminata inaintea altei actiuni m.m.c.p. trecute

8.

Past perfect continous

S + had + been + V-ing

actiune trecutain progres, inceputa inaintea altei actiuni trecute

1.

2.

Present Tense Simple

imperfect

imperfect

In limba engleza este foarte important sa stim conjugarea celor doua verbe auxiliare :HAVE si BE. TO HAVE = a avea Indicativ prezent : I have you have He has She has We have You have They have Imperfectul si perfect simplu: I had you had He had

She had We had You had They had M.m.c.p. I had had you had had He had had She had had We had had You had had They had had Viitorul: I shall have You will have He will have She will have We shall have You will have They will have Conditionall prezent : Conditiona I should have You would have He would have She would have We would have You would have They would have Conditionall trecut : Conditiona I should have had You would have had He would have had She would have had We would have had You would have had They would have had Participiu prezent: having Participiu trecut : had

TO BE = a fi Indicativ prezent : I am

You are He is She is We are You are They are Imperfectul: I was You were He was She was We were You were They were M.m.c.p.: I had been You had been He had been She had been We had been You had been They had been Viitor: I shall be You will be He will be She will be They shall be You will be Yhey will be Conditionall prezent: Conditiona I should be We would be ... Conditionalul Conditiona lul trecut : I should have been He would have been ... Participiu prezent : being Participiu trecut : been

Adverbul

Adverbul este cel care ne spune mai mult despre verb, care intareste verbul. Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaza din adjective. Ele seformeaza astfel: - pentru majoritatea adverbele - la adjectiv se adauga teminatia teminatia -ly : bad - badly hard - hardly - pentru adjectivele care se termina in -le, ca sa formam adverb, se shimba terminatia -le in -ly simple - simply probable - probably -pentru adjectivele care se termina in y, precedat de o consoana, ca sa formam adverb shimbam pe y in i si apoi adauga terminatia -ly easy - easily happy - happily Exceptii : well = bine; cum trebuie fast = repede; strâns very = foarte; chiar; prea never = niciodata; deloc always = totdeauna often = adesea still = înca; si mai; totusi Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor adverbelor sunt aceleasi ca si la adjective si se formeaza in acelasi moduri. Pozitiv

Comparativ

badly far late

worse farther further later

little well

less better

Superlativ

the worst the farthest the furthest the latest the last = ultimul the least the best

Adverbele sunt de mai multe feluri : - de loc - de mod - de timp - precizat - neprecizat : already = deja, pana acum always = intotdeaun intotdeauna a ever = totdeauna totdeauna,, vreodata just = tocmai often = adesea never = niciodata sometimes = uneori, cateodata seldom = rareori still = inca, mai O modalitate usoara de a tine minte adverbele de timp si care ne arata cat de des cineva face ceva :

100% always usually frequently often 50% sometimes occasionally rarely seldom hardly ever  0% never 

Adjectivul

Adjectivele, in limba engleza , sunt invariabile ( nu se acorda cu substantivele in gen,numar si caz ). Adjectivele stau inaintea inaintea substantivelor (I like Chinese food) sau dupa anumite verbe verbe auxiliare (to appear, to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to keep,to seem, to taste, to make,to smell,to sound, to turn, to taste). Desi stau dupa verbe, verbe, ele nu descriu verbul si subiectul subiectul propozitiei (in majoritatea majoritatea cazurilor substantive sau pronume). Ex: The examination did not seem difficult difficult.. Your friend looks nice. Unele din adjectivele care pot sta numai dupa verbele auxiliare: asleep, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, difficult, ill, nice, sorry, upset, well (She is alone.).

Asa cum am mai spus, spus, avem adjective care care stau inaintea inaintea substantive: Ex : I like big black dogs. She was wearing a beautiful long red dress. Care este ordinea corecta pentru adjective ? 1) Ordinea generala: opinion, fact Ex : a nice French car (not a French nice car) "Opinion" este ceea ce crezi despre subiectul propozitiei/frazei . "Fact" este ceea ce este adevarat despre subiectul propozitiei/fraziei. propozitiei/fraziei. 2) Ordinea normala a adjectivelor este : size, age/temperature , shape, colour, material, origin: Ex : a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table Size : small, little, thiny thiny,, big Age/Temperature : old, new, hot, cold Shape : round, square Color : yellow, red, blue Material : plastic, silver  Origin : Chinese, Romanian, Franch

3) Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives: articles (a, the) possessives (my, your...) demonstratives (this, that...) quantifiers (some, any, few, many...) numbers (one, two, three)

· · · · ·

Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives:

adjectives determiner 

two

opin op inio ion n

nice

noun fact fa ct age

shape

colour  

old

round

r ed re

candles

Cand vrem sa folosim doua adjective care se refera la o culoare folosim “and”. Ex: Newspapers are usually black and white. Gradele de comparative ale adjectivelor : gra gr adu dull poz pozit itiv iv : ara arata ta pr prez ezen enta ta no norm rmal ala a a un unei ei ca cali lita tati ti a obi obiec ecte telo lorr (fa (fara ra co comp mpar arat atii ii)) Ex : She is beautiful. gradul comparativ : compara doua sau mai multe obiecte o in mas asu ura egala : co comar ara ati tivu vull de de eg egal alit ita ate : he he is is as as ta tall as his his bro roth ther  er  o in ma masu sura ra in ineg egal ala a :- co comp mpar arat ativ ivul ul de su supe peri rior orit itat ate e : he he is ta tall ller er th then en sh she. e. - compartivul de inferioritate : not as tall as … gra gr adu dull sup super erla lati tiv: v: es este te de do doua ua fe felu luri ri : rel relat ativ ive( e(in in co comp mpar arat ativ ive e cu cu alt alte e ele eleme ment nte) e) Ex : The biggeste : Cel mai mare The smallest = Cel mai mic The most important = Cel mai important absolute (fata de el insusi) Ex : Very gig = Foarte mare Very small = Foarte mic Very/Highly important = Foarte important

Comparativul de egalitate egalitate se formeaza prin incadrarea adjectivului adjectivului : “ as…as “ Ex : as tall as = la fel de inalt inalt ca, tot atat de inalt inalt ca Pentru sens negative : incadram adjectivul in : “not as/ so…as” Ex : not not as/so tall as = nu atat/ asa de inalt cat/ca Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaza incadrand adjectivul in expresia : “not so(as)…as so(as)…as “ sau sau “less…then” Ex : not as tall as/ not so tall as = nu atat de inalt ca Less tall then = mai putin inalt ca

Atentie la aceste 4 expresii: So much the better = Cu atat mai bine So much the worse = Cu atat mai rau So much the more = Cu atat mai mult So much the less = Cu atat mai putin Expresia “cu cat..cu atat” nu are echivalent echivalent in limba engleza. (Cu cat) mai curand, (cu atat) mai bine = The sooner, the better.

(Cu cat este)casa mai veche, (cu atat este) pretul mai mic. = The older the house, the smaller the price. Adjectivele terminate in –e –e mut suprima aceasta vocala inaintea inaintea terminatiilor terminatiilor -er , -est . Ex : large – larger – the largest fine – finer - the finest

Adjectivele terminate in – y precedat de de o consoana, consoana, schimba schimba pe y in i inaintea lui – er si – est . Ex : heavy – heavier – the heaviest

Adjectivele terminate terminate in – y precedat de o vocala raman raman neschimbate neschimbate : Ex : gay – gayer – the gayest (vesel) Acest adjective este foarte foarte rar folosit in sensului lui propriu, intrand in raza vulgar a vocabularu vocabularului. lui.

Adjectivele monosilabice terminate in consoana, o dubleaza la comparative si la superlative : Ex: big – bigger – the biggest

Unele adjective au forme diferite la comparativ si superlativ: Good – better – the best = bun(a) Well – better – the best = bine Bad – worse – the worst = rau Ill- worst – the worst = bolnav Much – more – the most = mult(a) Many – more – the most = multi(e) Little – less – the least = putin

Adjectivele posesive: Se pun intotdeauna inaintea substantivelor: My = meu, mea, mei , mele Your = tau, ta, tai, tale His = lui, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansului, dumnealui, dumnealui, domniei sale Her = ei, sau, sa, sai, sale, sale, dansei, dumneaei dumneaei Its (pers III neutru) = lui, ei , sau, sa, sai , sale Our = nostril, nostru, noastra, noastre Your = vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre, d-voastra Their = lor, dansilor, danselor, dumnealor  Adjectivele demonstrative demonstrative:: Pentru apropere: This = acest, acesta, ast, asta, aceasta, asta Those = acestia, acesti, asti, astia, aceste, acestea, astea, , aste Pentru departare: That = acela, acel, ala, aceea, acea, aia Those = acei, aceia, ai, aia, acelea, alea

