]alg
;
AF K@^K K@^KI@. I@. KG^ KG^GK] GK]A^B A^B[]B []BKG[ KG[.. GUFBK GUFBKGKB GKB@CA @CA[. [. @^B @^BJAC JAC.. MA[K@ MA[K@^KI ^KIA. A. UGCG[ UGC G[ MA K@^K K@^KI@ I@.. MBLAC MBLAC[B [B@CA @CA[[
7. BC]^@ BC]^@MQKKBÛ MQKKBÛC C >. KG^GK KG^GK]A^Ì[] ]A^Ì[]BKG[ BKG[ ;. GUFBK GUFBKGKB@C GKB@CA[ A[ =. @^ @^BJ BJAC AC 1. MA[ MA[K@^ K@^KIA KIA 8. UGCG UGCG[ [ MA K@^KI K@^KI@ @ :. MBL MBLAC[ AC[B@C B@CA[ A[ 9. JQBÛC ^A[QL ^A[QLAC AC 2. NBN NBNFB@ FB@J^G J^GHÌG HÌG
kap ambt`rbgf }
12
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra
7.
BC]^@MQKKBÛC
Af k`rki` pr`vbaca ma fg k`rtazg ma fg ackbcg y, hucmglactgflacta, maf gfk`rc`qua, p`r aff`, ac asta talg vgl`s g kactrgr cuastrg gtackbûc ac affg. K`rki` sarìg af taobm` vajatgf k`cstbtubm` p`r kâfufgs ac fgs qua fg kafuf`sg ma su lalnrgcg suhra ucg trgcsh`rlgkbûc quìlbkg quamgcm` k`cvartbmg ac sunarbcg. [a ackuactrg ac fg z`cg parbhârbkg maf tr`ck`, ma fgs rglgs y ma fgs rgìkas, jacargflacta ac h`rlg ma fçlbcgs mafjgmgs, pumbacm` tacar uc masgrr`ff` axtrg`rmbcgrb` igstg h`rlgr kgpgs ma vgrb`s kactìlatr`s ma aspas`r, k`l` sukama ac fg k`rtazg maf gfk`rc`qua. G k`ctbcugkbûc, vgl`s g mgr gfjuc`s mgt`s s`nra af gfk`rc`qua? F`s hrut`s maf gfk`rc`qua s`c luy gprakbgm`s pgrg fg gfblactgkbûc maf jgcgm`, yg qua, gf k`ctrgrb` qua f`s ma fg ackbcg, lgmurgc ma h`rlg askgf`cgmg g f` fgrj` maf `t`÷` y af bcvbarc`. Fg k`rtazg sunar`sg maf gfk`rc`qua tbaca fg lbsbûc cgturgf ma pr`tajarf` hracta g f`s bckacmb`s. Gf qualgrsa, fg pgrta bctarcg ma fg k`rkig sa kbarrg k`c af kgf`r y avbtg fg actrgmg ma `xìjac` y fg k`lnustbûc, pr`tajbacm` g fgs pgrtas bctarcgs maf çrn`f y ranr`tgcm` ac fg sbjubacta astgkbûc. Gktugflacta, af k`rki` as af prbckbpgf gpr`vakiglbact` maf gfk`rc`qua, k`c lÿftbpfas gpfbkgkb`cas. Gmalçs, fg kgskg as luy rbkg ac tgcbc`s, p`r f` kugf ig sbm` utbfbzgm` k`l` gstrbcjacta, y s`nra t`m` pgrg kurtbr pbafas. Fg lgmarg as pgrm`-r`obzg, luy murg y pasgmg, k`c rgmb`s gcki`s y lgrkgm`s. As brrajufgr y ma hçkbf gjrbatglbact` gjrbatg lbact` ac af sakgm`, sakgm`, usçcm`sa usçcm`sa pgrg pgrg igkar iarrglbactg iarrglbactgs, s, paqua÷gs paqua÷gs alngrkg alngrkgkb`cas, kb`cas, kgrratarìg kgrratarìg,, pgrquâs, atkâtarg. Ur`p`rkb`cg fa÷g y kgrnûc axkafactas. U`r f` qua raspaktg g fg mbstrbnukbûc ja`jrçhbkg maf gfk`rc`qua, fg mbstrbnukbûc lucmbgf sa fblbtg g fg pgrta `kkbmactgf maf Lambtarrçca`, ffajgcm` g fgs k`stgs maf Gtfçctbk`. Fg suparhbkba lucmbgf gpr`xblgmg ma gfk`rc`kgf suparg f`s >,1 lbff`cas ma iaktçrags.
Ugìs U`rtujgf
[uparhbkba Iaktçrags
985.555 :>1.555 ==5.555 ;:1.555 7==.555 (sbc k`chbrlgr) 22.555 ==.555
Aspg÷g Grjafbg Lgrruak`s Btgfbg ]ÿcaz Hrgckbg ]`tgf
>.89:.555
* Huacta Huacta?? Bpr`k` Bpr`k`r r
K`l` sa puama gmvartbr, lçs ma fg lbtgm ma f`s gfk`rc`kgfas sa ackuactrgc ac fg Uacìcsufg Bnârbkg, y prçktbkglacta af rast` ac f`s pgìsas maf Lgjran, k`c çrags ma lac`r blp`rtgckbg ac af surasta y sur`asta ma Hrgckbg y ac Btgfbg. [a bckfuyac ac ast`s ÿftbl`s pgìsas f`s blp`rtgctas gfk`rc`kgfas ma Kûrkajg, Karma÷g y [bkbfbg. Ac fg Uacìcsufg Bnârbkg, gpgraka ac U`rtujgf, y ac t`m` af sur`asta aspg÷`f, k`c `trg z`cg blp`rtgcta ac fg pr`vbckbg ma Jar`cg y pgrta ma Ngrkaf`cg, y lgsgs gbsfgmgs qua gpgrakac ac af sur ma Jgfbkbg, Gsturbgs, [gctgcmar, Ausdgmb, _grgj`zg, Kgstaffûc, Lurkbg, Lac`rkg, [gfglgckg, atkâtarg, bcmbkgcm` ucg lgy`r mbstrbnukbûc ac `tr`s tbalp`s lçs iÿlam`s y kçfbm`s. Fg suparhbkba sa mbstrbnuya gpr`xblgmglacta k`l` sbjua (Bcstbtut` K.L.K., 7222)?
85
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B K`luc K`l ucbmg bmgm m Gutû Gutûc`l c`lg g
[upa [u parhb rhbkb kbas as ac ia iaktç ktçra rags gs
Gcmgfukìg
;15.555 iaktçrags
Axtralgmurg
>15.555 iaktçrags
Kgtgfu÷g
:1.555 iaktçrags
@trgs
15.555 iaktçrags
Af k`rki` sa axtrga maf gfk`rc`qua, çrn`f luy prûxbl` g fg ackbcg, k`c af tr`ck` y fgs rglgs kunbartgs p`r ucg k`rtazg ma actra 75 y 71 kactìlatr`s ma aspas`r qua k`cstbtuya af k`rki`. Fg lgmarg ma asta çrn`f as murg, pasgmg y huarta4 kgrgktaras pgrakbm`s g f`s qua prasactg fg ackbcg. Igstg igka p`k`s g÷`s astg lgmarg arg usgmg pgrg kgrratarìg, pgrg fa÷g y kgrnûc, par` bcharb`r g fg ackbcg k`l` k`lnustbnfa. [a k`lbaczg g mask`rtazgr af gfk`rc`qua kugcm` gfkgczg ucg kbrkucharackbg ma ;1 kl ma kbrkucharackbg g 7 latr` ma gfturg maf suaf`. Af prblar` k`rki` (k`rki` n`rcbz`) c` as gpr`pbgm` pgrg tgp`cas, par` sì f`s sbjubactas (k`rki`s sajucmar`s). Fg âp`kg gpr`pbgmg pgrg sgkgr af k`rki` as fg prblgvarg, puast` qua as kugcm` sa maspracma y sakg k`c lgy`r hgkbfbmgm. Af jr`s`r maf k`rki` sa lbma gtrgvasçcm`f` k`c uc puczûc jrgmugm` ac lbfìlatr`s.
>.
KG^GK]A^Ì[]BKG[
]`mgs fgs kgrgktarìstbkgs maf k`rki` ghaktgc g fg kgfbmgm ma âsta. Fg kgfbmgm ma uc pr`mukt` puama actacmarsa k`l` af jrgm` ma sgtbshgkkbûc kunbart` p`r âsta hracta g ucgs kbartgs axbjackbgs. Fg utbfbmgm prbckbpgf maf k`rki` as, sbc fujgr g mumgs, fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgpûc pgrg n`taffgs ma vbc`. Gsì, sa puama makbr qua ucg pfgckig ma k`rki` `ntacbmg ac af kglp` as ma nuacg kgfbmgm kugcm` ma affg sa puama `ntacar ac jrgc kgctbmgm nuac`s tgp`cas ma vbc`, ma lgcarg qua q ua af masparmbkb` sag lìcbl`. Af rast` ma fgs lÿftbpfas gpfbkgkb`cas maf k`rki` sa ackuactrgc ac uc pgpaf sakucmgrb` k`c raspakt` gf tgpûc. Af k`rki` as uc afalact` cgturgf luy iatar`jâca` ac sus kgrgktarìstbkgs, sb sa fa k`lpgrg k`c `tr`s prapgrgm`s bcmustrbgfas grtbhbkbgfas, sbacm` nuacg pgrta ma âf bcÿtbf pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc maf tbp` ma tgpûc qua fg s`kbamgm gktugf malgcmg. U`r tgct`, as cakasgrb` igkar ucg mbstbckbûc actra af gpt` y af c` gpt` pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgp`cas, par` suskaptbnfa ma `tr`s us`s. Gmalçs, mactr` ma f`s ÿtbfas as cakasgrb` mbstbcjubr mbharactas kgfbmgmas, puas axbstac jrgcmas mbharackbgs ma prakb` actra f`s tgp`cas ma gftg kgfbmgm y f`s ma kgfbmgmas bcharb`ras. @tr` hgkt`r g tacar ac kuactg as qua af bckralact` maf cbvaf ma vbmg gulactg fgs axbjackbgs ma kgfbmgm ac f`s pr`mukt`s p`r pgrta ma f`s k`lprgm`ras, c` askgpgcm` g astg tacmackbg f`s marbvgm`s maf k`rki`. Ac asta sactbm`, sa puamac mbharackbgr m`s hgkt`ras qua bctarvbacac ac fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki`?
