ENGLISH FILE the best best way way to get students talking English File third edition gives you motivating, enjoyable lessons that work.
Entry Checker for Intermediate English File English File
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t h h i i r r d d
e d d i i t t i i o o n n
t h h i i r r d d e d i i t d t i i o o n n
ENGLISH FILE Entry Checker for Intermediate
Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden Paul Seligson
t h h i i r r d d e d i i t d t i i o o n n
ENGLISH FILE Entry Checker for Intermediate
Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden Paul Seligson
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CONTENTS 4
6
8
FILE 1
18
FILE 8
●
word order in questions
●
●
present simple
●
first conditional: if + present, will / won’t
●
present continuous: be + verb + -ing
●
possessive pronouns
FILE 2 ●
past simple: regular and irregular verbs
●
past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing
●
time sequencers and connectors: because, so, but, although
FILE 3 ●
be going to
●
present continuous (future arrangements)
●
defining relative clauses with who,
20
should / shouldn’t
FILE 9 ●
second conditional: if + past, would / wouldn’t
22
●
present perfect + for or since
●
present perfect or past simple? (2)
FILE 10 ●
passive: be + past participle
●
used to / didn’t use to
●
might / might not (possibility)
which , where
10
12
14
16
FILE 4
24
FILE 11 ●
expressing movement
●
present perfect
●
word order of phrasal verbs
●
present perfect or past simple (1)
●
●
something, anything, n othing, etc.
FILE 5
26
so, neithe r + auxiliaries
FILE 12 ●
past perfect
●
comparatives
●
reported (or indirect) speech
●
superlatives
●
questions without auxiliaries
●
quantifiers
FILE 6 ●
will / won’t (predictions)
●
will / won’t (decisions, offers, promises)
●
review of tenses: present, past, and future
FILE 7 ●
uses of the infinitive with to
●
uses of the gerund (verb + -ing)
●
have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t
28
IRREGULAR VERBS
30
VOWEL SOUNDS
31
CONSONANT SOUNDS
1 questions with be
1A
question be word
questions with do / does / did in present simple and past simple
question word auxiliary subject
Where When What
in�nitive (= verb)
you you your sister you they
Do Did does did did
live with your parents? have a holiday last year? work? start studying English? talk about?
What Where
you there that you you
hungry? a bank near here? noise? from? born?
ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) and QUASI (Question word, Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) to remember word order in questions.
be by inverting the verb and the subject. She is a teacher. Is she a teacher?
1B
adverbs and expressions of frequency
I / you / we / they
he / she / it
I usually work at home. They don’t live near here. Do you speak French?
Holly knows me very well. It doesn’t often rain here. Does Alice like jazz?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
+ – ? ✓ ✗
1 We often go out on Friday night. She doesn’t usually study at weekends. I’m never ill. He’s always late for work. 2 She gets up early every day. We have English classes twice a week.
things which are generally true or always happen. don’t / doesn’t to make negative sentences, and do / does to make questions. spelling rules for the 3rd person -s (he, she, it ) infinitive 3rd person
spelling
work have
-s y > ies -es ch ce ge sh -es -s
works has
1C be -ing 1 A What are you doing? B I’m sending a message to Sarah. is doing 3 In this picture the woman is standing near the window. 1 for things that are happening now, at this moment. 2 for temporary things that are happening now, this week, etc. 3 to describe a picture.
+ –
?
4
Are Is was are were
subject adjective, noun, etc.
I
you / we / they
I’m working I’m not working
You ’re working He We aren’t working She They It
✓ ✗
he / she / it ’s working isn’t working
Are you working?
Yes am. / No not.
Is he working?
Yes is. / No isn’t.
1 We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often , sometimes, hardly ever, never). before the main verb. after be. She’s never ill . NOT She’s ill never. + verb with never. It never rains. NOT It doesn’t never rain. 2 Expressions of frequency (every day, once a week , etc.) usually go at the end of a sentence.
spelling rules for the -ing form infinitive
-ing form spelling
ing ing
-ing
ing
e ing
ing
-ing
present simple or present continuous?
A What do you do? B I work A What are you doing? B I’m checking my emails. or always happen. or at this moment. (non-action verbs), e.g. want, need, like, in the present simple, not continuous.
ENTRY CHECKER 1A
b Put the words in the right order to make questions.
a Put the word or phrase in the right place in the question. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Do you like fruit? (like) How long did you there? (live) Is older than you? (your sister) When does start? (the lecture) What time you switch on your computer? (do) Why the train come? (hasn’t) Do you go the library much? (to) When you see your parents? (did) What time did arrive? (your friends) Will go on much longer? (the talk) How long have studied Spanish? (you)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b Put the words in the right order.
1B a Write sentences and questions with the present simple.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
how often / he work late ? How often does he work late? + my brother / eat salad – I / like spiders much – when / your term finish ? she / have ten pairs of shoes + my mother / usually shop at the supermarket + when / you do your housework ? I / enjoy driving at night – When / you receive the invitation ? +
1C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
buys she usually lunch sandwich a for She usually buys a sandwich for lunch. day library we every study the in home in I dark walking don’t the like gardening my enjoys really father they children have don’t any about Christmas friends we at think our an once exercise I week a class to go morning he his every emails checks cats my two dog have a friends and is village a in shop there next the rained a it for week hasn’t
b Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous.
a Write sentences with the present continuous.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
brother you a have do ? Do you have a brother? your where go you holiday for did ? to catch you do work the train ? violin can the play you ? children do have your pets any ? the time what does leave bus ? me you email send can an ? door did front the lock you ? band a do have you favourite ? a did card send your you mother to ? in do a you flat live house a or ?
I / check my email + I am checking my email. She / write her family history + it / snow today ? why you / sit out there in the cold ? my friend / buy her ticket + I / live at home now – the teacher / tell a story + your parents / buy a house ? we / study French – why you / wear dark glasses ? they / make plans for their holiday –
1 2 3 4 5 6
10
taking photographs. (take) Every morning he for an hour. (run) I about moving house at the moment. (not think) Why you outside? Come back inside. (sit) A you away every Christmas? (go) B No, this year we at home. (stay) On Tuesdays she her cousin. (visit) A Why you your vegetables at the market? (not buy) BI many vegetables. (not eat) to catch a fish. (try) many lectures. (not have) a baby. (expect) I many letters. (not send)
5
2 2A + – ? ✓ ✗
Wh
?
regular
irregular
I stayed with friends. I didn’t stay in a hotel. Did you stay for the weekend?
We went to Brazil on holiday. We didn’t go to São Paolo. Did you go
Yes, I did. Where did you stay?
spelling
No, we didn’t.
work stay
worked stayed
-ed
Why did you go there?
ed
ied
y > ied
ped
2B was / were -ing At 8.45 last Saturday I was working in my office. I wasn’t doing anything important. were having breakfast. They weren’t working. A Was it raining when you got up? B No, it wasn’t. A What were you doing at 11 o’clock last night? B I was watching TV. +
I / He / She / It
was working
You / We / They
were working
–
I / He / She / It
wasn’t working
You / We / They
weren’t working
✓ ✗
spelling rules for regular verbs infinitive past
+ of regular verbs add -ed. See the spelling rules in the chart. + past simple, e.g. go > went, see > saw.
?
didn’t for negatives and Did…? for questions. ASI and QUASI to remember word order in questions.
Was he working?
