ABSTRACT:The objective of this paper was to design, fabricate and experimentally investigate the working of Pedal Powered Centrifugal Pump (PPCP) which used in small drinking water supply and garden irrigation. PPCP consists of a centrifugal pump operated by pedal power. The centrifugal pump is positioned on its stand in such a way that driven shaft of the centrifugal pump is butted to the bicycle wheel. By pedaling the bicycle, the bicycle wheel rotates, thereby rotating the centrifugal pump which in turns discharges water from the sump. PPCP provides drinking water and irrigation in remote areas where electricity is not available. PPCP is not only free from pollution but also provide healthy exercise. PPCP reduces the rising energy costs. PPCP is designed as a portable one which can be used for irrigation in various places. The experimental investigation was executed and performance of the PPCP was carried out at different rpm. The results indicate that the PPCP had given a considerable amount of discharge and head. The PPWP requires only manual power thereby reducing the utility bill considerably. Experimental result shows th at discharge of about 0.0025m3/sec can be obtained for around 140rpm.
Keywords: - Pedal Powered Centrifugal Pump, Discharge.
FABRICATION OF PEDAL OPERATED CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
INTRODUCTION This project provides an overview of water pumping. The required water output and the water sources, and depth and type of construction will influence the choice of pump. Pumps that rely on suction cannot lift water from depths of more than 6 – 7 ft. It has been found that if the water is further below than this, the pump works by pressing up the water and, thus, needs to be positioned below ground level sufficiently close to the water table, or submerged in the water. Seasonal variations in water level and water needs must be taken into account when selecting a pump. All pumps wear with time, and the amount and rate of wear greatly affects the pump's efficiency. This means that maintenance is very important. The range of available energy options is of decisive importance in the choice of a suitable pump. In the absence of a power grid, factors, such as the price and reliability of the supply of diesel fuel, and wind regime characteristics will greatly influence the overall performance and economy. The idea of pumping water has been in existence since the evolution of man. Pumping plays a very pivotal role in the day to day existence of mankind and as a result, different methods have evolved over the years to pump or displace water. Water supply has been a very critical issue, mostly affecting the rural areas. Water is one of nature’s most important gifts to mankind. It is one of the most essential elements to good health and as such, it should be readily available to everybody. To address this problem, different methods and techniques have been used over the years ranging from man-powered operated ones down to the more efficient one. Water is a colourless, transparent, odourless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organism. Our ancestors built many of their villages and towns near springs and rivers so that they could get water easily. There is evidence around the world of early peoples using pipes and ditches for moving water to where people lived. They were also digging deep wells and making dams to collect and store water.
INTRODUCTION This project provides an overview of water pumping. The required water output and the water sources, and depth and type of construction will influence the choice of pump. Pumps that rely on suction cannot lift water from depths of more than 6 – 7 ft. It has been found that if the water is further below than this, the pump works by pressing up the water and, thus, needs to be positioned below ground level sufficiently close to the water table, or submerged in the water. Seasonal variations in water level and water needs must be taken into account when selecting a pump. All pumps wear with time, and the amount and rate of wear greatly affects the pump's efficiency. This means that maintenance is very important. The range of available energy options is of decisive importance in the choice of a suitable pump. In the absence of a power grid, factors, such as the price and reliability of the supply of diesel fuel, and wind regime characteristics will greatly influence the overall performance and economy. The idea of pumping water has been in existence since the evolution of man. Pumping plays a very pivotal role in the day to day existence of mankind and as a result, different methods have evolved over the years to pump or displace water. Water supply has been a very critical issue, mostly affecting the rural areas. Water is one of nature’s most important gifts to mankind. It is one of the most essential elements to good health and as such, it should be readily available to everybody. To address this problem, different methods and techniques have been used over the years ranging from man-powered operated ones down to the more efficient one. Water is a colourless, transparent, odourless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organism. Our ancestors built many of their villages and towns near springs and rivers so that they could get water easily. There is evidence around the world of early peoples using pipes and ditches for moving water to where people lived. They were also digging deep wells and making dams to collect and store water.