Articolul

Articolul nehotarat nehotarat (care se traduce in romana : un , o ): a = inaintea unei consoane (a car) an = inaintea unei vocale (an inkpot) Articolul nehotarat este acelasi pentru toate genurile. Trebuie Trebuie tinut cont atunci cand vorbim ca articolul nehoratat nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el. LA plural nu exista articol nehotarat(atunci cand este cazul se folosestie some = niste, unele). Exista unele exceptii : a ewe = o oaie/mioara a Europian = un european a union = o uniune, un sindicat a university = o universitate

Articolul horatat: Articolul hotarat in limba engleza este THE , atat la singular cat si la plural, la toate genurile. Ca si la articolul nehotarat, in vorbire, articolul hotart nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el.

Conjunctia

Conjunctia este partea de vorbire care leaga cuvinte sau propozitii.

Conjunctiile pot sa fie: - coordonatoare = atunci cand leaga doua propozitii de acelasi fel; - subordonatoare = atunci cand leaga o propozitie principala cu una secundara.

Conjunctiile coordonato coordonatoare are Conjunctiile coordonatoare arata ca elementele pe care ele le unesc sunt identice(similare) in importanta si structura.

+ Intotdeauna conjunctiile coordonatoare se gasesc intre cuvintele sau propozitiile pe care Intotdeauna le leaga. •

I like [tea] and [coffee].

•

[Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Conjunctiile coordonatoare sunt sapte (7) la numar. Ele sunt cuvinte simple, formate din doua sau trei litere. Iara un mod usor si distractiv de a tine minte conjunctiile coordonatoare coordonatoare : F

A

N

B

O

Y

S

Fo r 

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

Conjunctiile subordonatoare Cele mai comune conjunctii subordonatoare sunt : after  although as because before how if  once since than that though till until when where whether  while Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga o propozitie secundara de una principala. Intotdeauna conjunctia subordonata se gaseste in fata propozitiei secundare. Ram went swimming although it was raining. Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Although it was raining, Ram went swimming. Atentie la urmatoarele constructii : ...either ...or = ...sau ...sau ...neither ...nor = ...nici ...nici ...nor only ...but also = ...nu numai ...ci(dar)si ...both ...and = ...ata ...cat si

Numeralul

Numeralul cardinal : zero = zero = 0 one = unu = 1 two = doi = 2 three = trei = 3 four = patru = 4 five = cinci = 5 six = sase = 6 seven = sapte = 7 eight = opt = 8 nine = noua = 9 ten = zece = 10

Atentie la o deosebire de limba romana. In limba engleza se foloseste virgula in locul punctului din romana. hundred = suta = 100 thousand = mie = 1,000 million = milion = 1,000,000

Astfel ceea ce scriem in romana 1,7 - in engleza vom scrie 1.7 = one point seven. Numeralul ordinal : first = prim; second = al doilea third = al treilea; a treia De la patru in sus , numealu numealull ordinal se formeaza f ormeaza din numeralul numeralul cardinal + th (dar 

atentie ca -y se inlocuieste ci - ieth ).

fourth = al patrulea fifth = al cincilea sixth = al saselea seventh = al saptelea eighth = al optulea ninth = al noualea tenth = al zecelea eleventh = al unsprezecelea twelfth = al doisprezecel doisprezecelea ea thierteenth = al treisprezecele tr eisprezecelea a twentieth = al douazecilea thirtieth = al treizecilea fiftieth = al cincecilea Datele se exprima in limba engleza cu numeralul ordinal : The first of May sau May the first Numeralul multiplicativ : once = o data; twice = de doua ori; De la trei in sus , numeralele multiplicative multiplicative se formeaza din cel cardinal + times three times = de trei ori four times = de patru ori Numeralele fractionale : one whole = un intreg (o unitate) one haf = o jumatate = 1/2 one third = o treime = 1/3 one quarter = un sfert, o patrime = 1/4 one tenth = o zecime = 1/10

