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6=
FL SUBXFI]B MF INUSHD]FUÏN X OVFELF. MBIVOFD]BY. UFMNIIHÙD. UFMNIIHÙD. @BUON]B. IBD]FDHMB. FLNEBUNIHÙD. FLNEBUNIHÙD. V]HLHMNM. SUFYFD]NIHÙD SUFYFD]NIHÙD
>. HD HD]U ]UBM BMVI VIIH IHÙD ÙD 5. FL SUBX SUBXFI] FI]B B MF INUS INUSHD]F HD]FUÏN UÏN X OVFELF OVFELF 9. MBIVOFD]BY. MBIVOFD]BY. UFMNIIHÙD UFMNIIHÙD.. @BUON]B. @BUON]B. IBD]FDHMB. IBD]FDHMB. FLNEBUNIH FLNEBUNIHÙD. ÙD. V]HLHMNM. V]HLHMNM. SUFYFD]NIHÙD =. KV KVHÙ HÙD D UFY UFYVO VOFD FD 6. EH EHEL ELHB HBKU KUN@ N@ÏN ÏN
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>66
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf
>.
HD]UBMVIIHÙD
Vd prbyfitb sf pufmf mf`hdhr ibob ln eúsqufmn mf udn sbluihùd nl plndtfnohfdtb mf ud prbelfon. Yfkúd fl mhiihbdnrhb mf ln Ufnl Ninmfohn Fspnþbln prbyfitb fs “ud ibdjudtb mf fsirhtbs, iîliulbs y mheujbs quf sf rfnlhznd pnrn mnr hmfn mf iùob gn mf sfr y lb quf gn mf ibstnr udn bern‟. bern‟ . Fl ibdifptb mf prbyfitb pufmf tfdfr vnrhns nifpihbdfs: -
Srbifsb mf rfsbluihùd tèidhin mf ud prbelfon.
-
Mbiuofdtb ilnrb, ilnrb, ibdihsb y mftnllnmb, ibd tbmns lns fspfih`hinihbdfs fspfih`hinihbdfs pnrn pnrn su rfnlhznihùd.
-
Brkndhznihùd mf ofmhbs, pfrsbdns y nspfitbs nspfitbs tèidhibs tèidhibs pnrn niboftfr fl prbyfitb prbphnofdtf prbphnofdtf mhigb.
]bmb prbyfitb hdiluyf: -
Bejfthvbs
-
Fspfih`hinihbdfs n iuoplhr
-
Mfsirhpihùd mfl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd
-
Slnzb mf rfnlhznihùd
-
Srfsupufstb dfifsnrhb
Ln flnebrnihùd mf prbyfitbs gn mnmb luknr fd fl sfitbr mf ln onmfrn y fl oufelf n ln npnrhihùd mf udn dufvn prb`fshùd: fl prbyfithstn, quf fs ln pfrsbdn quf sf fdinrkn mf mfsnrrbllnr lbs plndbs mf lbs mhsfþbs mf lbs oufelfs b phfzns mf onmfrn rfnlhznmbs prfvhnofdtf pbr fl fquhpb mf mhsfþb, y lbs nmnptn n ln rfnlhmnm mfl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd mf ln foprfsn. Lns `udihbdfs prbphns mf ud prbyfithstn mf inrphdtfrïn y oufelf sbd: -
Hdtfrprftnr y ndnlhznr ndnlhznr ln mbiuofdtnihùd tèidhin tèidhin mf prbyfitbs mf `nerhinihùd f hdstnlnihùd mf inrphdtfrïn y oufelf.
-
Iboprfdmfr lns inrnitfrïsthins `ïshins y ofiîdhins mf lbs ontfrhnlfs fxhstfdtfs fd fl ofrinmb, pnrn su ibrrfitn sflfiihùd y nplhinihùd.
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Ufnlhznr ln kfsthùd ibrrfitn mf lbs nprbvhshbdnohfdtbs nprbvhshbdnohfdtbs mf ontfrhns ontfrhns prhons prhons y prbmuitbs sfoh-flnsfoh-flnebrnmbrfs dfifsnrhbs pnrn fl prbifsb mf prbmuiihùd.
-
Srbkrnonr fl mfsphfif mf lbs obmflbs mf inrphdtfrïn y oufelf, nsï ibob flnebrnr lbs plndbs ibrrfspbdmhfdtfs, pnrn mnr lns hdstruiihbdfs mf su pbstfrhbr `nerhinihùd.
-
Ufnlhznr ln ibdstruiihùd, ndîlhshs y vnlbrnihùd mf prbtbthpbs mfl prbmuitb, n pnrthr mf su mhsfþb y mbiuofdtnihùd tèidhin.
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Flnebrnr plndbs plndbs pnrn ln `nerhinihùd f hdstnlnihùd hdstnlnihùd ofmhndtf ln ibrrfitn nplhinihùd mf lns tèidhins tèidhins mf fxprfshùd krî`hin.
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X, pbr últhob, hdtfrprftnr, hdtfrprftnr, ndnlhznr y nplhinr lbs irhtfrhbs mf inlhmnm nl mfsnrrbllb mfl prbmuitb.
Fd fstf tfon, vnobs n trntnr mf fxpbdfr lbs rfquhshtbs y lns pnutns pnrn ln rfmniihùd mf ud prbyfitb mf inrphdtfrïn y oufelf, nsï ibob ln mbiuofdtnihùd (ofobrhn y ndfxbs, plndbs, plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs, ftiètfrn) quf gny quf hdiluhr pnrn quf, ibd su ibdsultn, sf pufmn rfnlhznr fl prbyfitb mfsmf su hmfn brhkhdnl gnstn fl prbmuitb `hdnl. Nsï, ibob vfrfobs, ln ofobrhn fs fl mbiuofdtb quf mfsirhef fl prbyfitb, pbr tndtb, fs fl últhob mbiuofdtb quf sf flnebrn. Lbs ndfxbs n ln ofobrhn thfdfd ln ohshùd mf rfibkfr tbmn ln hd`bronihùd fstnmïsthin (krî`hibs…) y ibdsthtuyfd udn justh`hinihùd mf lns mfihshbdfs mfl prbyfithstn.
>60
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH Lbs plndbs, pbr su pnrtf, fxprfsnd mf udn `bron ` bron krî`hin lns trnds`bronihbdfs quf sf prftfdmfd rfnlhznr fd fl prbyfitb. Fl plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs fs fl mbiuofdtb ibdtrnitunl y, pbr últhob, fl prfsupufstb fs fl mbiuofdtb fd fl quf sf iundth`hin fl prbyfitb.
5.
FL SU SUBX BXFI FI]B ]B MF IN INUS USHD HD]F ]FUÏ UÏN N X OVF OVFEL ELF F
]bmns lns ibdstruiihbdfs, hdilusb lns oîs sfdihllns, rfquhfrfd mf ud eufd prbyfitb, udn iuhmnmbsn sflfiihùd mf lbs ontfrhnlfs y udn ohduihbsn plndh`hinihùd mfl trnenjb. Ln ibopbshihùd mfl prbyfitb sf f`fitún hdibrpbrndmb tbmbs lbs flfofdtbs dfifsnrhbs y betfdhfdmb udn prfsfdtnihùd quf npbrtf udn eufdn honkfd mf ln foprfsn, fd fstf insb mfl sfitbr mf ln onmfrn y fl oufelf, y ibdtrheuyn n ln snths`niihùd mfl ilhfdtf. Nmfoîs, ln nplhinihùd mf pnquftfs hd`broîthibs fspfiï`hibs b, fd su insb, mf ensfs mf mntbs, gbjns mf iîliulb y prbifsnmbrfs mf tfxtb, ibdtrheuhrîd n mnr onybr nkhlhmnm fd ln fjfiuihùd mf lbs prfsupufstbs y mfoîs mbiuofdtnihùd quf ibopbdfd tbmb prbyfitb, nsï ibob su pbstfrhbr usb ibob ensf pnrn prfsfdtnr btrbs trnenjbs. Fl prbyfitb fs udn `bron mf brkndhznr fl trnenjb. Fs mfihr, tfdfobs quf rfnlhznr ud prbmuitb y pnrn prbmuihrlb sf rfquhfrfd udn sfrhf mf tnrfns fspfiï`hins, nlkudns mf lns iunlfs db sf gneïnd rfnlhznmb ndtfs b, pbr fl ibdtrnrhb, db sf vblvfrîd n rfnlhznr, y fdtbdifs rfiurrhobs nl prbyfitb. Fl prbyfitb pufmf sfr ud ibdjudtb mf mbiuofdtbs mfsirhpthvbs y justh`hinthvbs ’fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins mf ud prbmuitb n mfsnrrbllnr y quf udn vfz ibdstruhmb sfrîd lbs plndbs b fspfih`hinihbdfs- quf dbs pfrohtfd ln fjfiuihùd, hdstnlnihùd b `nerhinihùd mf ud mftfrohdnmb prbmuitb, pfrb tnoehèd sf fdthfdmf pbr prbyfitb ln `bron mf brkndhznr fl trnenjb, quf ibdshstf fd plndh`hinr fl iursb mf lns bpfrnihbdfs b tnrfns n rfnlhznr, ibd fl bejfthvb mf betfdfr b etfdfr ud prbmuitb y ibdtrblnr fl sfkuhohfdtb mf fstn plndh`hinihùd, pnrn fvhtnr lns mfsvhnihbdfs. Nmfoîs, fl prbyfitb sf nsbihn n udn sfrhf mf inrnitfrïsthins, tnlfs ibob: -
Fxhstf ud bejfthvb ibdirftb.
-
Hmfdth`hin ud ibdjudtb mf tnrfns quf fs prfihsb niboftfr.
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Lns tnrfns sf mfefd rfnlhznr mf `bron brmfdnmn. -
Ufquhfrf ln hdtfrvfdihùd mf trnenjnmbrfs iunlh`hinmbs.
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Yf uthlhznd rfiursbs mf mhvfrsbs thpbs.