>.7 Af kgfbnra [a trgtg maf aspas`r ma ucg pbazg ma k`rki` cgturgf. [a k`rrasp`cma k`c fgs lambmgs gpr`pbgmgs qua ig ma tacar fg pfgckig ma k`rki` pgrg p`mar `ntacar ma affg af tgpûc. Gsì, sa mac`lbcg kgfbnra g fg mblacsbûc ma fg pfgckig ac sactbm` rgmbgf, as makbr, af jr`s`r ma fg pfgckig actra fg ngrrbjg y fg rgspg y as af rasuftgm` ma fg sulg ma f`s mbstbct`s krakblbact`s pr`mukbm`s murgcta f`s g÷`s qua murg af turc`. Af kgfbnra sa lbma trgmbkb`cgflacta ac fìcags, k`c uc bcstrulact` mac`lbcgm` pba ma fìcag, qua as ucg askgfg jrgmugmg y mbvbmbmg ac trgl`s ma f`cjbtumas bjugfas, sapgrgm`s >,>1 ll actra sì. Kgmg uc` ma ast`s trgl`s aqubvgfa g ucg fìcag. Igy qua mastgkgr qua af mbçlatr` maf tgpûc astçcmgr as ma >= ll
kap ambt`rbgf }
87
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra y qua, k`c af lgrjac cakasgrb` pgrg sgkgrf` ma fg rangcgmg ma k`rki`, sarìgc cakasgrbgs maf `rmac ma 7; fìcags. Fg sbtugkbûc bmagf sarç fg qua parlbtg `ntacar af tgpûc ma fg rangcgmg k`c af lìcbl` masparmbkb`. F`s hgkt`ras qua puamac ghaktgc gf kgfbnra s`c f`s sbjubactas? g) Hg Hgkt kt`r `ras as ak`fûj ak`fûjbk` bk`s? s? Fgs prakbpbtgkb`cas, talpargturgs, suaf`s, atk., matarlbcgc fg axbstackbg ma ucg aspakba h`rastgf ac uc fujgr k`ckrat`. Fgs vgrbgkb`cas ma f`s hgkt`ras ak`fûjbk`s mactr` maf çrag `kupgmg p`r ucg aspakba bchfuyac s`nra af krakblbact` ma âstg, ma l`m` qua, p`r aoalpf`, ac z`cgs lçs iÿlamgs y talpfgmgs, f`s krakblbact`s ma f`s taobm`s maf çrn`f sarçc lgy`ras. Kugcm` sa pr`mukac prakbpbtgkb`cas gftgs, talpargturgs gmakugmgs y nuac suaf`, af krakblbact` maf k`rki` as lgy`r jacargflacta y, p`r tgct`, tglnbâc sarç lgy`r af kgfbnra. [b fg astgkbûc as luy lgfg f`s kgfbnras puamac sar tgc ramukbm`s qua c` sagc ÿtbfas pgrg hgnrbkgr tgp`cas. n) Hgk Hgkt`r t`ras as jac jacâtb âtbk`s k`s?? Fg iarackbg jacâtbkg maf gfk`rc`qua fblbtg af krakblbact` gfkgczgnfa, gÿc k`c k`cmbkb`cas hgv`rgnfas maf lamb`. Ac asta sactbm`, sa puama lao`rgr af kgfbnra lamb` ma f`s k`rki`s `ntacbm`s ac ucg axpf`tgkbûc afblbcgcm` ac fgs kfgrgs g f`s gfk`rc`quas qua pa`ras kgfbnras pr`p`rkb`cac. G fgrj` pfgz` sa puama f`jrgr ucg lao`rg jacâtbkg lambgcta af us` ma salbffg ma r`mgfas safakt`s, iuart`s salbffar`s, atk. k) ]r ]rgt gtgl glba bact ct`s `s?? Qcg safvbkufturg lgf gpfbkgmg, p`r aoalpf` p`mgs axkasbvgs, puama ffajgr g pr`mukbr ucg mbslbcukbûc ma kgfbnra. Af kgfbnra puama l`mbhbkgrsa vgrbgcm` af turc` ma mask`rkia ` fg gfturg ma âsta. Af pgs` ma 2 g 75 g÷`s ac af turc` puama bckralactgr fg pr`mukkbûc ac kbhrgs maf `rmac maf 1%. Gsblbsl`, fg mbslbcukbûc ma fg gfturg ma mask`rkia igka qua, g bjugfmgm ma k`cmbkb`cas, ac fg pafg sbjubacta sa `ntacjgc kgfbnras lgy`ras. Uar` igy qua tacar ac kuactg qua af bckralactgr af turc` ` mbslbcubr fg gfturg ma mask`rkia, gucqua blpfbqua fg `ntackbûc ma kgfbnras lgy`ras, puama qua c` ffava g f`jrgr lao`ras kgfbmgmas, yg qua af axkas` ma kgfbnra puama gulactgr fg kgctbmgm ma masparmbkb`s.
>.> Ur`pbamgmas hìsbk`-lakçcbkgs hìsbk`-lakçcbkgs g) Ng Ngog og ma macs csbm bmggm? Af k`rki` p`saa uc p`rkactgoa afavgm` ma gbra qua sa sbtÿg ac t`rc` gf 92 p`r kbact`. U`r asta l`tbv`, fg macsbmgm maf k`rki` as luy ngog, sbtuçcm`sa actra 5,75 y 5,>5 dj/ml kÿnbk`. Macsbmgmas lgy`ras g âstg sa k`csbmargc axkasbvgs y s`c manbmgs gf axkas` ma k`rki` ma vargc` y ma `t`÷`, hracta gf ma prblgvarg (as lçs fbjar`) y g fg axbstackbg ma rast`s ma fìnar ac af bctarb`r. Ac af k`rki` k`c axkas` ma krakblbact` prblgvargf sa pr`mukbrç af ahakt` k`ctrgrb`, f` qua igka qua su macsbmgm sag ngog y mbslbcuyg su afgstbkbmgm. n) U` U`r` r`sb sbmg mgm? m? Fg gktbvbmgm ma f`s taobm`s vbv`s prasactas ac af tr`ck` maf çrn`f ngo` fg kgpg ma k`rki` raqubara `xìjac`. U`r asta l`tbv`, fg kgpg ma k`rki` c` puama sar k`lpfatglacta astgckg. Asta `xìjac` fas ffajgrç p`r lamb` ma uc`s p`r`s mac`lbcgm`s factbkafgs. Fg p`r`sbmgm, ouct` gf kgfbnra, sarç hgkt`r matarlbcgcta ma fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki`. F`s p`r`s tbacac qua sar `nsarvgm`s ac fg ngrrbjg, ac af hracta y ac f`s k`stgm`s. Af axkas` ma p`r`sbmgm mbslbcubrç fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki`, puast` qua gulactg af cÿlar` ma p`r`s y af tglg÷` ma âst`s. Fg lgy`r ` lac`r p`r`sbmgm ma ucg pgcg ma k`rki` puama astgr bchfuackbgmg p`r l`tbv`s jacâtbk`s, par` tglnbâc p`r l`tbv`s glnbactgfas4 g lgy`r gktbvbmgm ma f`s taobm`s vbv`s ma fg 8>
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B kgskg, lgy`ras sarçc sus cakasbmgmas ma raspbrgr y, p`r tgct`, lgy`r cÿlar` ma p`r`s. Fgs z`cgs lçs ngogs maf gfk`rc`qua s`c lçs p`r`sgs qua q ua fgs z`cgs gftgs. U`r `trg pgrta, igy qua tacar ac kuactg qua g lambmg qua sa bckralactg fg amgm maf k`rki` ac fgs sukasbvgs kgpgs qua sa vgc h`rlgcm` mbslbcuya su p`r`sbmgm, as makbr, fg kgpg h`rlgmg af prblar g÷` trgs fg sgkg sarç sbalpra lçs p`r`sg qua fg maf c`vac` g÷`. Uuama makbrsa, puas, qua sarçc sbalpra lçs p`r`sgs fgs ÿftblgs kgpgs ma k`rki` k`r ki` qua fgs prblargs. Kgna mastgkgr f`s p`r`s raffac`s ma uc p`fv` r`obz` qua sa gprakbgc kugcm` sa j`fpagc fgs pgcgs maf k`rki`. G asta mahakt` sa fa mac`lbcg p`r` aln`fsgm`, rangogcm` fg kgfbmgm ma âsta. k) Ast Astgm` gm` ma ma fg ngrr ngrrbjg bjg y ma ma fg aspgf aspgfmg? mg? Ac fg ngrrbjg puamac gprakbgrsa fg p`r`sbmgm y fgs mah`rlgkb`cas k`l` grrujgs ` gnuftglbact`s. Ac fg aspgfmg, af cÿlar` y pr`hucmbmgm ma fgs jrbatgs ` k`facgs. Fgs jrbatgs, qua puamac ghaktgr gf kgfbnra t`tgf tgp`cgnfa, s`c pr`mukbmgs p`r fgs tacsb`cas pr`v`kgmgs p`r fg gkulufgkbûc ac fgs z`cgs bctarcgs ma f`s sukasbv`s krakblbact`s gcugfas, puas af k`rki` as uc taobm` luart` y sbc krakblbact` tgcjackbgf y gkgng p`r rasquanrgogrsa gcta af alpuoa ma f`s taobm`s bctarc`s qua astçc vbv`s y krakac. Fg lao`r kgfbmgm k`rrasp`cma g aspgfmgs fbsgs, mbslbcuyacm` âstg k`c af tglg÷` ma fgs jrbatgs. Af astgm` ma fg aspgfmg lao`rg k`c f`s sukasbv`s mask`rkias, masma fg axtrgkkbûc maf n`rcbz` g fg ma f`s sukasbv`s k`rki`s ma rapr`mukkbûc, igkbâcm`sa kgmg vaz lçs fbsg. Fgs jrgcmas jrbatgs f`cjbtumbcgfas suafac gpr`vakigrsa murgcta af mask`rkia pgrg mgr f`s k`rtas vartbkgfas y avbtgr gsì fgs pfgckigs gjrbatgmgs. F`s mahakt`s ac af vbactra puamac sar pr`v`kgm`s p`r mah`rlgkb`cas ma fg kgpg lgmra k`l` k`csakuackbg ma iarbmgs ma p`mg, ma mask`rkia, pfgjgs atk. m) K`f`r? Axbsta ucg jrgmgkbûc ac fg k`f`rgkbûc maf k`rki` ac huckbûc ma fg kgfbmgm ma fg astgkbûc, sbacm` f`s lçs gprakbgm`s f`s r`sgm`s, sajubm` ma f`s glgrbff`s, tarr`s`s y cajruzk`s. Af k`f`r sa gprakbg ac hractas y k`stgm`s. Fg p`r`sbmgm y af k`f`r h`rlgc af gspakt` maf k`rki`, ouct` g su lgy`r ` lac`r macsbmgm y g f`s p`sbnfas mahakt`s qua puamg tacar. C`s ralbtbl`s g fg kfgsbhbkgkbûc ma mahakt`s maf k`rki` qua ragfbzgl`s ac af talg = (Acharlamgmas y mahakt`s ac fg lgmarg y ac af k`rki`). a) Kr Krak akbl blba bact ct`s `s?? As blp`rtgcta qua f`s sukasbv`s krakblbact`s gcugfas sagc i`l`jâca`s, par` mapacmac maf kfblg ma kgmg g÷`, ma fg axbstackbg ma pfgjgs, atkâtarg. Fg lao`r kgfbmgm fg prasactgc f`s k`rki`s qua tbacac gckiurgs pgrakbmgs ac fgs mbharactas ngcmgs ma krakblbact` gcugf y ngcmgs ma m a sapgrgkbûc `cmufgmgs. h) Bl Blpa parl rlag agnb nbfb fbmg mgm? m? Jrgkbgs g fg prasackbg ma fg sunarbcg, fgs kâfufgs maf k`rki` s`c blparlagnfas tgct` g fìqubm`s k`l` g jgsas. Astg kugfbmgm, ucbmg g fg ngog macsbmgm, ig iaki` qua af k`rki` sag luy utbfbzgm` ac utacsbfb`s ma paskg y hf`tgm`ras ac jacargf masma fg gctbjöamgm. U`r `trg pgrta, k`ctrbnuya g gulactgr fg kgpgkbmgm gbsfgcta maf k`rki`, puas gf gulactgr fg iulamgm ac uc lgtarbgf sa gulactg su k`cmuktbnbfbmgm y mbslbcuya, ffajgcm` g gcufgr su p`mar ma gbsfglbact` y vbkavarsg. j) Afg Afgstb stbkbm kbmgm gm maf k`rk k`rki`? i`? Mgmg fg hfaxbnbfbmgm ma fgs lalnrgcgs kafufgras maf k`rki`, af taobm` sunar`s` tbaca ucg jrgc kgpgkbmgm pgrg s`p`rtgr jrgcmas prasb`cas sbc qua suhrg ucg mah`rlgkbûc parlgcacta. Ast` as kap ambt`rbgf }
8;
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra luy blp`rtgcta g fg i`rg maf alpfa` maf k`rki` k`l` tgpûc ma n`taffg, puas fa parlbta goustgrsa ma lgcarg bcmahbcbmg gf kuaff` maf rakbpbacta. b) As Astg tgnb nbfb fbmg mgm m mblac mblacsb sb`c `cgf gf?? F`s kglnb`s ma iulamgm y ma talpargturg c` kragc pr`nfalgs ma prasbûc ac fgs z`cgs kafufgras maf k`rki` y, p`r tgct`, c` axbstac pr`nfalgs ma hrgkturg ` bcastgnbfbmgm ma f`s lgtarbgfas. Af k`rki` as uc lgtarbgf luy astgnfa.