PUMPS:
A centrifugal pump is oneof simplest rotating equipment in any process plant. Centrifugal pump may be single stage (one impeller) or multistage (multiple impeller) and can be horizontal split or barrel type or vertical type. Higher the delivery/discharge pressure required more the number of impellers will be needed. In centrifugal pump energy is imparted to the fluid in form of velocity or kinetic energy and which is then converted into pressure energy of the fluid that is being pumped. This form of energy change occurs by virtue of two main parts of the pump. First the rotating part impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluids and then the stationary part diffuser or volute converts kinetic energy of the fluid into pressure energy. All the forms of energy involved in a fluid flow system are expressed in terms of Head or height of liquid column discharged by the pumps. Principle: The process liquid enters through the suction nozzle of the pump and
then into eye (centre) of the impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins the liquid in the space between the vanes and throws outward in the volute and provides centrifugal acceleration. As the liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created cre ated causing more liquid to flow at the inlet. Because the impeller blades/vanes are of curve shape, the liquid is pushed in a tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal force. The energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic energy and proportional to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The higher the RPM of the impeller or bigger the size of the impeller, higher will be the velocity of the liquid and greater kinetic energy will be imparted to the liquid. This kinetic energy energ y of o f the liquid leaving the impeller is then harnessed by creating a resistance to the flow. The pump volute or diffuser creates the first resistance and then in the discharge nozzle where it gets further de-accelerated and the kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy according to Bernoulli’s principle. Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of
height of liquid column) developed shall be approximately equal to the kinetic energy imparted at the periphery of the impeller. In axial flow pumps the principal of working is different as volute and diffusers are not there, so Kinetic energy imparted by impeller gets converted partially into pressure and partially it remains in same form.
Impeller : This is the main rotating parts of the pump that imparts the
centrifugal acceleration to the fluid. Impellers may be classified in many ways. For example:
According to the direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation of the shaft: a) Axial flow. b) Radial flow. c) Mixed flow.
According on suction type.
a) Single suction. b) Double suction.
According to mechanical construction of vanes. a) Closed vane type b) Open vane type c) Semi open type.
Different Types of Impellers:
Wear ring / Casing ring: Wearing ring provide easy and economically
renewable relative movement joint between the impeller and the casing and to protect the damage of impeller or casing in that area. OEM generally recommends the clearances between the casing wear ring and impeller wear rings and if these clearances exceeds, pump efficiency will be lowered and abnormal vibration increase will be some of the consequences. Axial thrust of a Centrifugal pump : In centrifugal pumps, the impeller is
surrounded by fluid at different pressure at different locations in the casing. This variation in pressure on the surface of the impeller during running condition creates axial hydraulic thrust, which is the summation of unbalanced impeller forces in the axial direction. In case of multistage pump if all the impeller suction faces are in the same direction the total theoretical axial thrust acting towards the suction end of the pump will be sum of the individual impeller’s thrust in that direction. There are various methods which can be employed to
counter balance this hydraulic axial thrust in multistage pumps. Some times more than one technique is used to take advantages of these methods. These are as below: -Provision of balance drum/balance stepped drum -Provision of balancing disc -Provision of combination balancing disc-drum -Provision of impeller back side wearing ring and balancing hole -Provision of double suction impeller -Provision of fixing of impellers in back to back configuration In single stage pumps, additional balancing devices are seldom used. Big single stage pumps are generally designed with double suction impellers and smaller pumps are provided with provision of balancing holes, back side wear rings etc. The residual thrust is taken care by the thrust bearings. Multistage pumps are generally built with single suction impellers however some manufacturer’s uses double suction impeller in first stage of the pump assembly. Single suction impellers may be mounted on shaft and each impeller suction eye facing in the same direction and its stages are arranged one after another in an ascending order of pressure and the total axial thrust is balanced by hydraulic balancing devices. But in this type of assemblies the resultant axial thrust is generally very high and a big size balancing device is needed along with suitably big thrust bearing. However, this type of assemblies is easy to make and require lesser grades of skill in maintenance. More efficient, more balance multistage pumps are made with impellers fixed in tandem up to middle stage and then in reverse direction again in tandem up to final stage. Combination of two tandems in back to back neutralizes the axial thrust and resultant axial thrust is minimum and can be taken by the nominal size thrust bearing. These types of assemblies are requiring exact calculations and skilled group to assemble. Manufacturer makes arrangement of interstage connections in such a way that no out side lines are required to be connected. Impeller dimensions and weights of each stage is very critical for such type of assemblies and casing designs become very difficult.
CHARACTERISTIC OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS :
The key performance parameters of centrifugal pumps are capacity, head, BEP (Best Efficiency Point) and specific speed. The pump curves provide the operating window within which these parameters can be varied for satisfactorily pump operation. End user supplies the data of the requirements and manufacturer makes the pump to full fill the requirement of the end user. Basic requirements and manufactured product performances are plotted on the graph and the intersecting points are known as rated capacity. This graph of plots of performance of pump is known as performance curves or characteristic curves of the pump. Inability to deliver the desired flow and head is one of the most common conditions for making a pump out of service. Many times when the pumps are opened with low or no delivery conditions but on opening no fault is observed. In such conditions, there are three type of problem which mostly encountered are: -Design error -Poor process operation -Poor maintenance practices. These problems can be identified when the current performance of the pump is judged against the characteristics of the pump. The deteriorated parameter shall be further analysed and then the problem shall be settled. The performance of any pumping system can be marked in terms of its capacity or
flow (Q) and pressure (head).The variation curves of capacity versus pressure of a particular pump are known as pump performance curve. The plot starts at zero flow and the head at this point corresponds to the shut off head of the specific pump. The curve then decreases to a point where the flow is maximum and the head is minimum. This point is called run-out point. The pump curve is relatively flat and the head decreases gradually as the flow increases. Beyond the run-out point, the pump cannot operate. The pump’s range of operation is from the shut-off head point to the run-out point.
