FINAL YEAR PROJECT EXTENDED PROPOSAL
Name: ZAINAL AZIMUDIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN ID: 13992 Research Tittle: PETROPHYSICS AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF EXPOSED SANDSTONE
Supervisor: MD. HABIBUR RAHMAN
TABLE OF CONTENT:
1. Table of content……………………………………………………………...
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2. List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………….…..
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3. Chapter 1 - 1.0) Background of study……………………………………….
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1.1) Introduction ………………………………………………..
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1.2) Problem statement………………………………. ………...
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1.3) Objectives and scope of study…………………………….
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4. Chap 2 – Literature Review and Theory…………………………………….
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5. Chap 3 – Methodology ……………………………………………………. .…
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3.1)
Project Work Flow …………………………………..
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3.2)
Gantt Chart ……………………………………………
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6. Chap 4 – 4.0) Conclusion ……………………..……………………………. 4.1) Future Direction……………………………………………… 7. Reference…………………………………………………………………….
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES:
1. Graph 1.0 Typical permeability-porosity relationship for various rock ………
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2. Diagram 2.0 Method of analysis; petrophysical and geological analysis …….
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3. Diagram 2.1 Work flow of the whole project ....................................................
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4. Table 2.2. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 1 ……………………………....
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5. Table 2.3. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 2 ………………………………
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1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY: The location studied is located in Seri Iskandar, Perak, where the geological settings are mostly sandstone interbedded with shale. The study area is easily accessible which located beside the local main road. It is covered by minimal amount of vegetation that makes the rock easy to study. The project was designed for the purposed of the final year project for the petroleum geoscience undergraduate student. The project is much more related to the program outcome that is to understand the petroleum system. The project covers a few main specializations in the program that is the mineralogy, petrophysics and geological mapping. The project also was designed to do a research on petrography, mineralogy, petrophysical and sonic properties of exposed sandstone in the area since it has not been studied before. 1.1. Introduction:
Petrophysics is the study of reservoir rock properties and their interactions with fluid such as hydrocarbon. The most common reservoir rock properties such as sandstone are the pores that enable fluid storage and its transmission through permeability. These properties of rock however, depend on the geometrical properties of the rock where grains sorting of the rock may change the petrophysical properties of the rock. Geometrical study of the rock can be done by completing petrography study of thin section of samples under the Electron Microscope. Besides that, sonic velocity measurements of samples are also another case of study to look at the relationship between the porosity and permeability with the properties of sonic wave propagates through the samples medium.
1.2.Problem Statement:
Do the acoustic properties of exposed sandstone varies with the change in its porosity and permeability? It is required to know the acoustic properties of the exposed sandstone which might help to understand the porosity and permeability trend.
1.3. Objective and Scope of study:
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To Study the relationship of sonic velocity with porosity and permeability of the exposed sandstone of Seri Iskandar.
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To study the mineralogy and petrography of exposed sandstone of Seri Iskandar.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Sandstone is perhaps one of the most common of all rocks, for it is easily quarried, and it has been used for many purposes. Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock that has been made up from second-hand materials that is sediments that has been eroded and disintegrated from the previous rock in the rock cycle such as granite. Examined closely, sandstone consists of grains of sand identical in appearance with those that are deposited up by the waves breaking on a beach. Its grains consist of more or less rounded to sub-angular grains of quartz, feldspar and few other minerals like mica. The minerals that were deposited later on will be cemented by mainly silica, calcite, oxides of iron and clay forming different type of sandstone. Theodorovich (1965) used the three most general constituents of sandstones to establish a scheme of classification which is useful in petroleum engineering because it encompasses the majority of the clastic petroleum
Sandstone is more likely the same as other sedimentary rock which consist primarily the petrophysical properties such as density, porosity, permeability and its acoustical sonic properties. These petrophysical and acoustical properties however are closely interrelated together and with the grain size and distribution of sand within the sandstone. Commonly, sandstone has the grain density of 2.65 gram per cubic centimeter which if compare to other sedimentary rock such as limestone, sandstone has lower value. However, his grain density may constituents with its porosity. The porosity of a reservoir rock is defined as that fraction of the bulk volume of the rock that is not occupied by the solid framework of the rock (Taib and Donaldson, 2004). Porosity is the main properties that enable the rock to store fluid either oil, gas or brine. Storing capability are not the only properties of this reservoir rock that make it different from igneous and metamorphic rock. As long as there are fluids in contact with the rock there are chances for it to flow in and out of it. This would define the permeability properties of the rock. However, porous rocks are not necessarily being a permeable rock. This is dependent on the type of the porosity and permeability relation. Rock with interconnected pore (effective porosity) usually will be permeable and vice versa. However, there are still other factor that might govern the porosity-permeability interrelation such as the grain distribution, fluid formation and capillary pressure.
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In the study of petrophysical properties of reservoir rock, Taib and Donaldson (2004) mention that for a very uniform and homogenous medium, relationship between permeability and porosity is qualitative and is not directly or indirectly quantitative in any way. This is explained later on in the factor that might govern this relationship, such as the granulometric composition of sandstone (Chilingarian, 1963). However, they have speculated the general trend showing the permeability porosity plot for various type of rock as shown.