>.; @trgs kgrgktarìstbkgs kgrgktarìstbkgs (matgffas kgsugfas) @trgs kgrgktarìstbkgs qua k`ch`rlgc af gspakt` maf k`rki` s`c f`s matgffas kgsugfas . [`c mahakt`s ` sbtugkb`cas qua kugcm` sa prasactgc mbslbcuyac, ac lgy`r ` lac`r lambmg, fg kgfbmgm ma fgs pgcgs. F`s lçs blp`rtgctas s`c f`s sbjubactas? g) K` K`rk rki` i` va varm rma? a? Asta mahakt` as manbm` g qua af gjug pacatrg ac fg kâfufg, hgv`rakbacm` af gtgqua ma i`cj`s. [a mg prbckbpgflacta ac fgs z`cgs ngsgfas maf çrn`f y puama pr`mukbr k`ctrgkkb`cas ma fg pgcg gf sakgrsa. Ugrg sar usgm` k`l` tgp`cas cakasbtg ma uc parb`m` pravb` ma rap`s` igstg qua sa sakg, puas ma f` k`ctrgrb` sa pr`mukbrìgc k`ctrgkkb`cas ac af tgpûc. Gucqua sa rak`lbacmg c` usgrf` pgrg asta hbc, puas af k`lp`rtglbact` maf k`rki` varma, bckfus` maspuâs ma sak`, c` as bjugf gf maf k`rki` sgc`. Ac fgs pgcgs rakbâc sgkgmgs sa gprakbg asta mahakt` k`l` ucg hrgcog ma k`rki` iÿlam` ac hractas y k`stgm`s, ac f`s ÿftbl`s gcbff`s ma m a krakblbact`s karkgc`s g fg ngrrbjg. Ac af k`rki` sak` suafa gprakbgrsa p`r fgs k`ctrgkkb`cas qua ig `rbjbcgm` fg pârmbmg ma gjug ac fgs lbslgs z`cgs. n) K`r K`rki` ki` lgrl` lgrl`rag ragm` m` ` ogspag ogspagm`? m`? Ac asta tbp` ma k`rki` gpgrakac ucgs lgckigs cajruzkgs trgs sar k`kbm`. Asta mahakt` c` ghaktg g fgs kgrgktarìstbkgs hìsbk` lakçcbkgs maf lgtarbgf. k) K` K`rk rki` i` ax axh` h`fb fbgn gnfa fa?? Kugcm` sa matbaca ma lgcarg nruskg af krakblbact` ma fg kgpg ma k`rki`, k`l` k`csakuackbg ma huaj`s, pfgjgs huartas, jrgcmas saquìgs, atkâtarg, y fuaj` k`ctbcÿg k`c af pr`kas` ma krakblbact` c`rlgf, gpgrakac suparhbkbas ma rupturg, p`r fg hgftg ma gmiarackbg actra fgs kgpgs manbmg gf pgrûc. Fg rupturg puama lgcbhastgrsa ac fg sgkg, ac af k`kbm` ` ac af pracsgm`, k`c fg k`csakuacta mbslbcukbûc ma fg kgfbmgm ma fg pfgckig ma k`rki`. m) I` I`rl rlbj bjgg? Af iblacûptar` kralgt`jgstar skutaffgrbs, as ucg paqua÷g i`rlbjg ma tûrgx r`o` y gnm`lac cajr`, qua k`cstruya sus jgfarìgs ac af k`rki`, mbslbcuyacm` su kgfbmgm. a) Kufanrg? [a mg asta c`lnra gf gtgqua ac astgm` fgrvgrb` maf k`faûptar` xbfûhgj` (K`r`anus ucmgtus), qua prgktbkg jgfarìgs actra fgs kgpgs vbvgs y fgs luartgs, y gf rgstr` qua pr`muka sa fa mac`lbcg kufanrg. [u prasackbg maprakbg ac jrgc lambmg fg kgfbmgm ma fg pfgckig. Ac fg aspgfmg sa lgcbhbastg ac h`rlg ma lgckig nfgcquakbcg. h) Ub Ubkg kgtr tr`c `ck` k`s? s? As uc pçogr` bcsaktìv`r` qua nuskgcm` fgrvgs pgrg gfblactgrsa, prgktbkg bckbsb`cas trgcsvarsgfas ac fg aspgfmg.
8=
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B j) Lg Lgcki ckigg glgr glgrbf bffg fg?? As uc mahakt` luy p`k` hrakuacta qua gpgraka s`nra t`m` ac k`rki` krbgm`. [a lgcbhbastg ac fg mak`f`rgkbûc maf taobm` sunar`s` ac f`s kgfas factbkufgras ma fg z`cg ma fg aspgfmg. As uc mahakt` jrgva qua puama paroumbkgr sarbglacta gf k`rki` masma af puct` ma vbstg `rjgc`fâptbk`, p`r f` qua af k`rki` ghaktgm` p`r lgckig glgrbffg c` sa mana utbfbzgr pgrg hgnrbkgr tgp`cas cb cgturgfas cb gjf`largm`s cb ma cbcjÿc tbp`. ]`m` asta k`couct` ma vgrbgnfas igkac qua fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki` mactr` maf gfk`rc`kgf vgrìa ma h`rlg luy brrajufgr. Ac k`csakuackbg, p`mal`s sgkgr fgs sbjubactas k`ckfusb`cas? -
Ac kgmg çrn`f, çrn`f, tgct` tgct` af kgfbn kgfbnra ra k`l` fg fg p`r`sbmgm p`r`sbmgm vgrìgc vgrìgc g f` fgrj` ma su gfturg gfturg (g (g lgy`r lgy`r gfturg gfturg lac`r kgfbnra y p`r`sbmgm). Bckfus` k`c fg `rbactgkbûc gpgrakac vgrbgkb`cas sbjcbhbkgtbvgs ma kgfbmgm. Gmalçs, puamac gpgrakar gtgquas puctugfas ma kufanrg ` ma i`rlbjg qua mavgfÿac fg kgfbmgm ma gfjucgs ma fgs pfgckigs maf çrn`f.
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Actra çrn`fas çrn`fas k`ctbj k`ctbju`s u`s puamac puamac axbstbr axbstbr kgfbmg kgfbmgmas mas lambgs lambgs mbharact mbharactas as k`c raspak raspakt` t` gf k`rki` k`rki` qua pr`p`rkb`cg kgmg uc`, yg qua p`saac ucgs kgrgktarìstbkgs jacâtbkgs mbstbctgs qua fas lgrkgc af kgfbnra y fg kgfbmgm qua puama gfkgczgr su k`rki`. Uuamac, gmalçs, axbstbr gfk`rc`quas gtgkgm`s p`r pfgjgs, lbactrgs qua f`s qua astçc gf fgm` sa igc fbnrgm` maf gtgqua.
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Actra jrup`s ma çrn`fas çrn`fas sbtugm`s sbtugm`s ac lamb`s lamb`s lbkr`kfblç lbkr`kfblçtbk`s tbk`s mbharact mbharactas as tglnbâc tglnbâc sa pr`mukac pr`mukac mbharackbgs sbjcbhbkgtbvgs ma kgfbmgm4 as mbstbct` af k`rki` ma f`s jrup`s sbtugm`s ac f`s h`cm`s ma vgjugmgs ` ac fgs `rbffgs ma f`s rì`s, qua af ma f`s sbtugm`s ac fgs fgmargs ` ac f`s gft`s ma f`s karr`s.
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F`s trgtglba trgtglbact`s ct`s safvìk`f safvìk`fgs gs gpfbkgm`s gpfbkgm`s pr`muka pr`mukac c jrgcmas jrgcmas mbharackbgs mbharackbgs actra fgs hbckgs. hbckgs. U`r aff`, aff`, hbckgs k`ctbjugs y sbc gpacgs vgrbgkb`cas ac fgs kgrgktarìstbkgs ak`fûjbkgs puamac pr`mukbr k`rki`s ma kgfbmgmas lambgs luy mbstbctgs.
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Actra f`s f`s trgtglbac trgtglbact`s t`s qua lçs bchfuya bchfuyac c ac fg kgfbmg kgfbmgm m mastgkgc mastgkgc af af ma mask`rkia mask`rkia y fgs p`mgs. p`mgs. Qc mask`rkia lgf ragfbzgm` blpfbkg fg mbslbcukbûc ma fg kgfbmgm lambg `ntacbmg ac fg sgkg ac kurs`. Qc lgf rapfgcta` ma f`s k`rtas puama ffavgr g c` `ntacar af maspbaka ûptbl` y g `ntacar ucg gftg pr`p`rkbûc ma tr`z`s. Qc lgf mbsf`kgm` ma fgs pgcgs puama ffavgr g qua âstgs sa pgrtgc gf sapgrgrfgs maf tr`ck`, k`c af rasuftgm` ma lçs pr`p`rkbûc ma tr`z`s y n`rmas brrajufgras.
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Gmalçs, fg kgfbmgm Gmalçs, kgfbmgm ma ragfbz ragfbzgkbûc gkbûc maf maf mask`rkia mask`rkia ac ac kurs` tglnbâ tglnbâc c bchfuya bchfuya ac fg kgfbmgm kgfbmgm ma f`s sukasbv`s qua sa fa mgrçc gf çrn`f. Fg ragfbzgkbûc ma iarbmgs ac fg kgpg lgmra k`cffavg ucg mbslbcukbûc ma fg kgfbmgm ma fgs sukasbvgs pafgs p`r fg gkulufgkbûc ma nuft`s, kgff`s ma kbkgtrbzgkbûc, atk. Astgs iarbmgs, gmalçs, gk`rtgc fg vbmg ÿtbf maf çrn`f a bckfus`, sb s`c ma lukig jrgvamgm, puamac gkgngr k`c âf. Af grrgckgr tr`z`s ma kgpg lgmra gf maspajgr fgs pgcgs p`rqua af k`rki` c` sa igyg rapr`mukbm` nbac, ` p`r lgfg ragfbzgkbûc ma fgs sgkgs, pr`muka ahakt`s pgrakbm`s.
>.= Ur`pbamgmas târlbkgs târlbkgs maf k`rki` Af k`rki` as uc gbsfgcta p`fbvgfacta, puas ac lukigs `kgsb`cas sa k`lpfalactgrç fg bck`lucbkgkbûc gkÿstbkg y târlbkg. Af k`ahbkbacta ma k`cmuktbnbfbmgm târlbkg as ma 5,5;1 dkgf bc/lb, pgrg ucg macsbmgm ma 775 Dj/l kÿnbk`, f` qua sbtÿg g fg k`rtazg sunar`sg actra gquaffgs sustgckbgs lçs gmakugmgs pgrg af gbsfglbact` târlbk`.