PROJECT OVERVIEW
In this project, design and construction of pedal operatedwater pump, which used in small irrigation and gardenirrigation. The pedal operated pump can be constructusing local material and skill. A water system includesa Centrifugal pump operated by pedal power. Thepump stand includes a housing
in which a foot pedaland a drive shaft rotate. It works on the principle ofcompression and sudden release of a tube by creatingnegative pressure in the tube and this vacuum createddraws water from the sump. This bicycle pedaloperated pumps water at 2-3 gallons per minute fromwells and boreholes up to 23 in feet depth. Provide sirrigation and drinking water where electricity is notavailable. They can be built using locally availablematerials and can be easily adapted to suit the needs oflocal people. They free the user from rising energycosts, can be used anywhere, produce no pollution andprovide healthy exercise. Energy is the primary andmost universal measure of all kind of work by humanBeing and nature. Everything what happen in the worldin the expression of flow of energy is one of its forms. The development of an improved pedal powered water pump machine was undertaken with the intention of providing a simple cost solution to the problem of delivery of ground water with relatively less effort. This project analyses the development of an improved pedal powered water pump for rural use. This development was prompted due to the need for pumping systems that does not use electricity as its power source in under developed area. The system is composed of a reciprocating pump powered by pedalling. The pedal power is being transmitted to the pump via a chain drive. Based on this design, the pump has a cylinder bore of 56cm and a speed stroke of 60 stroke/ minutes. The 3
results of the test carried out showed that the pump discharge was 0.0016 m /s at a head of 20m using a driving torque of 29.5 Nm with estimated efficiency of 90% which is fairly a good enough result for a pedal operated pumping system. It can be used for irrigation and drinking water purposes. It is more productive operated pumping system and is time saving. By using electric operated Centrifugal pumps we can pump the water are a sub-class of dynamic axis symmetric work-absorbing machinery. Electrical operated Centrifugal pumps are used to convert rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the liquid flow. The rotational energy comes from electric device like motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along o to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radials in chamber outward into volute chamber, from where it exits. Common uses include petroleum, water bodies, and petrochemical pumping. The function of the centrifugal pump is converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy. Pump curves related to the flow rate and pressure (head) developed by the pump at different impeller sizes and RPM. The centrifugal pump operation should confirm to the pump curves supplied by the manufacturer. The bicycle pedal powered pump can be constructed using local materials and skill. A water system includes a reciprocating pump powered/ operated by bicycle pedal and a driven the reciprocating piston. It works on the principle of compression and sudden release of a tube by creating negative pressure in the tube and this vacuum created draws water from the sump. This bicycle pedal operated pumps water at high rate from well and borehole. Pedal powered reciprocating water pump provides drinking water and irrigation in remote area where electricity is not available. Pedal powered reciprocating water pump is not only free from pollution but also provide healthy exercise. Pedal powered reciprocating water pump reduces the rising energy costs. Pedal Powered reciprocating water Pump is designed as portable one which can be used for irrigation in various places. It consists of a reciprocating pump operated by pedal power. The reciprocating pump is positioned on it stand in such a way that driven piston shaft of the reciprocating pump is butted to bicycle sprocket. By pedalling the bicycle, the bicycle sprocket rotates; thereby make the reciprocating pump to discharges water from the sump
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pedal Powered Centrifugal Pump (PPCP) is an eco-friendly water pump. The PPCP works on mechanical energy without electricity. PPCP provides drinking water and irrigation in remote areas where electricity is not available. PPCP is not only free from pollution but also provide healthy exercise. PPCP reduces the rising energy costs. PPCP is designed as a portable one which can be used for irrigation in various places. PPCP consists of a centrifugal pump operated by pedal power. The centrifugal pump is positioned on its stand in such a way that driven shaft of the centrifugal pump is butted to the bicycle wheel. By pedalling the bicycle, the bicycle wheel rotates, thereby rotating the centrifugal pump which in turns discharges water from the sump. Atul.P.Ganorkar, K.S.Zakiuddin, H.A.Hussain conducted an experiment on “Development of pedal operated water pump”. Their machine consists of three subsystems namely (1) Energy Unit : Comprising of a suitable peddling mechanism, speed rise gear pair and Flywheel conceptualized as Human Powered Flywheel Motor (HPFM) (2) Suitable torsion ally flexible clutch and torque amplification gear pair and (3) a water pump unit. Though human capacity is 0.1hp continuous duty, the processes needing power even up to 6.0 hp can be energised by such a machine concept. Most of the pesticides are applied as sprays. The liquid formulations of pesticide are explained by Pedro and Lagos either diluted (with water, oil) or directly are applied in small drops to the crop by different types of sprayers. Usually the EC formulations, wet able powder formulations are diluted suitably with water which is a common carrier of pesticides. In some cases however, oil is used as diluent or carrier of pesticides. The important factors for spray volume consideration are: The volume of spray liquid required for certain area
