Vlnm
2;
DLRRMNA DLRRM NALEV LEVG[ G[ Q ßVAJ ßVAJL[ L[ NM NME\ E\MJ MJL[ L[ LN LNPJ PJLM LMFG FG[[ LE LE IMB IMBRA RAKM KMKAÛ KAÛE EL AE[VM AE[ VMJM JMKA KAÛE ÛE FL KM KMRP RPAE AEVLR VLRÎM ÎM Q N\L N\LBJL BJL.. VAP VAPG[ G[.. KMR KMRMK MKVLR VLRÎ[ Î[VAK VAKM[ M[.. MPJAK MP JAKMK MKAÛ AÛE. E. KG KGE[ E[LR LRYM YMKA KAÛE ÛE Q MIA MIAJM JMFG FG
=. AEVR AEVRG GF\ F\KK KKAÛ AÛE E 2. DLRRM DLRRMNALEVM NALEVM[ [ Q ßVAJL[ NME\MJ NME\MJL[ L[ LNPJLMFG[ LNPJLMFG[ LE IMBRAKM IMBRAKMKAÛE KAÛE L AE[VMJMKA AE[VMJMKAÛE ÛE FL KMRPAEVLRÎM Q N\LBJL. DLRRMNALEVM[ PMRM [LRRMR. [ALRRM[ Q [LRR\KDG[ ;. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ KGE KGE DGOM[ DGOM[ FL KGRVL KGRVL C\AMFM C\AMFM 6. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ KGE KGE DGOM[ DGOM[ FL FL KGRVL KGRVL JABRL JABRL <. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMRM PMRM CGJP CGJPLMR LMR Q LTVRM LTVRMLR LR 9. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMR PMRM M PLR PLRIGR IGRMR MR 3. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMRM PMRM MJA[ MJA[MR, MR, RM[PM RM[PMR R Q P\JAR 4. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMR PMRM M MPR MPRLVM LVMR R 1. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMR PMRM M MIA MIAJMR JMR =0. DLRRM DLRRMNALEVM NALEVM[ [ PMRM VGRELMR VGRELMR ==. C\AÛE RL[\N RL[\NLE LE =2. BAB BABJAG JAGCRM CRMIÎM IÎM
klp lfatgramj }
=;
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl
=.
AEVRGF\KKAÛE
Le lstl tlnm vmngs m dmbjmr fl jms dlrrmnaletms usmfms fl igrnm nmeumj. Nukdms fl ljjms dgy lstíe le flsusg, gtrms sl usme le gkmsagels kgetmfms y, pgr lj kgetrmrag, gtrms dlrrmnaletms sge fl utajazmkaûe famram, kgng pulfle slr jgs nmzgs, jgs nmrtajjgs, jgs igrngels g jms tlemzms. Vlelngs qul tlelr le kuletm qul tgfms jms dlrrmnaletms nmeumjls talele su kgrrlspgefaletl igrnm ljáktrakm. Msî, fl ue flstgreajjmfgr nmeumj egs lekgetrmngs kge jgs mktumjls flstgreajjmfgrls kge bmtlrîm8 jgs slrrukdgs talele su —pmrlom‑ le jgs fastaetgs tapgs fl salrrm, kgng jms karkujmrls, aecjltmfgrms8 y jgs klpajjgs fl mkmemjmr g fl rlbmomr dme safg sustatuafgs pgr jms irlsms. Jms dlrrmnaletms fl nlfar y nmrkmr eg valele le lstl tlnm pgrqul slríe lstufamfms pgstlragrnletl, le lj tlnm ;2 (ßtajls fl nlfakaûe y nmrkmol), plrg le rlmjafmf sl trmtm fl ÿtajls tme anpgrtmetls kgng lj rlstg y qul flblngs tlelr le kuletm m jm dgrm fl leunlrmr jms dlrrmnaletms.
2.
DLRRMN DLRR MNAL ALEVM EVM[ [ Q ßV ßVAJ AJL[ L[ NM NME\ E\MJ MJL[ L[ LN LNPJL PJLMF MFG[ G[ LE IMBRAKMKAÛE L AE[VMJMKAÛE FL KMRPAEVLRÎM Q N\LBJL. DLRRMNALEVM[ PMRM [LRRMR. [ALRRM[ Q [LRR\KDG[
Jm salrrm? Kgestm fl uem dgom fl mklrg kge faletls tramecujmrls y traskmfgs qul pulfl ar ngetmfm le tlesaûe, pgr nlfag fl ue mrnmzûe mflkumfg, g bale sae tlesaûe, kge ue sgjg nmefg fl lnpuýmfurm. Lj slrrukdg? [alrrm fl dgom nís mekdm qul vm prgvastm fl uem nmeaom. [ge usmfgs pmrm kgrtmr crmefls palzms fl nmflrm. Metls fl aeakamr ue lstufag fltmjjmfg fl kmfm salrrm g slrrukdg, dmy qul tlelr kjmrgs uem slral fl kgeklptgs qul vme m mpmrlklr le tgfms lstms dlrrmnaletms? - Jgs faletls faletls fl jms jms salrrms salrrms talele talele igrnm igrnm fl kuým, kuým, lj fletmfg fletmfg rlprls rlprlsletm letm puls puls uem sukls suklsaûe aûe nÿjtapjl fl dalrrgs fl klpajjg. Jms puetms fl jgs faletls mktÿme kgng sa iulrme uem kukdajjm lstrlkdm fl klpajjgs fl kmrpaetlrg. - Pgr pmsg pmsg fl faletls faletls sl letalefl letalefl lj lj lspmkag lspmkag qul qulfm letrl jms jms puetms puetms fl fl faletls. faletls. Vmnbaáe Vmnbaáe sl sl jl flegnaem kgng jgecatuf fl faletls. - Jm pmrtl pmrtl nís nís prgiuefm prgiuefm fl lstl dulkg dulkg ls ls kgegkafm kgegkafm kgng kgng igefg flj flj faletl. faletl. Jm mjtur mjturmm flj faletl faletl slrîm jm fastmekam vlrtakmj letrl lj igefg y jm puetm fl jgs faletls. - Lj letrlfale letrlfaletl tl g dulkg dulkg pmrm varutm varutmss ls lj lspmkag lspmkag jabrl letrl kmfm faletl faletl.. - Lj íecujg íecujg fl kgrtl kgrtl slrîm lj íecujg íecujg igrnmfg igrnmfg letrl jm jm kmrm fl fl mtmqul mtmqul y jm jîelm jîelm fl puetms puetms fl faletl faletl.. Ástms igrnme lj flegnaemfg íecujg fl kgrtl g fl kuým, qul ls fl 90 crmfgs pmrm tgfg pmsg fl faletls. - Kumefg lj íecujg íecujg fl kgrtl ls fl =20 crmfgs, jm igrnm igrnm fl jgs jgs faletls faletls ls jm fl ue traíecujg traíecujg lquajítlrg y jm salrrm kgrtm dmkam fljmetl y dmkam mtrís. - Kumetg Kumetg nmygr nmygr slm lj lj tmnmýg tmnmýg fl jgs jgs faletls faletls nís nís liakmkam liakmkam le jgs kgrtls, kgrtls, plrg plrg lj kgrtl kgrtl ls bmstg y sukag. Kumefg sl prlkasl ue kgrtl iaeg y janpag sl utajazmrí uem salrrm kge faletls fl plqulýg tmnmýg. Lj áxatg flj trmbmog kge uem salrrm flplefl fl jm igrnm y flj lsplsgr fl jgs faletls. Ymngs m lstufamr m kgetaeumkaûe jgs failrletls tapgs fl salrrms y slrrukdgs kge jgs qul egs pgflngs lekgetrmr.
=6
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA
2.= Vapgs M. [a [alr lrrm rm fl fl dlef dleflr lr Faslýmfm pmrm kgrtmr jgecatufaemjnletl jm nmflrm. Kumefg elklsatmngs kgrtmr le farlkkaûe mj crmeg uem salrrm fl dleflr flbl rluear jms sacualetls kmrmktlrîstakms? - [us fale faletls tls flb flble le lstmr lstmr rlk rlktgs tgs le rljmk rljmkaûe aûe kge jm jm dgom. dgom. - Nm Nmeecg ií iíka kajj fl fl lnp lnpu uým ýmr. r. - Jm dgo dgom, m, iar iarnl nl y rl rlkt ktmm y m jm jm vlz vlz ijlx ijlxab abjl jl.. - Le kumetg kumetg mj tmnmýg tmnmýg,, suljle suljle tlelr tlelr uegs 99 kletînltrg kletînltrgss fl jgecatuf jgecatuf y ue mekdg mekdg fl ;0-<0 najînltrgs.
B. [l [lrr rruk ukdg dg fl tr trge gezm zmrr Lstl slrrukdg fl bmjjlstm lstí faslýmfg pmrm kgrtmr jm nmflrm m kgetrmdajg, ls flkar, trmesvlrsmjnletl sae fmýmr jm iabrm fl jm nmflrm. Lstg sl flbl m qul ueg fl kmfm fgs faletls talel lj iajg aekjaemfg le íecujg, fl ngfg qul mnbgs jmfgs lstíe basljmfgs. Lj bgrfl fl lstgs faletls m kgetrmdajg lstí aekjaemfg dmkam mtrís y lstí miajmfg kge ue íecujg tmj qul sl igrnl ue bgrfl y uem puetm kgrtmetl mcufgs. Jgs faletls mktÿme kgng kukdajjgs, mbralefg jm nmflrm fl mnbgs jmfgs fl jm letmjjmfurm y dmkalefg qul jgs rlstgs kmacme kgeigrnl vm pmsmefg jm dgom. Jm jgecatuf flj slrrukdg fl trgezmr gskajm letrl jgs <9 y jgs 99 kletînltrgs. Lj tmnmýg fl sus faletls y su kjmsl fl fletmfg f letmfg sge pmrm fmr kgrtls bmstgs.
K. [a [alr lrrm rm fl bm bmst staf afgr gr Jm salrrm fl bmstafgr mplems dm kmnbamfg flsfl jm Lfmf Nlfam. [u lstrlkdm dgom qulfm suoltm, prlsagemfm mj lergjjmr uem kulrfm g ue kmbjl satumfg letrl jgs lxtrlngs fl mnbgs brmzgs. [l pulfl carmr jm dgom fl nmelrm qul lj bmstafgr eg letrl le kgetmktg kge jm palzm qul sl trmbmom, sgbrl tgfg kumefg sl lstíe mslrrmefg mj dajg crmefls tmbjlrgs. Jm dgom fl jm salrrm sl mtarmetm nlfametl uem kulrfm tlesgrm kge uem tmbjajjm g nlfametl ue kmbjl tlesgr kge plreag rgskmfg y pmjgnajjm.
F. [al [alrrm rrm iae iaemm g fl jmtû jmtûe e [l trmtm fl uem salrrm fl bmjjlstm nuy nmelombjl y fl plqulýg tmnmýg. Kgestm fl uem dgom mekdm y kgrtm y jgs faletls sge jm natmf fl crmefls qul jgs fl jms dgoms fl jms salrrms fl bmjjlstm. [l utajazm pmrm kgrtls iaegs, pgr lolnpjg lj mslrrmfg fl lspacms.
L. [a [alr lrrm rm fl fl kget kgetge gelm lmrr [l trmtm fl uem salrrm fl bmjjlstm pmrm kgrtls fl rlfgeflmr g rlkgrtmr palzms qul jjlvme mfgregs nuy klrrmfgs. Jm dgom talel uem mekdurm aeilragr m =0 najînltrgs y sge faletls plqulýgs kge ue pmsg fl ; najînltrgs. Pmrm dmklr kgrtls fletrg fl uem fltlrnaemfm suplriakal lstms dgoms sl pulfle flslecmekdmr.