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Fl bejfthvb sf thfdf quf nlindznr nlindznr fd ud plnzb mf thfopb mftfrohdnmb (`fign mf hdhihb y mf `hd).
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Fl prbmuitb `hdnl tfdmrî quf iuoplhr udns fspfih`hinihbdfs.
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Eusin ud mftfrohdnmb dhvfl mf inlhmnm fd fl prbmuitb.
]bmb prbyfitb hoplhin mbs krndmfs `nsfs: plndfnihùd y fjfiuihùd. n) Sl Slnd ndh`h h`hin inih ihùd ùd:: Fl bejfthvb fs ilnrh`hinr fl prbelfon n sbluihbdnr, mf`hdhr fl prbmuitb n betfdfr, fsthonr lbs ibstfs fibdùohibs, nsï ibob lbs rfiursbs dfifsnrhbs. Yf trntn mf fstnelfifr iùob fl fquhpb mf trnen jb mfefrî snths`nifr ln plndh`hinihùd tfopbrnl y fl ibstf. Vdn plndh`hinihùd mftnllnmn mnrî ibdshstfdihn nl prbyfitb y fvhtnrî sbrprfsns quf dudin sbd ehfd rfihehmns. F stn `nsf, n su vfz, sf pufmf mhvhmhr fd mbs: mf`hdhihùd mfl prbelfon y mf`hdhihùd mfl plnd mf mfsnrrbllb. Snrn ln plndh`hinihùd mf lbs trnenjbs mf hdstnlnihùd mf inrphdtfrïn sf rfquhfrf mhspbdfr mf hd`bronihùd su`hihfdtf, y fstb hdiluyf fl prbyfitb mf hdstnlnihùd, mhspbdhehlhmnm y suohdhstrb mf ontfrhnlfs y prbmuitbs, plnzbs mf fjfiuihùd, thfopbs mf fjfiuihùd mf lbs mh`frfdtfs trnenjbs. Ln plndh`hinihùd, pbr tndtb, ibdtfdmrî hd`bronihùd sberf:
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>6;
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf -
@fign mf hdhihb y `hdnlhznihùd mf ln hdstnlnihùd
-
Yfiufdihnihùd mf lbs trnenjbs
-
Obofdtb fd quf mfefd hdtfrvfdhr btrns prb`fshbdfs (pbr fjfoplb, nlenþhlfrïn, `bdtndfrïn, ftiètfrn).
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Ibbrmhdnihùd y ibdibrmndihn fdtrf lbs mh`frfdtfs trnenjbs.
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Yuohdhstrbs y trndspbrtfs.
-
Slnd mf sfkuhohfdtb/ supfrvhshùd mf lbs trnenjbs.
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Ibdtrblfs hdtfrofmhbs prfvhstbs.
Ln plndh`hinihùd fs udn `nsf ouy hopbrtndtf, pnrn quf db sf prbmuzind rftrnsbs fd ln eúsqufmn y sflfiihùd mf ontfrhnlfs, fd su prbifsb mf obdtnjf, pnrn iuoplhr lbs plnzbs fstnelfihmbs fd fl mfsnrrbllb mfl prbyfitb. Snrn nyumnrdbs fd fstf prbifsb, sf pufmfd uthlhznr lbs ibdbihmbs brkndhkrnons, mbiuofdtbs quf sf ensnd fd hmfdth`hinr n lbs mhsthdtbs trnenjnmbrfs quf mfefd llfvnr n ineb nlkudn tnrfn fd fl prbifsb mf mfsnrrbllb mfl prbyfitb y fstnelfifr udns rflnihbdfs mf mfpfdmfdihn y udbs indnlfs mf iboudhinihùd pnrn quf ln trndsohshùd mf ùrmfdfs f hd`brofs mf shtunihùd sfn lb oîs rîphmn y f`hinz pbshelf. Nsï, fd ln brkndhznihùd y rfmniihùd mfl prbyfitb sf hdiluhrî ud npnrtnmb mbdmf sf fspfih`hinrîd lns tnrfns dfifsnrhns pnrn su fjfiuihùd, lbs rfiursbs mf lbs quf sf mhspbdfd fd inmn obfdtb y lns prfvhshbdfs mf thfopbs quf pfrohtnd ndthihpnr ln `fign mf `hdnlhznihùd. Sbr su pnrtf, ofmhndtf lbs mhnkrnons sf pbmrî vhsunlhznr ln onrign mf lbs trnenjbs gnstn ln ibdilushùd mfl prbyfitb. Sbr fjfoplb, fl mhnkrnon mf enrrns pfrohtf ibopnrnr lns prfvhshbdfs rfnlhznmns ibd ln onrign rfnl. e) Fjf Fjfiui iuihùd hùd mfl prb prbyfi yfitb: tb: Yf trntn mf llfvnr n ineb fl plnd prfvhstb. Ln `nsf mf fjfiuihùd mfl prbyfitb rfprfsfdtn fl ibdjudtb mf tnrfns y nithvhmnmfs quf supbdfd ln rfnlhznihùd prbphnofdtf mhign mfl prbyfitb, ln fjfiuihùd mf ln bern mf quf sf trntf. Ufspbdmf, ndtf tbmb, n lns inrnitfrïsthins tèidhins fspfiï`hins mf inmn thpb mf prbyfitb y supbdf pbdfr fd jufkb y kfsthbdnr lbs rfiursbs fd ln `bron nmfiunmn pnrn mfsnrrbllnr ln bern fd iufsthùd. Inmn thpb mf prbyfitb rfspbdmf fd fstf pudtb n su tfidblbkïn prbphn, quf fs kfdfrnlofdtf ehfd ibdbihmn pbr lbs rfspbdsnelfs fd ln ontfrhn. Vdn onln plndh`hinihùd ibdmuihrî hdfvhtnelfofdtf n udn onln fjfiuihùd. Nmfoîs, murndtf fl prbifsb mf fjfiuihùd sf mfefd supfrvhsnr lbs trnenjbs, vfrh`hindmb quf sf njustn nl prbyfitb, ibdtrblndmb fl iuoplhohfdtb mf lbs plnzbs mf fjfiuihùd y rfsblvhfdmb lns ibdthdkfdihns. Ln vfrh`hinihùd pfrohtf iboprbenr sh lbs rfsultnmbs ibhdihmfd ibd lb prbyfitnmb. Nmfoîs, lns sbluihbdfs prbpufstns n lns mh`hiultnmfs surkhmns murndtf fl mfsnrrbllb mfl prbyfitb pfrohtfd mnr ibdthduhmnm n lbs trnenjbs, snlvnr lbs nspfitbs db prfvhstbs y ofjbrnr, fd su insb, fl rfsultnmb r fsultnmb mf lb prbyfitnmb. Nlkudbs nutbrfs gnelnd hdilusb mf udn tfrifrn `nsf, quf sfrïn ln `nsf mf fdtrfkn b pufstn fd onrign. Ibob yn sf gn mhigb, tbmb prbyfitb fstî mfsthdnmb n `hdnlhznrsf fd ud plnzb mftfrohdnmb, iulohdndmb fd ln fdtrfkn mfl prbmuitb nl ilhfdtf, iboprbendmb quf `udihbdn nmfiunmnofdtf y rfspbdmf n lns fspfih`hinihbdfs fd su obofdtb nprbenmns. Fstn `nsf fs tnoehèd ouy hopbrtndtf db sùlb pbr rfprfsfdtnr ln iulohdnihùd mf ln bpfrnihùd, shdb pbr lns mh`hiultnmfs quf suflf prfsfdtnr fd ln prîithin, nlnrkîdmbsf fxifshvnofdtf y prbvbindmb rftrnsbs y ibstfs hoprfvhstbs. >67
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH N fstns trfs ftnpns ’sh ibdtnobs ln últhon tnoehèd- fs ibdvfdhfdtf nþnmhr btrns mbs quf, sh ehfd pufmfd hdiluhrsf fd lns yn ofdihbdnmns, fs prf`frhelf dboernrlns mf `bron hdmfpfdmhfdtf, yn quf mf`hdfd ud ibdjudtb mf nithvhmnmfs quf rfsultnd eîshins pnrn fl mfsnrrbllb iboplftb mfl prbyfitb. Nsï, pbmfobs gnelnr mf: -
@nsf mf hdhihnihùd: Mf`hdhihùd mf lbs bejfthvbs mfl prbyfitb y mf lbs rfiursbs dfifsnrhbs pnrn pnrn su fjfiuihùd. Lns inrnitfrïsthins mfl prbyfitb hoplhind ln dfifshmnm mf udn `nsf b ftnpn prfvhn mfsthdnmn n ln prfpnrnihùd mfl ohsob, `nsf quf thfdf udn krnd trnsifdmfdihn pnrn ln eufdn onrign mfl prbyfitb y quf, nmfoîs, mfefrî sfr fspfihnlofdtf iuhmnmn. Vdn krnd pnrtf mfl èxhtb b `rninsb mfl ohsob sf `rnkun prhdihpnlofdtf fd fstns `nsfs prfpnrntbrhns quf, judtb ibd udn eufdn ftnpn mf plndh`hinihùd, nlkudbs thfdmfd n ofdbsprfihnr, mfsfbsbs mf vfr lbs rfsultnmbs fxifshvnofdtf prbdtb.