depends upon the spray type and coverage, total target area, size of spray droplet and number of spray droplets. Das and Nag explained that use of electric operated centrifugal pumpfor pumping the water are a sub-class of dynamic axis symmetric work-absorbing machinery. Electrical operated Centrifugal pumps are used to convert rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the liquid flow. The rotational energy comes from electric device like motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along o to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radials in chamber outward into volute chamber, from where it exits. Its Common uses include petroleum, water bodies, and petrochemical pumping. The function of the centrifugal pump is converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy. Bryan Leehas prepared a conceptually “Simple water pump” that will be easy to maintain and repair using basic tools while providing enough water flow to irrigate a small plot of farmland. The report outlines the design process that has been followed and a description of the agreed model that is to be constructed, cost analysis and timeline. Vishal Garg, NeeleshKhandare, Gautam Yadav conducted an experiment on “Pedal powered water pump”. They use lobe type rotary pump. They found pedal operated pump can be construct using local material and skill. This bicycle pedal operated pumps water at 2-3 gallons per minute from wells and boreholes up to 23 in feet depth. Provides irrigation and drinking water where electricity is not available. They can be built using locally available materials and can be easily adapted to suit the needs of local people. They free the user from rising energy costs, can be used anywhere, produce no pollution and provide healthy exercise. Open Journal of Technology & Engineering Disciplines (OJTED) Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2016, pp. 25~39 ISSN: 24 Ademola Samuel Akinwonmi, Stephen Kwasi Adzimah, Fredrick Oppong conducted an experiment on “Pedal powered centrifugal pump for pure water supply device”. This paper analyzes the design of a pedal powered
purified water supply device to be used by local dwellers. It works on the principle of compression and sudden release of a tube by creating negative pressure in the tube and this vacuum created draws water from the sump into the pump while rollers push the water through to the filter where adsorption takes place to purify the water. The design analysis shows that one revolution of the pedal gives 1.1 litres of water. This design will reduce the labour, cost and weariness caused by transporting and sanitizing drinkable water for use in the homes of Ghanaian villages. Bryan Lee has prepared a conceptually “Simple water pump” that will be easy to maintain and repair using basic tools while providing enough water flow to irrigate a small plot of farmland. The report outlines the design process that has been followed and a description of the agreed model that is to be constructed, cost analysis and timeline. Ganorkar ,K.S.Zakiuddin, H.A.Hussain “Development of pedal operated water pump”. design and fabrication of pedal operator recipocating water pump Pumps are a common means of lifting water from a clean ground water source Here we use the foot pedal pump, powered by our legs instead of arms to lift the o It is used for to achieve manual operated water pumping non automated by Google
30
Patent US5772405 - Water system with a pedal powered Jun
1998 A water system
includes
a
reciprocating pump
operated by pedal power. Search · Images · Maps · Play · YouTube · News · Gmail · Drive · More The pumpstand includes a housing in which a foot pedal and a drive shaft rotate. Manual use of foot pedals 18 will still be required to start the pumping development of an improved pedal powered water pump - IJSER.org of 90% which is fairly a good enough result for a pedal operated pumping system. KEYWORDS: Piston, Pump; Water-borehole; Manual-Pedalling; Sprockets. M.Serazul Islam, M.ZakariaHossai and M.AbdulKhadir conducted an experiment on “Design and development of pedal pump for low lift irrigation”. A study was undertaken to design and construct a low-lift pedal pump for use in small irrigation project areas. For this purpose, different types of piston valves
and check valves were constructed and tested at different suction heads in the laboratory to evaluate their performances. During pedal pump operation, less input power was needed and it can be operated by one adult man for a long time (more than 2 hours) continuously without being tired. Efficiency of the pump was 46.53 percent against a head of 1.65 m. The Open Journal of Technology & Engineering Disciplines (OJTED) Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2016, pp. Pedal pump can be constructed using local materials and skill. It would be suitable to irrigate small and fragmented land holdings, especially to pump water from a shallow depth (up to 2 m) to irrigate small plots like vegetables and seed beds with less physical effort. Larry Gilg discloses a novel application for a standard bicycle trainer and simple water pump to pump water at flow rates of 2 to 6 GPM while developing pressures from 4 to 17 PSI. This is a bicycle powered pump, which allows the use of a standard bicycle to be mounted in a trainer and used to power the pump. When finished pumping, the bicycle may be quickly released from the trainer to be used in its normal transportation mode. The trainer can fit most 700c, 650c, 20", 24", 26", and 29" and be adjusted so that the bike is level during operation. Patent related to water lifting with pedal powered reciprocating pump is cited out. The concept is very useful for low head irrigation purposes for small farmers. This invention relates to water distribution systems, and more particularly, to distribute systems powered by human power. An attempt has been made to develop a manually operated centrifugal jet pump. The pump can lift water from a water table even at a depth of 16.8 m. The pump can lift water to a height of 15.2 m provided. This pump can offset the need to dig a hole into the ground and fix a conventional centrifugal pump for lifting groundwater. Traditional water lifting devices like Don, Swing basket has long been used in our country and those are low cost and simple in operation. They are inefficient and are not capable of lifting water when suction head is more than one meter. Other water lifting devices like treadle pump, rower pump, wheel pump, diaphragm pump, blower pump etc are still not popular due to their low efficiencies and discharges, short service-lives, high frictional losses and also due to the mechanical troubles.