Graph 1.0 Typical permeability-porosity relationship for various rock (courtesy of Core Laboratories). Adapted from: “Petrophysics,”(Taib and Donaldson. 2004 p.107)
We can see that sandstone generally has the porosity percentage ranging from 13 to 17% with high increment of permeability. Permeability of the sandstone are not the only properties that depends on granular sorting and pore space, acoustical properties of the rock also depend mostly on these factor. Acoustic properties of the rock can be defined as the ability of the rock to transmit a sonic wave through its medium. The studies of this part are usually to define the physical properties of the rock that enables it to transmit the sonic wave with certain characters. Acoustic properties of the rock usually cover the elasticity of the medium and seismic wave propagation in medium with effect of fluid composition. Nur et al. (1991, 1995) said that for most porous medium, there is a critical porosity, , that limit the trend of acoustic P and S velocities of the mineral grains where if porosity of medium is lower than the , the mineral grains are load-bearing while greater would give a suspension. The transition from solid to suspension is implicit in the well-known empirical velocity-porosity relations of Raymer, Hunt, and Gardner (1980)
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3. METHODOLOGY: Fieldwork and sample collection
Sonic velocity
Porosity
Permeability
measurement
measurement
measurement Scanning Thin section
Electron
petrography
Microscope (SEM)
Relationship between sonic
X-Ray
X-Ray
Diffraction
Fluorescence
(XRD)
(XRF)
To study the mineralogy and
velocity with porosity and
petrography
permeability
Diagram 2.0 Method of analysis; petrophysical and geological analysis.
The project starts with project fieldwork and sample collection. The aim is to collect a minimum of 20 samples from various locations within the area. Then, the sample will undergo six separate laboratory analysis both in geological and petrophysical analysis. First, sample will be analyzed in Poro-Perm machine to measure the porosity and permeability. Next, the sonic velocity measurement of the sample will be measured using the Sonic Viewer machine. Petrography of the sample will be studied using the thin section of sample viewing it under the Electro-Magnetic Microscope. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) machine will be used to study the mineralogy of the sample where the information such as chemical composition and grains orientation of the sample is to be known. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) are other methods that can be used to define mineralogy and chemical composition of sample. Both of these machines are best to measure the clay content within the sample. Finally, from the data collected in the laboratory analysis, the relationship between sonic velocity with porosity and permeability will be studied together with its mineralogy and petrography
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3.1. Work Flow of the Project:
PROPOSAL AND
Project tittle proposal and proposal
PROPOSAL DEFENCE
defense. Field work and sample collection from
SAMPLE COLLECTION
various location. Thin section and core sample preparation.
SAMPLE PREPARATION /
Complete field mapping while waiting for
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
sample preparation.
PETROPHYSICAL
ACOUSTICAL LAB
Lab analysis on the porosity, permeability,
LAB WORK
WORK
density, acoustic properties of the sample.
Progress report preparation; transition
PROGRESS REPORT
FYP1 to FYP2. Lab analysis on the mineralogy and
PETROGRAPHICAL
petrography of the sample under thin
ANALYSIS
section and XRD, XRF. Data interpretation and calculation in term of quantitative and qualitative. Result processing; poro-perm graph and
DATA ANALYSIS
petrography analysis. Analysis of the result to the findings based on ‘How Why When’
method of analysis.
FINAL RESULTS &
Discussion of the research findings and all
DISCUSSION
the advantage and disadvantage of the result related to petroleum system.
TECH. PAPER AND
Findings and final result presentation and
PRESENTATION
documentation.
Diagram 2.1. Work flow of the whole project.
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3.2. Gantt Chart: No 1 2 3
Detail/Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
11
12
13
14
15
Literature Review Project tittle selection Submission of extended proposal
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Proposal defence
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Sample collection/ Fieldwork
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Thin section preparation
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Petrophysical analysis
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Draft of interim report
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Discussion on draft of interim
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Submission of interim report.
Table 2.2. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 1
No 9
Detail/Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Petrographical analysis
10
Map completion
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Data analysis
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Progress report submission
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Data analysis continues
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Result analysis
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Technical paper submission
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Oral presentation
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Project report submission
Table 2.3. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 2
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4. CONCLUSION: Petrophysics is the study of physical and physico-chemical properties of rock and their interactions with fluids in order to understand the rock properties in conjunction to the petroleum system. The project final findings will be on the petrography, mineralogy and the relationship porosity and permeability with sonic properties of exposed sandstone in the area Seri Iskandar.
4.1. Future Direction:
The next step of this project would be the fieldwork and sample collection in Seri Iskandar, where about 20 samples will be collected together with its geological coordinate for mapping purposes.
5. REFERENCES: Dietrich, R.V., and Skinner, B.J., 1979, ‘Rocks and Rock Minerals’. Quinn. USA. Chap 5, pp. 189-192 Han, D.-H., Nur, A., and Morgan, D., 1986. Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones. Geophys., 5 1, 2093-2107. Holmes, A., 1965, Principles of Physical Geology , Low-Priced Edition, ELBS. Edinburgh, UK. Chap VI, pp. 118-119. Nur, A., and Simmons, G., 1969. The effect of viscosity of a fluid phase on velocity in low porosity rocks. Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 7, 99-108. Raymer, L.L., Hunt, E.R., and Gardner, J.S., 1980. An improved sonic transit time-to porosity transform, Trans. SOC. Pro$ Well Log Analysts, 21st Annual Logging Symposium, P.P. Taib, D., and Donaldson, E.C., 2004, ‘Petrophysics’: Theory and Practice of Measuring
Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Second Edition . GPP. Oxford, UK. Theodorovich, G. I., 1965, ‘Expanded Classification of Sandstones Based upon Composition.’
Zzv. Akad. Nauk, USSR, Ser. Geol., Vol. 6, pp. 75-95.
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