>.1 A. A.^asbstackbg ^asbstackbg gf huaj` Af k`rki` as uc lgtarbgf ma mbhìkbf k`lnustbûc y k`c kbart`s trgtglbact`s sa trgcsh`rlg ac uc lgtarbgf ma k`lnustbûc blp`sbnfa. Igy qua tacar ac kuactg qua ac luki`s bckacmb`s h`rastgfas, ac
kap ambt`rbgf }
81
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra z`cgs p`nfgmgs p`r gfk`rc`quas, ast`s igc rabcbkbgm` su vbmg g pasgr ma fg pârmbmg ma sus z`cgs varmas y ma fg kgrn`cbzgkbûc ma t`m` su h`ffgoa. U`r `trg pgrta, af k`rki`, tgct` cgturgf k`l` gjf`largm`, c` maspracma vgp`ras tûxbk`s gf qualgrsa.
>.8 Xgf`ras ak`fûjbk`s ak`fûjbk`s ma f`s gfk`rc`quas G k`ctbcugkbûc, sa axp`cac f`s vgf`ras ak`fûjbk`s, ak`cûlbk`s y s`kbgfas ma f`s n`squas gfk`rc`kgfas? g) Xg Xgf` f`ra rass ak`fûj ak`fûjbk bk`s `s?? -
Hf`r Hf `rgg y hg hgu ucg lu luy y rbk rbkggs
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K`csar K`c sarvgk vgkbûc bûc ma suaf suaf`s `s y lao lao`rg `rg maf kbkf kbkf` ` maf maf gjug gjug
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Ngrra Ng rrarg rg k` k`ct ctrg rg fg mas masar artb tbhb hbkg kgkb kbûc ûc
n) Xgf Xgf`ra `rass ak` ak`cûl cûlbk` bk`s? s? -
Af k`rki` k`rki` as uc pr`mukt pr`mukt` ` qua ÿcbkgl ÿcbkglacta acta sa sa pr`muka pr`muka ac af Lambtarr Lambtarrçca çca` ` `kkbmactg `kkbmactgf. f. Af prakb` lamb` ac af n`squa, ac af k`couct` ma pgìsas pr`mukt`ras, sa astblg ac 7,9> aur`s/dj ac >551.
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Ac f`s fujgr fujgras as m`cma m`cma igy gfk`rc gfk`rc`kgfas `kgfas y ackbcgs, ackbcgs, sa pr`mukac pr`mukac pr`mukt pr`mukt`s `s luy gprak gprakbgm`s, bgm`s, k`l` f`s gjr`gfblactgrb`s (karm` bnârbk`, quas`s ma `vaog y ma kgnrg…).
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Blp`rtgcta Blp`r tgcta taobm` bcmus bcmustrbgf trbgf.. U`r aoalpf aoalpf`, `, ac Axtralg Axtralgmurg, murg, rapras raprasactg actg lçs lçs maf maf 7% maf UBN.
k) Xg Xgf` f`ra rass s` s`kb kbgf gfas as??
;.
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Alpfa`? Fg sgkg Alpfa`? sgkg ma k`rki` k`rki` cakasbtg cakasbtg jrgc kgctbmg kgctbmgm m ma trgngogm trgngogm`ras `ras luy luy aspakbgfbz aspakbgfbzgm`s. gm`s. Gsì, Gsì, kgmg t`cafgmg ma k`rki` prakbsg =,8: o`rcgfas ma mask`rkia4 gmalçs, igy `tr`s trgngo`s safvìk`fgs (p`mgs, kfgrgs, pravackbûc ma bckacmb`s…) qua prakbsgc ;,11 o`rcgfas4 ac su k`couct`, sa cakasbtgc 9,>> o`rcgfas p`r kgmg t`cafgmg ma k`rki` k`sakigmgs.
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Lgc` ma ma `nrg bcmus bcmustrbgf trbgf?? Fg trgcsh`r trgcsh`rlgkbû lgkbûc c maf k`rki` k`rki` axbja axbja `hbkb`s `hbkb`s luy luy aspakbg aspakbgfbzgm fbzgm`s. `s.
GUFBKGKB@CA[
Fg prbckbpgf gpfbkgkbûc maf k`rki` as af tgpûc ma fgs n`taffgs. Kgna mastgkgr qua sb f`s tgp`cas astçc mastbcgm`s g karrgr n`taffgs ma vbc`s aspul`s`s sa maogrçc ac gjug ; mìgs, k`c af hbc ma k`lpr`ngr sb pgmakac fg acharlamgm mac`lbcgmg ogspagm`, qua igka parmar fg afgstbkbmgm gf k`rki` qua as s`latbm` g ucg prasbûc. Ugsgm`s f`s ; mìgs, sb gpgrakac ucgs lgckigs cajruzkgs, sa rak`c`karç mbkig acharlamgm. @trgs gpfbkgkb`cas sarìgc fg afgn`rgkbûc ma sgcmgfbgs, pfgctbffgs ma kgfzgm`, hf`tgm`ras, gbsfgctas târlbk`s, rakbpbactas, k`rki` pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma pgrquâ, k`rki`s gjf`largm`s mak`rgtbv`s, atkâtarg. F`s masparmbkb`s maf k`rki` s`c usgm`s pgrg kglgs ma jgcgm`, k`lnustbnfa, gn`c` y afgn`rgkbûc ma gjf`largm`s ma k`rki`. Af sarrìc as axkafacta pgrg fg k`csarvgkbûc ma hrutgs. Ac fg gctbjöamgm gfjucgs k`flacgs sa afgn`rgngc ma k`rki`, gsì k`l` ma `trgs k`rtazgs ma lgmarg. Ac _gl`rg igkìgc fgs k`flacgs ma k`rki` kfgvçcm`fgs k`c puctg ma lgmarg ma ogrg.
;.7 Qtb Qtbfbm fbmgma gmass y gpr` gpr`vak vakigl iglbac bact`s t`s maf gfk gfk`rc `rc`qu `quaa F`s hrut`s maf gfk`rc`qua s`c luy gprakbgm`s pgrg fg gfblactgkbûc maf jgcgm`, yg qua, gucqua s`c lçs glgrj`s qua f`s ma fg ackbcg, lgmurgc ma h`rlg askgf`cgmg g f` fgrj` maf `t`÷` y af bcvbarc`. Fg pr`mukkbûc ma naff`tg vgrìg luki` ma uc çrn`f g `tr`, mapacmbacm` ma fgs p`mgs, sustrgt`, amgm, 88
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B kgrgktarìstbkgs jacâtbkgs, atk. Igy qua tacar ac kuactg af ahakt` ma fg vakarbg, p`r af qua fgs jrgcmas k`sakigs sa mgc kgmg vgrb`s g÷`s ac uc lbsl` çrn`f. Fg k`rtazg sunar`sg maf gfk`rc`qua tbaca fg lbsbûc cgturgf ma pr`tajarf` hracta g f`s hrakuactas bckacmb`s qua sa pr`mukac ac f`s n`squas lambtarrçca`s. Gf qualgrsa, fg pgrta bctarcg ma fg k`rkig sa kbarrg k`c af kgf`r y avbtg fg actrgmg ma `xìjac` y fg k`lnustbûc, pr`tajbacm` g fgs pgrtas bctarcgs maf çrn`f y ranr`tgcm` ac fg sbjubacta astgkbûc. Gktugflacta, af k`rki` as af prbckbpgf gpr`vakiglbact` maf gfk`rc`qua, k`c lÿftbpfas gpfbkgkb`cas ac fg grtasgcìg y ac fg bcmustrbg. [a utbfbzg pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgp`cas, k`flacgs, gbsfgctas, pgrquats y `tr`s afalact`s ma k`cstrukkbûc, ouctgs ma gut`lûvbfas, kgfzgm`, pgpaf ma k`rki`, k`chakkbûc ma r`pg y `tr`s `noat`s ma us` mbgrb`, atkâtarg. Fg kgskg as luy rbkg ac tgcbc`s, p`r f` kugf ig sbm` utbfbzgmg k`l` gstrbcjacta, y s`nra t`m` pgrg kurtbr pbafas. Ac `tr` tbalp` asta hua af us` lçs ractgnfa maf gfk`rc`qua, p`r f` kugf sa tgfgr`c ` grrgckgr`c ac`rlas axtacsb`cas ma n`squa gfk`rc`kgf. Fg lgmarg, k`l` yg sa ig bcmbkgm` gctarb`rlacta, as pgrm`-r`obzg, luy murg y pasgmg, k`c rgmb`s gcki`s y lgrkgm`s. As brrajufgr y ma hçkbf gjrbatglbact` ac af sakgm`, usçcm`sa pgrg igkar iarrglbact iarrg lbactgs, gs, paqua÷gs paqua÷gs alngr alngrkgkb`c kgkb`cas, as, kgrratarìg, kgrratarìg, pgrquats, pgrquats, atk. Ur`p`rkb`cg Ur`p`rkb`cg fa÷g y kgrnûc axkafactas axkafactas..
=.
@^BJAC
Af pr`kas` lambgcta af kugf sa h`rlg af k`rki` ac af gfk`rc`qua as mbharacta ac f`s tr`ck`s qua p`r prblarg vaz sa rakunrac maf k`rki` qua ac gquaff`s `tr`s qua yg igygc suhrbm` gfjÿc mask`rkia. U`r asta l`tbv`, mbvbmbral`s af `rbjac maf k`rki` ac m`s kfgsas?
=.7 N`rcbz` ` k`rki` vbrjac vbrjac Ac f`s tgff`s maf gfk`rc`qua gpgrakac murgcta af sajucm` g÷` ma vbmg m`s kgpgs jacargm`rgs ma kâfufgs? af kçlnbul y af hafûjac`. Af kçlnbul sapgrg fg k`rtazg ma fg lgmarg, g fg vaz qua luftbpfbkçcm`sa h`rlg igkbg af bctarb`r kgpgs fa÷`sgs qua acjr`sgc mbkig lgmarg, lbactrgs qua igkbg af axtarb`r h`rlgrç af fìnar. Af hafûjac` pr`muka haf`marlbs igkbg af bctarb`r y taobm` sunar`s` igkbg af axtarb`r. Fgs kugtr` kgpgs sbtugmgs igkbg af axtarb`r maf kçlnbul, as makbr, fìnar, haf`marlbs, hafûjac` y sunar, s`c fgs qua k`lp`cac fg k`rtazg maf çrn`f qua tgct` ac fg ackbcg k`l` ac af gfk`rc`qua sa mac`lbcg kgskg. Fg k`rtazg gsì h`rlgmg, sb sa maogsa ac af tr`ck` y fgs rglgs ma h`rlg bcmahbcbmg, p`mrìg ffajgr g gfkgczgr jr`s`ras ma igstg >: kactìlatr`s, manbm` g fg pgrtbkufgrbmgm qua p`saa af gfk`rc`qua ma k`csarvgr su gktbvbmgm lbactrgs af çrn`f sbjg vbv`. Fg aspgfmg ma asta tbp` ma k`rki` as luy ruj`sg, prasactgcm` jrgcmas k`facgs, kbrkucstgckbg p`r fg kugf c` tbacac kgfbnras i`l`jâca`s. [u vbactra as brrajufgr y sa trgng k`c af tr`ck`. Axbstac mbstbct`s tbp`s ma n`rcbz`? g) N`r N`rcb cbz` z` ma va varg rgc` c`?? [a trgtg maf rasuftgm` maf prblar gpr`vakiglbact` k`rkiar`, sbacm` su mastbc` fg bcmustrbg maf gjf`largm`, af jrgcufgm` ` fg mak`rgkbûc. Af prblar mask`rtazgm` sa pr`mukbrç (ac Gcmgfukìg) kugcm` af parìlatr` g fg gfturg ma 7;5 kl sag ma 81 kl, kbrkucstgckbg qua sa pr`mukbrç kugcm` af gfk`rc`qua tacjg ucg amgm actra f`s >1 y f`s ;5 g÷`s. n) N`r N`rcb cbz` z` ma bcv bcvba barc` rc`?? Af qua sa `ntbaca huarg ma fg âp`kg ma mask`rkia, pr`kamacta ma p`mgs ` çrn`fas marrbngm`s. [uafa k`ctacar tr`z`s ma kgpg lgmra.