Prepozitia

Prepozitiile sunt cuvintele care fac legatura intre partile de vorbire. Sunt peste 150 de prepozitii in limba engleza.Lista cu cele mai uzuale prepozitii le gasiti la Cuvinte necesare/Pre necesare/Prepozitii. pozitii. Prepozitii de loc: In general se tine cont de urmatoarele reguli:

at = pentru un punct, un reper  in = pentru o anumita zona on = pentru o suprafata Iata aici cateva exemple : at

in

on

punct, un reper

zona

suprafata

at the corner

in the garden

on the wall

at the bus stop

in London

on the ceiling

at the door

in France

on the door  

at the top of the page

in a box

on the cover  

at th the e en end d of th the e roa road d

in my po poc cket

on th the e fl floo oor  r 

at the entrance

in my wallet

on the carpet

at the crossroads

in a building

on the menu

at the entrance

in a car

on a page

Exista expresii standar cu prepozitiile de loc.Iata-le : at

in

on

at home

in a car

on a bus

at work

in a taxi

on a train

at school

in a helicopter

on a plane

at university

in a boat

on a ship

at college

in a lift (elevator)

on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top

in the ne newspaper

on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom

in the sky

on the radio, on television

at the side

in a row

on the left, on the right

at reception

in Oxford Street

on the wa y

Prepozitiile de timp :

at = atunci cand timpul este precizat in = pentru luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi on = pentru zile si date Iata cateva exemple: at

in

on

timp preci precizat zat

luni, ani, secol secole e si perio perioade ade lungi

zile si date

at 3 o'clock

in May

on Sunday

at 10.30am

in summer

on Tuesdays

at noon

in the summer

on 6 March

at dinnertime

in 1990

on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime

in the 1990s

on Christmas Day

at sunrise

in the next century

on Independence Day

at sunset

in the Ice Age

on my birthday

at the moment

in the past/future

on New Year's Eve

Atunci cand folosim last, next, every, this - nu folosim si at, in, on. Exemple: I went to London last June. (not in last June) He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter) We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Pronumele

Pronumele personale : Nominativ : I = eu you = tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra he = el, dansul, dumnealui she = ea, dumneaei we = noi you = voi they = ei,ele, dansii, dansele, dumnealor  Acuzativ-dativ : me = mi-, ma, pe mine, imi you = ti, te, pe tine, iti, dumitale, dumneavoastra dumneavoastra him = i-, l-, pe el, ii,(lui)

her = i-, -o, pe ea, ii us = ne-, noua, pe noi you = v-, voua, pe voi them = i-, le-, loe, pe ei, pe ele Pronumele reflexive : myself = eu insumi/insam insumi/insami, i, pe mine insumi/insami yourself = tu insusi/insati, pe tine insuti/insati himself = el insusi/pe el insusi herself = ea insasi/pe ea insasi ourselves = noi insine, pe noi insine yourselves = voi insiva, pe voi insiva oneself = pe sine insusi (insasi)

Pronumele posesiv : mine = al meu, a mea, ale mele, ai mei yours = al tau, a ta, ale tale, ai tai his = al lui, a lui, ale lui, ai lui hers = a ei, ale ei, al ei, ai ei ours = a noastra, al nostru, ale noastre, ai nostri yours = al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre theirs = al lor, a lui, ai lor, ale lor  Pronumele demonstrative demonstrative sunt identice ca forma cu adjectivele demonstrative(numai ca in cazul pronumelor, acestea inlocuiesc substantivele).

Substantivul

Substantivul, Substantivu l, in limba engleza, are patru genuri: - genul masculin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen masculin (boy, man, son , brother, king) - genul feminin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen feminin (woman, mother, mother, girl, wife, sister) - gen neutru = substantivele care denumesc obiecte si animale (dog, , purse, window, cat) - genul comun = substantivele care au aceeasi forma atat la masculin cat si la feminin (teacher, doctor, friend, author) Deosebirea dintre substantivele feminine feminine si masculine se face astfel: - se foloseste f oloseste cuvinte diferite pentru feminin si masculin : Feminin aunt = matusa

Masculin uncle = unchi

daughter = fiica girl = fata hen = gaina nice = nepoata sister = sora mother = mama wife = sotie woman = fe fem meie

son = fiu bou = baiat cock = cocos nephew = nepot brother = frate father = tata husband = sot man = barbat

- se adauga un sufix: prince - princess actor - actress waiter - waitress - pentru locuitorii unei tari, terminate in sh si ch, genul persoanei se indica folosind cuvintele: man si woman. an Englishman - an Englishwoman a Romanianmam - a Romanianwoman

