ÍNDICE: •
INTRODUCCIÓN
•
CAPITULO I : REFERENCIAS TEORICAS (CONCEPTOS Y GLOSARIO)
•
CAPITULO II : DESARROLLO DEL TEMA
-FACTORES -FACTORES ABIOTICOS ABIOTI COS -CLASIFICACION DE FACTORES ABIOTICOS -ADAPTACION DE LOS SERES VIVOS - FACTORES ABIOTICOS ABIOTIC OS TERRESTRES -FACTORES ABIOTICOS ACUATICOS -IMPORTANCIA -IMPORTANCIA DE FACTORES ABIOTICOS •
CAPITULO III: ANALISIS DEL TEMA
•
CONCLUSIONES
•
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Página 1
INTRODUCCIÓN: HACE YA YA ALGUNAS DÉCADAS SE EMPEZO A HABLAR H ABLAR DE TERMINOS NUEVOS RELACIONADOS A LA NATURALEZA.APARECIO LA ECOLOGIA Y SUS RESPECTIVOS ESTUDIOS RELACIONADOS A LA RECIENTE CONTAMINACION CONTAMINACION EN DISTIENTAS PARTES ARTES DEL MUNDO. ES ASI UE LOS !ACTORES BIOTICOS Y ABIOTICOS SE ESTUDIAN MAS A DETALLE. EN ESTA INVESTIGACION NOS CENTRAREMOS EN LOS !ACTORES ABIOTICOS" SU CLASI!ICACION" SU IMPORTANCIA IMPORTANCIA Y SU RELACION CON LOS LOS SERES VIVOS.
OBJETIVOS GENERALES: •
CONOCER Y E#PLICAR LOS !ACTORES ABIOTICOS" SUS CARACTERISTICAS CARACTERISTICAS Y TIPOS.
OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS: Página $
•
• •
INDAGAR EN MEDIOS CON!IABLES LA MAYOR IN!ORMACION SOBRE EL TEMA CLASI!ICAR TODA LA IN!ORMACION IN!ORMACION ANALIZAR LA IN!ORMACION ACUMULADA PARA LAS POSTERIORES CONCLUSIONES CONCLUSIONES
CAPITULO I: REFERENCIAS TEORICAS 1.1. CONCEPTOS GENERALES %!ACTORES ABIOTICOS &'n ('& )i&*in*'& +',-'nn*& /0 )*,inan ( &-a+i' 23&i+' n ( +0a( +0a( 4a5i* a5i*an an ('& ('& & && 6i6' 6i6'&&7 n* n* ('& ('& ,á& i,-' i,-'*an *an*& *& -'),'& n+'n*a: ( ag0a" ag0a" (a *,-a*0a" *,-a*0a" (a (08" (08" ( -H" -H" ( &0('" &0('" (a 40,)a)" 40,)a)" ( ai ai 9&in ( +0a( ,0+4'& && 6i6'& n' -')3an 6i6i ; ('& n0*in*& %!ACTORES %!ACTORES BIOTICOS BI OTICOS &'n *')'& ('& 'gani&,'& ) 0n +'&i&*,a /0 &'56i6n" & )+i" ('& /0 *inn 6i)a. P0)n 2i& a (a <'a <'a"" (a2a0na (a2a0na"" ('& 40,an'& ) 0n (0ga ; &0& in*a++i'n&
1.$. CONCEPTOS ESPECÍ!ICOS
a) SOBRE ORGANISMOS ORGANISMOS ESTENOICOS S=(' *'(an in*6a('& ,0; &*+4'& &=(' *'(an in*6a('& ,0; &*+4'& ORGANISMOS EURIOICOS Ogani&,'& /0 -0)n &'-'*a in*6a('& ,0; a,-(i'& ) 0n )*,ina)' 2a+*' a5i=*i+' ECTOTERMIA:
Página >
E& ( -'+&' ,)ian* ( +0a( 0n g0-' ) && 6i6'& )n',ina)'& +*'*,'& g0(an &0 *,-a*0a a -a*i ) (a *,-a*0a a,5in*a(
b) SOBRE CICLOS !ACTOR LIMITANTE C0an C0an)' )' 0n 2a+* 2a+*' ' a5i= a5i=*i *i+' +' a(+a a(+an8 n8a a 6a(' 6a('& ,á ,á&& a((á a((á ) ('& ('& ,ágn& ) *'(an+ia ) 0na &-+i
CICLOS REPRODUCTORES C',' (a <'a+i=n n (a& -(an*a& ' (a -')0++i=n ) 4','na& &?0a(& 9+(' n ('& ani,a(&" &*án g0(a)'& -aa /0 (a& &,i((a& ' (a )&+n)n+ia & )&a'((n n (a& @-'+a& )( a' n /0 & ,á& 2á+i( (a &0-6i6n+ia.
c) SOBRE COMPONENTES CLORO!ILA S'n 0na 2a,i(ia ) -ig,n*'& ) -ig,n*'& ) +'(' 6) /0 & n+0n*an n (a& +ian'5a+*ia& ; n *')'& a/0((' (('& 'gani&,'& /0 +'n*inn +(''-(a&*'& n +(''-(a&*'& n &0& +@(0(a& PH: E( -H & 0na ,)i)a ) a+i)8 ' a+i)8 ' a(+a(ini)a) ) a(+a(ini)a) ) 0na )i&'(0+i=n. )i&'(0+i=n. E( -H in)i+a (a +'n+n*a+i=n ) i'n& 4i)'ni' H>O-&n*& 4i)'ni' H>O-&n*& n )*,ina)a& )i&'(0+i'n&.
d) SOBRE SUELOS NUTRIENTES:
Página
S'n +',-0&*'& in'gáni+'& &n+ia(& -aa (a +'n&*0++i=n ) ('& ('& *Fi) Fi)' '& 6i6' 6i6'&. &. C'n&* n&*i*0; i*0;n n 0n 2a+* 2a+*' ' (i,i (i,i*a *an* n* -a aa a ( ++i,in*' ) (a& -(an*a& ; n +'n&+0n+ia ) ('& in)i6i)0'& /0 & a(i,n*an ) ((a&. TROPOS!ERA TROPOS!ERA Ca-a /0 & ?*in) &'5 (a &0-+i *&* 4a&*a ++a ) 1 , LATITUD La (a*i (a*i*0 *0) ) & (a )i&* )i&*an an+i +ia a ang0 ang0(a (a n* n* (a (3n (3na a + +0a 0a*' *'i ia( a( 9( 9( +0a)'" ; 0n -0n*' )*,ina)' ) (a Tia SUELO E& (a +05i*a &0-+ia( /0 +05 (a *ia. E&*á +',-0&*' ) ,ina(& ; -a*3+0(a& 'gáni+a& /0 & -')0+n -' (a a++i=n +',5ina)a n* ( 6in*'" ( ag0a ; (a *,-a*0a.
e) SOBRE TEMPRERATURA É&*a & 0n 2a+*' 20n)a,n*a( n (a 6i)a ) ('& 'gani&,'& 'gani&,'& ;a /0 g0(a (a& 20n+i'n& 6i*a(& /0 a(i8an (a& n8i,a& ) +aá+* -'*i+'.