Yes was. / No wasn’t.
Were they working?
Yes were. / No weren’t.
2C
-d e
in progress at a specific moment in the past. situation at the beginning of a story or narrative. past simple or past continuous?
I was working in my office when the boss walked in. I was having lunch when my sister arrived. before or at the time of the past simple action.
because so but although because and so
On our �rst date we went to the cinema. After that we started meeting every day. On Thursday I had an argument with my boss. Next day I decided to look for a new job. We sat down to eat. Two minutes later the phone rang. When I came out of the club he was waiting for me. The accident happened when I was crossing the road. when as a time sequencer and also to join two actions. I was watching TV when the phone rang. (two verbs joined by when ) then , after that then or after that NOT with after I got up and got dressed. Then / After that I made a cup of coffee. NOT After I made a cup of coffee.
6
She was driving fast because she was in a hurry. (reason) She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast. (result) because to express a reason. so to express a result. but and although
She tried to stop the car, but she hit the man. Although she tried to stop the car, she hit the man. She was very tired, but she couldn’t sleep. She couldn’t sleep, although she was very tired. but and although to show a contrast. Although can go at the beginn ing or in the middle of a sentence.
ENTRY CHECKER 2A
b Complete the questions in the past simple.
a Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple. Last year I finished my exams. I 1 (want) to go to university, so I 2 (start) to do some research and 3 (read) lots of information. Eventually I 4 (get) an interview and 5 (make) 6 arrangements to visit the university. I (leave) in plenty 7 of time, but at the station, I (find) the train had been cancelled. I 8 (not know) what to do, but then I 9 (remember) my mother 10 (be) still at home. 11 12 I (call) her and she (agree) to come to the 13 station. By the time she (arrive) it was raining heavily. In the end, she 14 (drive) me all the way to the interview, so when I 15 (get) there I 16 (not feel) at all stressed. 17 I (answer) the questions as well as I 18 (can), and 19 I (pass) the interview.
a Complete the sentences with a verb in the past continuous.
1 2 3
were shopping for clothes. (shop) What you at? (look) . (work) We home when we saw an accident. (drive) I made a mistake because I . (not think) He told me he a book about his life. (write) Why you up the road? (run) I you yet. (not expect) They at a beach resort. (stay)
2C
4 5 6 7
3 4 5 6
After dinner we had coffee in the lounge. I went to the hotel bar before dinner and we got chatting. c Over dinner we talked about our families and interests. d Then we went for a walk by the beach. e 1 One evening during my holiday last year, I made a new friend. f She agreed, so we ordered some food and drinks. g We decided to meet up again the next day. h I suggested we could share a table for dinner.
We were having coffee when Sarah phoned. (have, phone) It when we the house. (rain, leave) I him while I in France. (meet, study) I to surf while I in California. (lear n, live) When we my sister . (arrive, wait) They the doorbell because they TV. (not hear, watch) Jenny still of what to say when she the office. (think , reach) Do you think you your earring while you the house? (lose, clean)
b Complete the sentences with so, because, but, or although .
a Put the sentences in the right order. a b
2
b Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous.
2B
1 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
Where did you live before you moved to England? I lived in Australia. living there? Yes, I really enjoyed it. the climate like? It was very warm most of the time. What sort of house ? We lived in a large house near the sea. around the country? Yes, we travelled as much as we could. in the sea often? We swam in the sea every morning. many friends there? Yes, because we met a lot of new people.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I recognized James immediately although I had only met him once before. I don’t have enough money for a taxi I’ll have to walk. We can’t go to the park it’s raining. I looked everywhere, I couldn’t find my book. It was still light we went for a walk. We wanted to buy tickets they had all been sold. I forgot to post the card I was rushing to get to work. She can’t take the exam now, she can take it next year. The restaurant was full we went to a café. she already has two.
7
3 3A be going to 1 I’m going to work for a non-governmental organization (NGO). He’s going to meet me at the airport. 2 I’m sure England are going to lose tomorrow. It’s going to rain tonight. I
you / we / they
he / she / it
I’m going to
You We ’re going to They
He She It
’s going to
I’m not going to
You We aren’t going to They
He She It
isn’t going to
+
–
?
✓ ✗
Are you going to Is he going to
Yes am. / No not. is. / No isn’t.
3B + – ?
I’m seeing a friend tonight. She’s arriving at lunchtime. She isn’t leaving until Friday. They aren’t coming to the party. What are you doing this evening? Is she meeting us at the restaurant?
especially for future arrangements, i.e. for plans we have made at a fixed time or place in the future. Don’t use the present simple for this. NOT I see some friends tonight.
3C who which where A cook is a person who makes food. That’s the woman who won the lottery last year. A clock is something which tells the time. Is that the book which everybody’s reading? A post office is a place where you can buy stamps. That’s the restaurant where I had dinner last week.
8
be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans or intentions. 2 We use be going to + inf initive to make a prediction when we know or can see that something is going to happen. It’s winter there so it’s going to be cold. Look at that car! It’ s going to c rash .
be going to or present continuous? e.g. I’m going to see Anna on Tuesday. OR I’m seeing Anna on Tuesday. tonight tomorrow this weekend . go come leave arrive. I’m leaving on Monday I’m going to leave on Monday .
person, thing or place is or does. who for a person, which for a thing and where for a place. that that who or which. She’s the girl who / that works with my brother. It’s a thing which / that connects two computers.
ENTRY CHECKER 3A
b going to + a verb from the list below.
a Complete with going to + a verb from the list below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I think it’s going to rain later. Sally the bus into town. We a fil m after work. I my Christmas cards early this year. Are your parents you soon? That team next season. Take a key if you out late. you the cat in?
You’re going to spend all your 1 You money if you’re not careful! chose this!
2 We
our flight!
a N for now, F for future. F Carl and Amelie are getting married in June. 1
I’m writing a book about my travels.
2
Next Sunday we’re going to church.
3
I’m having a quiet day at home.
4
We’re learning to type at an evening class.
5
We’re having tea at 4 o’clock tomorrow.
6
They’re going on a cruise in June.
7
She’s getting the dinner ready.
8
I’m cooking supper for everyone on Saturday.
3C
5 6 7
our day out!
A How are you spending next weekend (spend)? B I1
(he lp) my sister plan her wedding.
A Have you made a start yet? B Well, tomorrow I 2 (make) a list of what we need to do. A3 your sister (come) over to your house? B Yes, she 4 (get) the train. 5 A I guess she (feel) a bit anxious? B Not really, we all 6 (look) forward to the wedding. A I hope it goes well!
b Write sentences with who, which , or where.
a Complete the de�nitions with who, which , or where.
3 4
3 This rain
b Complete the dialogue between two �atmates.
3B
1 2
glad you
The butcher’s is the shop where we buy meat. A cashier is a person operates a till. A polar bear is an animal is dangerous to humans. The kitchen is the room food is prepared. A carer is a person looks after sick or elderly people. A cinema is a building you go to watch films. White is a colour is popular for wedding dresses. A railway timetable is a leaf let tells you the times of trains.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
That / the man / live next door. That ’s the man who lives next door. This / the shirt / I bought on holiday. That / the office / my husband works. This / the car / was used in the film. Those / the staff / have been on a training course. This / the lecturer / will be your tutor. Those / the clothes / she bought online. Here / the room / we can hold the party. Susan / the friend / told me the news. This / the place / we’re going to meet.