I. [lr [lrruk rukdg dg fl fl kgsta kgstajjm jjm g fl kgj kgjmm fl naj najmeg meg [l utajazm pmrm kgrtls iaegs y fl prlkasaûe. Lj egnbrl jg rlkabl flj rliulrzg fl nltmj qul jjlvm le su jgng, kuym iuekaûe ls fmr racaflz m jm dgom. [u usg, pgr lolnpjg, slrîm kgrtmr jms kgjms fl najmeg. Lj slrrukdg fl prlkasaûe slrîm kgng lj fl kgstajjm, plrg nís plqulýg y sl utajazm pmrm trmbmogs nís iaegs y fl nmygr prlkasaûe. [lrîm puls ue slrrukdg fl kgstajjm kge fletmfg pmrtakujmrnletl iaeg. Vrmbmome kge pgkm iulrzm m lnpuol y lj pmsg fl jgs faletls ls fl =,< najînltrgs.
klp lfatgramj }
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Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl C. [lr [lrruk rukdg dg fl fl kgrtm kgrtmrr kdmpm kdmpm Lstm dgom gvmj plqulým vm fletmfm pgr mnbgs jmfgs. [u dgom ls crulsm, fl = û 2 najînltrgs, y kge uem jgecatuf fl 3 m =0 najînltrgs. [l utajazm, kgng su prgpag egnbrl aefakm, pmrm kgrtmr kdmpm. Lj nmecg fl lstl slrrukdg talel uem igrnm mkgfmfm y plrnatl cuamrjg kgetrm uem rlcjm fl tgpl. D. [lrruk [lrrukdg dg pmrm pmrm tmbjl tmbjlrgs rgs nmeui nmeuimkturm mkturmfgs fgs Lstl tapg fl slrrukdg suljl prlsletmr ue fletmfg kgetrmîfg y rljmtavmnletl iaeg, letrl =0 y =2 faletls pgr pujcmfm. Vmnbaáe sl usm kgng slrrukdg m kgetrmdajg ueavlrsmj, ls flkar, pulfl dmklr jm nasnm iuekaûe qul jm salrrm fl trgezmr. Jm jgecatuf fl jms dgoms vmrîm letrl jgs <00 y <<0 najînltrgs.
A. [al alrr rrmm fl fl kg kgrt rtll kur kurvg vg [alrrm fl mrkg. Ls uem salrrm fl bmstafgr plqulým y jaclrm. Prgvastm fl dgoms lstrlkdms kge lj iae fl dmklr kgrtls kurvgs. Jms dgoms talele uem jgecatuf fl 400 najînltrgs, ;00 najînltrgs fl mekdg y 0,4 najînltrgs fl lsplsgr. Jms dgoms sl pulfle carmr ;90 crmfgs pmrm pgflr mpmrtmr lj bmstafgr fl jm jîelm fl kgrtl.
O. Jm slcultm Jm dgom fl jm slcultm, fl uem jgecatuf fl =<0 najînltrgs, lstí tlesagemfm crmkams m jm kurvmturm flj mrkg fl nltmj. [l usm pmrm dmklr kurvms le nmflrms nmkazms y tmbjlrgs nmeuimkturmfgs. Lstms dgoms, qul talele letrl =< y =3 faletls pgr pujcmfm, sge lxklsavmnletl lstrlkdms kgng pmrm slr miajmfms, flbalefg slr sustatuafms kumefg sl rgnple.
H. [a [alr lrrm rm fl km kmjm jmrr Jm salrrm fl kmjmr talel ue bmstafgr lxklpkagemjnletl kurvg y sl usm pmrm dmklr kgrtls kurvgs le kdmpms g le tmbjlrgs nmeuimkturmfgs fljcmfgs. [us dgoms sge nuy irícajls, jjlcmefg m tlelr dmstm ;2 faletls pgr pujcmfm. Eg sl pulfle miajmr. Pmrm qul jm dgom eg sl kjmvl pgr lj jgng ls nís fljcmfm qul pgr jms puetms fl jgs faletls.
J. [al [alrrm rrm fl fl mcuom mcuom g slrru slrrukdg kdg fl puet puetms ms Valel uem dgom crulsm, fl = m 2 najînltrgs, y mjmrcmfm qul sl utajazm pmrm mbrar dulkgs, prlvag mcuolrg kge brgkm. Jm dgom fl lstm salrrm, lstrlkdm y puetamcufm, dmkl kurvms egtmbjlnletl klrrmfms, muequl tmnbaáe sarvl pmrm dmklr kgrtls rlktgs.
2.2 \sg fl jms salrrms salrrms y slrrukdgs Metls fl aeakamr ue kgrtl, ls nuy anpgrtmetl jm kgjgkmkaûe fl jm palzm fl nmflrm. [alnprl dmy qul lstmr kûngfg y, sa ls pgsabjl, suoltm jm palzm. [l flbl kgclr lj slrrukdg g jm salrrm kge lj flfg îefakl lxtlefafg dmkam jm puetm fl jm dgom, kge lj iae fl kgetrgjmr jm farlkkaûe. Jm salrrms y slrrukdgs salnprl sl talele qul usmr slcÿe ue fabuog fmfg (jîelm fl kgrtl), tlealefg qul rlmjazmr lj kgrtl pgr lj jmfg sgbrmetl fl jm jîelm fl kgrtl. Jgs failrletls tapgs fl salrrms y slrrukdgs qul dlngs vastg rlmjazme fastaetgs trmbmogs pufalefg tlelr faletls lstrlkdgs g mekdgs. Dmy qul tlelr le kuletm qul kumetg nís faletls letrle le uem fltlrnaemfm jgecatuf nís plqulýgs slríe jgs faletls y jm salrrm nís iaem, salefg lj mslrrmfg nís jletg plrg nís plrilktg. Pmrm mslrrmr nmflrms vlrfls g bjmefms sl lnpjlme salrrms kge faletls mekdgs, naletrms qul pmrm nmflrms slkms g furms ls nlogr lnpjlmr salrrms fl faletls lstrlkdgs.
M. Ae Aeak akag ag fl fljj kg kgrt rtll [l flble dmklr uegs ngvanaletgs aeakamjls pmrm lstmbjlklr jm letmjjmfurm. M lstgs ngvanaletgs aeakamjls sl jl flbl fmr uem jaclrîsanm aekjaemkaûe, igrnmefg ue plqulýg íecujg, pmrm pgflr vlr jm jîelm fl kgrtl, ngvalefg jm salrrm g slrrukdg dmkam mrrabm y mbmog uems pgkms vlkls fl nmelrm qul jgs faletls lekuletrle kmnaeg le jm nmflrm, pmrm flspuás rlmjazmr anpujsgs nís jmrcgs usmefg ym tgfm jm dgom. Jm =9
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA salrrm g slrrukdg flbl tlelr uem aekjaemkaûe fl uegs 6< crmfgs pmrm jgs kgrtls trmesvlrsmjls y fl 90 crmfgs pmrm jgs kgrtls jgecatufaemjls. Jgs anpujsgs lrrítakgs g rípafgs suljle rlsujtmr anprlkasgs. [a egs flsvamngs fl jm jîelm fl kgrtl sl carm jaclrmnletl jm dgom dmstm qul sl vuljvl m leflrlzmr. Jm smjafm flj kgrtl flbl slr jg nís sumvl pgsabjl pmrm lvatmr lj mstajjmfg fl jm palzm. [l flbl mslcurmr kge jm nmeg jm pmrtl sgbrmetl qul vm m qulfmr jabrl flspuás flj kgrtl. Kumefg sl aeakam lj kgrtl, sl flbl mpgymr jm nmeg azqualrfm sgbrl lj lxtrlng fl jm nmflrm y jlvmetmr lj flfg pujcmr, fl igrnm qul lj slrrukdg rgkl kge áj pmrm sgstlelr jm dgom l aeakamr lj kgrtl fl igrnm rlktm y le jm pgsakaûe lxmktm8 uem vlz aeakamfg lj kgrtl, jm nmeg pulfl jjlvmrsl dmkam mtrís y usmrsl pmrm suoltmr jm nmflrm. Kumefg lstmngs mslrrmefg dmy qul narmr fl nmelrm kgetaeumfm mj jgng fl jm dlrrmnaletm pmrm mslcurmregs fl qul ástm vm plrplefakujmr m jm palzm fl nmflrm, le kmsg fl fufm sl pulfl dmklr jm kgnprgbmkaûe kge uem lskumfrm. Kumefg jm salrrm g slrrukdg sl mtmskm m jm nmflrm, sl flbl utajazmr uem kuým iaem pmrm mbrar jm rmeurm flj kgrtl8 flspuás, pujar jm dgom fl jm salrrm kge uem vljm fl klrm. Lj kgrtl sl dmkl m ue jmfg fl jm jîelm fl trmzmfg, pmrm pgstlragrnletl pgflr usmr lj klpajjg y moustmr jm nmflrm m jm nlfafm flslmfm. Jûcakmnletl, lj slrrukdg flbl ar salnprl dmkam lj jmfg fl jm jîelm fl kgrtl qul sl flslkdm.
B. Kua Kuafmf fmfgg fl jms jms salrrm salrrmss y fl jgs jgs slrrukd slrrukdgs gs Kumefg eg sl utajazme, sl flbl pgelr ue prgtlktgr fl pjístakg sgbrl jgs faletls. Msanasng, kumefg sl dmym lstmfg bmstmetl talnpg sae usmrjms, ls rlkgnlefmbjl pmsmr pgr jm dgom ue pmýg mklatgsg pmrm lvatmr su ûxafg. Jms dgoms fl salrrm sukams, kge fletmfg arrlcujmr y sae traskmfg kgrtme nmj. Pmrm ljjg sl flble miajmr m jgs nlegrls sîetgnms flskratgs y sa iulrm prlkasg rlktaiakmr lj iajg. Jm salrrm le rlpgsg sl flbl nmetlelr le pal kge jgs faletls dmkam mbmog. Kumefg jm tlelngs kgjgkmfm sgbrl lj bmekg fl trmbmog eg sl pulfle pgelr sgbrl ljjm dlrrmnaletms nltíjakms, puls pulfle plroufakmr lj fletmfg.
K. Mi Miaj ajmf mfgg fl jm jmss salr salrrm rmss Lj nmetleanaletg fl jgs bgrfls kgrtmetls fl jgs faletls sl jjlvm m kmbg kge uem janm tramecujmr. Kmfm jmfg fl jm janm flblrí tlelr uem jgecatuf mprgxanmfm flj fgbjl fl jm mjturm flj faletl. [l trmtm fl pmsmr jm janm cuaíefgjm kge uem nmeg le su puetm. [l kgnalezm pgr jm pmrtl f lj nmecg fl jm salrrm, pgr lj pranlr faletl aekjaemfg dmkam iulrm, mkkagemefg jm janm kgetrm lj bgrfl aetlragr flj faletl aenlfamtmnletl m su jmfg. Kumefg sl trmtm fl uem dgom fl kgrtl mj dajg, sl kgjgkm jm janm le lj kmemj, le íecujg rlktg kge rljmkaûe m jm dgom8 fgs g trls pmsmfms lolrkalefg prlsaûe sûjg m jm afm, dmstm qul mprgxanmfmnletl jm natmf flj puetg qul vlngs brajjmetl dmym flsmpmrlkafg. [l vm mvmezmefg dmkam lj nmecg, janmefg jgs kmemjls fl nmelrm mjtlrem, msî tlefrîmngs miajmfgs jm natmf fl jgs faletls. Pgstlragrnletl, sl fm jm vuljtm m jm dgom, trmbmomefg flsfl lj nmecg dmstm lj pal fl jm dgom, janmefg jgs rlstmetls kmemjls y flomefg uem dgom miajmfm le tgfgs sus faletls. Pmrm miajmr uem salrrm fl kgrtl m kgetrmdajg sl prgklfl fl acumj igrnm, plrg jm kgjgkmkaûe fl jm janm jm flblngs dmklr le ue íecujg fl 9< crmfgs, euekm fl 6< crmfgs. Ls elklsmrag tlelr le kuletm? - Cuîm fl janms janms?? Mslcurme Mslcurme jm ueaigr ueaigrnafmf nafmf flj flj íecujg íecujg y prgiuefa prgiuefafmf fmf m jm jm dgrm fl fl miajmr miajmr salrrms salrrms y slrrukdgs. - Vraskmfgr? Vraskmfgr? [arvl [arvl pmrm pmrm graletmr graletmr kge prlkasa prlkasaûe ûe jms puetms puetms fl jgs faletls faletls fl uem salrrm salrrm le le lj íecujg íecujg elklsmrag. Lj traskmfg fl jms salrrms qul prlsletle ue fletmfg plqulýg sl dm fl kgeiamr m lnprlsms lsplkamjazmfms.
klp lfatgramj }
=3
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl Kumefg sl vmym m miajmr uem salrrm, flbl lstmr iarnlnletl suoltm, puls le kmsg fl ngvlrsl jm janm sl smjfrîm fl jgs kmemjls. [a iulrm i ulrm elklsmrag, sl kgjgkmrí lj smrcletg pmrm suoltmrjm. Le lj kmsg fl qul jgs faletls iulrme arrlcujmrls, ls flkar, qul uegs kgrtls y gtrgs smjtle mj kgrtmr, dmbrîm qul rlktaiakmr lj iajg g acumjmr jm salrrm.