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@nsf mf ibdtrbl: Obdhtbrhznihùd mfl trnenjb rfnlhznmb ndnlhzndmb iùob fl prbkrfsb mh`hfrf mf lb plndh`hinmb f hdhihndmb lns niihbdfs ibrrfithvns quf sfnd dfifsnrhns. Fstn `nsf hdiluyf tnoehèd lb quf sf mfdbohdn lhmfrnzkb, prbpbrihbdndmb mhrfitrhifs n lbs rfiursbs guondbs, pnrn quf fl trnenjb sf mfsnrrbllf mf `bron f`fithvn y n thfopb. Fstns ftnpns, db bestndtf, prfsfdtnd inrnitfrïsthins mh`frfdtfs sfkúd sf trntf mf prbyfitbs hdtfrdbs b mf prbyfitbs fxtfrdbs. Nsï, lns prhdihpnlfs mh`frfdihns npnrfifd fd ln `nsf b ftnpn mf plndh`hinihùd. Fd fl prbyfitb fxtfrdb fxhstfd ud ibdjudtb mf niihbdfs quf sf rflnihbdnd ibd ln dfifshmnm mf prfsfdtnr udn b`frtn nl ilhfdtf y quf èstf nifptf ln prbpufstn. Fd fstf supufstb, ln ibdsfiuihùd mfl pfmhmb ’ lb quf qufmnrïn rf`lfjnmb fd ud ibdtrntb fdtrf lns pnrtfs- thfdf ud inrîitfr prhbrhtnrhb pnrn ln foprfsn, yn quf rfsultn hoprfsihdmhelf quf fl ilhfdtf lb nifptf pnrn pbmfr niboftfr fl prbyfitb. S rby fit b hdtfrdb
>. Ndîlhshs mfl prbyfitb 5. Mftfrohdnihùd mf lns bpihbdfs fxhstfdtfs 9. Yflfiihùd mf ln bpihùd oîs ibdvfdhfdtf =. Slndh`hinihùd mftnllnmn mfl trnenjb n rfnlhznr 6. Mfsnrrbllb y rfnlhznihùd
Srb yfit b f xtf rdb
@NYF MF SLNDH@HINIHÙD
>. Flnebrnihùd mf ln b`frtn 5. Nmjumhinihùd mfl ibdtrntb 9. Slndh`hinihùd mftnllnmn
@NYF =. Mfsnrrbllb y rfnlhznihùd MF UFNLHZNIHÙD @NYF MF FD]UFKN B SVFY]N FD ONUIGN
Fl fstumhb rnzbdnmb y iboplftb ’iîliulbs, mheujbs, ftiètfrn- dbs llfvn mhrfitnofdtf n lb quf sf ibdbif ibob prbyfitb tèidhib, iuyb bejfthvb fs ln `nerhinihùd y `udihbdnohfdtb mf iunlquhfr prbmuitb. Lbs prbyfitbs tèidhibs pufmfd rfnlhznrsf tndtb pnrn ilhfdtfs ibob pnrn ln prbphn foprfsn. Ln fjfiuihùd mfl prbyfitb shkuf brmfdnmnofdtf udn sfrhf mf `nsfs quf ibohfdznd ibd fl fstumhb prfvhb, fs mfihr, ln rfnlhznihùd mfl prbyfitb prbphnofdtf mhigb, pnrn tfrohdnr ibd ln `nerhinihùd y flnebrnihùd mfl prbmuitb, shkuhfdmb fd tbmb obofdtb lns dbrons y fspfih`hinihbdfs quf nsfkurnd ln inlhmnm mfl prbmuitb y ln sfkurhmnm fd su usb.
5.>
@nitbrfs n ibdtrblnr
Fs hopbrtndtf ondtfdfr nitunlhznmn y brkndhznmn ln mbiuofdtnihùd tèidhin, uthlhznmn y kfdfrnmn fd lbs prbyfitbs mf inrphdtfrïn y oufelf. Nsï, sf rfibphln, nrighvn y nitunlhzn tbmn fsn mbiuofdtnihùd, mfsmf lbs intîlbkbs mf ontfrhnlfs y prbmuitbs, lns oufstrns, lns tnrh`ns mf prfihbs y ln dbronthvn mf nplhinihùd. Fl shstfon mf brkndhznihùd flfkhmb pfrohthrî su `îihl lbinlhznihùd y su ibrrfitn ibdsfrvnihùd. Vdn `bron mf brkndhznr ln mbiuofdtnihùd kfdfrnmn sfrïn ntfdmhfdmb n su ibdtfdhmb y nl krnmb mf uthlhmnm. Fd binshbdfs, sf pufmfd prbmuihr shtunihbdfs fd lns quf ln `nltn mf ibdbihohfdtb sberf ud tfon pnrthiulnr mfsfdinmfdn udn sfrhf mf prbelfons quf mh`hiultnd ln fjfiuihùd mf ud prbyfitb. Fstf prbelfon, pbr fjfoplb, sf suflf mnr ibd `rfiufdihn fd lbs prbyfitbs mf ibdstruiihùd fd lbs quf sf uthlhzn onmfrn ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>68
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf nsfrrnmn, iundmb gny quf prfsirhehr onmfrn pnrn usb fstruiturnl, pbr ln `nltn mf mbiuofdtnihùd su`hihfdtfofdtf `udmnmn. Fl brhkfd mf ouigbs mf fstbs prbelfons sf fdiufdtrn fd fl ohsob prbyfitb, y oîs ibdirftnofdtf fd fl plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs tèidhins pnrthiulnrfs. N fstbs prbelfons sf pufmfd nþnmhr lbs prbphbs mf ln `nsf mf fjfiuihùd, mf suohdhstrb mfl ontfrhnl, mf ibdmhihbdfs mf nlonifdnohfdtb, mf plnzbs, ftiètfrn. Npbrtnr ln ibgfrfdihn dfifsnrhn nl prbyfitb y, pbr tndtb, n ln fjfiuihùd, fs iufsthùd shoplfofdtf mf sfkuhr udbs irhtfrhbs rflnihbdnmbs ibd ln flfiihùd mf ln fspfihf mf onmfrn y sus mfdbohdnihbdfs, lns mhofdshbdfs oîs uthlhznmns pbr su mhspbdhehlhmnm fd fl ofrinmb ’fd ln onybrïn mf lbs insbs, rfsultnrî ouigb oîs fibdùohib, fd thfopb y fd mhdfrb, mhsfþnr ibd udn knon mf mhofdshbdfs ibdbihmns y ibofrihnlfs quf rfiurrhr n mhofdshbdfs quf lufkb quf gnerî quf `nerhinr ‗fd fxilushvn‘ b quf pufmf quf db fxhstnd- b pbr lns lhohtnihbdfs tèidhins b fstèthins, lns inlhmnmfs y lns prbphfmnmfs rfshstfdtfs, fl ibdtfdhmb mf guofmnm, lbs trntnohfdtbs prfvfdthvbs, fl mhsfþb y iîliulb mf ln fstruiturn y btrbs tfons rflnihbdnmbs. Sbdknobs ud fjfoplb ibdirftb. Honkhdfobs quf tfdfobs quf mfsnrrbllnr ud plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs sberf ln onmfrn fstruiturnl pnrn fl prbyfitb mf udn pnsnrfln mf onmfrn fxpufstn nl fxtfrhbr. Lbs phlnrfs fstîd fopbtrnmbs fd fl suflb y pufmfd llfknr n hdudmnrsf mf nkun gnstn udn mftfrohdnmn nlturn. ]bmn ln pnsnrfln sf plndtfn ibd onmfrn nsfrrnmn y db mhspbdf mf iuehfrtn. Fl plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs, fd fl inpïtulb ibrrfspbdmhfdtf n ln onmfrn fstruiturnl, pbmrïn sfr nsï: -
>03
Onmfrn fstruiturnl: *
Fspfihf: Snrn Snrn ln fstruiturn sf foplfnrî foplfnrî phdb phdb shlvfstrf shlvfstrf (phdus sylvfstrhs).
*
Srbphfmnmfs ofiîdhins: ofiîdhins: Yfkúd ln dbron VDF 606== 606== ‗Ilnsh`hinihùd ‗Ilnsh`hinihùd vhsunl mf ln onmfrn nsfrrnmn pnrn usb fstruiturnl‘. Lns prbphfmnmfs ofiîdhins mf fstn ilnsf rfshstfdtf `hkurnd fd ln dbron FD 997 ‗Onmfrn fstruiturnl. Ilnsfs rfshstfdtfs‘ (sf pufmfd hdiluhr fd lbs ndfxbs ud rfsuofd mf mhign dbron quf rfibjn lbs vnlbrfs mf rfshstfdihn, rhkhmfz y mfdshmnm b lns fspfih`hinihbdfs mf inlhmnm pnrn ln ilnsh`hinihùd db ibd`brof n ln dbron VDF 606==).
*
Iîliulb mf ln fstruiturn, ibd`brof nl oètbmb rfibkhmb fd ln dbron VDF FD >886->-> >886->-> Furbiùmhkb 6 ‗Srbyfitb mf fstruiturns mf onmfrn‘.
*
Mhofdshbdfs mf lns phfzns: phfzns: Lns sfiihbdfs mf lns phfzns vhfdfd fxprfsnmns fxprfsnmns fd mhofdshbdfs dbohdnlfs, ibd lns tblfrndihns ibrrfspbdmhfdtfs ibd`brof n ln dbron VDF FD 990 ‗Onmfrn fstruiturnl. Ibdï`frns y igbpb. Mhofdshbdfs y tblfrndihns‘. Ln rflnihùd mf tbmns lns phfzns y sus mhofdshbdfs pufmfd ibdsultnrsf fd fl ndfxb mf rfsultnmb mf iîliulb y fd lbs plndbs. Iunlquhfr obmh`hinihùd mf lns sfiihbdfs prbpufstns mfef sfr justh`hinmn pbr iîliulb.
*
Guofmnm: Mftfrohdnr fl ibdtfdhmb mf ln guofmnm mf ln onmfrn fd fl obofdtb mf ln rfifpihùd.
*
Srbtfiihùd: ]rntnohfdtb ]rntnohfdtb mf ln onmfrn quf `bron lbs phlnrfs fopbtrnmbs fd fl suflb, nsï ibob mfl rfstb mf ln onmfrn quf `bron ln fstruiturn. Nmfoîs, ln foprfsn rfspbdsnelf mfl trntnohfdtb mfef npbrtnr ln mbiuofdtnihùd rflnthvn nl prbmuitb y n su f`hinihn, nsï ibob nlkudn knrndtïn ibrrfspbdmhfdtf nl trntnohfdtb llfvnmb n ineb.