Usually these devices are very laborious to operate and the operators suffer from various health hazards. Nobody can work at much over 1/5th hp for very long time. According to the survey report, many users of these devices complain about their health problem like muscle pain, reduced body weight, weakness and fever. So the user demands to get a better technology, which requires less manual power and mechanical troubles. Hence to make the existing techniques more user-friendly and uncomplicated more intensive studies are required. In the July-2011 issue of IEEE Spectrum, a detailed study and analysis of pedal power energy generation, its usage, feasibility, and economics is presented. The power is produced from the exercise bikes used in gyms by means of a small generator. This article presents a case where in it looks at the overall feasibility of including the pedal power technology in the mainstream. Besides all these studies available in the literature, many other applications can be developed using pedal power such as generators, washing machines, farm and factory applications, blenders and many other applications. One such attempt is made in this work to use pedal power as a source for generating electricity and also for water pumping. Performance analysis of fabricated unit is carried out.
COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATION
1. Regenerative turbine pump Power: 0.5 hp Impeller diameter: 5cm Outlet diameter: 22mm Inlet diameter: 17mm 2. Pulley Diameter: 05cm Material: Grey cast iron 3. Belt Type: V type Material: Polyester cord B112 4. Bearing Type: Deep grove ball bearing 5. Shaft Material: Mild steel 6. Stand Material: Mild steel 7. Nut & Bolt 8. Inlet pipe Material: Plastic
METHODOLOGY
The mechanism consists of single centrifugal pump which is fixed with the rear wheel bicycle. Paddling for just a minute for just a minute or two is enough to pump 30-40 liters of water to a height of 100 feet. Our project could prove helpful for rural areas. Which are facing load shedding problem? It can be used mainly for irrigation and water drawing water from wells and other water bodies. This is a centrifugal water pump which is run by rotating the pedal of a cycle. The system comprises a bicycle, rim, impeller, pulley and inlet and delivery pipes. A wheel is connected to another pulley with a smaller diameter the final supporting shaft is connected with an impeller through this process of paddling is used to lift water from a pipe into the form for cultivation. This innovation is useful for pumping water from river, ponds, wells and similar water sources thus enabling poor formers for pumping water for irrigation and cultivation. We drive a bicycle by using a paddling the wheel of the bicycle rotates a particular rpm. And thiswheel rotates the impellers of the centrifugal pump by sliding action between wheel and pulley but the rpm of the wheel is very low so we can’t get require head and power effort on the paddling is low so we can use the pulley which is mounted on the shaft of the pump andcreate the high rpm by using less power. In process operations, liquids and their movement andtransfer from place to place, plays a large part in theprocess. Liquid can only flow under its own powerfrom one elevation to a lower elevation or, from a high-pressure system to a lower pressure system. The flowof liquid is also affected by friction, pipe size, liquidviscosity and the bends and fittings in the piping.To overcome flow problems, and to move liquidsfrom place to place, against a higher pressure or to ahigher elevation, energy must be added to the liquid.To add the required energy to liquids, we use ' PUMPS'. A pump therefore is defined as ' A machine used toadd energy to a liquid '. Pumps come in many types andsizes. The type depends on the function the pump is toperform
and the size (and speed) depends on theamount (volume) of liquid to be moved in a giventime.