F. Acu Acumjm mjmfg fg fl uem sal salrrm rrm Lxastl uem cuîm fl acumjmfg fl salrrm. [l kgestruyl kgjgkmefg uem janm iaem le ue tmkg fl nmflrm furm, mj qul prlvamnletl jl dlngs prmktakmfg uem rmeurm. [l pmsm pgr jm kmrm fl jm salrrm dmkalefg qul jm janm qulfl pgr lj bgrfl fletmfg fl jm nasnm. Fgs g trls pmsmfms jaclrms slríe suiakaletls pmrm dmklr lj acumjmfg fl uem salrrm floíefgjm msî jastm pmrm lj miajmfg.
L. Vraskmfg [l flbl dmklr ue traskmfg le uem salrrm kumefg ástm sl dm fgbjmfg le jm letmjjm g sa sl flsvîm fl jm jîelm fl kgrtl. Jms gplrmkagels fl f l traskmfg dgy fîm jms rlmjazme prgilsagemjls.
;.
DLRRMN DLRR MNAL ALEVM EVM[ [ KGE KGE DGOM DGOM[ [ FL KGR KGRVL VL C\A C\AMF MFM M (klp (klpaj ajjm jmrr jm nmflrm)
Le rlmjafmf, lj klpajjg ls ue igrnûe g lskgpjg kgjgkmfg le lj aetlragr fl ue prasnm fl nmflrm. Lj klpajjg kgestm fl jm kmom kge su bgkm g smjafm fl varutms y junbrlrm, fl jm kukdajjm g dalrrg y flj faspgsatavg pmrm su suolkaûe. Jm kmom flj klpajjg ls fl nmflrm fl dmym g plrmj kge uem mblrturm qul talel le nlfag, jjmnmfm junbrlrm le su pmrtl suplragr y bgkm le jm aeilragr8 uem smjaletl g puýg, uem kuým fl nmflrm furm y su kgetrmiulrtl, jm dgom fl dalrrg mklrmfm y su kgetrmdgom. Le jm pmrtl pgstlragr fl jm kmom sl lekuletrm jm kmblzm fl rltrgmkkaûe y lj smjvmnmegs. Lj iajg fl jm dgom mj sgbrlsmjar fl jm mblrturm pleltrm le jm iabrm fl jm nmflrm, smjalefg jm varutm pgr lekanm fl ástm. Jm kmetafmf fl dgom smjaletl fltlrnaemrí lj lsplsgr fl jm varutm. Jm kuým ls uem palzm fl nmflrm furm qul sl aetrgfukl le jm junbrlrm flj klpajjg pmrm mslcurmr iarnlnletl jm kukdajjm kge jm mflkumfm aekjaemkaûe, mj nasng talnpg qul dmkl prlsaûe le lj lxtrlng fl jm kukdajjm pmrm lvatmr qul vabrl furmetl lj trmbmog, imkajatmefg jm smjafm fl varutms qul sl flpgsatme le jm junbrlrm. Jm kuým flbl slr puetamcufm y msletmr bale sgbrl jm dgom. Mj kgnlezmr lj trmbmog sl cgjplm sumvlnletl jm kuým pmrm qul qulfl bale suoltm m jm kukdajjm, le kmsg fl cgjplmr kge lxklsg mvmezmrîm flnmsamfg y gbstruarîm jm bgkm. Le lj supulstg fl qul lj klpajjg eg vmym m usmrsl furmetl ue talnpg prgjgecmfg jm kuým sl talel qul flomr sae prlsaûe. Jm kgetrmdgom gbjacm m jms varutms m fgbjmrsl dmkam fljmetl, eg plrnatalefg qul sl kgevalrtm le mstajjm, rligrzmefg lj iajg fl jm kukdajjm y, pgr su igrnm kûekmvm, fm uem nmygr liakmkam m jm dlrrmnaletm anpafalefg qul jlvmetl mstajjms, eufgs g rlpljgs. Pmrm qul jg metlragr slm liakmz, jm dgom y jm kgetrmdgom talele qul lstmr moustmfms mj iajg8 le kmsg kgetrmrag, jms varutms sl lerlfmríe le ljjms y gbstruaríe jm bgkm flj klpajjg. Mj moustmr jm kgetrmdgom sl suoltmrí ue najînltrg g nlegs flj kgrtl. Jms kukdajjms sge fl mklrg tlnpjmfg pgr ue lxtrlng, fl nmelrm qul qulfle kge ue bgrfl bale miajmfg qul sl pulfm rlpmsmr. Jm kmrm metlragr fl jm kukdajjm sl jjmnm lsplog g kmrm fl smjafm fl varutms8 jm gpulstm slrîm lj jgng. M jm pmrtl aeilragr miajmfm fl jm suplriakal sl jl jjmnm baslj, salefg lj iajg jm mrastm qul igrnme lj lsplog y lj baslj. Lj íecujg fl kgrtl vmrîm flplefalefg fl jm kjmsl fl klpajjg metl lj qul egs lekgetrlngs. Fl nmelrm clelrmj jgs íecujgs sl satÿme letrl jgs 6< y jgs <0 crmfgs. Lj íecujg fl iajg g fl mkdmijmemfg clelrmjnletl ls fl 2< crmfgs, íecujg qul sl flbl nmetlelr flspuás fl jgs rlktaiakmfgs y jgs miajmfgs. =4
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA Lj íecujg fl mtmqul ls lj qul igrnm lj baslj fl jm kukdajjm kge jm suplriakal aetlragr flj kukdajjg. Kumefg lstl íecujg ls flnmsamfg plqulýg sl rlqualrl r lqualrl nukdm iulrzm pmrm klpajjmr. [a klpajjírmngs kge uem kukdajjm eg sl pgfrîm lvatmr lj flscmrrg fl jm nmflrm sgbrl jm qul sl mktÿm. Pmrm sgjukagemrjg lstí jm kukdajjm fgbjl, ls flkar, m jm kukdajjm g dalrrg sl jl uel ue kgetrmdalrrg kuyg gboltavg ls rgnplr jm varutm aenlfamtmnletl flspuás flj iajg. Mj bgrfl aetlragr flj kgetrmdalrrg sl jl flegnaem bgrfl fl rgturm y sûjg kunpjl su iuekaûe kumefg lstí plrilktmnletl kgjgkmfg. Valel ue íecujg fl 40 û 10 crmfgs kge lj lsplog fl jm kukdajjm, mflnís talel qul lxastar kgetmktg m prlsaûe letrl lj dalrrg y lj kgetrmdalrrg. Flegnaemrlngs íecujg fl rljalvl mj igrnmfg pgr lj kdmijíe fl jm dgom y jm bmsl flj klpajjg. [lcÿe slm jm kmetafmf fl iajg qul smjcm pgr jm bgkm slrí nís g nlegs iaeg lj trmbmog qul rlmjazm lj klpajjg. Pgr lstl ngtavg ls rlkgnlefmbjl salnprl crmfumr lj klpajjg metls fl aeakamr kumjqualr trmbmog. \em nmygr jgecatuf fl baslj fmrí ue íecujg fl kgrtl nís mcufg8 uem nlegr jgecatuf fl baslj fmrí ue íecujg fl kgrtl nmygr. Kumefg trmbmomngs sgbrl nmflrm bjmefm ls nlogr ue íecujg fl kgrtl mcufg, puls dmy nlegs lsiulrzg le jm pleltrmkaûe le jm nmflrm. Pgr lj kgetrmrag, mj klpajjmr nmflrm furm jm kukdajjm tlefrí ue kgrtl nlegs mcufg. Fljmetl flj iajg fl jm kukdajjm, pmrm slpmrmr jm varutm fl jm nmflrm, dmy uem rlefaom y pmrm lvatmr ue pgsabjl flscmrrg lj bgrfl metlragr fl jm bgkm flj klpajjg lstí sûjg ue pgkg slpmrmfg flj iajg fl jm kukdajjm. Lsl bgrfl ls lj qul prlsagem jm suplriakal fl jm nmflrm m jm dgrm fl klpajjmr y fgbjm jm varutm prlvamnletl mrrmekmfm. Jm kmetafmf fl varutm qul sl mrrmequl kgrrlspgefl m kmfm kjmsl fl klpajjg.
;.= Vapgs M. Klp Klpajj ajjgs gs fl fls flsbms bmstmr tmr Lstgs klpajjgs sl usme pmrm mjasmr jm nmflrm, mj nasng talnpg qul rlfukle jm palzm dmstm qul tlecm jms fanlesagels qul flslmngs. Jgs lekgetrmngs ljmbgrmfgs le nmflrm g nltmj. Jgs fl nmflrm sge nís jaclrgs y jmbrme jm nmflrm kge sumvafmf le sletafg trmesvlrsmj, plrg sge nís faiîkajls fl moustmr qul jgs fl nltmj y nís kmrgs. m) Cua Cuajjm jjmnl nl fl nlf nlfam am kmý kmýmm [l usm pmrm gbtlelr ue rípafg flsbmstmfg fl jm nmflrm. Jm kukdajjm talel ue bgrfl kgrtmetl kgevlxg y vm suoltm m jm kmom crmkams m uem kuým fl nmflrm. [l pulfl lnpjlmr famcgemjnletl, le sletafg trmesvlrsmj. b) Cm Cmrrjgpm Prlsletm uem bmsl fl letrl ;<0 y ;43 najînltrgs. [l trmtm fl uem dlrrmnaletm fl usg ueavlrsmj qul sl lnpjlm pmrm lskumfrmr y mjasmr nmflrms. Pulfle tlelr jm bmsl jasm u gefujmfm, kge ástms ÿjtanms trmbmomrlngs kge jms nmflrms rlsaegsms. k) Ouetlrm Jm bmsl talel 900 najînltrgs kgng níxang, kge jg qul sl kgesacul lvatmr jms gefujmkagels qul pufalrme tlelr jms palzms. Rlsujtme fl lsplkamj utajafmf m jm dgrm fl kgestruar crmefls lesmnbjls rlktgs letrl jgs pmeljls qul sl lnpjlmr pmrm kgestruar pmeljls mekdgs. f) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg fl mja mjasm smrr Pmrm su usg ls elklsmrag qul jm kukdajjm lstá moustmfm fl ue ngfg prlkasg. Jmbrm jm suplriakal metls fl fmr lj klpajjmfg iaemj fl mkmbmfg. Jgs fl nís nís kmjafmf talele jm bmsl fl nmflrm nmflrm pmjgsmetg mutg jubrakmfm. [uljl nlfar su bmsl uegs 22< najînltrgs.
