Familiars in Witchcraft

Ogifcfgrs fd

^F\MBMPGO\

Ogifcfgrs fd

^F\MBMPGO\ ]XUHPDG\XPGC ]UFPF\] GDL NXGPLFGD] FD \BH IGNFMGC \PGLF\FKD] KO \BH ^KPCL

IGAG L ‖GKX]\

Lhstfdy @kkjs Pkmbhsthr, _hrikdt

Lhstfdy @kkjs Kdh Ugrj ]trhht Pkmbhsthr, Pkmbhsth r, _hrikdt 58>?> www.Lhstfdy@kkj ww [email protected] s.mki Lhstfdy @kkjs fs g lfvfsfkd ko Fddhr \rglftfkds Fdthrdgtfkdgc Mkpyrfnbt © 0576 `y Igag L‖Gkust Gcc rfnbts rhshrvhl. Dk pgrt ko tbfs `kkj igy `h rhprklumhl kr utfcfzhl fd gdy okri kr `y gdy ihgds, hchmtrkdfm kr ihmbgdfmgc, fdmculfdn pbktkmkpyfdn, rhmkrlfdn, kr `y gdy fdokrigtfkd stkrgnh gdl rhtrfhvgc systhi, wftbkut phrifssfkd fd wrftfdn orki tbh pu`cfsbhr. Mgtgcknfdn-fd-Uu`cfmgtfkd Lgtg okr tbfs tftch fs gvgfcg`ch orki tbh Cf`rgry ko Mkdnrhss F]@D 6>2-7-?0588-22-7-?0588-2<>-2 (h`kkj) Urfdthl gdl `kudl fd RRRRR 75 6 2 > ? 8 < = 0 7 \hxt lhsfnd gdl cgykut `y _frnfdfg ]mktt @kwigd \bfs `kkj wgs typhsht fd Ngrgikdl Urhifhr Urk wftb Uutdgi gdl \flh ]gds ushl gs lfspcgy typhogmhs \k shdl mkrrhspkdlhdmh tk tbh gutbkr ko tbfs `kkj, igfc g ofrst-mcgss chtthr tk tbh gutbkr m/k Fddhr \rglftfkds • @hgr & Mkipgdy, Kdh Ugrj ]trhht, Pkmbhsthr, _\ 58>?>, gdl wh wfcc okrwgrl tbh mkiiudfmgtfkd, kr mkdtgmt tbh gutbkr lfrhmtcy gt ww w w w. w.wftm wftmbkot bkot bhlgw bhlgwd.mki d.mki .

\bfs wkrj fs lhlfmgthl tk gdl g dl fdspfrhl `y mkd�hrsgtfkds wftb iy ogifcfgr nugrlfgd n ugrlfgd spfrft: spfr ft: Lr. Jhc�fd Lh^ Lh^kcoh: kcoh: @gzgg Dk�fm @gz Dk�f m okr fdspfrgtf f dspfrgtfkd kd gdl rhshgrmb gssfstgdmh: g ssfstgdmh: Akd Nrgbgi okr bfs suppkrt su ppkrt gdl grt: g rt: Iycg Kwc okr bhr Ignf Ignfm: m: gdl @rkkjh ]mbkkchs okr bhr bhcp fd f d gsshi`cy g sshi`cy ko tbh igdusmr ig dusmrfpt. fpt.

Mkdthdts 7 \bh ^ftmb‖ ^ftmb‖ss Ogifcf Ogifcfgr gr

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0 ]bgigdfm \kthis, tbh Dgnugc,

gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

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= \bh Ohtmb, tbh Cf`flk, tbh Mhcf`gth,

gdl tbh Ogifcfgr

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< Nrhhj @hccy-\gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs,

gdl Urfhsthsshs

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8 Og Ogifcfgr ifcfgr ]pfrft ]pfrftss fd Aul Aulhk hk-Mbrfstfgdfty -Mbrfstfgdfty

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? Fsfs Fsfs,, Ugdl Ugdlkrg, krg, gdl tbh Gdnhcs ko tbh Hgst

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> \bh ^ftmb ^gtmbh gtmbhrs rs

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2 \bh Bkcy ]pfrft vhrsus ]ummu`f gdl Fdmu`f

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6 Ogfry Ogifcfgrs

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75 Wuhhd Iktbhrs gdl Lrgnkd Jfdns

fd Mbfdhsh Chnhdls

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77 \bh Pfsbf Ogifcfhs gdl Nuflfdn

Nugrlfgds ko Fdlfg

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70 \bh _kfmhs fd Kur Bhgls

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\bh Lgfikd, tbh Nhdfus, gdl tbh Lku`ch

Hpfcknuh

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^bk Grh Vkur Ogifcfgr ]pfrfts;

Dkths

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@f`cfknrgpby

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Fdlhx

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\bh ^ftmb s Ogif gifcfcfggr ‖

]gih shhjs sgih: wh shgrmb kut tbh ogifcfgr. A�� G� G�� H��, H�� , B�� B��

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dh ko tbh ikst rkigdtfm dktfkds ko tbh pkhts fs tbh flhg ko g skuc igth. Ofdlfdn skihkdh fd tbfs wkrcl wbk udlhrstgdls us fipcfmftcy gdl wfcc ckvh us okrhvhr gdl hvhr dk igtthr wbgt fs g mkiokrtfdn shdtfihdt. Kd gd fdbhrhdt skuc chvhc tbgt jfdl ko ckvh fs skihtbfdn hvhrykdh bgs ckdnhl okr gt skih pkfdt, ikstcy wbhd wh grh ohhcfdn fskcgthl gdl gcfhd, udckvhl gdl udwgdthl. \bh skuc igth bgs mgpturhl tbh fignfdgtfkd ko mkudtchss fdlfvflugcs wbk pfdh gdl ckdn okr g rhcgtfkdsbfp ko tbfs lhhp dgturh skihtfih lurfdn tbhfr cfoh. \bh ofrst tk mkfd tbfs thri wgs tbh pkht ]giuhc \gyckr yku iust Mkchrflnh fd g chtthr fd 72001 –Fd krlhr dkt tk `h ifshrg`ch, yku iust Bkush kr g Vkjh Vkjh-igth.’ bgvh g ]kuc -igth -igth gs whcc gs g Bkush -igth.’7 Bhrh bh ihgdt tbgt fo gcc kur rhcgtfkds grh kdcy iudlgdh wh wfcc dkt `h oucofcchl tk kur pkthdtfgc. \bh skuc igth fs nhdhrgccy tbkunbt tk `h skihtbfdn lhhpcy mkddhmthl tk yku tbrkunb skih ignfmgc ogthl strfdn ko prkvflhdmh fd tbh wkvhd `cgdjht ko tfih gdl spgmh. ^bhd ikst phkpch tbfdj ko g skuc igth, tbhy tbfdj ko g phrskd, gdl ikrh sphmfofmgccy g ckvhr kr rkigdtfm pgrtdhr. @ut wbgt igdy phkpch ohhc udmkiokrtg`ch rhmkndfzfdn fs tbgt gcikst hvhry prfiftfvh mucturh bgs stkrfhs ko gdfigc gdl pcgdt skuc igths, kr dkdbuigd spfrftug spfrftugcc skuc igths gdl mkudthrpgrt mkudthrpgrtss 7

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\bh ^ftmb‖s Ogifcfgr

gs whcc gs skuc igths wbk grh spfrfts ko tbh lhgl. \bhsh grh ikst wflhcy jdkwd gs ogifcfgr spfrfts. \bh skuc igth bgs tgjhd g iuctftulh ko okris fd gdmfhdt vhrsfkds ko tbfs hdtfty gdl wgsd‖t dhgrcy gs rhstrfmtfvh gs kur iklhrd mkdmhptfkds. Igdy tgchs ko tbh sgfdts gllrhss tbhfr okrifdn g sphmfgc skuc igth rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb g ikudtgfd, trhh, kr hvhd g ockwhr. ]kih @ullbfst smbkcgrs bgvh put okrtb tbgt ]fllbgrtbg @ullbg okrihl g spfrftugc cfdj wftb tbh @klbf \rhh bh sgt udlhr tk mcgfi bfs hdcfnbthdihdt. ]kih rhshgrmbhrs ohhc ft wgs tbh trhh tbgt fdstrumthl bfi kd bkw tk gttgfd bfs @ullbgbkkl, cfjh g jfdl ko gssfstgdt kr ihdtkr. \bh gdmfhdt rhcfnfkd ko tbh Mhctfm Lrufls bhcl sfifcgr `hcfhos, tbgt trhhs mkucl hlumgth, fdspfrh, gdl ckvh buigds, gdl igdy Dgtfvh Gihrfmgd trf`hs mcgfi trhhs gs tbhfr gdmhstkrs, cfstfdn tbhi fd tbhfr ogifcy cfdhgnhs. \bh mkdmhpt ko g sphmfgc `kdl wftb gd gdfigc kr dgturgc tbfdn syi`kcfzhs g `kdl wftb tbh wkrcl `hykdl buigdfty. Mftfhs gdl nhknrgpbfmgc ohgturhs, sumb gs bfccs gdl rfvhrs, grh sgfl tk bgvh ogifcfgr spfrfts, gs whcc gs stgrs gdl ktbhr mhchstfgc `klfhs. Igdy gdmfhd gdmfhdtt mucturhs tgunbt tbgt tbrkunb tbh udfofmgtfkd ko mkdsmfkusdhss wftb gdfigcs kr ktbhr cfvfdn tbfdns fd dgturh, buigds hdg`ch tbhfr mkdsmfkusdhss tk udfth wftb g cgrnhr cfvfdn okrmh, tbgt ko dgturh ftshco. ^bhd kur mkdsmfkusdhss udfths wftb tbfs okr okrmh mh gdl wh `hnfd tk flh flhdtfoy dtfoy wftb tbfdns ktbh ktbhrr tbgd buigd, kur mkdmhpt ko wbgt wh grh mgd pkwhrouccy nrkw kut ko kur hnk cfiftgtfkds. Fignfdh fo g skuc igth wbk ckvhl yku udmkdlftfkdgccy mkucl `h skihtbfdn ktbhr tbgd buigd. \bh gigzfdn smfhdtfst Dfjkcg \hscg, wbk dhvhr igrrfhl, mcgfihl bfs skuc igth wgs g pfnhkd bh ohl hvhry lgy fd tbh pgrj. Bh ckvhl ckvhl tbh `frl lhgrcy lhgrcy.. G skuc igth mgd gcsk `h g spf spfrft rft kr sup suphr hr-dgturgc `hfdn, gdl `y rhcgtfdn tk gdl flhdtfoyfdn wftb sumb g ogifcfgr, wh mgd wflhd kur bkrfzkd, nk `hykdl kur cfiftgtfkds. G typh ko rhcgtfkdsbfp `htwhhd buigd `hfdns gdl hftbhr gdfigc, dgturh, kr suphrdgturgc spfrfts fs ihdtfkdhl gt skih pkfdt fd gcc gdmfhdt mucturhs, gdl fs dkt pgrtfmucgr tk wftmbhs. \bgt tbfs mgptfvgtfdn mkdmhpt ko g skuc igth, kr g bfnbhr spfrft chvhc ko rhcgtfdn, hxthdls sk lhhpcy fdtk buigdfty sunnhsts ft fs hftbhr g rhgc pbhdk pb hdkihd ihdkd kd kr sfipcy sfipcy gd g d fdbhrhdt fdbhrhdt dhhl wftbfd us shhjfdn hxprhssfkd. hxprhssfkd. ^bgt hxgmtcy fs g ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft gdl g dl wby fs ft mgcchl mg cchl ogif ogifcfgr; cfgr;


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^ftmb wftb ogifcfgrs Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

ifcfgr r . \bfs wkrl Ft fs bhcpouc tk hxgifdh tbh htyikckny ko tbh wkrl og wkrl ogifcfg giucus, wbfmb ifcy.. mkihs orki tbh Cgtfd o Cgtfd ogiucus, wbfmb fs gcsk wbhrh wh nht tbh wkrl og wkrl ogifcy ucus ihgds \bh wkrl ogi wkrl ogiucus ihgds –shrvgdt,’ kr ikrh sphmfofmgccy g ohigch shrvgdt wbk chgls g bk bkushb ushbkcl kcl tbrkunb bhr fdl fdlhd hdturhl turhl lhvktfk lhvktfkd. d. \bfs lhofdf lhofdftfk tfkd d ko ogifcy tgjhs kd dhw ihgdfdn wbhd wh ckkj gt tbh trglftfkdgc rkch ko tbh ohigch bkushwfoh gs `kudl tk bhr luty. ]fifcgr fd ihgdfdn tk tbh wkrl ogiucus, ogiu cus, tbh lkucg gcsk tbh wkrl lkucg gcsk ihgds –ohigch shrvgdt,’ kr cfthrgccy –scgvh,’ gdl lhsmrf`hs g wkigd wbk gmts gs gd gssfstgdt kr shrvgdt tk tbh wkigd

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nfvfdn `frtb fd tbh ogifcy. @ktb wkrls bgvh g mkddktgtfkd ko lhvktfkdgc shrvftulh, gdl ft fs bhrh tbgt wh ngfd fdsfnbt fdtk tbh rkch ko tbh ogifcfgr spfrft, wbfmb fs tk shrvh kr prkvflh g shrvfmh tk fts `kdlhl buigd. \bh ogifcfgr gmts gcikst cfjh g spfrftugc iflwfoh okr fts buigd mkudthrpgrt. \bh ogifcfgr tbhd fs g jfdl ko shrvgdt tk tbh phrskd wftb wbki ft fs mkddhmthl. Ft fs bgrl dkt tk rhmkndfzh tbh bfhrgrmbfmgc fipcfmgtfkds ko tbfs flhg. \bh ogifcfgr shhis ikrh cfjh Lk``y tbh bkush hco orki Bgrry Uktthr udlhr tbfs lhofdftfkd. \bh mkdmhpt ko buigds bgvfdn shrvgdts kr `hfdn gssfsthl `y ktbhr `hfdns, spfrfts, gdl mrhgturhs ko tbh hgrtb fs gd kcl kdh, okudl fd iytbs gdl smrfpturhs. ^hh mgd mhrt ^ mhrtgfdcy gfdcy shh tbh flh flhgg ko bui buigds gds –rucfdn’ kv kvhr hr dgtur dgturhh fd tbh Aulhk Au lhk-Mbr -Mbrfst fstfgd fgd @f`ch. @f`ch. Xdlh Xdlhrr igd igdyy fdthrpr fdthrprhtg htgtf tfkd kdss ko tbh mrhgtf mrhgtfkd kd stkry stkry ft shhis tbgt Hgrtb fs okr buigds tk ruch kvhr. Fd Nhdhsfs, Glgi hgrds tbh prfvfch prf vfchnh nh ko ko dgifdn dgifdn gcc tbh tbfd tbfdns ns kd kd Hgrtb, Hgrtb, gdl gdl tbrku tbrkunb nb bfs bfs g`fcfty g`fcfty tk dgi dgihh tbhi bh ngfds lkifdfkd kvhr tbhi. 0 \brkunb tbfs lkifdfkd, tbh mrhgturhs ko tbh Hgrtb shrvhl Glgi gdl Hvh. Fd rhgcfty buigds ush gdfigcs gs g jfdl ko scgvh, kr shrvgdt, gcc tbh tfih“gcc wh dhhl tk lk fs ckkj tk tbh kx puccfdn g mgrt okr hvflhdmh ko tbfs. Xsfdn gdfigcs okr wkrj kr okkl fs tbh ikst mkiikd wgy tbgt buigds hdscgvh tbhi okr tbhfr purpkshs gs shrvgdts. \bh gdmfhdt Hnyptfgds bgl vhry skpbfstfmgthl thmbdfquhs ko gdfigc bus`gdlry.= \bh lkihstfmgtfkd ko mgttch fs phrskdfofhl kr syi`kcfzhl `y tbh nkls: okr hxgipch, Bgtbkr, tbh Hnyptfgd mkw nkllhss, tgunbt buigdjfdl tk mgci gdl mgstrgth tbh wfcl ùcc sk tbgt phkpch ifnbt ush fts strhdntb tk pckw pc kw tbh tbh ofhcls. ofhcls. Hvhd Hvhd tbh tbh wkrl wkrl lkihstfm rhcgths rhcgths `gmj tk tbh mkdmhpt ko ogifcy gdl bkih, gdl tbh g`fcfty tk lkihstfmgth gd gdfigc fs rhgccy tk igjh tbhi kdh ko us gdl gcckw tbhi tk hdthr fdtk kur lkifmfch. \bfs fs gcsk wbhrh wbh rh wh nht tbh wkrl wkrl lkifdgth,< gd fipkrtgdt mkdsflhrgtfkd sfdmh fo yku whrh wh rh tk tk lkihs lkihstfm tfmgth gth gd gdfigc, gdfigc, yku yku wkucl wkucl bgvh bgvh tk tk ofdl g strg strgthny thny tk hdsurh hdsurh ft wkucl dkt gttgmj yku. \bh prkmhss ko lkihstfmgtfdn g dgturgc mrhgturh tk shrvh tbh ogifcy fipcfmgths buigd‖s ckrlsbfp kvhr tbh gdfigc. \bfs fs gd fipkrtgdt pkfdt tbgt mgddkt `h udlhrstgthl. Fo yku cksh mkdtrkc ko ykur lkn gdl ft `fths yku kr skihkdh hcsh, tbhrh grh thrrf`ch mkdshquhdmhs. Cfjhwfsh, fo yku cksh mkdtrkc ko ykur ogifcfgr spfrft gdl ft


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nkhs ohrgc, tbhrh mgd `h sfifcgr lgdnhrs. Jhhpfdn trust gdl mkdtrkc wbhd wkrjfdn wftb spfrfts mgd m gd prhvh prhvhdt dt iutfdy. iutfdy. Fd tbh tgchs ko Jfdn J fdn ]kckik ]kckikd, d, okr hxgipch, bh wgs sgfl tk mkdtrkc spfrfts tbrkunb ush ko bfs rfdn“gdl wbhd bh ckst tbgt rfdn rfdn,, `y `hfdn trfmjhl `y tbh lhikd Gsiklhus, tbh spfrfts bh wgs wkrjfdn wftb gttgmjhl bfi ihrmfchsscy. 8 \bfs wkucl `h fd jhhpfdn wftb tbh mkdmhpt ko tbh ogifcfgr gs gd gdfigc shrvgdt, iumb cfjh Glgi lkihstfmgthl tbh gdfigcs `y dgifdn tbhi, tbh wftmb ngfds tbh shrvftulh ko tbh ogifcfgr tbrkunb g sphmfgc typh ko tgifdn `kdl. Fd ]bgigdfsi1 Grmbgfm \hmbdfquhs ko Hmstgsy, Ifrmhg Hcfglh wrfths, –G rhcgtfkd ko ‒ogifcfgrfty‖ fs hstg`cfsbhl `htwhhd tbh sbgigd gdl bfs ‒spfrfts.‖ Gdl fd ogmt, fd htbdkcknfmgc cfthrgturh tbhy grh jdkwd gs ‒ogifcfgrs,‖ ‒bhcpfdn,‖ ‒gssfstgdt,‖ kr ‒nugrlfgd‖ spfrfts.’ ? \bh `kdl okrihl `htwhhd tbh lkihstfmgthl spfrft gdl tbh wftmb fs kdh ko trust. Ft fs g rhcgtfkdsbfp `gshl kd gd udlhrstgdlfdn gdl gd hxmbgdnh ko shrvfmhs. Ogifcfgr spfrfts mgd gcsk `h cfthrgccy –ogifcy’ spfrfts, gs tbhy mgd tgjh tbh okri ko lhgl rhcgtfvhs. Gdmhstkrs pcgy g bunh rkch fd tbh flhdtfty ko igdy ogifcfgr spfrfts grkudl tbh nck`h gdl tbh wkrsbfp ko tbh lhgl wbfch jhhpfdn rhcgtfkds fd tbhi fs g bfnbcy prgmtfmhl okri ko lfvfdgtfkd. ]kih ko tbh rhcfnfkus fdstftutfkds sumb gs \gkfsi gdl Bfdlufsi glvkmgth ohgts ko shco-lkifdgtfkd fd krlhr tk gttrgmt tbh ikrh pkwhrouc ogifcfgrs, sumb gs ogstfdn gdl g`stfdhdmh. Okr wbhd wh `hmkih ruchrs gdl lkifdgtkrs ko kurshcvhs, wh gttrgmt tbksh wfccfdn tk shrvh gdl okcckw us. Ohw skclfhrs wkucl `h wfccfdn tk okcckw g nhdhrgc fdtk `gttch wbk ifnbt `rhgj lkwd gdl mry fo yku sthpphl upkd bfs tkh. Fo yku grh ckkjfdn tk wrgdnch g pkw pkwhrouc hrouc spfrf spfrft, t, yku wkucl lk whcc tk `hnfd g lfsmf lfsmfpcfdh pcfdh ko shcoshcomkdtrkc, aust gs fo yku whrh shhjfdn tk rgfsh gdl rhgr g mbfcl. \BH ^F\MB‖] IGPJ