9
4 yet , just , already
4A I’ve �nished my homework. She’s cleaned the kitchen. He hasn’t done the washing up. A Has she turned off her phone?
1 A Have you done your homework yet? B No, not yet. I haven’t �nished yet. just started a new job. 3 A Do you want to see this �lm? B No, I’ve already seen it three times.
B No, she hasn’t.
exactly when things happened. Mary’s had her baby! A parcel has arrived for you. full form
contraction
negative
past participle
I have You have He / She / It has We have They have
I’ve You’ve He / She / It’s We’ve They’ve
I haven’t You haven’t He / She / It hasn’t We haven’t They haven’t
finished
Have you finished have haven’t. Has he done has hasn’t.
yet, ju st and already with the present perfect. yet in ? and – sentences to ask if something has happened or to say if it hasn’t happened. Put yet at the end of the sentence. just in + sentences to say that something happened very recently. Put just before the main verb. already in + sentences to say that something happened before now or earlier than expected. Put already before the main verb.
-ed ). For irregular verbs the past participle is sometimes the same as the past simple (e.g. buy, bought, bought) and sometimes different (e.g. do, did, done).
4B Have you ever been to a fancy dress party? She’s seen that �lm twice. I’ve never met Nina’s husband. in our lives when we don’t specify a time. been and gone be go. Mike has been to Paris. = Mike has gone to Paris. =
present perfect or past simple?
A Have you ever been B Yes, I have. A When did you go there? B I went last year. A Have you seen his new �lm? B Yes, I have. A What did you think of it? B I loved it. general question) and then change to the past simple to ask for or give specific details, e.g. when , what, where, who with , etc.
4C something anything nothing
places +
people + – ? ✗
Somebody / Someone has taken my pen! I didn’t speak to anybody / anyone. Did anybody / anyone phone? No, nobody / no one. Nobody / No one phoned. things
+ – ? ✗
10
I bought something for dinner. I didn’t do anything at the weekend. Is there anything in the fridge? No, nothing. There’s nothing in the fridge.
– ? ✗
Let’s go somewhere this weekend. We didn’t go anywhere this summer. Is there anywhere to park? No, nowhere. There’s nowhere to park.
somebody / someone, something, somewhere with a + verb when you don’t say exactly who, what, or where. anybody / anyone, anything, anywhere in questions or with a – verb. I didn’t do anything last night. NOT I didn’t do nothing. nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere in short answers or in sentences with a + verb.
ENTRY CHECKER 4A
b Write sentences or questions with already, jus t, or yet.
a Write sentences in the present perfect. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8
She / do the shopping. + She’s done the shopping. He / see his parents since Christmas – I / finish my homework + We / receive your letter – / you go on holiday this year ? – I / post a card to my grandmother + / you turn your computer off ? I / buy any meat this week +
4B
b Complete the dialogue with the present perfect or past simple.
a Complete with the verb in the present perfect.
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
Has your brother registered for college? (register) We her a present yet. (not buy) The teacher a test for our class. (set) you ever to a rock festival? (go) I the dinner yet. (not cook) Where are they? They to the cinema. (go) always to travel. (want) you the news today? (hear) We them very long. (not know) The children their homework. (not done) anyone Silvio? (see)
A When did you arrive in England? (arrive) B I1 here since September. (be) 2 A you much of the country yet? (see) 3 B No, I much opportunity so far. I 4 to look on the Internet for places to visit. (have, start) A5 you the tourist information office? (try) 6 B Yes. I there last Saturday. (go)
c Complete with been or gone. 1 2 3 4 5
Here comes Dad. He’s been fishing. Pam has to study abroad. She’s in town for hours already. Have you to the theatre recently? I can’t meet my friends today because they’ve art exhibition. Where’s your cat today? I don’t know, he’s morning.
to an out all
b Answer with Nobody, Nowhere, or Nothing.
4C a Complete with something, anything, nothing, etc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Emily / finish the work. (just) Emily’s just finished the work . I / ask / the lecturer about that. (already) / you / have / lunch? (yet) They / get back / from holiday. (just) We / not decide / where to go. (yet) The manager / make / his decision. (already) The flowers / begin / to come out. (just) I / not start / my revision. (yet) Sorry, she / leave. (already)
At least we learnt something from our experience. Is there I can do to help you? We can’t find the email . I used to know who looked just like her. The police searched the area but found . Let’s go quiet to chat. knows how worried she’s been. Is there you’d really like to go? I’m afraid this conversation is going . We couldn’t see we liked in the boutique. must know the answer, I’m sure!
1 Where did you go last Friday night? 2 Who was with you? 3 What did you do?
c Answer the questions in b with a full sentence. 1 I didn’t go 2 3
. . .
11
5 comparative adjectives: irregular
5A 2 3 4
older than me. It’s more dangerous to cycle than to drive. People walk more quickly than in the past. I’m less relaxed this year than I was last year. The service in this restaurant isn’t as good as it was. She doesn’t drive as fast as her brother.
1 comparative adjectives. 2 comparative adverbs (for actions). 3 less + adjective or adverb. 4 (not) as + adjective / adverb + as.
adjective
comparative
better
worse
further
comparative
short
shorter
-er
ger
ier
y y -ier
more
more
1 I’m stressed. I have too much work. He talks too much. too many cakes and sweets. 3 I don’t want to go out. I’m too tired. too much , too many, too to say ‘more than is good’. too much + uncountable noun (e.g. coffee, time) or after a verb. too many + countable noun (e.g. cakes, people). too + adjective NOT I’m too much tired.
12
more stressed
more tired
more bored
irregular
harder
more
better
worse
Comparatives with pronouns than or as…as me her My brother’s taller than me . My brother’s taller than I am. He’s not as intelligent as her . He’s not as intelligent as she is .
the + superlative adjective to say which is the biggest, etc. in a group. in + names of places or singular words for groups of people, e.g. It’s the noisiest city in the world. 2 We often use the + superlative adjective with the present perfect + ever.
too much, too many , too
more
It’s the dirtiest city in Europe. It’s the most popular holiday destination in the world. It’s the most beautiful city I’ve ever been to. It’s the best �lm I’ve seen this year.
5C
5B 1 2
comparative
comparative adverbs: regular
comparative adjectives: regular adjective
adjective
adjective
comparative
superlative
er
the est
hot
hotter
the hottest
tier
the tiest
more
the most
better
the best
worse
the worst
urther
the urthest
enough
1 Do you eat enough vegetables? I don’t drink enough water. 2 She doesn’t sleep enough. enough. I don’t go to bed early enough. enough before a noun to mean ‘all that is necessary’. enough after a verb with no object. enough after an adjective or adverb.
ENTRY CHECKER 5A
b as … as.
a Write sentences with a comparative adjective or adverb than . 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
Stanley is stronger than Jacob. Jacob isn’t as strong as Stanley.
New York is more expensive than I can type my sister. (quick) This wine is of a quality that one. (good) Our French test was I expected. (easy) he used to be. (thin) This term is a week last term. (short) The city is away I thought. (far) I think the theatre is the cinema. (exciting) Do you know anyone 90? (old) Your train arrives mine. (early) The weather today is much it was yesterday. (bad)
. . . . . . .
b Write sentences with a superlative + ever + the present perfect.
a Complete the sentences with the superlative.
