Ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?. Nkrkntjràstbnks, fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y abljrtkfjs p÷labnks \JEJ\JMNBK^ AJDB^AKVBUK^
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Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak, fj <4 fj fbnbj`lrj fj ;24?, nuyk ÷atb`k `cfbebnknbþm sj ok prcfunbfc pcr \jecr`k fja krtànuac ;>: fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak, fj <4 fj sjptbj`lrj fj <8;; Ajy Crdëmbnk 6/;2?;, fj ; fj gumbc, pcr ak quj sj rjduakm acs Jstkfcs fj kakr`k, jxnjpnbþm y sbtbc
CLGJVBUC^ Ncmcnjr nuëajs scm aks nkrkntjràstbnks y jstrunturk fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm jspkûcak fj ;24? Jstufbkr acs prbmnbpbcs y vkacrjs ncmstbtunbcmkajs ncmstbtunbcmkajs Ncmcnjr nuëajs scm acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y aks abljrtkfjs p÷labnks y nþ`c jstëm prctjdbfks ncmstbtunbcmka`jmtj ncmstbtunbcmka`jmtj
Vj`k ;
;. AK NCM^VBVZNBÞM J^XKÛCAK FJ ;24?. NK\KNVJ\À^VBNK^, FJ\JNOC^ EZMFK@JMVKAJ^ R ABLJ\VKFJ^ X×LABNK^ Vrks ja nk`lbc fj râdb`jm pcaàtbnc cnurrbfc jm ;24:, sj oknj mjnjskrbk ak nrjknbþm fj umk ajy suprj`k y ajdàtb`k quj jstklajznk acs prbmnbpbcs y vkacrjs quj okm fj sjrvbr fj lksj ka mujvc jstkfc fj`cnrëtbnc. Ncm ak kprclknbþm fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak pcr aks Ncrtjs jm ;24?, sj nu`pajm acs clgjtbvcs kmtjrbcr`jmtj `jmnbcmkfcs. Ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?7 - Euj kprclkfk pcr acs pajmcs fja Ncmdrjsc y fja ^jmkfc, jm sjmfks sjsbcmjs, ja >; fj cntu lrj fj ;24?. - Ja 5 fj fbnbj`lrj fj ;24? euj rktbebnkfk `jfbkmtj rjejrâmfu` pcr ja pujlac jspkûca. - Ja <4 fj fbnbj`lrj fj fj ;24?, jm umk sjsbþm ncmgumtk fj fj k`lks Në`krks, euj skmnbcmkfk y prc`uadkfk pcr ja \jy. - Ja <2 fj fbnbj`lrj fj fj ;24? sj pulabnþ jm ja LCJ y jmtrþ jm vbdcr. Ja <4 fj kdcstc fj ;22<, ja \jy skmnbcmþ umk rjecr`k fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, fkmfc umk mujvk rjfknnbþm ka kpkrtkfc < fja krtànuac ;>, rjejrjmtj ka fjrjnoc fj suerkdbc fj acs jxtrkmgjrcs jm aks jajnnbcmjs `umbnbpkajs quj, k pkrtbr fj ak `bs`k, ok pkskfc k sjr kntbvc y pksbvc. Jstk rjecr`k euj kprclkfk pcr aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs jm sjsbcmjs pajmkrbks fja Ncmdrjsc fj acs Fbputkfcs, ja fàk << fj guabc fj ;22<, y fja ^jmkfc, ja fàk >8 fj guabc fj ;22<. Ak ÷atb`k `cfbebnknbþm ok sbfc trks ak \jecr`k fja krtànuac ;>: fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak, fj <4 fj sjptbj`lrj fj <8;;, quj euj pulabnkfk jm ja LCJ <>>/<8;;, fj <4 fj sjptbj`lrj fj <8;;. Bmncrpcrk ak kfjnuknbþm fj tcfks aks Kf`bmbstrknbcmjs X÷labnks ka prbmnbpbc fj jstklbabfkf prjsupujstkrbk. Ja krt. ;>: fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak qujfk rjfkntkfc nc`c sbduj7
;. Vcfks aks Kf`bmbstrknbcmjs X÷labnks kfjnukrëm sus kntuknbcmjs ka prbmnbpbc fj jstklbabfkf prjsupujstkrbk. <. Ja Jstkfc y aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks mc pcfrëm bmnurrbr jm um fâebnbt jstrunturka quj supjrj acs `ërdjmjs jstklajnbfcs, jm su nksc, pcr ak Zmbþm Jurcpjk pkrk sus Jstkfcs @bj`lrcs. Zmk ajy crdëmbnk ebgkrë ja fâebnbt fâebnbt jstrunturka `ëxb`c pjr`btbfc ka Jstkfc y k aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks, jm rjaknbþm ncm su prcfuntc bmtjrbcr lrutc. Aks Jmtbfkfjs Acnkajs fjljrëm prjsjmtkr jqubablrbc prjsupujstkrbc. >. Ja Jstkfc y aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks oklrëm fj jstkr kutcrbzkfcs pcr ajy pkrk j`btbr fjufk p÷labnk c ncmtrkjr nrâfbtc.
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jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
Acs nrâfbtcs pkrk sktbseknjr sktbseknjr acs bmtjrjsjs y ja nkpbtka fj ak fjufk p÷labnk fj fj aks Kf`bmbstrknbcmjs sj jmtjmfjrëm sbj`prj bmnaubfcs jm ja jstkfc fj dkstcs fj sus prjsupujstcs y su pkdc dczkrë fj prbcrbfkf klscautk. Jstcs nrâfbtcs mc pcfrëm sjr clgjtc fj jm`bjmfk c `cfbebnknbþm, `bjmtrks sj kgustjm k aks ncmfbnbcmjs fj ak ajy fj j`bsbþm. Ja vcau`jm fj fjufk p÷labnk fja ncmgumtc fj aks Kf`bmbstrknbcmjs X÷labnks jm rjaknbþm ncm ja prcfuntc bmtjrbcr lrutc fja Jstkfc mc pcfrë supjrkr ja vkacr fj rjejrjmnbk jstklajnbfc jm ja Vrktkfc fj Eumnbcmk`bjmtc fj ak Zmbþm Jurcpjk. 6. Acs aà`btjs fj fâebnbt jstrunturka y fj vcau`jm fj fjufk p÷labnk sþac pcfrëm supjrkrsj jm nksc fj nktëstrcejs mkturkajs, rjnjsbþm jncmþ`bnk c sbtuknbcmjs fj j`jrdjmnbk jxtrkcrfbmkrbk quj jsnkpjm ka ncmtrca fja Jstkfc y pjrgufbqujm ncmsbfjrklaj`jmtj ak sbtuknbþm ebmkmnbjrk c ak scstjmblbabfkf jncmþ`bnk c scnbka fja Jstkfc, kprjnbkfks pcr ak `kycràk klscautk fj acs `bj`lrcs fja Ncmdrjsc fj acs Fbputkfcs. :. Zmk ajy crdëmbnk fjskrrcaakrë acs prbmnbpbcs k quj sj rjebjrj jstj krtànuac, ksà nc`c ak pkrtbnbpknbþm, jm acs prcnjfb`bjmtcs rjspjntbvcs, fj acs þrdkmcs fj nccrfbmknbþm bmstbtunbcmka jmtrj aks Kf`bmbstrknbcmjs X÷labnks jm `ktjrbk fj pcaàtbnk ebsnka y ebmkmnbjrk. Jm tcfc nksc, rjduakrë7 k) Ak fbstrblunbþm fj acs aà`btjs fj fâebnbt y fj fjufk jmtrj aks fbstbmtks Kf`bmbstrknbcmjs X÷labnks, acs supujstcs jxnjpnbcmkajs fj supjrknbþm fj acs `bs`cs y ak ecr`k y pakzc fj ncrrjnnbþm fj aks fjsvbknbcmjs quj sclrj umc y ctrc pufbjrkm prcfunbrsj. l) Ak `jtcfcacdàk y ja prcnjfb`bjmtc pkrk ja nëanuac fja fâebnbt jstrunturka. n) Ak rjspcmsklbabfkf fj nkfk nkfk Kf`bmbstrknbþm X÷labnk jm nksc fj bmnu`pab`bjmtc fj acs clgjtbvcs fj jstklbabfkf prjsupujstkrbk. 5. Aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks, Kutþmc`ks, fj knujrfc ncm sus rjspjntbvcs Jstktutcs y fjmtrc fj acs aà`btjs k quj sj rjebjrj jstj krtànuac, kfcptkrëm aks fbspcsbnbcmjs quj prcnjfkm pkrk ak kpabnknbþm jejntbvk fja prbmnbpbc fj jstklbabfkf jm sus mcr`ks y fjnbsbcmjs prjsupujstkrbks.
;.; Nkrkntjràstbnks djmjrkajs djmjrkajs Ktjmfbjmfc tkmtc k su crbdjm nc`c k su krtbnuakfc, sj pujfjm sjûkakr acs sbdubjmtjs nkrkntjrjs fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak7 - ^j trktk fj um tjxtc fj rupturk, jm ak `jfbfk jm quj supcmj ja pksc fj um râdb`jm kutcnrëtbnc (fja Djmjrka Erkmnc) k umk fj`cnrknbk. - ^j trktk fj um tjxtc ncmsjmsukfc, rjkabzkfc `jfbkmtj ja prcnjsc fj mjdcnbknbþm y pkntc fj aks eujrzks rjkajs, kntukajs y aktjmtjs jm mujstrc pkàs furkmtj ja lbjmbc ncmstbtuyjmtj. - Ncmstbtuyj ja tjxtc `ës jxtjmsc fj mujstrk obstcrbk ncmstbtunbcmka skavc ja fj ;?;<.
jfbtcrbka } njp
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Vj`k ;
- Ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24? js pcabvkajmtj y fjabljrkfk`jmtj k`lbduk. Nc`c sjûkak ak ^jmtjmnbk ;;/;2?; fja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka, ncmstbtuyj ja tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka um `krnc fj ncbmnbfjmnbks suebnbjmtj`jmtj k`pabc nc`c pkrk quj fjmtrc fj âa qujpkm cpnbcmjs pcaàtbnks fj `uy fbejrjmtj sbdmc. - Fjstknk ak fcntrbmk, quj sj trktk fj umk Ncmstbtunbþm bmnc`pajtk, pcr sus rjpjtbfks rj`bsbcmjs k ajyjs crdëmbnks quj rjduajm umk fjtjr`bmkfk `ktjrbk, rjprcnoëmfcsj um nkrëntjr bmknklkfc, k pjskr fj su jxtjmsbþm. - Ja tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka rjeajgk ak pjrtjmjmnbk fj Jspkûk ka ncmtjxtc nuaturka cnnbfjmtka jurcpjc. - ^j trktk fj um tjxtc jm fcmfj sj okm rjeajgkfc bmeaujmnbks fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm kaj`kmk y fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm btkabkmk, jspjnbka`jmtj.
NK\KNVJ\À^VBNK^ VJ_VC FJ \ZXVZ\K VJ_VC NCM^JM^ZKFC VJ_VC J_VJM^C VJ_VC XCABUKAJMVJ R K@LBDZC VJ_VC BMNC@XAJVC VJ_VC ^BVZKFC JM ZM NCMVJ_VC NZAVZ\KA CNNBFJMVKA JZ\CXJC
;.< Xrbmnbpbcs bmspbrkfcrjs Ja Xrjë`luac fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, jstklajnj quj ‑Ak Mknbþm jspkûcak, fjsjkmfc jstklajnjr ak gustbnbk, ak abljrtkf y ak sjdurbfkf y prc`cvjr ja lbjm fj nukmtcs ak bmtjdrkm, jm usc fj su scljrkmàk, prcnak`k su vcaumtkf fj7 - Dkrkmtbzkr ak ncmvbvjmnbk fj`cnrëtbnk fjmtrc fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm y fj aks ajyjs ncmecr`j k um crfjm jncmþ`bnc y scnbka gustc. - Ncmscabfkr um Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc quj ksjdurj ja b`pjrbc fj ak ajy nc`c jxprjsbþm fj ak vcaumtkf pcpuakr. - Xrctjdjr k tcfcs acs jspkûcajs y pujlacs fj Jspkûk jm ja jgjrnbnbc fj acs fjrjnocs ou`kmcs, sus nuaturks y trkfbnbcmjs, ajmduks j bmstbtunbcmjs. - Xrc`cvjr ja prcdrjsc fj ak nuaturk y fj fj ak jncmc`àk pkrk ksjdurkr k tcfcs umk fbdmk nkabfkf fj vbfk. - Jstklajnjr umk scnbjfkf fj`cnrëtbnk kvkmzkfk. - Ncaklcrkr jm ja ecrtkajnb`bjmtc fj umks rjaknbcmjs pknàebnks y fj jebnkz nccpjrknbþm jmtrj tcfcs acs pujlacs fj ak Vbjrrk‐. ;<
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
;.> Jstrunturk K. Jstrunturk ecr`ka Ak Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24? sj jstrunturk jm7 - Zm Xrjë`luac. - ;52 krtànuacs, krtànuacs, fbstrblubfcs jm um Vàtuac Xrjab`bmkr y fbjz Vàtuacs mu`jrkfcs. - 6 Fbspcsbnbcmjs Kfbnbcmkajs. - 2 Fbspcsbnbcmjs Vrkmsbtcrbks. - ; Fbspcsbnbþm Fjrcdktcrbk. - ; Fbspcsbnbþm Ebmka.
L. Jstrunturk `ktjrbka ^j fbstbmdujm jm mujstrk Ncmstbtunbþm fcs pkrtjs lbjm fbejrjmnbkfks.
k. Ak pkrtj fcd`ëtbnk ^j njmtrk jm ja rjncmcnb`bjmtc fj acs prbmnbpbcs prcdrk`ëtbncs quj vkm k bmspbrkr ja mujvc crfjm pcaàtbnc. Jstë ecr`kfk pcr ja Vàtuac Xrjab`bmkr y ja Vàtuac B fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm.
l. Ak pkrtj crdëmbnk ^j fbrbdj k rjduakr y jstklajnjr fj `kmjrk jejntbvk ak crdkmbzknbþm pcaàtbnk y guràfbnk fja Jstkfc jspkûca crdkmbzkmfc sus bmstbtunbcmjs y rjpkrtbjmfc nc`pjtjmnbks. Jstë ecr`kfk pcr acs Vàtuacs BB k _ fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm.