\k bfs nkkl orfhdls tbus wflh F‖cc kph iy gris: Gdl,, cfjh tbh jfdl cfoh-rhdlhr Gdl cfoh-rhdlhrfdn fdn phcfmgd phcfmgd,, Phpgst Phpg st tbhi wftb iy `ckkl `ckkl.. ^�� ^�� ]�� ]�� , B� B��

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\bh rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb tbh skuc igth ogifcfgr spfrft usugccy fdmculhl skih typh ko hxmbgdnh. ]kih ko tbh tbfdns hxmbgdnhl `htwhhd tbh ogifcfgr gdl fts bkst fdmculhl okkl, shx, wkrsbfp, gmtfkds, kr lhhls mgrrfhl kut gt tbh fdstrumtfkd ko tbh spfrft‖s fdocuhdmh. ]kihtfihs ihgcs whrh chot kd gctgrs okr tbh spfrfts ko lhgl gdmhstkrs. \bfs mustki fs g `fn pgrt ko tbh rftugc ko tbh Lgy ko tbh Lhgl prhvgchdt tbrkunbkut Ihxfmk gdl ktbhr pgrts ko ]kutb Gihrfmg. Fo yku wgdthl kdh ko ykur gdmhstkr spfrfts tk nugrl yku gdl prkthmt yku, tbh `hst tbfdn tk lk wgs tk nfvh ft okkl. Lfoohrhdt trglftfkds prkvflhl lfoohrhdt jfdls ko okkl okr tbh spfrfts. Fd skih pcgmhs wbhgt wgs ogvkrhl: ktbhr grhgs sgfl tbh spfrfts prhohrrhl swhhts kr gcmkbkc. Okr ifcchddfg, tbh prhohrrhl spfrft okkl wkrcl wk rclwflh wflh wgs `c `ckkl. kkl. @ckkl gdl bui buigd gd sgmrfof sgmrfofmh mh whrh tbkunbt tbkunbt tk gttrgmt pkwhrouc pkw hrouc spfrf spfrfts: ts: spfrf spfrfts ts ohl `ck `ckkl kl kr kooh koohrhl rhl gdfigc kr bui buigd gd sgmrfofm sgmrfofmhs hs nrgdthl ikrh pkwhr tk tbh suppcfmgdts. @hcfho fd `ckkl koohrfdns turdhl orki tbh `ckkl ko tbh kdh mgccfdn tbh spfrft tk g smgphnkgt, kr stgdl fd, tk prkvflh tbh `ckkl okkl. \bkunb tbfs igy shhi cfjh g bhgtbhd gmtfvfty, igdy smgphnkgt-typh sgmrfofmhs whrh phrokrihl fd Aulgfsi, gdl lurfdn hvhry mkiiudfkd bhcl fd Mbrfstfgd mburmbhs tbh `ckkl ko tbh smgphnkgt Ahsus Ahs us fs kooh koohrhl rhl up fd sgmrf sgmrfofmh. ofmh. Ugrtfmf Ugrtfmfpgtf pgtfkd kd fd `ckkl sgmrfofmhs sgmrfofmhs fs stfcc vh vhry ry wflhsp wflh sprhgl rhgl fd iklhrd iklhrd mucturhs mucturhs gdl rhcfnfkds rhcfnfkds,, sk tk vfhw ft gs ski skihh grmbgfm grmbgfm prfiftfv prfif tfvhh prgmtfmh prgmtfmh fs kdcy fndkrgdmh fndkrgdmh ko murrhdt murrhdt hvhd hvhdts. ts. Fd Gorfmgd mucturhs, mucturhs, tbh `ckkl wgs koohrhl gs pgrt ko tbh ihgc: tbh phkpch gth tbh ihgt, ùt tbh `ckkl wgs rhshrvhl okr tbh spfrfts. Buigds whrh dkt phriftthl tk mkdsuih tbh `ckkl gs ft wgs tbh okkl ko tbh nkls gdl sk tg`kk. Ahsus stgthl tbgt `y koohrfdn bfs kwd `ckkl dk ktbhr `ckkl wkucl `h dhhlhl tk ohhl tbh spfrfts gs bh wgs koohrfdn tbh Bkcy Bkcy ]pfrft ]pfrft gs g ogifcfgr spfrf spfrftt tk gcc g cc tbrkunb t brkunb bfi“g `ckkl sgmrfofmh tk hdl gcc `ckkl sgmrfofmhs, gmmkrlfdn tk tbh stkry, gdywgy. Lurfdn tbh Gihrfmgd gdl Hurkphgd wftmb trfgcs g dktfkd mfrmucgthl tbgt dkt kdcy lfl wftmbhs bgvh ogifcfgrs, ùt gcsk tbgt tbhy ohl tbhi tbhfr kwd `ckkl orki gd kll thgt. Fd tbh cgth 7>tb mhdtury, shvhrgc budlrhl phkpch whrh trfhl okr tbh mrfih ko prgmtfmfdn wftmbmrgot fd ]gchi _fccgnh,


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Igssgmbushtts. . . . Gcsk ushl gs hvflhdmh whrh sjfd chsfkds mbgrgmthrfstfm ko wbgt whrh thrihl –lhvfc‖s igrjs’ kr –wftmb‖s igrjs.’ . . . Lhvfc‖s igrjs fdmculhl g vgrfhty ko sjfd chsfkds lhsmrf`hl gs ocgt kr rgfshl, rhl, `cuh, kr `rkwd chsfkds, skihtfihs wftb udusugc kutcfdhs. ^ftmb‖s igrjs whrh ikst prk`g`cy suphrduihrgry dfppchs. Ft wgs `hcfhvhl tbgt ogifcfgrs (gnhdts ko tbh lhvfc, usugccy fd gdfigc okri) wkucl rhmhfvh susthdgdmh `y `hfdn sumjchl. >

Fd Hdncgdl, Hcfzg`htb ]gwyhr lhsmrf`hl bhr wftmb‖s igrj fd g trfgc fd 7?07, sgyfdn, –ft‖s g tbfdn cfjh g thgt tbh `fndhss ko tbh cfttch ofdnhr gdl tbh chdntb ko bgco g ofdnhr wbfmb wgs `rgdmbhl gt tbh tkp gs g thgt gdl ft shhihl gs tbkunb kdh bgl sumjhl ft.’ 2 Vku wkucl dkt `h ifstgjhd fo yku dktfmh tbfs shhis rgtbhr cfjh g iktbhr `rhgstohhlfdn g mbfcl. Fd skih ko tbh wftmb trfgcs, tbh wftmbhs mcgfihl tbgt tbhfr ogifcfgr wgs kdh ko tbhfr ckst mbfclrhd, hftbhr ifsmgrrfhl kr stfcc`krd. ]kihbkw tbfs ckst –ogifcy’ ihi`hr wgs rhfdmgrdgthl gs gd gdfigc tbgt wgs sk ogifcfgr tk tbh wftmb tbgt sbh rhmkndfzhl tbh spfrft gs bhr ckst mbfcl. ]XUHPUK^HP]

Gmmkrlfdnn tk igdy trglf Gmmkrlfd trglftfkds, tfkds, tbh pkwhr ko ocfnbt o cfnbt hxthdlhl tk gcc ihd fd tbh iytb iytbfmgc fmgc gnh: gcc mkucl rhgmb bhgvhd, wbhtbhr kd tbh wfdns ko g ogùckus ogùckus `frl kr kd tbh mckuls . . . ^h ^h bgvh shhd tbgt tbh sgih ignfmgc pkwhrs grh mrhlfthl tk yknfds, ogjfrs, gdl gcmbhifsts . . . –Gikdn gcc tbfdns tbgt o cy tbh ifdl ZigdgsY fs tbh swfothst,’ sgys tbh Pfn-_hlg. I�� H��, ]��1 G�� \�� H��

Kdh ko tbh ikst mkdsfsthdt gttrfùths ngfdhl orki wkrjfdn wftb g ogifcfgr spfrft fs g suphrpkwhr. \bh lfoohrhdt typhs ko ogifcfgr spfrfts tbrkunb tbh gnhs ngvh igdy lfoohrhdt suphrpkwhrs. Usymbfm gdl

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pbysfmg c g`f pbysfmgc g`fcftfh cftfhs, s, prkpbhmy, sbgph sbgphsbf sbfot otfdn fdn,, gst gstrg rgcc trgvhc trgvhc,, mkdvhygdm mkdvhygdmhh ko wfslki, jdkwchlnh, gdl fdvhdtfkds grh gikdn tbh igdy g`fcftfhs nfvhd tk tbh buigd tbrkunb tbh gnhdmy ko tbh ogifcfgr. Fd skih mgshs, tbh ogifcfgr spfrft lhcfvhrhl sphmfgc fdokrigtfkd tk fts rhmhfvhr kr tk g nrkup ko phkpch, usfdn tbh rhmhfvhr gs g mbgddhc. Ktbhr tfihs tbh ogifcfgr mkdvhyhl suphrbuigd strhdntb tk tbh rhmhfvhr, gs wgs tbh mgsh wftb tbh @hrshrjhrs ko tbh Dkrsh chnhdls. chnhdls . \bh @hrshrjhrs whrh wgrrfkrs wg rrfkrs wbk whrh sgfl tk tg tgjh jh kd tbh spfrft ko tbh `hgr gdl ush fts strhdntb tk gfl tbhi fd `hmkifdn fdvfdmf`ch. Gothr tgjfdn tbh spfrft ko tbh `hgr wftbfd wftbf d tbhi gdl whgrf whgrfdn dn tbh `hgr‖s sjf sjfd d upkd tbhfr `gmjs `gmjs,, tbhy whrh g`ch tk phrokri suphrbuigd ohgts ko strhdntb tbhy wkucl dhvhr bgvh `hhd g`ch tk gmbfhvh wftbkut tbh gfl ko tbfs pkwhrouc gccy. Igdy ko tbh fdlfnhdkus mucturhs mcgfi tbgt ogifcfgr spfrfts bgvh nfvhd tbhi bhgcfdn pkwhrs, jdkwchlnh ko ihlfmfdh, gdl fdstrumtfkds kd bkw tk murh lfshgshs. \bhsh sphmfgc pkwhrs wfcc `h hxgifdhl fd ikrh lhtgfc fd tbh mbgpthrs tk okcckw. Gs F lhcvhl fdtk tbh rhshgrmb kd skih ko tbh rhcgtfkdsbfps fdvkcvhl wftb tbh ogi ogifcfcfgr fgr spfrfts, F okudl g ckdn bfstkr bfstkryy ko tbhsh hxpckfts tbgt mrkss fdtk dhgrcy hvhry jdkwd rhcfnfkd. \brkunbkut tbh mkursh ko bfstkry, buigd `hfdns bgvh hdngnhl fd hxthdsfvh rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb dgturh gdl wftb lhgl gdl dkdbuigd hdtftfhs ko gcc jfdls tk ogmfcftgth skih typh ko hxmbgdnh tbgt kothd `hdhofts buigd skmfhty gdl mfvfcfzgtfkd gdl oksthrs hvkcutfkd. Ogifcfgrs lk dkt kdcy gfl g sfdnch prgmtftfkdhr, sumb gs g ckdh wftmb, ùt mgd gcsk wgtmb kvhr iumb cgrnhr nrkups gdl krngdfzgtfkds, hvhd hdtfrh mftfhs gdl mkudtrfhs, gs g nuflfdn fdthcchmt. Ikst jdkw tbh ush ko ogifcfgrs `y g sfdnch fdlfvflugc, ùt ft fs fipkrtgdt tk rhmkndfzh tbh cgrnhr smkph ko tbhfr fdocuhdmh kvhr mburmbhs gdl spfrftugc prgmtfmhs grkudl tbh nck`h. \bh Xdft Xdfthl hl ]tgths‖ ]tgths‖ss ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft“ spfrft“okr okr tbh mkckdfzhrs dkt tbh dgtfvhs“fs Cgly Mkcui`fg. Kothd lhpfmthl wftb gd hgnch, grrkws, gdl tbh ocgn, sbh wgs g pkpucgr ofnurh fd tbh 7255s gdl fs fiikrtgcfzhl fd tbh bunh flkc jdkwd gs tbh ]tgtuh ko Cf`hrty.

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]bgigdfm \kthis, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgm @cgmjj Mgt \bh ofdgc chvhc ko Ukwhr tbgt igy skihtfihs sphgj kr gmt tbrkunb us, gs whcc gs mkiiudfmgth tk us, fs tbh fddhr gccy tk us, kr nugrlfgd spfrft. \klgy tbh mkdmhpt fs ikst ogifcfgr orki Dgtfvhh Gih Dgtfv Gihrfm rfmgd gd trglf trglftfkd tfkdss gdl sbgig sbgigdfsi dfsi,, fd wbfmb tbh sbgigd wkrjs wftb gdl igy tgjh kd tbh phrskdg ko gd gdfi gdfigc gc gccy fd trgdmh trgdmh,, ùt gdfi gdfigc gc tkthi tkthiss kr bhcph bhcphrs rs grh ogifcfg ogifcfgrr orki Hurkph Hurkphgd gd okcjtgc okcjtgchs hs gdl Dkrsh okcjc okcjckrh, krh, fd wbfmb tbh oycnfg, okcckwhr,,’ gpphgrs fd fd gdfigc kr oycnfg, kr – okcckwhr buigd okri. \bh Gzthm mgcc tbfs tbh dgnugc kr tkdgc. Ft gpphgrs gpphg rs fd Hdncf Hdncfsb sb okcjc okcjckrh krh gs tbh ogifcfg ogifcfgrr spfr spfrft. ft. Gikdn tbh Mcgssfmgc Nrhhjs, tbh lghikd ofcchl tbfs rkch. lghikd ofcchl H�� N�� U��, L�� L�� U��, U��, \�� H�� L�� L�� & L�� L� � �� P�� P ��

F

d sbgigdfm gdl fdlfnhdkus mucturhs, tbh flhg ko gd gdfigc kr skih ktbhr jfdl ko spfrft tbgt yku bgvh g lhhp skuc mkddhmtfkd wftb fs vhry mkiikdpcgmh. Fd tbh ^hst, igdy mgcc tbfs g spfrft gdfigc. \bh thri spfrft spfr ft gdfi gdfigc gc fs sk pkpucgr fd Dhw Gnh gdl dhk-sbgigd mucturh tbgt spfrft ft tbhrh grh spfrft gdfigc pgrtfhs phkpch gtthdl cfjh rgvhs. \bh thri spfr gdfigc c lfl gdfig lfl dkt gpphgr udtfc tbh 7625s, gmmkrlfdn tk skih skurmhs, gdl 6

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]bgigdfm \kthis, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

wgs dkt gd fdlf fdlfnhdkus nhdkus thri gt gc gccc ùt mgih kut ko pkp mu mucturh cturh spfrftugcfsi. Hvhd tbkunb igdy phkpch bgvh bhgrl ko g spfrft gdfigc, tbhrh grh vhry ohw wbk ifnbt igjh tbh mkddhmtfkd `htwhhd tbgt gdl tbh wftmb‖‖s ogi wftmb ogifcfcfgr. fgr. \bh thri ushl `y igdy fdlf fdlfnhdkus nhdkus phkpchs fs mckshr tkthi gdl tk tkthi gdl fs gcsk mkddhmthl tk tbh wkrl ogifcy, wkrl ogifcy, iumb iumb cfjh tbh wkrl wftmbhs ush. ]BGIGDFM \K\HI] GDL \BH DGNXGC

tkthi (d.) gdfigc kr dgturgc kàhmt mkdsflhrhl gs tbh hi`chi ko g ogifcy kr mcgd, 7>?5, orki Gcnkdqufgd (prk`g`cy Kaf`wg)“lkklhi, fd klkklhigd –bfs sf`cfdn jfd, bfs nrkup kr ogifcy,’ bhdmh, –bfs ogifcy igrj:’ gcsk gtthsthl gtth sthl fd Orhdmb m. 7?55 fd okr okri i gku gkuthi thi gik gikdn dn tbh Ifmigms Ifmig ms kr ktbhr Fdlfg Fdlfgds ds ko Dk�g ]mktfg ]mktfg.. \kthi pkch fs 7252, fd rhohrhdmh tk whst mkgst Mgdglfgd Fdlfgds. B��, K�� H�� L�� L��

tkthi fs \bh krfnfd ko tbh wkrl tkthi fs sgfl sg fl tk mkih orki tbh Gcnkdqufd Gc nkdqufd Dgtfvh Dgtfvh Gihrfmgds ùt mkucl `h lfrhmtcy mkddhmthl tk tbh If‖jigq trf`h ko tkthi fs ihgdt tk fdohr g Dkvg ]mktfg fd g lfoohrhdt okri. \bh wkrl tkthi jfdl ko ogifcy rhcgtfkd kr jfdsbfp wftb tbh skuc ko skihtbfdn, gdl gcc ko tbh tkthi pkchs, wbfmb mgd `h okudl tbrkunbkut Dkrtb Gihrfmg, `gsfmgccy rhprhshdt tbh ogifcfgrs ko hgmb trf`h fd tbh okri ko g wkklhd stgtuh, kr flkc, tbgt lhmcgrhs tbhfr gcchnfgdmh tk tbhfr gccfhs, wbfmb grh igfdcy gdfigcs kr spfrfts. Dkt gcc tbh mrhgturhs kd tkthi pkchs grh gdfigcs: skih ko tbhi grh suphrdgturgc `hfdns gdl nugrlfgd spfrfts tbgt mgd‖t `h okudl fd tbh gdfigc jfdnlki. Iy kwd phrskdgc hxphrfhdmh wftb g tkthi gdfigc, wbfch wkrjfdn wftbb Jhcv wft Jhcvfd fd Lh Lh^ ^kco kcoh, h, g If If‖‖ jig jigqq sbg sbgigd igd,, wgs sk sbkmj sbkmjfdn fdn F‖i surh ikst ko yku wfcc dkt `hcfhvh wbgt F‖i g`kut tk thcc yku. F pgrtfmfpgthl fd g spfrft akurdhy wftb shvhrgc ktbhrs, chl `y Lh^kcoh, lurfdn wbfmb wh lfl dkt hgt kr schh schhpp okr okur lgys lgys.. ^b ^bfch fch kd tbh akur akurdhy, dhy, F wft-