*
Fstnehlhmnm nl `ufkb: Fd fstf insb fd ibdirftb, pbr ln uehinihùd mf ln fstruiturn, fstruiturn, db fs dfifsndfifsnrhb fl fstumhb mf ln fstnehlhmnm nl `ufkb.
*
Gfrrnjfs: ]bmbs ]bmbs lbs flfofdtbs oftîlhibs oftîlhibs quf nibopnþnd n ln fstruiturn fstruiturn (gfrrnjfs, ilnvbs, pfrpfrdbs, ftiètfrn) mfefrîd hr prbtfkhmbs (fd fstf insb, ibd nl ofdbs ud knlvndhznmb fd inlhfdtf). Sbr su pnrtf, pnrn lbs ilnvbs, thrn`bdmbs, plnins oftîlhins, tnoehèd gny quf fspfih`hinr sus mhofdshbdfs, ontfrhnl ibd fl quf fstîd rfnlhznmbs y ln prbtfiihùd.
*
Btrns ibdshmfrnihbdfs: Fl ninenmb mf ln onmfrn, fd fstf supufstb supufstb fd ibdirftb, mfef sfr shoplfofdtf ifphllnmb, fvhtndmb quf qufmfd pnrtfs shd ifphllnr fxpufstns nl ibdtnitb ibd lns pfr
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH sbdns. Sufmfd hdiluhrsf btrns ibdshmfrnihbdfs quf fxhjn ln `hlbsb`ïn mfl prbyfitb, ibob pufmf sfr ninenmb, iblbrnihùd, rfstrhiihbdfs mf usb, ftiètfrn. Btrb `nitbr n ibdtrblnr sfrî ln sfkurhmnm, pnrn lb quf sf flnebrnrî fl fstumhb mf sfkurhmnm. Ln prfvfdihùd gn mf fstnr hdtfkrnmn fd ln `nsf mf mhsfþb, fs mfihr, iundmb sf mhsfþn ud bejftb gny quf prfvfr quf murndtf su pbstfrhbr prbmuiihùd y uthlhznihùd db supbdmrî ud rhfskb pnrn lbs pbshelfs usunrhbs.
9.
MBIVOF MBIV OFD] D]BY BY.. @BUO @BUON] N]B. B. IBD IBD]F ]FDH DHMB MB.. FLNE FLNEBU BUNI NIHÙ HÙD. D. V]HLHMNM. SUFYFD]NIHÙD
Fl `brontb fs ln `bron fd ln quf sf prfsfdtnd lbs mbiuofdtbs. Nsï, fl `brontb hdiluyf fl plfknmb mf lbs plndbs, fd zhk-znk, tndtb fd sfdthmb vfrthinl ibob gbrhzbdtnl, y fl iunmrb mf rbtulnihùd, ibdbihmb tnoehèd ibob injftïd, quf shfoprf mfef qufmnr fd ln pnrtf ndtfrhbr y n ln vhstn. Fd lbs `brontbs sf mfef mheujnr ud rfiunmrb hdtfrhbr, quf mflhohtf ln zbdn úthl mf mheujb (oîrkfdfs).
Lbs mbiuofdtbs quf fdklbend fl prbyfitb sbd: -
Ofobrhn
-
Slndbs
-
Slhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs
-
Srfsupufstb
N ibdthdunihùd, vnobs n fxpbdfr lns inrnitfrïsthins kfdfrnlfs mf inmn udb mf fstbs mbiuofdtbs. n) Of Ofob obrh rhnn: Ln ofobrhn fs ud mbiuofdtb hd`bronthvb, b hd`brof tèidhib, quf mfef ibdtfdfr ln mfsirhpihùd y justh`hinihùd mf lns sbluihbdfs nmbptnmns, nsï ibob tbmbs lbs trnenjbs plndtfnmbs fd ln rfsbluihùd mf ud prbelfon. N pnrthr mf fstf mbiuofdtb, fl pbtfdihnl ilhfdtf pufmf tbonr udn mfihshùd sberf ud mftfrohdnmb prbmuitb, ibd ln ibdshkuhfdtf pufstn fd onrign mf su `nerhinihùd ` nerhinihùd pnrn su pbstfrhbr ibofrihnlhznihùd. Ln ofobrhn ibohfdzn ibd udn erfvf fxplhinihùd, npudtfs sberf fl bejfthvb mfl prbyfitb fd sï. Fd fstf thpb mf mbiuofdtbs sf ofziln ln pnrtf mfsirhpthvn ibd ln pnrtf mf justh`hinihùd mf ln sbluihùd b sbluihbdfs nmbptnmns. Fs ibdvfdhfdtf hdiluhr, ibob inpïtulbs `hdnlfs, ud rfsuofd mf lns inrnitfrïsthins mfl prbmuitb y fl fstumhb fibdùohib quf pfrohtn ibdbifr su rfdtnehlhmnm. Mf ln lfiturn mf ln ofobrhn mfef betfdfrsf ilnrnofdtf, shd dfifshmnm mf ibdsultnr lbs rfstndtfs mbiuofdtbs, udn hmfn ibdirftn y prfihsn mf lb quf ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>0>
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf rfprfsfdtn fl prbyfitb. Sbr fllb, mfef ibdtfdfr lbs ndtfifmfdtfs f hd`bronihùd su`hihfdtf pnrn prbpbrihbdnr ud ibdbihohfdtb iboplftb mf ln `bron fd quf vn n mfsnrrbllnrsf fl prbyfitb, ln iundtïn mf ln hdvfrshùd y tbmb lb rflnihbdnmb ibd su rfnlhznihùd. Ln ofobrhn, pbr tndtb, pufmf ibdshmfrnrsf ibob fl fjf b ln lïdfn ifdtrnl quf sfrvhrî mf ensf pnrn fl mfsnrrbllb mfl prbyfitb. Mfef rf`lfjnr lbs nibdtfihohfdtbs fd ud brmfd lùkhib tfopbrnl, tndtb fd lns `nsfs mf plndh`hinihùd ibob fd fl prbifsb prbmuithvb. Nmfoîs, mfef gnifr rf`frfdihn iundtns vfifs sfn prfihsb nl rfstb mf lbs mbiuofdtbs (ndfxbs, plndbs) ibd fl `hd mf iboplftnr ln hd`bronihùd. Fd ln ofobrhn tnoehèd sf pufmfd hdiluhr mheujbs, krî`hibs, tnelns, iunmrbs, `btbkrn`ïns mfl prbmuitb y fstnmïsthins pnrn su ofjbr fxpbshihùd y iboprfdshùd. Yu prfsfdtnihùd pufmf vnrhnr fd `brontb, nudquf fl oîs iboúd fs MHD-N= (5>3 x 58;). Fd insb mf uthlhznr btrb tnonþb, pbrquf sfn prfihsb pnrn lbs krî`hibs b lhstnmbs, su plfknmb sfrî fl dbronlhznmb pbr ln dbronthvn VDF. Ndnlhzndmb oîs fd prb`udmhmnm lbs bejfthvbs y inrnitfrïsthins mf ln ofobrhn, pbmfobs sfþnlnr quf fstf mbiuofdtb mfsirhef tbmbs lbs nspfitbs mfl prbmuitb mhsfþnmb, sus inrnitfrïsthins, fl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd, ontfrhnlfs, fstumhb mf ofrinmb, ndtfifmfdtfs, ftiètfrn. Fs mfihr, ln ofobrhn fs ln pnrtf mfl prbyfitb quf dbs hd`bron mf ln sbluihùd mf`hdhthvn flfkhmn, mndmb hmfns sberf `udihbdnohfdtb, ontfrhnlfs n foplfnr, ibstf nprbxhonmb mf ln sbluihùd flfkhmn, lns inusns quf gfobs tfdhmb fd iufdtn pnrn flfkhr fsn sbluihùd mf fdtrf tbmns lns phfzns. Fd ln prîithin, fd lbs prbyfitbs mf mhsfþb mf prbmuitbs ln ofobrhn sf pufmf susthtuhr pbr udn sfrhf mf mbiuofdtbs ibob: -
Srbpufstn tèidhin: Fstf Fstf mbiuofdtb sf flnebrn nl hdhihb mfl prbyfitb, y sfrî fl quf onrquf lns lïdfns mf nitunihùd mf lbs mhsfþnmbrfs, fl thpb mf prbmuitb quf sf vn n mfsnrrbllnr, lbs pbshelfs prbelfons quf sf pufmfd plndtfnr y lns sbluihbdfs n inmn udb mf fllbs.
-
Srfsfdtnihùd mf prbpufstns: prbpufstns: Mfsirhef lns mhsthdtns nltfrdnthvns kfdfrnmns pbr pbr lbs rfspbdsnelfs mfl mhsfþb pnrn fl prbmuitb. Yberf fstf mbiuofdtb sf thfdf quf nmbptnr udn mfihshùd, pnsndmb mf ln `nsf mf mhsfþb n ln `nsf mf mftnllf.
-
Fstumhbs mf mftnllf: Dbronlofdtf, fstbs mbiuofdtbs sbd ndfxbs ndfxbs quf sf hdibrpbrnrîd hdibrpbrnrîd n ln ofobrhn. Ufibkfd lbs iîliulbs, ndîlhshs, fstumhbs, mfsnrrbllbs, ftiètfrn. Yf llfvnd n ineb murndtf ln `nsf mf mhsfþb mf mftnllf.
-
Ondunl mf prbmuitb: Fd fstf mbiuofdtb sf rf`lfjnrîd lns `udihbdfs y inrnitfrïsthins inrnitfrïsthins mfl prbmuitb, ibdshmfrnihbdfs mf usb, ftiètfrn.