Pluralul substantivelor : 1)- In general se realizeaza adaugand adaugand "-s" la substantivul la singular: cat + "s" = cats dog + "s" = dogs 2)- pentru substantivele terminate terminate in "s", "x", "sh", "ch","zh", "z" sau "j" pluralul se formeaza adugand adugand "-es" sau "-s", daca substantivul se termina in "e" mut. bus + "es" = buses box + "es" = boxes dish + "es" = dishes church + "es" = churches mirage + "s" = mirages prize + "s" = prizes bridge + "s" = bridges 3)- a) - pentru substantive terminate in "y" pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand adaugand "-s", daca "y" final este precedat de o vocala(a, e, i, o, u). boy + "s" = boys - b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "y", unde "y" final este precedat de o consoana, pluralul substantivelor se formeaza astfe: se transforma "y" in "i" si apoi se adauga "-es" baby - y + "s" = babies 4)- a) - pentru substantivele terminate terminate in "o", pluralul substantivelor substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-s", daca "o" este precedat de o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). adaugand radio + "s" = radios - b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", unde "o" este precedat de o consoana, pluralul substantivelor se formeaza f ormeaza adaugand adaugand "-es". tomato + "es" = tomatoes

Atentie : - pentru substantivele legate legate (referitoare) de muzica - pot forma pluralul adaugand "-s", chiar daca "o" este precedat de o consoana piano + "s" = pianos 5)-pentru substantivele substantivele terminate in "f" sau "fe", pluralul substantivelor se face adaugand "-s". roof + "s" = roofs giraffe + "s" = giraffes - Exista exceptii la aceasta regula.Unele regula.Unele substantive terminate in "f" sau "fe" fac pluralul schimband pe "f" in "-ves". Iara aceste exceptii : calf - calves = vitel/ vitei elf- elves = spiridusi/i half - halves = jumatate/jumatati knife - knives = cutit/cutite leaf - leaves = frunza/frunze frunza/frunze loaf - loaves = franzela,paine/franzele life - lives = viata/vieti penknife - penknife = briceag/brice briceag/bricege ge sheaf - sheaves = snop/snopi staff - staves = portativ scarf - scarves = esarfa, fular/esarfe,fulare - dar si scarfs self - selves = ins, fiinta shelf - shelves = raft/rafturi thief - thieves = hot/hoti wolf - wolves = lup/lupi wife - wives = sotie/sotii 6)- urmatoarele substantive nu respecta nici o regula in formarea pluralelor :

Singular

Plural

alga algae alumna alumnae alumnus alumni antenna antenn a (on a bug's bug's head) head) antenn antennae ae ante an tenn nna a (on a telev televis isio ion) n) an ante tenn nnas as appendix appendixes, appendices bacterium bacteria bison bison buffalo buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo bus buses, busses cactus cacti, cactuses child children corps corps criterion criteria crisis crises datum data deer deer   die dice dwarf dwarfs, dwarves foot feet fish fish, fishes goose geese half halves

hippopotamus hoof louse man medium memorandum moose mouse octopus ox scarf series sheep staff (stick or line for  charting music) staf st afff (g (gro roup up of wo work rker ers) s) stegosaurus swine talisman tooth wharf woman

hippopotami, hippopotamuses hoofs, hooves lice men media memoranda moose mice octopi, octopuses, octopodes oxen scarves, scarfs series sheep staves staf st affs fs stegosauri swine talismans teeth wharfs, wharves women

Viitorul Simplu ( Simple Future ) In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Viitorul Simplu al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Viitorul Simplu se formeaza cu auxiliarul will urmat de infinitivul verbului de conjugat.

1. Forma afirmativa: afirmativa:

I will come You will come He will come We will come

You will come They will come

2. Forma interogativa :

Will I come ? Will you come ? Will he come ? Will we come ? Will you come ? Will they come ?

3. Forma negativa :

I will not come You will not come He will not come We will not come You will not come They will not come

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Will I not come ? Will you not come ? Will he not come ? Will we not come ? Will you not come ? Will they not come ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Viitorului in v orbire)

1. Viitorul Simplu il folosim in leg atura cu asteptari, predictii, opinii sau presupuneri care s e vor desfasura in viitor.

Don't worry. She'll come back. Nu te ingrijora. Se va intoarce. My son will be ten next month. Fiul meu va implini zece ani luna viitoare.

2. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste pentru a d escrie actiuni obisnuite ce vor avea loc in viitor.

Drivers will always have to pay their speed tickets. Soferii intotdeauna vor trebui sa-si achite amenzile pentru depasirea vitezei. Babies will be born and old people will die, as usual. Copii tot se vor naste, si batranii se vor stinge, ca de obicei.

3. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste in cadrul propozitiilor conditionale de tip 1, precum si in propozitii temporale.

