UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS LICENCIATURA EN CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA
“ENSAYOS “ENSAYOS DE FRANSISCO MORAZAN EN LA HISTORIA”
PRESENTADO POR: JOSE ISRAEL PANAMEÑO CORTEZ
PC160!
TRABAJO TRABAJ O PRESENTADO A LA CATEDRA DE SOCIOLO"IA SOCIOLO" IA "ENERAL DE LA LICENCIATURA DE CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA# EN EL "T$
DOCENTE: LIC$ JOR"E RAMIRO ALVARADO ALVARADO ALVARADO ALVARADO
FECHA DE ENTRE"A: %11%&016"
CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA
SAN SALVADOR
Ensayo de Francisco Morazán
EL SALVADOR
J'() M*+,- ../ * 2/34+ 2/. 5+3/+ '728+/9' 8/ /+* 87 “/74' 5'2/+'('# 87 /(,+*,/4*# 87 '+*2'+# 87 ;/+2*2/+' /(,*24(,*# /. <743' 84=>( 8/ *?* 5+'28342' .* A@)+43* C/7,+*.”# E. '*+ 2/ .'( /(5'('( M'+*=>78/(*2* (/ ;4' *./+*2' 5'+ /. *2;/74@4/7,' 2/ 87 749'# 2/ ,/= .*73* ? ('7+'(*2*# 3+/342' ? +'8(,'# 2/ ''( @8? ;4;'( ? 2/ *+8/*2*( 3/*($ E+* .* ;-(5/+* 2/ S*7 F+*734(3' 2/ A(-( 2/. *9' 2/ 1!& ? .'( 5*2+/( 2/. +/34)7 7*342' 24/+'7 +*34*( * D4'( 5'+ ,*7 *8(,' *3'7,/34@4/7,'$ J'() F+*734(3' M'+*=>7 8/=*2* 7*34 87 G 2/ '3,8+/ 2/ 1!& /7 .* 3482*2 V4..* 2/ S*7 M48/. 2/ H/+/24* 2/ T/834*.5*$ S8 '+4/7 ('34*. (/ *(** /7 (/3,'+/( 2/243*2'( * .* @47/+-* ? *. 3'@/+34'$ “(8 *8/.' 2/. 3*824..' 3/7,+'*@/+43*7' 8/ J8*7 B*8,4(,* M'+*==*74# // 2/ 87* @47* /7 Y8(3*+>7 ? 5'(//2'+ 2/ 2'( ,4/72*( /7 S*7 M48/. E. S*.;*2'+ ? T/834*.5*”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“C*54,*7-* "/7/+*. 2/ "8*,/@*.* 3'7(,4,842* 5'+ .*( 5+';4734*( 2/ "8*,/@*.*# H'728+*( ? N43*+*8*# "'/+7*347 2/ C'(,* R43* / I7,/72/734*( 2/ C4*5*( ? E. S*.;*2'+# 24/+'7 * 3'7'3/+ (8 472/5/72/734*”$
E7 *8/. @'@/7,' /. /(5*34' 5'.-,43'38.,8+*. 3/7,+'*@/+43*7' /7 ,+*7(4347 * .* '+@*347 2/ 87* 78/;* +/5<.43*# /(,** 3'7'+@*2' 5'+ 2'( +*72/( .'8/(# T4/@5' 2/(58)( 2/ .* 5+'3.*@*347 2/ 472/5/72/734*# (/ ;4;4 /7 *8/..'( @'@/7,'( 87 +/;/ .*5(' 2/ .* 3'7;8.(4'7*2* *7/47 3/7,+'*@/+43*7* *. 4@5/+4' @/43*7' 2/ I,8+42/ 1K&&1K&G!$ T+*( /. 2/(5.'@/ 2/ /(/ /-@/+' “4@5/+4'”# /. 1 2/ 8.4' 2/ 1K&G# .* A(*@./* N*34'7*. C'7(,4,8?/7,/ 2/3+/,* 8/ .'( ,/++4,'+4'( 2/. *7,48' R/47' 2/ "8*,/@*.* 3'7 /3/5347 2/ C4*5*( (/ 3'7;4/+,*7 /7 ('/+*7'( +/(5/3,' * E(5*9*# M)43' ? 38*.84/+ ',+* 5',/734*# ,*7,' 2/. V4/' 3'@' 2/. ..*@*2' N8/;' M872'$ E7 /(,/ 3'7,/,'# F+*734(3' M'+*=>7 48+* /7 /. /(3/7*+4' 5'.-,43'# /('+=>72'(/ /7 ('(,/7/+ .* 472/5/72/734*$ C8*72' /7 .* 3482*2 2/ "8*,/@*.* (/ 5+'3.*@ .* /@*7345*347 2/ C/7,+'*@)+43*# 8/ “3'7(8.,*2' 5'+ .*( 3'@4(4'7/( /(5/34*./( 2/ *8/. 4(,+43' 3'7+/('# ../*72' * 47,/+*+ .* /73*+*2* 2/ 243,*@47*+ ('+/ 38>./( 2/-*7 (/+ .'( /(,*2'( +/3'7'342'( 3'@' @4/@+'( 2/ .* 78/;* F/2/+*347”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