2 SOBRE LUZ Y EFECTOS LUZ LUZ P'-'+i'na (a ng3a n+&aia -aa ( 20n+i'na,in*' ) ('& +'&i&*,a&. En &* a-'* ) ng3a 4a; /0 +'n&i)a )'& 2a+* 2a+*' '& & ) & &- -+i +ia( a( i,-' i,-'* *an an+i +ia: a: (a in* in*n& n&i) i)a) a) (0,i (0,in' n'&a &a ; ( 2'*'-3')'. 2'*'-3')'.
!OTOPERIODO S )n',ina 2'*'-3')' a( nJ,' ) 4'a& ) (08 /0 *inn ('& )3a&. E( 2'*'-3')' 6a3a )-n)in)' ) (a& &*a+i'n& ; ) (a (a*i*0)" ; &'& +a,5i'& 'iginan &-0&*a& n ('& 'gani&,'&. P' F,-(': Página K
ESPECTRO SOLAR Di&* Di&*i i50 50+i +i=n =n ) (a n ng3 g3a a /0 /0 & ia ia)i )ia) a)a a -' -' 0na 0na 20n 20n* * (0,in'&a" /0 6in ')na)a -' 0n'& 6a('& ) ('ngi*0) ) 'n)a" & -a*i+0(a (a &+0n+ia ,a*i8a)a -' (a )&+',-'&i+i=n ) ('& +'('& )( ii&" +',' &0(*a)' ) (a )&+',-'&i+i=n ) (a (08 (08 &' &'(a (a /0 /0 -a&a -a&a a *a6 *a6@& @& ) 0n -i& -i&,a ,a 2a 2a+* +*' '.. Ta, a,5i 5i@n @n ((a,a)' +'('& )( a+' ii&" &-+*' (0,in'&'.
1.>. GLOSARIO: •
•
•
•
•
Hábitat: L0ga ) +'n)i+i'n& a-'-ia)a& -aa /0 6i6a 0n
'gani&,'" &-+i ' +',0ni)a) ani,a( ' 6g*a(. Ecología: Cin+ia /0 &*0)ia (a& (a+i'n& ) ('& && 6i6'& n* &3 ; +'n &0 n*'n'. Metaboli!o: C'nF0n*' ) a++i'n& /03,i+a& /0 2+*Jan +'n&*an*,n* (a& +@(0(a& ) ('& && 6i6'& +'n ( n ) &in**i8a &0&*an+ia& +',-(Fa& a -a*i ) '*a& ,á& &i,-(&" ' )ga)a a/0((a& -aa '5*n &*a&. Fotoí"tei: P'+&' ,*a5=(i+' &-+3+' ) +i*a& +@(0(a& ) ('& 'gani&,'& a0*=*'2'&" a0*=*'2'&" -' ( /0 & &in**i8an &0&*an+ia& 'gáni+a& a -a*i ) '*a& in'gáni+a&" 0*i(i8an)' (a ng3a (0,in'&a. Calo#ía: Uni)a) ) ng3a *@,i+a /0i6a(n* a (a +an*i)a) ) +a(' n+&aia -aa (6a (a *,-a*0a ) 0n ga,' ) ag0a n 0n ga)' +n*3ga)'" ) 1"K a 1K"KC" a (a -&i=n n',a(7 /0i6a( a "1K F0(i'&.
Página
•
•
•
•
• • •
O$o"o: E&*a)' a('*=-i+' )( '?3gn'" -')0+i)' -' (a
(+*i+i)a)" ) +0;a a++i=n &0(*a 0n ga& ,0; '?i)an*" ) '(' 20* a ,ai&+' ; ) +'(' a80( a 80( +0an)' & (i/0i)a. S n+0n*a n ,0; -/0a& -'-'+i'n& n (a a*,=&2a )&-0@& ) (a& *,-&*a)&. E"$i!a: P'*3na /0 +a*a(i8a &-+3+a,n* +a)a 0na ) (a& a++i'n& 5i'/03,i+a& )( ,*a5'(i&,'. P#eci%itacio"e: Ag0a -'+)n* ) (a a*,=&2a" ; /0 n 2',a &=(i)a ' (3/0i)a & )-'&i*a &'5 (a &0-+i ) (a *ia. Ra&iaci'": Eng3a 'n)0(a*'ia ' -a*3+0(a& ,a*ia(& /0 & -'-agan a *a6@& )( &-a+i'. Pat'ge"o: 0 'igina ; )&a'((a 0na n2,)a). Ete#ili$a#: D&*0i ('& g@,n& -a*=gn'&. (i)e#gi# : Di+4' ) )'& ' ,á& (3na& ' &0-+i&: I& a-a*an)' &0+&i6a,n* 0na& ) '*a&.
CAPITULO II: DESARROLLO DEL TEMA 1. !ACTORES ABITICOS: L'& 2a+*'& a5i=*i+'& &'n ('& )i&*in*'& +',-'nn*& /0 )*,inan ( &-a+i' 23&i+' n ( +0a( 4a5i*an ('& && 6i6'&7 n* ('& ,á& i,-'*an*& -'),'& n+'n*a: n+'n*a: ( ag0a" (a *,-a*0a" (a (08" ( -H" ( &0('" (a 40,)a) ; ('& n0*in*&
Página
Paa Paa /0 ?i&*a 6i)a n (a *ia )5n ?i&*i +i*'& (,n*'& a5i=*i+'& 9((a,a)'& a&3 -'/0 &'n in*&" n' *inn 6i)a -' &3 &'('& )i&-'ni5(& -aa ( )&a'((' )&a'((' ) ('& && 6i6'&. Sin &*'& (,n*'& n' &3a -'&i5( (a ?i&*n+ia ) 6i)a *a( +0a( (a +'n'+,'&. D &*'& (,n*'& )-n) ( ++i,in*' ) (a ,a*ia 6i6a ' -'*'-(a&,a n n0&*' n*'n'" ;a /0 &in (('& n' & -')3an a(i8a ('& -'+&'& ) a+0,0(a+i=n ; &3n*&i& n+&ai'& -aa in+,n*a ( nJ,' ) +@(0(a& ) 0n 'gani&,'. L'& 2a+*'& 23&i+'%/03,i+'&: S'n a/0(('& /0 )*,inan 0na -a* i,-'*an* ) (a& (a+i'n& a,5in*a(&" (a+i'nán)'& )i+*a,n* +'n (a& 2',a& ) 6i)a. S'n /03,i+'& ; 23&i+'&.