We will punish him if he does it again. Il vom pedepsi daca va mai face acel lucru din nou. He will come home when he finishes his work. El va veni acasa dupa ce isi va termina treaba.

4. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste pentru a d escrie actiuni ce exprima intentia (mai ales cele luate in momentul deciziei).

I will have some Pepsi, please. As dori un Pepsi, va rog. I like this car. I will buy it. Imi place aceasta masina. O voi cumpara.

Perfectul Prezent Simplu ( Present Perfect ) In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Perfectul Perfectul Prezent al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Perfectul Prezent se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have( have, has ) urmat de participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat. ( Nu uitati: la un verb regulat, participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed -ed;; la verbele neregulate, el reprezinta a treia forma de baza.)

1. Forma afirmativa: afirmativa:

I have arrived You have arrived He has arrived We have arrived You have arrived They have arrived

2. Forma interogativa :

Have I arrived ? Have you arrived ? Has he arrived ? Has she arrived ? Have we arrived ? Have you arrived ? Have they arrived ?

3. Forma negativa :

I have not arrived You have not arrived He has not arrived She has not arrived We have not arrived You have not arrived They have not arrived

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Have I not arrived ? Have you not arrived ? Has he not arrived ? Has she not arrived ? Have we not arrived ? Have you not arrived ? Have they not arrived ?

IMPORTANT !!! Perfectul Prezent se foloseste cel mai adesea atunci cand dorim sa scoatem in evidenta un efect pe care il are in prezent o actiune desfasurata in trecut.

Ex: I have eaten = Am mancat (deci nu mai imi este foame). Somebody has stolen my pen = Cineva mi-a furat stiloul (asadar nu mai am cu ce scrie)

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1.Perfectul Prezent descrie o actiune trecuta, ale carei efecte se fac inca simtite in prezent

I have sold my car car.. Eu mi-am mandut masina(efect=tr masina(efect=trebuie ebuie sa merg la slujba cu autobuzul) He has read that b ook. El a citit acea carte (efect=ii cunoaste continutul)

2. Perfectul Prezent se foloseste impreuna cu indicatori temporali nedefiniti, cum ar fi: ever, never, before, yet, already , dar niciodata cu indicatori temporali definiti, precum yesterday, last week, a month ago. ago.

She has never seen such a car. Ea niciodata nu a vazut o asemenea masina. I have already solved that problem. Eu deja am rezolvat acea problema.

3. Perfectul Prezent se foloseste pentru a descrie o actiune care a inceput in trecut si se continua si in momentul vorbirii(aceeasi parte a zilei, aceeasi zi, acelasi an, etc).

We haven't eaten today yet. Azi inca nu am mancat.

4. Folosit impreuna cu just  cu just acest acest timp descrie ceea ce s-a intamplat de curand. In romana acest lucru se exprima cu perfectul compus si adverbul tocmai .

They have just got married. Ei tocmai s-au casatorit. We have just arrived. Noi tocmai ce am sosit.

5. Perfectul Prezent descrie o actiune inceputa in trecut si care se prelungeste in prezent. In acest caz, se traduce cu prezentul:

How long have they been here? De cand sunt ei aici? She has been here for three days. Ea se afla aici de trei zile.

6. Perfectul Prezent simplu se foloseste cu expresiile: This is the first time... si si It's  It's (a long time) since...

This is the first time I have been in a cave. E prima data cand m a aflu intr-o pestera. It's a long time since you have visited me. De mult nu ai mai fost in vizita la mine

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Perfectul Perfectul Prezent Continuu al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Perfectul Prezent Continuu se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have( have, has ) urmat de aspectul continuu al participiului trecut al verbului de conjugat. (participiul trecut simplu: worked, cleaned ; participiul trecut continuu: been working, been cleaning.) cleaning .)

1. Forma afirmativa: afirmativa:

I have been walking You have been walking He has been walking We have been walking You have been walking They have been walking

2. Forma interogativa :

Have I been walking ? Have you been walking ? Has he been walking ? Has she been walking ?

Have we been walking ? Have you been walking ? Have they been walking ?

