MODULE 2 (LESSONS IN ENGLISH 10) Prepared by: Mrs. Jennefer G. ran!""a
LESSON: EN10RC-IIa-11: Transcode information from linear to non-linear texts and vice-versa.
A written material without any images or pictures or illustrations is called "!near text. We follow the common convention in reading, from left to right, and top to bottom.
N#n$"!near texts are materials that provide information with the use of images or visuals. Some common types of non-linear texts are %rap&s, '&ars and d!a%ras .
There are are also dierent dierent types of graphs graphs •
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L!ne Grap& is a graph that uses lines to show information. !t is usually used to show trends, such as the increase or decrease in population or price of commodities. *ar Grap& is a graph that uses bars or columns arranged either vertically or hori"ontally. !t is usually used to show a fre#uency of events. P!e +&ar is used to show a percentage, or parts of a whole. A pie chart loo$s %ust li$e a pi""a, divided into several parts. &owever, unli$e a pi""a which you usually divide e#ually, pie charts may have dierent si"es, depending on the percentage of each part. ,ab"es are made out of information or data arranged in rows and columns for easier understand. -enn D!a%ra shows the relationship between dierent sets.
Some Some text texts s also also incl includ ude e illu illust stra rati tion ons s to add add mean meanin ing g to the the text text.. Stor Story y boo$ boo$s, s, and and encyclopedias have illustrations to give the reader an idea of what the topic is about. !llustrations, !llustrations, graphs, charts, and diagrams are added into a text to let the readers understand it better bet ter.. 'on-linear texts are also used in some (elds li$e statistics to show data and information more eectively.
Seps !n ead!n% N#n$"!near ,e/
). *ead titl title e and the the subtit subtitles les.. +. *ead the the label labels, s, captio captions, ns, $eys $eys . ind out the the purpose purpose of the non-pro non-prose se or visual visual information information age / )
0. !dentify the organi"ation of details 1. 2etermine the relationship of details by loo$ing at changes and trends
#r"a !n ,rans'#d!n% Inf#ra!#n r# N#n$"!near # L!near ,e/. ). !. 3verview 34 +. !!. 5ontrolling !dea 5! . !!!. 6ey eatures 6 0. !4. rediction 7i8 1. 4. roposal 7ii8 Example of Transcoded Information from Non-linear to Linear Text: ,!e Spen by Sdens Per fer$+"ass '!5!!es (PE+EN,GE)
3utdoor Activities
43 9oing for movies
10 10 Studying Sociali"ing 20
!ndoor Activities
23
The pie chart shows the percentages of how students spend their time after classes consisting of outdoor activities, going for movies, studying, socializing and indoor activities. According to the pie chart, the highest percentage of how students spend their time after classes is 35% which is indoor activities while the lowest percentage is 10% that is outdoor activities. This is due to the less energy consume while doing the indoor activities compared to the outdoor activities. ocializing is the second popular activities among students. !t shows that "5% of students tend to spend their time #y chatting online li$e ace#oo$ing. They &nd socializing activities are fun and interesting. 'ased on the pie chart, there is a di(erence percentage #etween studying and going for movies which is 10%. !t shows that "0% of the students choose studying while 10% of the students choose going for movies. This is #ecause studying does not need high cost compared to watch movies. !n future, if most students choose indoor activities, then it will lead to unhealthy lifestyle. Therefore, the government should ma$e campaigns to encourage the students to #alance their activities.
LESSON: EN10G$IIa$26: Obser5e '#rre' %raar !n a7!n% de8n!!#ns. age / +
2e(nitions are a core part of any dictionary. Writing basic de(nitions re#uires s$ill, practice, and sometimes help. :asic guidelines to follow when writing a de(nition •
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;ust the 7dictionary8 facts. A de(nition should contain the information about the word and what the word refers to. 2o not include usage notes in a de(nition. 9et to the point. 5larity, brevity, and conciseness are better when writing de(nitions. Avoid complicated terms Avoid terms that are more complicated or more technical than the term being de(ned. The purpose of a de(nition is to clarify meaning. Avoid speci(c terms. a$e it simple. Write with simple grammatical structures rather than complex ones. lace $ey terms and short explanations near the start of the de(nition.