-
Gbjns mf fspfih`hinihbdfs fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins: Fl iuoplhohfdtb mf lns fspfih`hinihbdfs fstnelfihmns fs `udmnofdtnl n ln gbrn mf flnebrnr lbs prbmuitbs mf inrphdtfrïn. Lns gbjns mf fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins rfibkfd lns inrnitfrïsthins tèidhins mfl prbmuitb ninenmb, pbr lb quf sf ibdshmfrnd ouy hopbrtndtfs pnrn mf`hdhr ln inlhmnm mf lbs ninenmbs. Lns fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins sbd lbs mbiuofdtbs fd lbs iunlfs sf mf`hdfd lns dbrons, fxhkfdihns y prbifmhohfdtbs foplfnmbs y nplhinmbs nl trnenjb mf `nerhinihùd b ibdstruiihùd. Db sf mfefd ibd`udmhr ibd lns fspfih`hinihbdfs mf mhsfþb mf prbmuitbs, quf mf`hdfd lbs vnlbrfs bejfthvbs pnrn udbs pnrîoftrbs mfl prbmuitb. Lns fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins fxpbdfd lbs vnlbrfs `hdnlfs mf mhigbs pnrîoftrbs, quf pufmfd b db ibhdihmhr. Ouigns fspfih`hinihbdfs mf mhsfþb sùlb onrind lïohtfs (pbr fjfoplb, pfsb < >5 ak), ohfdtrns quf lns fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins oufstrnd vnlbrfs mf`hdhthvbs (pbr fjfoplb, pfsb ? >>,5 ak).
-
Srfsfdtnihùd mfl prbyfitb: Srfsfdtnihùd mfl prbyfitb mf`hdhthvb. Fl bejfthvb fs obstrnr obstrnr fl prbmuitb tfrohdnmb y sus inrnitfrïsthins mf ondfrn quf rfsultf ntrnithvb hdilusb n prhofrn vhstn, fs mfihr, udn prfsfdtnihùd quf sfn inpnz mf inptnr ln ntfdihùd mfl pbtfdihnl ilhfdtf. Fstn prfsfdtnihùd pufmf sfr mf vnrhns `brons, `br ons, n trnvès mf udn ndhonihùd, ud trïpthib, ftiètfrn, lb prhobrmhnl fs quf sfn inpnz mf trndsohthr ln hmfn mfl prbmuitb. Fd binshbdfs, fstf thpb mf ontfrhnl sf uthlhzn pnrn obstrnr fl prbmuitb fd `frhns mfl sfitbr, fd fstf insb, onmfrn y oufelf.
>05
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH Fjfoplb mf kuhùd pnrn ln ofobrhn mf ud prbyfitb: -
-
Hmfd Hm fdth th`hi `hini nihù hùd d y mf` mf`hd hdhi hihù hùd d mfl mfl prb prbyf yfit itb: b: .
Mfsirhpihùd mfl prbelfon
.
Hdvfsthknihbdfs rfnlhznmns y eúsqufmn mf hd`bronihùd
Mhsfþb: .
Hmfns hdhihnlfs
.
Fvnlunihùd mf lns hmfns
.
Ybluihùd flfkhmn
.
Ebiftbs y mheujbs
.
Slndbs mf ibdstruiihùd
- S lndh`h lndh`hinihùd inihùd:: . -
-
-
Gbjn mf prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd
@nerhinihùd: .
Srbkrfshùd fd ln fjfiuihùd
.
Mh`hiultnmfs plndtfnmns y su rfsbluihùd
.
Obmh`hinihbdfs hdtrbmuihmns
Ibdtrbl: .
Fvnlunihùd mfl mhsfþb
.
Fvnlunihùd mfl `udihbdnohfdtb
.
Fvnlunihùd mf ln plndh`hinihùd
.
Srbpufstn mf ofjbrn
Srfsupufstb
e) Sl Slnndb dbss: N ln gbrn mf rfprfsfdtnr hmfns fs fl mbiuofdtb oîs hopbrtndtf. Nmfoîs, sbd ln phfzn ilnvf pnrn rfnlhznr fl mbiuofdtb mf ofmhihbdfs y iîliulb mf prfsupufstbs. Lbs plndbs fstîd sbofthmbs n dbronlhznihùd, pbr lb quf sf rfnlhznrîd foplfndmb ln fsirhturn dbronlhznmn, lïdfns y sïoeblbs ibdvfdihbdnlfs. Fstn dbronlhznihùd nenrin mfsmf lbs tnonþbs mfl pnpfl sberf fl quf sf mheujnd lbs plndbs, gnstn ln `bron mf shtunr inmn mntb fd lbs ohsobs, ibob lns ibtns b lbs sïoeblbs quf sf mfefd uthlhznr pnrn rfprfsfdtnr inmn ibopbdfdtf `ïshib mfl prbmuitb `hdnl. Fd Fspnþn tfdfobs ln dbron VDF (Vdn Dbron Fspnþbln), nudquf tnoehèd gny btrns dbrons furbpfns ibob ln HYB y ln MHD. Ln dbronlhznihùd tèidhin, ibob yn gfobs vhstb tnoehèd fd fstf tfonrhb, sf nplhin n ln `bron, mhofdshbdfs y inrnitfrïsthins mf krnd pnrtf mf lbs ontfrhnlfs y prbmuitbs hdmustrhnlfs. Lbs plndbs gnd mf ibdtfdfr tbmbs lbs mftnllfs dfifsnrhbs pnrn niboftfr f`hinzofdtf fl prbyfitb. Yu dúofrb, fd prhdihphb, db mfef prf`hjnrsf, rfnlhzndmb tndtbs plndbs ibob sfnd dfifsnrhbs. Lbs plndbs mf`hdhthvbs sf flnebrnd udn vfz fl mhsfþb mfl prbmuitb gn shmb vnlhmnmb, fs mfihr, supbdfd ud mbiuofdtb vhdiulndtf mf inrn n hdhihnr ln `nsf mf `nerhinihùd mfl prbmuitb fd iufsthùd, pbr lb quf fxhkfd fl oîxhob iuhmnmb y prfihshùd fd su flnebrnihùd. Vd shoplf frrbr mf nibtnihùd pufmf trnmuihrsf fd udn pèrmhmn mf thfopb y mf hdvfrshùd fibdùohin. ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>09
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf Fl bejfthvb mf lbs plndbs mf ud prbmuitb fs, fd tèrohdbs kfdfrnlfs, iboudhinr lbs ibdifptbs mfl fquhpb mf mhsfþb nl rfspbdsnelf mf ontfrhnlfs mhigb prbmuitb ofmhndtf fl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd. Sbr fllb, mfefd sfr iboplftbs y db hdmuihr n dhdkúd thpb mf frrbr. Ibob vfrfobs n ibdthdunihùd, sf pufmfd mhsthdkuhr vnrhbs thpbs mf plndbs, fd `udihùd mf su ibdtfdhmb y mfl usb pnrn fl quf fstîd pfdsnmbs, ibob pufmfd sfr plndbs mf obdtnjf, mf mfsphfif, mf ninenmbs, ftiètfrn. Inmn thpb mf prbyfitb hdiluhrî sus plndfs fspfiï`hibs. Sbr fjfoplb, fd ud prbyfitb mf `nerhinihùd mf udn oîquhdn sfrïn hlùkhib quf sf hdiluyfrnd lbs plndbs mf tbpbkrn`ïn. Lbs plndbs, nmfoîs, mfefd duofrnrsf y nsbihnrsf, mf ondfrn quf ln eúsqufmn mf udn mftfrohdnmn phfzn sf rfnlhif mf ln ondfrn oîs rîphmn pbshelf. Fstb sf lbkrn ofmhndtf lb quf sf ibdbif ibob fstruiturn mf îrebl mf lbs plndbs. Fl plndb mf ibdjudtb kfdfrnl oufstrn lns rf`frfdihns n tbmbs lbs sueibdjudtbs, y fstbs n lns phfzns. Nsï, n pnrthr mfl plndb mf ibdjudtb sf pufmf mftfrohdnr rîphmnofdtf mùdmf sf fdiufdtrn fl plndb mf phfzn fd ln inrpftn mf plndbs. Snrn flnebrnr lbs plndbs gny quf tfdfr fd iufdtn trfs iufsthbdfs: -
Ln lhstn mf phfzns quf ibopbdfd fl prbmuitb. Mfefd fstnr fstnr fspfih`hinmns sus mhofdshbdfs, mhofdshbdfs, `bron y ontfrhnlfs quf lb ibdsthtuyfd (onmfrn onihzn, ignpns mf onmfrn, tnelfrb, ftiètfrn) sfkúd fl prbyfitb.
-
Lbs plndbs n fsinln sf flnebrnd ofmhndtf lns rfprfsfdtnihbdfs krî`hins (pfrspfithvn, (pfrspfithvn, vhstns, vhstns, mftnllfs y sfiihbdfs), sfkúd lns inrnitfrïsthins mfl prbmuitb.
-
N lbs plndbs sf hdibrpbrnd lbs mntbs su`hihfdtfs su`hihfdtfs pnrn quf su hdtfrprftnihùd sfn ln ibrrfitn.
N ibdthdunihùd, vnobs n fxplhinr oîs mftnllnmnofdtf mh`frfdtfs thpbs mf plndbs: -
Fl plndb kfdfrnl b plndb mf ibdjudtb: Fs fl plndb mf rf`frfdihn mfl prbmuitb. ]bmns lns phfzns quf lb hdtfkrnd mfefd `hkurnr fd èl. Yus inrnitfrïsthins sbd lns shkuhfdtfs: *
Oufstrnd fl prbmuitb fd su tbtnlhmnm.
*
Oufstrn ln mhspbshihùd mf lbs ibopbdfdtfs.
*
Fd nlkudbs insbs, hdibrpbrn lns hdstruiihbdfs mf obdtnjf.
*
Srfsfdtn lns mhofdshbdfs klbenlfs mfl prbmuitb.
*
Hdiluyf udn lhstn mf phfzns b sue- fdsnoelnjfs duofrnmbs, rfohthfdmb n plndbs. Fd sus mf`fitb, rf`frfdihn tbmns lns phfzns.
*
Sufm Su fmff hd hdib ibrp rpbr brnr nr mf mftn tnll llfs fs..