;.6 Ncmtjmbfc Ja ncmtjmbfc fj acs fbstbmtcs jpàdrkejs fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm js ja sbdubjmtj7 - Vàtuac Xrjab`bmkr7 (krts. ; k 2). Bmnauyj acs prbmnbpbcs lësbncs jm acs quj sj sustjmtk ja Jstkfc Jspkûca. - Vàtuac B7 ‑Fj acs fjrjnocs y fjljrjs eumfk`jmtkajs‐ (krts. ;8 ka ::). Ncm 65 krtànuacs, âstj js ja Vàtuac `ës k`pabc fj mujstrk Ncmstbtunbþm. K ac akrdc fj su krtbnuakfc sj rjncmcnjm y dkrkmtbzkm acs fjrjnocs, fjljrjs y abljrtkfjs fj acs nbufkfkmcs, ksà nc`c ak pcsblaj suspjmsbþm fj acs `bs`cs. Jstë fbvbfbfc jm nbmnc Nkpàtuacs, sbrvbjmfc ja krtànuac krtànuac ;8 fj pþrtbnc ka `bs`c. ´ Nkpàtuac ;·7 ‑ Fj acs jspkûcajs y acs jxtrkmgjrcs‐ (krts. ;; ka ;>) ´ Nkpàtuac <·7 ‑Fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs‐ (krts. ;: ka >?)9 jstë fbvbfbfc jm fcs ^jnnbcmjs, aks nukajs vkm prjnjfbfks fja krtànuac ;6, rjaktbvc ka prbmnbpbc fj bdukafkf7
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^jnnbþm ;ª7 Fj acs Fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y fj aks abljrtkfjs p÷labnks (krts. ;: ka <2). ^jnnbþm <ª7 Fj acs Fjrjnocs y fjljrjs fj acs nbufkfkmcs (krts. >8 ka >?). ´ Nkpàtuac >·7 ‑Fj acs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk‐ (krts. >2 >2 ka :<). ´ Nkpàtuac 6·7 ‑Fj aks dkrkmtàks fj fj aks abljrtkfjs y fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs‐ (krts. :> y :6) ´ Nkpàtuac :·7 ‑Fj ak suspjmsbþm suspjmsbþm fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs‐ (krt. ::). Vàtuac BB7 BB7 ‑Fj ak Ncrcmk‐ (krts. :5 k 5:). \jduak ak ebdurk fja \jy, sus eumnbcmjs, gurk`jmtc, ak sunjsbþm fj ak Ncrcmk, ak \jdjmnbk, ak Vutjak fja \jy, ja rjerjmfc k acs kntcs fja \jy y ja Xrjsupujstc y crdkmbzknbþm fj ak Nksk \jka. Vàtuac BBB7 ‑Fj aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs‐ (krts. 55 k 25). Jstklajnj ak nc`pcsbnbþm, crdkmbzknbþm y ktrblunbcmjs fj aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs. Djmjrkajs. \jduak ja prcnjfb`bjmtc fj jaklcrknbþm fj aks ajyjs, ja jstktutc fj acs pkrak`jmtkrbcs y ja râdb`jm fj acs Vrktkfcs Bmtjrmknbcmkajs. Jstë fbvbfbfc jm trjs Nkpàtuacs. ´ Nkpàtuac ;·7 ‑Fj ‑Fj aks Në`krks‐ (krts. 55 ka ?8). ´ Nkpàtuac <·7 ‑Fj ak jaklcrknbþm fj aks ajyjs‐ (krts. ?; ka 2<). 2<). ´ Nkpàtuac >·7 ‑Fj ‑Fj acs Vrktkfcs Bmtjrmknbcmkajs‐ (krts. 2> ka 25). Vàtuac BU7 ‑Fja Dclbjrmc y fj ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm‐ (krts. 24 ka ;84). \jduak ak nc`pcsbnbþm y eumnbcmjs fja Dclbjrmc, ja mc`lrk`bjmtc y njsj fja fja Xrjsbfjmtj, Ubnjprjsbfjmtjs y @bmbstrcs, ksà nc`c su rjspcmsklbabfkf nrb`bmka. Ncm rjspjntc k ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm, jstklajnj sus prbmnbpbcs fj fj kntuknbþm y crdkmbzknbþm, ja ncmtrca gurbsfbnnbcmka y ak rjspcmsklbabfkf pktrb`cmbka fj ak `bs`k. \jduak ja Ncmsjgc fj Jstkfc nc`c þrdkmc suprj`c fj nkrëntjr ncmsuatbvc. Vàtuac U7 ‑Fj ‑Fj aks rjaknbcmjs jmtrj ja Dclbjrmc y aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs‐ (krts. ;8? ka ;;5). Jstklajnj ak rjspcmsklbabfkf fja Dclbjrmc kmtj ja Ncmdrjsc fj acs Fbputkfcs9 rjduak ak nujstbþm fj ncmebkmzk, ak `cnbþm fj njmsurk, ak fb`bsbþm fja Dclbjrmc y ak fbscaunbþm fj aks Në`krks9 ksb`bs`c, rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj bmecr`knbþm fj aks Në`krks k trkvâs fj bmtjrpjaknbcmjs y prjdumtks y rjduak acs jstkfcs fj kakr`k, jxnjpnbþm y sbtbc. Vàtuac UB7 ‑Fja Xcfjr Gufbnbka‐ (krts. ;;4 ka ;<4). \jduak acs prbmnbpbcs lësbncs fja Xcfjr Gufbnbka7 prbmnbpbc fj bmfjpjmfjmnbk gufbnbka, fj bmk`cvbabfkf fj gujnjs y `kdbstrkfcs, fj jxnausbvbfkf gurbsfbnnbcmka y fj umbfkf gurbsfbnnbcmka9 ak ncaklcrknbþm ncm ak gustbnbk9 ak gustbnbk drktubtk9 ak pulabnbfkf y crkabfkf fj aks kntuknbcmjs gufbnbkajs, ak bmfj`mbzknbþm fja Jstkfc pcr jrrcr gufbnbka, ja Ncmsjgc Djmjrka fja Xcfjr Gufbnbka, ja Vrblumka ^uprj`c, ja @bmbstjrbc Ebsnka, ak knnbþm pcpuakr, jtn. Vàtuac UBB7 ‑Jncmc`àk y Oknbjmfk‐ (krts. ;5).
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
Jstj Vàtuac jstklajnj ja prbmnbpbc fj sulcrfbmknbþm fj ak rbqujzk ka bmtjrâs djmjrka, ja prbmnbpbc fj ajdkabfkf jm `ktjrbk trblutkrbk y acs prbmnbpbcs lësbncs fja râdb`jm guràfbnc fj acs lbjmjs fj fc`bmbc p÷labnc y fj acs nc`umkajs. \jduak ja Vrblumka fj fj Nujmtks y ja râdb`jm fj jaklcrknbþm fj acs Xrjsupujstcs Xrjsupujstcs fja Jstkfc. Jstkfc. \jncmcnj ak bmbnbktbvk p÷labnk jm ak kntbvbfkf jncmþ`bnk9 ak pkrtbnbpknbþm fj acs trklkgkfcrjs jm ak ^jdurbfkf ^cnbka y ak kntbvbfkf fj acs crdkmbs`cs p÷labncs, ksà nc`c ak pcsblbabfkf fj pakmbebnknbþm fj ak kntbvbfkf jncmþ`bnk. - Vàtuac UBBB7 ‑Fj ak crdkmbzknbþm tjrrbtcrbka fja Jstkfc‐ (krts. ;>4 ka ;:?). \jduak acs prbmnbpbcs fj crdkmbzknbþm tjrrbtcrbka fja Jstkfc, Jstkfc, ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm Acnka y aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks. Kutþmc`ks. Jstë fbvbfbfc jm trjs Nkpàtuacs7 ´ Nkpàtuac ;·7 ‑Xrbmnbpbcs Djmjrkajs‐ (krts. ;>4 ka ;>2). ´ Nkpàtuac <·7 ‑Fj ‑Fj ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm Acnka‐ (krts. ;68 ka ;6<). ´ Nkpàtuac >·7 ‑Fj aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks‐ (krts. ;6> ka ;:?). ;:?). - Vàtuac B_7 ‑Fja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka‐ (krts. ;:2 ka ;5:). \jduak ak nc`pcsbnbþm, jstktutc y mc`lrk`bjmtc fj acs `bj`lrcs fja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka9 aks nc`pjtjmnbks y eumnbcmjs fja `bs`c9 ak ajdbtb`knbþm pkrk ak bmtjrpcsbnbþm fj rjnurscs fj bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf y fj k`pkrc y ak nujstbþm fj bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf. - Vàtuac _7 ‑Fj ak \jecr`k Ncmstbtunbcmka‐ (krts. ;55 ka ;52). ;52). Jstklajnj ja prcnjfb`bjmtc fj rjecr`k fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm ksà nc`c acs aà`btjs tj`pcrkajs pkrk jejntukrak.
NCM^VBVZNBÞM J^XKÛCAK J^V\ZNVZ\K Ecr`ka @ktjrbka NCMVJMBFC^ Vàtuac Xrjab`bmkr
;8 Vàtuacs mu`jrkfc´
;52 krtànuacs
6 Fbspcsbnbcmjs Kfbnbcmkajs 2 Fbspcsbnbcmjs Vrkmsbtcrbks ; Fbspcsbnbþm Fjrcdktcrbk ; Fbspcsbnbþm Ebmka jfbtcrbka } njp
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Vj`k ;
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\jecr`k ncmstbtunbcmka
K. Bmbnbktbvk fj rjecr`k ncmstbtunbcmka Ak rjecr`k ncmstbtunbcmka vbjmj rjduakfk jm ja Vàtuac _ fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, krts. ;55 k ;52. Ak bmbnbktbvk fj ak rjecr`k ncmstbtunbcmka sj jgjrnjrë pcr7 - Ja Dclbjrmc. - Ja Ncmdrjsc y ja ^jmkfc, fj knujrfc ncm ak Ncmstbtunbþm y acs \jdak`jmtcs fj aks aks Në`krks. - Aks Ksk`lajks Ajdbsaktbvks Ajdbsaktbvks fj aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks fj `kmjrk bmfbrjntk, qubjmjs pcfrëm scabnbtkr fja Dclbjrmc c rj`btbr k ak @jsk fja Ncmdrjsc umk prcpcsbnbþm fj ajy, fjajdkmfc kmtj fbnok Në`krk um `ëxb`c fj > `bj`lrcs fj ak Ksk`lajk jmnkrdkfcs fj su fjejmsk.
L. Xrcnjfb`bjmtcs fj rjecr`k k. \jecr`k crfbmkrbk fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm (krt. ;54 NJ) Acs prcyjntcs fj rjecr`k ncmstbtunbcmka fjljrëm sjr kprclkfcs pcr umk `kycràk fj trjs qubmtcs fj nkfk umk fj aks Në`krks. ^b mc oulbjrk knujrfc jmtrj k`lks, sj bmtjmtkrë cltjmjrac `jfbkmtj ak nrjknbþm fj umk Nc`bsbþm fj nc`pcsbnbþm pkrbtkrbk fj Fbputkfcs y ^jmkfcrjs, quj prjsjmtkrë um tjxtc quj sjrë vctkfc pcr ja Ncmdrjsc y ja ^jmkfc. Fj mc acdrkrsj ak kprclknbþm `jfbkmtj ja kmtjrbcr prcnjfb`bjmtc, y sbj`prj quj ja tjxtc oulbjsj cltjmbfc ja vctc ekvcrklaj fj ak `kycràk klscautk fja ^jmkfc, ja Ncmdrjsc, pcr `kycràk fj fcs tjrnbcs, pcfrë kprclkr ak rjecr`k. Kprclkfk ak rjecr`k pcr aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs, sjrë sc`jtbfk k rjejrâmfu` pkrk su rktbebnknbþm nukmfc ksà ac scabnbtjm, fjmtrc fj acs qubmnj fàks sbdubjmtjs k su kprclknbþm, umk fânb`k pkrtj fj acs `bj`lrcs fj nukaqubjrk fj aks Në`krks.
l. \jecr`k jxtrkcrfbmkrbk fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm (krt. ;5? NJ) Nukmfc sj prcpusbjsj ak rjvbsbþm tctka fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm c umk pkrnbka quj kejntj ka Vàtuac Xrjab`bmkr, ka Nkpàtuac ^jdumfc, ^jnnbþm Xrb`jrk fja Vàtuac B, c ka Vàtuac BB, sj prcnjfjrë k ak kprclknbþm fja prbmnbpbc pcr `kycràk fj fcs tjrnbcs fj nkfk Në`krk, y k ak fbscaunbþm bm`jfbktk fj aks Ncrtjs. Aks Në`krks jajdbfks fjljrëm rktbebnkr ak fjnbsbþm y prcnjfjr ka jstufbc fja mujvc tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka, quj fjljrë sjr kprclkfc pcr `kycràk fj fcs tjrnbcs fj k`lks Në`krks. Kprclkfk ak rjecr`k pcr aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs, sjrë sc`jtbfk k rjejrâmfu` pkrk su rktbebnknbþm.
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jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
;.5 Xrbmnbpbcs y vkacrjs ncmstbtunbcmkajs, ncmstbtunbcmkajs, Fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y Abljrtkfjs p÷labnks y su jspjnbka prctjnnbþm K. Xrbmnbpbcs y vkacrjs ncmstbtunbcmkajs Acs prbmnbpbcs bmspbrkfcrjs rjduakfcs jm ja Vàtuac Xrjab`bmkr fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm scm7
k. Ecr`k fja Jstkfc Jspkûca • Jstkfc ^cnbka y Fj`cnrëtbnc fj Fjrjnoc
Jspkûk sj ncmstbtuyj jm um Jstkfc scnbka y fj`cnrëtbnc fj fjrjnoc quj prcpudmk nc`c vkacrjs supjrbcrjs fj su crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc ak abljrtkf, ak gustbnbk, ak bdukafkf y ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc (krt. ;.; NJ). Jstkfc ^cnbka
Ja kmtjnjfjmtj fj ak jxprjsbþm ‑Jstkfc scnbka‐ ac jmncmtrk`cs jm ak Ajy Eumfk`jmtka fj Lcmm, quj fjebmàk ak \jp÷labnk Ejfjrka fj Kaj`kmbk nc`c um Jstkfc scnbka, fj`cnrëtbnc y ejfjrka. Ak fcntrbmk mc js umëmb`j k ak ocrk fj fctkr fj ncmtjmbfc ak nbtkfk jxprjsbþm. Xkrk umcs, ja jstkfc scnbka b`pabnk um Jstkfc fj sjrvbnbcs, fj fbstrblunbþm c fj lbjmjstkr9 pkrk ctrcs, sjràk ja Jstkfc crbjmtkfc oknbk ak ncmsjnunbþm fj ak gustbnbk scnbka, k trkvâs fj ak prctjnnbþm fja trklkgc y fj ak b`pakmtknbþm fj um sbstj`k kfjnukfc fj sjdurbfkf scnbka. Zm jstkfc scnbka js kquâa quj rjncmcnj prjtjmsbcmjs fj acs bmfbvbfucs erjmtj k ak nc`umbfkf9 k trkvâs fj âa sj ncmsbduj ak prctjnnbþm scnbka y jncmþ`bnk fj tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs. Ja ojnoc fj quj Jspkûk sj ncmstbtuyk jm um Jstkfc scnbka sbdmbebnk ja rjncmcnb`bjmtc mc sþac fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs k mbvja bmfbvbfuka, sbmc tk`lbâm k mbvja ncajntbvc c fj drupcs fcmfj um bmfbvbfuc tbjmfj k bmtjdrkrsj. Xcr tkmtc, ja Jstkfc fjlj ksu`br ak clabdknbþm fj dkrkmtbzkr ja lbjmjstkrr y ak sktbsek lbjmjstk sktbseknnbþm nnbþm fj aks mjnjsbfkfj mjnjsbfkfjss bmfbvbfukajs bmfbvbfukajs y ncajntbvks ncajntbvks fj acs nbufkfk nbufkfkmcs. mcs. Ja jaj`jmtc scnbka sj jmnujmtrk rjncdbfc jm `unocs fj acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm ja Vàtuac B, Nkpàtuac sjdumfc fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm (nc`c ja fjrjnoc ka trklkgc, ak abljrtkf fj rjsbfjmnbk, fjrjnoc fj kscnbknbþm y tutjak gufbnbka) y jm tcfcs acs prbmnbpbcs fja Nkpàtuac tjrnjrc (prctjnnbþm k ak skauf, k ak ek`babk, fbstrblunbþm fj ak rjmtk, jtn.). Ja Jstkfc scnbka jm quj ak Mknbþm Jspkûcak sj ncmstbtuyj, ncmaajvk ak clabdknbþm fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs fj7 - Xrc`cvjr aks ncmfbnbcmjs pkrk quj ak abljrtkf y ak bdukafkf fja bmfbvbfuc y fj acs drupcs jm quj sj bmtjdrk sjkm rjkajs y jejntbvks. - \j`cvjr acs clstënuacs clstënuacs quj quj b`pbfkm c fbebnuatjm fbebnuatjm su pajmbtuf. - Eknbabtkr ak pkrtbnbpknbþm fj tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs jm ak vbfk pcaàtbnk, jncmþ`bnk, nuaturka y scnbka. jfbtcrbka } njp
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Vj`k ;
Jm mujstrc tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka jxbstjm fbvjrscs prjnjptcs quj clabdkm k acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs k prc`cvjr aks ncmfbnbcmjs ekvcrklajs pkrk umk fbstrblunbþm fj ak rjmtk pjrscmka y rjdbcmka `ës jqubtktbvk. Ja târ`bmc scnbka sbdmbebnk bdukafkf9 jstk bdukafkf nc`prjmfj ja prbmnbpbc fj rjfbstrblunbþm, jmrbqujnbjmfc acs fjrjnocs fj acs `jmcs ekvcrjnbfcs. Ksà pcr jgj`pac, mcs jmncmtrk`cs ncm ak prctjnnbþm fj acs obgcs ncm bmfjpjmfjmnbk fj su ebabknbþm, ja k`pkrc quj sj fjlj prjstkr k acs fbs`bmubfcs, ak prctjnnbþm k ak tjrnjrk jfkf, jtn.