B. Kl Klpa pajj jjgs gs fl rl rlbm bmom omrr Lj rlbmog ls uem rmeurm fl slkkaûe rlktmecujmr qul sl prmktakm le lj bgrfl fl uem palzm fl nmflrm.
klp lfatgramj }
=1
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl m) Klp Klpajj ajjgs gs fl rlb rlbmom momrr fl bmek bmekgg [ge uem vlrsaûe lsplkamjazmfm fl jm cmrjgpm egrnmj. Prmktakme rlbmogs fl crme tmnmýg. Jm kukdajjm sl lxtalefl m jg mekdg fl tgfm jm suplriakal fl jm bmsl. Eg kuletm ea kge cuîms ea tgpls fl prgiuefafmf y, pgr kgesacualetl, sl dm fl utajazmr kgetrm ue jastûe qul prlvamnletl sl dm iaomfg le jm palzm, dmstm qul lj rlbmol slm jg suiakaletlnletl prgiuefg pmrm cuamr pgr sa mj klpajjg. b) Cm Cmrj rjgp gpîe îe [l trmtm fl ue klpajjg qul kuletm kge uem cuîm moustmbjl y ue tgpl fl prgiuefafmf. Lj dalrrg fl lstl klpajjg pulfl ar kgjgkmfg le fgs pgsakagels, uem egrnmj pmrm su usg, y gtrm pmrm klpajjmr le lj lxtrlng fl ue rlbmog kalcg. Lstl tapg fl klpajjg kuletm tmnbaáe kge uem lsplkal fl kgetrmiulrtl qul vm dmkalefg uem nulskm nulskm pgr fljmetl fl jm kukdajjm, pmrm lj kmsg qul lj rlbmog sl dmcm m kgetrmdajg. k) Klp Klpajj ajjgg kge kge kukda kukdajjm jjm mj irle irletl tl Ls uem vlrsaûe flj klpajjg fl lspmjfûe. Fl plsg nuy jaclrg, sl utajazm pmrm jmbrmr rlbmogs kalcgs g lesmnbjls plqulýgs. Lxastle Lxastle failrletls ngfljgs fl lstgs klpajjgs tmetg le nmflrm kgng le nltmj. f) Klp Klpajj ajjgg fl fl lspm lspmjfû jfûee Valel uem kmom plrilktmnletl rlktmecujmr le jm qul mnbgs jmfgs sge plrplefakujmrls m jm bmsl. Ls nuy ÿtaj pmrm jmbrmfg fl lspmjfgels lskumfrmfgs le jgs lesmnbjls crmefls, plrg tmnbaáe sl pgfrîm usmr kgng sa sl trmtmrm fl ue klpajjg fl rlbmomr fl bmekg. Jm kukdajjm vm faspulstm kge ue íecujg plqulýg pmrm pgflr klpajjmr m kgetrmdajg. kg etrmdajg. l) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg fl fl rlb rlbmo mols ls [l trmtm fl ue klpajjg fl tmnmýg fl naeamturm kuym iaemjafmf ls jm fl klpajjmr rlbmogs g mjasmr jmfgs fl jms rmeurms lsplkamjnletl lstrlkdgs. [l utajazm fl kmetg, ls flkar, kge jm kukdajjm jmbrmefg jm pmrlf vlrtakmj. Lstl klpajjg kuletm kge fgs kukdajjms, msî sl pulfle jmbrmr mnbgs jmfgs fl jm rmeurm le uem farlkkaûe, trmbmomefg salnprl mj dajg. Jm cmjcm fl prgiuefafmf qul vm kgjgkmfm le lj bgrfl suplragr fl jm palzm sarvl pmrm kgetrgjmr jm graletmkaûe fl jm kukdajjm.
K. Kl Klpa pajj jjgs gs m kge kgetr trmi miab abrm rm Lxastle fgs ngfljgs, ueg fl nmflrm y gtrg fl nltmj. Lj ngfljg fl nmflrm vm prgvastg fl ue nmefg fl moustl fl prgiuefafmf pmrm kgeslcuar ue rlcjmol plrilktg flj klpajjg. Lj ngfljg nltíjakg, nukdg nís sgiastakmfg, jjlvm uem kukdajjm kgjgkmfm kge uem aekjaemkaûe fl 20 crmfgs, lsplkamj pmrm lj klpajjmfg m kgetrmdajg. Jjlvm ljlnletg fl kgetrgj fl prgiuefafmf flj ngvanaletg jmtlrmj fl jm kukdajjm, msî kgng fl jm bgkm moustmbjl.
F. Mkmem Mkmemjmfg jmfgrls rls y klpaj klpajjgs jgs kgnba kgnbaemfg emfgss Pgflngs fastaecuar letrl? m) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg mkmem mkmemjm jmfg fgrr [u iuekaûe ls dmklr rmeurms, plrg tmnbaáe sl pgfrîme dmklr rlbmogs lstrlkdgs. Jms kukdajjms sge rlktms y talele uem mekdurm qul gskajm letrl jgs ; y jgs =6 najînltrgs, flstmjgemfgs le sus suplriakals jmtlrmjls y vme iaomfms mj klpajjg pgr nlfag fl ue tgreajjg flsjazmetl. Yme prgvastgs fl cmjcms fl prgiuefafmf y fl cuîms. Jm kukdajjm talel le su kmrm pgstlragr ue irlsmfg qul sl ljlvm mj mkuýmr jm kukdajjm sgbrl ue pmtîe fl mklrg qul sustatuyl m jm pmrtl aeilragr flj klpajjg.
20
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA b) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg kgnba kgnbaem emfg fg [l trmtm fl ue klpajjg mkmemjmfgr mj qul sl jl dme aekgrpgrmfg uem slral fl kmrmktlrîstakms lsplkamjls pmrm pgflr rlmjazmr lesmnbjls nmkdadlnbrmfgs. [l trmtm fl kukdajjms lsplkamjls pmrm jlecúltm, prgvastms fl tgpl fl prgiuefafmf rlcujmbjl qul lekmomríe kge jms fl rmeurmr. k) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg fl fl ngj ngjfu furm rmrr Ls ue klpajjg kgnbaemfg kge uem slral fl kukdajjms mfakagemjls. Kge lstgs klpajjgs sl pulfle dmklr ngjfurms kgng ue kumrtg bgklj, plkdg fl pmjgnm, nlfam kmým g bmqultûe. f) Cu Cuaj ajjm jmn nl [l utajazm pmrm lj klpajjmfg fl ngrtmoms. Jm kukdajjm vm aekjaemfm rlsplktg mj bgrfl flj kukdajjg y ue pmtîe fl tgpl moustmbjl plrnatl jm pgsakaûe lxmktm. l) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg rm rmsk skmf mfgr gr Valel uem kukdajjm slekajjm rlktm, salefg su bgkm iaom g moustmbjl. [u usg lstí le lj trmbmog kge bgrfls kgetgrelmfgs, sgbrl tgfg le jm imbrakmkaûe fl sajjms. i) Kl Klpa pajj jjgg pmrm pmrm nmf nmflr lrmm fl tlst tlstmm Ls ue klpajjg fl mklrg qul sarvl pmrm mjasmr. [u dalrrg talel uem pgsakaûe mj slscg fl 2< crmfgs.
;.22 Rl ;. Rlcj cjms ms pmr pmrmm jgcr jgcrmr mr ue ue bule bule klp klpaj ajjm jmfg fg Le pranlr jucmr, dmy qul tlelr le kuletm jm farlkkaûe le qul dme fl kgrtmrsl jms iabrms fl jm nmflrm. Jm rlsastlekam pulstm m jm mkkaûe fl jms dlrrmnaletms fl trmbmog flplefl le crme nlfafm fl jm farlkkaûe fl jms vltms. Rlkgrfmngs qul uem nmflrm sl klpajjm le farlkkaûe m jm vltm g mj dajg kumefg jms iabrms sge pmrmjljms m jm suplriakal. [l fakl qul uem nmflrm sl klpajjm m trmvás kumefg jms vltms qulfme nís g nlegs pgr tlstm y trmbmomngs plrplefakujmrnletl m jms vltms. Jm nmflrm girlkl uem nmygr rlsastlekam kumefg sl klpajjm m trmvás. Kumefg sl kgrtm m imvgr fl vltm g mj dajg jm kukdajjm talefl m kgnpranar uem iabrm sgbrl gtrm. Lj kgrtl ls janpag, slcuafg y sae mstajjms y jm varutm ls ueaigrnl. Jm suplriakal trmbmomfm sl prlsletmrí jasm y pjmem. Kumefg klpajjmngs fl igrnm trmesvlrsmj, lj iajg fl jms kukdajjms pmrmjljg m jms iabrms mvmezm plrplefakujmrnletl m ljjms. Jms iabrms mplems gpgele rlsastlekam m jm slpmrmkaûe puls lj iajg mktÿm suklsavmnletl sgbrl pgquîsanms iabrms, plrg jm suplriakal rlsujtm nuy mstajjmbjl, arrlcujmr y ísplrm. Pgr lstl ngtavg ls nlogr lilktumr lj klpajjmfg le sletafg gbjakug kge lj iae fl kgrtmr nís iabrms y flomr jm suplriakal nís mjasmfm. Le lj klpajjmfg m kgetrmiabrm (lj qul sl rlmjazm le sletafg kgetrmrag m jm farlkkaûe fl jm vltm) jm kukdajjm mrrmekm jms iabrms, qulfmefg mprasagemfg letrl ljjms y jlvmetíefgjms. Jms iabrms fl jm nmflrm sl qulbrmríe tmetg nís kumetg nmygr slm lj lsplsgr fl jm varutm. Dmy qul tlelr le kuletm qul jm kgetrmdgom, qulbrmefg jm varutm talefl m imkajatmr lj trmbmog8 le lstl kmsg, jm kukdajjm talel qul sgbrlsmjar jg nlegs pgsabjl pmrm qul jms varutms slme fljcmfms f ljcmfms g iaems. Lj klpajjmfg le sletafg gbjakug sl utajazm le jgs kmsgs le qul jm rlsastlekam fl jm nmflrm kmnbam fl uems zgems m gtrms flbafg m jm fastaetm kmjafmf fl jms iabrms. Lj klpajjmfg sl aeakamrí pgr fgefl jm rlsastlekam slm nlegr y sl dmrí sacualefg jg nís pgsabjl jm farlkkaûe far lkkaûe fl jm vltm pmrm qul lj klpajjmfg slm jg nís iaeg pgsabjl. \e nmj klpajjmfg pulfl slr kmusmfg pgr jm nmjm kgeslrvmkaûe flj klpajjg, iajg lnbgtmfg, bmsl flj klpajjg ouetg m jm junbrlrm flscmstmfm, tlelr lj baslj fl jm kukdajjm rlfgeflmfg eg pufalefg pleltrmr le jm nmflrm, g qul jgs klpajjgs tlecme lj iajg nuy smjaletl g qul lstl iajg eg lstá pmrmjljg m jm suplriakal. Kumefg sl klpajjm nmflrm lekgjmfm lj klpajjg sl pulfl nmekdmr fl kgjm, le tmj kmsg jg nís kgevlealetl ls irgtmr jm bmsl kge uem mjngdmfajjm fl mjcgfûe anprlcemfm le mklatl. klp lfatgramj }
2=
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl
6.
DLRR DL RRMN MNAL ALEV EVM[ M[ KG KGE E DGO DGOM[ M[ FL KG KGRV RVL L JAB JABRL RL
6.=. Vapgs M. Igrnûe [l trmtm fl uem dlrrmnaletm fl kgrtl igrnmfm pgr ue dalrrg mklrmfg kge nmecg fl nmflrm y iajg dgrazgetmj. [arvl pmrm rlmjazmr dulkgs le jm nmflrm. Jm mekdurm fl jm dgom fl jgs igrngels vmrîm letrl jgs 6 y jgs <0 najînltrgs8 euekm sl flbl dmklr pmjmekm kge jgs igrngels pgrqul su dgom ls lxklsavmnletl iaem. Dmy igrngels qul talele jgs bgrfls basljmfgs, sge jaclrgs y fljcmfgs y su usg praekapmj lstí le jgs flsbmstls fl prlkasaûe y fl farlkkaûe kgestmetl.