He / intelligent person / I / meet
They call him the fastest gun i n the West! He’s the person I know. (cheerful) They are the team in the competition. (good) This is the plant I’ve ever seen. (unusual) It has been the summer for many years. (bad) China is the country with the population. (large) Ellen is the girl in our class. (slim) Singapore has one of the world’s airports. (attractive) The train leaves at midnight. (late) Please can you point out the route? (direct) Ben Nevis is the mountain in Scotland. (high)
He’s the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
It / long distance / I / travel They / pretty clothes / I / see She / kind person / I / meet It / frightening book / I / read It / bad restaurant / we / be to It / unusual music / I / hear That / good bargain / I / find It / encouraging report / she / have It / quiet place /we / live
b Complete the sentences with too, too much , too many, or enough .
5C a Circle the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Our TV is bigger than my parents’. 2 Honey is sweeter than sugar. Sugar isn’t 3 Your house is larger than ours. Our house isn’t 5 I have passed more tests than Chloé. Chloé hasn’t 6 Spain scored more goals than Italy. Italy didn’t 7 Our carpets are cleaner than yours. Your carpets aren’t
5B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I’ve walked too / too much far, I’m tired. She doesn’t eat vegetables enough / enough vegetables. They don’t come to see us enough / enough come to see us. How many / much money have you brought? We’re too much busy / much too busy to see you today. I buy too much / too many magazines. He’s too quiet / too much quiet. There isn’t time enough / enough time to go to the beach. I think the children get too much / too many homework.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Some people have told me my cat is too fat. If I drink coffee late at night, I can’t sleep. There are students in that class. He won’t pass the exam, he hasn’t done revision. We were late to catch the bus. It’s best if you don’t invite people to the party. Do you have sales assistants in the shop? If you put milk in the jug, you will spill it. There were speakers at the conference.
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6 6A will / won’t
will / won’t + inf initive for future predictions, i.e. to say things we think, g uess, or know about the future. I think / I don’t think + will. I think he’ll fail the exam. I don’t think he’ll pass the exam. NOT I think he won’t pass.
A I’m seeing Jane at six. B She’ll be late. The �lm’s in French. We won’t understand anything. It’s a great book. I’m sure you’ll like it. I don’t think it’ll rain tomorrow. +
be going to for predictions be going to 3A Look at the clouds. It ’s going to rain. They’re playing very well. I’m sure they ’re going to win.
–
I / You / He / She / It / We / They ’ll
I / You / He / She / It / We / They won’t be
Contractions: ’ll = will won’t = will not ?
Will
✓
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
I / you / he / she / Yes it / we / they
✗
will.
No
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
won’t.
6B will / won’t decisions I won’t stay for dinner. I think I’ll go home early. offers Shall I open the window? I’ll help you with your homework. promises I’ll always love you. I won’t tell anybody.
will / won’t + inf initive for making decisions, offering, and promising. I ’ll help you with those bags. NOT I help you. Shall I…? or Shall we…? Shall I pay? Shall we do the washing-up?
6C tense
example
use
present simple
I live in the city centre. She doesn’t smoke.
things that happen always or usually
present continuous
He’s looking for a new job.
things that are happening now or in the near future
I’m leaving tomorrow.
things that we have arranged for the future
past simple
We saw a good �lm last night. We didn’t do anything yesterday.
�nished actions in the past
past continuous
He was working in Paris. What were you doing at 7.00?
actions that were in progress at a past time
be going to + in�nitive
I’m going to see Tom tonight.
future plans
Look! It’s going to rain.
predictions when we know / can see what’s going to happen
You’ll love New York.
predictions
I’ll phone her later.
instant decisions
I’ll help you.
offers
I’ll pay you back tomorrow.
promises
I’ve �nished the book.
recently �nished actions (we don’t say when)
Have you ever been to Iran?
past experiences
will / won’t + in�nitive
present perfect
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ENTRY CHECKER 6A
b Complete with will + a verb from the list.
a Write sentences and questions with will / won’t contractions where you can.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
it / be very busy in the city today It’ll be very busy in the city today. – we / expect you until this evening – I think you / enjoy the film + / you be home for tea ? she / want to leave without saying goodbye – / the house be easy to find ? we / be able to find what we need here + I promise I / be ready on time + / tomorrow be a sunny day ? I’m sure there / be a problem – you / be able to finish that job later +
say
1 2 3 4 5
a A I think it’s a brilliant idea. B I’ll try to mend it. C Shall I translate it for you? D Yes, we’re going to Naples. E Why not have a break? F Have you checked your pockets? G Sorry, I didn’t mean to. H No, sorry, I haven’t seen him. I You could get a new one.
b Complete the sentences on the right with will / won’t (or shall) + a verb stay
A Will you phone your boss today? B No, I will send her an email. A Are you going to get the bus home? B No, I home today. A I’m worried I’ll be late for work. B Don’t worry, you on time. A BI exactly how I feel. A Do you think it tomorrow? B No, I think it will be a sunny day. A Will you take part in the Christmas concert? B Yes, we in the choir.
6B Have you seen my dog anywhere? H 1 I’m really tired. 2 You’ve really upset me now. 3 I can’t find my keys. 4 This dish is broken. 6 I can’t understand this French text. 7 Are you going on holiday? 8 What do you think of my suggestion?
1 A I’d love a cup of tea. B you one? 2 A Can you explain to your mother? B No, she . 3 A We should get some exercise. B tennis tomorrow? 4 A You should invite your friend to our party. B I’m afraid she no. 5 A Will we get anything to drink? B I think they tea and coffee. 6 A Will you drive home this evening? B Yes, we overnight. 7 A Can you come to town with me? BI my parent s. 8 A Do you know your results yet? B No, I until tomorrow.
A Are you going to take the job? B I’ll consider it.
b Put the verb in the right form.
6C a Complete the questions with one word. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Was it raining when you went out? you thought about my suggestion? I think you were interested in jazz music. we need to go shopping today? you coming to the library? Which top you wear tonight? I decided yet. the manager replied to your email? you at the students’ meeting? I’m surprised my mother written to me.
A Where shall we go on Saturday? (go) B Why 1 we to the theme park? (go) 2 A you the one near Bristol? (mean) 3 B Yes. We to leave quite early. (need) 4 AI not sure about getting up early on Saturday! (be) B Oh, you 5 fine. 6 you the park before? (be, visit) A 7 me there when I was younger. (take) B What 8 you about it? (remember) A Not much really. I 9 forward to seeing it again. (look)
15
7 7A to 1 I need to buy some new clothes. Try not to talk about politics. 2 It’ll be nice to meet your parents. It’s important not to be late. 3 I don’t know where to go or what to do. 4 A Why did you go to the party? B To meet new people. I went to the party to meet new people.
to. It can be positive (e.g. to be) or negative (e.g. not to be). to: 1 after some verbs, e.g. want, need, would like, etc. 2 after adjectives. 3 after question words, e.g. what, where, when , etc. 4 to say why you do something. I came to this sch ool to learn English . NOT for learn Engli sh . Infinitive without to without to do / does / didn’t can could will would Do you live near here? Can you help me? I won’t forget . What would you do ?
7B -ing 1 Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good. getting up late and not going to work. 2 I love reading in bed. I hate not getting to the airport early. 3 I’m thinking of buying a new car. He left without saying goodbye.
7C have to don’t have to must mustn’t have to, don’t have to + – ?