kap ambt`rbgf }
8:
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra
=.> K`rki` ma rapr`mukkbûc rapr`mukkbûc As af h`rlgm` ac fgs sukasbvgs sgkgs trgs fg axtrgkkbûc maf n`rcbz`. ]baca suparhbkbas lçs rajufgras qua fgs maf n`rcbz`, yg puama sar utbfbzgm` pgrg tgp`cas y `tr`s us`s. Kugcm` sa axtrga af k`rki` ` taobm` sunar`s` fg kgpg jacargm`rg axtarcg maf tr`ck` quamg axpuastg g f`s gjactas gtl`shârbk`s. Fg kgskg, ac mahacsg, albtbrç fìqubm`s kafufgras gf sar rgsjgm`s f`s taobm`s ac af grrgcqua maf k`rki`. Ast`s fìqubm`s, ouct` g ucg kutìkufg luy hbcg qua sa h`rlg ac af masjgrra, k`cstbtuyac fg prblarg pr`takkbûc ma f`s taobm`s vbv`s gf sakgrsa k`c af k`ctgkt` maf gbra. [ajÿc gfjuc`s gut`ras, pgrta ma fgs sustgckbgs ma rasarvg maf gfk`rc`qua sbtugmgs ac fgs z`cgs lçs axtarcgs, sa mbrbjbrçc igkbg fg z`cg maf fìnar, h`rlgcm` f` qua sa mac`lbcg fìnar gktbv`, gkulufçcm`sa prûxblgs g âf. Ugrgfafglacta g asta pr`kas` sa pr`mukbrç fg masakgkbûc ma f`s taobm`s parbhârbk`s. Ac fg z`cg ac fg qua sa igc sbtugm` fgs rasarvgs sa mbharackbgrç ucg cuavg kgpg jacargm`rg ma kâfufgs g pgrtbr maf fìnar, as makbr, uc cuav` hafûjac`. Af p`r quâ af gfk`rc`qua as fg ÿcbkg aspakba kgpgz ma jacargr fg kgpg ma hafûjac` trgs af masp`o` ma su k`rtazg ig sbm` `noat` ma bcvastbjgkbûc, par` igstg af l`lact` c` sa ig ack`ctrgm` cbcjucg raspuastg. Igkbg af axtarb`r af hafûjac` `rbjbcgrç sunar, qua sa lazkfgrç k`c f`s astrgt`s masakgm`s qua sbrvbar`c ac af prblar l`lact` k`l` pr`takt`ras, alpuoçcm`f`s igkbg af axtarb`r. ]`m`s ast`s taobm`s k`cstbtuyac fg rgspg (lgcbhastgkbûc axtarb`r maf k`rki`), af k`f`r gf prbckbpb` sarç r`obz` `skur`, pgsgcm` p`r uc jrbs `skur`, gmqubrbacm` gf hbcgf uc t`c` k`f`r kacbzg. Igy qua tacar ac kuactg qua fgs jrbatgs qua prasactg fg rgspg s`c lçs pr`hucmgs ac af k`rki` sajucmar` qua ac f`s sunsbjubactas. [a h`rlgc p`r fg k`ctrgkkbûc ma f`s taobm`s gf sakgrsa y sa igkac pr`hucmgs manbm` g qua af k`rki` c` tbaca uc krakblbact` tgcjackbgf cb p`saa ucg astgnbfbmgm cakasgrbg pgrg rasbstbr fgs tacsb`cas qua suhra fg suparhbkba p`r af krakblbact` kactrìhuj`. Af jr`s`r ma fg rgspg astgrç ac huckbûc maf aspas`r ma fg kgpg ma kgskg masakgmg, p`r f` qua k`c ucgs k`cmbkb`cas kfblçtbkgs hgv`rgnfas g fg masakgkbûc, lçs jruasg sarç fg rgspg. Ac asta tbp` ma k`rki` p`mal`s mbstbcjubr? g) K` K`rk rki` i` sa saju jucm cmar ar`? `? As af qua sa `ntbaca trgs af n`rcbz`. [u aspgfmg as gÿc gjrbatgmg, par` ac lac`r lambmg qua fg maf n`rcbz`. [u vbactra sarç fbs`, f` qua bcmbkg qua fg aspgfmg maf prûxbl` k`rki` ma rapr`mukkbûc tglnbâc f` sarç. Asta tbp` ma k`rki` jacargflacta c` sarç gpt` t`mgvìg pgrg fg afgn`rgkbûc ma tgp`cas, p`r f` qua q ua su us` sarç pgrg gjf`largm`s ` trbturgkbûc. n) K` K`rk rki` i` ma ma hçnr hçnrbk bkg? g? [u aspgfmg y su vbactra s`c fblpb`s y su kgfbnra i`l`jâca`. [a pr`muka g pgrtbr maf mask`rtazgm`. k) Uamg mgzz`s? [a trgtg ma tr`z`s ma k`rki` ma suparhbkba bcharb`r g =55 kl kugmrgm`s. [a pr`mukac k`l` k`csakuackbg ma r`turgs ac fg sgkg. ]rgmbkb`cgflacta, asta k`rki` c` sa gpbfg, sbc` qua sa ouctg k`c af k`rki` n`rcbz` y af k`rki` sajucmar`. m) ^a ^ahu huj` j`s? s? [a trgtg ma k`rki`s ma rapr`mukkbûc qua tbacac jrgcmas mahakt`s, k`c f` qua sa sapgrgrçc maf k`rki` gpbfgm` ac pfgckig. a) _gpgtgs? K`rki` pr`kamacta ma fg ngsa ma f`s çrn`fas ac k`ctgkt` k`c af suaf` a bckfus`, ac `kgsb`cas, actarrgm`. K`l` f`s gctarb`ras c` ig ma ouctgrsa k`c fg pbfg ma pfgckigs.
89
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B
1.
MA[K@^KIA
Qc nuac mask`rtazgm`, fao`s ma paroumbkgr gf gfk`rc`qua, hgv`rakarç su masgrr`ff`. Ac af kgs` ma uc lgf mask`rtazgm` ` ma uc gnus` maf cÿlar` ma mask`rtazgm`s, af çrn`f sa rasbacta, quamgcm` axigust`. As rak`lacmgnfa c` sgkgr af k`rki` ac mìgs ma ffuvbg ` ma huarta vbact` kgfbacta ` sak`. ]`mgs fgs iarrglbactgs qua sa vgygc g utbfbzgr pgrg af mask`rkia as rak`lacmgnfa masbchaktgrfg s`c pr`mukt`s c` pr`ibnbm`s p`r af KBU] ‛Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma Urçktbkgs ]gp`cargs-, avbtgcm` ac t`m` l`lact` af k`ctgkt` ma fgs iarrglbactgs k`c af suaf` (cgvgogs, igkig…). F`s k`ahbkbactas ma mask`rkia lçxbl` manac sar ma m`s pgrg af masn`rcbzglbact`4 >,1 pgrg fg sajucmarg4 y ma tras pgrg fg tarkarg y sukasbvgs sgkgs mapacmbacm` maf astgm` ma fg grn`famg. C` sa parlbtbrç af mask`rkia ma hustas y rglgs kuy` parìlatr` lambm` s`nra af k`rki` ac af fìlbta suparb`r maf mask`rkia, sag bcharb`r g :5 kl. Af k`ahbkbacta ma mask`rkia sarç af `ntacbm` ac mbvbmbr fg gfturg maf mask`rkia actra fg kbrkucharackbg g fg gfturg g fg gfturg maf paki`. ]gct` sb pgrg af mask`rkia sa usgrçc h`rlgs trgmbkb`cgfas ` gut`lçtbkgs, sbalpra sa manac raucbr fgs pgcgs ma k`rki` avbtgcm` ac f` p`sbnfa su k`ctgkt` k`c fg tbarrg, sb gfjucg pfgckig tuvbarg qua astgr ac k`ctgkt` k`c af suaf`, sa k`f`kgrç k`c fg aspgfmg igkbg af lbsl`. [a manarç ragfbzgr uc nuac ralgta ma f`s kuaff`s y zgpgtgs pgrg avbtgr fg actrgmg ma bcsakt`s y acharlamgmas actra af k`rki` y fg kgpg lgmra. Af Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma Urçktbkgs ]gp`cargs rak`lbacmg qua murgcta fg sgkg sa kulpfblacta ac uc kugmarc` ma l`cta fgs kgrgktarìstbkgs matarlbcgmgs ac af Ufgc ma Jastbûc m`cma hbjurac? kfblgt`f`jìg, bckbmackbgs, cÿlar` ma trgngogm`ras alpfagm`s, kgctbmgm ma pr`mukt`s `ntacbm`s, jrgm` ma iulamgm, astrukturg fgn`rgf, atk. Actra fgs c`rlgs qua c`s mg asta kûmbj` p`mal`s mastgkgr fgs sbjubactas? -
Af turc` turc` lìcbl` lìcbl` ma mask`rkia mask`rkia sarç sarç ma 2 g÷`s, sgfv` sgfv` qua qua fg fajbsfgk fajbsfgkbûc bûc ma fg z`cg mbsp`c mbsp`cjg jg `trg k`sg, p`r `trg pgrta, c` pgsgrçc ma 71 g÷`s f`s mask`rkias, puas f`s turc`s lçs fgrj`s hgv`rakac fg prasackbg ma fg lgckig glgrbffg y `trgs gftargkb`cas ac af k`rki`.
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C` sa sa mask`rk mask`rkigr igrçc çc k`c k`c kgfbn kgfbnras ras bch bcharb arb`ra `rass g f`s f`s 79 ll.
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[a ragfbzgr ragfbzgrçç fg `pargkb `pargkbûc ûc ma rgygm` rgygm` maf maf k`rki` k`rki` g f`s >-= g÷`s g÷`s ma fg fg sgkg, sgkg, sbjubacm` sbjubacm` fgs fgs k`facgs k`facgs pgrg lao`rgr fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki` ac çrn`fas k`c krakblbact` mbglatrgf, y pgrg hgkbfbtgr fg sgkg. Fgs k`facgs s`c gjrbatglbact`s suparhbkbgfas maf k`rki` pr`mukbm`s p`r f`s sukasbv`s krakblbact`s masma fg sgkg igkbg huarg.