$. CLASI!ICACION DE !ACTORES !ACTORES ABIOTICOS:
Página
2.1 LOS FACTORES QUÍMICOS: &
a (a& +aa+*3&*i+a& )( ,)i' 9ga&'&' ' ai" (3/0i)' ' ag0a" &0('" a (a &a(ini)a)" a (a a+i)8 ; (a a(+a(ini)a) 9+'n'+i)' +',' 2a+*' -H" ; a ('& n0*in*&" n* '*'&. 2.2 LOS FACTORES FÍSICOS:
+',-n)n ( 6in*'" (a ni6" (a& 4(a)a&" ( 4i('" (a (08" (a *,-a*0a" (a '&i=n ; ('& ,'6i,in*'& )( &0('" ( 20g' 20g'"" (a& +a*á&* +a*á&*' '2& 2& 9* 9* ,'* ,'*'&" '&" in0n)a+i'n&" 0-+i'n& 6'(+áni+a&" (a& +',n*& ,aina&" (a& +aa+*3&*i+a& )( ag0a" (a +'in* ) ('& 3'& 9*an/0i('& ' 6i'(n*'&" (a& '(a&" *+. o o
o
o
o
o
E( &'( a+*' *,'n0+(a. L08 ; +a('. La *ia & +a(in*a ; n63a +a(' 4a+ia ( ai. La in+(ina+i=n ; +an*i)a) ) ('& a;'& &'(a& in<0;n n (a *,-a*0a ) 0na 8'na g'gá+a )*,ina)a. La '*a+i=n ; (a 2',a ) (a &0-+i *&* )*,inan (a 208a ; )i++i=n ) ('& 6in*'& ; n +'n&+0n+ia (a +an*i)a) ) ((06ia&. En ( +0a)' ( ai & +a(in*a ; a&+in)7 n ('& -'('& & n23a ; )&+in) ; a( '*a (a *ia ,06 &*a& ,a&a& ) ai 23' ' +a(in*. La *,-a*0a n (a *ia )i&,in0; a( a0,n*a (a (a*i*0) ; (a a(*i*0). Z'na *'-i+a( +a(in*" 8'na& *,-(a)a& ,n'& +a(in*& -'/0 ('& a;'& &'(a& ((gan in+(ina)'& ; -'('& 23'&. E( ai *in ni*=gn' 9N a&i,i(a)' -' (a& -(an*a&" '?3gn' 9O 0*i(i8a)' -' *')a& (a& +@(0(a& n (a &-ia+i=n ; )i=?i)' ) +a5'n' 9CO 0*i(i8a)' -' (a& -(an*a& n (a 2'*'&3n*&i&. E( ag0a & ( >Q >Q ) (a &0-+i ) (a *ia. E& 0*i(i8a)a -' *')'& ('& 'gani&,'& -'/0 -'/0 & n+&i*a n (a& +@(0(a& -aa /0 a((3 '+0an (a& a++i'n& /03,i+a&. A),á&" A),á&" &i6 -aa /0 n (a 'ina & ?-0(&n ('& )&+4'& +(0(a&. E( &0(' & ) )'n) (a& -(an*a& *',an ('& ,ina(&. La& -(an*a& &'n +',i)a& -' ('& ani,a(& -aa /0 ((g0n ('& ,i&,'& ,ina(& a &0& +@(0(a&. L'& ,ina(& ,á& i,-'*an*& &'n: 2=&2'' 9P" ni*=gn' 9N" +a(+i' 9Ca" 4i' 9! ; ,agn&i' 9Mg
>. ADAPTACION ADAPTACION DE LOS LOS SERES VIVOS: Página
Una &-0&*a ) ('& 'gani&,'& 'gani&,'& a( ,)i' a,5in* & (a a)a-*a+i=n 9+a-a+i)a) -aa +a,5ia &0& +aa+*3&*i+a& &i'(=gi+a& ; ,'2'(=gi+a& +'n ( n /0 -'&n ('& && 6i6'& ) a0,n*a (a& -'&i5i(i)a)& ) &0-6i6n+ia. L'& && 6i6'& *a,5i@n +'n*i50;n a ,')i+a" n 0n' 0 '*' &n*i)'" ) 2',a &igni+a*i6a ('& 2a+*'& )( ,)i' /0 4a5i*an. En +'n+*'" a(g0na& a+*i6i)a)& )( & 40,an' 'iginan -'5(,a& ) +'n*a,ina+i=n a*,'&2@i+a ; 0n +a(n*a,in*' )( -(an*a 92+*' in6na)' in6na)' /0 -0) *n ga6& +'n&+0n+ia& n ( 20*0'. 20*0'. C0an)' 0n 2a+*' a5i=*i+' a(+an8a 6a('& ,á& a((á ) ('& ,ágn& ) *'(an+ia ) 0na &-+i" a+*Ja +',' 2a+*' (i,i*an* -aa (a &0-6i6n+ia ) &a &-+i. P' F,-('" (a ,'&+a +',Jn ,0 -' )5aF' ) ('& %KC. E?i&*n 'gani&,'& /0 -0)n &'-'*a in*6a('& ,0; a,-(i'& ) 0n )*,ina)' 2a+*' a5i=*i+'7 & (& )n',ina 'gani&,'& 0i'i+'&. Si ( 2a+*' /0 & +'n&i)a & (a *,-a*0a" &án 0i*,'&" &i & ( ag0a" 0i4ig'&" *+. O*'& -' ( +'n*ai'" &=(' *'(an in*6a('& ,0; &*+4'&7 &'n ('& 'gani&,'& &*n'i+'&" ; & )n',inan ) ig0a( ,ana -aa +a)a 2a+*' a5i'*i+' /0 & +'n&i). Una &-0&*a ) ('& 'gani&,'& 'gani&,'& a( ,)i' a,5in* & (a a)a-*a+i=n. É&*a & )n +',' (a +a-a+i)a) /0 -'&n ('& && 6i6'& -aa +a,5ia &0& +aa+*3&*i+a& &i'(=gi+a& ; ,'2'(=gi+a& +'n ( n ) a0,n*a (a& -'&i5i(i)a)& ) &0-6in+ia n 0n )*,ina)' ,)i' a,5in*. Ta,5i@n Ta,5i@n (a a+*i6i)a) ) ('& && && 6i6'& -0)n ,')i+a ,')i+a ('& 2a+*'& 2a+*'& a5i=*i+'&. P' F,-('" (a ,a;' -a* )( O$ a*,'&2@i+' 4a &i)' -')0+i)a -' ('& 'gani&,'& 2'*'&in*@*i+'&" ; (a 40,)a) ; (a *,-a*0a +a,5ian 5aF' (a 6g*a+i=n )n&a ) 0n 5'&/0. 3.1 ORGANISMOS EURIOICOS: &'-'*an
in*6a('& ,0; a,-(i'& ) 0n )*,ina)' 2a+*' a5i=*i+'. >.1.1E0i*,'&: >.1.1E0i*,'&: &i ( 2a+*' & (a *,-a*0a >.1.$E0i4ig'&: >.1.$E0i4ig'&: &i ( 2a+*' & ( ag0a. 3.2 ORGANISMOS ORGANISMOS ESTENOICOS: *'(an
in*6a('& ,0; &*+4'& ) 0n )*,ina)' 2a+*' a5i=*i+'.