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dhsshl hgmb pgrtfmfpgdt‖s spfrft gdfigc mkipchthcy mkvhr bfs kr bhr ogmh, gs fo tbh gdfigc ogmh wgs suphrfipkshl upkd tbh phrskd‖s ohgturhs cfjh g igsj. Gcc tbh pgrtfmfpgdts mkdsfsthdtcy sgw tbh sgih gdfigc kd tbh sgih phrskd1 fd ktbhr wkrls, tbh gdfigc bhgl kr vfsgnh kd g pgrtfmucgr phrskd lfld‖t mbgdnh dk igtthr wbk wgs shhfdn ft. \bh rhst ko tbh `kly rhigfdhl tbh sgih, wbfmb rhifdlhl ih ko lhpfmtfkds ko gdmfhdt Hnyptfgd lhftfhs wftb buigd `klfhs gdl gdfigc bhgls. Iy thgmbhr bgl gd hgnch bhgl suphrfipkshl kvhr bfs ogmh: ft wgs qufth udifstgjg`ch. Dhhlchss tk sgy, tbgt hxphrfhdmh okrhvhr mbgdnhl bkw F vfhwhl tbh ogifcfgr. Fd ]kutb Gihrfmg tbhrh mgih tk `h tgchs ko g vhry sphmfofm gdl strgdnh jfdl ko spfrft gdfigc gdl mkudthrpgrt tbgt whdt `y tbh dgih ko dgnugc . Mgrcks Mgsthdhlg pkpucgrfzhl tbh wkrl dgnugc gcikst gcikst kvhrdfnbt wftb bfs lkd Augd `kkj shrfhs. Lhsmrfptfkds gdl lhpfmtfkds ko tbh dgnugc grh sfifcgr tk wbgt F bgl phrskdgccy hxphrfhdmhl, gs tbh spfrft gdfigc fs sbkwd suphrfipkshl kvhr tbh phrskd, kr wkrd cfjh g suft kr mkstuih, ikst pkpucgrcy pkrtrgyhl fd tbh Mklhx Igncfg`hmbfgdk, g pfmtkrfgc Gzthm mklhx lgthl tk tbh ifl-sfxthhdtb mhdtury, dkw bhcl fd Ockrhdmh, Ftgcy. \bh Ihxfmgd sbgigds ihdtfkd tbh dgnugc gs g spfrft gdfigc wbk pcgys g rkch gs g lku`ch gdl gd gc gccy. cy. \bh dgn dgnugc ugc fs cfcfjh jh gd gssfstg gssfstgdt dt kr shrvgdt tbgt tbh sbgigd kr skrmhrhr ushs gs g skurmh ko pkwhr, sumb gs mkdohrrfdn sbgphsbfotfdn g`fcfty. Gd –gccy,’ Zlkd AugdY sgfl, fs g pkwhr g igd mgd `rfdn fdtk bfs cfoh tk bhcp bfi, glvfsh bfi, gdl nfvh bfi tbh strhdntb dhmhssgry tk phrokri gmts, wbhtbhr `fn `fn kr sigcc, rfnbt rfn bt kr wrkdn. \bfs gccy fs dhmhssgry tk hdbgdmh g igd‖s cfoh, nuflh bfs gmts, gdl ourtbhr bfs jdkwchlnh. Fd ogmt, gd gccy fs tbh fdlfsphdsg`ch gfl tk jdkwfdn. Lkd Augd sgfl tbfs wftb nrhgt mkdvfmtfkd gdl okrmh. Bh shhihl tk mbkksh bfs wkrls mgrhouccy. Bh rhphgthl tbh okcckwfdn shdthdmh okur tfihs1 –Gd gccy wfcccc ig wf igjh jh yku shh gdl udlhr udlhrstgdl stgdl tbf tbfdns dns g`kut wbfmb dk buig buigd d `hfdn mkucl pkssf`cy hdcfnbthd yku.’7

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]bgigdfm \kt \kthis, his, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

Dgnugc Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

Ft‖s lfoofmuct tk trgmh tbh krfnfds ko tbh wkrl dgnugc . Ikst smbkcgrs trgdscgth ft tk ihgd skih typh ko skrmhrhr kr wftmb. ]kih ko tbh hgrcfhst @krnfg, g thxt ushl ikstcy okr lfvfdgrhohrhdmhs tk ft grh fd tbh Mklhx @krnfg, g tfkd. Xsugccy tbh wkrl fs cfjh g wgy tk jdkwchlnh kr g wgy tk jdkw skihtbfdn gdl gmqufrh pkwhr. Dgnugc fs kothd ihdtfkdhl wftb g sfsthr tkdgc, wbfmb mkdmhpt jdkwd gs tbh tkdgc, wbfmb fs g rhohrhdmh tk tbh buigd skuc tbgt tbh dgnugc fs gttrgmthl tk kr g mkudthrpgrt ko. Fd \gchs ko Ukwhr, lkd Augd hxpcgfd hxpcgfdss tk Mgstgdhlg g`kut tbhsh twk gsphmts. –\bh tkdgc `hnfds `hnfds gt `frtb gdl hdls gt lhgtb, ùt tbh dgnugc dhvhr dhvhr hdls. \bh dgnugc bgs dk cfift. F‖vh sgfl tbgt tbh dgnugc fs wbhrh pkwhr bkvhrs. . . . Okr tbh dgnugc, tbhrh fs dk cgdl, kr gfr, kr wgthr.

]bgigdfm \kthis, \kthis, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

7=

. . . ]k tbh dgnugc ncflhs, kr ocfhs, kr lkhs wbgthvhr ft igy lk, fd dgnugc ‖s ‖s tfih, gdl tbgt bgs dktbfdn tk lk wftb tkdgc ‖s ‖s tfih. \bh twk tbfdns lkd‖t af`h. . . . \bh tkdgc gdl gdl tbh dgnugc grh grh twk lfoohrhdt wkrcls. Fd kdh yku tgc tgcj, j, fd tbh ktbhr yku gmt. 0

\bfs gccy, kr bhcphr spfrft, skihbkw `hmkihs g mkddhmtfdn pkfdt `htwhhd tbh wkrcl ko spfrft gdl tbh wkrcl ko tbh cfvfdn. Gmmkrlfdn tk @hdskd ]gchr, fd bfs hssgy –Dgnugc, ^ftmb gdl ]krmhrhr fd g Wufmbh _fccgnh,’ _fcc gnh,’ ft fs lfo lfoofmuct ofmuct tk lhofdh hxgmtcy wbgt tbh hdtf hdtfty ty fs luh tk lhmglhs ko ifsfdthrprhtgtfkd `y wbfth Mbrfstfgd ifssfkdgrfhs gdl Hurkphgd fdvglhrs. Bkwhvhr, gothr hxthdsfvh rhshgrmb fd tbfs grhg, ]gchr bgs lhthrifdhl tbgt dgnugc kothd rhohrs tk g ogifcfgr spfrft lhhpcy mkddhmthl tk tbh fdlfvflugc gdl cfdjhl tbrkunb lhstfdy1 Gikdn skih pkpucgtfkds, tbh gct gcthr hr hnk fs jdkwd gs g phrskd‖s dgnugc : gikdn ktbhr nrkups, bkwhvhr, thris ktbhr tbgd dgnugc grh gppcfhl tk ft fd tbh ckmgc vkmgùcgrfhs. ^bfch tbh gcthr hnk igy skihtfihs `h g dgturgc pbhdkihdkd, sumb gs wfdl kr g mkiht, ft fs ikst mkiikdcy rhpkrthl tk `h gd gdfig gdfigc.c. Mkdtfdnhdt kd gsskmfgthl ckmgc `hcfhos, dgnugc fd tbfs shdsh . . . bgs `hhd vgrfkuscy trgdscgthl gs –nugrlfgd spfrft,’ –spfrft-mkudthrpgrt,’ –`frtb-spfrft’ kr –`frtbnugrlfgd,’ –skuc-`hgrhr,’ –mkipgdfkd-spfrft,’ gdl –lhstfdy gdfigc.’ ]uàhmt tk ckmgc vgrfgtfkd, tbhrh grh lfvhrsh ihtbkls okr lhthrifdfdn g phrskd‖s gcthr hnk, fdskogr gs ft fs `hcfhvhl pkssf`ch tk lk sk: tbh phrmhptfkd ko skih gdfigc, kàhmt kr dgturgc pbhdkihdkd udlhr mkdlftfkds kr mfrmuistgdmhs tbgt grh mkdsflhrhl udusugc. =

\bhsh typhs ko flhdtfofmgtfkds ko tbh dgnugc pcgmh ft gs g spfrft tbgt bgs g sphmfofm rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb tbh phrskd gdl fs tfhl tk tbgt phrskd, prkvflfdn prkthmtfkd kr nugrlfgdsbfp. \bh pgssgnh gcsk shhis tk fdlfmgth tbgt tbh dgnugc fs skihtbfdn tbgt mgd `h phrmhfvhl `y ktbhr phkpch, iumb gs F sgw tbh dgnugcs ko iyshco gdl ktbhrs fd tbh mhrhikdy F pgrtfmfpgthl fd. Ktbhr Dgtfvh Gihrfmgd trf`hs lhsmrf`h g sfifcgr pkwhr rhcgtfkdsbfp

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wftb gd gc gccy cy kr nug nugrlfgd rlfgd spfrft tbgt fs k`tgfdhl tbrkunb g vfsfkd quhst, wbfmb tbhd mkdohrs suphrdg suphrdgtur turgc gc g`fc g`fcftfhs ftfhs upkd tbh sbgi sbgigd gd.. Fd tbh whyhjfd, gdl Mkcui`fg Pfvhr grhg ko Krhnkd, tbh Dhz Uhrmh mgcc ft g whyhjfd, gdl tbh sbgigd kr wftmbhs hdngnh wftb ft tbrkunb pkwhr thmbdfquhs k`tgfdhl orki ogstfdn gdl kothd orki schhp lhprfvgtfkd. \bh whyhjfd fs g nugrlfgd gdl wfcc prkthmt gdl nuflh wbkhvhr fs cumjy hdkunb tk gttrgmt kdh, ùt gttrgmtfdn kdh tgjhs g ckt ko bgrl wkrj. \k rhmhfvh g whyhjfd, g ykudn phrskd grkudl tbh gnh ko 70 tk 78 wkucl nk tk tbh ikudtgf ikudtgfds ds kd g vfsfkd quhst. \bh phrskd g`kut tk nk kd tbfs quhst wkucl `h tutkrhl `y g –rhdkwdhl wgrrfkr, budthr, kr ihlfmfdh igd,’ okr `kys, kr okr nfrcs, –gd hclhrcy wkigd ko rhputhl pkwhr.’ ]umm ]ummhss hss bgl iumb tk lk wft wftbb bkw tbh tbhyy prhpg prhpgrhl rhl tbhf tbhfrr ifdls. Ogstfdn okr ckdn phrfkls ko tfih, nkfdn wftbkut g ofrh, bkclfdn tbhfr spfrftugc rhtrhgt fd g rhikth gdl –gwh fdspfrfdn’ ckmgtfkd. <

\bh gmmkipcfsbihdt ko gttrgmtfdn gdl jhhpfdn kdh ko tbhsh gccfhs tkkj g ckt ko lfsmfpcfdh gdl wfccpkwhr gs whcc gs tbh strhdntb tk lkifdgth ft. Fo tbh phrskd wbk wgs g`ch tk prkmurh tbh spfrft wgs udg`ch tk jhhp up bfs kr bhr lfsmfpcfdh, tbgt phrskd suoohrhl nrhgtcy udlhr fts gnhdmy. Okr tbh fdlfnhdkus, bgvfdn gmmhss tk tbhsh spfrfts wgs vhry prgmtfmgc gs tbhy whrh usugccy ushl tk bhcp wftb bhgcfdn lfshgsh gdl wkrjfdn wftb tbh lhgl. \BH @CGMJ MG\ G] OGIFCFGP

G pbfcksk pbfckskpbhr pbhr fs g `cfdl igd fd g lgrj rkki ckkj ckkjfdn fdn okr g `cgmj mgt tbgt fsd‖t tbhrh. G tbhkck tbhkcknfg nfgdd fs tbh igd wbk ofdls of dls ft. B. C. I��

\bh ikst ogikus gdfigc fignh ko tbh ogifcfgr fd tbh ^hst, gt chgst fd iklhrd tfihs, fs udlhdfg`cy tbh `cgmj mgt. \bh orfhdlsbfp `htwhhd tbh


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wftmb gdl tbh `cgmj mgt fs tbh `gsfs ko tbh t bh igakrfty ko Bgcckwhhd Bg cckwhhd jftsmb j ftsmb fd tbh cgst kdh budlrhl yhgrs gcc kvhr tbh mkudtry. Gihrfmgd lhpfmtfkds ko wftmbhs kothd sbkw tbh wftmb wftb bhr mkdstgdt mkipgdfkd, tbh lgrj ohcfdh. Xsugccy, tbh wftmb gdl bhr mgt grh gd fdshpgrg`ch mkupch. \bh ohigch wftmb kothd cgmjs g buigd shxugc mkipgdfkd, gdl tbh mgt tgjhs tbh pcgmh ko g igch skuc igth, gt chgst fd tbh ifdls ko skih. \bfs mkucl `h tbh krfnfd ko tbh flhg ko tbh ckdhcy mgt wkigd wbk wgs dhvhr igrrfhl gdl fdsthgl prhohrs tk hxprhss bhr ckvh okr g prhmfkus jftty. Fd Gihrfmgd pkpucgr mucturh, tbh `cgmj mgt mhrtgfdcy bgs tbh rhputgtfkd ko `hfdn g ogifcfgr spfrft okr wftmbhs, ùt tbfs mkrrhspkdlhdmh bgs iumb kclhr rkkts. \bh mkddhmtfkd ko mgts tk wkihd, g ckdnstgdlfdn mkipgrfskd fd igdy mucturhs, bgs igdy igdfohstgtfkds gdl, fd g wgy, pgrgcchcs tbh mkddhmtfkd ko mgts tk tbh suphrdgturgc. \bh ikst k`vfkus bfstkrfm hxgipchs ko tbfs mkddhmtfkd grh wftmbhs gdl tbhfr ogifcfgrs: wkihd gdl mgts whrh kothd ùrdhl tknhtbhr okr mrfihs ko wftmbmrgot gdl skrmhry. Fd ogmt, tbh mgt ogifcfgr gpphgrs fd kdh ko tbh ofrst –dktg`ch’ Hcfzg`htbgd wftmb trfgcs gt Mbhcisokrl fd 78??. . . . ikrh kothd tbgd dkt tbh mgt wgs hftbhr tbh ogifcfgr ko g wftmb kr tbh wftmb bhrshco trgdsokrihl. Ft fs g thdgmfkus mkddhmtfkd: okrty yhgrs gothr tbh cgst koofmfgc wftmb trfgc fd @rftgfd, g @gvgrfgd dud wgs `hbhglhl fd 7><6 okr tgcjfdn tk bhr tbrhh mgts, wbfmb whrh aulnhl tk `h lhvfcs. 8

^bhrh lfl tbh `cgmj mgt goof g oofcfgtfkd cfgtfkd grfsh gr fsh gdl g dl wbgt fs tbh t bh mkddhmtfkd `htwhhd `cgmj mgts, `gl cumj, gdl wftmbhs; @cgmj mgts ushl tk `h nkkl cumj fd ikst ko tbh wkrcl, hsphmfgccy Hnypt, wbhrh tbhy whrh mkdsflhrhl pgtrkds ko tbh nkllhss @gst. @gst gssuihl tbh sbgph ko g mgt gdl wgs g syi`kc ko fiikrtgcfty gdl ckdnhvfty. Mgt iuiifhs whrh kothd ùrfhl wftb tbh pbgrgkbs tk gssfst tbhi fd f d ngf ngfdfdn dfdn fiikrtg fiikrtgcfty. cfty. Fd tbh shmkdl lydgsty fd Hnypt, gcikst hvhry bkushbkcl bgl g `cgmj mgt. @cgmj mgts whrh mkdsflhrhl tk `h tbh cumjfhst `hmgush ko tbhfr orfhdlsbfp wftb @gst. \bfs sftugtfkd mbgdnhl wbhd tbh Pkigd

7?


@gst, Hnyptfgd mgt nkllhss Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

hiphrkr \bhklksfus F, wbk ruchl orki =>6 tk =68 MH, `hngd hdokrmfdn Mbrfstfgdfty fd Gchxgdlrfg gdl tbhd gcc kvhr Hnypt gdl fdtk Hurkph. \bh Mbrfstfgd mburmb `hngd tk igjh ft fcchngc tk prgmtfmh pgngd rhcfnfkds. \bh pgngds whrh iurlhrhl fd tbh ifccfkds: kothd lhgtb wgs tbh pudfsbihdt okr `hfdn `hf dn mgunbt mgun bt pgrtfmfpgtfdn pgr tfmfpgtfdn fd pgng pgngd d prgmtfmhs. ]fdmh tbh igakrfty ko Hnyptfgds gt tbh tfih kwdhl g `cgmj mgt, tbh mgt `hmgih g mkdvhdfhdt wgy tk flhdtfoy Hnyptfgds wftb pgngd `hcfhos. Hiphrkr \bhklksfus fssuhl g lhmrhh tbgt flkcgtry gdl tbh wkrsbfp ko bkushbkcl nugrlfgd spfrfts wgs strfmtcy okr`fllhd. Ikst ogifcfhs jhpt stgtuhs ko @gst gdl pht mgts gs g wgy ko wkrsbfpfdn bhr flkc, sk tbh goofcfgtfkd

]bgigdfm \kthis, \kthis, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

7>

`htwhhd `cgmj mgts gdl pgngdfsi `hmgih fdshpgrg`ch. ? Gdykdh mgunbt wftb g `cgmj mgt wgs prki prkiptcy ptcy iurlhr iurlhrhl hl okr `hfdn g bhrhtf bhrhtfmm fd tbh hyhs ko tbh Mbrfstfgd ckrl. \bfs hrglfmgtfkd ko pgngdfsi wgs sk tbkrkunb tbgt dk kdh jdhw bkw tk sphgj tbh cgdnugnh kr rhgl bfhrkncypbs udtfc tbh lfsmkvhry ko tbh Pkshttg stkdh kvhr g tbkusgdl yhgrs cgthr. Vhgrs cgthr, grkudl 70==, Ukph Nrhnkry FR fssuhl g pgpgc ùcc mgcchl _kx _ kx fd Pg Pgig, ig, wbfmb lhmcg lhmcgrhl rhl tbgt `cgmj mgts whrh lhikdfm gdl mgrrfhl sgtgdfm okrmhs. Ft wgs g mkipchthcy ogdtgstfmgc stkry ko g Cumfohrfgd ofnurh wbk wgs g by`rfl ohcfdh tbgt tgcjhl tk g `cgmj mgt ogifcfgr spfrft. Fd g ourtbhr hookrt tk hrglfmgth pgngdfsi, `cgmj mgts gcc gmrkss Hurkph whrh jfcchl jfc chl gs g rhsuct ko tbfs fndkrgdmh fn dkrgdmh gdl bgvfdn tbhi grkudl `hmgih `hmg ih udcumjy.

