1. PRES PRESEN ENT TS SIM IMPL PLE E TE TENS NSE E 1.
Formation
Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb do/does base Like: Like: subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
I, you, we, they
like
coffee.
He, she, it
likes
coffee.
+
I, you, we, they
do
not
like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not
like
coffee.
"o
I, you, we, they
like
coffee!
"oes
he, she, it
like
coffee!
!
#ook at these exam$les with the main verb be. be. %otice that there is no auxiliary:
+
!
subject
main verb
I
am
&rench.
'ou, we, they
are
&rench.
He, she, it
is
&rench.
I
am
not
old.
'ou, we, they
are
not
old.
He, she, it
is
not
old.
(m
I
late!
(re
you, we, they
late!
Is
he, she, it
late!
2.
ses
Facts an! "enerali#ations
He tal$s a lot. )he ele$hant !oesn%t &ly. )he *arth oes around the Sun. 'abits an! Routines (usually )it* a!verbs o& &re+uency, always, never, freuently/often, usually, seldom/rarely, nowadays, every week/year, sometimes/occasionally, from time to time-e leave for work at .0 every mornin. Susan often meets with her friends after school. 1ark rarely visits his sick randmother.
Permanent Situations
I live in 2oston. He )or$s as a fireman. 1araret !rives a 3orshe.
State /erbs (verbs ex0ressin &eelins mental 0rocesses-
I li$e swimmin. -e $no) this man.
Fixe! 3 4&&icial arranements
)he meetin starts at 4 $m. )he train leaves at the noon. -hen !oes the $lane ta$e o&& !
2. PRESENT 54NTIN4S TENSE 1.
Formation
Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb be base + in subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I
am
s$eakin
to you.
+
'ou
are
readin
this.
She
is
not
stayin
in #ondon.
-e
are
not
$layin
football.
!
Is
he
watchin
)5!
!
(re
they
waitin
for 6ohn!
2.
ses
6ction *a00enin exactly no)
I am eatin my lunch. 1ichael is watchin )5. 1y mom is cookin lunch. 6ction *a00enin aroun! no)3tem0orary actions
I am livin with my sister until I find an a$artment. 1uriel is learnin to drive. 6ohn is oin out with 1ary. Present 5ontinuous &or &uture3 ex0ressin 0ersonal 0lans &or t*e &uture
-e%re eatin in a restaurant toniht. -e7ve already booked the table. )hey can $lay tennis with you tomorrow. )hey%re not )or$in . -hen are you startin your new job!
7. P6ST SIMPLE TENSE 1.
Formation
0ast &orm (2. column- only or verb 8 e! 8auxiliary !i! 9 base &orm+uestions/1 base
/2 0ast
reular verb
)or$ ex0lo!e li$e
)or$e! ex0lo!e! li$e!
)he $ast form for all reular verbs ends in ed.
irreular verb
o see sin
)ent sa) san
)he $ast form for irreular verbs is variable. 'ou need to learn it by heart.
)he structure for 0ositive sentences in the sim$le $ast tense is: subject + main verb $ast
)he structure for neative sentences in the sim$le $ast tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb did base
)he structure for +uestion sentences in the sim$le $ast tense is: auxiliary verb + subject + main verb did base
)he auxiliary verb !i! is the same for all $ersons 8I did, you did, he did etc9. (nd the base form and $ast form do not chane. #ook at these exam$les with the main verbs o and )or$ : subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
I
went
to school.
'ou
worked
very hard.
+
She
did
not
o
with me.
-e
did
not
work
yesterday.
"id
you
o
to #ondon!
!
"id
they
work
at home!
Exce0tion: )he verb to be is different. -e conjuate the verb to be 8I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were9 and we do not use an auxiliary for neative and uestion sentences. )o make a uestion, we exchane the subject and verb. #ook at these exam$les: subject
main verb
I, he/she/it
was
here.
'ou, we, they
were
in #ondon.
I, he/she/it
was
not
there.
'ou, we, they
were
not
ha$$y.