Página 1
! 4.1.
FACTORES ABIOTICOS TERRESTRES: EL SUELO: E& (a +05i*a &0-+ia( /0 +05 (a *ia. E&*á
+',-0&*' ) ,ina(& ; -a*3+0(a& 'gáni+a& /0 & -')0+n -' (a a++i=n +',5ina)a n* ( 6in*'" ( ag0a ; (a *,-a*0a. E( &0(' & ( 4á5i*a* ) +'nF0n*' ) ,i+''gani&,'& ,i+''gani&,'& ; -/0'& ani,a(& /0 +'n&*i*0;n ( ((a,a)' E)a2'n La& a(*a+i'n& /0 &02n (a& '+a&" 4a&*a ((ga a +'n&*i*0i ( &0('" & )n',ina" ,*'i8a+i=n. ,*'i8a+i=n. E&* E&* -'+&' +'n&i&* n ( )*i'' ; (a *an&2',a+i=n *an&2',a+i=n /0 & -')0+ -')0+ n (a '+a a( 2ag,n*a& -' )i2n*& 2a+*'& 923&i+'&" /03,i+'&" 5i'(=gi+'&" *+.. La ((06ia" ( 6in*' ; ('& +a,5i'& ) *,-a*0a &'n 2a+*'& 23&i+'& ,á& i,-'*an*& /0 in*6inn n (a '&i=n ) (a '+a. E&*a & ',- 2',an)' '+a& +a)a 68 ,á& -/0a& ; & in+'-'an a( &0('. L'& ,ina(& /0 -'&n (a& '+a&" a( n*a n +'n*a+*' +'n ( ag0a ' ( ai" ai " & )i&0(6n ' & '?i)an" )an)' 'ign a n06a& &0&*an+ia& /03,i+a& +'n -'-i)a)& )i2n*& a (a& ) ('& ,ina(& -i,i*i6'&. E&*'& n06'& ,ina(& a( n*a n +'n*a+*' +'n (a '+a ini+ian &0 '?i)a+i=n ('gan)' 0na (n*a )&+',-'&i+i=n 9'&i=n -' 2a+*'& /03,i+'& L'& ani,a(& ; -(an*a& *a,5i@n in*a++i'nan +'n (a '+a 92a+*'& 5i'(=gi+'&. 5i'(=gi+'& . L'& -i,'& (a '&i'nan a( ?+a6a ' a( )-'&i*a &0& ?+,n ?+,n*'& *'& n ((a. La& -(an*a&" -' (a -&i=n -&i=n ) (a& a3+& ++" *a,5i@n -')0+n 0na 2ag,n*a+i=n ) (a '+a. L'& &*'& ) ani,a(& ; -(an*a& (0g' ) 0n -'+&' ) )&+',-'&i+i=n" 2',an (' /0 & ((a,a 40,0&. L'& &0('& -0)n +a,5ia ,0+4' &0 +',-'&i+i=n ) 0n (0ga a '*'. La &*0+*0a 23&i+a )( &0(' n 0n (0ga )a)' &*á )*,ina)a -' ( *i-' ) ,a*ia( g'(=gi+' )( /0 & 'igina" -' (a +05i*a 6g*a(" -' (a +an*i)a) ) *i,-' n /0 4a a+*0a)' (a ,*'i8a+i=n" -' (a *'-'ga23a ; -' ('& +a,5i'& a*i+ia(& &0(*an*& ) (a& a+*i6i)a)& 40,ana&. La& 6aia+i'n& )( &0(' &'n (n*a& ; ga)0a(&" ?+-*' ?+-*' +0an)' & 'iginan 'iginan -' 0n )&a&* )&a&* na*0a(. E( +0(*i6' ) (a *ia -i6a a( &0(' ) &0 +05i*a 6g*a( ; ) ,0+4a ) &0 -'*++i=n +'n*a (a '&i=n )( ag0a ; )( 6in*'. Página 11
4.2.
4.3.
EL AG AGUA: D5i)' a &0 gan -') )i&'(6n* ; a &0 +a-a+i)a)
) ,an*n ang'& ) *,-a*0a a)+0a)a" ( ag0a -'-'+i'na 0n ,)i' -aa ( *an&-'* ; *an&2',a+i=n *an&2',a+i=n ) &0&*an+ia& a( in*i' ) ('& && 6i6'&. Sin ( ag0a" (a& &0&*an+ia& in)i&-n&a5(& -aa (a 6i)a n' -')3an 0ni&. E((a -,i* (a &3n*&i& ) +',-0&*'& +',-(F'& n+&ai'& -aa (a 2',a+i=n ) *Fi)'&. Sin ( ag0a ningJn -'+&' 6i*a( ) in*+a,5i' +'n ( ,)i'" +',' ( ) (a &-ia+i=n ; (a )ig&*i=n" -')3a a(i8a&. D&*a+a5(& &'n ('& 4+4'& ) /0 ( +0-' 40,an' &*á +'n&*i*0i)' -' ( KQ ) ag0a ; ('& <0i)'& 6i*a(& +',' (a &a6ia" (a &ang ; (a (+4 & +',-'nn -in+i-a(,n* ) ((a. E( ag0a )&,-a *a,5i@n 0n -a-( i,-'*an* n (a )&+',-'&i+i=n ,*a5=(i+a ) ,'(@+0(a& *an &n+ia(& +',' (a& -'*3na& ; ('& +a5'4i)a*'&. E&* -'+&'" ((a,a)' 4i)=(i&i&" & -')0+ +'n*in0a,n* n (a& +@(0(a& 6i6a&. LUZ SOLAR: L=gi+a,n*" @&*a -'6in )( S'( ; ('& 6g*a(& (a -0)n +a-*a n &0& 4'Fa&. La& 4'Fa& -'&n +(''(a 9-ig,n*' 6)" /0 -,i* Fa (a (08 &'(a ; *an&2',a(a *an&2',a(a n +',-0&*'& 'gáni+'& /0 &án a-'6+4a)'& -' (('& ; *')'& ('& ),á& &(a5'n& ) (a& +a)na& a(i,n*i+ia&" (' /0 -,i*iá (a 6i)a ) )i6&'& && 6i6'& /0 &*án n*(a8a)'& n ( +'&i&*,a. La (08 -'-'+i'na (a ng3a n+&aia -aa ( 20n+i'na,in*' ) ('& +'&i&*,a&. En &* a-'* ) ng3a 4a; /0 +'n&i)a )'& 2a+*'& ) &-+ia( i,-'*an+ia: (a in*n&i)a) (0,in'&a ; ( 2'*'-3')'. .$.1. LA INTENSIDAD LUMINOSA. LUMINOSA. L'& 6g*a(& a5&'5n (a& ( a& a)ia+i'n& (0,in'&a& ,)ian* 0n +'nF0n*' ) -ig,n*'& )n',ina)'& g('5a(,n* +(''(a. P' (a +an*i)a) ) a)ia+i=n +i5i)a n' & &i,- (a ,i&,a7 ('& +a,5i'& -0)n Página 1$