Ln hd`bronihùd eîshin hdiluhmn fs fl injftïd mfl plndb kfdfrnl fs ln shkuhfdtf:
-
>0=
*
Dúofrb mf plndb
*
@fign
*
Fsinln brhkhdnl
*
]ïtulb mf mfl plndb
*
Lhstn mf phfzns b rf`frfdihns
*
Ndbtnihbdfs
Slndbs mf sue-obdtnjf b sue-ibdjudtb: Ybd Ybd plndbs mf ibdjudtb mf phfzns quf hdtfkrnd ud sueshstfon b quf pufmfd obstrnrsf hdmfpfdmhfdtfofdtf mfl ibdjudtb. Yus inrnitfrïsthins sbd: *
Oufstrn ud sue-ibdjudtb fd su tbtnlhmnm
*
Oufstrn ln mhspbshihùd mf lbs ibopbdfdtfs
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH *
Srfsfdtn hdstruiihbdfs mf obdtnjf mf sus phfzns
*
Hdiluyf lns mhofdshbdfs klbenlfs mfl sue-ibdjudtb
*
Hdiluyf udn lhstn mf lns lns phfzns rf`frfdihnmns n sus sus rfspfithvbs plndbs mf phfzn phfzn b n intîlbkbs mf prbvffmbrfs.
*
Hdiluyf mftnllfs ibdstruithvbs y mf obdtnjf.
Ln `bron iboúd mfl plndb mf sue-obdtnjf fs ln mfl mfsphfif fd prbyfiihùd, nudquf tnoehèd pufmf mheujnrsf fd pfrspfithvn. Yf nprbvfign nmfoîs pnrn ndbtnr ln rf`frfdihn mf lns phfzns y ln indthmnm mf inmn udn sf mftnllnd nlkudns mhofdshbdfs. -
Slndbs mf phfzn: Yf trntn mf lbs plndbs mf inmn phfzn hdmhvhmunl mfl prbmuitb. Fd fllbs sf mf`hdfd ibd mftnllf lns inrnitfrïsthins kfboètrhins, lns tblfrndihns, fl ontfrhnl, ninenmbs, ftiètfrn, mf ln phfzn pnrn su pbstfrhbr `nerhinihùd. Fdtrf lns inrnitfrïsthins mfl plndb mf phfzn, pbmfobs sfþnlnr: *
Oufstrn ln phfzn fd su tbtnlhmnm
*
Oufstrn Oufst rn lns mhofd mhofdshbdfs shbdfs mf ln phfzn, phfzn, tblfr tblfrndihn ndihns, s, dhvfl dhvfl mf ninen ninenmb, mb, ftiètfrn ftiètfrn..
*
Mftfrohdn fl ontfrhnl mf ln phfzn f, hdilusb, fd nlkudbs insbs fl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd quf sf llfvnrî n ineb.
*
Sufmf hdiluhr rf`frfdihns n btrbs plndbs mf phfzn.
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Slndb mf `nerhinihùd: Ibd ln ibdirfihùd rfqufrhmn pbr fl thpb mf `nerhinihùd, nplhindmb lns dbrons mf rfprfsfdtnihùd.
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Fd fl insb insb mf hdstnlnihùd hdstnlnihùd mf inrphdtfrïn, inrphdtfrïn, gny quf flnebrnr lbs irbquhs y plndbs pnrn mf`hdhr fl fspnihb y rfnlhznr ln tbon mf mntbs prfvhn. Nsï, ln rfnlhznihùd hdiluyf: *
Ofmhihbdfs y mntbs betfdhmbs pnrn rfnlhznr rfnlhznr lbs irbquhs y plndbs nrquhtfitùdhibs nrquhtfitùdhibs mf lbs lbinlfs bejftb mf ln hdstnlnihùd.
*
Fd fl lbinl mf hdstnlnihùd sf sf rfibkfd ln shkuhfdtf shkuhfdtf hd`bronihùd: mhofdshbdfs hdtfrhbrfs, mhofdshbdfs mf lbs flfofdtbs fstruiturnlfs (pnrnofdtbs, gufibs, phlnrfs y jîifdns), îdkulbs, iurvnturns f hrrfkulnrhmnmfs supfr`hihnlfs, mhofdshbdfs mf lbs npnrntbs b flfofdtbs pnrn hdtfkrnr fd ln hdstnlnihùd, ln shtunihùd mf lbs lb s flfofdtbs y ofindhsobs mf ln hdstnlnihùd (pudtbs mf luz, hdtfrruptbrfs, mfsnküfs, ftiètfrn), fl iblbr y thpb mf rfvfsthohfdtbs supfr`hihnlfs mf lbs pnrnofdtbs y inrnitfrïsthins pnrn ln `hjnihùd.
NSVD]FY: Lbs plndbs mfefd dbronlhznrsf mf niufrmb ibd lns dbrons VDF. Db sf rfibohfdmnd lb s `brontbs krndmfs y pbib ondfjnelfs. Fl `brontb mf ofdbr tnonþb uthlhznmb fs fl N= VDF >3>>, lbs `brontbs supfrhbrfs n èl sf mbelnd sfkúd dbron VDF >35;, pnrn su ibrrfitb fdinrpftnmb. Uflnihùd mf `brontbs y ofmhmns: N= 5>3 x 58; N9 58; x =53 N5 =53 x 68= N> 68= x 7=> N3 7=> x >.>78 5 N3 >.>78 x >.075 = N3 >.075 x 5.9;7
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>06
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf Fsinlns mf lbs plndbs: Ln dbronthvn VDF rfibohfdmn fl usb mf fsinlns mf noplhnihùd y rfmuiihùd pnrn lbs plndbs. Ln ibdstndtf mf prbpbrihbdnlhmnm fs lb quf sf mfdbohdn ‗fsinln mfl mheujb‘ y fxprfsn ln rflnihùd fdtrf ln ofmhmn lhdfnl mf ln rfprfsfdtnihùd mf ud flfofdtb mf ud bejftb y ln ibrrfspbdmhfdtf ofmhmn lhdfnl rfnl mf mhigb flfofdtb. Fxhstfd mh`frfdtfs thpbs mf fsinlns: .
Fsinln dnturnl: Lns ofmhmns lhdfnlfs mfl mheujb ibhdihmfd ibd lns ibrrfspbdmhfdtfs ofmhmns rfnlfs mfl bejftb1 fs mfihr, fl mheujb mfl bejftb sfrî mf hkunl tnonþb quf fl bejftb rfnl (Fsinln >:>). @brontb N= y N6. > oo mfl mheujb fquhvnlf n > mfl bejftb.
.
Fsinln mf rfmuiihùd: Lns ofmhmns lhdfnlfs mfl mheujb sbd ofdbrfs quf lns ibrrfspbdmhfdtfs ofmhmns rfnlfs mfl bejftb1 fs mfihr, fl mheujb mfl bejftb sfrî mf ofdbr tnonþb quf fl bejftb rfnl. Sbr fjfoplb, fsinln >:5. > oo mfl mheujb fquhvnlf n 5 mfl bejftb.
.
Fsinln mf noplhnihùd: Lns ofmhmns lhdfnlfs mfl mheujb sbd onybrfs quf lns ibrrfspbdmhfdtfs ibrrfspbdmhfdtfs ofmhmns rfnlfs mfl bejftb1 pbr fjfoplb, fsinln 5:>. > oo mfl mheujb fquhvnlf n 3,6 mfl bejftb.
Yh pbdfobs udbs fjfoplbs ibdirftbs, pbmfobs ihtnr: .
Slndbs mf nrquhtfiturn, nrquhtfiturn, fstruiturn fstruiturn f hdstnlnihbdfs: Snrn mf`hdhihùd mf ibdjudtbs, fsinln >/>33. ]bmns lns ibtns hrîd fd oftrbs.
.
Slndbs ibdstruithvbs ibdstruithvbs y mf mftnllf: Snrn sfiihbdfs ibdstruithvns, fsinln >/53 >/53 ù >/>3 y ibtns fd ifdtïoftrbs. Snrn plndbs mf mftnllfs, fsinlns >/6, >/5 ù >/> y ibtns fd ohlïoftrbs. Lns dbrons quf gnifd rf`frfdihn n lns fsinlns fstîd rfibkhmns fd VDF >350, HYB 6=66 y MHD 759. Ufmuiihbdfs: Lns hdmhinmns fd ln dbron. >:> >:5 >:5,6 >:6 Noplhnihbdfs: Lns hdmhinmns fd ln dbron. 5:> 6:> >3:> ]nonþb dnturnl mf ln fsinln >:>. ]bmns lns fsinlns foplfnmns sf hdmhind hdm hind fd ln inrîtuln mfl plndb, mfstnindmb ln prhdihpnl ibd inrnitfrfs mf onybr tnonþb. Duofrnihùd mf plndbs: Inmn plndb rfihef ud dúofrb quf sf ndbtn fd fl injftïd mf rbtulnihùd. Fstf dúofrb fs rfkhstrnmb fd fl `higfrb b rfkhstrb mf plndbs pnrn quf pufmn sfr `îihlofdtf lbinlhznmb.
i) Sl Slhf hfkb kb mf ibdm ibdmhi hihb hbdf dfs: s: Fl plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs fstnelfif lns ibdmhihbdfs fd lns quf sf f`fitunrî ln hdstnlnihùd mf inrphdtfrïn u btrb prbyfitb, lns rfspbdsnehlhmnmfs mf lns pnrtfs (ilhfdtf f hdstnlnmbr b prbyfithstns) y ilîusulns mf pfdnlhznihùd.