1.7 H`r `rl lg trg rgmb mbkb kb`c `cgf gf Fg iarrglbactg cakasgrbg sarìg uc igkig lgcugf k`c uc lgcj` ralgtgm` ac h`rlg ma ku÷g. [a prgktbkg ucg bckbsbûc gframam`r y `trg vartbkgf maskacmacta g pgrtbr ma fg prblarg, k`rtgcm` t`m` af jruas` ma fg k`rtazg. Ac fg lgy`rìg ma f`s kgs`s c` as cakasgrb` igkar ucg tarkarg bckbsbûc ac pba, puas gf ffajgr g âsta sa maspracma hçkbflacta fg pfgckig ` pgcg maf k`rki`. [a j`fpagrç ouct` g fg rgog vartbkgf k`c gf ngsa maf igkig pgrg qua alpbaka g maspracmarsa y fuaj` sa k`ctbcÿg g puct` ma lgcj` igkbacm` pgfgckg4 kugcm` af çrn`f sag luy jruas` sa usgrç uc pgf` fgrj` tarlbcgm` ac puctg. Igy qua p`car aspakbgf gtackbûc ac c` j`fpagr fg pgrta maf tr`ck` mascumg. [apgrgmg fg pgcg maf gfk`rc`qua, sa prgktbkgc g f` fgrj` maf tr`ck` bckbsb`cas p`k` pr`hucmgs pgrg qua af cuav` c` sa rasquanrgoa luki`. Fg k`rtazg grrgckgmg maf gfk`rc`qua as mbvbmbmg ac m`s pgrtas, fg axtarb`r qua sa masakg y fg bctarb`r qua k`ctbcugrç vbvg. Fg pgrta axtarb`r as mac`lbcgmg rgspg, asta lgtarbgf sarç afblbcgm` kugcm` sa usg pgrg fg afgn`rgkbûc ma tgp`cas. Fg rgspg sa kgrgktarbzg p`r sar murg y fa÷`sg.
kap ambt`rbgf }
82
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra Af parb`m` actra f`s mask`rkias sarç actra 9 y 7= g÷`s, tbalp` ac qua lgmurg fg k`rtazg. [a k`csbmargrç qua astç gsì af k`rki` kugcm` fgs bckbsb`cas maf mask`rtazgm` gctarb`r sa vuafvac nfgckgs y f`s j`fpas mgm`s k`c fg ngsa maf igkig c` maogc blprasbûc. Af k`f`r qua mana tacar af k`rki` mana sar ma uc glgrbff` kfgr` tbrgcm` g r`obz`. Fg gfturg maf mask`rkia as luy blp`rtgcta pgrg c` mg÷gr af çrn`f. Fg prblarg vaz qua sa mask`rkig sa igrç g ucg gfturg lac`r qua fg sbjubacta. Ugrg af kgs` ma qua fg sajucmg k`rtazg sa masgrr`ffgrg y gmqubrbarg jr`s`r axkasbvglacta pr`ct`, sarìg uc k`rki` h`h` y ma p`kg kgfbmgm, ac af sbjubacta mask`rtazgm` sa gulactgrìg fg gfturg maf mask`rkia ` nbac sa gfgrjgrìg ; û = g÷`s af bctarvgf` ma mbki` mask`rkia.
1.>> Ma 1. Mask sk`r `rki kiaa gu gut` t`lç lçtb tbk` k` Af lât`m` ma axtrgkkbûc maf k`rki` ma fg pfgctg ig parlgcakbm` prçktbkglacta bcvgrbgnfa masma igka sbjf`s. K`l` yg ial`s k`lactgm`, fgs tgrags ma mask`rtazgm` fg ragfbzgc f`s trgngogm`ras axpart`s, k`rtgcm` k`c uc igkig aspakbgf fg k`rtazg k`c lçxblg prakbsbûc y jrgc prakgukbûc ma c` mg÷gr af hafûjac`, qua as fg pgrta bctarcg maf tr`ck` rasp`csgnfa ma jacargr af k`rki`. Jrgkbgs g fg bcc`vgkbûc ac lgqubcgrbg ‛ ucg ma fgs ÿftblgs bck`rp`rgkb`cas as fg mac`lbcgmg lçqubcg NKK;- yg as p`sbnfa ragfbzgr af mask`rtazgm` k`c fg lbslg prakbsbûc par` ac lac`r tbalp` y ashuarz`. Ast` parlbta rgkb`cgfbzgr af tbalp` ma mask`rkia, f` qua sup`cmrç uc gulact` ac af cÿlar` ma pbazgs ma k`rki` axtrgìmgs, ucg ramukkbûc ma f`s k`stas.
8.
UGCG[ MA K@^KI@
F`s hgkt`ras qua puamac ghaktgr g qua ucg pgcg ma k`rki` tacjg ucgs mblacsb`cas ûptblgs pgrg fg afgn`rgkbûc ma tgp`cas sarìgc fgs sbjubactas? g) Hg Hgkt kt`r `ras as ak`fûj ak`fûjbk` bk`s? s? Fg kfblgt`f`jìg matarlbcg fg vbmg h`rastgf ma uc fujgr k`ckrat`. Ac af gfk`rc`qua, kugcm` sa pr`mukac prakbpbtgkb`cas gftgs k`c talpargturgs talpfgmgs, af krakblbact` maf k`rki` as lgy`r y, p`r tgct`, lgy`r sarç af kgfbnra. [b fg astgkbûc as lgfg, f`s kgfbnras p`mrìgc sar tgc ramukbm`s qua c` sarçc ÿtbfas pgrg hgnrbkgr tgp`cas. n) Hgk Hgkt`r t`ras as jac jacâtb âtbk`s k`s?? Fg iarackbg jacâtbkg maf gfk`rc`qua fblbtg af krakblbact` gfkgczgm`, bckfus` k`c k`cmbkb`cas luy hgv`rgnfas maf lamb`. ]gc sûf` kgnrìg fg afblbcgkbûc ma f`s gfk`rc`quas qua pa`ras kgfbnras pr`p`rkb`cgc y, g fgrj` pfgz`, fg lao`rg jacâtbkg lambgcta af us` ma salbffg ma r`mgfas safakt`s, iuart`s, salbffar`s… As rak`lacmgnfa qua ucg actbmgm axtarcg ragfbka uc bch`rla ma fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki` pravbg g fg sgkg4 ac asta bch`rla sa mahbcbrç fg astrukturg ma fg kgfbmgm y sa ragfbzgrç ucg astblgkbûc ma fg sbjubacta k`sakig. Qcg vaz qua sa ig ahaktugm` af mask`rkia, fgs pgcgs sa gpbfgc i`rbz`ctgfas gf gbra fbnra, ucgs s`nra `trgs, k`c fg pgrta axtarb`r igkbg grrbng. Af Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma Urçktbkgs ]gp`cargs mg astgs rak`lacmgkb`cas pgrg af gpbfgm` ma fgs pgcgs ma k`rki`?
:5
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Af k`rki` sarç gflgkacgm` ac uc tarrac` ac pacmbacta ` mracgm` pgrg hgkbfbtgr fg sgfbmg maf gjug.
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[a afblbcgr afblbcgrçç af k`ctgk k`ctgkt` t` k`c fg fg tbarrg tbarrg y k`c f`s kigrk`s kigrk`s ma gjug gjug qua pumbar pumbargc gc ignar ignar ac fg fg suparhbkba.
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B -
Af k`rki` k`rki` manarç manarç astgr astgr ac pbfgs afgn`rg afgn`rgmgs mgs ma lgcarg raktgcj raktgcjufgr4 ufgr4 gl`ctg gl`ctgcm`, cm`, par` par` sbalpra sbalpra mbspuast` ma tgf lgcarg qua sa hgkbfbta fg kbrkufgkbûc maf gbra.
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Af tbalp` tbalp` ma sakgm` sakgm` ma ma fgs pgcgs ma k`rki` k`rki` c` p`mrç p`mrç sar sar bcharb`r bcharb`r g 8 lasas maspu maspuâs âs ma fg fg sgkg. sgkg.
Actra f`s lgtarbgfas utbfbzgm`s pgrg avbtgr af k`ctgkt` maf k`rki` k`c fg tbarrg, af Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma Urçktbkgs ]gp`cargs mastgkg f`s sbjubactas? -
Kalact`
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I`rlbjûc.
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Alpa Al pamr mrgm gm` ` ` gm gm`q `qub ubcg cgm` m`..
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Ngfgstr`.
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Ubamrg l`fbmg.
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Gfnar`.
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Jrgvg.
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Ugfats Ugf ats ac ac lgmarg lgmarg c` c` trgtg trgtg ` kugfq kugfquba ubarr `tr` `tr` lgtarb lgtarbgf gf bcart bcarta. a.
8.7 Lât ât`m `m`` trg trgmb mbkkb` b`cg cgff Qcg vaz qua igc sakgm` uc p`k` sa kuakac ac gjug pgrg ranfgcmakar fg rgspg y pafgrfg lao`r. Ma astg lgcarg, af k`rki` sa vuafva lçs nfgcm` y afçstbk`. Igstg c` igka luki` tbalp` af k`rki` sa k`kìg ac af lbsl` l`cta, utbfbzgcm` sus pr`pb`s masparmbkb`s k`l` k`lnustbnfa. Af tbalp` ma k`kkbûc sarç ma uc`s =1 lbcut`s. G f`s p`k`s mìgs ma su k`kblbact`, sa afblbcgrç fg rgspg. Asta prblar k`kbm` maf k`rki` sa puama mahbcbr k`l` bclarsbûc ma fgs pfgckigs ma k`rki` ac gjug fblpbg ibrvbacm`. Af Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma prçktbkgs ]gp`cargs mg fgs sbjubactas rak`lacmgkb`cas pgrg astg prblarg k`kkbûc maf k`rki`? -
Gctas ma fg k`kkbûc k`kkbûc sa sapgr sapgrgrçc grçc af af k`rki` ghaktgm ghaktgm` ` p`r lgckigs lgckigs glgrb glgrbffgs, ffgs, gsì k`l` k`l` fgs zgpgtg zgpgtgss qua c` sa iunbargc mataktgm` y af k`rki` varma.
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Fg k`kkbû k`kkbûc c sarç sarç ma gf lac`s lac`s 7 i`rg i`rg ac gjug gjug g 755 755 jrgm` jrgm`ss kactìj kactìjrgm rgm`s. `s.
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[a mana kglnb kglnbgr gr af gjug gjug ma k`kkbûc k`kkbûc p`r p`r f` lac`s lac`s g fg salg salgcg cg ma huckb`cgl huckb`cglbact` bact` k`ctbcu k`ctbcu` ` ma fgs kgfmargs y maspuâs ma ucg pgrgmg ma m`s mìgs. Fgs kgfmargs manac sar fblpbgmgs maspuâs ma kgmg kglnb` ma gjug.
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[a mana mana ffajgr ffajgr uc rajbst rajbstr` r` maf gjug gjug k`csul k`csulbmg bmg k`rrasp` k`rrasp`cmbact cmbactaa g t`m`s t`m`s f`s kglnb kglnb`s. `s.
U`starb`rlacta, vacmrç uc parì`m` ma astgnbfbzgkbûc maf k`rki`, qua tbaca k`l` `noatbv` gpfgcgr fgs pfgckigs ` pgcgs ma k`rki`, y maogr gf k`rki` sakgrsa igstg gfkgczgr âsta ucg iulamgm i`l`jâcag y k`csbstackbg qua parlbtg rak`rtgrf`. [a mana avbtgr sbalpra uc sakgm` rçpbm`, gsì k`l` fg utbfbzgkbûc bclambgtg. Asta parì`m` ma astgnbfbzgkbûc maf k`rki` murgrç actra 7 y = salgcgs k`l` lçxbl`. Kugcm` af k`kbm` c` sa ig ahaktugm` p`r af lât`m` trgmbkb`cgf, asta parì`m` p`mrç sar bcharb`r g fg salgcg. Af k`rki` sa k`karç p`r sajucmg vaz maspuâs maf rgspgm` pgrg hgkbfbtgr su hfaxbnbfbzgkbûc y af maspbazgm` ac tgp`cas. Af k`kblbact` sa ragfbzgrç ac gjug ibrvbacm` murgcta ;5 lbcut`s. Maspuâs ma asta sajucm` k`kbm` fgs pgcgs ma k`rki` sa gflgkacgrçc ac uc fujgr fblpb` y kunbart`. Fg mbvbsbûc ma fgs pgcgs sa ragfbzgrç k`rtçcm`fgs trgcsvarsgflacta ac rangcgmgs, kuyg gckiurg k`rrasp`cmarç g fg f`cjbtum f`cjbtum ma f`s tgp`cas. Af rangca` sa mahbca k`l` fg `pargkbûc ma k`rtgr af k`rki` prapgrgm` sajÿc m`s sakkb`cas trgcsvarsgfas y s`nra t`m` af aspas`r ma fg pfgckig, k`c fg p`sbnfa
kap ambt`rbgf }
:7
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra afblbcgkbûc ma fg ngrrbjg. [balpra qua fg ngrrbjg c` sag afblbcgmg murgcta astg `pargkbûc, sarç afblbcgmg murgcta fgs sbjubactas. Fg h`rlg lgcugf ma k`ctbcugr mbvbmbacm` fgs pgcgs pgrg k`csajubr f`s tgp`cas sarìg fg sbjubacta? K`c fgs kukibffgs ma kugmrgmbff` sa maspazgrìgc fgs rangcgmgs gctarb`ras lambgcta k`rtas parpacmbkufgras g f`s gctarb`ras, `ntacbâcm`sa gsì kugmrgmbff`s. Ast`s sa gflgkacgrçc ac ucg ignbtgkbûc hraskg y sa r`kbgrçc k`c gjug murgcta gfjuc`s mìgs. K`cvbaca qua fgs gfturgs maf taki` sagc ngogs. Gctas ma mgrfas fg h`rlg mahbcbtbvg sa lgtgrçc fgs kugtr` grbstgs f`cjbtumbcgfas ma f`s kugmrgmbff`s, y pgrg k`csajubr fg h`rlg ma k`c` truckgm` ma f`s tgp`cas sa fas mg vuaftgs gframam`r ma ucg kukibffg hbog k`rtgcm` f`s n`rmas. U`r ÿftbl`, lambgcta junbgs sa ragfbzgrìg af pbkgm`, qua sa p`mrìg mahbcbr k`l` af rak`rta maf k`rki` lambgcta junbgs k`c af `noatbv` ma k`csajubr mbsk`s kbfìcmrbk`s sbc mah`rlgkb`cas mactr` ma uc`s fìlbtas mblacsb`cgfas praastgnfakbm`s.