3. Forma negativa :

I have not been walking You have not been walking He has not been walking She has not been walking We have not been walking You have not been walking They have not been walking

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Have I not been walking ? Have you not been walking ? Has he not been walking ? Has she not been walking ? Have we not been walking ? Have you not been walking ? Have they not been walking ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

Perfectul Prezent continuu se foloseste aproximativ in aceleasi situatii ca si Prezentul Perfect simplu. Totusi, accentueaza ideea de continuare in prezent a actiunii descrise:

He has read that book. A citit acea carte. ( Deja cunoaste continutul) He has been reading that book for three hours. Citeste cartea aceea de trei ore. (si inca n-a terminat-o)

Prezentul Continuu ( Present Continuous) In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Prezentul Continuu al unui verb.

1. La forma afirmativa auxiliarul apare de cele mai multe ori in forma sa contrasa:

I'm I' m running You're You' re runnning He's He' s running We're We' re running They're They' re running

2. La forma interogativa se inverseaza ordinea dintre subiect si auxiliar:

Am I running? Are you running? Is he running? Is she running? Are we running? Are you running? Are they running?

3. La forma negativa cuvantul not  precedat de auxiliar apare de cele mai multe ori in forma sa not precedat contrasa (dar niciodata dupa am am)) :

I' m not running You aren't running He isn't running She isn't running We aren't running You aren't running They aren't running

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Am I not running ? Aren't you running ? Isn't herunning herunning ? Isn't she running ? Aren't we running ? Aren't you running ? Aren't they running ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1. Pentru a descrie o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul vorbirii. In acest caz, este insotit adesea de o indicatie temporala, cum ar fi now, at the moment 

Look! He's wasing his car car.. Priveste! El isi spala masina. What are you doing there? Ce faci acolo?

2. Pentru a descrie pozitiile corpului:

She's standing. Ea sta in picioare He's leaning against a wall. El sta sprijinit de un perete.

3. Cand e vorba de o actiune viitoare, prevazuta sau programata:

They're buying a new house in May. Ei isi cumpara o casa noua in luna mai. What are you doing next Monday? Ce faci lunea viitoare?

4. Cand e vorba de ceva care s-ar putea produce in orice moment:

He looks funny when he's playing his trumpet. Arata comic atunci cand canta la trompeta.

5. Impreuna cu always always,, pentru a exprima iritarea sau dezaprobarea:

She's always coming in when we talk something important. Intotdeauna trebuie sa intre in camera fix cand vorbim noi lucruri importante.

Prezentul Simplu In lectiile trecute am invatat despre anumite parti de vorbire care n u cereau enorm de mult efort pentru a fi retinute, insa incepand cu lectia de acum vom invata din tainele Verbului. Si asa cum va asteptati probabil, vom incepe cu Prezentul.

Numai ca in limba engleza Prezentul are doua forme: una simpla si una continua. In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza forma simpla a Prezentului unui verb.

A. FORMARE

1. La forma afirmativa se foloseste infinitivul fara particula "to" al verbului: to run / run

I run You run We run They run

La persoana a III-a singular se adauga terminatia -s -s:: He runs runs She runs runs

2.La forma interogativa se foloseste auxiliarul do sau does (la persoana a III-a singular) urmat de verb: Do I run? Do you run? Does he run? Does she run? Do we run? Do you run? Do they run?

Observati ca numai auxiliarul se conjuga!

3.La forma negativa se foloseste do not(cu not(cu forma sa contrasa don't don't)) sau does not(cu not(cu forma sa contrasa doesn't doesn't)) pentru persoana a III-a singular:

I do not (don't) run You do not (don't) run He does not (doesn't) run She does not (doesn't) run We do not (don't) run You do not (don't) run They do not (don't) run

4.La forma interogativ-negativa se foloseste don't / doesn't, doesn't, inversandu-se ordinea dintre subiect si auxiliar. Forma contrasa e cel mai des folosita:

Don't I run ? Don't you run ? Doesn't he run ? Doesn't she run ? Don't we run ? Don't you run ? Don't they run ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1. Pentru a descrie o actiune care se repeta in mod regulat:

I go to school every day. Merg la scoala in fiecare zi. Do you brush your teeth every day? Te speli pe dinti zilnic?

2. Pentru a exprima un obicei:

He reads a lot. El citeste mult She doesn't smoke. Ea nu fumeaza

3. Pentru a exprima un adevar general, de exemplu o lege a fizicii:

Water freezes freezes at 0 degrees. Apa ingheata la 0 grade. The Earth spins around the Sun. Pamantul se invarte in jurul soarelui.

4. Pentru a reda o succesiune d e evenimente scurte:

He unlocks the door, comes in and takes off his shoes near the door. El descuie usa, intra si se descalta langa usa.