^ftmb wftb ohcfdh ogifcfgr Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

72

]bgigdfm \kt \kthis, his, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

Fd tbh wftmb trfgcs fd Gihrfmg, tbhrh whrh igdy fdlfmgtkrs tbgt g wkigd mgunbt wftb g mgt wgs flhdtfofhl gs g wftmb fd g whfrl hmbk tbrkunb tfih gdl spgmh ko tbh Hnyptfgd mgt phrshmutfkds gdl Hurkphgd okccfhs. Iy wfoh wfoh,, wbk gt bhg bhgrt rt wgs dkt g cft cfttch tch tfdm tfdmturhl turhl wftb suphrstftfkd,, iglh orhqu suphrstftfkd orhquhdt hdt gccusfk gccusfkdd tk tbh gdmfh gdmfhdt dt pkpucg pkpucgrr dktfkd, wbfmb rhngrlhl gcc `cgmj mgts gs wftmbhs fd lfsnufsh. H�� G�� U��, –\�� @�� M��’

=

\bh Ohtmb, tbh Cf`flk, tbh t bh Mhcf`gt Mhcf`gth, h, gdl tbh t bh Ogif Ogifcfcfggr Ck�f dn rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb spfrftu Ck�fdn spfrftugc gc `hfdns mgd `h tbh ikst akykus,, pchgsu akykus pchgsurg`ch rg`ch gdl rhwgrlfdn hxph hxphrfhd rfhdmh mh fd cfoh. \bhrh fs dktbfdn fdbhrhdtcy lgdnhrkus, kr phrvhrsh, kr hvfc, g`kut shx wftb g spfr spfrft. ft. Aust tbh kppksf kppksfth. th. G stuly ko bfstkr bfstkrfmgc fmgc gmmkudts gdl gdmfh gdmfhdt dt chnh chnhdls, dls, gs whcc gs yhgrs ko phrskd phrskdgc gc fdthrgmtfkd wftb spfrfts, bgvh chl ih tk mkdmculh tbgt ck�fdn gdl hrktf hrktfmm udfk udfkds ds wftb gdnh gdnhcs cs gdl chssh chsshrr `hfd `hfdns ns sumb gs hchihdtgcs grh g prhmfkus nfot tbgt sbkucl `h mbhrfsbhl wftb tbh bfnbhst ohhcfdns ko rhsphmt gdl nrgtftulh `y tbksh wbk grh okrtudgth hdkun hdkunbb tk hdaky tbhi. \bh mrumf mrumfgc gc ohgturh ko tbhsh rhcgtfkdsbfps fs ck�h. L�� \��, ]�� G��

^

bhd hxgifdfdn bfstkrfhs ko tkpfms mkdsflhrhl tg`kk, kdh ofdls igdy gsphmts ko shxugcfty ùt phrbgps dkdh gs sbuddhl gs tbh flhg ko suphrdgturgc shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps. Ikst ko tbhsh rhcgtfkdsbfps whrh mkdsflh mkdsflhrhl rhl tk `h ^ftmbhs ^ftmbhs‖‖ ]g`` ]g``gtb gtb prgm prgmtfmh tfmhss ko mkiiu mkiiudfkd dfkd wftb tbh lhvf lhvfc.c. Buigds hdngn hdngnfdn fdn wftb spfrfts okr mgrdg mgrdgcc purpkshs wgs 76

05

\bh Ohtmb, tbh Cf`flk, tbh Mhcf`gth, gdl tbh Ogifc Ogifcfgr fgr

prkshmutg`ch okr budlrhls ko yhgrs lurfdn tbh wftmb trfg trfgcs. cs. Xdrgv Xdrgvhcfdn hcfdn tbh iysthry ko tbhsh strgdnh prgmtfmhs mgd `h okriflg`ch luh tk mhdskrsbfp gdl aulnihdts, ùt upkd mckshr fdsphmtfkd, buigd”spfrft shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps phrihgth tbh igakrfty ko kur rhcfnfkds gdl iytbkcknfhs. CF@FLK LH]FPH GDL \BH GDFIGC DG\XPH

^bhrh lkhs Hrks hdl; ^bhrh lkhs ignfm `hnfd; \bh gdswhr gdsw hr shh shhis is vhr vhryy sfip sfipch1 ch1 gt tbh vh vhry ry iki ikihdt hdt Hrks fs iglh igdfohst, sk fs ignfm gcsk. \bgt fs wby hrktfm ignfm, gt `kttki rhprhshdts tbh stgrtfdn pkfdt ko gcc ignf ignfm. m. F�� U. M��, H�� H�� I� I�� P ��

Gdktbhr wkrl tbgt mgih tk `h goofcfgthl wftb tbh mkdmhpt ko tbh wftmb‖s ogifcfgrs fs tbh thri ohtmb. thri ohtmb. \bh \bh ohtmb wgs sphmfofmgccy tbh gdfigc shxugc dgturh ko tbh wftmb, gdl ft bgl g igndhtfm gdl gttrgmtfvh gttrfùth tk ft. \bh ohtmb wgs vhry pkpucgr gs g mbgrgmthr tbrkunbkut Hurkph gdl wgs ckdn go goof ofcfgth cfgthll wftb Hurkphg Hurkphgd d wftmbhs wftmbhs.. \bh bfstkr bfstkryy ko tbf tbfss thri fs wbhrh wh nht tbh wkrl ohtmbfdn wkrl ohtmbfdn tk tk lhsmrf`h skihkdh gs `hfdn gttrgmtfvh. \bh thri ohtmb thri ohtmb wgs wgs goofcfgthl wftb tbh fignh ko tbh phrskd, cfjh gd gppgrftfkd, kr skihtfihs mgcchl g wrgftb. \bh wkrl bgs g ckdn bfstkry fd Hurkph, hsphmfgccy Frfsb gdl Mhctfm ogfry ogftb ckmgtfkds, gdl tbhrh fs usgnh ko ft lgtfdn `gmj tk 7>2> fd Orgdmfs Nrksh‖s `kkj kd pgrgdkrigc Murhs . pbhdkihd pbhd kihdkd, kd, ]uphrstftfkds1 Kihds, Mbgris, Murhs. \bh ohtmb wgs lhsmrf`hl fd igdy fdstgdmhs gs skihtbfdn tbgt mkucl rhgccy wkrj fd tbh pbysfmgc wkrcl gdl igjh gpphgrgdmhs lhphdlfdn kd bkw strkdn tbh lhsfrh tbgt okrihl ft wgs. \bh ohtmb wgs cfjh g mkdmhdtrgtfkd ko lhsfrh gdl tbus bgl g pkwhrouc igndhtfm okrmh goofcfgthl wftb ft tbgt mkucl lrgw tbfdns tk ft, iumb cfjh g igndht. \bh ohtmb wgs tbh ihmbgdfsi tbrkunb wbfmb tbh wftmb gmmki pcfsbhl bhr sphcc gdl wgs rhspkdsf`ch okr igdf igdfohstfdn ohstfdn bhr wfsb. Igdy ohct tbfs wgs lkdh purhcy tbrkunb g jfdl ko pbgdtgsignkrfg ko tbh


07

Phmcfdfdn wftmb Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

fignfdgtfkd. Okr hxgipch, rhphgtfdn g shxugc ogdtgsy ko g mhrtgfd phrskd tbh wftmb lhsfrhl wkucl, kvhr tfih, fiùh tbh ohtmb wftb tbh g`fcfty tk gttrgmt tbgt phrskd tk tbh wftmb. ^bgthvhr tbfs iysthrfkus okrmh fs tbgt lrfvhs us tknhtbhr fd kur rhcgtfkdsbfps fs tbh sgih tbgt lrfvhs tknhtbhr su`gtkifm pgrtfmchs tk igjh igtthr gdl hdhrny, sklfui gdl mbckrflh tk igjh sgct, gdl mcuips ko igtthr tk igjh dhw ngcgxfhs. Vkur iktbhr gdl ogtbhr whrh lrfvhd tknhtbhr `y tbh sgih okrmh tbgt mrhgths sucourfm gmfl. ^bgthvhr tbfs okrmh igy `h, ft fs tbh lrfvfdn lrfv fdn okrmh ko tbh hdtfrh udfvhrsh: ud fvhrsh: wh gcc g cc ogc ogccc udlhr u dlhr fts swgy s wgy.. ]pfrfts, tkk, ogcc og cc udlhr fts swgy s wgy tk akfd wftb us. u s. Lhsfrh lrfvhs us gcc cfjh g thgi ko bkrshs.

00


\bh iysthry ko tbh cf`flk Krfnfdgc grt `y Akd Nrgbgi

Ubgdtgsi fs g wkdlhrouc wkrl tbgt bgs nkdh kut ko vknuh. G pbgdtgsi fs g ofnihdt ko tbh fignfdgtfkd kr gd fccusfkd gdl fs rhcgthl tk tbh ogdtgsy, tbh ogmucty kr gmtfvfty ko fignfdfdn tbfdns. @ktb wkrls wkrl ogdtgsy, wkrl pbgdtgsig kr pbgdtgzhfd, wbfmb mkih orki tbh Nrhhj pbgdtgsig kr pbgdtgzhfd, wbfmb ihgds – tk tk igjh `bg ihgds vfsf`ch’ kr –tk sbkw. sbkw.’ \bh rkkt wkrl `bg ihgds –tk sbfdh.’ G pbgdtgsi mgd `h iglh `y prkahmtfdn gd fignh fd tbh cfnbt“cfjh g trfmj ko tbh cfnbt tbgt gpphgrs gcikst gs g ifrgnh. \bh fignh mgd gcsk `h prkahmthl fd kur ifdl‖s hyh. \bfs fs bkw wh –shh’ tbfdns wbhd wh fignfdh tbhi, cfjh g lgylrhgi. ^bhd tbhrh fs gd kàhmt ko ykur ckv ckvhh gdl lhsfrh, yku tgjh fd bfs kr

\bh Ohtmb, tbh Cf`flk, tbh Mhcf`gth, gdl tbh Ogif Ogifcfgr cfgr

0=

bhr fignh tbrkunb ykur hyhs. \bgt fignh hdthrs ykur `rgfd, gdl yku ofxgth kd ft, k`shssfvhcy skihtfihs. \brkunb tbh ogsmfdgtfkd ko ykur ogdtgsy, yku trgdsokri tbh phrskd yku yku bgvh ogcchd ogc chd fd ckvh wftb fdtk g pbgdtgsi, g pbgdtki. pbgdt ki. \bh pbgdtgsi fs ykur flhgc, dkt tbh rhgc phrskd. Vku Vku mrhgth gd fignfdgtfkdgc lku`ch ko g phrskd tbrkunb tbh gmtfkd ko ogdtgsy. \bfs mkdmhpt fs lfsmusshl gt chdntb fd tbh `kkj \bh Gdgtkiy ko Ihcgdmbkcy `y Pk`hrt @urtkd, wbhrh tbh ihcgdmbkcfm stgth ko lhprhs Ihcgdmbkcy sfvhs fs pgrtfgccy gttrfùthl tk gd hxmhss ko tbhsh typhs ko ogdtgsfhs. \bh mkddhmtfkd `htwhhd tbhsh jfdls ko k`shssfvh fignfdgtfkd ogdtgsfhs gdl shxugc bhgctb gdl lysoudmtfkd wgs hxgifdhl `y psymbfgtrfst Pfmbgrl vkd Usymbkpgtbfg fg ]hxugcf ]hxugcfs.s. ]fniudl Jrgoot-H`fdn fd tbh okudlgtfkdgc wkrj Usymbkpgtb ]fniudl Orhul cgthr hxpkudlhl upkd tbh rhcgtfkdsbfp `htwhhd pbgdtgsis gdl tbh cf`flk gs gd fignfdgtfkd lrfvhd gsphmt ko tbh shco. ]umb fs fts mbgrgmthr, oudlgihdtgccy udmbgdnhg`ch. \bh flhgs wbfmb tbh cf`flk dkw tgjhs kvhr fd krlhr tk bkcl fts hdhrny `hckdn tk tbh systhi ko tbh udmkdsmfkus, gdl grh tbhrhokrh suàhmt tk fts phmucfgr prkmhsshs prkmhs shs,, hsph hsphmfg mfgccy ccy hcg`kr hcg`krgtfkd gtfkd gdl lf lfspcgmhih spcgmhihdt. dt. Mkdl Mkdlftfkds ftfkds grh sht up bhrh wbfmb grh hdtfrhcy mkipgrg`ch tk tbksh ko lrhgi okrigtfkd. Aust gs tbh cgthdt lrhgi, tbh oucofccihdt ko g wfsb-pbgdtgsy, fs ofrst ùfct up fd tbh udmkdsmfkusdhss, ùt iust tbhd pgss tbrkunb mkdsmfkus prkmhsshs `hokrh, mhdskrhl gdl gpprkvhl, ft mgd hdthr fdtk tbh mkiprkifsh mkdstrumtfkd ko tbh igdfohst lrhgi, sk tbh flhgs rhprhshdtfdn rhpr hshdtfdn tbh cf`flk fd tbh udmkdsmfkus iust stfcc mkd mkdthdl thdl gngfdst tbh pkwhr ko tbh okrh-mkdsmfkus hnk. \bh kppksftfkd tbgt bgs grfshd gngfdst ft fd tbh hnk okcckws ft lkwd `y g –mkudthr-sfhnh’ gdl okrmhs ft tk mbkksh sumb gd hxprhssfkd gs wfcc shrvh gt tbh sgih tfih tk hxprhss ftshco. \bus, tbhd, tbh syiptki mkihs fdtk `hfdn gs g iumb lfstkrthl koosbkkt orki tbh t bh udmkdsmfkus udmkdsmfkus cf`flfdkus wfsb-oucofccihdt, wfsb-oucof ccihdt, gd grtfofmfgccy shchmthl gi`fnufty.7

ogsmfdui, \bh wkrl ogsmfdgth wkrl ogsmfdgth mkihs mkihs orki tbh Cgtfd vhr` ogsmfdgrh vhr` ogsmfdgrh kr kr ogsmfdui, ihgdfdn g –sphcc, wftmbmrgot,’ sk tk ogsmfdgth fs tk put skihkdh udlhr g

0<


sphcc kr `hwftmb. ^h grh ogsmfdgthl `y tbfdns tbgt lrgw kur gtthdtfkd, cfjh g twfdjcfdn cfnbt wh mgddkt ckkj gwgy orki. ]hxugc ogdtgsfhs thdl tk bgvh gd k`shssfvh dgturh gdl gd g`fcfty tk gttrgmt: tbfs fs wbgt ikst shx ignfm lrgws upkd. \bh wkrl ogfry wkrl ogfry fs fs lfrhmtcy rhcgthl tk tbh wkrl ogth1 wkrl ogth1 ogth ogth mkihs orki tbh Cgtfd ogtui, Cgtfd ogtui, ihgdfdn ihgdfdn –tbgt wbfmb bgs `hhd spkjhd,’ orki tbh rkkt `bg, gdl `bg, gdl rhohrs tk wkrls spkjhd orki tbh nkls tbhishcvhs, gs fd ogthl kr krlgfdhl gdl rhcgthl tk lhstfdy. 0 Ogfry fs lhrfvhl orki ogtg, orki ogtg, –tbh –tbh ogths,’ tbh pcurgc ko ogtui, wftb fts mkddhmtfkd tk tbh tbrhh Ogths ko Nrhhj iytbkckny gdl tbh nkllhss ko ogth. Ogfrfhs whrh jdkwd tk bgvh tbh pkwhr ko ogsmfdgtfkd gdl hdmbgdtih hdmbgdtihdt dt kvh kvhrr phkpch gdl g dl fdo fdocuhdm cuhdmhh tbhi tbrkunb tbhfr cf`flfdkus gttgmbihdts. Bfstkrfmgccy, tbh flhg ko –ogih gdl okrtudh’ fs mkddhmthl tk vfsugcfzgtfkd gdl wfsbhs shdt tk tbh ogfrfhs, nkls, gdl ogths, tbh nugrlfgds ko kur lhstfdy. \bh nkllhss Okrtudg wgs phrbgps tbh ikst ogikus ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft hi`klyfdn tbfs mkdmh mkdmhpt. pt. Ogih `bg, –tk bgs tbh sgih rkkt gs ogth, `bg, –tk sphgj,’ gdl sunnhsts `hfdn spkjhd g`kut, rgtbhr cfjh nkssfp. \bh ogfrfhs fd igdy kmmuct rhohrhdmhs whrh sgfl tk nuflh kur lhstfdy, ogih, gdl okrtudh wftb sphccs ko spkjhd wkrls gdl hdmbgdtihdts. Orki tbh wkrl pbgdtki wkrl pbgdtki gcsk gcsk grfshs tbh wkrl pbgdtgsignkrfg, wkrl pbgdtgsignkrfg, wbfmb wbfmb fs gd hxbf`ftfkd ko kptfmgc hoohmts gdl fccusfkds. Fd tbh cgth hfnbthhdtb mhdtury, g pbgdtgsignkrfg wgs g jfdl ko bkrrkr tbhgthr tbgt ushl ignfm cgdthrds. \bhsh cgdthrds ushl cfnbt tk prkahmt gd fignh kd g smrhhd kr hvhd fdtk tbh gulfhdmh, iumb cfjh bkw ogdtgsfhs grh prkahmthl orki tbh hyh tk kur ifdls. Urhstflfnftgtfkd ignfmfgds ushl ignfm cgdthrds fd tbhfr stgnhl sægdmhs gdl mkdaurgtfkds ko tbh lhgl. \bh ofrst tfih gulfhdmhs sgw tbhsh pbgdtki fignhs, tbhy tbkunbt tbh spfrfts ko tbh lhgl bgl `hhd rgfshl. \bh ignfm cgdthrd hvhdtugccy hvkcvhl fdtk iklhrd mfdhig. \bh ohtmb fs tbh prfigry ogdtgsy kphrgtkr, upkd wbfmb wh prkahmt kur pbgdtgsignkrfg ko lhsfrhs, wbhtbhr jdkwd kr udjdkwd, mkdsmfkus kr su`mkdsmfkus. \bh ohtmb gmts gs gd gssfstgdt kr shrvgdt, iumb fd tbh –ogifcfgr’ wgy hgrcfhr lhsmrf`hl. \bfs hdtfty oucofccs tbh wfsbhs ko tbh


08

wftmb, iumb cfcfjh jh g nhdfh, kr cfjh tbh wfsb-shhjf wfsb-shhjfdn dn cf`flk ihdtf ihdtfkdhl kdhl `y Orhul, gdl gmmkipcfsbhs tbfs tbrkunb tbh gttrgmtfvh pkwhr ko ckvh. Fd Hrks gdl Ignfm fd tbh Phdgfssgdmh, Fkgd Mkucfgdk wrfths1 \bh oudlgihdtgc flhg ko tbh trhgtfsh fs tbgt –ckvh ruchs tbh wkrcl,’ tbgt –tbh strkdnhst mbgfd fs tbgt ko _hdus’ ZNfkrlgdk @rudk, Lh vfdmucfs fd nhdhrh, ?6?Y. Hrks –fs tbh Ckrl ko tbh wkrcl1 bh pusbhs, lfrhmts, mkdtrkcs gdl gpphgshs hvhrykdh. Gcc ktbhr `kdls grh rhlumhl tk tbgt kdh, gs wh shh fd tbh gdfigc jfdnlki wbhrh dk ohigch gdl dk igch tkchrgths rfvgcs, hvhd okrnhttfdn tk hgt gdl lrfdj, hvhd gt tbh rfsj ko cfoh ftshco.’ . . . –fdlhhl tbh mbgfd ko mbgfds fs ckvh’ Zf`fl.Y. =

Fd tbh mgsh ko usfdn tbh shxugc hdhrny ko g wftmb kr phrskd tk gttrgmt g ogifcfgr spfrft, tbhrh grh prgmtfmhs tbgt bgvh ckdn `hhd ushl okr tbgt gfi. \bh cf`flk, wbhd purpkshouccy wftblrgwd orki tbh wkrcl gdl okmushl hdtfrhcy kd g spfrft, mgd igjh strgdnh tbfdns bgpphd. \bh thmbdfquhs ushl tk mkdtrkc, rhprhss, kr su`cfigth tbh buigd shx lrfvh grh lfsmusshl gt nrhgt chdntb fd igdy rhcfnfkus gdl pbfckskpbfmgc thxts. \bh prgmtfmh ko mhcf`gmy tk gmbfhvh spfrftugc pkwhrs fs whcc jdkwd. G dkt udmkiikd `hcfho fs tbgt `y lfshdngnfdn wftb kur shxugc gdfigc dgturhs wh mgd gmbfhvh g ikrh hchvgthl spfrftugc dgturh. Fd skih Mbrfstfgd mburmbhs mhcf`gmy fs prgmtfmhl tk gmbfhvh vfrtuh gdl pfkusdhss gdl gttrgmt tbh Bkcy ]pfrft. Fscgi gdl Aulgfsi lk dkt shhi tk prkikth mhcf`gmy gdl fdsthgl vhdhrgth igrrfgnh, hxtkccfdn fts g`fcfty tk k`tgfd spfrftugc nrgmhs. Fd Aulgfsi, skih mkdsflhr ft g sfd gngfdst Nkl tk hdngnh fd mhcf`gmy `hmgush yku grh dkt usfdn tbh cfoh-nfvfdn nfots ko ykur `kly tk `h oruftouc gdl iuctfpcy. ^bhd tbh cf`flk mgd mgddkt dkt ofdl g lhsfrg`ch buigd, ft mgd `h lrgwd fdtk ogdtgstfmgc fignfdgry pursufts, ckdnfdn okr gd flhgcfzhl ckvhr tbgt hxfsts kdcy fd tbh fignfdgtfkd. \bh shxugc ogdtgsfhs ko gd udsgtfsofhl cf`flk mgd gcsk gttrgmt dkdbuigd spfrfts, gdl phrbgps dkt hvhd mkdsmfkuscy. Phstrgfdfdn tbh cf`flk orki shhjfdn buigd ckvhrs mgd gttrgmt ktbhr okris ko skuc igths, sumb gs tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts rhohrhdmhl hgrcfhr.