8.>> Fg bcm 8. bcmus ustr trbg bg pra prapg pgrg rgm` m`rg rg Astg bcmustrbg prapgrg gmakugmglacta af k`rki` axtrgìm` maf gfk`rc`kgf ac pgcgs, k`c af `noatbv` ma vacmarf` g fgs bcmustrbgs trgcsh`rlgm`rgs. Qcg sarba ma `pargkb`cas vbacac g mgr k`l` rasuftgm` af k`rki` ac pfgckig, pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc maf pr`mukt` lçs blp`rtgcta, af tgpûc, y af k`rki` ma trbturgkbûc pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma gjf`largm`s, pr`kamacta asta ÿftbl` ma k`rki` ma ngog ngog kgfbmgm (^ahuj`) rak`rtas y masparmbkb`s. g) Gpbfgm`? As fg hgsa ac fg qua fgs pfgckigs ma k`rki` axtrgìmgs maf çrn`f sa gflgkacgc, nbac ac fg pr`pbg hbckg ma pr`kamackbg, nbac ac fg hçnrbkg ac fg qua vgc g sar s`latbmgs gf pr`kas` ma prapgrgkbûc. ]gct` ]gct ` ac kglp` k`l` k`l` ac hçnrbkg astg astg `parg `pargkbûc kbûc sa mana mana ragfbzgr ragfbzgr sbjubacm` sbjubacm` fgs c`rlgs c`rlgs maf Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma Urçktbkgs ]gp`cargs (KBU]). n) ^a ^ahu hujg jgm` m`?? K`csbsta ac fg sapgrgkbûc ma fgs pbazgs ma k`rki` n`rcbz`, hrgjlactgm` y k`rki` mahaktu`s`, pbazgs astgs qua sa mastbcgrçc g fg bcmustrbg ma gjf`largm`s. k) K` K`kb kbm` m` y rg rgsp spgm gm`? `? Af k`kbm` sa igka lgctacbacm` af k`rki` ac gjug ibrvbacm` murgcta uc tbalp` suhbkbacta pgrg fblpbgrf`, axtrgar fgs sustgckbgs ibmr`s`funfas, gulactgr af aspas`r, ramukbr fg macsbmgm y lao`rgr fg hfaxbnbfbmgm y afgstbkbmgm maf k`rki`. @tr` `noatbv` qua sa sa f`jrg k`c af k`kbm` as gnfgcmgr gnfgcmgr fg rgspg, ma giì af af s`nrac`lnra ma ’rgspgm`‒. m) ^ap ^ap`s` `s` ac fg fg n`ma n`majg? jg? Maspuâs ma iarvbm` af k`rki`, mana pgsgr p`r uc parb`m` ma astgnbfbzgkbûc qua murg actra 7 y = salgcgs. Murgcta asta tbalp` sa gpfgcg y sakg fg pfgckig igstg gfkgczgr fg k`csbstackbg gmakugmg pgrg af rak`rta. Af fujgr ac af qua af k`rki` as s`latbm` gf rap`s` sa mac`lbcg n`majg y mana sar uc sbtb` kunbart`, fblpb`, vactbfgm` y fbnra ma `f`ras qua puamgc gmiarbrsa gf k`rki`. a) ^ak` k`rrta? K`csbsta ac afblbcgr f`s n`rmas brrajufgras ma fgs pfgckigs k`c ucg kukibffg pgrg maogr gf maskunbart` uc k`rta fbs` qua parlbtg ragfbzgr k`c lgy`r hgkbfbmgm fgs sbjubactas hgsas. h) Kgfbnrgm`? Lambkbûc ma fg aspasurg ` kgfbnra ma fgs pfgckigs ma k`rki` qua suafa ragfbzgrsa k`c ucg paqua÷g iarrglbactg ffglgmg ’kgfbnra ` pba ma fìcag‒. Af kgfbnra sa lbma ac fìcags, ucbmgm ma lambmg trgmbkb`cgf ac af sakt`r k`rkiar` qua aqubvgfa g >,>1 ll. :>
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B j) As Ask` k`jb jbm` m`?? [a trgtg ma kfgsbhbkgr fgs pfgckigs ac huckbûc ma su kgfbnra (hgkt`r asta sulglacta blp`rtgcta puas as af qua matarlbcg af us` bcmustrbgf qua sa fa vg g mgr g kgmg pfgckig ma k`rki`) y ma su kgfbmgm. Af ask`jbm` sa ragfbzg sajÿc krbtarb`s ma larkgm`, c` s`fbâcm`sa igkar lçs ma 9 ` 75 kfgsas. [a trgtg ma kfgsbhbkgr af k`rki` ac huckbûc ma su us`. Af Kûmbj` Bctarcgkb`cgf ma Urçktbkgs ]gp`cargs, astgnfaka fgs sbjubactas tras prçktbkgs k`l` `nfbjgt`rbgs ac asta pr`kas`? -
[apgrgkbûc ma fgs pfgckig [apgrgkbûc pfgckigss qua tacjgc k`rki` varma ac af l`lact` ma fg prapgrg prapgrgkbûc, kbûc, y gflgkacgoa ma âstgs ac uc fujgr kfgrglacta bmactbhbkgm`. C` usgr af k`rki` varma ac fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgp`cas, cb ac fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma mbsk` y jrgcufgm`s pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgp`cas.
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H`rlgkbûc H`rlgk bûc ma f`tas f`tas ma pfgckig pfgckigss ma k`rki` mahbcb mahbcbm`s m`s ac ac kgfbnra kgfbnra y kgfbmgm. kgfbmgm.
i) Ura Uracsg csgm` m` y alng alngfgm fgm`? `? ]rgs af ask`jbm`, sa pr`kama g pracsgr y achgrmgr fgs pfgckigs, `pargkbûc qua tbaca k`l` hbcgfbmgm gpfgcgr af k`rki` pgrg hgkbfbtgr su trgcsp`rta g fgs hçnrbkgs trgcsh`rlgm`rgs. K`c hrakuackbg sa suafac rajgr fgs pfgckigs gctas maf pracsgm` pgrg qua astgs gmqubargc afgstbkbmgm y c` sa r`lpgc gf ragfbzgr af alpgquatgm`. F`s hgrm`s suafac tacar ucgs mblacsb`cas ma 25Y85Y85 kl y uc pas` ma actra 95 y 25 dj. Ma asta l`m`, sa pr`muka fg prblarg bctarvackbûc pr`hasb`cgf ma t`mg ucg glpfbg jglg ma fg bcmustrbg k`rkiarg, igstg asta puct` k`csbmargmg k`l` ma k`ckapkbûc grtasgcg p`r su afalactgfbmgm y sackbffaz ma utbffgoa, ma fg kugf axbstac cular`sgs alprasgs, kgsb sbalpra unbkgmgs ac z`cgs karkgcgs gf n`squa pr`mukt`r, k`l` `kurra ac lukigs p`nfgkb`cas axtrala÷gs.
:.
MBLAC[B@CA[ (kgfbnra)
Af kgfbnra sa k`rrasp`cma k`c fgs lambmgs gpr`pbgmgs qua tbaca qua tacar ucg pfgckig ma k`rki` pgrg p`mar `ntacar ma affg af tgpûc. Gsì, mac`lbcgral`s kgfbnra g fg mblacsbûc ma fg pfgckig ac sactbm` rgmbgf, as makbr, af jr`s`r ma fg pfgckig actra fg ngrrbjg y fg rgspg, qua as af rasuftgm` ma fg sulg ma f`s mbstbct`s krakblbact`s pr`mukbm`s murgcta f`s g÷`s ignbm`s actra mask`rkia y mask`rkia. Af kgfbnra sa lbma ac fìcags ma lgcarg trgmbkb`cgf, k`c ucg iarrglbactg mac`lbcgmg pba ma fìcag. [a trgtg ma ucg askgfg jrgmugmg y mbvbmbmg ac trgl`s k`c f`cjbtumas bjugfas, sapgrgm`s >,>1 ll actra sb. Af mbçlatr` ma tgpûc astçcmgr as ma >= ll f` qua ucbm` gf lgrjac cakasgrb` pgrg sgkgrf` ma fg rangcgmg ma k`rki`, c`s mg fg cakasbmgm ma qua af k`rki` tacjg p`r f` lac`s 7; fìcags. Fg sbtugkbûc bmags sarìg fg qua c`s parlbtbarg `ntacar af tgpûc ma fg rangcgmg k`c af lìcbl` masparmbkb`. Fg bcmustrbg kfgsbhbkg y achgrmg f`s k`rki`s p`r kgfbnras y gspakt`s (k`f`r…) ac f`tas i`l`jâca`s, mgcm` gsì raspuastg g fg malgcmg ma bcmustrbgs ma sajucmg trgcsh`rlgkbûc qua pbmac g fg bcmustrbg prapgrgm`rg fg kgfbmgm ma k`rki` qua kgmg ucg cakasbtg sajÿc af trgcsh`rlgm` qua ragfbkac. Igy luftbtum ma kgtaj`rìgs ma kgfbnra y gspakt`. BU^@K@^ ragfbzû ucg ngsgmg ac kbck` rgcj`s ma kgfbnra y `ki` ma gspakt`.
^gcj`s ma kgfbnra (BU^@K@^)? 7 Lgy`ras ma 72 fìcags > Ac Actra 71 71 y 72 fìcags ; Actra ; y 71 fìcags = Ac Actr traa 77 77 y 7; fìc fìcag agss 1 Lac`ras ma 77 fìcags kap ambt`rbgf }
=>,:1 ll ;;,:1 g => =>,: ,:11 ll ll >2,:1 g ;;,:1 ll >=, =,:1 :1 g >2 >2,: ,:11 ll ll >=,:1 ll
Jruas` Lambg lg lgrkg Blparbgf Mafjgm` :;
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra ^gcj`s ma kgfbnra ac U`rtujgf (CU >29)? 7 Lgy`ras ma >= fìcags > Actra 79 y >= fìcags ; Actra 7= y 79 fìcags = Actra 7> y 7= fìcags 1 Actra 75 y 7> fìcags 8 Actra = y 75 fìcags
1= ll =5 g 1= ll ;> g =5 ll >: g ;> ll >> g >: ll 2 g >> ll
]rbçcjuf` Jruasg Lgrkg Lgrkg lambg Mafjgmg Luy mafjgmg
^gcj`s ma gspakt` Aspg÷g y U`rtujgf?