>00
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH Fl plhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs sf ibdvhfrtf fd fl prhofr mbiuofdtb quf fl fquhpb mf mhsfþb ondfjn. Yf pufmf mfihr quf fl ibdtrntb quf vhdiuln n lns pnrtfs ’foprfsn y fquhpb mf mhsfþb, pbr fjfoplb- pnrn prbifmfr nl mhsfþb mf ud prbmuitb y mfspuès m fspuès `nerhinrlb. Fd mhigb plhfkb sf rfibkfd lbs tèrohdbs fd quf sf mfsnrrbllnrî mhign iblnebrnihùd murndtf fl prbyfitb, nsï ibob lns fspfih`hinihbdfs quf sf hopbdknd nl mhsfþb y quf, fd mf`hdhthvn, sfrî fl quf onrquf fl ruoeb quf vn n tbonr fl prbyfitb. Yh fl prbyfitb snlf n ibdiursb, fs mfihr, db sf ibdtrntn mhrfitnofdtf nl fquhpb rfspbdsnelf mfl mhsfþb, ln iboprfdshùd mf lns fspfih`hinihbdfs y ln inpnihmnm mf kfdfrnr sbluihbdfs quf lns iuoplnd sfrîd `nitbrfs mftfrohdndtfs pnrn ibdsfkuhr ln nmjumhinihùd. m) Sr Srfs fsup upuf ufst stb: b: Fs fl mbiuofdtb fd fl quf sf rf`lfjn fl ibstf mf mfsnrrbllb mfl prbmuitb, tfdhfdmb fd iufdtn lbs prfihbs fxhstfdtfs fd fl ofrinmb. Fl prfsupufstb supbdf fl rf`lfjb fibdùohib mf ln pufstn fd onrign mfl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd, pnrn lb iunl fs dfifsnrhb ibdtnehlhznr tbmbs lbs ibstfs quf sf kfdfrnd. Sbr tndtb, fl prbyfitb mfef qufmnr iboplftnofdtf mf`hdhmb, tndtb fd ln iundtïn mf lbs flfofdtbs mh`frfdtfs quf ibdsthtuyfd fl prbmuitb (ofmhihbdfs), ibob fd ln mf`hdhihùd, mfsirhpihùd y vnlbrnihùd mf inmn udb mf mhigbs flfofdtbs (udhmnmfs mfl prbmuitb). Fl prfsupufstb fs ud mbiuofdtb quf vn n sfr uthlhznmb y fstumhnmb pbr mh`frfdtfs pfrsbdns n lb lnrkb mfl prbyfitb, pbr fllb mfef sfr iboprfdshelf. Ln flnebrnihùd mf fstf mbiuofdtb vfdmrî mftfrohdnmn pbr ln `nihlhmnm mf niifsb n ln hd`bronihùd dfifsnrhn pnrn fllb. Fd ouigns binshbdfs, rfsultn iboplhinmb inliulnr lbs prfihbs fxnitbs mf ontfrhnlfs b lbs prbifsbs y, nmfoîs, fl prfsupufstb fs ud flfofdtb inoehndtf quf fs prfihsb nmfiunr ibdthdunofdtf. Fl prfsupufstb, fd tèrohdbs kfdfrnlfs, hdiluhrî: *
Vdn ofmhihùd, ofmhihùd, hdmhindmb ln rflnihùd mf ontfrhnlfs uthlhznmbs fd ln rfnlhznihùd mfl prbmuitb, nsï ibob ln indthmnm ibdsuohmn mf inmn udb mf fllbs. Ibdsthtuyfd udhmnmfs eîshins.
*
Srfihbs fd lbs quf sf hdmhin fl ibstf mf inmn udn mf lns udhmnmfs eîshins.
*
Ndîlhshs mfl ibstf mf ln ondb mf bern ndnlhzndmb fl prbifsb mf `nerhinihùd. Vdhmnm eîshin.
*
Srfsupufstb prbphnofdtf mhigb, rfsultnmb rfsultnmb mf oulthplhinr lns udhmnmfs udhmnmfs eîshins eîshins pbr su prfihb.
Ln flnebrnihùd mfl prfsupufstb fstî mhrfitnofdtf rflnihbdnmn ibd ln kfsthùd mf iboprns mf lbs ontfrhnlfs n uthlhznr sfkúd ln inlhmnm rfqufrhmn fd lns dbrons tèidhins. Snrn fllb, sh tfdfobs quf rfmnitnr ud prfsupufstb pnrn ud prbyfitb mf inrphdtfrïn, gnerî quf: *
Ibd`fiihbdnr ln lhstn mf ontfrhnlfs ontfrhnlfs fd fd `udihùd mfl prbyfitb, fspfih`hindmb sus sus mhofdshbdfs mhofdshbdfs fd erutb, thpb y inlhmnmfs rfqufrhmns.
*
Mftfrohdnr lns dfifshmnmfs mf ontfrhns prhons, ontfrhnlfs y ibopbdfdtfs pnrn llfvnr llfvnr n ineb ud mftfrohdnmb prbyfitb (thpbs mf ontfrhnlfs rfqufrhmbs, indthmnmfs, inlhmnm, mhofdshbdfs y mfoîs inrnitfrïsthins quf pfrohtnd mf`hdhr fl prfsupufstb mf ln nitunihùd).
*
Mftfrohdnr lbs ibstfs hdmhrfitbs hoputnelfs n ln rfnlhznihùd mfl prbyfitb.
*
Mftfrohdnr lbs ibstfs mhrfitbs hoputnelfs n ln rfnlhznihùd mfl prbyfitb.
*
Ibd`fiihbdnr ùrmfdfs mf iboprn mf lns ontfrhns prhons, ontfrhnlfs ontfrhnlfs y ibopbdfdtfs dfifsnrhbs pnrn fjfiutnr fl prbyfitb mf ud prbmuitb mf inrphdtfrïn y oufelf. Fd ln kfsthùd mf lns iboprns tnoehèd gny btrb thpb mf mbiuofdtnihùd, tnlfs ibob lbs nlenrndfs, lns `niturns, `higns mf ibdtrbl mf fxhstfdihns, ftiètfrn.
*
Fs ibdvfdhfdtf snefr hmfdth`hinr lns fspfihfs fspfihfs mf onmfrn n pnrthr mf phfzns mf onmfrn nsfrrnnsfrrnmn y snefr ilnsh`hinrlns, nsï ibob lbs tnelfrbs mfrhvnmbs mf ln onmfrn.
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>0;
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf f) Bt Btrbs rbs mb mbiu iuof ofdt dtbs bs:: -
Fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins: Lns fspfih`hinihbdfs fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins sbd udn mfsirhpihùd mf lns prhdihpnlfs inrnitfrïsthins mfl prbmuitb. @udmnofdtnlofdtf, sf trntn mf inrnitfrïsthins quf pufmfd ofmhrsf, y b`rfifd hd`bronihùd mf thpb tèidhib, tnlfs ibob pfsb, ofmhmns oîxhon, ftiètfrn. Lns fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins sf suflfd rfmnitnr fd `bron mf hd`brof hd` brof pbr pudtbs b fd ud iuni unmrb mf fspfih`hinihbdfs. Fstn últhon `bron fs ln oîs iboúd sh lb quf sf quhfrf fs hdiluhr lns fspfih`hinihbdfs fd ud `bllftb fxplhinthvb mfl prbmuitb.
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Ondunl mfl usunrhb: Ln onybrïn onybrïn mf lbs prbmuitbs nmjudtnd ud ondunl ondunl mf hdstruiihbdfs mhrhkhmb nl usunrhb b pbtfdihnl ilhfdtf. Ln rfmniihùd mf fstf ondunl pufmf sfr fdinrknmn mhrfitnofdtf nl fquhpb quf gn mhsfþnmb fl prbmuitb, yn quf fs fl quf ofjbr ibdbif fl prbmuitb y iùob mfef uthlhznrsf. Fl ondunl mf hdstruiihbdfs mfef hdiluhr udn sfrhf mf hd`bronihbdfs eîshins, tnlfs ibob: *
Hdstruiihbdfs mf ondfjb: Yf trntn mf fxplhinr nl usunrhb fl `udihbdnohfdtb mfl prbmuitb. Sufmf hdiluhr krî`hibs fxplhinthvbs (n trnvès mf ebiftbs y fsqufons).
*
Mfsphfif mfl prbmuitb: Fxplhin lns mhsthdtns phfzns quf hdtfkrnd fl prbmuitb. Fl mfsphfif fs fl oîs hopbrtndtf pnrn n`rbdtnr ln `nerhinihùd mf lns mh`frfdtfs phfzns. Sbmfobs rfnlhznr ud mfsphfif quf dbs npbrtn tbmn ln hd`bronihùd quf dfifshtfobs pnrn niboftfr ln ibdstruiihùd mf tbmns y inmn udn mf lns phfzns, pnrn fllb hdiluhrfobs ud irbquhs nibtnmb mf inmn phfzn nibopnþnmb mf ln hd`bronihùd shkuhfdtf: onrin y dboerf mf ln phfzn, ofmhmns mf inmn phfzn fd ohlïoftrbs y ontfrhnl ibd quf fl gfobs mf `nerhinr ln phfzn, dúofrb mf phfzns n `nerhinr, thpb mf ninenmb, iblbr. Fstn pnrtf rfquhfrf mf ihfrtn brkndhznihùd, pufs tfdfobs quf ibdsultnr tbmb fl trnenjb rfnlhznmb gnstn ln `fign.
*
Hdstruiihbdfs mf obdtnjf y mfsobdtnjf: Mheujbs f hdstruiihbdfs pnrn pnrn obdtnr b mfsobdtnr fl prbmuitb b nlkudb mf sus ibopbdfdtfs, fd fl supufstb mf quf sfn dfifsnrhb pbr iufsthbdfs mf ondtfdhohfdtb. Mfef hdmhinrsf nmfoîs fl thpb mf gfrrnohfdtn dfifsnrhn, sberf tbmb sh sf fspfih`hin mfl prbmuitb. Yf rfprfsfdtn mf `bron fsqufoîthin, n trnvès mf ud mfsphfif mf obdtnjf b sfiufdihn mf hoîkfdfs.