& )iai'&" &*a+i'na(& ' -'6'+a)'& -' (a -&n+ia ) '*'& 6g*a(&. A&3" -' F,-('" 0n a50&*' )( &'*'5'&/0 ?-i,n*aá ?-i,n*aá 6aia+i'n& ) (08 a (' (ag' ) *')a &0 6i)a a ,)i)a /0 ('& á5'(& ) &0 a())' +8+an *a(a)'& ' ,0an. Ha; &-+i& /0 *inn &0 ,á?i,' n)i,in*' 2'*'&in*@*i+' +'n 0na )*,ina)a in*n&i)a) ) (08: & ((a,an" &gJn &0 a)a-*a+i=n a 0na 0 '*a +i+0n&*an+ia" &-+i& ) &'( ' ) &',5a. Ta,5i@n ?i&*n ani,a(& ) +'&*0,5& )i0na& ' n'+*0na&. .$.$ EL !OTOPERÍODO. S )n',ina 2'*'-3')' a( nJ,' ) 4'a& ) (08 /0 *inn ('& )3a&. E( 2'*'-3')' 6a3a )-n)in)' ) (a& &*a+i'n& ; ) (a (a*i*0)" ; &'& +a,5i'& 'iginan &-0&*a& n ('& 'gani&,'&. 'gani&,'&. P' F,-(': % L'& +i+('& -')0+*'&" -')0+*'&" +',' (a <'a+i=n n (a& -(an*a& ' (a -')0++i=n ) 4','na& &?0a(& &?0a(& 9+(' n ('& ani,a(&" &*án g0(a)'& -aa /0 (a& &,i((a& ' (a )&+n)n+ia & )&a'((n )&a'((n n (a& @-'+a& )( a' n /0 & ,á& 2á+i( (a &0-6i6n+ia. % C0an)' )i&,in0; ' & a(aga (a )0a+i=n )( )3a" (a& a6& ,iga*'ia& +',in8an a a(,a+na ga&a7 )3a& )&-0@& -&n*an -&n*an 0na a+*i*0) in/0i*a ; -'&*i',n* & Jnn 5an)a)a& -aa ,iga. D( *'*a( ) (a ng3a &'(a /0 ((ga n (a Tia 91" +a('3a& -' +n*3,*' +0a)a)' -' ,in0*'" +a&i "K$ +a('3a& &'n <Fa)a& 4a+ia ( &-a+i' -' ( -'(6' ; (a& n05& ) (a a*,=&2a *&*" *&*" "> +a('3a& &'n a5&'5i)a& -' (a& +a-a& a*,'&2@i+a&" ; " +a('3a& ((gan a (a &0-+i *&*. La (08 & 0n 2a+*' a5i=*i+' &n+ia( )( +'&i&*,a" )a)' /0 +'n&*i*0; ( &0,ini&*' -in+i-a( ) ng3a 23a -aa *')'& ('& 'gani&,'&. 'gani&,'&. La ng3a (0,in'&a & +'n6*i)a -' (a& -(an*a& n ng3a /03,i+aga+ia& a( -'+&' ((a,a)' 2'*'&3n*&i&. É&*a ng3a /03,i+a & n+a)a n (a& &0&*an+ia& 'gáni+a& -')0+i)a& -' (a& -(an*a&. E& inJ*i( )+i /0 &in (a (08" (a 6i)a n' ?i&*i3a &'5 (a Tia. A),á& ) &*a 6a(i'&a 20n+i=n" (a (08 g0(a ('& i*,'& 5i'(=gi+'& ) (a ,a;' -a* ) (a &-+i&. La (08 6i&i5( n' & (a Jni+a 2',a ) ng3a /0 n'& ((ga )&) ( S'(. E( S'( n'& n63a 6ai'& *i-'& ) ng3a" )&) Página 1>
'n)a& ) a)i' 4a&*a a;'& ga,,a. La (08 0(*a6i'(*a 9UV ; (a a)ia+i=n in2a'Fa 9+a(' & n+0n*an n* &*a& 2',a& ) a)ia+i=n &'(a. A,5a& &'n 2a+*'& +'(=gi+'& ,0; 6a(i'&'&.-aa (a 6i)a M0+4'& in&+*'& 0&an (a (08 0(*a6i'(*a -aa )i2n+ia 0na <' ) '*a. L'& 40,an'& n' -'),'& -+i5i (a a)ia+i=n UV. A+*Ja *a,5i@n (i,i*an)' n (a& a(g0na& a++i'n& 5i'/03,i+a& /0 -')3an & -ni+i'&a& -aa ('& && 6i6'&" ani/0i(an -a*=gn'&" ; -0)n -')0+i ,0*a+i'n& 2a6'a5(& ; )&2a6'a5(& n *')a& (a& 2',a& )6i)a
4.4. .4.
AIRE: ATMÓSF MÓSFER ERA A
E( -(an*a &*á 2',a)' -' *& +a-a&: a*,=&2a" g=&2a 4i)=&2a. E((a& &'n 6i*a(& -aa ( )&a'((' ) ('& && 6i6'& &'5 (a Tia ;" a),á&" ( -,i*n a( & 40,an' (a a(i8a+i=n ) )i&*in*a& a+*i6i)a)& +',' (a agi+0(*0a" (a ,in3a" (a in)0&*ia" *+. La a*,=&2a +'&-'n) +'&-'n) a (a +a-a ga&'&a /0 n60(6 a (a *ia. Ta,5i@n Ta,5i@n & ( ((a,a ai. ai. E& *an&-an* *an&-an* i,-a(-a5(. E( ai -0'" -0'" /0 & +aa+*i8a -' n' *n &a5'" '(' ni +'('. +'('. E( ai -'-'+i'na -'-'+i'na (a& &0&*an+ia& ga&'&a& ga&'&a& n+&aia& n+&aia& -aa /0 & ((6n a +a5' -'+&'& 6i*a(& ) ('& && 6i6'& +',' (a &-ia+i=n ; (a 2'*'&3n*&i&. A),á& & 0na 20n* ) '?3gn' (' /0 -'&i5i(i*a (a &-ia+i=n n ('& && 6i6'& ; (a ,an*n+i=n ) +0a(/0i &0&*an+ia +',50&*i5(. A),á& a-'*a )i=?i)' ) +a5'n'" ( ni*=gn' ; ( ag0a ga&'&a" ('& /0 & +i+(an +'n&*an*,n* n (a 5i=&2a. P' F,-('" ('& && 6i6'& *',an ( '?3gn' )( ai a( &-ia ; (i5an )i=?i)' ) +a5'n'" /0 a5&'5n (a& -(an*a& 6)& 6 )& n (a 2'*'&3n*&i&" -aa &g0i n*gan)' n06a,n* '?3gn' a( ai. Ta,5i@n Ta,5i@n ( ai a+*Ja a+*Ja +',' (*' ) (a a)ia+i=n 0(*a6i'(*a )( &'(" &'(" ga+ia& a( ga& '8'n' /0 +'n*in" ;a /0 &* <Fa &*'& a;'&. En ( 4',5" ( ai & 0n ,)i' -aa a(i8a +',50&*i'n& +',50&*i'n& /0 -,i*n ( 20n+i'na,in*' ) ,a/0inaia& 2a+i(i*a)'a& ) (a 6i)a ; (a& *aa& )( 4',5.