B. Lskgpjg Ls ue igrnûe fl dgom nís crulsm, qul sl utajazm pmrm jm rlmjazmkaûe fl mcuolrgs rlktmecujmrls flegnaemfgs lskgpjmfurms. Jm mekdurm fl jm dgom vmrîm letrl jgs 2 y jgs 20 nn. y su lsplsgr vmrîm le jm nasnm prgpgrkaûe.
K. Cubam Ls uem dlrrmnaletm nuy sanajmr m jms metlragrls, plrg kge jm dgom kurvmfm y vmkamfm lj kgrtl rlsujtmrí ue mrkg fl kîrkujg kge failrletls plriajls. Lj bule iuekagemnaletg fl lstms dlrrmnaletms flplefl iuefmnletmjnletl fl su miajmfg y miaemfg. Lj íecujg fl kgrtl flbl lstmr le rljmkaûe kge jm slkkaûe flj igrnûe, lskgpjg g cubam y kge jm kjmsl fl nmflrm qul sl vmym m trmbmomr? pmrm nmflrms bjmefms, íecujg mcufg8 y pmrm nmflrms furms, íecujg bmstmetl nlegs mcufg.
6.22 Nm 6. Nmel elog og fl fljj ig igrn rnûe ûe Lstm dlrrmnaletm rlmjazm su trmbmog lnpuomefg lj nmecg kge jm nmeg y, sa eg iulrm suiakaletl, sl utajazm lj nmzg. [u iajg ls basljmfg y su kgrtl flbl slr kgng lj fl uem emvmom. Pmrm qul lj trmbmog rlmjazmfg kge lj igrnûe slm liakmz sl rlqualrl qul lj lol flj nmecg kgaekafm kge lj fl jm dlrrmnaletm. [l trmbmom kge jm nmeg flrlkdm, usmefg jm azqualrfm pmrm msarjg pgr jm dgom. Lj iajg sl talel qul usmr le farlkkaûe kgetrmram m eulstrm ubakmkaûe, kgjgkmefg jms nmegs fltrís flj bgrfl kgrtmetl. Jm palzm kge jm qul sl vmym m trmbmomr talel qul lstmr tgtmjnletl suoltm pgr nlfag fl smrcletgs g cmtgs, g kumjqualr dlrrmnaletm fl mpraltl qul egs sarvm pmrm tmj iae. Jgs kgrtls jgecatufaemjls sl dmríe le farlkkaûe m jm vltm. Lj igrnûe sl jjlvmrí kge lj baslj dmkam mrrabm g dmkam mbmog slcÿe lj tapg fl trmbmog fl qul sl trmtl. Dmy qul tlelr le kuletm qul ls nís iíkaj fgnaemr lj igrnûe kge lj baslj dmkam mbmog. Jjlvmefg lj igrnûe aekjaemfg dmkam ue jmfg sl imkajatm lj trmbmog y sl kgeslrvm lj kgrtl nís talnpg qul lnpuomefg dmkam mfljmetl. Le kmsg fl nmflrms fl iabrm arrlcujmr arrlcujmr lj igrnûe sl talel qul ngvlr le —zac-zmc‑ naletrms sl jl dmkl mvmezmr. Pmrm jm ljanaemkaûe fl jm nmflrm sgbrmetl ouetg m uem jîelm fl kgrtl, lj igrnûe sl jjlvm kge lj baslj dmkam mbmog kge lj iae fl anplfar pleltrmkagels prgiuefms le jms palzms. Pmrm jm rlmjazmkaûe fl letmjjmfurms kge ue igrnûe, jgs kgrtls lxtlragrls sl dmríe kge uem salrrm iaem, ljanaemefg lj sgbrmetl kge lj igrnûe pgr mnbms pmrtls dmkam lj kletrg anpafalefg jgs mstajjmfgs le jgs
22
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA bgrfls. Kumefg jms letmjjmfurms sge nuy mekdms sl fmríe vmrags kgrtls fl salrrm kge lj iae fl qul jms mstajjms slme kgrtms y iíkajls fl quatmr.
6.; Nmelog flj lskgpjg lskgpjg Lj lskgpjg sl usm pmrm rlmjazmr lskgpjmfurms g kmoms, jm palzm lekmomfm rlkabl lj egnbrl fl lspacm. Mktumjnletl lstl trmbmog salnprl sl rlmjazm m níquaem le tgfms jms kmrpaetlrîms y lbmeastlrîms. Kumefg sl rlmjazm m nmeg sl nmrkm lj kgetgreg fl jm lskgpjmfurm. Lj lskgpjg sl jjlvm plrplefakujmr m jm palzm, euekm gbjakug, tgnmefg ástl pgr lj nmecg kge lj baslj dmkam lj irletl y cgjplmefg kge lj nmzg. [l talel qul kjmvmr pgkg m pgkg y kge ue ngvanaletg fl vmaváe sl dmrí smjtmr jm nmflrm, mvmezmefg y mdgefmefg dmstm mjkmezmr lj dulkg.
<.
DLRR DL RRMN MNAL ALEV EVM[ M[ PM PMRM RM CG CGJP JPLM LMR R Q LT LTVR VRML MLR R
<.= Vapgs M. Nmrtajjg Fl usg nuy kgnÿe y kgegkafg pgr tgfgs, sarvl pmrm cgjplmr, kjmvmr, ltkátlrm, y pmrm tgfg trmbmog qul eg sl pulfm dmklr kge lj lsiulrzg fl jm nmeg. Jgs nmrtajjgs nís usumjls sge lj fl kmrpaetlrg, lj fl lbmeastm y lj fl kdmplmr. Le jgs tmjjlrls lj ngfljg nís utajazmfg, lj Smrraectge g Jgefrls, talel jm plem trmslrm dgrazgetmj qul sl utajazm, m ngfg fl lolnpjg, pmrm aeakamr lj kjmvmfg, pmrm irgtmr tarms aekrustmfms, letrl gtrms utajafmfls. Lj plsg aflmj pmrm lbmeastlrîm fl jgs nmrtajjgs slrîm ;00 crmngs8 le kmrpaetlrîm sl nmelome nmrtajjgs fl dmstm 300 crmngs. Le clelrmj, lj nmrtajjg kgesastl le ue kulrpg fl mklrg, kge uem pmrtl mekdm (kgtajjg) y uem pmrtl lstrlkdm (bgkm), y ue nmecg fl slkkaûe gvmj qul sl aetrgfukl le lj gog flj nmrtajjg qul sl mpraltm y sl mslcurm kge uem kuým fl nmflrm g fl mklrg. Lj nmelog flj nmrtajjg ls slekajjg? sl kgcl pgr lj lxtrlng flj nmecg, pmrm mprgvlkdmr jm vletmom vletmom flj lilktg pmjmekm qul prgfukl, y sl fme uegs jaclrgs cgjpls le jm kmblzm flj kjmvg pmrm mslcurmrjg, sacuaáefgsl jm gplrmkaûe kge uegs nmrtajjmzgs slkgs y rlkags. Pgr prlkmukaûe ls buleg rltarmr jms nmegs. Jgs cgjpls flble slr plrplefakujmrls y eg gbjakugs, pmrm lvatmr qul lj kjmvg sl fgbjl metls fl kjmvmrsl. Kumetg nís jlogs fl jm kmblzm sl kgom lj nmrtajjg sl dmrí nís iulrzm kge nlegs lsiulrzg.
B. Nmzg g nmzm [l trmtm fl ue nmrtajjg kge jm kmblzm fl nmflrm qul sl usm pmrm fmr cgjpls sgbrl jgs lesmnbjls, mrnmfurms, nmecgs fl igrnûe, fl lskgpjgs g fl cubams. \e tmnmýg mflkumfg pmrm tgfg usg ls lj fl =40 nn, kuyg plsg ls fl ue hajgcrmng mprgxanmfmnletl. Lj nmecg aflmj ls fl igrnm kûeakm y sl moustm m jm kmblzm nlfametl uem kuým pmrm prlvlear qul sl suljtl.
K. Nm Nmrt rtaj ajjg jg fl kd kdmp mplm lmrr [l usm pmrm flspjmzmr jm kgjm flbmog fl jms kdmpms fl nmflrm, kgesastl le ue tmkg fl nmflrm kge ue nmecg le íecujg rlktg. Le lj tmkg dmy uem rmeurm fgefl sl aetrgfukl moustmfm uem tarm fl jmtûe kge lj kmetg lxtlragr rlktg y rlfgeflmfg le sletafg trmesvlrsmj. Jms fanlesagels lxmktms eg sge anpgrtmetls le lstl kmsg, plrg jms tarms fl jmtûe gskajme, fl igrnm clelrmj, letrl jgs =<0 m =40 nn fl jgecatuf.
F. Vlemzms [l trmtm fl uem dlrrmnaletm qul sarvl pmrm mrrmekmr kjmvgs g pmrm kgrtmrjgs. [l ljmbgrm le dalrrg mklrmfg y lstí kgnpulstg pgr fgs puetms ueafms kge ue plreg. Pmrm su kgrrlktg usg, sl mpraltm lj kjmvg u gboltg qul sl dm fl mrrmekmr, y sl dmkl pmjmekm sgbrl sgbrl sî nasng. Pmrm qul eg sl nljjl jm nmflrm, sl dmkl pmjmekm sgbrl uem kukdajjm g sgbrl uem palzm fl nmflrm aeslrvabjl.
klp lfatgramj }
2;
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl L. Bgtmfgr [lnlometl m jm puetm fl nmrkmr, plrg kge jm failrlekam fl qul le lj kmsg flj bgtmfgr talel jm puetm truekmfm. Valel jm iuekaûe fl lnbutar kjmvgs g puetms nís mjjí fl jm suplriakal fl jm nmflrm. Lj tapg clelrmjnletl nís ÿtaj ls lj fl puetm kûekmvm, qul lvatm jm pgsabajafmf fl rlsbmjmr iulrm flj kjmvg. I. Fls lstg tgre reaj ajjm jmfg fgrr Aestrunletg fl vmramfgs tapgs y tmnmýgs qul sl lnpjlm pmrm nltlr y smkmr tgreajjgs. Jgs dmy fl fgs tapgs? iaogs y mutgnítakg8 lstgs ÿjtangs sge nís príktakgs kumefg jms kmetafmfls fl tgreajjgs tgreajjgs m aetrgfukar sge eunlrgsgs. Pmrm qul lj usg flj flstgreajjmfgr slm liakmz, slrí elklsmrag qul lj jmrcg flj iajg slm acumj mj faínltrg fl jm kmblzm flj tgreajjg, y qul su crulsg moustl lxmktmnletl le lj mekdg fl jm rmeurm flj tgreajjg.
9. DL DLRR RRM MNAL ALEV EVM M[ PM PMRM RM PL PLRI RIGR GRM MR 9.= Vapgs M. Buraj Ls jm dlrrmnaletm nís slekajjm pmrm dmklr mcuolrgs. Kge lstm dlrrmnaletm eg sl ljanaem nmflrm, saeg qul slpmrme sus iabrms. [l usm pmrm dmklr ue pranlr mcuolrg le lj qul pgstlragrnletl sl aetrgfukarí ue tgreajjg g jm puetm fl uem brgkm. Kumefg sl usm, sl carm jm dlrrmnaletm le mnbgs sletafgs kgeigrnl vm mbralefg jm nmflrm.