-as
I, he/she/it
riht!
-ere
you, we, they
late!
+
!
2.
ses
6ction or a situation an event in t*e 0ast com0letely &inis*e! and time and/or
0lace of the event are usually known. T*e event can be s*ort or lon
)he car ex$loded at ;.0am yesterday. -e did not hear the tele$hone. )he 6urassic $eriod lasted about <= million years. "id you watch )5 last niht! Past actions in a se+uence.
)he door o0ene! and 6ames 2ond entere!. He too$ o&& his coat, which )as very wet, and or!ere! a drink at the bar. He sat !o)n in the corner of the loune and uietly !ran$ his martini.
;. P6ST 54NTIN4S TENSE 1.
Formation
subject
+
auxiliary verb 2*
+
main verb
in sim$le $ast tense
$resent $artici$le
)as )ere
base 9 in
&or neative sentences in the $ast continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. &or uestion sentences, we exchane the subject and auxiliary verb. #ook at these exam$le sentences with the $ast continuous tense: subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I
was
watchin
)5.
+
'ou
were
workin
hard.
He, she, it
was
not
hel$in
1ary.
-e
were
not
jokin.
!
-ere
you
bein
silly!
!
-ere
they
$layin
football!
2.
ses
6ction in 0roress at a 0articular moment in t*e 0ast.
I )as )or$in at >0$m last niht. -hat )ere you !oin when he arrived! She )as coo$in when I tele$honed her. -e )ere *avin dinner when it started to rain. )*en + s*ort action 8sim$le $ast tense9 )*ile + lon action 8$ast continuous tense9
)here are four basic combinations: I was walkin $ast the car <*en
the car ex$loded
)*en
it ex$loded. I was walkin $ast it.
)he car ex$loded <*ile
)*ile
I was walkin $ast the car
I was walkin $ast it. it ex$loded.
=. PRESENT PERFE5T TENSE 1.
Formation
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb have $ast $artici$le
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I
have
seen
*).
+
'ou
have
eaten
mine.
She
has
not
been
to ?ome.
-e
have
not
$layed
football.
!
Have
you
finished!
!
Have
they
done
2.
it!
ses
T*ere is al)ays a connection )it* t*e 0ast an! )it* t*e 0resent.
Ex0erience &rom t*e 0ast.
-e have never eaten caviar. I have been in @ermany four times now. Have you been there!
6ctions t*at *a00ene! in t*e 0ast but *ave certain conse+uence at t*e 0resent moment.
6ohn has broken his le. Has the $rice one u$! 1y car has broken down, so now I have to walk to work.
6ction t*at starte! in t*e 0ast an! lasts u0 to no).
I have worked here since 6une.
He has been ill for = days. How lon have you known )ara!
-e use &or to talk about a 0erio! of time A minutes, = weeks, < years. -e use since to talk about a 0oint in $ast time ; o7clock, >st 6anuary, 1onday. for
since
a 0erio! o& time
a 0oint in 0ast time x
=0 minutes
<.>A$m
three days
1onday
< months
6anuary
4 years
>;;4
= centuries
>B00
a lon time
I left school
ever
the beinnin of time
etc
etc
Ex0ressin &uture > an action in t*e &uture t*at )ill *a00en be&ore some ot*er &uture action
(s soon as I have finished my homework, I will call you.
?. PRESENT PERFE5T 54NTIN4S TENSE 1.
Formation
subject + auxiliary verb + auxiliary verb + main verb have been base + in has
subject
auxiliary verb
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I
have
been
waitin
for one hour.
+
'ou
have
been
talkin
too much.
It
has
not
been
rainin.
-e
have
not
been
$layin
football.
!
Have
you
been
seein
her!
!
Have
they
been
doin
their homework!
2.
ses T*e uses are t*e same as )it* Present Per&ect Sim0le Tense t*e s0ea$ers just insist on t*e &act t*at t*e action laste! &or certain 0erio! o& time.