0?


Usymbkckn cknfmg fmgcc Gdtbr Gdtbrkpkc kpkckn knyy Phmk Phmkdsfl dsflhrh hrhl, l, Akbd Fdn Fd Usymbk Fdnbg bgi, i, g dkthl gutbkrfty fd tbh ofhcl ko psymbkckny, igjhs tbh okcckwfdn k`shrvgtfkd1 Gmmkrlfdn tk Orhul, su`cfigtfkd `hnfds wftb tbh wftblrgwgc ko kàhmt cf`flk fdtk tbh shco. Gs tbh cf`flk fs wftblrgwd orki kàhmts gdl rhfdvhsthl fd tbh hnk, ft `hmkihs dgrmfssfstfm cf`flk, dhutrgcfzhl hdhrny kr lhshxugcfzhl cf`flk. . . . \bfs dhutrgcfzhl cf`flk mgd tbhd hdhrnfzh tbh pursuft ko skmfgc stgtus kr gttgmbihdts tk phrskds, mucturgc grtfogmts, kr suphrdgturgc `hfdns. ]u`cfigtfkd mgd tgp hiktfkdgccy mkckrhl prhkhlfpgc gdl khlfpgc kàhmt-rhcgtfkds smbhigs kr kàhmt- gdl pkwhr-shhjfdn cf`flk fd g `rkgl shdsh. . . . Ukwhr-shhjfdn cf`flk mgd ihrnh wftb gnnrhssfvh hdhrny gdl lhstrumtfvh fipucshs, wbfmb grh gcsk g csk suàhmt tk iklucgt iklucgtfkd fkd gdl su`cfi su`cfigtfkd. gtfkd. –\bh – \bh fdstfdmt f dstfdmt ko lhstrumtfkd iklhrgthl gdl tgihl gdl gs ft whrh fdbf`fthl fd fts gfi, iust, wbhd ft fs lfrhmthl tkwgrls kàhmts, prkvflh tbh hnk wftb tbh sgtfsogmtfkd ko fts vftgc dhhls gdl wftb mkdtrkc kvhr dgturh.’ <

\bhrh grh igdy tbfdns tbgt tbh cf`flk mgd `h okmushl upkd, fd pbgdtgsignkrfg, pbgdtgsign krfg, gdl kothd tbh dgturh ko tbh okmus wf wfcccc `h wbgt lrgws fd tbh sphmfofm ogifcfgr spfrft. ^bhd tbh cf`flk fs tbrkwd kdtk gd kàhmt, gmtfv gmtfvfty, fty, kr `kly pgr pgrt, t, fdsthgl ko kd g suphrdgturgc kr buigd ckvhr, tbfs fs mgcchl ohtfsbfsi. Gpprkprfgthcy hdkunb dkwglgys tbh thri ohtfsb thri ohtfsb rhohrs rhohrs tk gd kàhmt tbgt fs dkt usugccy tbkunbt tk `h shxugc, sumb gs g sbkh. Ft mgd gcsk ihgd gd fdgdfigth kàhmt wkrsbfpphl okr fts ignfmgc pkwhrs kr `hmgush ft fs `hcfhvhl tk `h fdbg`fthl `y g spfrft, wbfmb mkdstftuths tbh prgmtfmh ko flkcgtry gdl flkc wkrsbfp. ^h mgd k`shrvh aust tbfs typh ko flkc wkrsbfp fd Mbrfstfgd mburmbhs smgtthrhl rkudl tbh nck`h gs suppcfmgdts `kw gdl prgy tk stgtuhs ko Mbrfst kd tbh mrkss, fiùfdn tbhsh kàhmts wftb tbhfr sfdmhrh goohmtfkds. Frkdfmgccy, tbh vhry rhcfnfkd tbgt okr`glh tbh pgngds orki prgyfdn tk stgtuhs ko tbhfr nkls ihrhcy rhpcgmhl tbksh stgtuhs wftb tbh stkdh gdl wkklhd vfsgnhs ko Mbrfst, Igry, gdl tbh Mgtbkcfm sgfdts. \bh prgmtfmh ko flkcgtry fs ikst ihikrg`cy lhdkudmhl fd tbh stkry ko


0>

\bh rftugc kàhmt ko tbh flkc Krfnfdgc grt `y Akd Nrgbgi

Ikshs gdl tbh nkclhd mgco. ^bhd Ikshs lhsmhdlhl orki bhgvhd wftb tbh sgppbfrh tg`chts, bh `hmgih sk lhprhsshl tbgt bfs phkpch whrh prgmtfmfdn flkcgtry fdsthgl ko cfsthdfdn tk bfi tbgt bh mrusbhl tbh wkrl ko Nkl upkd bfs jdhh tk pudfsb tbhi. ]kih tgchs ko flkc wkrsbfp fdvkcvh tbh flkc mkifdn tk cfoh kr tgjfdn kd rhgc mbgrgmthrfstfms. Gd Gorfmgd trfmjsthr nkl kr nkl ko tbh mrkssrkgls mgcchl Hchnug kr Hsu-Hcnh`grg fs wkrsbfpphl fd tbh Vkru`g rhcfnfkd, gdl igdy `hcfhvhrs bgvh stgtuhs ko bfi, wbfmb tbhy mcgfi sphgj tk tbhi gdl skihtfihs hvhd ikvh.

02

\bh Ohtmb, tbh Cf`flk, tbh Mhcf`gth, gdl tbh Ogif Ogifcfgr cfgr

Xdcfjh mkwry sbhccs, mbgris, gdfigc hdtrgfcs gdl sk kd, spfrfts gdl –ohtfsbhs’ grh hsshdtfgccy –phrskdgcfzhl’: tbhy grh rhprhshdthl gs `hfdn g`ch tk sphgj gdl gmt fd skih lhnrhh cfjh phkpch. \bus, tbh dygjgrkdlk Ifagnk mkucl gdl lfl sfdn gdl lgdmh, gdl `ktb ft gdl Fnkdlk mkucl ikvh orki pcgmh tk pcgmh wftbkut buigd gfl. ]k, gs whcc gs lfv lfvfdf fdfdn dn tbhsh pkwhrs grh tbkunbt tk `h g`ch tk gmt gs ogi ogifcfcfgrs tk tbhfr igsthrs, gdl tk mgrry kut tbhfr `fllfdn . . . fdlhhl tbhy grh tbkunbt tk `h sk pkwhrouc gs tk `h lgdnhrkus tk tbhfr kwdhrs gs whcc gs tk tbksh gng gngfdst fdst wbki bh igy shdl tbhi. F wgs tkcl tbgt g igd wbk kwds g Dygjgrgkdlk mgddkt nht rfl ko ft kr mbgsh ft gwgy hvhd fo bh wgdts tk lk sk . . . sumb pkwhrouc ohtfmbhs igy fdlfmgth tk fts kwdhr tbrkunb lrhgis tbgt tbhy rhqufrh skih cfvfdn tbfdn sumb gs g mbfmjhd g nkgt kr hvhd ft fs sgfl g buigd `hfdn, tk `h iglh kvhr tk tbhi `y sgmrfofmh gdl fo tbhy lk dkt nht wbgt tbhy wgdt tbhy igy jfcc tbhfr igsthrs gdl tbhfr wbkch ogifcfhs.8

Ihtgikrpbkshs, pbkshs, g smucptkr Fd tbh stkry ko Uynigcfkd orki Kvfl‖s Ihtgikr ogccs fd ckvh wftb g stgtuh bh mrhgthl gs gd flhgc ckvhr. Uynigcfkd okmushs bfs glkrgtfkd sk fdthdshcy kd tbh stgtuh tbgt bfs pbgdtgsignkrfg mkihs tk cfoh gdl hdngnhs fd mkdvhrsgtfkd wftb bfi. Fd Hnypt, tkk, tbhrh whrh tgchs ko stgtuhs mkifdn tk cfoh, gdl fd tbh Ahwfsb trglftfkd tbhrh whrh stkrfhs ko tbh nkchis, wbfmb whrh ihd iglh ko iul gdl stkdh tbgt tbh Ahwfsb rg``fs mkucl `rfdn tk cfoh wftb ignfm. Ogdtgstfmgc gs tbhsh stkrfhs gdl iytbs grh, tbhfr wkrclwflh kmmurrhdmh fdlfmgths tbgt phkpch bgvh `hhd bgvfdn tbhsh ogdtgsfhs okr qufth skih tfih. \BH MHCF@G\H GDL \BH OGIFCFGP

Fd spft spfthh ko tbh mbgdnh mbgdnhss fd pkcf pkcftfmg tfmgcc cfoh cfoh,, fd spft spfthh ko tbh kpuchdmh gdl igndfofmhdmh ko tbh pgciy lgys ko Pkih, tbh muct ko _hstg stkkl udmbgdnfdn okr g tbkusgdl yhgrs. ]�� \. M. ^��, \�� B�� _�� _�� P��


06

\bhrh fs g strgdnh tbfdn tbgt igdy, tbkunb dkt gcc, ko tbh wftmbhs gdl fdlfvflugcs wbk gmqufrh g ogifcfgr shhi tk bgvh fd mkiikd1 tbhy stkp bgvfdn shx. \bh stkry ko tbh spfdsthr wbk cfvhs gckdh, udigrrfhl, wftb ckts ko mgts fs tbh hpftkih ko tbfs sthrhktyph, ùt upkd mckshr hxgifdgtfkd tbhrh shhis tk `h g lfrhmt mkddhmtfkd `htwhhd tbh cf`flk gdl tbh ogifcfgr spfrft fd igdy fdstgdmhs. \bksh wbk grh g`ch tk mbgddhc gdl rhmhfvh g spfrft stkp hdngnfdn fd pbysfmgc pbysf mgc shxug shxugcc gmts fd ogvkr ko fdthrmk fdthrmkursh ursh wftb tbh ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft orki o rki wbki tbhy grh g rh rhmhfvfdn tbh prkpbhmfhs. prkpbhmfhs. Fskcgtfkd, cfttch buigd mkdtgmt, gdl g jfdl ko ikdgstfm bhriftgnh grh gcc jhy fdnrhlfhdts fd tbh tgjfdn kd ko g ogifcfgr spfrft fd tbfs wgy. \bh sbgigds wbk hdngnh fd tbfs prgmtfmh thdl tk cfvh gckdh kd tbh kutsjfr kutsjfrts ts ko vfc vfccgn cgnhs. hs. \bh prfhsts ko tbh Lrufls whrh sgfl tk okcckw tbhsh prgmtfmhs gdl wkrjhl mckshcy wftb gdfigcs gdl dgturh spfrfts wbfch rhigfdfdn mhcf`gth.

Lrufl Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

=5


]phdlfdn tfih nrfhvfdn tbh lhgl gs g wflkw, gckdh gt mhihthrfhs grh mkiikd tbrhgls fd tbh hxphrfhdmh ko gmqufrfdn g ogifcfgr spfrft gs whcc. Fd igdy mucturhs tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts bgvh mkddktgtfkds wftb nrgvhygrls, lhgl gdmhstkrs, gdl ogifcy cfdhgnhs. ^kihd wbk bgvh ckst ckvhl kdhs gdl gtthdl tk tbhfr nrgvhs igy bgvh g bfnbhr prk`g`fcfty ko mkdtgmtfdn g ogifcfgr spfrft. @hfdn gckdh, dkt bgvfdn shx, gdl mkddhmtfdn tk tbh lhgl shhi tk prkvflh flhgc mfrmuist mfrmuistgdmhs gdmhs okr gd fdlfvflug fdlfvflugcc tk gttrgm gttrgmtt gd fign fignfdgr fdgryy orfhdl kr spfrft wbk tbhd igy strhgi fdokrigtfkd tbrkunb tbh buigd bkst kr mkdluft. Mbrfstfgds prgmtfmhl tbfs gdmfhdt thmbdfquh, wbfmb tbh wftmbhs whrh rflfm rflfmuchl uchl okr. \bhrh grh lhtgf lhtgfchl chl gmmkudts ko gd hgrcy Mbrfs Mbrfstfgd tfgd smbkcgr gdl gsmhtfm wbk fipkshl mhcf`gmy kd bfishco tbrkunb tbh lrgstfm ihgsurh ko shco-mgstrgtfkd. Jdkwd sfipcy `y tbh dgih Krfnhd, bh stulfhl tbh Dhw \hstgihdt gdl wrkth mkiihdtgrfhs kd tbh Nksphc ko Akbd, Nhdhsfs, gdl Usgcis, gikdn ktbhrs, gdl wrkth `kkjs kd tbh Phsurrhmtfkd ko Ahsus gdl tbh thd `kkjs ko ]trkigtg, gs whcc gs hxthdsfvh wkrj kd tbh Kcl \hstgihdt. Krfnhd ushl bfs mhcf`gmy tk mbgddhc g iush tk gssfst bfi fd bfs stulfhs gdl wrftfdn. \bh rhsucts mgd `h shhd fd bfs prkcfofm wkrjs, gdl tbfs mbgddhcfdn igy gmmkudt okr tbh prklfnfkus gikudt ko fdokrigtfkd bh prklumhl1 bh wgs rhmhfvfdn ft orki g spfrft ihdtkr. \bh @f`ch wgs, tbhrhokrh, ikstcy rhmhfvhl gdl prhpgrhl tbrkunb tbh ogifcfgr spfrft ko g shco-mgstrgthl krgmch. \bhrh wgs skih mkdtrkvhrsy kvhr wbhtbhr Krfnhd wgs g pgngd gdl g bhrhtfm `hmgush ko bfs hxtrhih prgmtfmhs gdl bfs pcgmh ko `frtb. @krd gdl rgfshl fd Hnypt, bfs dgih ihgdt –`krd orki Bkrus,’ gd k`vfkus Hnyptfgd pgngd rhohrhdmh. ]fniudl Orhul dkthl tbh mkddhmtfkd `htwhhd Krfnhd‖s wkrj gdl bfs cf`flk, gs \bkigs Bywhc Bunbhs stgths fd bfs `kkj1 Bh ZOrhulY sphgjs ko Krfnhd‖s mkdvhrsfkd fd aust tbfs wgy. \bh krfnfdgc typh ko bfs dgturh wgs hxtrgvhrt gdl tbh thdlhdmy strkdncy shxugc, ùt tbfs fs rhvhrshl gdl bh supprhsshs bfs shxugc thdlhdmfhs gdl


=7

`hmkihs g `rkklhr gdl g shhr. ]k, tbh krfnfdgc typh fs rhvhrshl gdl tbfs fs bfs mkdvhrsfkd. Ft fs tbhd tbh prkmhss ko `rhgjfdn tbh dgturgc fdstfdmtfvh mkursh, gdl g trgdsftfkd tk gdktbhr gttftulh bkw lkhs tbfs mkih g`kut; ^bgt fs tbh iktfvh pkwhr; \bh iktfvh pkwhr gpphgrs tk `h tbh ogmt tbgt tbh kvhr lhvhckpihdt ko kdh typh kr ko kdh fdstfdmt fd g mhrtgfd lfrhmtfkd thdls `y g purhcy dgturgc prkmhss ko ifdl tk mkiphdsgth fd gdktbhr. Fo wh shhj ourtbhr fdtk tbh quhstfkd ko tbfs thdlhdmy Audn sunnhsts tbgt fd tbh mgsh ko tbh kvhr lhvhckphl fdstfdmt kr fdstfdmts tbhrh fs g bhgpfdn up ko hdhrny. \bh cf`flk ko tbgt fdstfdmt fs dkt gcc ushl up gs ft whrh fd tbh gmtfvfty ko tbh fdstfdmt ftshco tbhrh fs gd g d kvhr pcus ko hdhrn hdhrn y. Gdl tbfs kvhrockws kvhro ckws fdtk mbgddhcs bftbhrtk dkt mkdsmfkuscy ushl. ?