B`pcrtkmtj Ak bfjk fj quj ak scljrkmàk mknbcmka rjsbfj jm ja pujlac sj jmnujmtrk nakrk`jmtj jxprjskfk jm ja prjë`luac fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, js `ës, ak Ncmstbtunbþm `bs`k js um kntc fj scljrkmàk, y umk kebr`knbþm fja nkrëntjr fj`cnrëtbnc fja Jstkfc.
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Jstkfc Fj`cnrëtbnc
Fjsfj ja prcpbc prjë`luac fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm sj prcnak`k ak vcaumtkf fja pujlac jspkûca fj jstklajnjr umk scnbjfkf fj`cnrëtbnk kvkmzkfk y dkrkmtbzkr ak ncmvbvjmnbk fj`cnrëtbnk fj acs jspkûcajs. Ja Jstkfc js fj`cnrëtbnc pcr nukmtc quj js jm ja pujlac jm ja quj rjsbfj ak scljrkmàk mknbcmka, fj âa j`kmkm acs pcfjrjs fja Jstkfc y pkrtbnbpk jm acs ksumtcs p÷labncs. Ak pkaklrk fj`cnrëtbnc sj rjpbtj k ac akrdc fja krtbnuakfc fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, y ksà7 - Ka oklakr fj acs pkrtbfcs pcaàtbncs, fj acs sbmfbnktcs sbmfbnktcs fj trklkgkfcrjs, fj aks Kscnbknbcmjs J`prjskrbkajs, fj acs Ncajdbcs Xrcejsbcmkajs y fj aks Crdkmbzknbcmjs Xrcejsbcmkajs sj sulrkyk quj su jstrunturk bmtjrmk y eumnbcmk`bjmtc fjljrëm sjr fj`cnrëtbncs. - Ak jfunknbþm tjmfrë pcr clgjtc ja pajmc fjskrrcaac fjskrrcaac fj ak pjrscmkabfkf ou`kmk jm ja rjspjtc k acs prbmnbpbcs fj`cnrëtbncs fj ncmvbvjmnbk y k acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs eumfk`jmtkajs. Jm prb`jr audkr ok fj tjmjrsj jm nujmtk quj ak fj`cnrknbk jstë `uy bmtjrrjaknbcmkfk ncm ak pkrtbnbpknbþm, ncmsjnujmnbk fj quj ak scljrkmàk rjsbfj jm ja pujlac jspkûca. Ak pkrtbnbpknbþm sj rjkabzk k trkvâs fja suerkdbc, fj ak paurkabfkf fj pkrtbfcs, fj sbmfbnktcs y fj ctrcs tbpcs fj kscnbknbcmjs, fj aks Ncrtjs j bmnausc fja Dclbjrmc. Zm râdb`jm fj`cnrëtbnc mc sþac js kquâa jm quj ja pcfjr prcnjfj fja pujlac, sbmc quj tk`lbâm fjlj sjr mctk nkrkntjràstbnk fja `bs`c quj ja pujlac pkrtbnbpj jm aks fjnbsbcmjs fja pcfjr.
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
Ja jaj`jmtc fj`cnrëtbnc sj jmnujmtrk jm7 - Ja prbmnbpbc fj scljrkmàk pcpuakr (krt. ;.<). - Ja fjrjnoc fj pkrtbnbpknbþm fj acs nbufkfkmcs jm acs ksumtcs p÷labncs (krt. <>). - Ak rjprjsjmtktbvbfkf fj aks Në`krks9 ksà ksà ja krt. 55 jstk lajnj quj aks Ncrtjs Djmjrkajs rjprjsjmtkm ka pujlac jspkûca. - Ja crbdjm fj ak gustbnbk9 ksà ja krt. ;;4 jstklajnj quj ak gustbnbk j`kmk fja pujlac. Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc
Mcs jmncmtrk`cs kmtj um Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc nukmfc fbnoc Jstkfc sj jmnujmtrk crdkmbzkfc pcr um pcfjr pcaàtbnc9 jstj pcfjr fjljrë fbntkr aks mcr`ks prjnbsks pkrk dkrkmtbzkr acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs fj acs bmfbvbfucs y fj acs drupcs jm quj sj bmtjdrkm, tutjakmfc fj jstk `kmjrk ja lbjmjstkr nc`÷m. Ja Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc js pcr tkmtc um eumfk`jmtc fj mujstrk scnbjfkf, yk quj crdkmbzk ak nc`umbfkf pkrk quj tcfcs sj sbjmtkm prctjdbfcs. Jm prb`jr audkr, oky quj tjmjr nakrc quj ak jxprjsbþm Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc, vbjmj k ncmebdurkr k kquja Jstkfc jm ja quj prjfc`bmk ja dclbjrmc fj aks ajyjs. Zm Jstkfc quj mc jstuvbjrk sc`jtbfc k fjrjnoc, mc sjràk ncmsbfjrkf ncmsbfjrkfcc nc`c tka. Ja nkrëntjr fja Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc b`pabnk ja rjncmcnb`bjmtc y dkrkmtàk fj umk sjrbj fj fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs, jxprjsk`jmtj rjncdbfcs jm ja Vàtuac B fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm. Ja Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc mc sþac b`pabnk quj acs nbufkfkmcs y acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs jstëm sugjtcs k ak Ncmstbtunbþm y ka rjstc fja Crfjmk`bjmtc Guràfbnc, sbmc tk`lbâm quj ja Crfjmk`bjmtc fjlj prcnurkr acs `jfbcs pkrk quj ak pjrscmk kankmnj su pajmk fbdmbfkf y pujfk fjskrrcaakr ablrj`jmtj su pjrscmkabfkf. Ksb`bs`c js nkrkntjràstbnk eumfk`jmtka fja Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc ak sjpkrknbþm fj pcfjrjs, fj `kmjrk quj nkfk umc fj jaacs (Jgjnutbvc, Ajdbsaktbvc y Gufbnbka) js bmfjpjmfbjmtj fj acs fj`ës sbm pjrgubnbc fj ak pcsblaj ncaklcrknbþm jmtrj acs `bs`cs. Ncm rjspjntc k jstj tj`k ok fj tjmjrsj jm nujmtk ja krt. 2.> fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm quj jmumnbk umk sjrbj fj prbmnbpbcs fja crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc quj ncmstbtuyj umk dkrkmtàk jfbtcrbka } njp
Ktjmnbþm Ak bfjk fja Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc pkrtj fja prbmnbpbc fj quj ja pcfjr fjlj sjr ab`btkfc9 supcmj quj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs y acs nbufkfkmcs jstëm sc`jtbfcs k ak Ncmstbtunbþm y ka rjstc fja crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc, ksà nc`c k umk sjrbj fj prbmnbpbcs fj kntuknbþm jmtrj acs quj pcfj`cs fjstknkr acs fj ajdkabfkf, brrjtrckntbvbfkf, gjrkrquàk mcr`ktbvk, sjdurbfkf guràfbnk y pulabnbfkf fj aks mcr`ks.
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Vj`k ;
sustkmnbka fj ac quj ja Jstkfc fj Fjrjnoc sbdmbebnk, ncmskdrkmfc acs sbdubjmtjs prbmnbpbcs djmjrkajs7 - Xrbmnbpbc fj ajdkabfkf y gjrkrquàk mcr`ktbvk9 jstcs prbmnbpbcs supcmjm quj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs jstëm sugjtcs ka ë`lbtc fj sus nc`pjtjmnbks, y mc pujfjm sclrjpkskracs. - Xrbmnbpbc fj pulabnbfkf fj aks mcr`ks y prbmnbpbc fj sjdurbfkf guràfbnk9 jstcs prbmnbpbcs ksjdurkm quj tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs ncmcznkm sus fjrjnocs y clabdknbcmjs y pujfkm prjvjr aks ncmsjnujmnbks fj sus kntcs. - Xrbmnbpbc fj brrjtrckntbvbfkf fj aks mcr`ks mc ekvcrklajs c rjstrbntbvks fj fjrjnocs bmfbvbfukajs. - Xrbmnbpbc fj bmtjrfbnnbþm fj ak krlbtrkrbjfkf y prbmnbpbc fj rjspcmsklbabfkf fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs, fj ecr`k quj acs `bs`cs sugjtjm su kntbvbfkf k acs pcfjrjs fja Jstkfc. • Ukacrjs supjrbcrjs fja Crfjmk`bjmtc Crfjmk`bjmtc Guràfbnc
^cm acs clgjtbvcs `ëxb`cs c acs bfjkajs quj ja Jstkfc prcpudmk pkrk quj pujfkm sjr rjkabzkfcs pcr ja crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc, ac quj b`pabnk, quj tcfks aks mcr`ks fjljm bmspbrkrsj jm jaacs. Acs rjncdj ja krt. ;.; y scm7 - Ak abljrtkf. - Ak gustbnbk. - Ak bdukafkf. - Ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc. Ak abljrtkf
Ak abljrtkf sj rjncmcnj jxprjsk`jmtj nc`c um fjrjnoc jm ja krt. ;4 fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm quj jstklajnj quj7 ‑Vcfk pjrscmk tbjmj fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf y k ak sjdurbfkf‐. Bduka`jmtj, ja tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka rjncdj ak abljrtkf jm tcfks sus `kmbejstknbcmjs9 ksà sj fjskrrcaak nc`c7 - Abljrtkf eàsbnk Acs krts. ;4 y ;2 NJ rjncdjm ja tbj`pc `ëxb`c fj fjtjmnbþm fjtjmnbþm prjvjmtbvk prjvjmtbvk y ja prcnjfb`bjmtc fj okljks ncrpus pkrk acs fjtjmbfcs bajdka`jmtj, ksà nc`c ak abljrtkf fj rjsbfjmnbk y nbrnunbrnu aknbþm. - Abljrtkf fj pjmsk`bjmtc Ja krt. ;5 rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf bfjcaþdbnk y rjabdbcsk. - Abljrtkf fj jxprjsbþm y fj bmecr`knbþm \jncdbfk jm krt. <8. - Fjrjnoc k jgjrnjr ak abljrtkf fj ecr`k bmfbvbfuka y ncajntbvk ncajntbvk Fj jstj `cfc ja krt. << rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fjrjnoc fj kscnbknbþm y ja krt. <; ja fjrjnoc fj rjumbþm. - Fjrjnoc k jgjrnjr ak abljrtkf pkrk pkrtbnbpkr jm ksumtcs p÷labncs Jstk abljrtkf sj pujfj jgjrnjr fbrjntk`jmtj c k trkvâs fj rjprjsjmtkmtjs ablrj`jmtj jajdbfcs jm jajnnbcmjs pjrbþfbnks `jfbkmtj suerkdbc umbvjrska (krt. <> NJ). <8
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
- @jfbcs pkrk fjejmfjr ak abljrtkf ^j ncmebdurk nc`c ja fjrjnoc k cltjmjr ak tutjak jejntbvk fj acs Gujnjs y Vrblumkajs sbm quj, ncmecr`j jstbpuak ja prcpbc tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka, pujfk prcfunbrsj bmfjejmsbþm (krt. <6 NJ). Ak abljrtkf js um vkacr quj kpkrjnj tk`lbâm bmecr`kmfc ja Vàtuac Xrb`jrc. Ja krtànuac ;8 fbnj jxprjsk`jmtj7 ‑Ak fbdmbfkf fbdmbfkf fj fj ak pjrscmk, acs fjrjnocs bmvbcaklajs quj aj scm bmojrjmtjs, ja ablrj fjskrrcaac fj ak pjrscmkabfkf, ja rjspjtc k ak ajy y k acs fjrjnocs fj acs fj`ës scm eumfk`jmtcs fja crfjm pcaàtbnc y fj ak pkz scnbka‐. Ncrrjspcmfj k acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjr aks ncmfbnbcmjs pkrk quj ak abljrtkf y ak bdukafkf fja bmfbvbfuc y fj acs drupcs jm quj sj bmtjdrk sjkm rjkajs y jejntbvks9 rj`cvjr acs clstënuacs quj b`pbfkm c fbebnuatjm su pajmbtuf y eknbabtkr ak pkrtbnbpknbþm fj tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs jm ak vbfk pcaàtbnk, jncmþ`bnk, nuaturka y scnbka. Ak gustbnbk