DESIGN CALUCATIONS:
The main components of the machine include parts of the transmission unit (bicycle), pump unit and piping unit; the bicycle unit consist of chain drive, sprocket, pedal, gear, bicycle frame and wheel while the pump unit is made up of pump cylinder, piston, connecting rod, cylinder cap, seal, sprocket, rotating disc, shaft, bearing, bolt and nut, hub, pump frame, adjuster and column stand while the piping system consist of the inlet and the outlet valves. The pump is powered by bicycle pedal. The isometric view of the developed pedal powered water pump is shown in Fig. below
The chains are made up of number of rigid links which are hinged together by pin joints in order to provide the necessary flexibility for wrapping round the driving wheels. These wheels have projecting teeth of special profile and fit into the corresponding recesses in the links of the chain. The toothed wheels are known as sprocket wheels or simply sprockets. The sprockets and the chain are thus constrained to move together without slipping and ensures perfect velocity ratio. The velocity ratio determined from the equation given by
V.R = 12 = 21 Where, N1 = Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in rpm, N2 = Speed of rotation of larger sprocket in rpm, T1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket and T2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket. Given that T1 = 18 and T2 = 45. However, velocity ratio is 2.5 ≅ 3 The number of chain links K is given by K = 1+2/2 + 2 + 2−12πP² (2) Where, T1= Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket, T2= Number of teeth on the larger sprocket, p = pitch of the chain and =centre distance
The pitch of the chain to be used for this design is obtained from the Characteristics of Roller Chains According to IS: 2403-1991 which is 08. Given that T1 = 18, T 2 = 45, p = 1.27cm and = 50cm. Therefore, the number of chain links K is 111 The length of chain (L) is the product of the number of chain links (K) and the pitch of the chain (P)
L = K × P (3) Given that K = 111 and p = 1.27cm. However the length of chain is 140mm The power transmitted by the chain is given by: Design power = Rated power × service factor (4) Service factor = 1 × 2 × 3 Where, K1 =Load factor, k2= Lubrication factor and k3= Rating factor: Given that K1 = 1, k2= 1.5 and k3 =1.5. Therefore, Ks is 2.25 and Design power is 1800W The torque required for driving the pump during pedalling is obtained by: The power transmitted from pedal to the pump is given by P = 2π/60 (5) Where, N = speed of the pump during manual pedalling and T= torque required to drive the pump. Given that P = 1800w, π= 3.142, N = 80. Therefore T = 214.7Nm The torque generated by human pedalling is obtained by: Recall that the power transmitted from pedalling to the pump is given by P = 2π/60 Where, N = pedalling speed and T = torque developed by pedal The rated for healthy human being is approximately 250 watts [5]. Hence, P = 250W , π = 3.142, N= 250. Therefore torque generated by human pedalling is 29.84 Nm We know that pitch circle diameter of the smaller sprocket or pinion and the pitch circle diameter of the largest sprocket or gear 1 = p cosec (180/1) and 2 = p cosec (180/2) h,
p = pitch and 1 = number of teeth on the smaller sprocket or gear and 2= number of teeth on the larger sprocket. Given p = 12.7, 1= 18 and 2= 45. Therefore 1= 0.073m and 2 = 0.182 Therefore, pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket 1 = 11/60 h, 1 = diameter of the smaller sprocket, 1= speed rotation of the smaller sprocket: Given π = 3.142, 1 = 0.073m and 1= 80 rpm. Hence 1 = 0.31 m/s The load on the chain is designed as follows, Load on the chain W = /ℎ Where, pitch line velocity 1 = π1160 = 0.30m/s and rated power = 800w. Therefore Load on the chain is 2580 The machine developed when subjected to discharge volume of water 3
3
ranging from 0.02m to 0.06m at time of 20seconds to 60seconds respectively as shown in Table 2. As the time of discharge increases the volume of water discharge increases as well. Even though, the system is energy consuming, pedalling is recommended for individuals as a form of exercise to burn calories in the body. This prompts the use of treadmills and bicycles for this purpose. From the results obtained, using pedal powered water pump at places where wells and bore holes are very deep and to fetch water manually is cumbersome
and strenuous is suggested. Also, at a higher level it can be used for irrigation and drinking water purposes. For pumping more water, electric pump is needed, but where electricity is not available pedal-powered water pump can be of great use. The first step of making PPCP is the preparation of the stand. GI square pipes are made into sufficient pieces and are welded together to get the stand. The stand is then connected with the back wheel of the bicycle. By considering the wheel and rotor shaft space the centrifugal pump is connected with the stand by using the nut and bolts. The suction and delivery pipes are then connected to the suction and delivery ports respectively Manual priming of the centrifugal pump is done next. By pedalling the Rpm of the rotor shaft is measured using tachometer. The flow rate of water is measured by using measuring tank and stop watch.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF PEDAL OPERATED WATER PUMP
Motor used= 0.5 HP
Minimum rpm required for impeller shaft = 450 to 1000 rpm
Rpm available in rear wheel = 150 to 450 rpm
Diameter of cycle rim= 0.5m
Circumference of cycle rim= 3.14X0.5
Diameter of pump pulley = 0.07 m
Circumference of pump pulley=3.14x0.06
Therefore,
Ratio between rim & pump pulley=1/10
Minimum height that can pump water= 5 ft
PROCESS OF FABRICATION
1. The first step of making power operated water pump is the preparation of the stand. 2. Scarp mild steel pipes are made into sufficient pieces and are welded together to get the stand. The stand is then connected with the back wheel of the bicycle. 3. The stand is then connected with the back wheel of the bicycle. 4. By considering the wheel and rotor shaft space the regenerative turbine pump is connected with the stand by using the nut and bolts. 5. The suction and delivery pipes are then connected to the suction and delivery ports respectively. 6. Manual priming of the centrifugal pump is done next. 7. By pedalling the Rpm of the rotor shaft is measured using tachometer. 8. The flow rate of water is measured by using measuring tank and stop watch.