I *ave been rea!in &or = hours. -e%ve been stu!yin since ; o7clock. )ara hasn7t been feelin well &or = weeks. He has been livin in 2ankok since he left school. 'ou don7t understand because you *aven7t been listenin .
@. FTRE SIMPLE TENSE 1.
Formation
subject
+
auxiliary verb -I##
+
main verb
invariable
base
)ill
/1
&or neative sentences in the sim$le future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. &or uestion sentences, we exchane the subject and auxiliary verb. #ook at these exam$le sentences with the sim$le future tense: subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I
will
o$en
the door.
+
'ou
will
finish
before me.
She
will
not
be
at school tomorrow.
-e
will
not
leave
yet.
!
-ill
you
arrive
on time!
!
-ill
they
want
dinner!
2.
ses No 0lan
-e )ill see what we can do to hel$ you. 1aybe we%ll stay in and )atc* television toniht.
Aecision about t*e &uture ma!e at t*e moment o& s0ea$in
Hold on. I%ll et a $en. I t*in$ I7ll o to the ym tomorrow. I t*in$ I will have a holiday next year.
Pre!iction It )ill rain tomorrow. 3eo$le )on%t o to 6u$iter before the ==nd century. -ho do you think )ill et the job! /erb T4 BE. <*en t*e main verb is T4 BE )e can use t*e sim0le &uture tense even i& )e *ave a &irm 0lan or !ecision be&ore s0ea$in.
I%ll be in #ondon tomorrow. I7m oin sho$$in. I )on%t be very lon.
C. EDPRESSI4N BE "4IN" T4 1.
Formation
subject + be + oin + infinitive )he verb be is conjuated 8$ast, $resent or future9. subject
be
+
I
am
+
I7m
He
is
It
!
(re
2.
in&initive
oin
to buy
a new car.
oin
to o
swimmin.
oin
to take
the exam.
isn7t
oin
to rain.
you
oin
to $aint
not
the house!
Intention !ecision alrea!y ma!e
6o has won the lottery. He says he%s oin to buy a 3orsche. -e%re not oin to 0aint our bedroom tomorrow. -hen are you oin to o on holiday!
Pre!iction t*at is base! on 0resent evi!ence.
oin
ses
(not-
)he sky is very black. It%s oin to sno) . It7s B.0C 'ou%re oin to miss the trainC I crashed the com$any car. 1y boss isn%t oin to be very ha$$yC
6voi! usin BE "4IN" T4 )it* t*e verb "4. Rat*er use Present 5ontinuous Tense &or ex0ressin 0lans &or t*e &uture.
I am oin to S$ain in two weeks. / I am oin to o to S$ain in two weeks. -e%re oin to the theatre on Fri!ay. 3 -e are oin to o to the theatre on &riday.
. P6ST PERFE5T TENSE 1.
Formation
)he structure of the $ast $erfect tense is: subject
+
auxiliary verb H(5*
+
main verb
conjuated in sim$le $ast tense
$ast $artici$le
*a!
/7
&or neative sentences in the $ast $erfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. &or uestion sentences, we exchane the subject and auxiliary verb. #ook at these exam$le sentences with the $ast $erfect tense:
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I
had
finished
my work.
+
'ou
had
sto$$ed
before me.
She
had
not
one
to school.
-e
had
not
left.
!
Had
you
arrived!
!
Had
they
eaten
2.
dinner!
ses 6 com0lete! action be&ore anot*er action in t*e 0ast I *a! &inis*e! my homework before I went $layin football. 6ohn *a! never been to #ondon before we went there last year. T*ir! con!itional sentences If we *a! one by taxi, we wouldn7t have been late. If 1ary *a! stu!ie! harder, she would have $assed the exam. Re0orte! s0eec*
1ary said she *a! already seen this film. He asked if I had read Harry Potter .
Aissatis&action )it* t*e 0ast (ty0ically )it* I )is* ... or I& only ....-
I wish I *a! ta$en more food. I7m hunry now. If only I *a! ta$en more food. I7m hunry now.