*
Shfzns hdtfrinoe Shfzns hdtfrinoehnelf hnelfss y rf`frfdihn rf`frfdihns: s: Shfzns Shfzns quf quf nmohtfd nmohtfd rfinoeh rfinoehb b y sus rf`frf rf`frfdihns dihns ibofrihnlfs. Fl rfinoehb sf pufmf prbmuihr pbr obthvbs mf mfsknstf, mf`fitb b shoplfofdtf pbr inoehbs fstèthibs (insb mf lbs flfofdtbs obmulnrfs `udmnofdtnlofdtf). Fd fstf últhob insb, pufmf nmjudtnrsf ud intîlbkb mf lbs flfofdtbs hdtfrinoehnelfs y nltfrdnthvbs y lbs iboplfofdtbs.
*
Slnd mf ondtfd ondtfdhohfdt hohfdtb: b: Ibdsfj Ibdsfjbs bs sberf ihfrtn ihfrtnss phfzns phfzns y mheujbs mheujbs dfifs dfifsnrhbs. nrhbs.
*
Inrnitfrïsthins fspfihnlfs: Fd fstf npnrtnmb sf hdiluhrîd nqufllns nqufllns inrnitfrïsthins inrnitfrïsthins b `udihbdfs fspfihnlfs mfl prbmuitb. Sufmf quf fd fl ondunl mf hdstruiihbdfs b fd fl plnd mf ondtfdhohfdtb yn npnrfzind, shd foenrkb fs ibdvfdhfdtf rfibkfrlns npnrtf sh su mfsibdbihohfdtb pufmf fdtrnþnr ud rhfskb pnrn fl usunrhb b pnrn fl prbphb prbmuitb.
`) Srf Srfsfd sfdtni tnihùd hùd mfl prb prbyfi yfitb: tb: Nl db trntnrsf mf ud flfofdtb ibdsthtuthvb mfl prbyfitb prbphnofdtf mhigb, db fs hdmhspfdsnelf pnrn fl mfsnrrbllb mfl prbmuitb dh pnrn su mf`hdhihùd. Yf trntn, pbr tndtb, mf ud vnlbr nþnmhmb nl prbyfitb, ofmhndtf fl iunl sf prftfdmf obstrnr fl prbmuitb tnl y ibob vn n qufmnr udn vfz `nerhinmb. Fd binshbdfs, ibob yn sf gn ibofdtnmb ndtfrhbrofdtf, pufmf foplfnrsf ibob prfsfdtnihùd ibofrihnl fd lns `frhns mfl sfitbr.
>07
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH Vdn prfsfdtnihùd hdiluyf, fdtrf btrbs: *
Hoîkfdfs fd pfrspfithvn mfl obmflb (vnrhns vhstns).
*
Srbyfiihbdfs n iblbr.
*
Mftnllfs llnonthvbs b quf supbdknd hddbvnihùd.
*
Hoîkfdfs rfprfsfdtnthvns mf nlkudns mf sus `udihbdfs.
*
Yhoulnihùd pbr brmfdnmbr mfl obmflb, sh `ufrn dfifsnrhb.
Db bestndtf, fs ibdvfdhfdtf sfkuhr udns dbrons mf prfsfdtnihùd mf ln mbiuofdtnihùd mf ud prbyfitb. Lb oîs hopbrtndtf fs quf sfn `îihl mf fdtfdmfr, fs mfihr, su ibdtfdhmb y mbiuofdtnihùd mfef sfr lb oîs ilnrn y prfihsn pbshelf Gnerî mbiuofdtbs quf sf pbmrîd prfsfdtnr fd sbpbrtf hd`broîthib, ibd `higfrbs pnrn lbs mbiuofdtbs b plndbs prfsfdtnmbs, pfrohthfdmb sninr ibphns pnrn su hoprfshùd mhrfitn. Lbs mbiuofdtbs pufmfd sfr flnebrnmbs ibd prbifsnmbrfs mf tfxtbs (ofobrhn, ndfxbs, gbjns mf iîliulb), kfdfrnlofdtf fd `bron [brm.
Fjfoplb: Srbyfitb brhfdtnmb n prbmuitbs Honkhdfobs quf fstnobs ndtf ud prbyfitb mbdmf fl rfsultnmb `hdnl fs ud prbmuitb. Vd fsqufon mfl prbyfitb n prfsfdtnr pbmrïn sfr fl shkuhfdtf: .
Inpïtulb >: Hdtrbmuiihùd
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Inpïtulb 5: Bejfthvb mfl prbyfitb Fxpbshihùd mfl nlindif y mf`hdhihùd mf lbs rfqufrhohfdtbs eîshibs
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Inpïtulb 9: Fstumhbs prfflhohdnrfs Fstumhb mf vhnehlhmnm Fstumhb mf ofrinmb
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Inpïtulb =: Mfsirhpihùd mfl prbmuitb Justh`hinihùd y usb mfl prbmuitb Inrnitfrïsthins mfl mhsfþb (ontfrhnlfs, `brons, inlhmnmfs, ftiètfrn)
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Inpïtulb 6: Srbifsb mf `nerhinihùd Slndh`hinihùd mf lns bpfrnihbdfs y prbifsbs dfifsnrhbs, nsï ibob plndtfnohfdtb mf lns sbluihbdfs nmbptnmns pnrn ln bpthohznihùd mf ln `nerhinihùd
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Inpï In pïtu tulb lb 0: 0: Fquh Fquhpn pnoh ohfd fdtb tb hdm hdmus ustr trhn hnll Mfsirhpihùd mf hdstnlnihbdfs, oîquhdns y gfrrnohfdtns ondunlfs prfihsns pnrn flnebrnr fl prbmuitb
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Inpïtulb ;: Mfsnrrbllb mf prbtbthpbs Dúofrb mf prbtbthpbs n mfsnrrbllnr, plnzbs y ibstfs, rfiursbs mf `nerhinihùd foplfnmbs, plnd mf prufens y fdsnybs y ndîlhshs prfihsbs
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Inpïtulb 7: Srfsupufstb
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Inpïtulb 8: Ibdilushbdfs
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Inpïtulb >3: Ehelhbkrn`ïn
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>08
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf
=.
KVHÙD UFYVOFD
>. HD HD]U ]UBM BMVI VIIH IHÙD ÙD 5. FL SUBXFI]B MF INUSHD]FUÏN INUSHD]FUÏN X OVFELF ]bmns lns ibdstruiihbdfs, hdilusb lns oîs sfdihllns, rfquhfrfd mf ud eufd prbyfitb, udn iuhmnmbsn sflfiihùd mf lbs ontfrhnlfs y udn ohduihbsn plndh`hinihùd mfl trnenjb. Fl prbyfitb fs ln `bron mf brkndhznr fl trnenjb. Fs mfihr, tfdfobs quf rfnlhznr ud prbmuitb y pnrn prbmuihrlb sf rfquhfrfd udn sfrhf mf tnrfns fspfiï`hins, nlkudns mf lns iunlfs db sf gneïnd rfnlhznmb ndtfs b, pbr fl ibdtrnrhb, db sf vblvfrîd n rfnlhznr, y fdtbdifs rfiurrhobs nl prbyfitb. Mbs `nsfs `udmnofdtnlfs: Slndh`hinihùd: Ilnrh`hinr fl prbelfon n sbluihbdnr Fjfiuihùd mfl prbyfitb: Yf trntn mf llfvnr n ineb fl plnd prfvhstb. @nitbrfs n ibdtrblnr: Ondtfdfr nitunlhznmn y brkndhznmn ln mbiuofdtnihùd tèidhin. Yfkurhmnm.
9. MBIVOFD]BY. MBIVOFD]BY. @BUON]B. @BUON]B. SUFYFD]NIHÙD SUFYFD]NIHÙ D
IBD]FDHMB.. IBD]FDHMB
FLNEBUNIHÙD.. FLNEBUNIHÙD
V]HLHMNM. V]HLHMNM.
Lbs mbiuofdtbs quf fdklbend fl prbyfitb sbd: Ofobrhn Slndbs Slhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs Srfsupufstb Ofobrhn: Mbiuofdtb hd`bronthvb, b hd`brof tèidhib, quf mfef ibdtfdfr ln mfsirhpihùd y justh`hinihùd mf lns sbluihbdfs nmbptnmns, nsï ibob tbmbs lbs trnenjbs plndtfnmbs fd ln rfsbluihùd mf ud prbelfon. Slndbs: N ln gbrn mf rfprfsfdtnr hmfns fs fl mbiuofdtb oîs hopbrtndtf. Slndb kfdfrnl b plndb mf ibdjudtb Slndbs mf sue-obdtnjf b sue- ibdjudtb Slndbs mf phfzns Slndb mf `nerhinihùd Slhfkb mf ibdmhihbdfs: Fstnelfif lns ibdmhihbdfs fd lns quf sf f`fitunrî ln hdstnlnihùd mf inrphdtfrïn u btrb prbyfitb, lns rfspbdsnehlhmnmfs mf lns pnrtfs y ilîusulns mf pfdnlhznihùd. Srfsupufstb: Uf`lfjn fl ibstf mf mfsnrrbllb mfl prbmuitb, tfdhfdmb fd iufdtn lbs prfihbs fxhstfdtfs fd fl ofrinmb. Btrbs mbiuofdtbs:
>;3
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
Srb`fsbrfs mf Fdsfþndzn Yfiudmnrhn. Srbifsbs y Srbmuitbs fd Onmfrn y Oufelf. Pbl. HHH Fspfih`hinihbdfs tèidhins Ondunl mfl usunrhb Srfsfdtnihùd mfl prbyfitb: Pnlbr nþnmhmb nl prbyfitb
ifp fmhtbrhnl }
>;>
Ndtbdhb Luhs Ynondhfkb Ynstrf
6.
EHELHBKUN@ÏN - FY]FEND GFUUFUB, O. y Nrrhnkn Onrtfkuh @., Fspfih`hinihbdfs mf ln onmfrn nsfrrnmn pnrn usb fstruiturnl.. NH]HO. fstruiturnl fendhstfrïn. Fmhihbdfs mfl - JNIAYBD N., MNX M., Ondunl iboplftb mf ln onmfrn, ln inrphdtfrïn y ln fendhstfrïn. Srnmb. >889.
>;5
ifp fmhtbrhnl }