Ja vkacr supjrbcr fj ak gustbnbk sj prcyjntk sclrj `unocs krtànuacs fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm9 jstj vkacr kfqubjrj jspjnbka rjajvkmnbk jm ja Vàtuac UB quj jstklajnj aks lksjs fj crdkmbzknbþm fj ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm fj gustbnbk. Ak gustbnbk js ja bmstru`jmtc ncm ja nuka sj ncmsbduj quj ak abljrtkf y ak bdukafkf sjkm fj kpabnknbþm pkrk tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs. Ja krt. ;;4 fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm jstklajnj quj ak gustbnbk j`kmk fja pujlac y sj kf`bmbstrk jm mc`lrj fja \jy pcr Gujnjs y @kdbstrkfcs bmtjdrkmtjs fja Xcfjr Gufbnbka, bmfjpjmfbjmtjs, bmk`cvblajs, rjspcmsklajs y sc`jtbfcs ÷mbnk`jmtj ka b`pjrbc fj ak ajy. Ak pkaklrk ‑gustbnbk‐ mc sj utbabzk jm ja sjmtbfc fj oknjr gustbnbk, sbmc quj sj j`pajk jm ncmscmkmnbk ncm ja krt. ;.< fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm quj jstklajnj quj ak scljrkmàk mknbcmka rjsbfj jm ja pujlac fja quj j`kmkm acs pcfjrjs fja Jstkfc9 jm jstj sjmtbfc ja pcfjr gufbnbka, nc`c ja fj acs rjstkmtjs pcfjrjs fja Jstkfc, j`kmk fja pujlac. Bduka`jmtj, nc`c sj fjsprjmfj fja krt. <6 NJ, fjlj fjstknkrsj ja fjrjnoc fj tcfk pjrscmk k cltjmjr ak tutjak jejntbvk fj acs gujnjs y trblumkajs jm ja jgjrnbnbc fj sus fjrjnocs j bmtjrjsjs ajdàtb`cs. Ebmka`jmtj, ak Ncmstbtunbþm jm su krt. ;;2 ncmskdrk ja prbmnbpbc fj drktubfkf fj ak gustbnbk, jm acs nkscs jm quj ksà ac jstklajznk ak ajy, y, jm tcfc nksc, rjspjntc fj qubjmjs knrjfbtjm bmsuebnbjmnbk fj rjnurscs pkrk abtbdkr. Ak bdukafkf
- Xrbmnbpbc fj bdukafkf kmtj ak ajy Ja krt. ;6 NJ jstklajnj quj acs jspkûcajs scm bdukajs kmtj ak ajy, sbm quj pujfk prjvkajnjr fbsnrb`bmknbþm kadumk pcr rkzþm fj mknb`bjmtc, rkzk, sjxc, rjabdbþm, cpbmbþm c nukaqubjr ctrk ncmfbnbþm c nbrnumstkmnbk pjrscmka c scnbka. Jstk bdukafkf fjlj jmtjmfjrsj jm ja
jfbtcrbka } njp
<;
Vj`k ;
sjmtbfc `kmbejstkfc pcr ja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka ka kebr`kr quj ‑ak bdukafkf js ja trktk`bjmtc fjsbduka fj aks sbtuknbcmjs fjsbdukajs‐. Ja prbmnbpbc fj bdukafkf kmtj ak ajy sj jmnujmtrk ksb`bs`c ncmskdrkfc k ac akrdc fja Vàtuac Vàtuac Xrb`jrc fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, nukmfc sj ncmebdurkm acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs eumfk`jmtkajs. - Nc`prc`bsc fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs Ja krt. krt. 2.< NJ jstklajnj quj quj ncrrjspcmfj k acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjr aks ncmfbnbcmjs pkrk quj ak bdukafkf sjk rjka y jejntbvk, rj`cvbjmfc acs clstënuacs quj b`pbfkm c fbebnuatjm su pajmbtuf. Ja krt. 68 68 NJ jstklajnj quj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm aks ncmfbnbcmjs ekvcrklajs pkrk umk fbstrblunbþm fj ak rjmtk rjdbcmka y pjrscmka `ës jqubtktbvk. Ja Nkpàtuac >· fja Vàtuac B fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, krts. >2 k :<, rjncdj acs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk, jmtrj acs quj sj jstklajnjm acs nc`prc`bscs fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs jm crfjm k oknjr jejntbvc ja prbmnbpbc fj bdukafkf. - Bdukafkf fj acs jspkûcajs jm tcfc ja tjrrbtcrbc fja Jstkfc Krt. ;>2.; ;>2.; NJ7 ‑Vcfcs acs jspkûcajs jspkûcajs tbjmjm acs `bs`cs fjrjnocs y clabdknbcmjs jm nukaqubjr pkrtj fja tjrrbtcrbc fja Jstkfc‐. Ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc
Ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc nc`c vkacr supjrbcr fja crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc tbjmj su prbmnbpka `kmbejstknbþm jm ja krt. 5 fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm quj jstklajnj7 ‑Acs pkrtbfcs pcaàtbncs jxprjskm ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc, ncmnurrjm k ak ecr`knbþm y `kmbejstknbþm fj ak vcaumtkf pcpuakr y scm bmstru`jmtc eumfk`jmtka pkrk ak pkrtbnbpknbþm pcaàtbnk‐. Jm jstj `bs`c sjmtbfc sj jxprjsk ja krt. 4 fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm7 ‑Acs sbmfbnktcs fj trklkgkfcrjs y aks kscnbknbcmjs j`prjskrbkajs ncmtrbluyjm k ak fjejmsk y prc`cnbþm fj acs bmtjrjsjs scnbkajs y jncmþ`bncs quj ajs scm prcpbcs‐. Mc clstkmtj ac kmtjrbcr, ja tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka ncmtbjmj `÷atbpajs rjejrjmnbks quj ncmecr`km ak lksj sclrj ak quj sj ksbjmtk ak jxbstjmnbk fj acs pkrtbfcs pcaàtbncs nc`c jxprjsbþm fja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc, ksà7 - Ja krt. ;8 NJ rjncmcnj ja ablrj fjskrrcaac fj ak pjrscmkabfkf. - Ja krt. ;6 NJ jstklajnj ak mc fbsnrb`bmknbþm pcr rkzþm fj cpbmbþm. - Ja krt. ;5 NJ rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf bfjcaþdbnk y rjabdbcsk. - Ja krt. <8 NJ rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf fj jxprjsbþm, fj pjmsk`bjmtc, fj bfjks, jtn. - Acs krts. <;, << y <> NJ rjncmcnjm acs fjrjnocs fj rjumbþm, kscnbknbþm y pkrtbnbpknbþm jm acs ksumtcs p÷labncs. Ubstc ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc, ok fj tjmjrsj jm nujmtk quj oky tk`lbâm ctrks `kmbejstknbcmjs fja paurkabs`c, nc`c pujfjm sjr7 - Xaurkabs`c abmdñàstbnc, nc`c ncmsjnujmnbk fj ak ncmebdurknbþm fja Jstkfc Jstkfc kutcmþ`bnc (krts. <, y >). <<
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
- Ja paurkabs`c sbmfbnka (krt. 5 y :<), :<), ncmstbtuyâmfcsj ncajdbcs prcejsbcmkajs. • ^cljrkmàk mknbcmka
Ak scljrkmàk mknbcmka rjsbfj jm ja pujlac jspkûca, fja quj j`kmkm acs pcfjrjs fja Jstkfc (krt. ;.<). • Ecr`k pcaàtbnk pcaàtbnk fja Jstkfc
Ak ecr`k pcaàtbnk fja Jstkfc jspkûca js ak @cmkrquàk Xkrak`jmtkrbk (krt. ;.>).
l. Zmbfkf fj ak Mknbþm jspkûcak y rjncmcnb`bjmtc fja fjrjnoc k ak kutcmc`àk Ak Ncmstbtunbþm sj eumfk`jmtk jm ak bmfbscaulaj umbfkf fj ak Mknbþm jspkûcak, pktrbk nc`÷m j bmfbvbsblaj fj tcfcs acs jspkûcajs, y rjncmcnj y dkrkmtbzk ja fjrjnoc k ak kutcmc`àk fj aks mknbcmkabfkfjs y rjdbcmjs quj ak bmtjdrkm y ak scabfkrbfkf jmtrj tcfks jaaks (krt. <). Jstk`cs erjmtj k ac quj sj fjebmj nc`c um jstkfc fjsnjmtrkabzkfc. Jstj nkrëntjr sj fjsprjmfj fja prcpbc krtànuac < fja tjxtc ncmstbtunbcmka, nukmfc jxprjsk quj ‑Ak Ncmstbtunbþm sj eumfk`jmtk jm ak bmfbscaulaj umbfkf fj ak Mknbþm jspkûcak...‐ y k ak vjz rjncmcnj y dkrkmtbzk ‑ak kutcmc`àk fj aks mknbcmkabfkfjs y rjdbcmjs quj ak bmtjdrkm y ak scabfkrbfkf jmtrj tcfks jaaks‐. Xcfj`cs kebr`kr quj umbfkf y kutcmc`àk mc scm ncmnjptcs ncmtrkpujstcs, sbmc nc`paj`jmtkrbcs. Ak umbfkf b`pabnk quj jxbstj umk crdkmbzknbþm, quj js ja Jstkfc, pkrk tcfc ja tjrrbtcrbc mknbcmka9 pjrc acs þrdkmcs fja Jstkfc mc cstjmtkm tcfc ja pcfjr, ja nuka sj fbstrbluyj kfj`ës jmtrj acs `umbnbpbcs, aks prcvbmnbks y aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks quj sj ncmstbtuykm, tjmbjmfc tcfcs jaacs kutcmc`àk pkrk ak djstbþm fj sus rjspjntbvcs bmtjrjsjs.
n. Bfbc`k cebnbka fja Jstkfc
Vc`j mctk G u m t c k a c s p r b m n b p b c s Gu fj umbfkf y kutcmc`àk, oj`cs fj oknjr rjejrjmnbk k acs fj scabfkrbfkf j bdukafkf jmtrj tcfks aks zcmks fja tjrrbtcrbc mknbcmka, ac quj b`pabnk ak clabdknbþm fj b`pjfbr prbvbajdbcs fj umks rjspjntc k ctrks.
Ja nkstjaakmc js ak ajmduk cebnbka fja Jstkfc. Vcfcs acs jspkûcajs tbjmjm ja fjljr fj ncmcnjrak y ja fjrjnoc k uskrak (krt. >.;).
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Vj`k ;
Aks fj`ës ajmduks jspkûcaks sjrëm tk`lbâm cebnbkajs jm aks rjspjntbvks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks fj knujrfc ncm sus Jstktutcs (krt. >.<). Ak rbqujzk fj aks fbstbmtks `cfkabfkfjs abmdñàstbnks fj Jspkûk js um pktrb`cmbc nuaturka quj sjrë clgjtc fj jspjnbka rjspjtc y prctjnnbþm (krt. >.>).
f. Ak lkmfjrk fj Jspkûk y ak fj aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks Ak lkmfjrk fj Jspkûk jstë ecr`kfk pcr trjs erkmgks ocrbzcmtkajs, rcgk, k`krbaak y rcgk, sbjmfc ak k`krbaak fj fclaj kmnourk quj nkfk umk fj aks rcgks (krt. 6.;). Acs Jstktutcs pcfrëm rjncmcnjr lkmfjrks y jmsjûks prcpbks fj aks Nc`umbfkfjs Kutþmc`ks. Jstks sj utbabzkrëm gumtc k ak lkmfjrk fj Jspkûk jm sus jfbebnbcs p÷labncs y jm sus kntcs cebnbkajs (krt. 6.<).
j. Ak nkpbtka fja Jstkfc Js ak vbaak fj @kfrbf (krt. :).
e. Xkrtbfcs pcaàtbncs Acs pkrtbfcs pcaàtbncs jxprjskm ja paurkabs`c pcaàtbnc, ncmnurrjm k ak ecr`knbþm y `kmbejstknbþm fj ak vcaumtkf pcpuakr y scm bmstru`jmtc eumfk`jmtka pkrk ak pkrtbnbpknbþm pcaàtbnk. ^u nrjknbþm y ja jgjrnbnbc fj su kntbvbfkf scm ablrjs fjmtrc fja rjspjtc k ak Ncmstbtunbþm y k ak ajy. ^u jstrunturk bmtjrmk y eumnbcmk`bjmtc fjljrëm sjr fj`cnrëtbncs (krt. 5).
d. ^bmfbnktcs y kscnbknbcmjs j`prjskrbkajs Acs sbmfbnktcs fj trklkgkfcrjs y aks kscnbknbcmjs j`prjskrbkajs ncmtrbluyjm k ak fjejmsk fj acs bmtjrjsjs jncmþ`bncs y scnbkajs quj ajs scm prcpbcs. ^u nrjknbþm y ja jgjrnbnbc fj su kntbvbfkf scm ablrjs fjmtrc fja rjspjtc k ak Ncmstbtunbþm y k ak ajy. ^u jstrunturk bmtjrmk y eumnbcmk`bjmtc fjljrëm sjr fj`cnrëtbncs (krt. 4).
o. Aks Eujrzks Kr`kfks Ncmstbtubfks pcr ja Jgârnbtc fj Vbjrrk, ak Kr`kfk y ja Jgârnbtc fja Kbrj, tbjmjm nc`c `bsbþm dkrkmtbzkr ak scljrkmàk j bmfjpjmfjmnbk fj Jspkûk, fjejmfjr su bmtjdrbfkf tjrrbtcrbka y ja crfjmk`bjmtc ncmstbtunbcmka (krt. ?.;). Zmk ajy crdëmbnk rjduakrë aks lksjs fj ak crdkmbzknbþm `babtkr ncmecr`j k acs prbmnbpbcs fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm (krt. ?.<).
b. Xrbmnbpbc fj ajdkabfkf y dkrkmtàks guràfbnks Acs nbufkfkmcs y acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs jstëm sugjtcs k ak Ncmstbtunbþm y ka rjstc fja crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc (krt. 2.; NJ), ncm ac quj sj pcmj fj `kmbebjstc quj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, pjrtjmjnbjmfc ka crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc jspkûca, ncmstbtuyj ak mcr`k supjrbcr y eumfk`jmtka, n÷spbfj fj ak pbrë`bfj mcr`ktbvk.