WORKING PRINCIPLE :
Pumps are a common means of lifting water from a clean ground water source to a useful point of access, but all pumps have moving parts and are therefore destined to break proper selection of a pump will reduce undesirable downtime and will empower the local community to manage their water source. Here we use the foot pedal pump, powered by our legs instead of arms to lift the water from a depth range of seven meters. Throughout history human, energy has generally been applied through the use of the arms, hands, and back. With minor exceptions, it was only with the invention of the sliding -seat rowing shell, and particularly of the bicycle, that legs also began to be considered as a normal means of developing power from human muscles. A person can generate four times more (1/4 horse power (hp)) by pedalling than by hand – cranking. At the rate of 1/4hp, continuous pedalling can be done for only short periods, about 10 minutes. However, pedalling at half this power (1/8 hp) can be sustained for around 60 minutes. The main use of pedal power today is still for bicycling at least in the high- power range (75 watts and above of mechanical power). In the lower-power range there are a number of use of pedal power for agriculture, construction, water pumping, and electrical generation that seem to be potentially advantages, at least when electrical or internal-combustion engine power is unavailable or very expensive.
As in our project pump shaft is connected with the pulley and the pulley is connected with the cycle rim with the help of v-belt. When we pedal the bicycle then the backwheel rotates which rotates the pump shaft. Thus, rotating the impeller and rotating impeller creates vacuum at the inlet area and that leads to suction of water from the sump and rotating impeller also increase the kinetic energy and pressure of the water and discharge the water.
ADVANTAGES
1. It is used for to achieve manual operated water pumping non-automated by simple mechanism. 2. Its operation and maintenance is very simple. 3. It is compact and portable. 4. It is simple and rigid in construction. 5. Manufacturing cost is lesser than modern water pumping machine. 6. It provides better speed changes method on the driving unit. 7. Power saved and good exercise for all people.
1. Single person is enough to operate this efficiently to pump the water from the sump.. 2. Easy and efficient handling of this unit without wastage of water or damage to unit, pump and to any other parts. 3. Low maintenance cost and life of equipment also increased.. 4. Least maintenance of the equipment. 5. Need not require any individual work place. 6. Can be worked in the work spot 7. Suited for pumping water for 5 feet to 10 feet depth. 8. It requires no Electricity. 9. It can also be used to generate power.
1.It is renewable as well as sustainable. As it is needed till the human existence on this planet and the ultimate source is the human himself. 2.Pedal renewable is cost-effective so everyone can access to its advantages. There is only need to set pedal with crank system attached to the drive. 3. It is pure energy zero percent carbon emission so clean and healthy surroundings. 4.It keeps the body system well and increases the efficiency level if used to a certain extent. Excess use of anything is bad for health. 5. It does not harm the socio-political benefits as it is the personal property of every individual. 6.The conventional centrifugal pump needs either electricity or diesel engine, but the present innovation works on pedaling. This is a non-polluting and environment friendly device. Since it is made of commonly available materials and costs less. It is affordable to common people. It requires less maintenance Minimum input energy is required to get the maximum output of water. This device can be transported easily from one place to another.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Manual power required to operate. 2. The time taken for discharging the water is more when compared to power unit. 3. It cannot be used for more than 50 feet depth.
APPLICATIONS
1. This device find place in almost all industries. 2. 3. 4. 5.
By using this device, the water can be pumped up to 20 feet height. Used as exercise kit. For irrigation For transferring water from one place to another
6. For pesticides spraying
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The backflow in the new symmetric reflux holes presents a relatively stable flow structure, which greatly improves the asymmetric flow situation in the volute and especially reduces the vortex flow. The symmetric backflow structure provides a more uniform pressure distribution, which can reduce the pressure pulsation and improve the pump working stability. The axial force of the impeller can be greatly reduced by the symmetry flow near the new reflux holes. This can increase the service life of the bearings and reduce the possibility of risk of axial force.