Página 1
03,i+a,n*" (a a*,=&2a &*á 2',a)a -' 0na &i ) ga&&" )'n) +a)a 0n' *in 0na 20n+i=n i,-'*an*. *+,+-+ Lo co!%o"e"te at!o./#ico o":
%An43)i)' +a5=ni+' ' )i=?i)' ) +a5'n': & 0n ga& & n+0n*a n 0n -'+n*aF ,0; 5aF' n (a a*,=&2a. Sin ,5ag'" & ) 6i*a( i,-'*an+ia -aa /0 ('& 6g*a(& -0)an a(i8a (a 2'*'&3n*&i& ; ) &* ,')' 2a5i+a &0 a(i,n*'. L'& && 6i6'& *'nan *'nan &* ga& a( a,5in* a *a6@& ) (a &-ia+i=n. E( an43)i)' +a5=ni+' -,i* *a,5i@n *n ( +a(' n (a a*,=&2a.
-! O"#$e%&: & 0n (,n*' ) &0,a i,-'*an+ia -aa /0 (a 6i)a n ( -(an*a &a -'&i5(" ;a /0 & &-ia)' -' *')'& ('& && && 6i6'&. P,i* P,i* (a +',50&*i=n ) (a& ,a*ia& -aa '5*n ng3a" ; & 20n* ) -0i+a+i=n )( ai ; ) (a& ag0a&" n* '*a& 20n+i'n&. -! N'*$e%&: a( +',5ina& +'n '*a& &0&*an+ia&" &* ga& 2',a ?+(n*& 2*i(i8an*&" /0 -,i*n ( ++i,in*' ) ('& 6g*a(&. Sin ,5ag'" &0 '( ,á& i,-'*an* & 4a+ &-ia5( ( '?3gn'" ;a /0 (' )i(0;. -! Va+& de a$,a: &*a)' ga&'&' )( ag0a /0 & +aa+*i8a -' ( a(*' ga)' ) ,'6i(i)a) ) (a& ,'(@+0(a& ) ag0a" (a +0a(& & n+0n*an a 0na )i&*an+ia n', n +',-aa+i=n a (a )i&*an+ia /0 ?i&* n* (a& ,'(@+0(a& ) ag0a /0 2',an ( &*a)' (3/0i)'. E( 6a-' ) ag0a & &n+ia( n (a 2',a+i=n ) (a& n05&" (a& /0 a( -+i-i*a +',' ((06ia -'6n ) ag0a a ('& && 6i6'&" -' F,-('" ani,a(& ; -(an*a&. A),á&" *in ( +a(' n (a a*,=&2a. La a+0,0(a+i=n ) 6a-' ) ag0a & 6aia5( n (a a*,=&2a" ; )-n) ) 2a+*'& *a(& +',' (a ++an3a ' (a (Fan3a &-+*' )( ,a" (a a(*i*0)" (a -&i=n a*,'&2@i+a ; (a *,-a*0a. -!O&%&: +0,-( 0na 20n+i=n ,0; i,-'*an*" ;a /0 &i6 ) (*' ) (a a)ia+i=n &'(a" a5&'5in)' (a a)ia+i=n 0(*a6i'(*a. E( -a&' ) &*a& a)ia+i'n& 4a&*a (a *ia -'6'+a ,0+4'& -'5(,a& a ('& && 6i6'&" +',' ,a;' )a' =-*i+' 9a( 'F'" +án+ a (a -i( ; )&*0++i=n ) ('& 6g*a(&. E( '8'n' & -&n*a -&n*a +',' O> 9,'(@+0(a. A&i,i&,'" n (a a*,=&2a & n+0n*an ('& ga&& in*&" n +an*i)a)& ,0; -/0a&. D-n)in)' )( (0ga" *a,5i@n 4a; '*'& +',-'nn*& +',' &'n: -'(6'" 40,'" +ni8a&" -'(n" &a(& ,aina&" *+@*a.
Página 1K
E( &-&' *'*a( ) (a a*,=&2a +',' +a-a 4a &i)' )i23+i( ) )*,ina" &in ,5ag'" ,5ag'" & a+-*a /0 &* 6a3a n* 1. ; 1.> i(=,*'&. 4.5. .5.