B. Bmrrlem [arvl pmrm dmklr mcuolrgs le jm nmflrm fl crme faínltrg y prgiuefafmf. [u nmelog rlqualrl mnbms nmegs. Kgrtm y rltarm jm nmflrm kgng sa fl uem tmjmfrmfgrm sl trmtmrm. K. Puezûe [arvl pmrm paekdmr mcuolrgs qul plrnatle jm letrmfm fl plqulýgs tgreajjgs le jm nmflrm. Kgnpranl dmkam jgs jmfgs jms vltms fl jm nmflrm, fl ngfg qul jgs tgreajjgs letrle kge nís imkajafmf. F. Ls Lskm kmra ramf mfgr gr Ls kgng ue puezûe, emfm nís qul sl carm le sus mrastms y sl dmkl nmygr lj mcuolrg. Ls mflkumfg pmrm aetrgfukar plqulýgs tgreajjgs le nmflrms furms. Vmetg lj puezûe kgng lj lskmramfgr sl pulfle trmbmomr m nmeg g kge jm myufm fl ue nmrtajjg. Vmnbaáe sarvle pmrm trmzmr y kgng plrigrmkaûe prlvam m jm kgjgkmkaûe fl plrigrmfgrls nmygrls.
L. Blrbaquî [l kgegkl flsfl dmkl 600 mýgs. Ls uem bmrrm fl dalrrg le igrnm fl —\‑ m jm kumj sl jl fm ue ngvanaletg carmtgrag kge jm nmeg. Naletrms, sl prlsagem sgbrl jm lnpuýmfurm kge jm gtrm nmeg, nmetlealefg lj blrbaquî le pgsakaûe vlrtakmj. [l pulfl usmr fl igrnm dgrazgetmj kgjgkmefg jm kmblzm flj nasng kgetrm lj plkdg, mpgymefg lj plsg sgbrl áj. \em vlz qul sl talel jm prgiuefafmf flslmfm sl dmkl carmr lj blrbaquî le lj sletafg kgetrmrag m jms mcuoms flj rljgo pmrm jablrmr lj tgreajjg flj mvmekl. Kumefg lj mcuolrg qul sl vmym m rlmjazmr ls kmjmfg sl kgjgkm ue nírtar g tmkg fl nmflrm le jm smjafm pmrm lvatmr qul mstajjl jm nmflrm. Kuletme kge ue sastlnm fl traequltls qul sl jgkmjazm metls flj pgrtmbrgkms, fl igrnm qul sl pulfm usmr le satags le qul ástm eg pulfm trmzmr ue kîrkujg kgnpjltg. Mj kmnbamr lj sletafg flj ngvanaletg carmtgrag sl pgel le nmrkdm lj traequltl, qul aengvajazm jm brgkm dmstm qul sl vuljvm m mktumr le lj sletafg fl jms mcuoms flj rljgo.
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klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA
3.
DLRR DL RRMN MNAL ALEV EVM[ M[ PM PMRM RM MJ MJA[ A[MR MR,, RM[ RM[PM PMR R Q P\ P\JA JAR R
3.= Lskgiaems y janms Mnbms talele nukdgs ljlnletgs le kgnÿe, puls sge bmrrms fl mklrg fl dlrrmnaletm fl failrletls igrnms, jgecatufls y slkkagels trmesvlrsmjls y kge jm suplriakal rlkubalrtm pgr faletls kgrtmetls. [l trmtm fl dlrrmnaletms qul trmbmome pgr mrrmequl fl varutm. Jm lskgiaem sûjg sarvl pmrm trmbmomr sgbrl nmflrm, naletrms qul jm janm ls tmnbaáe mprgpamfm pmrm trmbmomr lj dalrrg. Jm lskgiaem sl flbl mcmrrmr kge jms fgs nmegs (uem sgstlealefg lj nmecg fl nmflrm y jm gtrm sgstlealefg jm puetm gpulstm fl jm bmrrm fl mklrg) y sl pulfl ngvlr fl igrnm sumvl le sletafg trmesvlrsmj y le sletafg m imvgr flj crmeg fl jm vltm. Le lstl kmsg, ls nlogr fmr ue jaclrg íecujg m jm lskgiaem rlsplktg m ástl. Jms janms sl usme iuefmnletmjnletl le trmbmogs fl tmjjm fl nmflrm y pmrm rlpmsmr jgs trmbmogs fl lskgiaem, qul flom ue mkmbmfg nuy bmstg. Lj janmfg ls uem gplrmkaûe nlfametl jm kumj sl mrrmekm nmtlramj fl uem palzm fl nmflrm kge lj iae fl flomrjm le jm igrnm y fanlesagels rlqulrafms. Pmrm lj flsbmstl sl utajazm jm lskgiaem8 pmrm lj pujafg sl utajazmm jm janm. M jm dgrm fl trmbmomr utajaz trmbmomr kge janms y lskgiaems lskgiaems,, flblngs tlelr tlelr le kuletm qul qul jms palzms palzms talele qul lstmr tgtmjnletl suoltms fl nmelrm qul eg sl kanbrlle. Vme sûjg sl trmbmom le jm afm fl jm pmsmfm, euekm le jm vuljtm. Lj kuafmfg fl jms janms y lskgiaems ls iuefmnletmj pmrm lj bule flsmrrgjjg fl su iuekaûe. Kumefg lstíe lnbgtmfms sl flble janpamr kge jms kmrfms. Jms janms y lskgiaems euekm sl flble flomr fl igrnm qul sl tgqule sus suplriakals fl kgrtl. kg rtl. Pgflngs fastaecuar jgs sacualetls tapgs?
M. Lskgiaem [u suplriakal sl prlsletm rlkubalrtm pgr uegs faletls qul kgrtme m jm afm fl jm pmsmfm qul rlmjazmngs sgbrl jm nmflrm. Jgs faletls nmrkmfgs mjtlremtavmnletl slcÿe su igrnm y ngfg fl gbtlekaûe kgestatuyle lj pakmfg. Lj tmnmýg fl jgs faletls y su fastrabukaûe fltlrnaem lj crmfg fl msplrlzm flj mkmbmfg. [l pulfl dmklr jm sacualetl kjmsaiakmkaûe? lskgiaems fl kgrtl crulsg, nlfag y iaeg. Le jm prlsletmkaûe kgnlrkamj dmbrí qul buskmr lj eÿnlrg fl pakmfg g crmeg qul sl kgrrlspgefle kge jgs eÿnlrgs =, 2 y ;. Jm iaeurm fl jm lskgiaem flplefl tmetg tmetg flj eÿnlrg fl faletls kgng fl jm jgecatuf jgecatuf fl jm nasnm. Vmnbaáe pulfle fastaecuarsl slcÿe su suplriakal pjmem y kurvm. [u jgecatuf gskajm letrl jgs 200 y ;00 najînltrgs fl jgecatuf8 sl kgesaflrm qul jm nlogr pmrm trmbmomr ls jm fl 2<0 najînltrgs fl jgecatuf. [lcÿe slm jm igrnm fl jm lskgiaem sl pulfle kjmsaiakmr le rgnm pjmem, nlfamkmým, rlfgeflmr y rlfgefm.
B. Ja Janm nmss pmr pmrmm nmf nmflr lrmm Kumefg sl dme rlmjazmfg uem slral fl pmsmfms kge jm lskgiaem, sl flbl pmsmr jm janm qul talel uem slral fl elrvags miajmfgs qul klpajjme jms puetms fl jm nmflrm. Mj kgetrmrag qul le jm lskgiaem, le jms janms jgs faletls vme faspulstgs faspulstgs le iajms nís g nlegs rljmkagemfms qul pulfle slr slr pakmfms g irlsmfms. Jms janms fl faletls pakmfgs trmbmome rmskmefg y jms fl faletls irlsmfgs pgr mrrmequl fl varutm. Vmnbaáe sl kjmsaiakme pgr su crmeg le crulsg, nlfag y iaeg, plrg lj crulsg ls bmstmetl nís iaeg qul lj crmeg fl jm lskgiaem. Kgnlrkamjnletl sl prlsletme jms janms pakmfms kge jgs eÿnlrgs flj ueg mj kumtrg, y kge jgs eÿnlrgs flj ueg mj trls pmrm jms janms irlsmfms.
K. Ja Janm nmss bmst bmstmr mrfm fmss [ge lskgiaems plqulýms kge fgs kmblzms. [uljle tlelr letrl =3 y 20 kletînltrgs fl jgecatuf y jms fgs kmblzms sge lxmktmnletl acumjls le jgecatuf y slkkaûe. [l usme le trmbmogs fl tmjjm. Jm iuekaûe fl ástms ls jjlcmr m zgems lstrlkdms y plqulýms fl rljalvls le tmjjm, fmfm jm igrnm puetamcufm y kurvm fl jgs lxtrlngs fl sus kmblzms. [l suoltme flsfl jm pmrtl kletrmj. klp lfatgramj }
2<
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl F. Ja Janm nmss sur surig igrn rn [l trmtm fl uem lvgjukaûe fl jms lskgiaems, puls sge uem kgnbaemkaûe fl ástms y klpajjg. Valel uem lstrukturm fl faletls nuy mbalrtgs qul plrnatl trmbmomr sae qul jgs faletls sl lnbgtle y fl nmelrm nís rípafm. M jm vlz rlsujtm pljacrgsm, puls kgnle nukdg fl uem sgjm pmsmfm. L. Kmrfms Kumefg uem janm g lskgiaem sl lnbgtm, jms kmrfms nltíjakms sarvle pmrm mijgomr jms varutms fl nmflrm qul sl dmyme pgfafg qulfmr mtmskmfms le ljjms flspuás g furmetl ue trmbmog, pmrm pgstlragrnletl, kge lj klpajjg fl iabrm crulsm qul jjlvm jm kmrfm le lj jmfg gpulstg, janpamrjms.
3.22 Bm 3. Bmst strá ráee g ku kukd kdaj ajjm jm fl fl flsb sbms mstm tmr r [l talel qul utajazmr kge mnbms nmegs y sl rlmjazme kge áj trmbmogs nís plsmfgs qul kge jms kukdajjms fl rmspmr. Jgs bmstrlels talele ue igefg pjmeg pjmeg qul sl lnpjlme le kurvms fl nukdg rmfag y ue igefg kgevlxg pmrm kurvms kûekmvms fl rmfag plqulýg. Lj bmstráe sl kgcl kge mnbms nmegs, dmkalefg carmr jms nuýlkms pmrm qul kgrtl mfmptíefgsl m jms kurvms. [l suljl lnpuomr dmkam fljmetl, plrg tmnbaáe pulfl aevlrtarsl jm farlkkaûe. Ls buleg kgrtmr m imvgr fl jm vltm, lsplkamjnletl le jms kurvms le qul jm farlkkaûe fl jm vltm kmnbam.
3.;; Ku 3. Kukd kdaj ajjm jmss fl fl puj pujar ar g rms rmsqu qult ltms ms [l trmtm fl uems dgoms fl mklrg tlnpjmfg, slnafurg y fl kmjafmf, clelrmjnletl rlktmecujmrls, kge sus kmrms y sus kmetgs plrilktmnletl pujafgs. Jms rmsqultms pulfle slr fl kmrpaetlrg, fl lbmeastm, fl tmrmklmfgr y fl lskujtgr. Lstms dlrrmnaletms sl nmelome kge mnbms nmegs y jm farlkkaûe pulfl slr fl mtrís dmkam fljmetl y fl fljmetl dmkam mtrís. Jm kukdajjm sl flbl jjlvmr le jm farlkkaûe fl jm vltm, plrg mjcg slscmfm. Prlsagemefg le lj kletrg kge jgs flfgs pujcmrls jm kukdajjm sl fgbjm jaclrmnletl anpafalefg qul jms puetms sl duefme le jm nmflrm. Jms pmsmfms fl jms kukdajjms talele qul slr jmrcms, eg letrltleaáefgsl le eaecÿe satag fl jm palzm kge lj iae fl lvatmr gefujmkagels. Le jms nmflrms bjmefms eg ls rlkgnlefmbjl lj usg fl jms kukdajjms, k ukdajjms, tme sûjg pmrm nmflrms furms.