LESSON: EN109+$IIa$14.1: Iden!fy pars and feares #f ar%ena!5e essays An ar%ena!5e essay tries to change the reader?s mind by convincing the reader to agree with the writer?s point of view. +&ara'er!s!'s #f an r%ena!5e Essay An argumentative essay attempts to be highly persuasive and logical. !t usually assumes that the reader disagrees with the writer, but it should be noted that the reader is no less intelligent than the writer. &ence, an argumentative essay should be written ob%ectively and logically. An argumentative essay has the following characteristics presents and explains the issue or case gives reasons and supports these reasons to prove its point refutes 7proves wrong8 opposing arguments. • • •
Pars ). Inr#d'!#n irst is the introductory paragraph. !t introduces the problem and gives the bac$ground information needed for the argument and the thesis statement.
+. *#dy The body of the essay contains the reasons. =ach paragraph tal$s about one reason. The reason is included in the topic sentence and is supported by details or materials. These supporting materials can be examples, statistics, personal experiences, or #uotations. . +#n'"s!#n The conclusion restates the main claim and gives one or two general statements which exactly summari"e the arguments and support the main premise. E/ap"e: Mining in !rora There have #een opposing views as )old *ision !ndustries are set to launch their drilling operations in the town of +ilta, Aurora. The ational )overnment has -ust provided clearance to )old *ision which has recently hired 50 locals to wor$ in the hills of +ilta.
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The mayor of the town, esse /ernandez has opposed the mining operations. /e has #een leading a num#er of townsfol$ who #elieve that the operation would #ring destructive results to the environment. )old *ision would initially need to cut down trees to set up their machinery. The actual drilling will then cause soil erosion and ooding. The mayor is also concerned of the health hazards that may occur. There have #een a num#er of recorded respiratory disease cases #rought a#out #y mining. The president of )old *ision, r. 2ene antos on the other hand #elieves that they are the savior of the town, and mining would #e mutually #ene&cial for #oth their company and the people of +ilta. The predominantly agriculture#ased towns would now have additional means of income. /iring additional miners would allow them to further feed their family and improve how they support the education of their children.
LESSON: EN109+$IIb$14.2: #r"ae '"a!s #f fa' p#"!'y and 5a"e. !f fact can #e proven true or false, an opinion is what someone #elieves or thin$s. The topics lead to your opinion #y as$ing three speci&c types of 4uestions 4uestions of fact, value, and policy.
"!estions of #act are those which as$ you to answer whether or not something is. These 4uestions are always answered with either 67es8 or 6o8 and then you must construct paragraphs to support the facts. 9:ample !s the wall #lue; <7es or o, and then your evidence=
"!estions of $al!e address the relative merit hich is more valua#le, love or money; <>hich and then why;=
"!estions of %olic& as$ the writer to e:plain what they would do. The $ey word in these topics is usually 6should8 as in 6what should we do...;8 The 4uestion as$s the writer to ma$e a plan of action to solve some sort of pro#lem. The answer is a #rea$down of the plan and a -usti&cation that it &:es the pro#lem. 9:ample >hat should #e done to com#at the drug pro#lem; <+lan and -ustify.=
LESSON: EN109+$II'$14.4: Use paerns and e'&n!;es #f de5e"#p!n% an ar%ena!5e '"a! When you develop your argument, you are con(rming your own position and building your case.