5. Pentru a exprima o actiune programata in viitor, in special atunci cand se specifica momentul producerii ei:

Your train leaves at two o'clock. Trenul tau pleaca la ora doua. We meet him tonight. Ne intalnim cu el diseara.

6. Intr-o propozitie subordonata introdusa prin if sau unless, atunci cand verbul din principala este la viitor:

I'll come if they come. come. Voi veni daca vor veni si ei.

7. Dupa when, as soon as, before, after , intr-o fraza in care verbul din principala este la viitor:

We'll tell you when we meet again. Iti vom spune cand ne vom intalni din nou.

8.- Cu verbele care exprima un sentiment (love, hate, prefer, like, dislike...) - cu verbele care nu presupun notiunea de durata ( seem, want, belong, know, mean, wish) - si cu verbele care redau cuvintele cuiva ( say, tell, ask, answer)

I like movies. Imi plac filmele. You seem tired. Pari obosit. What does he mean? Ce vrea sa spuna?

Numeralul Ordinal the 1st / first = primul the 2nd / second = al doilea the 3rd / third = al treilea the 4th / fourth = al patrulea the 5th / fifth = al cincilea the 6th sixth = al saselea the 7th / seventh = al saptelea the 8th / eighth = al optulea the 9th / nineth = al noualea the 10th / tenth = al zecelea

the 11th / eleventh = al unsprezecelea the 12th / twelfth = al doisprezecelea the 13th / thirteenth = al treisprezecelea the 14th / fourteenth = al patrusprezecelea the 15th / fifteenth = al cincisprezecelea the 16th / sixteenth = al saisprezecelea the 17th / seventeenth = al saptesprezecele saptesprezecelea a the 18th / eighteenth = al optusprezecelea

the 19th / nineteenth = al nouasprezecelea the 20th / twentieth = al douazecilea

the 21st / twenty-first = al douazecilea the 22nd / twenty-second = al douazecisiunulea the 23rd / twenty-third = al douazecisidoilea the 24th / twenty-fourth = al douazecisipatrulea

the 30th / thirtieth = al treizecilea the 50th / fiftieth = al cincizecilea

the 100th / hundredth = al o sutalea

Pronumele personal Nominativ

I = Eu You = Tu He = El She = Ea It = El, Ea (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite) We = Noi You = Voi They = Ei

Genitiv

Mine = Al meu Yours = Al tau His = Al lui Hers= Al ei Ours = Al nostru Yours = Al vostru Theirs = Al lor

Dativ

(to) me = mie (to) you = tie (to) him = lui (to) her = ei (to) it = Lui, ei (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite) (to) us = noua

(to) you = voua (to) them = lor

Acuzativ

me = pe mine you = pe tine him = pe el her = pe ea it = pe el, pe ea (pentru ( pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite) neinsufletite) us = pe noi you = pe voi them = pe ei

Numeralul Cardinal 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten

11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty

21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 24 twenty-four 25 twenty-five

30 thirty 40 fourty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety

100 one hundred 200 two hundred 250 two hundred and fifty

1,000 one thousand 2,000 two thousand 2,574 two thousand five hundred and seventy-four

1,000,000 one million 2,000,000 two million 1,000,000,000 one billion

Un lucru care trebuie evidentiat e faptul ca in limba engleza se foloseste virgula pentru a separa miile. Ati observat probabil faptul ca dupa numarul 1 din 1000 se adauga virgula, rezultand in scris 1,000. Desigur, nimeni nu va va pedepsi daca nu folositi acest sistem, insa e bine de stiut:-)

Verbul To Be Afirmativ

I Am = Eu sunt You Are = Tu esti He Is = El este She Is = Ea este It Is = El/Ea Este We Are = Noi suntem You Are = Voi sunteti They are = Ei sunt

Interogativ

Am I ? Are You ? Is He ?

Is She ? Is It ? Are We ? Are You ? Are They ?

Negativ

I Am not You Are not He Is not She Is not It Is not We Are not You Are not They are not

Verbul To Have Afirmativ

I Have = Eu am You Have = Tu ai He Has = El are She Has = Ea are It Has = El/Ea are We Have = Noi avem You Have = Voi aveti They Have = Ei au

Interogativ

Do I Have? Do You Have? Does He Have? Does She Have? Does It Have? Do We Have? Do You Have? Do They Have?

Negativ

I do not Have You do not Have He does not Have She does not Have It does not Have We do not Have You do not Have They do not Have