Performance curves
The three-dimensional unsteady flow of the pump under various operating conditions was numerically simulated. The predicted pump performance curves were compared to the experimental data. As shown in Figure 4, good agreement between the simulation and experiment results was obtained. The largest head deviation under various flow rates was less than 5%, which indicates that the numerical calculation method was acceptable and could be used for the further research.
Pressure fluctuation analysis
The calculation results showed that the pressure fluctuation intensity of all the monitoring points decreased to some extent, and the largest decrease occurred at monitor P9. Figure 7 shows the time-domain diagram of monitors P9, which records data for two impeller rotation cycles. The trend of pressure fluctuation on both reflux holes is consistent, which shows periodic pulse. It has two peaks and two valleys and the same number of blades. However, the pressure pulsation intensity of the improved pump is significantly low. Figure 8 shows the frequency-domain diagram obtained by the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). It can be seen that there are mainly two harmonics in the frequency domain, including blade passing frequency 96.67 Hz and double blade passing frequency 193.34 Hz. It is obvious that the blade passing frequency is the most critical one. It was also observed that the largest pressure pulsation amplitude of the pump is lesser than that of the model pump, and it increases from 0.0539 to 0.0357, with a decline of 33.8%.
Analysis of axial force
Figure shows the changing of the impeller axial force over time in two impeller rotation cycles. It can be found that the axial force of the impeller is greatly reduced in the pump with the new reflux hole. The average and maximum value is reduced by 47.1% and 45.1%, respectively. Obviously, its improved effect is considerable, and large pumps can't ignore the axial force of impellers.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The below Figure gives the variation of discharge with rotor shaft rpm of Pedal power centrifugal pump. It is observed that the discharge increases uniformly with the rpm. Experimental result shows that discharge of about 0.0025m3/sec can be obtained for around 140rpm. The variation in the obtained plot is due to errors in observation and due to power transmission losses.
Figure: Variation of Discharge with Rpm
Figure .shows the variation of head with discharge of PPCP. It is observed that the head decreases uniformly with discharge. Experimental result shows that head of 8m can be obtained with discharge of about 0.00007m3/sec. The variation in the obtained plot is due to errors in observation and due to power transmission losses.
Figure: Variation of Head with Discharge
CONCLUSION
This project focused on modelling, design and control of pedal operated water pumping, with emphasis on lightweight, portable appliances. An innovative method of minimizing manual stress and thus reliably stabilizing the pumping was also presented. The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the industrial purpose. It is very useful for the small-scale works The whole study over the topic concludes over the fact that the bicycle powered water pump is very advantageous especially for rural areas. The problem of energy crises isvery big in India and by the help of this pedal powered water pump (by use of this project) we can save electricity and also supply the water in irrigation. We can operate a water pump by using bicycle mechanism of the project and we can fill the water tank of housing, produce power and get help in the construction work. When we drive a bicycle the wheel of bicycle rotate so we can provide a pulley over the wheel. The pulley is mounted on the shaft and the impeller of the pump rotates due to rotating of wheel with rotation of pulley. So we can operate the pump and deliver the water at a particular head. Pumps can be adapted to fit individual community needs. It can also be placed in garden, both gardening & cycling can be done simultaneously. We will try to operate the pump near best efficiency point. The bicycle powered water pump is a very advantageous especially for rural areas. The problem of energy crises is very big in Nigeria. By the use of this manually pedal powered pump we save electricity and we supply the water in irrigation and other agricultural uses. When we drive a bicycle the wheel of bicycle are rotated so we can provide another chain over the wheel in which the sprocket is mounted on the shaft containing the rotating disc and a piston rods
of the pump, the rotating disc rotate due to rotating of the wheel with rotation of sprocket .So we operate the pump and deliver the water at a particular head, create a simple and efficient way of pumping water, utilizing a human powered bicycle for communities where electricity is not available or impractical, isolated community with or without electricity in need of efficient water pumping. This project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task, which has also been provided.
FUTURE SCOPE
In present scenario when the electricity as well as fuel crisis increases day by day it become a great aspect without putting such amount of fuel & electricity. The initial cost of the project is very low; mass production of this project reduces the cost by half of times. In this project normal human effort is required to work. Another great aspect of the future is that it is eco-friendly. It is also easy to maintain. There are also such errors which can be reducing by making such changes on the pump & transmission. There are some notable efforts at devising human powered machines. In most cases these efforts are being done in developing nations by international aid organizations orstudents. A very interesting group is in Chennai. They have devised many pedal power machines including corn grinders, nut sheller and wood saws. YouTube has many videos of bicycle powered devices, most often showing ways to generate electricity using a bicycle. That was one direction to work on but I wanted to use the bicycle to drive a pump directly rather than to produce electricity to run the pump.
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ISSN
No:
2315-4721,
V-2,
I-1,2013
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