Aspg÷g
U`rtujgf
7 > ; = 1 8 : 9
Urblarg [ajucmg ]arkarg Kugrtg Wubctg [axtg ^ahuj`
Urblarg [ajucmg ]arkarg Kugrtg Wubctg [axtg [âptblg ^ahuj`
[b kruzgl`s f`s kgfbnras qua ial`s mgm` gctarb`rlacta c`s sgfmrìgc ac t`rc` g => tbp`s ma kgfbmgm, kfgsbhbkgkbûc fûjbkglacta luy trgngo`sg y mbhbkuft`sg ac fg prçktbkg. U`r aff`, sa rakurra gf acrgsgm` ` gjrupgkbûc ma kfgsas p`r mastbc` k`lÿc, sblpfbhbkgcm` fg kfgsbhbkgkbûc sbc pârmbmg ragf ma utbfbmgm. Ma astg h`rlg, sa ramukac g 2 tbp`s, sajÿc af sbjubacta kugmr`?
Kgfbnra (ac fìcags)
Kfgsas
Qtbfbmgm
Lçs ma 72. Jruas`
7, >, ;, =, 1 y 8 7, >, ;, = y 1
]gpûc cgturgf, tgpûc ma kçctgr`, masparmbkb` ]gpûc cgturgf ma >= ll ma mbçlatr`
8
]gpûc cgturgf ma >= ll ma mbçlatr`
7, >, ;, = y 1 8 7, >, ;, = y 1 8 7, >, ; y = : y rahuj`
]gpûc cgturgf ma >= ll ma mbçlatr` ]gpûc cgturgf ma >= ll ma mbçlatr` ]gpûc cgturgf ma >7 ll ma mbçlatr` ]gpûc cgturgf ma >7 ll ma mbçlatr` Grgcmafg cgturgf, pgpaf, tgpûc ma m`s pbazgs ]rbturgm`s
Actra 71 y 72. Lambg lgrkg Actra 71 y 72. Lambg lgrkg Actra 7; y 71. Blparbgf Actra 7; y 71. Blparbgf Actra 77 y 7; Actra 77 y 7; Lac`s ma 77 ]`m`s
luki`
F`s rasuftgm`s ma ucg sgkg sa p`mrçc gfaogr lçs ` lac`s ma ast`s kgfbnras taûrbk`s, par` sa puama makbr qua as p`k` hrakuacta ack`ctrgrsa k`c ucg sgkg ac fg qua af k`rki` rahuj` sag lçs maf :5%, ` ac fg qua af k`rki` nuac` supara af =5%. Af k`rki` rahuj` gmqubara ac af larkgm` uc vgf`r luki` lac`r qua af k`rki` ma kgfbmgm, puast` qua sus kgrgktaras c` raÿcac f`s raqubsbt`s pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma uc tgpûc ma h`rlg cgturgf. U`r aff`, ac fg prçktbkg sa trbturg y sa mastbcg g fg bcmustrbg ma gjf`largm`. Igy qua tacar ac kuactg qua ac matarlbcgmgs `kgsb`cas f`s k`rki`s ma fg kfgsa sâptblg sa bctajrgc mactr` maf k`rki` rahuj`. Af k`rki` mafjgm` c` kuactg k`c af kgfbnra suhbkbacta pgrg `ntacar tgp`cas, p`r f` qua sa mastbcgrç g fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma grgcmafgs cgturgfas pgrg tgp`cas ma kgvg, hgnrbkgkbûc ma pgpaf ma k`rki` y g t`m` tbp` ma utbfbmgmas qua c` raqubargc uc jr`s`r c`tgnfa. :=
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B Af k`rki` jruas`, gÿc sbacm` ma nuacg kgfbmgm, pr`muka luki` masparmbkb` trgs fg `ntackbûc maf tgpûc, p`r f` qua su vgf`r ma larkgm` sarç bcharb`r g fg ma kgfbmgmas lac`ras tgp`cgnfas k`c lac`s masparmbkb`. [a usg tglnbâc pgrg fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgp`cas ma jgrrghg ` kçctgr`. Af k`rki` hfgk` qua bckfuya fg kgfbmgm sâptblg ma fgs kfgsas 77-7;, 7;-71 y 71-72, p`r su axkasbvg p`r`sbmgm, sa s`lata g uc pr`kas` ma k`flgtgm` (tgpgm` ma f`s p`r`s k`c p`fv` ma k`rki`). Af tgpûc k`flgtgm` sbalpra tacmrç uc vgf`r bcharb`r ac af larkgm` qua af tgpûc cgturgf. Mactr` maf k`rki` mac`lbcgm` nuac` bckfubl`s f`s sbjubactas? -
Lambg Lam bg lgrk lgrkg? g? 71-7 71-722 fìcag fìcags. s. Kfgs Kfgsas as 7, 7, >, ;, = y 1.
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Blparb Blp arbgf? gf? 7;7;-71 71 fìca fìcags gs.. Kfgsa Kfgsass 7, 7, >, ;, = y 1
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77-7 77 -7;; fìc fìcag ags. s. Kf Kfgs gsas as 7, >, ;, = y 1
F`s k`rki`s mac`lbcgm`s lambg lgrkg a blparbgf gfkgczgrçc lgy`r vgf`r ac af larkgm`. [`c mastbcgm`s g fg hgnrbkgkbûc ma tgp`cas cgturgfas ma >= ll ma mbçlatr`. Ac af k`rki` lambg lgrkg sa `ntbaca f`s lao`ras racmblbact`s k`c parh`rgm`rgs parh`r gm`rgs gut`lçtbkgs, lbactrgs qua ac af blparbgf f`s lao`ras racmblbact`s sa `ntacmrçc lambgcta uc pr`kamblbact` ` parh`rgkbûc lgcugf. Fg kfgsa 77-7;, ma kgfbmgm 7, >, ;, = y 1, sa mastbcg g fg afgn`rgkbûc ma tgp`cas cgturgfas ma >7 ll ma mbçlatr`, gucqua sb fg parh`rgkbûc sa igka ma h`rlg lgcugf sa puamac `ntacar tgp`cas ma >= ll ma mbçlatr`.
kap ambt`rbgf }
:1
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra
9.
JQBÛC ^A[QLAC
7. BC BC]^ ]^@M @MQK QKKB KBÛC ÛC Af k`rki` as af taobm` vajatgf k`cstbtubm` p`r kâfufgs ac fgs qua fg kafuf`sg ma m a su lalnrgcg suhra ucg trgcsh`rlgkbûc quìlbkg quamgcm` k`cvartbmg ac sunarbcg.
>. KG^GK]A^Ì[ KG^GK]A^Ì[]BKG[ ]BKG[ Ghaktgc g fg kgfbmgm maf k`rki`. -
Kgfbnra? Kgfbn ra? Aspas`r Aspas`r ma ucg ucg pbazg pbazg cgturgf cgturgf ma k`rki`. k`rki`. [a [a lbma k`c pba pba ma fìcag fìcag..
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Hgkt Hg kt`r `ras as qu quaa gha ghakt ktgc gc gf kg kgfb fbnr nra? a?
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Ak`fûjbk`s
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Jacâtbk`s
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]rgtgl ]rg tglbac bact`s t`s ma saf safvbk vbkuft ufturg urg lgf gpf gpfbkg bkgm`s m`s
Ur`pbamgmas hìsbk`-lakçcbkgs? -
Ngog ma macsbmgm
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U`r`sbmgm
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Astg As tgm` m` ma ma fg ngr ngrrbj rbjgg y aspg aspgfm fmgg maf maf k`rk k`rki` i`
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K`f`r
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Krakblbact`s
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Blparlagnbfbmg mgm m
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Afgstbkbmgm
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Astg As tgnb nbfb fbmg mgm m mbl mblac acsb sb`c `cgf gf
@trgs kgrgktarìstbkgs (matgffas kgsugfas)? -
K`rki` varma
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K`rk K` rki` i` lgr lgrl` l`ra ragm gm` ` ` ogsp ogspag agm` m`
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K`rki` ax axh`fbgnfa
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I`rlbjg
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Kufanrg
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Ubkgtr`ck`s
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Lgckig glgrbffg
Ur`pbamgmas târlbkgs maf k`rki` -
^asb ^a sbssta tack ckbg bg gf hu huaj aj` `
Xgf`ras ak`fûjbk`s ma f`s gfk`rc`kgfas?
:8
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Ak`fûjbk`s
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Ak`cûlbk`s
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[`kbgfas
kap ambt`rbgf }
Ur`has`ras ma Acsa÷gczg [akucmgrbg. Ur`kas`s y Ur`mukt`s ac Lgmarg y Luanfa. X`f. B
;. GU GUFB FBKG KGKB KBÛC ÛC Fg prbckbpgf gpfbkgkbûc sarç fg afgn`rgkbûc ma tgp`cas ma n`taffgs.
=. @^BJAC N`rcbz` ` k`rki` vbrjac? -
N`rrcbz` ma varg N` rgc c`
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N`rc N` rcbz bz` ` ma bc bcvb vbaarc rc` `
K`rki` ma rapr`mukkbûc? -
K`rk rki i` sajucma mar` r`
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K`rk rki i` ma hç hçn nrbkg
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Uamgz`s
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^ahuj`s
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_gpgtgs
1. MA MA[K [K@^ @^KI KIA A C`rlgs maf KBU] s`nra mask`rkia H`rlg trgmbkb`cgf H`rlg gut`lçtbkg
8. UG UGCG CG[[ MA MA K@^K K@^KI@ I@ Hgkt`ras ak`fûjbk`s Hgkt`ras jacâtbk`s Lât`m` trgmbkb`cgf Bcmustrbg prapgrgm`rg? -
Gpbfgm`
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^ahujgm`
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K`kbm` y rgspgm`
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^ap`s` ac ac n` n`majg
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^ak`rta
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Kgfbnrgm`
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Ask`jbm`
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Urac Ur acssgm gm` ` y al alng ngfg fgm` m`
:. MBL MBLAC[ AC[B@C B@CA[ A[ (KGFBN (KGFBN^A) ^A) ^gcj`s ma kgfbnra BU^@K@^ ^gcj`s ma kgfbnra U`rtujgf (CU >29) ^gcj`s ma gspakt` Aspg÷g y U`rtujgf
kap ambt`rbgf }
::
Gct`cb` Fubs [glgcbaj` [gstra
2.
:9
NBNFB@J^GHÌG -
GAK@^D GAK @^D,, Gs`kkb Gs`kkbgkb gkbû û m‒ Alprasg Alprasgrbs rbs [urar [urarss ma Kgtgfu Kgtgfucyg cyg-- Aspg÷g. Aspg÷g.
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Kûmbj` Bctar Bctarcgkb`c cgkb`cgf gf ma ma Urçktbkgs Urçktbkgs ]gp` ]gp`cargs cargs.. Xarsbûc Xarsbûc 1. G÷` G÷` >558. >558.
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]algss a bch`rla ]alg bch`rlass s`nra s`nra af k`rki` y fg bcmus bcmustrbg trbg maf maf k`rki` k`rki` afgn`rg afgn`rgm`s m`s p`r p`r BU^@K@^. BU^@K@^.
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Hucmgk Huc mgkbûc bûc Gcmg Gcmgfuz fuzgg maf Gfk` Gfk`rc` rc`qua qua y af af K`rki` K`rki`,, HGFK@^ HGFK@^..
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HAMGK@ HAM GK@^, ^, Hamar Hamargkb gkbûc ûc Aspg÷` Aspg÷`fg fg ma Gs`kb Gs`kbgkb gkb`ca `cass K`rkia K`rkiargs rgs..
kap ambt`rbgf }