4. DL DLRR RRM MNAL ALEV EVM M[ PM PMRM RM MPR PRLV LVM MR [l trmtm fl dlrrmnaletms anprlskaefabjls le tgfg tmjjlr fl kmrpaetlrîm y lbmeastlrîm puls sge jms qul mpraltme jms palzms fl nmflrm qul sl lekgjme furmetl su lekgirmfg. Jms dmy fl nukdgs tapgs y le jgs tmjjlrls dmy qul tlelr vmralfmf y kmetafmf.
4.= Vapgs M. Cm Cmtg tg g tgr tgrea eajj jjgg Aestrunletg fl dalrrg, mklrg g fl nmflrm, igrnmfg pgr fgs tgpls, ueg kgrrlfazg y lj gtrg iaog. [arvl pmrm suoltmr palzms rlkaáe lekgjmfms dmstm qul irmcúl jm kgjm. Lxastle favlrsms mblrturms, flsfl cmtgs fl < kletînltrgs, l aekjusg nlegs, dmstm cmtgs fl nltrg y nlfag, fgs nltrgs g nís. Jgs nís usmfgs le jms kmrpaetlrîms sge fl 20, ;0, 60, <0, 90 y 3< kletînltrgs, fl mklrg.
B. Prl Prlesm esm fl bmst bmstafg afgrr g smr smrcle cletg tg [l usm pmrm trmbmogs fl nmygrls fanlesagels. Jjlvm uem nmefîbujm flsjazmetl, prgvastm fl ue kalrrl, qul pulfl satumrsl le kumjqualr puetg. K. Prl Prlesm esm fl íec íecujg ujgss —Gjc —Gjcm‑ m‑ [arvl pmrm lekgjmr trmbmogs le kurvm, m imjsm lskumfrm g le íecujg.
29
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA F. Prl Prlesm esm pmrm pmrm kumf kumfrgs rgs g fl ijlol ijlol Valel ue lol crmfumbjl qul rgflm jm mrnmfurm qul vmngs m lekgjmr. Lolrkl jm prlsaûe pgr nlfag fl ue tgreajjg. L. Cmt Cmtgg pmrm pmrm lj lek lekgjm gjmfg fg fl kme kmetgs tgs Ls ue mprltmfgr qul sl usm le kgnbaemkaûe kge uem prlesm. Ymymngs m ue kmsg kgekrltg, pgr lolnpjg, lekgjmr lj bmstafgr fl uem nlsm. Metls fl aeakamr kumjqualr gplrmkaûe kge ue tgreajjg fl mpraltl, dmy qul prlsletmr jgs bmstafgrls m lekgjmr y klrkagrmrsl fl qul moustme plrilktmnletl. Mflnís, dmy qul tlelr prlpmrmfms tgfms jms dlrrmnaletms l aestrunletgs qul vmymngs l elklsatmr (kmjms, nmzgs…). \em vlz lekgjmfgs jgs lesmnbjls fl jms palzms, sl kgnalezm jm gplrmkaûe le sî. Jms kmjms dmbrí qul kgjgkmrjms mjaelmfms kge jgs lesmnbjls, kmsg kgetrmrag sl pulfle mbrar jgs lesmnbjls, y sl prgklfl mj mprltmfg fl jgs cmtgs mjaelíefgjgs kge jms trmvalsms fl jgs bmstafgrls. Flspuás, dmy qul vlraiakmr jm pjmelafmf (qul lj bmstafgr eg tlecm eaecÿe mjmblg, pmrm lstg sl narm trmesvlrsmjnletl m trmvás fl jms trmvalsms) y lskumfrm flj bmstafgr (jms famcgemjls fl kumfrmfg g rlktíecujg igrnmfg pgr lj bmstafgr talele qul slr acumjls, lstm kgnprgbmkaûe sl pulfl dmklr kge fgs jastgels acumjls g kge lj nltrg g ijlxûnltrg).
1. DL DLRR RRM MNAL ALEV EVM M[ PM PMRM RM MIA IAJM JMR R Lj nmetleanaletg fl jgs iajgs fl jms dlrrmnaletms ls uem cmrmetîm pmrm lj flsmrrgjjg fl ue bule trmbmog fl kmrpaetlrîm, puls girlkle eg sgjmnletl ue nlogr mkmbmfg, saeg qul sl lnpjlme kge nmygr sumvafmf, sae rlsastlekam, y suljle tlelr ue sgeafg mcrmfmbjl le su usg. Jms dlrrmnaletms fl kmrpaetlrîm sl nmetalele miajmfms, ljanaemefg nltmj pmrm igrnmr ue eulvg bgrfl kgrtmetl sgbrl bjgquls lsplkamjls igrnmfgs pgr palfrms kge nmtlramj mbrmsavg.
1.= Vapgs M. Pa Palf lfrm rmss fl fl mkl mklat atll [l trmtm fl uems palfrms rlktmecujmrls jubrakmfms fl mklatl y sge fl usg nmygratmrag le jms kmrpaetlrîms y lbmeastlrîms. Jms nís imngsms sge jms flegnaemfms palfrms fl Mrhmesms. Jm palfrm bjmekm fl Mrhmesms, fl kgjgr cras ngtlmfg, ls fl tlxturm crulsm y ljanaem kge rmpaflz lj nltmj fl jms dlrrmnaletms m miajmr. Jm palfrm furm fl Mrhmesms fl kgjgr bjmekg kgesacul ue bule miajmfg fl jms dlrrmnaletms, plrg pmrm iajgs lxtrmiaegs ls rlkgnlefmbjl utajazmr jm palfrm furm elcrm fl Mrhmesms. Dgy le fîm, lxastle palfrms fl mklatl saetátakms lquapmrmbjls m jms metlragrls. [l imbrakme kge críeujgs fl kmrburg fl sajakag. Prlsletme, egrnmjnletl, uem kgnbaemkaûe fl crmegs crulsg nlfag g crmeg iaeg nlfag. [l flble nmetlelr gkujtms pmrm lvatmr qul lj pgjvg sl flpgsatl fl nmelrm plrnmeletl sgbrl sus suplriakals. [a lstg suklfalrm, jm palzm m miajmr qulfmrîm lnbgtmfm kgng kgeslkulekam flj mklatl y flj pgjvg. Pmrm sgjukagemr lstl prgbjlnm sl irgtm kge pmrmiaem y trgzg fl mrpajjlrm crulsm. cr ulsm.
B. Pa Palf lfrm rmss fl tm tmjj jjas astm tm [ge palfrms fl mcum qul prlsletme uegs plriajls ngjfurmfgs pmrm mflkumrsl fl lstl ngfg m jms dlrrmnaletms qul dmbatumjnletl sl lnpjlme le jm tmjjm fl nmflrm. [l imbrakme le crmfgs nlfag, iaeg y crulsg. Metls fl usmr lstms palfrms dmy qul kmrcmrjms fl mcum pgr lj prgklfanaletg fl jm aenlrsaûe. [l flble cumrfmr le ue rlkapaletl lsplkamj fl vaeajg pmrm lvatmr jm lvmpgrmkaûe. Gtrm pgsabajafmf slrîm nmetlelrjms salnprl sunlrcafms, plrg le lstl kmsg sl flbl lvatmr uem pgsabjl kgecljmkaûe fl jm palfrm. klp lfatgramj }
23
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl K. Pal Palfrm frmss fl miajmr miajmr fl fl pgjvg pgjvg fl famn famnmet metll [ge furms y rlsastletls. Kgesastle le uem slral fl pmrtîkujms fl famnmetl, fl msplktg crmeujmfg, qul sl mcjutaeme sgbrl uem bmsl fl pjístakg. [l pulfle utajazmr pmrm lj mpjmemfg fl palfrms emturmjls fl mcum y palfrms fl mklatl lstrgplmfms. Pmrm kgeslcuar lj mpjmemfg flj fgrsg fl uem kukdajjm eulvm, jubrakmfm jm palfrm, sl kgjgkm jm kukdajjm dgrazgetmjnletl sgbrl jm palfrm, fl nmelrm qul jm pmrtl basljmfm qulfl dmkam mrrabm. [l irgtm jm kukdajjm pgr jm palfrm, prlsagemefg kge lj flfg pmrm lvatmr jms gskajmkagels, y sl vm rlpatalefg jm gplrmkaûe. Jms kukdajjms fl jgs klpajjgs fl flsbmstmr y jgs igrngels prlsletme ue baslj le lj iajg fl uegs 2< crmfgs mprgxanmfmnletl. Le jm puetm fl jm kukdajjm suljl lxastar gtrg baslj fl uegs ;< crmfgs qul sarvl pmrm rligrzmrjm. Pmrm miajmr lstl baslj sl sgstalel jm kukdajjm kge jm nmeg flrlkdm, fl nmelrm qul jm pmrtl basljmfm qulfl dmkam mbmog y sl lxtalefl lj flfg îefakl pgr ueg fl jgs bgrfls fl jm kukdajjm. Jm nmeg azqualrfm flbl satumrsl le jm pmrtl suplragr fl jm kukdajjm. [l mpgym jm pmrtl basljmfm sgbrl uem palfrm y sl vm ngvalefg jm kukdajjm dmstm qul egtl qul lj baslj lstí pjmeg sgbrl jm palfrm. Ngvalefg lj iajg fl jm kukdajjm ástm sl jlvmetm pmrm msletmr lj slcuefg eavlj. Pgstlragrnletl, sl rlpatl jm gplrmkaûe le uem palfrm fl crmeg nís iaeg y sl rltarm mj iaemj jm rlbmbm fmefg uems jaclrms pmsmfms kge lj fgrsg fl jm kukdajjm msletmfg.
=0.. DL =0 DLRR RRMN MNAL ALEV EVM[ M[ PM PMRM RM VG VGRE RELM LMR R [l trmtm fl dlrrmnaletms fl dgoms rgbustms y jmrcgs nmecgs tgrelmfgs y qul girlkle jm pmjmekm suiakaletl pmrm pgflr kgetrgjmr jm dlrrmnaletm. Lstms dgoms pulfle slr fl mklrg fl kmrburg, bmrmtms y iíkajls fl miajmr. [l nmetalele bmstmetl talnpg miajmfms salnprl qul eg sl trmbmol kge nmflrms mbrmsavms. Mflnís, jms dgoms fl mklrg mj kmrbgeg nmetlefríe lj iajg le bulems kgefakagels furmetl bmstmetl nís talnpg. Pgr ÿjtang, jms dgoms fl mklrg fl crme vljgkafmf sl kgeslrvme miajmfms furmetl nukdg talnpg plrg sge bmstmetl nís kmrms.
=0.= Vapgs Jms praekapmjls dlrrmnaletms sge? cubams fl tgrelrg, lskgpjgs fl tgrelrg, igrngels fl tgrelrg y slcmfgrls.
M. Cu Cuba bams ms fl tg tgre relr lrgg [l kmrmktlrazme pgr prlsletmr uem slkkaûe trmesvlrsmj kurvm y lstmr miajmfms sgjmnletl pgr lj bgrfl lxtlragr. Pgflngs fastaecuar, fl letrl jms nukdms qul lxastle, jms sacualetls? m) Cubams fl flsbmstmr? [u praekapmj kmrmktlrîstakm kmrmktlrîstakm ls lj rlktaiakmfg rlktg qul prlsletme prlsletme le jm puetm. [l utajazme pmrm kgevlrtar palzms fl slkkaûe kumfrmfm u gktgcgemj le kajîefrakms. Jms mekdurms nís dmbatumjls sge =4, 2< y ;2 nn. b) Cubam fl vmkamfg? vmkamfg? [ge cubams kmrmktlraz kmrmktlrazmfms mfms pgr tlelr lstrîms lstrîms prgiuefms prgiuefms qul plrnatle plrnatle dmklr kgrtls prgiuefgs kumefg sl rlmjazme vmkamfgs. [us mekdgs dmbatumjls sl satÿme letrl jgs 9 y jgs =4 nn. k) Cubam fl tgrelrg tgrelrg ueavlrsmj? ueavlrsmj? [l kmrmktlraz kmrmktlrazme me pgr tlelr jm puetm puetm rlfgefm y sarvle sarvle pmrm jm jmbgr fl flsbmstmfg le lj tgrelmfg fl kmblzmj y puetg. Jms mekdurms vme fl 9 m 2< nn.