I have to get up at seven every day. She has to speak English at work. We don’t have to wear a uniform at this school. He doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. Do I have to buy a grammar book? What time does she have to get up in the morning?
have to + verb (infinitive) to talk about rules and obligations. don’t have to + verb (infinitive) to say that there is no obligation, or that something is not necessary. do / does to make questions and negatives. Do I have to go? NOT Have I to go? have or has. I have to go. NOT I’ve to go.
+ ing. It can be positive (e.g. going) or negative (e.g. not going). 1 as the subject or object of a sentence. 2 after some verbs, e.g. like, love, hate, enjoy, etc. 3 after prepositions. -ing form.
must + verb (infinitive without to) to talk about rules and obligations. must / mustn’t is the same for al l persons. mustn’t + verb (infinitive without to) to say something is prohibited. must and have to Must have to are have to general must personal use either must or have to.
mustn’t and don’t have to Mustn’t don’t have to You mustn’t go. You don’t have to go.
Impersonal you have to must you (you = You have to wear a seatbelt in a car. You mustn’t take photos in the museum.
must / mustn’t + –
?
16
You must do your homework tonight. She must tidy her room before she goes out. You mustn’t leave your bags here. I mustn’t forget to call her tonight. (mustn’t = must not) Must I buy a grammar book? When must we register for the exam?
ENTRY CHECKER 7A
b Complete the sentences with a positive or negative in�nitive. go
a 1 2 3 4
You should save your money C We can buy books more cheaply Are good manners very important Come out into the garden I’m worried I sometimes forget
A my friends’ birthdays. B when the sales are on. C for Christmas. D cross the road safely. E in your country? F and look at the flowers.
1
3 4 5 6 7
to go to Spain this year. A Can you come to the theatre on Friday? B Sorry, I won’t be able that evening. a really high mountain. I’d prefer . I’ve heard enough already. Camping is a cheap way a holiday. Would you have time my shirt, please? It’s important on time for your appointment. Take care your fingers.
b Put the verbs in the -ing form or in�nitive.
7B a Complete the sentences with a verb in the list in the -ing form.
sew
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sewin g is my favourite way of relaxing. vegetables. Edward goes out every morning. I’ve always dreamed of first class. She’s very good at pictures. home is always a pleasure. I don’t like late for meetings. Take care when the road. I must carry on with my essay.
7C
3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8
b Circle the correct form, have to, must, don’t have to, or must
a Complete the sentences with the correct form of have to. 1
2
The thief was caught as he was about to escape. (escape) to emails. (reply) I love watching autumn leaves . (fall) Did you mean the clock? (stop) the dog is good exercise. I’d like the last episode of the series. (watch) Is your sister worried about her bills? (pay) I’m sorry, I meant I’d be late. (say) This train spends ten minutes at the station. (wait)
I have to do some shopping for my neighbour. Do you take your dog for a walk every morning? go to the doctor’s after school. We work today. It’s a public holiday. All new students complete this form. Do you leave so soon? Everyone make choices in life. You’ll Gerard look after his younger brother today?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n t. Tick ✓ if both forms are possible. ’
You don’t have to / mustn’t provide proof of address. We have to / must check out the latest offers online. You don’t have to / mustn’t come with me if you don’t want to go. We have to / must get back by midnight or the door will be locked. You have to / must lock the door – someone might get in. Do you have to / must you always ask me where I’ve been? has to / must replace her passport soon. I don’t have to / mustn’t repair it, it’s not broken. We have plenty of time – we don’t have to / mustn’t make a decision till next week.
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8 8A should / shouldn’t You should wear a suit to the interview. I think you should change your job. I don’t think you should speak to her. He’s very stressed. He shouldn’t work so hard. You shouldn’t drink coffee in the evening. It’ll keep you awake.
8B if will / won’t 1 If I miss the last bus, I’ll get a taxi. If you tell her the truth, she won’t believe you. What will you do if he doesn’t call you? 2 If you don’t go, she won’t be very pleased. She won’t be very pleased if you don’t go. 3 If you miss the last bus, get a taxi. If you miss the last bus, you can get a taxi.
should / shouldn’t + verb (infinitive without to) to give somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do. shoul d / shoul dn’t is the same for all persons. I think you shoul d… or I don’t think you should… NOT I think you shouldn’t… ought to ought to / ought not to should / shouldn’t You ought to wear a suit. He ought not to work so hard.
if + present to talk about a possible situation and will / won’t + verb to talk about the consequence. 2 The if -clause can come fi rst or second. If the if -clause comes first, we usually put a comma before the next clause. 3 You can also use the imperative or can + inf initive instead of will + infinitive in the other clause.
8C Whose coat is it? It’s my coat. It’s mine. Whose jacket is it? It’s your jacket. It’s yours. Whose phone is it? It’s his phone. It’s his. Whose bag is it? It’s her bag. It’s hers. Whose dog is it? It’s our dog. It’s ours. Whose house is it? It’s their house. It’s theirs. possession. Is it yours ? Yes, it’s mine . Whose to ask about possession. Whose book is it? Whose is that bag?
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NOT It’s mine book. the with possessive pronouns, e.g. Is this yours ? NOT Is this the yours? pronouns and possessive adjectives overview subject pronouns I
object pronouns
possessive adjectives me.
This is
my
possessive pronouns seat.
mine.
You
you
your
yours
He
him
his
his
She
her
her
hers
It
it
its
its
We
us
our
ours
They
them
their
theirs
ENTRY CHECKER 8A
b Complete the sentences with should or shoul dn’t + a verb from the list below.
a Complete with should / shouldn’t. try
You shouldn’t eat so many cakes. 1 You have waited so long before coming to see me. 2 You take my advice. 3 You try to have a walk every day. 4 You have snacks between meals. 5 You think about your diet. 6 You drink alcohol every day. 7 You get your eyes tested. 8 You look so worried.
a I’ll catch the early train, E If you sit in the sun too long, If you return your library book promptly, He won’t pass his exams If I write to you, I won’t be able to afford a holiday Will you be at home
A if I come round to see you? B your skin will burn. C will you write back? D you won’t have to pay a fine. E if I get up in time. F if he doesn’t revise. G if I don’t get a job.
8C
8 9
everyone to agree with us.
3 4 5 6 7 8
yourself a hot drink, it will help you sleep. up late, we have an early train to catch. to be invited – she’s always welcome. the stairs instead of the lift. regular health checks. the party early – it would be impolite.
You We She We Everyone We
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
If you look carefully, you’ll see a rabbit. (look, see) If we , we the start of the film. (not hurry, miss) The flowers if we some rain soon. (die, get) We all sorry if you . (be, leave) If I my husband, he I’ve had an accident. (not phone, think) If I my handbag down, I probably it. (put, forget) Your journey much longer if you that way. (take, go) If the skies clear tonight, we to see the stars. (be, be able) You enough information unless you the papers I’ve sent you. (not have, read) If Shona her exams, we all out to celebrate. (pass, go)
b Complete the sentences with a pronoun or possessive adjective.
a Circle the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 We
b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.
8B
1 2 3 4 5 6
I should try to learn another language. 1 They later for late-night shopping.
Is this their / theirs house? Those are my / mine thoughts on the subject. Please bring your / yours laptop with you tonight. I’m sure that umbrella is my / mine. Your / Yours was the best essay in the class. This part of the building isn’t our / ours. It was my / mine idea, not her / hers. Please tell them their / theirs advice was very helpful. Have you written all the notes in your / yours notebook? The pencils are her / hers, but not the pens.