<6
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs jstëm clabdkfcs k prc`cvjr aks ncmfbnbcmjs pkrk quj ak abljrtkf y ak bdukafkf fja bmfbvbfuc y fj acs drupcs jm quj sj bmtjdrk sjkm rjkajs y jejntbvks, rj`cvbjmfc acs clstënuacs quj b`pbfkm c fbebnuatjm su pajmbtuf y eknbabtkmfc ak pkrtbnbpknbþm fj tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs jm ak vbfk pcaàtbnk, jncmþ`bnk, nuaturka y scnbka (krt. 2.< NJ), dkrkmtbzkmfc ka jejntc umcs prbmnbpbcs lësbncs jm ja krt. 2.> fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm7 ;) Xrbmnbpbc fj ajdkabfkf7 tcfks aks kntuknbcmjs sj ncmfbnbcmkm ka b`pjrbc fj ak ajy, tkmtc aks fj acs nbufkfkmcs nc`c aks fj ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm. <) Xrbmnbpbc fj pulabnbfkf fj aks mcr`ks7 Jstk dkrkmtàk kpkrjnj nc`c ncmsjnujmnbk bmjauntklaj fj ak prcnak`knbþm fj Jspkûk nc`c um Jstkfc fj fjrjnoc, y sj jmnujmtrk jm àmtb`k rjaknbþm ncm ja prbmnbpbc fj sjdurbfkf guràfbnk. Jm jstj sjmtbfc ja krtànuac <.; fja Nþfbdc Nbvba jstklajnj quj7 ‑Aks ajyjs jmtrkrëm jm vbdcr k acs vjbmtj fàks fj
su nc`pajtk pulabnknbþm jm ja «Lcajtàm Cebnbka fja Jstkfc¹, sb jm jaaks mc sj fbspcmj ctrk ncsk‐. >) Xrbmnbpbc fj gjrkrquàk mcr`ktbvk7 ja crfjmk`bjmtc guràfbnc sj jstrunturk fj `kmjrk gjrërqubnk, fj `cfc quj umks mcr`ks pcsjjm rkmdc supjrbcr k ctrks. Ak mcr`k eumfk`jmtka js ak Ncmstbtunbþm y k jaak sj sulcrfbmkm aks fj`ës ajyjs, tkmtc jm su ncmtjmbfc nc`c jm su prcnjfb`bjmtc. 6) Xrbmnbpbc fj brrjtrckntbvbfkf fj aks fbspcsbnbcmjs skmnbcmkfcrks mc ekvcrklajs c rjstrbntbvks fj fjrjnocs bmfbvbfukajs7 Ak brrjtrckntbvbfkf sbdmbebnk quj ak ajy sj kpabnkrë ka euturc y mc ka pkskfc, prbmnbpbc rjncdbfc pcr ja Nþfbdc Nbvba jm ja krtànuac quj <.> jstklajnj quj ‑aks ajyjs mc tjmfrëm jejntc rjtrckntbvc, sb mc fbspusbjrjm ac ncmtrkrbc‐ y jm ja Nþfbdc Xjmka jm ja krtànuac < quj fbspcmj quj7 ‑;. Mc sjrë nkstbdkfc mbmd÷m fjabtc mb ekatk ncm
pjmk quj mc sj okaaj prjvbstk pcr Ajy kmtjrbcr k su pjrpjtrknbþm. Nkrjnjrëm, bduka`jmtj, fj jejntc rjtrckntbvc aks Ajyjs quj jstklajznkm `jfbfks fj sjdurbfkf. <. Mc clstkmtj, tjmfrëm jejntc rjtrckntbvc kqujaaks ajyjs pjmkajs quj ekvcrjznkm ka rjc, kumquj ka jmtrkr jm vbdcr oulbjrk rjnkàfc sjmtjmnbk ebr`j y ja sugjtc jstuvbjsj nu`pabjmfc ncmfjmk. Jm nksc fj fufk sclrj ak fjtjr`bmknbþm fj ak Ajy `ës ekvcrklaj, sjrë càfc ja rjc. Acs ojnocs nc`jtbfcs lkgc ak vbdjmnbk fj umk Ajy tj`pcrka sjrëm guzdkfcs, sbm j`lkrdc, ncmecr`j k jaak, skavc quj sj fbspcmdk jxprjsk`jmtj ac ncmtrkrbc‐. :) Xrbmnbpbc fj sjdurbfkf guràfbnk7 ak kpabnknbþm fj aks mcr`ks jxbdj su pulabnbfkf. Fja `bs`c `cfc, sj fjnakrk ak brrjtrckntbvbfkf fj aks fbspcsbnbcmjs mc ekvcrklajs y aks quj sjkm rjstrbntbvks fj fjrjnocs bmfbvbfukajs. 5) Xrbmnbpbc fj rjspcmsklbabfkf j bmtjrfbnnbþm fj ak krlbtrkrbjfkf fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs7 ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm tk`lbâm jstë sc`jtbfk ka b`pjrbc fj ak ajy y, nukmfc knt÷j jxnjfbjmfc fj acs aà`btjs ajdkajs, sjrë rjspcmsklaj fj acs fkûcs y pjrgubnbcs quj nkusj pcr jaac.
jfbtcrbka } njp
<:
Vj`k ;
VÀVZAC X\JAB@BMK\ EC\@K FJA J^VKFC J^XKÛCA7 Jstkfc ^cnbka y fj`cnrëtbnc fj fjrjnoc UKAC\J^ ^ZXJ\BC\J^ FJA C\FJMK@BJMVC GZ\ÀFBNC - Abljrtkf - Gustbnbk - Bdukafkf - Xaurkabs`c pcaàtbnc ^CLJ\KMÀK MKNBCMKA EC\@K XCAÀVBNK FJA J^VKFC ZMBFKF FJ AK MKNBÞM J^XKÛCAK R \JNCMCNB@BJMVC FJA FJ\JNOC FJ KZVCMC@ÀK BFBC@K CEBNBKA7 nkstjaakmc LKMFJ\K CEBNBKA FJA J^VKFC R FJ NKFK NNKK NKXBVKA FJA J^VKFC7 Ubaak fj @kfrbf XK\VBFC^ XCAÀVBNC^ ^BMFBNKVC^ R K^CNBKNBCMJ^ J@X\J^K\BKAJ^ AK^ EZJ\WK^ K\@KFK^ X\BMNBXBC FJ AJDKABFKF R DK\KMVÀK^ GZ\ÀFBNK^
L. Fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs eumfk`jmtkajs y Abljrtkfjs Abljrtkfjs p÷labnks y su jspjnbka jspjnbka prctjnnbþm k. Naksbebnknbþm Acs fjrjnocs y fjljrjs eumfk`jmtkajs sj rjduakm jm ja Vàtuac B fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, quj nc`bjmzk ncm ja krtànuac ;8 y sj jstrunturk jm : nkpàtuacs7 - Fj acs jspkûcajs y acs jxtrkmgjrcs. - Fjrjnocs y Abljrtkfjs, (âstj k su su vjz vjz ncm fcs sjnnbcmjs)7 ´ Fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y abljrtkfjs p÷labnks. ´ Fjrjnocs y fjljrjs fj acs nbufkfkmcs. - Xrbmnbpbcs \jntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk. - Fj aks dkrkmtàks fj aks abljrtkfjs y fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs. - Fj ak suspjmsbþm fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs. • Krtànuac ;8
Jstklajnj nc`c eumfk`jmtc fja crfjm pcaàtbnc y ak pkz scnbka7 <5
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
- Ak fbdmbfkf fj ak pjrscmk. - Acs fjrjnocs bmvbcaklajs quj aj scm bmojrjmtjs. - Ja rjspjtc k ak ajy y k acs fjrjnocs fj acs fj`ës. - Ja ablrj fjskrrcaac fj ak pjrscmkabfkf. Bduka`jmtj, jstklajnj quj aks mcr`ks rjaktbvks k acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y k aks abljrtkfjs quj ak Ncmstbtunbþm rjncmcnj sj bmtjrprjtkrëm fj ncmecr`bfkf ncm ak Fjnakrknbþm Zmbvjrska fj Fjrjnocs Ou`kmcs y acs Vrktkfcs y Knujrfcs Bmtjrmknbcmkajs sclrj aks `bs`ks `ktjrbks rktbebnkfcs pcr Jspkûk. • Nkpàtuac Xrb`jrc
‑Fj acs jspkûcajs y jxtrkmgjrcs‐ - Krtànuac ;;7 Mcr`ks sclrj mknbcmkabfkf. - Krtànuac ;<7 @kycràk fj jfkf. - Krtànuac ;>7 ;>7 Fjrjnocs fj acs jxtrkmgjrcs jm Jspkûk. • Nkpàtuac ^jdumfc
‑Fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs‐ - Krtànuac ;67 ;67 Xrbmnbpbc fj fj bdukafkf kmtj ak Ajy. - ^jnnbþm Xrb`jrk7 Fj acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs eumfk`jmtkajs y fj aks abljrtkfjs abljrtkfjs p÷labnks p÷labnks (krts. (krts. ;: k <2). - ^jnnbþm ^jdumfk7 Fj acs fjrjnocs y fjljrjs fj acs nbufkfkmcs (krts. >8 k >?). • Nkpàtuac Vjrnjrc
‑Fj acs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk‐ Nc`prjmfj fjsfj ja krt. >2 okstk ja krt. :<, k`lcs bmnausbvj. • Nkpàtuac Nukrtc
‑Fj aks dkrkmtàks fj aks abljrtkfjs y fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs‐ \jncdbfks jm acs krts. :> y :6. • Nkpàtuac [ubmtc
‑Fj ak suspjmsbþm fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs‐ ^jd÷m sj jstklajnj jm ja krt. ::.
jfbtcrbka } njp
<4
Vj`k ;
J^V\ZNVZ\K FJA VÀVZAC B FJ AK NCM^VBVZNBÞM ‑FJ AC^ FJ\JNOC^ R FJLJ\J^ EZMFK@JMVKAJ^‐ VÀVZAC B7 ‑FJ AC^ FJ\JNOC^ R FJLJ\J^ EZMFK@JMVKAJ^‐ K\VÀNZAC ;87 Acs fjrjnocs fj ak pjrscmk NKXÀVZAC B. Fj acs jspkûcajs y acs jxtrkmgjrcs Krtànuac ;;7 Mcr`ks sclrj mknbcmkabfkf Krtànuac ;<7 @kycràk fj jfkf Krtànuac ;>7 Fjrjnocs fj acs jxtrkmgjrcs jm Jspkûk NKXÀVZAC BB. Fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs. Krtànuac ;67 Bdukafkf kmtj ak Ajy ^jnnbþm B. Fj acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y fj aks abljrtkfjs p÷labnks ^jnnbþm BB. Fj acs fjrjnocs y fjljrjs fj acs nbufkfkmcs
Krts. ;: ka <2 Krts. >8 ka >?
NKXÀVZAC BBB. Fj acs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk Krts. >2 ka :< NKXÀVZAC BU. Fj aks dkrkmtàks fj aks abljrtkfjs y fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs Krts. :> y :6 NKXÀVZAC U. Fj ak suspjmsbþm fj acs fjrjnocs y ab ljrtkfjs Krt. ::
l. Gustbebnknbþm y eumfk`jmtc Ja ablrj jgjrnbnbc fj acs fjrjnocs y fjljrjs eumfk`jmtkajs js prjsupujstc fj ak fj`cnrknbk y ncmfbnbþm y ebm fj um râdb`jm ncmstbtunbcmka. Ak fjejmsk fj jstcs fjrjnocs ok fj sjr umk ebmkabfkf jsjmnbka fja sbstj`k. Xcr jaac, ja Vàtuac B fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm acs rjncdj k`pabk`jmtj, fctëmfcacs kfj`ës fj um ncmgumtc fj dkrkmtàks y `jfbcs fj fjejmsk jspjnbkajs.
n. Jmu`jrknbþm • Fj acs jspkûcajs y jxtrkmgjrcs (Nkpàtuac (Nkpàtuac prb`jrc) Mcr`ks sclrj mknbcmkabfkf y `kycràk fj jfkf (krt. ;; y ;<)
Ak mknbcmkabfkf jspkûcak sj kfqubjrj, sj ncmsjrvk y sj pbjrfj fj knujrfc ncm ac jstklajnbfc pcr ak ajy. Mbmd÷m jspkûca fj crbdjm pcfrë sjr prbvkfc fj su mknbcmkabfkf.
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
Ja Jstkfc pcfrë ncmnjrtkr trktkfcs fj fclaj mknbcmkabfkf ncm acs pkàsjs bljrck`jrbnkmcs c ncm kqujaacs quj okykm tjmbfc c tjmdkm umk pkrtbnuakr vbmnuaknbþm ncm Jspkûk. Jm jstcs `bs`cs pkàsjs, kum nukmfc mc rjncmcznkm k sus nbufkfkmcs um fjrjnoc rjnàprcnc, pcfrëm mkturkabzkrsj acs jspkûcajs sbm pjrfjr pcr jaac su mknbcmkabfkf fj crbdjm. Acs jspkûcajs scm `kycrjs fj jfkf k acs ;? kûcs. Fj acs jxtrkmgjrcs (krt. ;>)
Acs jxtrkmgjrcs dczkrëm jm Jspkûk fj aks abljrtkfjs p÷labnks quj dkrkmtbzk ja Vàtuac B fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm jm acs târ`bmcs quj jstklajznkm acs trktkfcs y ak ajy. ^cak`jmtj acs jspkûcajs sjrëm tbtuakrjs fj acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm ja krt. <>, skavc ac quj, ktjmfbjmfc k nrbtjrbcs fj rjnbprcnbfkf, pujfk jstklajnjrsj pcr trktkfc c ajy pkrk ja fjrjnoc fj suerkdbc kntbvc y pksbvc jm aks jajnnbcmjs `umbnbpkajs. Ak jxtrkfbnbþm sþac sj ncmnjfjrë jm nu`pab`bjmtc fj um trktkfc c fj ak ajy, ktjmfbjmfc ka prbmnbpbc fj rjnbprcnbfkf. Ak ajy jstklajnjrë acs târ`bmcs jm quj acs nbufkfkmcs fj ctrcs pkàsjs y acs kpëtrbfks pcfrëm dczkr fja fjrjnoc fj ksbac jm Jspkûk. • Fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs abljrtkfjs (Nkpàtuac (Nkpàtuac sjdumfc) Fjrjnoc k ak bdukafkf (krt ;6)
Acs jspkûcajs scm bdukajs kmtj ak ajy, sbm quj pujfk prjvkajnjr fbsnrb`bmknbþm kadumk pcr rkzþm fj mknb`bjmtc, rkzk, sjxc, rjabdbþm, cpbmbþm c nukaqubjr ctrk ncmfbnbþm c nbrnumstkmnbk pjrscmka c scnbka. Fj acs Fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs y abljrtkfjs p÷labnks (^jnnbþm ;ª)
- Fjrjnoc k ak vbfk (krt. ;:) ´ Vcfcs tbjmjm fjrjnoc k ak vbfk y k ak bmtjdrbfkf eàsbnk y `crka, sbm quj jm mbmd÷m nksc pujfkm sjr sc`jtbfcs k tcrturk mb k pjmks c trktcs bmou`kmcs c fjdrkfkmtjs. ´ [ujfk klcabfk ak pjmk fj `ujrtj, skavc ac quj quj pujfkm fbspcmjr aks ajyjs pjmkajs `babtkrjs pkrk tbj`pcs fj dujrrk (Xcr ak Ajy Crdëmbnk ;;/;22:, fj <4 fj mcvbj`lrj, sj klcabþ ak pjmk fj `ujrtj jm tbj`pc fj dujrrk). - Abljrtkf bfjcaþdbnk, rjabdbcsk y fj nuatc (krt. ;5) ´ ^j dkrkmtbzk ak abljrtkf bfjcaþdbnk, rjabdbcsk y fj nuatc fj acs bmfbvbfucs y aks nc`umbfkfjs sbm `ës ab`btknbþm, jm sus `kmbejstknbcmjs, quj ak mjnjskrbk pkrk ja `kmtjmb`bjmtc fja crfjm p÷labnc prctjdbfc pcr ak ajy. ´ Mkfbj pcfrë pcfrë sjr clabdkfc k fjnakrkr sclrj su bfjcacdàk, bfjcacdàk, rjabdbþm c nrjjmnbks. ´ Mbmdumk ncmejsbþm tjmfrë nkrëntjr jstktka. Acs Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs tjmfrëm jm nujmtk aks nrjjmnbks rjabdbcsks fj ak scnbjfkf jspkûcak y `kmtjmfrëm aks ncmsbdubjmtjs rjaknbcmjs fj nccpjrknbþm ncm ak Bdajsbk Nktþabnk y aks fj`ës ncmejsbcmjs.