SALES LES MIN MINERA ERALES: LES: &'n n+&aia& -aa (a +'n&*0++i=n
&*0+*0a( ) ('& *Fi)'& ) ('& && 6i6'&" a),á& ) /0 -a*i+i-an n -'+&'& -'+&'& *a(& +',' (a a++i=n ) ('& &i&*,a& n8i,á*i+'&" +'n*a++i=n ,0&+0(a" a++i'n& n6i'&a& ; +'ag0(a+i=n ) (a &ang ) ('& ani,a(&. o E( +a(+i' & n+&ai' -aa )&a'((a ('& 40&'& ; +'n&6a &0 igi)8. Ta,5i@n -a*i+i-a n (a 2',a+i=n )( +i*' &/0(*' ; (a& ,,5ana& +(0(a&" a&3 +',' n (a g0(a+i=n ) (a ?+i*a5i(i)a) n6i'&a ; n (a +'n*a++i=n ,0&+0(a. E( 2=&2'' & +',5ina +'n ( +a(+i' n ('& 40&'& ; ('& o )in*&. D&,-a 0n -a-( i,-'*an* n ( ,*a5'(i&,' ) ng3a n (a& +@(0(a&" a2+*an)' a ('& 4i)a*'& ) +a5'n'" (3-i)'& ; -'*3na&. o E( ,agn&i' & &n+ia( -aa ( ,*a5'(i&,' 40,an' ; ,0; i,-'*an* -aa ,an*n ( -'*n+ia( (@+*i+' ) (a& +@(0(a& n6i'&a& ; ,0&+0(a& E( &')i' &*á -&n* n ( <0i)' ?*a+(0(a )'n) *in o 0n -a-( g0(a)'. E( 4i' & n+&ai' -aa (a 2',a+i=n ) (a 4,'g('5ina" o -ig,n*' ) ('& g(=50('& 'F'& ) (a &ang &-'n&a5(& ) *an&-'*a ( '?3gn' n ('& ani,a(&. o E( ;')' & i,-&+in)i5( -aa (a &3n*&i& ) (a& 4','na& ) (a g(án)0(a *i'i)&. E( +'5 &*á -&n* n ,0+4a& n8i,a& ; n -'*3na&" o ) (a &ang" ( +5' +5' ; ( 43ga)'. E( +in+ *a,5i@n & i,-'*an* -aa (a 2',a+i=n ) n8i,a&. o o E(
4.6. 4.6. LA TEMP TEMPER ERA ATURA TURA:: L'& -'+&'& 6i*a(& &0+)n )n*' ) 0n
in*6a(' ) *,-a*0a n* ('& C ; ('& C. La *,-a*0a +'n)i+i'na '*'& 2a+*'& 2a+*'& a5i=*i+'& (a 40,)a)" (a -&i=n a*,'&2@i+a ; ('& 6in*'&. La& 6aia+i'n& ) *,-a*0a n (a Tia )-n)n ) (a (a*i*0)" ) (a& &*a+i'n& ; ) (a a(*i*0). Página 1
L'& ani,a(&" )-n)in)' ) &0 +a-a+i)a) -aa +'n*'(a (a *,-a*0a +'-'a(" & +(a&i+an n: % En)'*,'&. Rg0(an &0 *,-a*0a ,)ian* (a -')0++i=n ) ng3a -' ,+ani&,'& in*n'&. S'n a6& ; ,a,32'&. % E+*'*,'&. N' *inn ,+ani&,'& in*n'& -aa +'n*'(a &0 *,-a*0a" -' (' /0 @&*a )-n) ) 20n*& ?*i'& ) +a('. +a('. S'n ('& in6*5a)'&" ('& -+&" ('& an5i'& ; ('& -*i(&. 4.7. 4.7. LA HUME HUMEDA DAD: D: E ag0a -0) n+'n*a& n ( ,)i' a,5in*
n 2',a ) 6a-' 940,)a) a*,'&2@i+a" n 2',a ) ag0a (3/0i)a ' n 2',a ) 4i('. L'& 'gani&,'& 4an )&a'((a)' )i2n*& &*a*gia& ; a)a-*a+i'n& -aa *n ag0a. D-n)in)' ) &0 n+&i)a) ) ag0a" ('& 'gani&,'& & +(a&i+an n: % A+0á*i+'&: Vi6n -,ann*,n* -,ann*,n* n ( ag0a. % Hig=('&: N+&i*an 6i6i n ,)i'& ,0; 4J,)'&. % M&=('&: S0& n+&i)a)& ) ag0a &'n ,')a)a& % #=('&: #=('&: N+&i*an -'+a ag0a -aa 6i6i ; 4a5i*an n ,)i'& ,0; &+'&. L'& 6g*a(& ?=('&" n+&i*an a-'6+4a (a &+a&a +an*i)a) ) ag0a /0 4a;a )i&-'ni5( a &0 a())'" -aa &'" 4an )&a'((a)' )i6&a& a)a-*a+i'n&:
% A(,a+nan ag0a n ('& *a(('&" /0 & +'n6i*n n *Fi)'& ) &6a % R)0+n a( ,3ni,' (a 6a-'a+i=n. La& 4'Fa& & 4a+n -/0a& ; )0a& ' & *a&2',an n &-ina& ; & )0+ ( nJ,' ) &*',a&. % D&a'((an a3+& &0-+ia(& ; ,0; ?*n)i)a& -aa +a-*a (a &+a&a ((06ia ' ( '+3' n 0n áa (' ,á& a,-(ia -'&i5(.
Página 1
A(g0na& -(an*a& 45á+a& -,an+n n 2',a ) &,i((a& )0an* a'&" 4a&*a /0 0na -/0a +an*i)a) ) ag0a ) ((06ia -,i* /0 g,in ; )&a'(( ( +i+(' +',-(*'" <'a+i=n" -')0++i=n ) &,i((a& ; ,0*" n &=(' 0na& 4'a&. L'& 6g*a(& ) +(i,a 23' *inn *a,5i@n /0 a)a-*a& a (a &+a&8 ) ag0a -'/0 &*á & n+0n*a n 2',a ) ni6 (a ,a;' -a* )( a'. S0& 4'Fa& &'n -/0a&" -nn& ; +'n 0na 20* -i),i& -'*+*'a. -'*+*'a.
K. FACTORES ABIOTICOS ACUATICOS : 5.1. 5.1. LUMI LUMINO NOSI SIDA DAD: D: La -'-aga+i=n ) (a (08 n+0n*a ,á&
)i+0(*a)& n ( ,)i' a+0á*i+' /0 n ( *&*7 -' (('" a 0na )*,ina)a -'20n)i)a)" -'20n)i)a)" (a '&+0i)a) & *'*a(. En ('& ,a& ; '+@an'& -'),'& )i2n+ia )'& 8'na&: (a 8'na 2=*i+a" )'n) 4a; (08" ; (a 8'na a2=*i+a" &in (08 9a -a*i ) ('& $ ,*'& n ('& ,a& ,0; +(a'& ; ) ,*'& n ('& ),á&.
5.2.