\bh vhstgc vfrnfds ko Pkih whrh kdh ko tbh ikst mhch`rgthl gdl pkssf`cy kdh ko tbh ckdnhst rud ruddfdn dfdn rhcfn rhcfnfkus fkus krlhrs, cgst cgstfdn fdn okr g cfttch kvhr g tbkusgdl yhgrs. \bhsh prfhsthsshs ko _hstg, nkllhss ko tbh bhgrtb, whrh lfvfdhrs hipc hipckyhl kyhl `y tbh stgth ko Pkih gdl prgmtfmhl mhcf`gmy fd krlhr tk rhmhfvh prkpbhmfhs orki spfrfts gdl nkls. \bhy bgl tk nfvh up shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb ikrtgc ihd gdl okrnk igrrfgnh tk okri rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb ogifcfgrs wbk wkucl prkvflh tbhi wftb suphrdgturgc gdl psymbfm g`fcftfhs. \bh rhmkrlhl gmmurgth prhlfmtfkds ko tbh vhstgcs whrh igdy gdl udmgd udmgddy dy,, ùt tbhy whrh gc gcsk sk koo skihtfihs (tbhy whrh kdcy buigd gothr gcc), wbfmb mgcchl fdtk quhstfkd tbh hoofmgmy ko lfvfdgtfkd fd nhdhrgc. Okr tbh Pkigds, tbfs wgs g sgmrhl fdstftutfkd, gdl lfvfdgtfkd `y wgy ko rhstrgfdfdn tbh cf`flk tk gttrgmt g spfrft wgs wg s whcc udlhrstkkl gdl g dl rhsphmthl. \bh vhstgcs whrh nfvhd ikdhy orki tbh nkvhrdihdt tk phrokri tbhfr shrvfmhs gdl rhngrlhl gs vgcug`ch gdl fdlfsphdsg`ch. Xdcfjh tbh cgthr Mbrfstfgd mburmb, wbfmb sgw okrtudh-thccfdn gs tbh wkrj ko ]gtgd, tbh lfvfdgtfkd prgmtfmhs ko tbhsh wftmbhs tbrkunb tbh spfrfts whrh gikdn tbh ikst bkcy gmtfvftfhs g wkigd mkucl hdngnh fd. \bh vhstgcs tkkj tbhfr muhs gdl prgmtfmhs orki gd hvhd kclhr trglftfkd tbgt igdy `hcfhvh tbh Pkigds stkch orki tbh Nrhhjs gdl \urjs,

=0


wbfmb fs qufth pkssf`ch sfdmh tbh Pkigds stkch gdl gpprkprfgthl gc gccc igddhr ko tbfdns udgpkcknhtfmgccy. \bh Nrhhjs bgl okr igdy yhgrs prfkr glkpthl tbh prgmtfmh ko hdngnfdn vfrnfd krgmchs, kothd mgcchl wftmbhs ùt gcsk jdkwd gs prfhsthsshs. Urgmtfmhs ko mhcf`gmy gikdn tbh krgmchs fd krlhr tk mkiiudh wftb spfrfts grh whcc jdkwd, gs lfsmusshl `y chmturhr fd Mcgssfmgc stulfhs ]uh @cudlhcc. \wk prkifdhdt fdstgdmhs ko prfhsthsshs gssfndhl tk igch lhftfhs kmmurrhl gt Lklkdg gdl Lhcpbf, krgmucgr sbrfdhs wbhrh gdswhrs tk quhrfhs gllrhsshl tk g nkl whrh trgdsiftthl vfg g ohigch gnhdt. Fd `ktb ko tbhsh sgdmtugrfhs tbh prfhsthsshs whrh dkd-ohrtfch gdl mhcf`gth. Gctbkunb cfohckdn mhcf`gmy wgs dkt g mkdlftfkd mkiikdcy fipkshl `y Nrhhj rhcfnfkd gs g thipkrgry stgth ft shhis tk bgvh `hhd mkdsflhrhl fipkrtgdt wbhd g buigd ohigch wgs mgcchl upkd tk gmt gs tbh ikutbpfhmh okr g nkl. Gs g wkigd, tbh prfhsthss wgs gvgfcg`ch okr hdtry `y g igch lhfty: gs g wkigd wbk bgl dk shxugc rhcgtfkds wftb ikrtg ikrtgcc igd, sbh wgs rhshr rhshrvfdn vfdn bhrshco okr tbh nkl gckdh. >

<

Nrhhj @hccy-\gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsthsshs K ckdn-sfchdt ]y`fc, yku ko tbh wfdnhl lrhgis, ]phgj kut orki ykur thipch ko cfnbt C�� O��, –\� –\ � �� K� K�� L��’

\

bh ush ko ogifcfgr spfrfts hxthdlhl gcc kvhr Nrhhmh gdl surrkudlfdn grhgs ko iklhrd-lgy \urjhy. \bhsh gdmfhdt trglftfkds“wbfmb shrvhl udfquh purpkshs gdl prkvflhl iumb fdsfnbt fdtk gcc igddhr ko gmtfvftfhs, orki prkpbhmy tk nkvhrdihdt“grh vhry fipkrtgdt tk hxpckrfdn rhcgtfkdsbfps `htwhhd buigds gdl spfrfts . NPHHJ @HCCV-\GCJHP] GDL \BH ]F@VC]

\bh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf1 \bh Uytbfg fs fipkrtgdt `hmgush sbh stgdls kd tbh tbrhsbkcl tbrhsbkclss ko tbh pgngd gdl tbh Mbrfstf Mbrfstfgd gd wkrcls. ]bh fs ihgdt tk stgdl gs tbh fignh ko gd fdbhrftgdmh orki kr tbrkw` tbrkw`gmj gmj tk okuc, okrnktthd, mbt mbtbkdfm bkdfm `hnfddfdns1 sbh prk�flhs tbh vhdt kr lkkrwgy tbrkunb wbfmb tbh lgrj, lhikdfm, fiphrohmtcy suphrshlhl wkrcl ko ignfm igy mrhhp `gmj. ]�� M��, L�� L�� ==

=<

Nrhhj @hccy@hccy-\ \gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsth Urfhsthsshs sshs

Kdh ko tbh ikst ogikus pgssgnhs fd tbh @f`ch g`kut wftmbhs usfdn ogifcfgr spfrfts fs okudl fd tbh @kkj ko ]giuhc gdl rhcgths tbh stkry ko tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr. Fd tbfs tgch, Jfdn ]guc fs wgrdhl dkt tk mkdsuct gdy wkihd wftb ogif ogifcfg cfgrr spfrfts, kr skktbsgyhrs, rhngrl rhngrlfdn fdn tbh kutmkih ko gd fiphdlfdn `gttch bh wgs tk hdngnh fd ùt rgtbhr tk trust fd Nkl tbgt bh wkucl `h vfmtkrfkus. \bhrh wgs kdcy kdh okri ko lfvfdgtfkd tbkunbt gpprkprfgth tk mkdsuct gt tbh tfih1 tbh Xrfi gdl tbh \buiifi, wbfmb whrh twk t wk sgmrhl s gmrhl stkdhs bhcl fd g `rhgst pcgth wkrd `y g prfhst. ]guc mbksh dkt tk shhj tbfs lfvfdgtfkd, ùt bh ohcc fdtk gdxfhty gdl ohgr gdl, gsbgihl ko bfishco, lhmflhl tk mkdsuct tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr. Bh hdtrhgthl bhr tk mgcc upkd tbh spfrft ko g lhgl pgtrfgrmb gdl shhj fts mkudshc gdl wfslki sk tbgt bh wkucl `h g`ch tk nk okrwgrl fd mkdoflhdmh. \bh wftmb prhlfmthl, mkudthr tk wbgt Nkl bgl sgfl, tbgt bh wkucl lfh fd tbh `gttch, gdl surh hdkunb, tbgt fs wbgt bgpphdhl. Igdy Ig dy Mbrfstfgds gdl Ahws sgy tbfs bgpphdhl `hmgush ]guc `hcfhvhl tbh wftmb gdl lfl dkt trust Nkl. F ohhc tbh truh ihgdfdn ko tbfs tgch wgs ckst skihwbhrh fd tbh gddgcs ko bfstkry. \bh stkry hxgifdhs bkw buigds lhgc wftb gdxfhty gdl ohgr wbhd gpprkgmbfdn g lfo lfoofmuct ofmuct sftugtfkd gdl g dl wbki tbhy t bhy mbkksh tk cfsthd tk okr glvfmh. ^bhd wh bgdl kvhr kur pkwhr tk gdytbfdn ktbhr tbgd kur kwd mgpg`fcftfhs, wh `hnfd tk udrgvhc: rhngrlchss ko tbh prkpbhmfhs okrhtkcl `y gdy krgmch, tbh trutb sbkucl `h okudl fd kur kwd sfdmhrfty. \k ih tbh tgch ko tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr wgs dkt g`kut bhr prhlfmtfkd ùt g`kut ]guc‖s fdgpprkprfgth ofxgtfkd kd kutmkih. Ouddy bkw ]guc‖s fdshmurftfhs `hmkih prkahmthl upkd tbh wftmb, wbk oucofccs tbh rkch ko smgphnkgt. Igdy phkpch ifsush lfvfdgtfkd, fd iy kpfdfkd, shhjfdn kutmkih-krfhdthl glvfmh, wbhd tbhy sbkucl `h okmushl kd fddhr trutb gdl nrkwtb. Igy`h skih ko tbh tg`kks surrkudlfdn tbhsh fdthrgmtfkds whrh tryfdn tk wgrd phkpch g`kut tbh prkphr ush ko lfvfdgtfkd. \bh purpksh ko tbh lfvfdgtfkd gdl ko tbh lgfikd, kr gccy, fs okr dktbfdn ktbhr tbgd tk thst tbh sfdmhrfty ko ykur kwd bhgrt. Vku grh dkt ihgdt tk `hcfhvh kr lfs`hcfhvh gdy ogth lhmrhhl `y gdy krgmch. Pgtbhr, ft fs skihtbfdn okr ykur bhgrt tk nk up gngfdst, cfjh g skudlfdn `kgrl

Nrhhj @hccy-\gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsthsshs

=8

kr g thst ko ogftb, sk tbgt yku mgd lfsmkvhr kr mkdofri wbgt ykur bhgrt gcrhgly jdkws, lhhp wftbfd, tk `h truh. \bfs igy shhi mkdousfdn, ùt tbfs fs g bfllhd trutb wftbfd gcc krgmchs gdl lfvfdgtfkd systhis, wbfmb bgvh gikdn tbhfr grmbhtyphs tbh mkrh ko ykur kwd bhgrt. Gothr mfrmcfdn grkudl skihtbfdn okr ckdn hdkunb wftb tbh vucturhs ko ykur ifdl, ft fs mhrtgfd yku wfcc grrfvh tbhrh skkdhr kr cgthr fo yku okcckw tbh spfrgc tk tbh hdl fdsflh ykur bhgrt. Fd tbh ikst gdmfhdt vhrsfkds ko stkrfhs ko ogifcfgr spfrfts, wh grh sfifcgrcy fdstrumthl dkt tk `cfdlcy cfsthd gdl okcckw tbhi ùt tk okri g rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb tbh spfrfts, wbfmb bhcps us hstg`cfsb, wftb tbhfr nuflgdmh, kur kwd fddhr mkipgss. Gdnhcs mgd nfvh us fdstrumtfkds, ùt tbhy lk dkt tbfdj gdl ohhc okr us. \k bgvh g prkphr rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb g ogifcfgr fs dkt mklhphdlhdt“gs fo yku wkucl gsj ykur igth wbgt tk hgt okr lfddhr fdsthgl ko ohhcfdn ohhc fdn ykur kwd kw d budnhr“ ùt fs twk fdlhphdlhdt okris ko shdtfhdmh tbgt mkhxfst tknhtbhr fdokrifdn hgmb ktbhr wftbkut cksfdn skvhrhfndty. Fd tbh stkry, tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr bgs g ogifcfgr spfrft, ùt ]guc lkhs dkt wgdt tk tgcj tk tbgt spfrft: bh wgdts bhr tk rhsurrhmt tbh skuc ko tbh lhmhgshl pgtrfgrmb ]giuhc gdl gsj okr bfs fdsfnbt kr fdokrigtfkd. Gmmkrlfdn tk Ahwfsb skurmhs, tbh wftmb lfl dkt wgdt tk lk tbfs `hmgush Jfdn ]guc bfishco bgl pgsshl g cgw okr`fllfdn sumb g rhsurrhmtfkd, sk sbh ohgrhl okr bhr cfoh, ùt ]guc tkcl bhr tk aust lk ft gdywgy gdl gssurhl bhr sbh wkucl dkt nht fd trku`ch. ]hhis tbhrh fs g ckdn bfstkry ko cgwigjhrs igjfdn hxmhptfkds okr tbhishcvhs wbhd tbhy wfsb tk lk skihtbfdn fcchngc. \bh rg``fs ushl g pgrg`ch tk hxpcgfd tbfs gmtfkd kd ]guc‖s pgrt, gs hxpcgfdhl `y \gigr Jglgrf fd bhr grtfmch –Dhmrkigdmhr ko Hdlkr1 Iflrgsb gdl Gnnglgb.’ \bh Pg``fs fccustrgth tbh ikdgrmb‖s fdmkdsfsthdmy `y ihgds ko g pgrg`ch1 g jfdn hdthrhl g mhrtgfd cgdl, gdl krlhrhl tbgt gcc tbh rkksthrs fd tbh cgdl whrh tk `h scgunbthrhl tbgt dfnbt. ^bhd bh wgdthl tk sht okrtb, bh gsjhl1 –Fs tbhrh dk mkmj tk mrkw;’ Bfs shrvgdts tkcl bfi1 –Ft wgs yku wbk krlhrhl tbgt tbhy `h scgunbthrhl!’ ( Chv. Pg``gb 0?1>). ]guc Cfh`hrigd k`shrvhs tbgt tbfs pgrg`ch lhpfmts tbh

=?

Nrhhj @hccy@hccy-\ \gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsth Urfhsthssh sshss

Pkigd mustki ko gunury wftb rkksthrs `hokrh shttfdn kut tk `gttch. Kd tbh `gsfs ko bkw tbh rkksthrs gth tbhfr okkl, tbh Pkigds lfvfdhl wbhtbhr tbhy wkucl rhturd vfmtkrfkus kr dkt. \bf \bfss pgrg`ch hxhipcfofhl ]guc‖s skrry mkdlftfkd. Bh prhshdts bfishco gs tbh hxhmutkr ko tbh lfvfdh igdlgth tk rhikvh tbh dhmrkigdmhrs gdl skktbsgyhrs, ùt fiihlfgthcy okcckwfdn tbfs bh fs rhvhgchl `hokrh bfs shrvgdts fd gcc bfs sbgih, wbhd bh bfishco mkdsucts g dhmrkigdmhr. \bh dhmrkigdmhr fs mkipgrhl tk tbh gunur‖s rkksthr, wbfmb wgs kdh ko tbh ihgds hipckyhl wbhd mkdorkdthl wftb udmhrtgfdty ko tbh outurh.7

\bfs wgtmbfdn ko tbh `frls fs g okri ko lfvfdgtfkd gdl krgmch stfcc prgmtfmhl `y tbh Mgtbkcfm Mburmb udlhr tbh sgdmtfkd ko Nkl, udc udcfjh fjh tbh lfvfdgtfkd lkdh `y wftmbhs, wbfmb fs tg`kk. Fd tbh tgch ko tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr wh shh g pgngd prgmtftfkdhr wbk ushs ogifcfgr spfrfts tk ngfd tbh suphrpkwhr ko prkpbhmy. ]bh fs gt ofrst rhvfchl ùt tbhd skunbt kut `y tbksh wbk lhmrhhl bhr tk `h hvfc. Ft wkucl gpphgr gt tbh hdl ko tbh lgy tbgt tbh wftmb wgs hoofmgmfkus fd bhr wkrj gdl prkvflhl gcc tbgt wgs gsjhl ko bhr rhngrlchss ko tbh aulnihdts upkd bhr udmchgdcfdhss. \bh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr fs kdcy kdh hxgipch ko g iumb cgrnhr trglftfkd ko tbhsh typhs ko krgmchs hxthdlfdn ogr gdl wflh ùt iglh pkpucgr fd Nrhhmh. \bhrh fs g vgst bfstkry ko tbh prgmtfmh ko mkdsuctfdn g ogifcfgr spfrft gdl tbh lhgl okr purpkshs ko k`tgfdfdn fdokrigtfkd, kr skihtfihs, ft aust bgpphds spkdtgdhkuscy. G phmucfgr Nrhhj wkrl ushl fd tbh ]hptugnfdt vhrsfkd ko tbh @f`ch tk lhsmrf`h tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr sbhls skih cfnbt kd tbh prgmtfmhs ko tbh hdngstrfiytbkf, wgs wftmb gdl bhr ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft fd bfstkry. \bh wkrl, hdngstrfiytbkf, wgs ckdn gnk rhikvhl orki tbh vkmgùcgry ko tbhsh lfsmussfkds. Ft ihgds iytb ihgds –`hccy-tgcjhr’ (hngstrf (hngstrf fs fs –`hccy’ gdl iytb ihgds –sphhmb’), kr kdh wbk sphgjs orki bfs `hccy, gctbkunb skih shhi tk tbfdj ft fs dkt tbh `hccy ùt tbh wki`. \bfs lfstfdmtfkd fs ihdtfkdhl `y sfxthhdtb-mhdtury mkurtfhr gdl pkht Nufccguih lh ]gcusth Lu @grtgs: –]k gcc fdmhs fdmhst, t, tbh pgch hdngstrkiftb / Puc‖l `y tbh ourfkus spfrft bh‖s bgudthl wftb, / ]phgjhs fd bfs wki`.’’ 0 wki`.


=>

\bh wkrl vhdtrfckqufst fs fs gdktbhr vhrsfkd ko `hccy-tgcjhr (orki tbh ckquf, –tgcj’). Cgtfd vhdtrgc ihgdfdn ihgdfdn –`hccy’ gdl ckquf, –tgcj’). _hdtrfckqufst wgs cgthr gpprkprfgthl `y tbh hdthrtgfdihdt fdlustry, ùt krfnfdgccy ft wgs ihgdt tk mkdvhy tbgt tbh krgmchs lfl dkt sphgj, ùt rgtbhr, tbh spfrft wftbfd tbhi spkjh. Hdngstrfiytbks (ἕννηύόχΫγψβλπ, cft. –`hccy-tgcjhr’), g wftmbcfjh lhsmhdlgdt ko tbh gdmfhdt ]f`ycs kr prkpbhthsshs. Hdng Hdngstr strfiyt fiytbkf bkf,,

kothd igch, whrh vhdtrfckqufsts wbk lfsnufshl tbhfr vkfmhs gdl iglh igdtfm utthrgdmhs, gs fo g lhfty kr lhikd whrh gmtfdn wftbfd gdl sphgjfdn tbrkunb tbhi.=

\bfs strgdnh wkrl pkssf`cy ihgds tbgt tbh lhgl ushl tbh krgmch cfjh g iklhrd vhdtrfckqufst ushs bfs luiiy, pksshssfdn tbh krgmch gdl sphgjfdn tbrkunb bhr. \bfs wkucl igjh tbh wftmb‖s rkch fd tbfdns cfjh g puppht. ]kih stkrfhs shhihl tk gcsk fdlfmgth tbgt tbh krgmchs mkucl sphgj tk skihkdh wftbkut gmtugccy tgcjfdn, cfjh thchpgtby1 tbh vkfmh ko tbh krgmch mkucl `h bhgrl fd tbh bhgl ko tbh quhrhdt wftbkut tbh `hccytgcjhr‖s cfps ikvfdn. G sfifcgr tbfdn bgpphds fd tbh ofci \bh Ckrl ko tbh Pfdns,, wbhd tbh hco quhhd Ngcglrfhc sphgjs tk gcc ko tbh ohcckwsbfp wftb Pfdns bhr ifdl `y nhttfdn fd tbhfr bhgls. Cfjh g vhdtrfckqufst wbk tbrkws bfs vkfmh fdtk g luiiy, tbh `hcc `hccy-tgc y-tgcjhr jhr krgmchs mkucl tbrkw tbhfr vkfmhs fdtk tbh ifdls ko tbh quhrhdts. \bhrh grh igdy, hsphmfgccy Mbrfstfgds, wbk bgvh lhdkudmhl tbfs ihtbkl ko prkpbhmy gs ogcsh gdl bgvh skihtfihs iglh oud ko ft. ]kih sgfl tbh phrskd phrokrifdn tbhsh lfvfdgtkry rfths tkkj g lhikd wftbfd bfi tk fdthdtfkdgccy nfvh g ogcsh prkpbhmy fd krlhr tk trfmj phkpch, ktbhrs tbkunbt ft wgs fdvkcudtgry lhikdfm pksshssfkd, gdl stfcc ktbhrs stgthl ft wgs gcc iglh up. Gothr tbh spfrftugcfst ikvhihdt kmmurrhl fd Hurkph gdl Gihrfmg, igdy ihlfuis whrh lhùdjhl gs ogjhrs, gs pkpucgrr kpfdfkd tur pkpucg turdhl dhl gn gngfd gfdst st tbhsh gdmfhdt wgys gdl tbh prgmtfmhs whrh cgrn cgrnhcy hcy g`gdlkdhl. Lhspfth tbh rhcgtfvhcy dhw lhùdj lhùdjfdn fdn ko tbfs trglftfkd, ft bgs cgsthl tbkusgdls ko yhgrs, gdl budlrhls ko tbkusgdls ko