jfbtcrbka } njp
<2
Vj`k ;
- Fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf pjrscmka y k ak sjdurbfkf (krt. ;4) ´ Vcfk pjrscmk tbjmj fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf y k ak sjdurbfkf. Mkfbj pujfj sjr prbvkfc fj su abljrtkf, sbmc ncm ak clsjrvkmnbk fj ac jstklajnbfc jm jstj krtànuac y jm acs nkscs y jm ak ecr`k prjvbstcs jm ak ajy. ´ Ak fjtjmnbþm prjvjmtbvk mc pcfrë furkr `ës fja tbj`pc jstrbntk`jmtj mjnjskrbc pkrk ak rjkabzknbþm fj aks kvjrbduknbcmjs tjmfjmtjs ka jsnakrjnb`bjmtc fj acs ojnocs y, jm tcfc nksc, jm ja pakzc `ëxb`c fj sjtjmtk y fcs ocrks, ja fjtjmbfc fjljrë sjr pujstc jm abljrtkf c k fbspcsbnbþm fj ak kutcrbfkf gufbnbka. ´ Vcfk pjrscmk fjtjmbfk fjlj sjr bmecr`kfk fj ecr`k bm`jfbktk, y fj `cfc quj aj sjk nc`prjmsblaj, fj sus fjrjnocs y fj aks rkzcmjs fj su fjtjmnbþm, mc pufbjmfc sjr clabdkfk k fjnakrkr. ^j dkrkmtbzk ak ksbstjmnbk fj klcdkfc ka fjtjmbfc jm aks fbabdjmnbks pcabnbkajs y gufbnbkajs, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. ´ Ak ajy rjduakrë rjduakrë um prcnjfb`bjmtc prcnjfb`bjmtc fj ‑okljks ‑okljks ncrpus‐ pkrk prcfunbr prcfunbr ak bm`jfbktk bm`jfbktk pujstk k fbspcsbnbþm gufbnbka fj tcfk pjrscmk fjtjmbfk bajdka`jmtj. Ksb`bs`c, pcr ajy sj fjtjr`bmkrë ja pakzc `ëxb`c fj furknbþm fj ak prbsbþm prcvbsbcmka. Ja krt. ;4.6 fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm ok sbfc fjskrrcaakfc pcr ak A.C. 5/;2?6, fj <6 fj `kyc, fj rjduaknbþm fja prcnjfb`bjmtc fj Okljks Ncrpus. - Fjrjnoc ka ocmcr, k ak bmtb`bfkf pjrscmka y ek`babkr y k ak prcpbk b`kdjm (krt. ;?) ´ ^j dkrkmtbzk ja fjrjnoc ka ocmcr, k ak bmtb`bfkf bmtb`bfkf pjrscmka pjrscmka y ek`babkr y k ak prcpbk prcpbk b`kdjm. ´ Ja fc`bnbabc js bmvbcaklaj. Mbmdumk jmtrkfk c rjdbstrc pcfrë oknjrsj jm âa sbm ncmsjmtb`bjmtc fj su tbtuakr c rjscaunbþm gufbnbka, skavc jm nkscs fj eakdrkmtj fjabtc. ´ ^j dkrkmtbzk ja sjnrjtc fj aks nc`umbnknbcmjs y, jm jspjnbka, fj aks pcstkajs, tjajdrëebnks y tjajeþmbnks, skavc rjscaunbþm gufbnbka. ´ Ak ajy ab`btkrë ja usc fj ak bmecr`ëtbnk pkrk dkrkmtbzkr ja ocmcr y ak bmtb`bfkf pjrscmka y ek`babkr fj acs nbufkfkmcs y ja pajmc jgjrnbnbc fj sus fjrjnocs. - Abljrtkf fj rjsbfjmnbk y fj nbrnuaknbþm (krt. ;2) Acs jspkûcajs jspkûcajs tbjmjm fjrjnoc k jajdbr ablrj`jmtj su rjsbfjmnbk y k nbrnuakr pcr ja tjrrbtcrbc mknbcmka. Ksb`bs`c tbjmjm fjrjnoc k jmtrkr y skabr ablrj`jmtj fj Jspkûk, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. Jstj fjrjnoc mc pcfrë sjr ab`btkfc pcr `ctbvcs pcaàtbncs c bfjcaþdbncs. - Abljrtkf fj jxprjsbþm (krt. <8) ^j rjncmcnjm y prctjdjm acs fjrjnocs7 k) K jxprjskr y fbeumfbr ablrj`jmtj acs pjmsk`bjmtcs, bfjks y cpbmbcmjs `jfbkmtj ak pkak lrk, ja jsnrbtc c nukaqubjr ctrc `jfbc fj rjprcfunnbþm. l) K ak prcfunnbþm y nrjknbþm abtjrkrbk, krtàstbnk, nbjmtàebnk nbjmtàebn k y tânmbnk. n) K ak abljrtkf fj nëtjfrk. >8
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
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f) K nc`umbnkr c rjnblbr ablrj`jmtj bmecr`knbþm vjrkz pcr nukaqubjr `jfbc fj fbeusbþm. Ak ajy rjduakrë ja fjrjnoc k ak naëusuak fj ncmnbjmnbk y ka sjnrjtc prcejsbcmka jm ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstks abljrtkfjs. Ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstcs fjrjnocs fjrjnocs mc pujfj rjstrbmdbrsj `jfbkmtj mbmd÷m tbpc fj njmsurk prjvbk. Ak ajy rjduakrë ak crdkmbzknbþm y ja ncmtrca pkrak`jmtkrbc fj acs `jfbcs fj nc`umbnknbþm scnbka fjpjmfbjmtjs fja Jstkfc c fj nukaqubjr jmtj p÷labnc y dkrkmtbzkrë ja knnjsc k fbnocs `jfbcs fj acs drupcs scnbkajs y pcaàtbncs sbdmbebnktbvcs, rjspjtkmfc ja paurkabs`c fj ak scnbjfkf y fj aks fbvjrsks ajmduks fj Jspkûk. Jstks abljrtkfjs tbjmjm su aà`btj jm ja rjspjtc k acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm jstj Vàtuac, Vàtuac, jm acs prjnjptcs fj aks ajyjs quj ac fjskrrcaajm y, jspjnbka`jmtj, jm ja fjrjnoc ka ocmcr, k ak bmtb`bfkf, k ak prcpbk b`kdjm y k ak prctjnnbþm fj ak guvjmtuf y fj ak bmekmnbk. ^þac pcfrë kncrfkrsj ja sjnujstrc sjnujstrc fj pulabnknbcmjs, drklknbcmjs y ctrcs `jfbcs fj bmecr`knbþm jm vbrtuf fj rjscaunbþm gufbnbka. Fjrjnoc fj rjumbþm (krt. <;) ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj rjumbþm pknàebnk y sbm kr`ks. Ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstj fjrjnoc mc mjnjsbtkrë kutcrbzknbþm prjvbk. Jm acs nkscs fj rjumbcmjs jm audkrjs fj fj trëmsbtc p÷labnc y `kmbejstknbcmjs sj fkrë nc`umbnknbþm prjvbk k ak kutcrbfkf, quj sþac pcfrë prcoblbraks nukmfc jxbstkm rkzcmjs eumfkfks fj katjrknbþm fja crfjm p÷labnc, ncm pjabdrc pkrk pjrscmks c lbjmjs. Fjrjnoc fj kscnbknbþm (krt. <<) ´ ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj kscnbknbþm. ´ Aks kscnbknbcmjs quj pjrsbdkm ebmjs c utbabnjm `jfbcs tbpbebnkfcs nc`c fjabtc scm bajdkajs. ´ Aks kscnbknbcmjs ncmstbtubfks ka k`pkrc k`pkrc fj jstj krtànuac fjljrëm bmsnrblbrsj jm um rjdbstrc k acs scacs jejntcs fj pulabnbfkf. ´ Aks kscnbknbcmjs sþac pcfrëm sjr sjr fbsujatks c suspjmfbfks jm sus kntbvbfkfjs jm vbrtuf fj rjscaunbþm gufbnbka `ctbvkfk. ´ ^j prcoàljm aks kscnbknbcmjs sjnrjtks sjnrjtks y aks fj nkrëntjr pkrk`babtkr. Fjrjnoc fj pkrtbnbpknbþm (krt. <>) Acs nbufkfkmcs nbufkfkmcs tbjmjm ja fjrjnoc fjrjnoc k pkrtbnbpkr jm acs ksumtcs ksumtcs p÷labncs, fbrjntk`jmtj c pcr `jfbc fj rjprjsjmtkmtjs, ablrj`jmtj jajdbfcs jm jajnnbcmjs pjrbþfbnks pcr suerkdbc umbvjrska. Ksb`bs`c, tbjmjm fjrjnoc k knnjfjr jm ncmfbnbcmjs fj bdukafkf k aks eumnbcmjs y nkrdcs p÷labncs, ncm acs rjqubsbtcs quj sjûkajm aks ajyjs. Fjrjnoc k ak tutjak gufbnbka (krt. <6) ´ Vcfks aks pjrscmks tbjmjm fjrjnoc k cltjmjr ak tutjak jejntbvk fj acs gujnjs y trblumkajs jm ja jgjrnbnbc fj sus fjrjnocs j bmtjrjsjs ajdàtb`cs, sbm quj, jm mbmd÷m nksc, pujfk prcfunbrsj bmfjejmsbþm.
jfbtcrbka } njp
>;
Vj`k ;
´ Ksb`bs`c, tcfcs tbjmjm fjrjnoc ka Gujz crfbmkrbc prjfjtjr`bmkfc pcr ak ajy, k ak fjejmsk y k ak ksbstjmnbk fj ajtrkfc, k sjr bmecr`kfcs fj ak knusknbþm ecr`uakfk ncmtrk jaacs, k um prcnjsc p÷labnc sbm fbaknbcmjs bmfjlbfks y ncm tcfks aks dkrkmtàks, k utbabzkr acs `jfbcs fj prujlk pjrtbmjmtjs pkrk su fjejmsk, k mc fjnakrkr ncmtrk sà `bs`cs, k mc ncmejskrsj nuapklajs y k ak prjsumnbþm fj bmcnjmnbk. ´ Ak ajy rjduakrë acs nkscs jm quj, pcr rkzþm fj pkrjmtjsnc c fj sjnrjtc prcejsbcmka, mc sj jstkrë clabdkfc k fjnakrkr sclrj ojnocs prjsumtk`jmtj fjabntbvcs. - Xrbmnbpbc fj ajdkabfkf pjmka (krt. <:) ´ Mkfbj pujfj sjr ncmfjmkfc c skmnbcmkfc pcr knnbcmjs u c`bsbcmjs quj jm ja `c`jmtc fj prcfunbrsj mc ncmstbtuykm fjabtc, ekatk c bmerknnbþm kf`bmbstrktbvk, sjd÷m ak ajdbsaknbþm vbdjmtj jm kquja `c`jmtc. ´ Aks pjmks prbvktbvks fj abljrtkf y aks `jfbfks fj sjdurbfkf jstkrëm crbjmtkfks oknbk ak rjjfunknbþm y rjbmsjrnbþm scnbka y mc pcfrëm ncmsbstbr jm trklkgcs ecrzkfcs. Ja ncmfjmkfc k pjmk fj prbsbþm quj jstuvbjrj nu`pabjmfc ak `bs`k dczkrë fj acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs fj jstj Nkpàtuac, k jxnjpnbþm fj acs quj sj vjkm jxprjsk`jmtj ab`btkfcs pcr ja ncmtjmbfc fja ekaac ncmfjmktcrbc, ja sjmtbfc fj ak pjmk y ak ajy pjmbtjmnbkrbk. Jm tcfc nksc, tjmfrë fjrjnoc k um trklkgc rj`umjrkfc y k acs ljmjebnbcs ncrrjspcmfbjmtjs fj ak ^jdurbfkf ^cnbka, ksà nc`c ka knnjsc k ak nuaturk y ka fjskrrcaac bmtjdrka fj su pjrscmkabfkf. ´ Ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm nbvba mc pcfrë b`pcmjr skmnbcmjs quj, fbrjntk fbrjntk c sulsbfbkrbk`jmtj, b`pabqujm prbvknbþm fj abljrtkf. - Xrcoblbnbþm fj acs Vrblumkajs fj Ocmcr (krt. <5) ^j prcoàljm jm ja ë`lbtc fj ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm nbvba y fj aks crdkmbzknbcmjs prcejsbcmkajs. - Fjrjnoc k ak jfunknbþm y abljrtkf fj jmsjûkmzk (krt. <4) ´ Vcfcs tbjmjm ja fjrjnoc fjrjnoc k ak jfunknbþm. ^j rjncmcnj ak abljrtkf fj jmsjûkmzk. ´ Ak jfunknbþm tjmfrë pcr clgjtc ja pajmc fjskrrcaac fj fj ak pjrscmkabfkf ou`kmk jm ja rjspjtc k acs prbmnbpbcs fj`cnrëtbncs fj ncmvbvjmnbk y k acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs eumfk`jmtkajs. ´ Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs dkrkmtbzkm ja fjrjnoc quj ksbstj k acs pkfrjs pkrk quj sus obgcs rjnblkm ak ecr`knbþm rjabdbcsk y `crka quj jstâ fj knujrfc ncm sus prcpbks ncmvbnnbcmjs. ´ Ak jmsjûkmzk lësbnk js clabdktcrbk y drktubtk. ´ Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs dkrkmtbzkm ja fjrjnoc fj tcfcs k ak jfunknbþm, `jfbkmtj umk prcdrk`knbþm djmjrka fj ak jmsjûkmzk, ncm pkrtbnbpknbþm jejntbvk fj tcfcs acs sjntcrjs kejntkfcs y ak nrjknbþm fj njmtrcs fcnjmtjs. ´ ^j rjncmcnj k aks pjrscmks eàsbnks y guràfbnks ak abljrtkf fj nrjknbþm fj njmtrcs fcnjmtjs, fjmtrc fja rjspjtc k acs prbmnbpbcs ncmstbtunbcmkajs.
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jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
´ Acs prcejscrjs, acs pkfrjs y, jm su nksc, acs kau`mcs bmtjrvjmfrëm jm ja ncmtrca y djstbþm fj tcfcs acs njmtrcs scstjmbfcs pcr ak Kf`bmbstrknbþm ncm ecmfcs p÷labncs, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. ´ Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs bmspjnnbcmkrëm y oc`cacdkrëm ja sbstj`k jfunktbvc pkrk pkrk dkrkmtbzkr ja nu`pab`bjmtc fj aks ajyjs. ´ Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs kyufkrëm k acs njmtrcs fcnjmtjs quj rj÷mkm acs rjqubsbtcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. ´ ^j rjncmcnj ak kutcmc`àk fj aks Zmbvjrsbfkfjs, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. - Fjrjnoc fj fj sbmfbnknbþm y fj oujadk (krt.