1 3 4 5 6 7
Venice is famous for its gondolas. A Have you brought your camera? B No, my brother’s is better, so I’ve brought . house. There’s a beautiful cat in the garden. Is it ? Our friends have brought a picnic to share with . Please start writing answers now. I’ve sent application off today. If you need to borrow a lawnmower, we can lend you . now.
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9 9A if would / wouldn’t 1 If a bull attacked me, I’d run away. If you didn’t go to bed so late, you wouldn’t be so tired in the morning. Would you take the manager’s job if they offered it to you? 2 If I had more time I’d do more exercise. I’d do more exercise if I had more time. 3 If we went by car, we could stop at places on the way. if + past to talk about an imaginary or hypothetical future situation and would / wouldn’t + verb to talk about the consequence. would / wouldn’t is the same for all persons. ’d = would (I’d, you’d, he’d wouldn’t = would not. 2 The if -clause can come fi rst or second. If the if -clause comes first, we usually put a comma before the next clause. 3 You can also use could + inf initive instead of would + infinitive in the other clause.
9B for or since A Where do you live now? B A How long have you lived there? B I’ve lived there for twenty years. A Where do you work? B In a primary school. A How long have you worked there? B I’ve worked there since 2005.
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Use were was If I were you,... e.g. If I were you , I wouldn’t take that job.
first or second conditional?
Compare the first and second conditionals. first conditional for possible future situations. If I don’t have to work tomorrow, I ’ll help you. second conditional for imaginary or hypothetical situations. If I didn’t have to work tomorrow, I ’d help you. (= It’s a hypothetical situation. I have to work, so I can’t help you.)
for or since to talk about actions and states which started in the past and are still true now. I ’ve lived in Manchester for twenty years. NOT I live in Manch ester for twent y years. How long...? to ask questions about the duration of an action or a state. for or since?
for + a period of time, e.g. for two weeks, for ten years, for a long time, etc. I’ve had this car for three months. since with the beginning of a period of time, e.g. since 1980, since last June, etc. I’ve been afraid of spiders sinc e I was a child.
9C 1 A B A B 2 A B A B
be in second conditionals be were was I / he / she / it If Jack was / were here he’d know what to do.
How long was He was a musician for twenty years. How many Grammys did he win? He didn’t win any. How long has been a musician? He’s been a musician since he was ten. How many Grammys has he won? He’s won four.
past simple to talk about a finished period of time in the past. present perfect to talk about a period of time from the past until now. Jack was married for ten years. = Jack is not married now. He’s divorced or dead. Jack has been married for ten years. = Jack is married now.
ENTRY CHECKER 9A
b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.
a 1 2 3 4 5 6
If you could choose anywhere in the world, D I’d feel more confident If your boyfriend went back to Australia You wouldn’t feel lonely If you practised more, His car would have lasted longer If you asked for a day off,
A if he had looked after it better. B we could go fishing. C you would be a really good musician. D where would you like to live? E would you go with him? F if you had a pet. G if I’d done more revision.
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
try to meet her. (try, meet) If you home today, you in time for Christmas. (drive, arrive) Even if I the card today, she it on her birthday. (post, not receive) If you to drive, you to use the bus. (learn, not need) I’m sure she us if there anything wrong. (tell, be) If I a good camera I better pictures. (have, take) they to live in Sicily if they do it? (prefer, can) plenty to do if they to retire. (have, decide) I to go on a diving holiday, even if someone me to join them. (not want, invite) you your country if you a well-paid job abroad? (leave, get) we the Northern Lights if we to Norway? (see, travel)
9B a Write questions with How long and the present perfect. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
he / study computing How lon g has he studied computing? she / be a doctor ? your friend / live in Argentina ? your house / have air conditioning ? you / be on this course ? they / own their house ? Simon / be a flight attendant ? Ireland / be a republic ? she / know about her illness ?
a Circle the correct f or m.
5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
He’s studied computing for three years. She 2001. She five years. Our house last October. I one term. They ten years. He he left school. It 1949. She some time.
b Complete with the present perfect or past simple.
9C
1 2 3 4
b Answer the questions in a + for or since.
He is / He’s been married since last autumn. He got / He has got out of the car as quickly as possible. We lived / We’ve lived here in Australia since 2005. I sold / I’ve sold my car last year. My brother came / My brother has com e with me when I went to visit my mother. I‘m glad our cat came / has come home now, he’s been out all night. Last Tuesday a celebrity opened / has opened the new store in our town. When the police received a call, they sent / they’ve sent an officer to check on the house. Tim and Sarah were / have been together for two months already.
1 A B A B 2 A B A B 3 A B A B
Why isn’t Sally here today? She’s on holiday. Where ? (she / go) To Portugal. last weekend. (She / leave) the books today? (you / bring) I’m sorry, to bring them. (I / forget) some notes with you? (you / get) Yes, fortunately to bring those. ( I / remember) We love living near the sea. How long in Torquay? (you / live) there five years ago. ( We / move ) very lucky to find such a lovely place. (you / be)
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10 10A be Present: am / is / are + past participle + is used to make bullet-proof vests. – Tippex isn’t used very much today. ? Are disposable nappies used all over the world? Past: was / were + past participle + The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane. – Windscreen wipers weren’t invented until 1903. ? When was the washing machine invented?
Josephine Cochran e invented the dishwasher. (active) The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane. (passive) active sentence, the focus is more on Josephi ne Cochrane. passive sentence the focus is more on the dishwasher. important who does or did the action. My car was stol en last week. Volvo cars are made in Sweden. by to say who did the action. The was written by Tolkien.
10B used to / didn’t use to + – ?
When I was a child, I used to play in the street. used to have very long hair. Children didn’t use to watch much TV when my father was young. didn’t use to like vegetables, but now she loves them. Did you use to wear a uniform at school? Yes, I did. Did you use to like your teachers? No, I didn’t.
used to or usually ? used to usually NOT use to I usually cook in the evenings. NOT I use to cook in the evenings.
used to / didn’t use to + verb to talk about things that happened repeatedly or were true for a long period of time in the past, but are usually not true now, e.g. things that happened when you were a child. used to / didn’t use to is the same for all persons. used to you can use the past simple with an adverb of frequency. When I was a child, I often played in the street.
10C might / might not We might have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather. She might come with us, but she’s not sure yet. I might not go to the party. I haven’t decided yet. You might not see him today. He’s coming home late. might / might not + verb (infinitive without to) to say that perhaps you will or won’t do something. We might have a picnic tomorrow. = Perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow. might / might not is the same for all persons. might not is not usually contracted.
22
may / may not may might , e.g. We may have a picnic tomorrow. I may not go to the party.
ENTRY CHECKER 10A
b with the highlighted words.
a Complete with present or past passive. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The house was sold last year. (sell) He an expert on the latest technology. (consider) by email. (send) The children to go out today without an adult. (not allow) Yesterday I because my car wouldn’t start. (delay) Edward at college at all this week. (not see) This necklace to me by my mother. (give) Lucy just she the job. (tell, give) When the others went shopping, I behind. (leave) You to make a decision today. (not expect) When I got there, I found that the door . (lock)
3 4 5 6 7 8
Shakespeare wrote Othello around 1603. Othello was written by Shakespeare around 1603. the beautiful Pietá in St Peter’s Basilica. passengers waiting for flights. Ossie Clarke designed the clothes of many famous people. A mystery thief stole designer shoes from Swedish shops. father bought him his first guitar. Helen Fielding wrote Bridget Jones’s Diary in 1996. A huge wave struck the Grainger family’s boat. The most unexpected people produce brilliant inventions.
b used to, didn’t use to, or did … use to?