=2

Nrhhj @hccy@hccy-\ \gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsths Urfhsthsshs shs

phkpch bgvh trgvhrshl tbh nck`h okr tbh skch purpksh ko shhjfdn mkudshc wftb g `hccy-tg `hccy-tgcjhr cjhr kr `hccy-iytbhr. Pkwgd G. Nrhhr gdl Igrng Igrngrht rht I. Iftmbhcc, fd tbhfr `kkj hxgifdfdn tbh stkry ko ]guc gdl tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr, lfsmuss tbh krfnfd ko tbfs thri. Cfjh –`hccy-iytbhr,’ ZἕννηύόχΫγψβλπ Y fs g okrhfnd thri gdl g dhngtfvh thri, wbfmb okr Mbrfstfgd (gdl Ahwfsb) rhglhrs wgs gsskmfgthl wftb pgngd, pgng d, gdl g dl hsphmfgc hsphmf gccy cy Nrhhj, lfvfdgtkry lfvf dgtkry prgmtfmhs. \bh prgmtfmhs lkdh `y ἕννηύόχΫγψβλπ grh hxprhsscy okr`fllhd `y Nkl hcshwbhrh fd tbh @f`ch fd cgws gllrhsshl tk Fsrghc gdl gpprkprfgthl `y Mbrfstfgds. . . . tbh ]hptugnfdtgc trgdscgtkr bgl trgdsohrrhl g skihwbgt iysthrfkus rhohrhdmh tk gdmfhdt Ihskpktgifgd-stychl igdtfms fdtk g sthrhktypfmgc Nrhhj okri ko gcfhd prkpbhtfm sphhmb. <

\bh thri `hccy-tgcjhr wgs wgs ushl dkt kdcy okr tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr ùt gcsk tk lhsmrf`h gd gdmfhdt trglftfkd ko igdy krgmchs wbk mgih tk `h jdkwd gs tbh sf`ycs. Kdh ko tbh ikst whcc-jdkwd ihi`hrs ko tbfs trglftfkd gdl cfdhgnh wgs tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf wbk, tbrkunb mkdsuctgtfkds wftb ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrfts, lhcfvhrhl krgmchs“prkpbhmfhs krgmchs“prkpbhmfhs gdl g dl glvfmh. g lvfmh. \bh trglftfkd ko tbh sf`ycs hxthdls `gmj tk gd udjdkwd pkfdt fd buigd bfstkry, gs wh kdcy bgvh gmmhss tk wbgt fs rhmkrlhl, ùt `gshl kd skih mgvh pgfdtfdns pgf dtfdns tbgt lhpfmt nkllhss nkllhsshs hs go goof ofcfgthl cfgthl wftb tbfs prgmtfmh, ft wkucl gpphgr tk bgvh fts rkkts fd prhbfstkry. \BH CK]\ UPFH]\H]]H]

\bh ckrl wbksh fs tbh krgmch gt Lhcpbf dhftbhr utthrs dkr bflhs bfs ihgdfdn, ùt sbkws ft `y g sfnd. . . . \bh ]f`yc, wftb rgvfdn cfps utthrfdn tbfdns ifrtbchss, ud`hlfzhdhl, gdl udph udphrou rouihl ihl,, rhgmbhs kvh kvhrr g tbkusg tbkusgdl dl yhgrs wftb bhr �kfmh, tbgdjs tk tbh nkl fd bhr. B��


=6

\bh sf`yc krgmchs whrh rhigrjg`cy ogikus gdl whcc rhputhl gdl okudl smgtthrhl gcc kvhr Hurkph. Ikst ko tbh sf`ycs whrh sgfl tk bgvh mkih orki tbh hgst, wbfmb wfcc `h hxpcgfdhl fd g tgch ko G`rgbgi sbkrtcy. \bh sf`yc fs wkrl sf`yc wkrl fs bfnbcy lfsputhl gs tk fts krfnfds gdl htyikckny. ]kih sgy ft fs lhrfvhl orki tbh nkllhss My`hch, gdl `ktb sf`yc gdl tbh dgih ko tbh nkllhss bgvh tbh sgih ihgdfdn, –mgvh lwhcchr,’ gs ikst ko tbh krgmchs, cfjh tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf, phrokrihl tbhfr oudmtfkds fd mgvhs. ]f`yc mkihs orki tbh Cgtfd sf`yccg Cgtfd sf`yccg,, wbfmb skih sunnhst wgs lhrfvhl orki tbh tbhkùch, ihgdfdn Nrhhj wkrl tbhkùch, ihgdfdn –lfvfdh wfcc kr mkudshc.’ Ikst trgdscgtfkds stgth tbh wkrl ihgds –ikutb ko Nkl.’ Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh Ahwfsb Hdmymckphlf Hdm ymckphlfgg tbh wkrl igy bgvh krfnfdgthl fd hgrcy ]hiftfm @g`yckd, gdl bgs gcsk `hhd trgdscgthl gs –Gdmfhdt ko Nkl,’ wbfmb mkdvhys `ktb tbh gsskmfgtfkd ko tbh sf`yc wftb kcl gnh gdl tbhfr spfrftugc okmus.

Cf`ygd sf`yc Hdnrgvfdn `y @gmmfk @gclfdf, @rftfsb Iushui (mg. 7<>5”25)

<5


\bh prfhsthsshs ko \bh Nrhgt Ugngd Nkllhss My`hch (Jy`hch“mgvh lwhcchr) wkucl, tbrkunb g trgdsokrigtfkd `y tbh Nrhhjs, `h mkdoushl wftb gdl hvhd hvhdtugc tugccy cy jdkwd gs tbh ]f`ycs. \bh Nrhgt Nkllhss ko Gsfg G sfg Ifdkr fs tbh kclhst truh Nkllhss jdkwd, prhlgtfdn tbh Nkllhsshs ko tbh ]uihrfgd gdl Hnyptfgds `y gt chgst 8,555 yhgrs. ^bfch tbhrh bgvh `hhd Nkllhss ofnurfdhs okudl wbfmb lgth tk =5,555 yhgrs gnk, tbhy mkih tk us wftbkut jdkwchlnh ko tbhfr krfnfd kr mbgrgmthr ko tbh Nkllhss tbhy rhprhshdt. G ofnurfdh okudl gt Îgtgc Bóyój, lgtfdn tk 2,555 yhgrs gnk, lhpfmts tbh Iktbhr Nkllhss squgttfdn fd tbh prkmhss ko nfvfdn `frtb wbfch ocgdjhl `y twk chkpgrls. Fd cgthr mhdturfhs, tbh chkpgrls wkucl `h mbgdnhl tk cfkds“tbh ihtgikrpbkshl Gtgcgdtg gdl Bfppkihdhs, tbkunb chkpgrls whrh mkdsflhrhl tk `h ohigch cfkds `y tbh gdmfhdts. Bhr wkrsbfp wgs krfnfdgccy mki`fdhl wftb tbgt ko tbh @ucc ko Bhgvhd, wbfmb fs gcsk prkifdhdtcy lfspcgyhl gt Îgtgc Bóyój. G trgdsokrigtfkd ko skudls, wbfmb igy whcc bgvh `hhd ]y`hch tbgt hgrcy fd bfstkry, gpphgrs twk tbkusgdl yhgrs cgthr fd ]uihr gs ]fùrf, tbh Lfvfdh @grigfl wbk bhcl tbh jhys tk lhsmhdt fdtk tbh udlhrwkrcl. ]bh wgs fd ogmt tbh hgrtbcy Urfhsthss ko tbh ]uihrfgd Nkllhss Fdgddg, bkclfdn tbh jhys –Ih’ ko tbh Bkcy \gvhrd gdl Muct Bgrcktry“tbkunb g Bgrckt wgs gmtugccy g prfhsthss ko tbh Hnyptfgd Nkllhss Bgtbkr.8

Fd gdmfhdt Nrhhj gdl Pkigd lhpfmtfkds ko bhr, My`hch fs gcwgys sbkwd bkclfdn jhys, g syi`kc cgthr gpprkprfgthl `y tbh pkph. Gcc kvhr tbh _gtfmgd mgd `h shhd tbh sbfhcl wftb tbh twk mrksshl jhys tbgt whrh kdmh bhcl fd tbh bgdl ko tbh nkllhss. Gctbkunb tklgy wh ikstcy jdkw igch nkls, tbhrh wgs g tfih wbhd nkllhsshs rhfndhl suprhih. \bh ikst pkwhrouc ko tbhsh nkllhsshs whrh tbh hgrtb nkllhsshs, gcsk jdkwd gs tbh lgrj iktbhrs, wbk bhcl tbh pkwhr ko mrhgtfkd gdl lhstrumtfkd. \bhsh lhftfhs whrh vhdhrgthl gdl ohgrhl. \bhy whrhh jdkwd `y igdy dgihs whr dgihs fd igdy mucturhs, sumb gs Jgcf Jg cf gdl Lhihthr, Lhihthr, ùt tbh jhy ofnurh wh sbgcc `h okmusfdn kd fd tbfs `kkj fs tbh nkllhss My`hch. ]bh wgs g mkipkdhdt fd igdy ko tbh prhlkifdgdt rhcfnfkds tbgt


<7

wh jdkw tklgy, tklgy, gdl g dl yht vhry ohw phkpch bgvh bgvh hvhr bhgrl bhr dgih. \bh dgih My`hch fs sthhphl fd iysthry gdl bgs shvhrgc ihgdfdns, fd gllftfkd tk mgvh lwhcchr ihdtfkdhl hgrcfhr. Krfnfdgccy sthiifdn orki Jy`hch, gdl pkssf`cy Jy`g`g kr Ju`g`g, tbfs dgih fs pkpucgrcy fdthr prhthl tk ihgd –Ikudtgfd Iktbhr. Iktbhr.’’ Fd Pkih, My`hch wgs jdkwd gs Igndg Igthr, wbfmb ihgds –Nrhgt Iktbhr.’ Fd gdmfhdt ]uihrfg tbh dgih Ju`g`g wgs nfvhd tk g suppkshlcy rhgc wkigd wbk wgs tbh kdcy ohigch tk `h cfsthl wftb tbh jfdns. My`hch wgs jdkwd okr bhr ruchrsbfp kvhr gdfigcs, okrtrhsshs, gdl wgccs: sbh wgs g ohrtfcfty nkllhss gdl sk wgs skihtfihs lhpfmthl nfvfdn `frtb. ]bh wgs usugccy gmmkipgdfhl `y cfkds kr cgrnh mgts gdl bgwjs kr ktbhr `frls ko prhy.

]tgtuh ko My`hch wftb bhr twk nugrlfgd cfkds Hdnrgvfdn `y @hrdgrl lh Ikdtogumkd, orki Ikdtogumkd, Gdtfqufty Ikdtogumkd, Gdtfqufty Hxpcgfdhl, gdl Phprhshdthl fd ]mucpturhs, trgdscgthl ]mucpturhs, trgdscgthl `y Lgvfl Buipbrhys (Ckdlkd1 A. \kdskd gdl A. ^gtts, 7>07”08)

<0

Nrhhj @hccy@hccy-\ \gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsths Urfhsthsshs shs

My`hch wgs g pkpucgr Pkigd lhfty gdl gpphgrhl fd igdy thipchs grkudl Pkih. Bhr vgst hipfrh sprhgl tbrkunbkut Hurkph gdl Gsfg. Ikst smbkcgrs sgy sbh krfnfdgthl fd Gdgtkcfg, dkw jdkwd gs \urjhy. Gmmkrlfdn tk ikst smbkcgrs, My`hch‖s pkfdt ko krfnfd fs Ikudt Flg, fd dkrtbwhsthrd \urjhy. Igdy rhigfds ko stgtuhs gdl thipchs ko My`hch bgvh `hhd okudl fd \urjhy. Bhr strkdnbkcl wgs vhry mcksh tk Fstgdùc, kr Mkdstgdtfdkpch, dhgr tbh gdmfhdt mfty ko \rky. \bh krfnfd ko _gtfmgd Mfty fs sthhphl fd tbh bfstkry ko tbh nkllhss My`hch. \bh wgcc hdmcksfdn tbh _gtfmgd ifrrkrs My`hch‖s iurgc mrkwd, wbfmb rhprhshdts rhprhshdts mfty wgc wgccs. cs. ]t. Uhth Uhthr‖ r‖ss @gsfcfmg @gsf cfmg fs ùfct kd tkp ko g thip thipch ch kr sbrfdh tk My`hch. \bh Pkigd hiphrkr Mkdstgdtfdh tkkj kvhr tbh nrkudls gdl krlhrhl tbh ùfclfdn ko tbh `gsfcfmg, rk``fdn tbh nkllhss‖s okcckwhrs ko g pcgmh ko wkrsbfp gdl lfifdfsbfdn bhr nckry. Krfnfdgccy fd tbgt ckmgtfkd wgs g Ubrynfgd thipch gdl nrgvh ikudl. \BH IH\HKPF\H

Nk gdl mgtmb g ogccfdn stgr, Nht wftb mbfcl g igdlrgjh rkkt, \hcc ih wbhrh gcc pgst yhgrs grh, Kr wbk mchot tbh lhvfc lhvfc‖s‖s okkt, \hgmb ih tk bhgr ihrigfls sfdnfdn, Kr tk jhhp koo hd�y‖s stfdnfdn, Gdl ofdl ^bgt wfdl ]hrvhs tk glvgdmh gd bkdhst ifdl. A�� L�� L�� ,, –]��1 N� �� ’

\bh stkry ko tbh shmrht flhdtfty ko My`hch fs ogr ikrh ogsmfdgtfdn tbgd tbh iytbs gdl stkrfhs surrkudlfdn tbfs Iktbhr Nkllhss wbk wgs dkth wkrtby okr bhr prfhsts wbk pu`cfmcy mgstrgth mgstrgthll tbhishcvhs fd rftug rftugcc mhr mhr-hikdfhs. Bhr truh dgturh mgd `h okudl fd bhr krfnfds gt Ikudt Flg.


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Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh chnhdls, kdh lgy g igssfvh ihthkrfth ohcc tk Hgrtb gdl cgdlhl kd tkp ko tbh ikudtgfd. \bh ckmgcs dgihl tbfs ihthkrfth My`hch1 sbh wgs dk cgly gt gcc ùt g cgrnh `cgmj stkdh, `y skih gmmkudts sfxthhd ohht ckdn. ]kih sgy tbgt bhr dgih, fdthrprhthl `y skih tk ihgd –Ikudtgfd Iktbhr,’ wgs ihgdt tk rhochmt bhr `frtb kd tkp ko tbh ikudtgfd. \bfs igjhs My`hch gd flkc fd fd tbh ikst mcgssfmgc shdsh. ]bh wgs g cfvfdn stkdh tbgt wgs glkrhl gdl prgyhl tk `y tbkusgdls ko buigds. ^ftb sk igdy cf`flks fdthdshcy okmushl kd tbfs kàhmt, ft mkucl `h truh tbgt tbh ihthkrfth bgl ifdl-gcthrfdn gttrfùths, kr phrbgps fts pkwhr wgs luh tk tbh hchmtrkigndhtfm prkphrtfhs ko tbh ihthkr ihthkr.. Ft wgs g ogfrcy mkiikd prgmtfmh tk wkrsbfp ihthkrfths fd gdmfhdt tfihs, wbfmb fs dkt lfoofmuct tk `hcfhvh, mkdsflhrfdn bkw sphmtgmucgr gdl gigzfdn tbh hvhdt ko g ihthkrfth cgdlfdn wkucl `h. My`hch wgs aust kdh hxgipch ko g ihthkrfth hdsbrfdhl fd g thipch: sbh mhrtgfdcy wgs dkt tbh ofrst. \bhrh wgs g ckdn trglftfkd ko jhhpfdn tbhsh typhs ko stkdhs fd thipchs. Mgcchl @ghtycus, tbhsh sgmrhl stkdhs whrh mkdsflhrhl tk `h gcfvh gdl hdlkwhl wftb spfrfts, aust cfjh tbh flkc stkdh ko Hchnug fd Gorfmg. G ogikus stkdh jdkwd gs Qhus wgs tbkunbt tk bgvh `hhd hgthd `y Mbrkdks: jhpt gt tbh thipch gt Lhcpbf, ft wgs lhcfmgthcy mgrhl okr `y tbh thipch prfhsthsshs. Grkudl 05< @MH, tbh Pkigds `rkunbt My`hch, gs rhprhshdthl `y tbh ihthkrfth, tk Pkih. Gt tbh tfih Bgddf`gc, tbh Mgrtbgnfdfgd nhdhrgc, wgs tbrhgthdfdn Pkih. \bh ]f`yccfdh @kkjs ko prkpbhmy prhlfmthl tbgt My`hch wkucl orhh Ftgcy orki tbfs smkurnh. ]bkrtcy gothr tbh stkdh wgs `rkunbt tk Pkih, Bgddf`gc gdl bfs griy chot. \bh stkdh wgs bkushl fd g thipch kd tbh Ugcgtfdh Bfcc bkdkrfdn tbh nkllhss ko vfmtkry. \bh thipch wgs skkd tbhrhgothr rhlhlfmgthl tk My`hch, `hmkifdn tbh ofrst thipch fd Pkih tk bkdkr bhr. G dui`hr ko thipchs whrh ùfct fd Pkih bkdkrfdn My`hch, fdmculfdn kdh kd _gtfmgd Bfcc. Fd =25 MH, skih sfxty yhgrs gothr Hiphrkr Mkdstgdtfdh bgl ]t. Uhthr‖s @gsfcfmg ùfct kd _gtfmgd Bfcc, Mbrfstfgdfty `hmgih tbh koofmfgc rhcfnfkd ko tbh Pkigd Hipfrh, `y krlhr ko Hiphrkr \bhklksfus. Pkiucus Gunustus, rhfndfdn orki <>8 tk <>? MH, fs mkdsflhrhl tbh cgst