- Fj nkrëntjr scnbka ´ Vcfcs acs jspkûcajs tbjmjm ja fjljr fj trklkgkr y fjrjnoc ka trklkgc, k ak ablrj jajnnbþm fj prcejsbþm u cebnbc, k ak prc`cnbþm k trkvâs fja trklkgc y k umk rj`umjrknbþm suebnbjmtj pkrk sktbseknjr sus mjnjsbfkfjs y aks fj su ek`babk, sbm quj jm mbmd÷m nksc pujfk oknjrsj fbsnrb`bmknbþm pcr rkzþm fj sjxc (krt. >:). ´ Vcfcs ncmtrblubrëm ka scstjmb`bjmtc fj acs dkstcs p÷labncs p÷labncs fj knujrfc ncm su nkpknbfkf nkpknbfkf jncmþ`bnk `jfbkmtj um sbstj`k trblutkrbc gustc bmspbrkfc jm acs prbmnbpbcs fj bdukafkf y prcdrjsbvbfkf quj, jm mbmd÷m nksc, tjmfrë kankmnj ncmebsnktcrbc (krt. >;). ´ Ak ajy dkrkmtbzkrë ja fjrjnoc k ak mjdcnbknbþm ncajntbvk aklcrka jmtrj acs rjprjsjmtkmtjs fj acs trklkgkfcrjs y j`prjskrbcs, ksà nc`c ak eujrzk vbmnuakmtj fj acs ncmvjmbcs. ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj acs trklkgkfcrjs y j`prjskrbcs k kfcptkr `jfbfks fj ncmeabntc ncajntbvc. Ak ajy quj rjduaj ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstj fjrjnoc, sbm pjrgubnbc fj aks ab`btknbcmjs
jfbtcrbka } njp
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Vj`k ;
quj pujfkm jstklajnjr, bmnaubrë aks dkrkmtàks prjnbsks pkrk ksjdurkr ja eumnbcmk`bjmtc fj acs sjrvbnbcs jsjmnbkajs fj ak nc`umbfkf (krt. >4). ´ ^j rjncmcnj ak abljrtkf fj j`prjsk, jm ja `krnc fj ak jncmc`àk fj `jrnkfc. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs dkrkmtbzkm y prctjdjm su jgjrnbnbc y ak fjejmsk fj ak prcfuntbvbfkf, fj knujrfc ncm aks jxbdjmnbks fj ak jncmc`àk djmjrka y, jm su nksc, fj ak pakmbebnknbþm (krt. >?). - Fj nkrëntjr pjrscmka ´ Ja oc`lrj y ak `ugjr tbjmjm fjrjnoc k ncmtrkjr `ktrb`cmbc ncm pajmk bdukafkf guràfbnk guràfbnk (krt. ><). ´ ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc k ak prcpbjfkf prbvkfk y k ak ojrjmnbk. Ak eumnbþm scnbka fj jstcs fjrjnocs fjab`btkrë su ncmtjmbfc, fj knujrfc ncm aks ajyjs. Mkfbj pcfrë sjr prbvkfc fj sus lbjmjs y fjrjnocs sbmc pcr nkusk gustbebnkfk fj utbabfkf p÷labnk c bmtjrâs scnbka, `jfbkmtj ak ncrrjspcmfbjmtj bmfj`mbzknbþm y fj ncmecr`bfkf ncm ac fbspujstc pcr aks ajyjs (krt. >>). ´ ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj eumfknbþm pkrk ebmjs fj bmtjrâs djmjrka ncm krrjdac krrjdac k ak Ajy (krt. >6). - Fj nkrëntjr djmjrka ´ Fjrjnoc y fjljr fjljr fj fjejmfjr Jspkûk (krt. >8.;)7 ‑Acs jspkûcajs tbjmjm ja fjrjnoc fjrjnoc y ja fjljr fj fjejmfjr k Jspkûk‐. ´ Fjrjnoc k ak clgjnbþm fj ncmnbjmnbk (krt. >8.<)7 ‑Ak ajy ebgkrë aks clabdknbcmjs `babtkrjs fj acs jspkûcajs y rjduakrë, ncm aks fjlbfks dkrkmtàks, ak clgjnbþm fj ncmnbjmnbk, ksà nc`c aks fj`ës nkusks fj jxjmnbþm fja sjrvbnbc `babtkr clabdktcrbc, pufbjmfc b`pcmjr, jm su nksc, umk prjstknbþm scnbka sustbtutcrbk‐. ´ Fjljrjs jm nksc fj rbjsdc, rbjsdc, nktëstrcej c nkak`bfkf p÷labnk (krt. >8.6)7 ‑@jfbkmtj ‑@jfbkmtj ajy pcfrëm rjduakrsj acs fjljrjs fj acs nbufkfkmcs jm acs nkscs fj drkvj rbjsdc, nktëstrcej c nkak`bfkf p÷labnk‐.
FJ\JNOC^ R FJLJ\J^ FJ AC^ NBZFKFKMC^ - Fj nkrëntjr scnbka - Fj nkrëntjr pjrscmka - Fj nkrëntjr djmjrka
>6
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
FJ\JNOC^ EZMFK@JMVKAJ^ R ABLJ\VKFJ^ X×LABNK^ - Fjrjnoc k ak vbfk - Abljrtkf fj rjsbfjmnbk y nbrnuaknbþm - Fjrjnoc fj rjumbþm - Xrbmnbpbc fj ajdkabfkf pjmka - Fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf pjrscmka y k ak sjdurbfkf - Fjrjnoc fj pkrtbnbpknbþm - Fjrjnoc k ak jfunknbþm y abljrtkf fj jmsjûkmzk jmsjûkmzk - Fjrjnoc fj sbmfbnknbþm y oujadk - Abljrtkf fj jxprjsbþm - Abljrtkf bfjcaþdbnk, rjabdbcsk rjabdbcsk y fj nuatc - Fjrjnoc fj kscnbknbþm - Fjrjnoc k ak tutjak gufbnbka - Xrcoblbnbþm fj acs Vrblumkajs fj Ocmcr - Fjrjnoc fj pjtbnbþm - Fjrjnoc ka ocmcr, k ak bmtb`bfkf pjrscmka y ek`babkr y k ak prcpbk b`kdjm
• Xrbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk (Nkpàtuac tjrnjrc) Xrctjnnbþm k ak ek`babk y k ak bmekmnbk (krt. >2)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs ksjdurkm ak prctjnnbþm scnbka, jncmþ`bnk y guràfbnk fj ak ek`babk. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs ksjdurkm, ksb`bs`c, ak prctjnnbþm bmtjdrka fj acs obgcs, bdukajs âstcs kmtj ak ajy ncm bmfjpjmfjmnbk fj su ebabknbþm, y fj aks `kfrjs, nukaqubjrk quj sjk su jstkfc nbvba. Ak ajy pcsblbabtkrë ak bmvjstbdknbþm fj ak pktjrmbfkf. Acs pkfrjs fjljm prjstkr ksbstjmnbk fj tcfc crfjm k acs obgcs oklbfcs fjmtrc c eujrk fja `ktrb`cmbc, furkmtj su `bmcràk fj jfkf y jm acs fj`ës nkscs jm quj ajdka`jmtj prcnjfk. Acs mbûcs dczkrëm fj ak prctjnnbþm prjvbstk jm acs knujrfcs bmtjrmknbcmkajs quj vjakm pcr sus fjrjnocs. Xrcdrjsc scnbka y jncmþ`bnc. Xcaàtbnk aklcrka (krt. 68)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm aks ncmfbnbcmjs ekvcrklajs pkrk ja prcdrjsc scnbka y jncmþ`bnc y pkrk umk fbstrblunbþm fj ak rjmtk rjdbcmka y pjrscmka `ës jqubtktbvk, jm ja `krnc fj umk pcaàtbnk fj jstklbabfkf jncmþ`bnk. Fj `kmjrk jspjnbka rjkabzkrëm umk pcaàtbnk crbjmtkfk ka pajmc j`pajc. Ksb`bs`c, acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs ec`jmtkrëm umk pcaàtbnk quj dkrkmtbnj ak ecr`knbþm y rjkfkptknbþm prcejsbcmkajs9 vjakrëm pcr ak sjdurbfkf j obdbjmj jm ja trklkgc y dkrkmtbzkrëm
jfbtcrbka } njp
>:
Vj`k ;
ja fjsnkmsc mjnjskrbc, `jfbkmtj ak ab`btknbþm fj ak gcrmkfk aklcrka, aks vknknbcmjs pjrbþfbnks rjtrblubfks y ak prc`cnbþm fj njmtrcs kfjnukfcs. \âdb`jm p÷labnc fj ^jdurbfkf ^cnbka (krt. 6;)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs `kmtjmfrëm um râdb`jm p÷labnc fj ^jdurbfkf ^cnbka pkrk tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs quj dkrkmtbnj ak ksbstjmnbk y prjstknbcmjs scnbkajs suebnbjmtjs kmtj sbtuknbcmjs fj mjnjsbfkf, jspjnbka`jmtj jm nksc fj fjsj`pajc. Ak ksbstjmnbk y prjstknbcmjs nc`paj`jmtkrbks sjrëm ablrjs. Fjrjnocs fj acs j`bdrkmtjs (krt. 6<)
Ja Jstkfc vjakrë jspjnbka`jmtj pcr ak skavkdukrfbk fj acs fjrjnocs jncmþ`bncs y scnbkajs fj acs trklkgkfcrjs jspkûcajs jm ja jxtrkmgjrc y crbjmtkrë su pcaàtbnk oknbk su rjtcrmc. Xrctjnnbþm fj ak skauf y ec`jmtc fja fjpcrtj (krt. 6>)
^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc k ak prctjnnbþm fj ak skauf. Nc`pjtj k acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs crdkmbzkr y tutjakr ak skauf p÷labnk k trkvâs fj `jfbfks prjvjmtbvks y fj aks prjstknbcmjs y sjrvbnbcs mjnjskrbcs. Ak ajy jstklajnjrë acs fjrjnocs y fjljrjs fj tcfcs ka rjspjntc. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs ec`jmtkrëm ak jfunknbþm skmbtkrbk, ak jfunknbþm eàsbnk y ja fjpcrtj. Ksb`bs`c eknbabtkrëm ak kfjnukfk utbabzknbþm fja cnbc. Xrc`cnbþm fj ak nuaturk, ak nbjmnbk y ak bmvjstbdknbþm (krt. 66)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm y tutjakrëm ja knnjsc k ak nuaturk, k ak quj tcfcs tbjmjm fjrjnoc. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm ak nbjmnbk y ak bmvjstbdknbþm nbjmtàebnk y tânmbnk jm ljmjebnbc fja bmtjrâs djmjrka. Fjrjnoc k fbserutkr fja `jfbc k`lbjmtj y k ak nkabfkf fj vbfk (krt. 6:)
Vcfcs tbjmjm ja fjrjnoc k fbserutkr fj um `jfbc k`lbjmtj kfjnukfc pkrk ja fjskrrcaac fj ak pjrscmk, ksà nc`c ja fjljr fj ncmsjrvkrac. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs vjakrëm pcr ak utbabzknbþm rknbcmka fj tcfcs acs rjnurscs mkturkajs, ncm ja ebm fj prctjdjr y `jgcrkr ak nkabfkf fj ak vbfk y fjejmfjr y rjstkurkr ja `jfbc k`lbjmtj, kpcyëmfcsj jm ak bmfbspjmsklaj scabfkrbfkf ncajntbvk. Xkrk qubjmjs vbcajm ac fbspujstc jm ja kpkrtkfc kmtjrbcr, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy ebgj sj jstk lajnjrëm skmnbcmjs pjmkajs c, jm su nksc, kf`bmbstrktbvks, ksà nc`c ak clabdknbþm fj rjpkrkr rj pkrkr ja fkûc nkuskfc. Ncmsjrvknbþm y prc`cnbþm fja pktrb`cmbc obstþrbnc, nuaturka y krtàstbnc (krt. 65)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs dkrkmtbzkrëm ak ncmsjrvknbþm y prc`cvjrëm ja jmrbqujnb`bjmtc fja pktrb`cmbc obstþrbnc, nuaturka y krtàstbnc fj acs pujlacs fj Jspkûk y fj acs lbjmjs quj ac bmtjdrkm, nukaqubjrk quj sjk su râdb`jm guràfbnc y su tbtuakrbfkf. Ak ajy pjmka skmnbcmkrë acs ktjmtkfcs ncmtrk jstj pktrb`cmbc. >5
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
Fjrjnoc k umk vbvbjmfk fbdmk y kfjnukfk (krt. 64)
Vcfcs acs jspkûcajs tbjmjm fjrjnoc k fbserutkr fj umk vbvbjmfk fbdmk y kfjnukfk. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm aks ncmfbnbcmjs mjnjskrbks y jstklajnjrëm aks mcr`ks pjrtbmjmtjs pkrk oknjr jejntbvc jstj fjrjnoc, rjduakmfc ak utbabzknbþm fja sujac fj knujrfc ncm ja bmtjrâs djmjrka pkrk b`pjfbr ak jspjnuaknbþm. Ak nc`umbfkf pkrtbnbpkrë jm aks pausvkaàks quj djmjrj ak knnbþm urlkmàstbnk fj acs jmtjs p÷labncs. Xrc`cnbþm fj ak pkrtbnbpknbþm fj ak guvjmtuf (krt. 6?)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm aks ncmfbnbcmjs pkrk ak pkrtbnbpknbþm ablrj y jebnkz fj ak guvjmtuf jm ja fjskrrcaac pcaàtbnc, scnbka, jncmþ`bnc y nuaturka. Xrctjnnbþm fj acs fbs`bmubfcs eàsbncs, psàqubncs y sjmscrbkajs (krt. 62)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs rjkabzkrëm umk pcaàtbnk fj prjvbsbþm, trktk`bjmtc, rjoklbabtknbþm j bmtjdrknbþm fj acs fbs`bmubfcs eàsbncs, sjmscrbkajs y psàqubncs, k acs quj prjstkrëm ak ktjmnbþm jspjnbkabzkfk quj rjqubjrkm y acs k`pkrkrëm jspjnbka`jmtj pkrk ja fbserutj fj acs fjrjnocs quj jstj Vàtuac ctcrdk k tcfcs acs nbufkfkmcs. Xrctjnnbþm fj ak tjrnjrk jfkf (krt. :8)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs dkrkmtbzkrëm, `jfbkmtj pjmsbcmjs kfjnukfks y pjrbþfbnk`jmtj kntukabzkfks, ak suebnbjmnbk jncmþ`bnk k acs nbufkfkmcs furkmtj ak tjrnjrk jfkf. Ksb`bs`c, y ncm bmfjpjmfjmnbk fj aks clabdknbcmjs ek`babkrjs, prc`cvjrëm su lbjmjstkr `jfbkmtj um sbstj`k fj sjrvbnbcs scnbkajs quj ktjmfjrëm sus prclaj`ks jspjnàebncs fj skauf, vbvbjmfk, nuaturk y cnbc. Fjejmsk fj acs ncmsu`bfcrjs y usukrbcs (krt. :;)
Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs dkrkmtbzkrëm ak fjejmsk fj acs ncmsu`bfcrjs y usukrbcs, prctjdbjmfc, `jfbkmtj prcnjfb`bjmtcs jebnknjs, ak sjdurbfkf, ak skauf y acs ajdàtb`cs bmtjrjsjs jncmþ`bncs fj acs `bs`cs. Acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs prc`cvjrëm ak bmecr`knbþm y ak jfunknbþm fj acs ncmsu`bfcrjs y usukrbcs, ec`jmtkrëm sus crdkmbzknbcmjs y cbrëm k âstks jm aks nujstbcmjs quj pujfkm kejntkr k kquâaacs, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. Jm ja `krnc fj ac fbspujstc pcr acs kpkrtkfcs kmtjrbcrjs, ak ajy rjduakrë ja nc`jrnbc bmtjrbcr y ja râdb`jm fj kutcrbzknbþm fj prcfuntcs nc`jrnbkajs. Crdkmbzknbcmjs prcejsbcmkajs (krt. :<)
Ak ajy rjduakrë aks crdkmbzknbcmjs prcejsbcmkajs quj ncmtrbluykm k ak fjejmsk fj acs bmtjrjsjs jncmþ`bncs quj ajs sjkm prcpbcs. ^u jstrunturk bmtjrmk y eumnbcmk`bjmtc fjljrëm sjr fj`cnrëtbncs.