The success of your argument depends on your s$ill in convincing your reader through sound reasoning, persuasion, and evidence. There are three fundamental types of appeal in presenting an argument reason, ethics, and emotion. 9r!e <#r +#n'"s!#n
@our conclusion should state your conviction strongly. *eview your main points and tell your audience what action you would li$e them to ta$e address and resolve the main points in your introduction. *as!' +#p#nens #f an r%en
) $ ,&e '"a! (yp!'a""y ans=ers &e ;es!#n: >9&a d# I &!n7?@) " 3
?laim should #e a de#ata#le thesis statement. ?laim is needed to #e narrowed.
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0 1 $ ,&e reas#ns (yp!'a""y ans=er &e ;es!#n: >9&y d# I &!n7 s#?@)
B C $ ,&e e5!den'e (yp!'a""y ans=ers &e ;es!#n: >H#= d# I 7n#= &!s !s &e 'ase?@)
D E ,ypes #f E5!den'e )F !rs &and resear'& is research you have conducted yourself such as !ner5!e=s e/per!ens sr5eys #r pers#na" e/per!en'e and ane'd#es. )) Se'#nd &and resear'& is research you are getting from various texts that has been supplied and compiled by others such as b##7s per!#d!'a"s and 9eb s!es. S%%esed Or%an!Aa!#n f#r a +"ass!' r%en ). !ntroduction 9ive the context and bac$ground of your issue. =stablish the style, tone, and signi(cance of your issue. +. State @our 5ase 5larify your issue here. 9ive any necessary bac$ground for understanding the issues. 2e(ne important terms or conditions here. . roposition State your central proposition. :e sure that your hoo$ presents an issue that is open to debate. resent the subtopics or supportive points to forecast your argument for your reader. 0. *efutation Analy"e the opposition?s argument and summari"e it refute or address the points point out faulty reasoning and inappropriate appeals. 1. Substantiation and roof resent and develop your own case. 5arefully plan your disclosure avoid logical fallacies. *ely primarily on reasoning for your appeal and use emotional appeals carefully use examples, facts, experts, and statistics. 2evelop your argument using the appropriate prose strategy, e.g., causal analysis, comparison, analogies, or de(nitions. B. 5onclusion 5onclude with conviction. *eview your main points and state your claims strongly. >a$e a strong plea for action, or invite your readers to refute your argument.
LESSON: EN10OL$IIb$3: Ep"#y appr#pr!ae p!'& sress Bn're !n#na!#n e'. rosodic features of speech are 7sometimes $nown as suprasegmental phonology8 are those aspects of speech which go beyond phonemes and deal with the auditory #ualities of sound. Some of these are intonation, stress, pitch, volume, and %uncture. :ut the focus of the discussion would only be the stress and intonation. !ntonation refers to the movement of the voice up or down along the line of sound. !t does not change the meaning of the individual word but shows various moods and attitudes of the spea$er. =xamples Where is my carG 7 As your feelings rise in an emotional situation, your intonations rises up along with them8 Are you happyG 7rising for yes-no #uestion8 What ma$es you happyG 7falling for information #uestion8 Stress refers to the accent given to a syllable or word to give it more importance and to ma$e it stand out among other syllables or words. Stressed syllables, words or sentences are characteri"ed by the volume 7louder8, length longer duration8, and pitch 7higher8. !n spo$en =nglish, if you stress the wrong syllable, you can totally lose the meaning of a word. =xamples /ello;
,!ps #n Presen!n% <#r Ne=s ) a$e sure these sentences are easy to understand and should be delivered no longer than +F seconds. + 5hec$ if you are saying the names of people and places correctly. When you read your introduction, spea$ clearly and be enthusiastic. 0 @ou can emphasi"e important words by pausing before you say them or saying them a little louder. >ar$ these words on your script so you won?t forget. 1 Spea$ in a normal voice. @ou don?t have to shout and you shouldn?t whisper. B Stand or sit up straight. :e natural. Try not to move too much or it will distract your audience. C ractice with the camera and microphone to get used to what it feels li$e to present a news. D &ave fun and en%oy yourselfJ
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