10B a Look at how much Dan has changed.
2 3 4 5 6
He didn’t use to have a moustache,
1 2 3 4 5
smart clothes. sports. glasses. more hair. a jacket.
7 8 9 10
where / you / live Where did you use to live? ? + your parents / have a house in Spain ? we / like lobster, but we do now – I / think Abba were the greatest band + she / drive a smaller car + she / to have such good neighbours as she does now – if you / to think that, why have you changed your mind? – you / to go to college ? I / to worry a lot about work + people / look up phone numbers in a book, but now they often use the Internet. +
b Complete the sentences with might + a verb phrase.
10C a Don’t forget your umbrella. F 1 We should book some tickets. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Don’t take my advice. She had a cold yesterday. We’ve left rather late. Send me a reminder. Take out your passport. Don’t go in there. Check your mobile phone.
A You might need it at the gate. B There might be a text message from Pam. C We may not get there in time. D I might forget. E She might be away today. F You might need it if it rains. G The show might sell out. H I may be wrong. I It might be dangerous.
2 3 4 5 6
It’s very cold today. It might snow. I’m not sure what to wear. I She’s not here yet. Her train That film’s quite frightening. You We’re celebrating. I It’s cloudy today. We
. . . . . .
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11 11A
go, come, run , walk , etc. and a preposition (or adverb) of movement e.g. up, down , away, etc.
The man went up the steps and into the church. He drove out of the garage and along the street. I ran over the bridge and across the park.
in or into ? out or out of ? into / out of in / out Come into the living room. Come in. He went out of the house. He went out .
11B 1 What time do you get up? I don’t usually go out during the week. 2 Put on your coat. Put your coat on. Put it on. Turn off the TV. Turn the TV off . Turn it off . 3 I’m looking for my glasses. Have you found your glasses? No, I’m still looking for them.
11C so neither 1 A B A B 2 A B A B
I love classical music. So do I. I went to a classical concert last night. So did I. I’m not married. Neither am I. I don’t want to get married. Neither do I.
So do I , Neither do I , etc. to say that you have something in common with somebody. So + auxiliary + I to respond to positive sentences. Neither + auxiliary + I to respond to negative sentences.
24
e.g. get up, turn on , look for. 1 Some phrasal verbs don’t have an object, e.g. get up, go out. 2 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are separable. With these phrasal verbs you can put the particle (on , off , etc.) before or after the object. me, it, him , etc.) it always goes between the verb and particle. Here’s your coat. Put it on . NOT Put on it. 3 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are inseparable, e.g. look for. With these phrasal verbs the verb (e.g. look ) and the particle (e.g. for) are never separated. I’m looking for my glasses. NOT I’m looking my glas ses for.
present simple
do I.
present continuous
So am I.
can / can’t
So can I.
past simple
did I. So was I.
would / wouldn’t
would I.
present perfect
So have I.
So do I. / Neither do I . NOT So I do. / Neither I do. neither and nor nor neither A I didn’t like the film. B Nor / Neither did I. Neither /ˈnaɪðə/ /ˈniːðə/.
ENTRY CHECKER 11A
b Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
a Circle the correct preposition.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
We knew we were near the town when we drove through / over the railway bridge. I went in / into town on Saturday morning. The box was in a cupboard in / under the stairs. The boys rode their bicycles past / along the track. The book was over / under a pile of papers. The bus comes across / from the city and continues towards / into the sea. He went in / through the door from / in the kitchen into the front room. The horse ran over / up the hill to the top. The supermarket is just across / round the corner.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
We went for a walk along the seashore. The boys tried to swim the river, but it was too far. Our cat climbed straight a tree. I lost my mobile phone signal when the train went a tunnel. There’s a hotel the end of the road. I have 100 names my phone book. The white flowers were growing the trees. I think I might have left my bag the bus.
b Complete the sentences with it or them and a word from the list.
11B a Circle the correct form. If both a re correct, tick ✓ the box.
Pick up your shoes / Pick your shoes up immediately. ✓ 1 Please can you put the rubbish out / put out the rubbish ? 2 She wants to send money to her parents / send to her parents money. 3 The vase fell off the tabl e / off the table fell . 4 I need to go the bank into / into the bank. 5 Put your book down / put down your book . 6 He works from home away / away from home. 7 Can you text the number to me / to me text the number. 8 The cat every morning goes out / goes out every morning. 9 Don’t forget to send off that parcel / that parcel off to send. 10 A birthday present has come from my aunt / From my aunt a birthday present has come.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b So… I or Neither… I .
11C a Complete B’s answers with an auxiliary verb. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
That vase might break. Please put it down. Are your children with you? Bring . Your computer’s turned off. Switch . That dog’s very noisy – can you take ? I’d love to meet your friends – please bring soon. What a lovely photo. Let’s hang . You’ll need your gloves. Put . The milk jug is empty. I’ll fill .
A I’d like to live abroad. B So would I. A I went to university in London. B So A I don’t take milk in my coffee. B Neither A I’ve never been to Scotland. B Neither A I hope it will be sunny tomorrow. B So A B Neither A I was born in 1990. B So I. A I’ll try to finish the essay tomorrow. B So A I didn’t know anyone before I came here. B Neither I. A I’m looking forward to our holiday. B So A I can go to the cinema tonight. B So
I. I. I. I. I. I.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A I haven’t been to Australia. Neither have I . A I like Indian food. A I’m learning French this year. A I don’t want to see that film. A I can play the piano. A I don’t like spiders. A I’m getting the early train tomorrow. A I didn’t expect to pass the exam. A I always look forward to Christmas.
I. I.
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12 12A past perfect +
–
?
had snowed ’d left hadn’t started hadn’t brought A B Had been A hadn’t
12B reported (or indirect) speech direct speech ‘I love you ‘I’ve just arrived ‘We’ll come ‘I don’t want
reported speech he loved me she had just arrived they would come he didn’t want
said told said told that He said that he loved me I he she ‘I ’m tired.’ She told me (that) she was tired.
12C questions without auxiliaries subject
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verb
Mr and Mrs Cl ark and Percy
When I woke up the garden was all white. It had snowed during the night had hadn’t had ’d had or would ? Be careful: ’d can be had or would. I didn’t know that you ’d found a new job. (’d = had ) If you went by taxi, you ’d get there more quickly. (’d = would )
direct speech
reported speech
‘I can help you.’ (present simple)
He said (that) he could help me. (past simple)
‘I’m watching TV.’ (present continuous)
She said (that) she was watching TV. (past continuous)
‘I’ll phone you.’ (will)
He told me (that) he would phone me. (would)
‘I met a girl.’ (past simple)
John told me (that) he had met a girl. (past perfect)
‘I’ve broken my leg.’ (present perfect)
Sara said (that) she had broken her leg. (past perfect)
say or tell ? You can use said or told in reported speech but they are used differently. You can’t use said with an object or pronoun. He said (that) he loved me. NOT He said me (that) he loved me. You must use told with an object. He told me (that) he loved me. NOT He told (that) he loved me.