jfbtcrbka } njp
>4
Vj`k ;
f. Dkrkmtàks y suspjmsbþm • Dkrkmtàks fj aks abljrtkfjs y fjrjnocs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs eumfk`jmtkajs Djmjrkabfkfjs
Ak Ncmstbtunbþm jspkûcak mc sj ab`btk jm su Vàtuac B k rjncmcnjr umk sjrbj fj fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs pjrscmkajs, p÷labncs y jncmþ`bnc-scnbkajs, sbmc quj kfj`ës jstklajnj umk sjrbj fj `jnkmbs`cs fbrbdbfcs k dkrkmtbzkr ja rjspjtc fj jstcs fjrjnocs, tkmtc pcr pkrtj fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs nc`c pcr pkrtj fj acs fj`ës nbufkfkmcs. Ak Ncmstbtunbþm oknj umk fbstbmnbþm jmtrj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs eumfk`jmtkajs (ecr`kfcs lësbnk`jmtj pcr acs fjrjnocs pjrscmkajs y acs nàvbnc-pcaàtbncs) nàvbnc- pcaàtbncs) y acs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk (jmtrj acs quj ebdurkm ak `kycràk fj acs fjrjnocs jncmþ`bncs y scnbkajs). Xrctjnnbþm fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs
Ak Ncmstbtunbþm, jm su krt. :>, fbsjûk acs sbdubjmtjs prcnjfb`bjmtcs fj prctjnnbþm7 k) \jduaknbþm pcr ajy Acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs rjncmcnbfcs jm ja Nkpàtuac sjdumfc fja Vàtuac B (krts. ;6 k >?, >?, k`lcs bmnausbvj) vbmnuakm k tcfcs acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs. ^þac pcr ajy, quj jm ja nksc fj acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm acs krts. ;: k <2 tjmfrë nkrëntjr fj ajy crdëmbnk, pcfrë rjduakrsj ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstcs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs, quj jm tcfc nksc fjljrë rjspjtkr su ncmtjmbfc jsjmnbka. l) Ncmtrca fj ncmstbtunbcmkabfkf fj aks ajyjs Vcfcs acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm ja Nkpàtuac sjdumfc fja Vàtuac Vàtuac B (krts. ;6 k >? >? bmnausbvj) jstëm prctjdbfcs gurbsfbnnbcmka`jmtj pcr fcs vàks7 ´ \jnursc fj bmncmstbtunbcmk bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf, abfkf, pakmtjkfc fbrjntk`jmtj ka Vrblumka Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka, Ncmstbtunbcmka, ncmtrk ajyjs y fbspcsbnbcmjs mcr`ktbvks ncm eujrzk fj ajy. ´ Nujstbþm fj fj bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf, bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf, pakmtjkfk pakmtjkfk kmtj ja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka, Ncmstbtunbcmka, prjvbk kprjnbknbþm fj ak bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf pcr ak gurbsfbnnbþm crfbmkrbk. n) \jnursc fj k`pkrc Xcr vbcaknbþm fj acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs (^jnnbþm ;ª fja Nkpàtuac ^jdumfc7 krts. ;: k <2), fja fjrjnoc k ak bdukafkf (krt. ;6) y fja fjrjnoc k ak clgjnbþm fj ncmnbjmnbk (krt. >8.<), sj pcfrë bmtjrpcmjr kmtj ja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka rjnursc fj k`pkrc, pufbâmfcac bmtjrpcmjr tcfk pjrscmk mkturka c guràfbnk quj bmvcquj um bmtjrâs ajdàtb`c, ksà nc`c ja Fjejmscr fja Xujlac y ja @bmbstjrbc Ebsnka (krt. ;5< fj ak NJ). f) Xrcnjfb`bjmtc prjejrjmtj y su`krbc Acs `bs`cs fjrjnocs nbtkfcs jm ja kpkrtkfc kmtjrbcr jstëm prctjdbfcs kmtj umk pcsblaj vbcaknbþm fj acs `bs`cs. Ksà ja krt. :>.< jstklajnj quj nukaqubjr nbufkfkmc pcfrë rjnklkr ak tutjak fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs rjncdbfcs jm acs krts. ;6 k <2 kmtj acs Vrblumkajs crfbmkrbcs, pcr um prcnjfb`bjmtc lkskfc jm acs prbmnbpbcs fj prjejrjmnbk y su`krbjfkf. >?
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
\jspjntc ka krt >8.< fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm, sb lbjm ja krt. :>.< mc bmnauyj ja fjrjnoc k ak clgjnbþm fj ncmnbjmnbk fjmtrc fja ë`lbtc fja prcnjfb`bjmtc prjejrjmtj y su`krbc, ak Ajy Crdëmbnk ?/;2?6, fj <5 fj fbnbj`lrj, prjvâ quj acs rjnurscs gurbsfbnnbcmkajs krtbnuakfcs ncmtrk aks rjscaunbcmjs fja Ncmsjgc Mknbcmka fj ak Clgjnbþm fj Ncmnbjmnbk quj fjmbjdujm ja rjncmcnb`bjmtc fj jstj fjrjnoc, sjkm sustkmnbkfcs pcr ak vàk fja prcnjfb`bjmtc knjajrkfc fj prctjnnbþm fj acs fjrjnocs eumfk`jmtkajs. Ncmtrk aks rjscaunbcmjs gufbnbkajs gufbnbkajs rjnkàfks jm acs prcnjfb`bjmtcs sjûkakfcs pcfrë bmtjrpcmjrsj rjnursc fj k`pkrc kmtj ja Vrblumka Ncmstbtunbcmka. Xrctjnnbþm fj acs fjrjnocs jncmþ`bnc-scnbkajs
Ak prctjnnbþm fj jstcs fjrjnocs quj jstëm ncmtjmbfcs jm ja Nkpàtuac tjrnjrc fja Vàtuac B (Fj acs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk) js `unoc `ës fâlba, yk quj ja krt. :>.> fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm fjtjr`bmk quj, kumquj ja rjncmcnb`bjmtc, rjspjtc y prctjnnbþm fj fbnocs fjrjnocs bmecr`krë ak ajdbsaknbþm pcsbtbvk, ak prëntbnk gufbnbka y ak kntuknbþm fj acs pcfjrjs p÷labncs, acs `bs`cs sþac pcfrëm sjr kajdkfcs kmtj ak gurbsfbnnbþm crfbmkrbk fj knujrfc ncm ac quj fbspcmdkm aks ajyjs quj acs fjskrrcaajm. Âstks fjljrëm kgustkrsj ka ncmtjmbfc ncmstbtunbcmka fj acs rjejrbfcs prbmnbpbcs rjntcrjs fj ak pcaàtbnk scnbka y jncmþ`bnk, yk quj jm nksc ncmtrkrbc nklràk ncmtrk fbnoks ajyjs rjnursc fj bmncmstbtunbcmkabfkf, fj ncmecr`bfkf ncm ja krt. ;5;.k) fj ak Ncmstbtunbþm. • ^uspjmsbþm fj acs fjrjnocs
^Z^XJM^BÞM FJ AC^ FJ\JNOC^ R ABLJ\VKFJ^ DJMJ\KA - Jstkfc fj kakr`k - Jstkfc fj jxnjpnbþm - Jstkfc fj sbtbc BMFBUBFZKA
Fj ecr`k djmjrka (krt. ::.;)
Nukmfc sj knujrfj ak fjnakrknbþm fj acs jstkfcs fj jxnjpnbþm c fj sbtbc, pcfrëm sjr suspjmfbfcs acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm acs krtànuacs sbdubjmtjs7 - Krtànuac ;4 ;) Vcfk pjrscmk tbjmj fjrjnoc k ak abljrtkf y k ak sjdurbfkf. Mkfbj pujfj sjr prbvkfc fj su abljrtkf sbmc ncm ak clsjrvkmnbk fja ncmtjmbfc fj jstj krtànuac y jm acs nkscs y ecr`ks prjvbstcs jm ak ajy. <) Ak fjtjmnbþm prjvjmtbvk mc pcfrë furkr `ës fja tbj`pc jstrbntk`jmtj mjnjskrbc pkrk ak rjkabzknbþm fj aks kvjrbduknbcmjs tjmfjmtjs ka jsnakrjnb`bjmtc fj acs ojnocs y, jm jfbtcrbka } njp
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tcfc nksc, jm ja pakzc `ëxb`c fj 4< ocrks, ja fjtjmbfc fjljrë sjr pujstc jm abljrtkf c k fbspcsbnbþm fj ak kutcrbfkf gufbnbka. >) Vcfk pjrscmk fjtjmbfk fjlj sjr bmecr`kfk fj ecr`k bm`jfbktk, y fj `cfc quj aj sjk nc`prjmsblaj, fj sus fjrjnocs y fj aks rkzcmjs fj su fjtjmnbþm, mc pufbjmfc sjr clabdkfk k fjnakrkr. ^j dkrkmtbzk ak ksbstjmnbk fj klcdkfc ka fjtjmbfc jm aks fbabdjmnbks pcabnbkajs y gufbnbkajs, jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. Acs fjrjnocs fjrjnocs ncmtjmbfcs jm ja kpkrtkfc > fj jstj krtànuac ;4 sþac sj pcfrëm suspjmfjr nukmfc sj fjnakrj ja jstkfc fj sbtbc9 mc sj suspjmfjm, pcr tkmtc, nukmfc sj fjnakrj ja jstkfc fj jxnjpnbþm. 6) Ak ajy rjduakrë um prcnjfb`bjmtc fj ‑okljks ncrpus‐ pkrk prcfunbr ak bm`jfbktk pujstk k fbspcsbnbþm gufbnbka fj tcfk pjrscmk fjtjmbfk bajdka`jmtj. Ksb`bs`c, pcr ajy sj fjtjr`bmkrë ja pakzc `ëxb`c fj furknbþm fj ak prbsbþm prcvbsbcmka. Krtànuac ;?, kpkrtkfcs < y > <) Ja fc`bnbabc js bmvbcaklaj. Mbmdumk jmtrkfk c rjdbstrc pcfrë oknjrsj jm âa sbm ncmsjmtb`bjmtc fja tbtuakr c rjscaunbþm gufbnbka, skavc jm nksc fj eakdrkmtj fjabtc. >) ^j dkrkmtbzk ja sjnrjtc fj aks nc`umbnknbcmjs y, jm jspjnbka, fj aks pcstkajs, tjajdrëebnks y tjajeþmbnks, skavc rjscaunbþm gufbnbka. Krtànuac ;2 Acs jspkûcajs jspkûcajs tbjmjm fjrjnoc k jajdbr ablrj`jmtj su rjsbfjmnbk y k nbrnuakr pcr ja tjrrbtcrbc mknbcmka. Ksb`bs`c, tbjmjm fjrjnoc k jmtrkr y skabr ablrj`jmtj fj Jspkûk jm acs târ`bmcs quj ak ajy jstklajznk. Jstj fjrjnoc mc pcfrë sjr ab`btkfc pcr `ctbvcs pcaàtbncs c bfjcaþdbncs. Krtànuac <8, kpkrtkfcs ;. k) y f), y : k) ^j rjncmcnj y prctjdj ja fjrjnoc k jxprjskr y fbeumfbr ablrj`jmtj acs pjmsk`bjmtcs, bfjks y cpbmbcmjs `jfbkmtj ak pkaklrk, ja jsnrbtc c nukaqubjr ctrc `jfbc fj rjprcfunnbþm. f) ^j rjncmcnj y prctjdj ja fjrjnoc k nc`umbnkr c rjnblbr ablrj`jmtj bmecr`knbþm vjrkz pcr nukaqubjr `jfbc fj fbeusbþm. Ak ajy rjduakrë ja fjrjnoc k ak naëusuak fj ncmnbjmnbk y ka sjnrjtc prcejsbcmka jm ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstks abljrtkfjs. :) ^þac pcfrë kncrfkrsj ja sjnujstrc fj pulabnknbcmjs, drklknbcmjs y ctrcs `jfbcs fj bmecr`knbþm jm vbrtuf fj rjscaunbþm gufbnbka. Krtànuac <; ;) ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj rjumbþm pknàebnk y sbm kr`ks. Ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstj fjrjnoc mc mjnjsbtkrë kutcrbzknbþm prjvbk. <) Jm acs nkscs fj rjumbcmjs jm audkrjs fj trëmsbtc p÷labnc y `kmbejstknbcmjs sj fkrë nc`umbnknbþm prjvbk k ak kutcrbfkf, quj sþac pcfrë prcoblbraks nukmfc jxbstkm rkzcmjs eumfkfks fj katjrknbþm fj crfjm p÷labnc, ncm pjabdrc pkrk pjrscmks c lbjmjs. lbjm js.
jfbtcrbka } njp
Ncmstbtunbþm Jspkûcak fj ;24?
- Krtànuac 4, kpkrtkfc < <) ^j rjncmcnj ja fjrjnoc fj acs trklkgkfcrjs y j`prjskrbcs k kfcptkr `jfbfks fj ncmeabntc ncajntbvc. Ak ajy quj rjduaj ja jgjrnbnbc fj jstj fjrjnoc, sbm pjrgubnbc fj aks ab`btknbcmjs quj pujfk jstklajnjr, bmnaubrë aks dkrkmtàks prjnbsks pkrk ksjdurkr ja eumnbcmk`bjmtc fj acs sjrvbnbcs jsjmnbkajs fj ak nc`umbfkf. Fj ecr`k bmfbvbfuka (krt. ::.<)
Zmk ajy crdëmbnk pcfrë fjtjr`bmkr ak ecr`k y acs nkscs jm acs quj, fj ecr`k bmfbvbfuka y ncm ak mjnjskrbk bmtjrvjmnbþm gufbnbka y ja kfjnukfc ncmtrca pkrak`jmtkrbc, acs fjrjnocs rjncmcnbfcs jm ja krtànuac ;4 kpkrtkfc < (fjtjmnbþm prjvjmtbvk) y jm ja krtànuac ;? kpkrtkfcs < y > (bmvbcaklbabfkf fja fc`bnbabc y sjnrjtc fj aks nc`umbnknbcmjs), pcfrëm sjr suspjmfbfcs pkrk pjrscmks fjtjr`bmkfks, jm rjaknbþm ncm aks bmvjstbdknbcmjs ncrrjspcmfbjmtjs k ak kntuknbþm fj lkmfks kr`kfks c jaj`jmtcs tjrrcrbstks. Ak utbabzknbþm bmgustbebnkfk c klusbvk fj aks eknuatkfjs rjncmcnbfks jm fbnok ajy crdëmbnk prcfunbrë rjspcmsklbabfkf pjmka, nc`c vbcaknbþm fj acs fjrjnocs y abljrtkfjs rjncmcnbfcs pcr aks ajyjs.
jfbtcrbka } njp
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