[email protected]/( /7,+/ /..'( (8 5+'54' /+@*7'# 2'7 B/74,' 8/ (4/@5+/ .' *3'@5*9*+'7# 7' ,8;' @>( '5347 8/ ,'@*+ @/242*( 2/ 5+/3*8347 3'7,+* .'( /7/@4'( /54(3'5*./( 2/ .* R/5<.43*$
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“V4;* .* +/.447 ? @8/+,/ * .'( /,+*7/+'(Q”# .'+ *+@*+ 87 @';4@4/7,' *7,4@'+*=*74(,* ? 3'7,+*++/;'.834'7*+4'$
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”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“I=*.3'”# 8/ .' ../;* * C'(,* R43*$ C'7,47<* * D*;42 P*7*@> 2'72/ /(3+4/ (8( Memorias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“C+8=*2'+” ? 5*+,/ 2/ E. C*..*' * 47*./( 2/. @/( 2/ 2434/@+/ 2/ 1K1$ V* *3'@5*9*2' 2/ .'( /7/+*./( C**9*( ? S*+*;4*# 2/ .'( 3'+'7/./( O+/..*7* ? E(3*.*7,/$ A(4@4(@' 2/. 3*54,>7 "@/= ? 2/ .'( ,/74/7,/( M'.47* ? E(3*.*7,/$ D/ /(,* '+@*# * '+2' 2/. “C+8=*2'+”# M'+*=>7 ? (8( *3'@5*9*7,/( 434/+'7 /(3*.* /7 "8*?*84. ? 2/ *..- 5*+,4/+'7 5'+ @*+ * C4+48-$ E7 /(,/ <.,4@' .8*+
,8;' .* 5'(44.42*2 2/ +/874+(/ 87* ;/= @>( 3'7 (8 *@4.4* ? *7* 78/;'( ;'.87,*+4'($ M>( ,*+2/# /7 L* U747 E. S*.;*2'+# 3'7,+*, ,+/( /@*+3*34'7/( ? .'+ .* 473'+5'+*347 * (8( 8/+=*( 2/ 38*,+'34/7,'( ;/,/+*7'( (*.;*2'+/9'( ? '728+/9'($ A '+2' 2/. “C+8=*2'+”# /7 .* *-* 2/ L* U747# (/ 24+44 * ,'2'( .'( '4/+7'( 3/7,+'*@/+43*7'(# /. 16 2/ /+/+' 2/ 1K&$
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“C+8=*2'+”# “A(87347 "+*7*247*”# “I(*/. II”# “J'(/*” ? “E. C'(@'5'.4,*”# 2/(/@*+3* /7 /. 58/+,' 2/ C*.2/+* /7 C'(,* R43*$ E. '4/+7' 2/ B+*8.4' C*++4..'# *. /7,/+*+(/ 2/ .* 5+/(/734* 2/ .*( 8/+=*( 874'74(,*(# '+*74= .* +/(4(,/734*$ S47 /@*+'# F+*734(3' M'+*=>7 2* * 3'7'3/+ 87* 5+'3.*@* /. ! 2/ *+4. 2/ *8/. *9' 2/ 1K /7 .* 8/ ('(,/7-* “C'(,*++43/7(/(: H*7 ../*2' * @4 2/(,4/++' ;8/(,+*( (<5.43*(# ? ;/7' * *3+/24,*+'( 8/ 7' ('? 4724/+/7,/ * .*( 2/(+*34*( 8/ /5/+4@/7,>4($ V8/(,+'( 3.*@'+/( *7 /+42' 5'+ .*+' ,4/@5' @4( '-2'(# ? / /73'7,+*2' *. 47 .'( @/24'( 2/ (*.;*+'(# *878/ (/* * 3'(,* 2/ @4 5+'54* ;42*”$
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