SALINIDAD: E& 0n 2a+*' (i,i*an* -aa (a ,a;'3a ) ('& 'gani&,'& )( ,)i' a+0á*i+'. ESTENOHIALINOS: ESTENOHIALINOS: *'(an+ia ,0; &*+4a a (a &a(ini)a) ; 6i6n n ag0a& )0(+& ' &a(a)a&7 -' F,-('" (a&
*0+4a& ' ('& 5a+a(a'&. EURIHIALINOS: EURIHIALINOS: -0)n +a,5ia ) ,)i'" +',' (a& ang0i(a& ' ('& &a(,'n&" /0 6i6n n ( ,a -' ,'n*an ,'n*an ('& 3'& -aa -')0+i&. Página 1
A*n)in)' a (a +'n+n*a+i=n ) &a( ) (a& ag0a&" ('& +'&i&*,a& a+0á*i+'& & +(a&i+an n: )0(+& ; &a('5&. 5.3. 5.3. LA DEN DENSI SIDA DAD: D: La )n&i)a) )( ag0a &" -' *@,in' ,)i'" K
6+& ,á& (6a)a /0 (a )( ai" (' /0 'igina 0na )i&,in0+i=n ) ('& 2+*'& ) (a ga6)a). E&* 4+4' *in +'n&+0n+ia& i,-'*an*&: % P,i* /0 ('& 'gani&,'& -0)an a(+an8a 0n gan *a,a'7 -' F,-(' (a& 5a((na&. % La& a(ga& n' n+&i*an (,n*'& ) &'&*@n" +',' ('& 6g*a(& n *ia ,. % !a6'+ (a <'*a5i(i)a) ; -,i* a a(g0n'& 'gani&,'& ,'6& a-'6+4an)' a-'6+4an)' &*a +aa+*3&*i+a7 -' F,-('" (a& ,)0&a&. % La &i&*n+ia a( )&-(a8a,in*' & ,0+4' ,a;' /0 n ( ai. Paa Paa +'n&g0i ( ,3ni,' '8a,in*' +'n ( ag0a" ('& ani,a(& na)a)'& 4an 6'(0+i'na)' 4a+ia 0n ,i&,' ,')(' ana*=,i+'. 5.4. LA PRESION PRESION HIDROST HIDROSTA ATICA: Una +'n&+0n+ia ) (a ,a;'
)n&i)a) n ( ,)i' ,)i' a+0á*i+'" a+0á*i+'" & /0 ( -&' )( ag0a n (a& -'20n)i)a)& -'20n)i)a)& ,aina& ((ga a & 0n 2a+*' (i,i*an* /0 +'n)i+i'na i,-'*an*& a)a-*a+i'n& ana*=,i+a& ; &i'(=gi+a& ) ('& 'gani&,'&. P' F,-('" ('& -+& a5i&a(& &'n -(an'& ; +a+n ) 6Figa na*a*'ia. 5.5. 5.5. LOS GASE GASES: S: La )i20&i=n )( O$ n ( ,)i' a+0á*i+' & ,á&
(n*a /0 n ( *&*7 -' (('" (a +an*i)a) )i&-'ni5( -aa ('& 'gani&,'& & ,0+4' ,n'. E&*' (& '5(iga a ,'6 gan)& 6'(J,n& ) ag0a a *a6@& ) (a& 5an/0ia&.
Página 1
A &0 68" (a )i20&i=n )( O$ & ,a;' n (a &0-+i /0 n (a& ag0a& -'20n)a&" ; ,n' n (a& ag0a& *an/0i(a& /0 n (a& agi*a)a&. A&i,i&,'" & in6&a,n* -'-'+i'na( -'-'+i'na( a (a *,-a*0a" ) 2',a /0 (a& ag0a& 23a& *inn ,a;' -'-'+i=n ) O$ /0 (a& +á(i)a&.
IMPORTANCIA IMPORTANCIA DE LOS !ACTORES !ACTORES ABIOTICOS: ABIOTIC OS: L'& 2a+*'& a5i=*i+'& 9ag0a" (08" ai ; &a(& ,ina(& &'n i,-&+in)i5(& n n0&*' n*'n'7 n*'n'7 ; & /0 &in &*'& 2a+*'&" (a 6i)a n' -')3a )&a'((a& n n0&*' -(an*a" -0& ga+ia& a (('& (( '& (a& +@(0(a& ) n0&*' +0-'" ; )( &*' ) ('& && 6i6'&" -0)n in+,n*a& ; &'56i6i. R&0(*a -aa)=Fi+' /0 &* *i-' ) 2a+*'& &an i,-&+in)i5(& -aa (a 6i)a" -0& (' +i*' & /0 *')'& (('& &'n in*&" n' *inn 6i)a -' (('& ,i&,'&. N' '5&*an*" &in &*'& 2a+*'& ('& 2a+*'& 5i=*i+'& *a,-'+' -')3an &05&i&*i. Si n'& Fa,'& -' F,-(' n ( ag0a ; a*n),'& a( )a*' ) /0 ( +0-' 40,an' )( & 40,an' +0n*a +'n 0n KQ ) (a ,i&,a" n*n),'& /0 &0 (6an+ia. E( ag0a &" a),á&" ( ,)i' i)a( -aa *an&,i*i *an&,i*i ('& n0*in*& ; -,i*i (a &3n*&i& ) +',-0&*'&. Sin ((a" (a& 20n+i'n& 6i*a(& ,á& &i,-(& n' -')3an a(i8a& -' (' /0 ,'i3a,'&. A&3" & +0an*' ,n'& +0i'&' /0 0na -&'na -0)a ag0an*a ,á& *i,-' &in +', /0 &in 55. E& +i*' /0 ,0+4'& 'gani&,'& &*án )i&a)'& -aa ag0an*a ,0+4' *i,-' &in ingi ag0a. Ogani&,'& a+'&*0,5a)'& a 6i6i n &i*0a+i'n& ?*,a& ?*,a& n (a& /0 &* 2a+*' n' a50n)a. A0n a&3" *')'& ('& 'gani&,'& 6i6'& n+&i*an" n ,a;' ' ,n' ,)i)a" )i+4a ag0a. La (08 & '*' 2a+*' a5i=*i+' &n+ia( -aa (a 6i)a. Pn&,'& n ( ,0n)' 6g*a(7 ; & /0 &in ((a" (a 2'*'&3n*&i& n' -')3a a(i8a&. Sin )i+4a 2'*'&3n*&i& (a& -(an*a& ,'i3an ; -' *an*' (a +a)na a(i,n*i+ia & 63a +',-(*a,n* a2+*a)a" ((gan)' Página $
in+(0&' a *,ina +'n (a 6i)a ) *')'& ('& && 6i6'& )( -(an*a. D&) 0n -0n*' ) 6i&*a &i,-(i&*a" -0& ( ai +0n*a +'n ,0+43&i,a& '*a& 20n+i'n& ; +',-0&*'&" &in ( '?3gn' /0 4a; n @( n' -')3a,'& 6i6i. La ,a;'3a ) && 6i6'& n+&i*an ( '?3gn' -aa -') &05&i&*i. A( &-ia('" ?-0(&a,'& )i=?i)' )i=?i)' ) +a5'n' /0 & a5&'5i)' -' ('& 6g*a(& -aa a(i8a (a ;a n',5a)a 2'*'&3n*&i&. Ta& Ta& ((' 6'(6,'& 6'(6,'& a +'n*a +'n '?3gn'. '?3gn'. E&*a +a)na & i,-'*an*3&i,a ; +',-(*a,n* i,-&+in)i5( -aa /0 ?i&*a 6i)a n (a *ia. !ina(,n* !ina(,n* n'& /0)an (a& &a(& ,ina(&" 0n 2a+*' a5i=*i+' )( /0 *a,-'+' -')3a,'& -&+in)i. -&+in)i. La& )i2n*& &a(& ,ina(& g0(an 0n &in23n ) a&-+*'& )*,inan*& n ('& 'gani&,'& 6i6'&. A&3" ga+ia& a ((a& -'),'& g0(a a&-+*'& +',' ('& &i&*,a& n8i,á*i+'& ' in+(0&' +'n*'(a (a +'ag0(a+i=n ) (a &ang. P' P' *')' (('" *nin)' n +0n*a (' i,-'*an* /0 &'n &*'& 2a+*'& a5i=*i+'&" & n+&ai' /0 +0i),'& *')'& ; +a)a 0n' ) &*'&.
Página $1