B. Ls Lskg kgpj pjgs gs fl tg tgre relr lrgg [l trmtm le tgrelrîm flj lquavmjletl mj klpajjg le kmrpaetlrîm g lbmeastlrîm. [l utajazm pmrm mjasmr uem palzm pmrm tgrelmrjm. [l kmrmktlrazm pgr tlelr uem dgom fl slkkaûe rlktmecujmr miajmfm pgr mnbgs jmfgs, pmrm gbtlelr ue bgrfl kgrtmetl aekjaemfg g rlktg. Ymngs m dmklr rlilrlekam m jgs sacualetls lskgpjgs? m) Lskgpjg Lskgpjg fl tgrelrg fl kgrtl kgrtl rlktg? [l usme pmrm pmrm lj mkmbmfg mkmbmfg fl palzms le tgrelmfg tgrelmfg fl kmblzmj kmblzmj y puetg. Jm mekdurm fl jm dgom ls fl 9 m 2< kn. 24
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA b) Lskgpjg fl tgrelrg fl kgrtl gbjakug? [l usm pmrm mjasmr palzms le lj tgrelmfg fl kmblzmj y puetg, puetg, muequl tmnbaáe sl usm pmrm lj jmbrmfg fl jms ngjfurms.
K. Ig Igrn rnge gels ls fl tg tgre relr lrgg [l kmrmktlrazme pgrqul sl miajme dmstm kgeslcuar ue íecujg fl kgrtl pgkg prgiuefg, flomefg ue mkmbmfg lspmkamjnletl jasg m kgetrmdajg. Kumefg sl tgrelm ue kulekg jm dgom lekuletrm fl nmelrm plrnmeletl fgs zgems fl kgetrmdajg le kmfm carg flj tgreg. Pgr lstl ngtavg, lstms dlrrmnaletms sûjg sl utajazme pmrm dmklr kulekgs y tmrlms qul kgejjlvle crmefls vmkamfgs. Ymngs m dmklr rlilrlekam m jgs sacualetls igrngels? m) Igrngels Igrngels fl puetm rlfgefm rlfgefm y puetm kgevlxm kgevlxm?? [l usme pmrm trmbmomr trmbmomr le aetlragr aetlragr fl jgs kulekgs kulekgs g fl jms kgpms. Jm mekdurm fl lstms dgoms gskajm letrl jgs =2 y jgs 2
F. [l [lccmfg fgrl rlss Lstms dlrrmnaletms sarvle pmrm kgrtmr jms palzms y rltarmrjms flj tgreg. Jm dgom prlsletm ue rlktaiakmfg qul prgfukl ue iajg pmrmjljg m sus lstrlkdgs bgrfls.
klp lfatgramj }
21
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl
==.. C\ == C\AÛ AÛE E RL RL[\ [\N NLE =. AE AEVR VRGF GF\K \KKA KAÛE ÛE Dlrrmnaletms usmfms fl igrnm nmeumj. Nukdms fl ljjms dgy lstíe le flsusg, gtrms sl usme le kgetmfms gkmsagels y, pgr lj kgetrmrag, gtrms sge fl utajazmkaûe famram, kgng pulfle slr jgs nmzgs, jgs nmrtajjgs, jgs igrngels g jms tlemzms.
2. DLRRMNALEVM[ Q ßVAJL[ LNPJLMFG[ LE IMBRAKMKAÛE L AE[VMJMKAÛE FL KMRPAEVLRÎM Q N\LBJL. DLRRMNALEVM[ PMRM [LRRMR. [ALRRM[ Q [LRR\KDG[ Vapgs? - [alrrm fl fl dl dleflr - [l [lrr rru ukd kdgg fl tr trge gezzmr - [alrrm fl bm bmstafgr - [a [alr lrrm rm ia iaem em g fl fl jm jmtû tûee - [a [alr lrrm rm fl kg kget etge gellmr - [l [lrru rrukd kdgg fl kgs kgsta tajj jjmm g fl kg kgjm jm fl fl najm najmeg eg - [l [lrr rruk ukdg dg fl kg kgrt rtmr mr kd kdmp mpmm - [l [lrru rrukd kdgg pmrm pmrm tmbjl tmbjlrg rgss nmeui nmeuimk mktu turm rmfgs fgs - [a [alr lrrm rm fl kg kgrt rtll ku kurv rvgg - Jm slcultm - [alrrm fl kmjmr - [a [alr lrrm rm fl fl mcu mcuom om g slrru slrrukdg kdg fl pue puetm tmss
2.2 \[G FL FL JM[ [ALRRM[ [ALRRM[ Q [LRR\KDG [LRR\KDG[ [ Metls fl aeakamr ue kgrtl, ls nuy anpgrtmetl jm kgjgkmkaûe fl jm palzm fl nmflrm. [alnprl dmy qul lstmr kûngfg y, sa ls pgsabjl, suoltm jm palzm. [l flbl kgclr lj slrrukdg g jm salrrm kge lj flfg îefakl lxtlefafg dmkam jm puetm fl jm dgom, kge lj iae fl kgetrgjmr jm farlkkaûe Aeakag flj kgrtl Kuafmfg fl jms salrrms y fl jgs slrrukdgs Miajmfg fl jms salrrms Acumjmfg fl jm salrrm Vraskmfg
;. DLRRM DLRRMNALE NALEVM[ VM[ KGE DGOM[ DGOM[ FL KGRVL KGRVL C\AMFM C\AMFM (klpajjmr (klpajjmr jm nmflrm) nmflrm) Lj klpajjg ls ue igrnûe g lskgpjg kgjgkmfg le lj aetlragr fl ue prasnm fl nmflrm. Vapgs? - Kl Klp paj ajjg jgss fl fl fl flsb sbmmstm tmrr - Kl Klp paj ajjg jgss fl rl rlbm bmom omrr - Kl Klp paj ajjg jgss m kget kgetrm rmia iabbrm ;0
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA - Mk Mkme memj mjmf mfgrl grlss y klp klpaj ajjg jgss kgnb kgnbae aemf mfgs gs
;.2 RLCJM RLCJM[ [ PMRM \E B\LE B\LE KLPAJJMF KLPAJJMFG G Le pranlr jucmr, dmy qul tlelr le kuletm jm farlkkaûe le qul dme fl kgrtmrsl jms iabrms fl jm nmflrm. Jm rlsastlekam pulstm m jm mkkaûe fl jms dlrrmnaletms fl trmbmog flplefl le crme nlfafm fl jm farlkkaûe fl jms vltms.
6. DLRRMNALEVM[ KGE DGOM[ DGOM[ FL KGRVL JABRL Vapgs? - Igrnûe - Lskgpjg - Cubam
6.2 NME NMELOG LOG FLJ FLJ IGRNÛ IGRNÛE E Lstm dlrrmnaletm rlmjazm su trmbmog lnpuomefg lj nmecg kge jm nmeg y, sa eg iulrm suiakaletl, sl utajazm lj nmzg. [u iajg ls basljmfg y su kgrtl flbl slr kgng lj fl uem emvmom. 6.; NME NMELOG LOG FLJ FLJ L[KGP L[KGPJG JG Lj lskgpjg sl usm pmrm rlmjazmr lskgpjmfurms g kmoms, jm palzm lekmomfm rlkabl lj egnbrl fl lspacm. Mktumjnletl, lstl trmbmog sl rlmjazm salnprl m níquaem le tgfms jms kmrpaetlrîms y lbmeastlrîms.
<. DLRRM DLRRMNALE NALEVM[ VM[ PMRM PMRM CGJPLM CGJPLMR R Q LTVRM LTVRMLR LR Vapgs? - Nmrtajjg - Nmzg g nmzm - Nm Nmrt rtaj ajjg jg fl kd kdmp mplm lmrr - Vlemzms - Bgtmfgr - Flstgreajjmfgr
9. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMRM PMRM PLRIGR PLRIGRMR MR Vapgs? - Buraj - Bmrrlem - Puezûe - Lskmramfgr - Blrbaquî
3. DLRRM DLRRMNALE NALEVM[ VM[ PMRM PMRM MJA[MR, MJA[MR, RM[PMR RM[PMR Q P\JAR P\JAR Lskgiaems y janms? - Lskgiaem - Ja Jan nms pmrm nmflrm - Ja Jan nms bmstmrfms klp lfatgramj }
;=
Metgeag Juas [mnmealcg [mstrl - Janms su surigrn - Kmrfms - Bm Bmst strá ráee g ku kukd kdaj ajjm jm fl fl flsb sbms mstm tmrr - Ku Kukd kdaj ajjm jmss fl pu puja jarr g rm rmsq squl ultm tmss
4. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMRM PMRM MPRL MPRLVMR VMR Dlrrmnaletms anprlskaefabjls le tgfg tmjjlr fl kmrpaetlrîm y lbmeastlrîm, puls sge jms qul mpraltme jms palzms fl nmflrm qul lekgjme furmetl f urmetl su lekgirmfg. Vapgs? - Cmtg g tgreajjg - Pr Prle lesm sm fl bms bmsta tafg fgrr g smrc smrcle letg tg - Pr Prle lesm sm fl íe íecu cujg jgss —G —Gjc jcm‑ m‑ - Pr Prle lesm sm pm pmrm rm kum kumfr frgs gs g fl ijl ijlol ol - Cm Cmtg tg pm pmrm rm lj le lekg kgjm jmfg fg fl km kmet etgs gs
1. DLR DLRRMN RMNALE ALEVM[ VM[ PMRM MIA MIAJMR JMR Lj nmetleanaletg fl jgs iajgs fl jms dlrrmnaletms ls uem cmrmetîm pmrm lj flsmrrgjjg fl ue bule trmbmog fl kmrpaetlrîm. Vapgs? - Palfr frmms fl fl mklatl - Pa Pallfr frmms fl tm tmjj jjas astm tm - Pa Palf lfrm rmss fl mi miaj ajmr mr fl fl pgjv pgjvgg fl fa famn mnme metl tl
=0.DLRRMNALVEM[ PMRM VGRELMR [l trmtm fl dlrrmnaletms fl dgoms rgbustms y jmrcgs nmecgs tgrelmfgs y qul girlkle jm pmjmekm suiakaletl pmrm pgflr kgetrgjmr jm dlrrmnaletm. dlrr mnaletm. Vapgs? - Cubams fl tgrelrg - Ls Lskg kgp pjg jgss fl tg tgre relr lrgg - Ig Igrn rnge gels ls fl tg tgre relr lrgg - [lcmfgrls
;2
klp lfatgramj }
Prgilsgrls fl Leslýmezm [lkuefmram. Prgklsgs y Prgfuktgs le Nmflrm y Nulbjl. Ygj. AA
=2.. BA =2 BABJ BJAG AGCR CRM MIÎ IÎM M - MBLJJM NAEM, A.A., Lj dgnbrl y jm nmflrm . Ygjunle AA. RBM Aetlcrmj. 200; - BR BRAF AFCL CLSM SMVL VLR R, M. M. & C. C.,, Vákeakms fl kmrpaetlrîm trmfakagemj. Mkletg Lfatgramj. =114 - LFLBÁ. Vlkegjgcîm fl jm nmflrm. Gbrm tlûrakg príktakm ajustrmfm. Lfatgramj Lflbá. =19< - OMKH OMKH[G [GE, E, M. y FMQ FMQ,, FMY FMYAF AF,, Nmeumj kgnpjltg fl jm kmrpaetlrîm y jm lbmeastlrîm. Lfakagels Flj Prmfg. =114 - E\V[KD, S., Vlkegjgcîm fl jm nmflrm y flj nulbjl . Lfatgramj Rlvlrtá. 2000
klp lfatgramj }
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