Who? What? Which? How many? do does did Who painted ? NOT Who did paint…? do / does / did What music do you like? NOT What music you like?
ENTRY CHECKER 12A
b Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the past simple and past perfect.
a 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pavel was confused because D I didn’t go any further because Sheryl decided to go to the doctor because We travelled to Scotland this summer The lights were on in the house, The children were sent home early from school because We couldn’t get out of the car in the safari park because
1 2 3 4
A it had started to snow. B to go to the Edinburgh Festival. C there were wild animals walk ing around. D he had never driven that route before. E I couldn’t see what was ahead. F she’d had a cough for three weeks. G but there was no one at home.
a Write the sentences in reported speech.
2 3 4 5 6
6 7
b Write the sentences in direct speech.
12B
1
5
We left so late that we missed the start of the film. (leave, miss) I home to find my sister the newspaper away. (get, throw) One day when we out walking, we to take a map. (go, forget) They told us that the shop since the robbery last week. (close) We get into the garden because the gate . (cannot, lock) When I at my friend’s house I I my diary. (arrive, realize, lose) Laura to the party because she her homework. (not come, finish) We were glad that the rain before we our journey. (stop, start)
‘I need to go to the bank.’ He told me he needed to go to the bank. ‘They’re the best band I’ve ever seen.’ She said they . ‘I’m going to polish the furniture today.’ . ‘We’re sorry, but we can’t come with you.’ They said they . ‘I’ve moved to a new house.’ Imran told us that he . ‘What would you like for your birthday?’ Susan asked me . ‘I know a lot of French students.’ .
12C a Circle the correct question form. Where went you/ did you go? 1 Who gave / did give you that book? 2 What intends she / does she intend to do next? 3 You do think / Do you think they were telling the truth? 4 What said you / did you say to your boyfriend? 5 Which train goes / does go to London? 6 Who did bring / brought these chocolates? 7 Why he brought / did he buy so much milk?
1 3 4 7
She told me she was coming home. She said: ‘I’m coming home.’ Sadie said she hadn’t looked it up on the Internet yet. Sadie said: ‘ .’ .’ They said they were going to watch TV all evening. They said: ‘ .’ Evelyn told me she would like to visit Greece. Evelyn told me: ‘ .’ She said: ‘ .’ .’ David said that he wanted to apologize. David said: ‘ .’
b Write the questions. Do you know the answers? Which Formula 1 driver won the in 1996? (Formula 1 driver / win) 1 When 2 Who Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy? (paint) 3 Which a rooftop swimming pool? (airport / have) 4 Who the main character in the TV series, House M.D.? (play) 5 Which designer the Nike logo? (create) 6 When World Cup? (England / beat)
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Irregular verbs Present
Past simple
Past participle
/bi/
was /wɒz/ were /wɜː/
/biːn/
/bɪˈkʌm/
/bɪˈɡɪn/
/bɪˈɡæn/
/breɪk/
/brəʊk/
/brɪŋ/
/brɔːt/
/bɪld/
/bɪlt/
/baɪ/
/bɔːt/
/kæn/
/kʊd/
/kætʃ/
/tʃuːz/
/kʌm/
/bɪˈɡʌn/ /ˈbrəʊkən/
/kɔːt/
/tʃəʊz/
/ˈtʃəʊzn/
/keɪm/
/kɒst/
/kʌt/
/duː/
/dɪd/
/dʌn/
/drɪŋk/
/dræŋk/
/drʌŋk/
/draɪv/
/drəʊv/
/ˈdrɪvn/
eat /iːt/
ate /eɪt/
/ˈiːtn/
/ˈfɔːlən/
/fɔːl/
/fel/
/fiːl/
/felt/
/faɪnd/
flew /fluː/
/fəˈɡet/
got /ɡɒt/
give /ɡɪv/
gave /ɡeɪv/
grew /ɡruː/
have /hæv/
/hæd/ /hɜːd/
hit /hɪt/
/fləʊn/
/fəˈɡɒtn/ got /ˈɡɪvn/
/went/
grow /ɡrəʊ/
hear /hɪə/
/fəˈɡɒt/
get /ɡet/ go /ɡəʊ/
/faʊnd/
fly /flaɪ/
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/bɪˈkeɪm/
/ɡɒn/ /ɡrəʊn/
hit
hit
/kiːp/
/kept/
/nəʊ/
/njuː/
/nəʊn/
ENTRY CHECKER
Present
Past simple
Past participle
/lɜːn/
/lɜːnt/
/liːv/
/left/
/lend/
/lent/
/let/
/lɒst/
/meɪk/
/rʌn/
/red/
/red/
/ræŋ/
/rʌŋ/
/ræn/
see /siː/
/send/
shut /ʃʌt/ /sɪŋ/
/peɪd/
/riːd/
/sel/
/met/
/pʊt/
say /seɪ/
/meɪd/
/miːt/
/rɪŋ/
/luːz/
/peɪ/
/sed/
saw /sɔː/
/siːn/
/səʊld/
/sent/
shut /sæŋ/
sit /sɪt/
shut /sʌŋ/
sat /sæt/
/sliːp/
/slept/
/spiːk/
sat
/spəʊk/
/ˈspəʊkən/
/spend/
/spent/
/stænd/
/stʊd/
/stəʊl/
/ˈstəʊlən/
/stiːl/
/swɪm/
/swæm/
take /teɪk/
took /tʊk/
/tiːtʃ/
taught /tɔːt/
/tel/
/təʊld/
/θɪŋk/
thought /θɔːt/
throw /θrəʊ/
threw /θruː/
/ʌndəˈstænd/
/ˈteɪkən/
taught
thought
woke /wəʊk/
wear /weə/
wore /wɔː/
/wɪn/
/wʌn/
write /raɪt/
wrote /rəʊt/
/θrəʊn/
/ʌndəˈstʊd/
wake /weɪk/
/swʌm/
/ˈwəʊkən/ /wɔːn/
/ˈrɪtn/
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SOUND BANK
Vowel sounds examples
i f ish
tree
f eel sheep teach mean she we
a
cap hat back catch carry match
ar a car o clock
bull
computer
bird
egg
f ar large scarf f ast pass after top lost socks wrong hot box
or boring north al walk ball aw awful saw u oo
boot
pull push f ootball book look good
oo school choose u* use polluted ew f ew knew /ə/ is always unstressed. clever nervous arrive police inventor agree
er ir ur
person verb dirty shirt curly turn
e
spell lend west send very red
* especially before consonant + e
30
your examples
thin slim history kiss if since
ee ea e
cat
horse
examples
u
sunny mustn’t f unny run lucky cut
a* ai ay
change wake trainers f ail away pay
o*
open hope won’t so coat goal
up
train
phone
oa
your examples
i* quiet item y shy why igh might sights bike ou owl
trousers round account blouse ow crowded down
oi boy
ear
chair
oy
coin noisy point toy enjoy
eer beer engineer ere here we’re ear beard earrings air airport stairs pair hair are square careful A very unusual sound. Europe f urious sure plural
tourist
/i/
/u/ short vowels
A sound between /ɪ/ and /iː/. Consonant + y at the end of words is pronounced /i/ . happy angry thirsty An unusual sound. education usually situation
long vowels
diphthongs