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hiphrkr ko tbh ^hsthrd Pkigd Hipfrh. Ft wgs grkudl tbfs tfih, gmmkrlfdn tk tbh cfthrgturh, tbgt tbh My`hch ihthkrfth lfsgpphgrhl orki tbh Ugcgtfdh. \bh cgst lkmuihd lkmuihdthl thl sfnbtfdn ko ft wgs fd g`kut =55 MH, MH , gdl ft cfjhcy lfld‖t survfvh tbh sgmj ko Pkih `y tbh Nktbs fd <75 MH. ]kihkdh stkch tbh nfgdt ihthkrfth, gdl orki tbhrh bhr wbhrhg`kuts grh g iysthry. \bhrh fs gdktbhr rgtbhr mkdspfrgtkrfgc tbhkry ko wbgt `hmgih ko My`hch tbgt dk lku`t wfcc grkush skih lh`gth gdl lfsgnrhhihdt, ùt tbh mkdsflhrgtfkd ko tbh mkrrhspkdlhdmhs prkvflhs skih fdsfnbt. Ft turds kut tbgt tbh igakr ofnurh fd tbh wkrsbfp ko Fscgi fs gcsk g `cgmj stkdh, bkushl gt tbh thipch jdkwd gs tbh Jgg`g. F ofdl tbh dgih Jgg`g ko fdthrhst `hmgush ft fs sfifcgr tk Ju`g`g, kdh ko My`hch‖s dgihs. \bh jgg`g ihgds –mu`h,’ wbfch fd igdy ko tbh Pkigd lhpfmtfkds ko wkrl jgg`g My`hch, kr Ju`g`g, sbh fs sbkwd wftb g okur-wgcchl squgrh okrtrhss kd tkp ko bhr bhgl, okrifdn g mu`h. \bhrh mkucl `h gt chgst gd htyikcknfmgc mkddhmtfkd bhrh fo dktbfdn hcsh. \bh ihthkrfth murrhdtcy bhcl fd tbh Jgg`g sbkws up fd ?55 MH“ kdh budlrhl yhgrs gothr My`hch lfsgpphgrs orki Pkih. Ft stgdls tk rhgskd tbgt tbh stkdh fd tbh Jgg`g mkucl qufth pkssf`cy `h g orgnihdt ko tbh My`hch ihthkrfth. \bh Jgg`g stkdh fs sgfl tk bgvh `hhd lfsmkvhrhl `y Ikbgiihl bfishco. Ft fs tbh vhry stkdh tbgt bh mcgfis mgrrfhl bfi fdtk bhgvhd, wbhrh bh rhmhfvhl tbh wkrl ko Nkl. Mkdshquhdtcy, tbfs ihthkrfth `hmgih tbh mhdthr ko wkrsbfp ko Fscgi. \bh Jgg`g fs g pfcnrfignh sfth wbhrh tbkusgdls ko phkpch bgvh gd hmstgtfm hxphrfhdmh gs tbhy swfrc grkudl tbh sbfdy `cgmj ihthkrfth. \bfs prgmtfmh fs qufth sfifcgr tk tbh wkrsbfp ko My`hch fd \urjhy, wbhrh bhr okcckwhrs nk fdtk gcthrhl stgths. Uhkpch cfthrgccy lfh hvhry yhgr, igdy ko tbhi trgipchl fd gtthipts tk nht mcksh tk tbfs `cgmj gdl sbfdy stkdh flkc. \bfs mkucl `h vfhwhl gs flkcgtry fd fts ikst mcgssfm pgngd okri. Gctbkunb koofmfgccy ft fs bhcl tbgt tbh wkrsbfp fs okmushl kd Gccgb rgtbhr tbgd tbh stkdh fd tbh Jgg`g, tbh ogmt tbgt phkpch grh wfccfdn tk nfvh up tbhfr cfvhs tk tbfs stkdh fs gd fdlfmgtfkd ko bkw iumb vgcuh ft bkcls okr tbhi fd tbhfr `hcfhos. ]k hsshdtfgccy, rhngrlchss ko tbh pkssf`ch mkddhmtfkds tk My`hch


<8

lfrhmtcy, ft fs udlhdfg`ch tbgt wh bgvh tbh Mgtbkcfm Mburmb grfsfdn grkudl tbh sgih tfih g stkdh flkc fs `rkunbt tk Pkih: wh ofdl Mgtbkcfm sfths wftb @cgmj Iglkddg stgtuhs iglh ko stkdh, `hcfhvhl `y skih tk `h flkcs iglh orki ihthkrfths: wh bgvh Fscgi wftb pfcnrfignh tk g `cgmj stkdh gs kdh ko tbh rhcfnfkd‖s mkrh pfccgrs: gdl wh bgvh tbh pgngds wkrsbfppfdn stkdh flkcs. Ft‖s gd fdthrhstfdn pbhdkihdkd tbgt tbhrh sbkucl `h kll ihthkrfths gcc kvhr tbh pcgmh wbhrh cgrnh rhcfnfkus fdstftutfkds grksh. @ut phrbgps ft‖s dkt sk iysthrfkus tbgt ogcchd stgrs wkucl bgvh gd goofcfgtfkd wftb bhgvhd okr tbh wkrcl‖s rhcfnfkds. ]tkdh flkcs tbgt rhprhshdt ogifcfgr spfrfts bgvh g strkdn pucc tbrkunbkut bfstkry, wbfmb lhshrvhs ourtbhr hxgifdgtfkd, hvhd fo tbh kdcy pkwhr tbhy mkdtgfd fs pcgmhl upkd tbhi `y tbh t bh buigd buig d fign fignfdgtfkd. fdgtfkd.

Grthifs ko Hpbhsus Gdkdyikus hfnbthhdtb-mhdtury hdnrgvfdn


\k rhturd tk tbh sf`yc krgmchs gdl tbhfr ogifcfgrs, ft shhihl tbhy prhohrrhl tk `h mkdtgfdhl wftbfd g stkdh mgvh gdl tbhd gttrgmt g spfrft fdtk tbhfr cfvfdn `klfhs fd krlhr tk lhcfvhr tbhfr prkpbhmfhs. \bh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf fd Nrhhmh wgs mkdsflhrhl tk bgvh g vhry pkwhrouc ogifcfgr spfrft. \bh ofrst rhmkrlhl krgmch gt Lhcpbf bgl g lrgnkd gs bhr ogifcfgr spfrft, gdl g ofhrmh kdh gt tbgt. \bfs lrgnkd wgs tbkunbt tk nfvh tbh krgmch bhr prkpbhmfhs, pkwhrs, gdl wfslki gdl gmt gs bhr ofhrmh nugrlfgd gdl prkthmtkr. prkthmtk r. \bh dgih ko tbfs lrgnkd wgs Uyt Uytbkd, bkd, gdl orki bhrh wh nht tbh wkrl okr g cgrnh dkdvhdkikus sdgjh. \bh mgvh tbh krgmch lfvfdhl fd mgih tk `h jdkwd gs tbh Uytbfg, fd bhr nugrlfgd‖s bkdkr, gdl tbh bfnb prfhsthss wgs gcsk mgc mgcchl chl Uytbfg Uy tbfg.. \bfs \b fs mgvh wgs gcsk mkip mkipgrhl grhl tk g wki` gdl rhprhshdthl tbh Hgrtb Nkllhss bhrshco wbk prkvflhs kur bkih fd `ktb `frtb gdl lhgtb. \bh Uytbfg mgvh prkvflhl gd hdtrgdmh fdtk tbh Hgrtb Nkllhss sk tbgt suppcfmgdts mkucl pgrtgjh ko bhr wfslki. \bhrh pftbks, tbh igy `h g ourtbhr mkddhmtfkd tk pftbks, tbh Nrhhj dgih okr g cgrnh stkrgnh mkdtgfdhr. Uftbkf mkdtgfdhr. Uftbkf (pcurgc) (pcurgc) whrh ushl gs ùrfgc urds kr mkoofds tk fdthr tbh `kdhs ko tbh lhmhgshl, gs whcc gs tk stkrh nrgfds gdl cfqufls. \bh gdmfhdt Hnyptfgds gcsk ushl mkvhrhl urds, mgcchl mgdkpfm agrs, tk stkrh tbh rhigfds ko tbh lhgl. ]kih `hcfhvh tbgt tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts grh ikstcy wftbfd Hgrtb, kr mbtbkdfm. @hmgush ko tbhfr gsskmfgtfkd wftb gdmhstkrs kr lhgl spfrfts, gdl tbhrhokrh wftb nrgvhygrls, ft igjhs shdsh tbgt tbhy wkucl krfnfdgth udlhrnrkudl kr fd tbh udlhrwkrcl. ]kihbkw, tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf fd bhr mgvh wgs `hmkifdn gs tbh lhgl, kr bfllhd fdsflh Hgrtb, gdl tbgt fs pgrtt ko bkw sbh wkucl mkih fdtk mkdtgmt wftb tbhsh spfrfts. Ogif pgr Ogifcfg cfgrr spfrfts mkucl mkih orki lhhp wftbfd Hgrtb: tbh ^ftmb ko Hdlkr suiikds up tbh spfrft ko ]giuhc orki Hgrtb ftshco. \bh spfrfts ko tbh lhgl grh ùrfhl fd nrgvhygrls, gdl wh grh gcc `krd orki gdl rhturd tk Hgrtb: ft ifnbt dkt `h sumb g vgst auip tbgt skihbkw Hgrtb mkdtgfds gcc ko kur ogifcy okr us tk `ktb lrgw orki gdl rhturd tk, tbh nrhgt wki` gdl tki` ko gcc cfoh. Hgrtb fs iktbhr gdl rhgphr ko gcc cfoh upkd bhr. Bhrh wftb tbh rhohrhdmhs tk tbh wki`, wh mgd shh skih ko tbh pkssf`ch mkddhmtfkds tk tbh okrmh ko tbh cf`flk. Fo g wkigd‖s shxugcfty fs


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skihbkw tfhl tk tbh prkmurfdn ko tbh ogifcfgr spfrft, fdsthgl ko shx gdl mbfcl`frtb, gcc ko tbhsh gdmfhdt rhohrhdmhs tk bhr wki` gdl bhr mbgstfty mkucl `h tgcjfdn g`kut usfdn ohigch shxugc pkwhr tk gttrgmt gdl bkush g nrhgt mrhgtkr gdl hgrtb spfrft, fdsthgl ko g nrhgt igd. Fd tbh mgsh ko tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf, ft `hmgih jdkwd cgthr tbgt tbh sphmfgc tbrkdh sbh sgt upkd rhvhgchl bhr dgjhl nhdftgcs, wbfmb bkvhrhl kvhr g mrgmj fd tbh hgrtb tbgt wgs chgjfdn psymbkgmtfvh ngs. Bhrh fd tbh mgvh, tbh wftmb wgs chttfdn g vgpkr orki Hgrtb fdtk bhr `kly fd g vhry cfthrgc ogsbfkd. Ft wgs dkt g spfrftugc pksshssfkd sk iumb gs g mbhifmgc udfkd wftb g –spfrft’ grfsfdn orki lhhp fdsflh Hgrtb: tbh krgmch g`skr`fdn tbfs ngs tbrkunb bhr vucvg gdl wki`. \bh gdmfhdt krgmch trglftfkd mgih tk fts lhgtb, fd g stgth-sgdmtfkdhl ogsbfkd gt chgst, fd =6= MH wbhd \bhklksfus iglh gd koofmfgc krlhr tbgt tbh prfhsthsshs `h iurlhrhl gdl dhvhr phriftthl tk rhsuih tbhfr lutfhs. \bhfr thipch wgs tgjhd kvhr `y tbh prfhsts, gdl wkihd dhvhr prgmtfmhl tbhrh gngfd g ngfd.. Frkdfmgccy, F rkdfmgccy, fd tbh cgst cg st prkpbhmy nfvhd n fvhd `y gd krgmch, ft wgs gddkudmhl tbgt Pkih wkucl ogcc gdl tbh hipfrh wkucl hdl. \bfs prhlfmtfkd wgs okcckwhl `y tbh t bh lhgtb ko \bhklksfus kdcy ofvh yhgrs cgthr gdl tbh hdl ko tbh ^hsthrd Pkigd Hipfrh fd gdktbhr ofothhd yhgrs‖ tfih. ]fifcgr typhs ko krgmchs usfdn ihtbkls mkdnruhdt tk tbh sf`ycs mgd `h okudl fd ktbhr pgrts ko tbh wkrcl gs whcc. Fd \f`ht okr hxgipch tbhrh wgs g ckdn trglftfkd ko krgmchs jdkwd gs g s tbh Dhmbudn Krgmch. \bfs stgth krgmch fs g jhy pgrt ko \f`htgd rhcfnfkus skmfhty gdl wkrjs gs g mcksh glvfshr tk tbh Lgcgf Cgig. Bgvfdn skih typh ko spfrftugc krgmch wgs mkiikd prgmtfmh okr igdy pkcftfmgc chglhrs gdl mgd stfcc `h okudl fd pcgmhs tklgy. Pkdgcl Phg Phgngd ngd bgl bfs gstrkcknhr, aust gs Dfmbkcgs, tbh cgst mzgr ko Pussfg, mkdsucthl Pgsputfd. \bh Dhmbudn Krgmch ko \f`ht fs thipkrgrfcy tgjhd kvhr, kr pksshsshl, `y g ogifcfgr spfrft gdl tbus phrokris tbh sgih ty typh ph ko `hccy-tgc `hccy-tgcjfdn jfdn thmbdfquh gs tbh sf`ycs. \bhsh Dhmbudn Krgmchs whrh gcsk mkdsflhrhl prkthmthl `y nugrlfgd spfrfts, jfdl ko cfjh g nugrlfgd gdnhc, gdl bgl tbh rhspkdsf`fcftfhs dkt kdcy ko prkvflfdn prkpbhmfhs ùt ko gcsk ihgds ko prkthmtfkd.

<2


@ullbfst lgdmh prgmtftfkdhr gdl smbkcgr Hcchd Uhgrcigd wrfths1 ^ bhd Ugl ^bhd Uglig igsg sgi`bgvg i`bgvg mkds mkdshmr hmrgthl gthl ]g ]giyh iyh Ikdg Ikdgsthr sthryy wft wftbb tbh _gargj _ gargjfcgyg fcgyg lgdmh lgdmh,, bh tgih tgihll tbh ckmgc spfrft prkthmtkr, Uhbgr Nygcp, gdl `kudl bfi `y kgtb tk `hmkih tbh bhgl ko tbh hdtfrh bfhrgrmby ko @ullbfst prkthmtfv prkthmtfvhh spfrfts. Uhbgr, cgthr jdkwd gs g s Lkrah Lrgjlhd, `hmgih tbh prfdmfpgc prkthmtkr ko tbh Lgcgf Cgigs, igdfohstfdn tbrkunb tbh Dhmbudn Krgmch. Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh Lgcgf Cgig, –\f`htgds rhcy kd krgmchs okr vgrfkus rhgskds. \bh purpksh ko tbh krgmchs fs dkt aust tk okrhthcc tbh outurh. \bhy grh mgcchl upkd gs prkthmtkrs gdl skihtfihs ushl gs bhgchrs. Bkwhvhr, tbhfr prfigry oudmtfkd fs tk prkthmt tbh @ullbg Lbgrig gdl fts prgmtftfkdhrs.’ ?

8

Ogifcfgr ]pfrfts fd AulhkAulhk-M Mbrfst stffgdft gdftyy Lkd‖t `h lrud lrudjhd jhd wftb wfdh wfdh,, fd wbfmb fs lfssfpgtf lfssfpgtfkd, kd, ùt `h ofcchl wftb tbh ]pfrft. H�� H�� 8172 8172

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bh Aulhk-Mbrfstfgd rhcfnfkds bgvh bfstkrfmgccy bgrsbcy aulnhl gdl mkdlhidhl wftmbhs wbk bgvh ogifcfgr spfrfts, prgmtfmh flkcgtry, gdl prkpbhsy. \bhsh mkdlhidgtfkds bgvh chl tk ifccfkds ko lhgtbs gdl spfcchl tbh `ckkl ko ogr tkk igdy pgngds tk mkudt. \bkunb tbhsh rhcfnfkds bgvh skihtfihs hspkushl gdl prgmtfmhl tkchrgdmh, wftmbhs wbk jhpt ogifcfgrs whrh dkt nfvhd nrgmh gdl okrnfvhd gdl whrh ikstcy put tk lhgtb. Ft fs stgthl fd shvhrgc pgssgnhs ko tbh @f`ch tbgt tbhsh prgmtfmhs grh tg`kk, gdl kdh sbkucl gvkfl bgvfdn mkdtgmt wftb gdy wftmb wbk bgs g ogifcfgr spfrft. Dktbfdn chss tbgd tktgccy sbuddfdn tbhi wgs gmmhptg`ch. Ft fs g`skcuthcy okr`fllhd tk mkdsuct wftb ogifcfgr spfrfts upkd pgfd ko lhgtb. Mbrfstfgds bgvh mkih tk `hcfhvh, luh tk skih pgssgnhs fd tbh @f`ch, tbgt g wftmb gmtugccy ckshs bhr skuc gdl fs lgidhl fo sbh prgmtfmhs lfvfdgtfkd kr mkdsucts tbh spfrfts ko tbh lhgl. Gs Chvftfmus 0510> stgths1 –G igd kr g wkigd wbk bgs g nbkst kr g ogifcfgr spfrft sbgcc `h put tk lhgtb: tbhy sbgcc `h phcthl wftb stkdhs“tbhfr `ckklnufct sbgcc `h upkd tbhi.’ <6

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Ogifcfgr Ogifc fgr ]pfrfts fd AulhkAulhk-Mbrfstfgdfty Mbrfstfgdfty

Kd tbh ktbhr bgdl, ft fs mkiikd prgmtfmh fd gcc ko tbh hxfstfdn Mbrfstfgd mburmbhs tk mkih fdtk mkdtgmt gdl mkiiudfmgth wftb tbh Bkcy ]pfrft gdl tk mkdsuct wftb Ahsus, wbk fs lhgl. ]k g Mbrfstfgd mgd bgvh mkdvhrsgtfkds wftb kdcy kdh spfrft gdl kdh gdmhstkr“Ahsus: gdy skih typhs ktbhr hxphrfhdmh fs hxprhsscy okr`fllhd. Fd gllftfkd, tbhrh grh skih typhs ko lfvfdgtfkd tbgt grh gpprkvhl `y mburmbhs gdl sydgnknuhs gdl fd tbh @f`ch, gdl ikst ko tbksh mgd kdcy `h phrokrihl `y prfhsts. Dkdh ko tbh lfvfdgtfkd ihtbkls phrokrihl `y tbh prfhsthsshs whrh gpprkvhl: tbhy whrh gcc g cc lhhihl tg`kk t g`kk gdl tbh prgmtftfkd prgmtftfkdhrs hrs whrh pudfsbhl. Gcc rhcfnfkds bgvh bypkmrftfmgc prgmtfmhs, ùt tbh hxthdt tk wbfmb tbh Ahwfsb gdl Mbrfstfgd rhcfnfkds vhbhihdtcy g`bkr jhhpfdn ogifcfgr spfrfts fs fd stgrj mkdtrgst tk tbh prgmtfmhs tbhy hdmkurgnh wftb tbh Bkcy ]pfrft, wbk tbhy lhhi wkrtby. Bkw lk tbh Mbrfstfgd ogtbhrs jdkw tbh wftmbhs grh dkt mkdohrrfdn wftb tbh vhry sgih Bkcy ]pfrft gs tbhfr kwd prfhsts; @ut tbhd tbgt mkucl `h iy ogifcfgr ogif cfgr spfrft igjfdn igj fdn tbgt t bgt aulnihdt gdl tgfdtfdn iy mkdsmfkusdhss wftb fts –fipurh ofctb.’ Gctbkunb tbh Mgtbkcfm Mburmb stgudmbcy rhprfigdls dhmrkigdmy prgmtfmhl `y wftmbhs, gc gccc Pkigd Mgtbkcfm gct gctgrs grs mkdtgfd tbh rhigfd rhigfdss ko g sgfdt, mgcchl rhcfms, wbfmb grh fd ogmt lhofcfdn tbh sgdmtfty ko tbh mburmb, gmmkrlfdn tk tbh mburmb‖s kwd glikdftfkds. \bh ogifcfgr spfrft ko tbh lhgl ihssfgb, Ahsus Mbrfst, fs mgcchl upkd lurfdn hvhry ]udlgy igss. \bh hdtfrh mgtbhlrgc ko ]t. Uhthr fd Pkih fs ùfct upkd, gdl mgccs upkd, tbh lhgl ùrfhl udlhrdhgtb ft, gs ft fs mkdstrumthl kd tkp ko g nrgvh ikudl. Fo tbh pkph shhs oft tk lhikdfzh g wftmb okr prgyfdn fd g nrgvhygrl, F suppksh ]t. Uhthr‖s sbkucl, `y tbh sgih rhmjkdfdn, `h hvgmugthl fiihlfgthcy. G `htthr skcutfkd ifnbt `h tk gmjdkwchlnh tbfs gcc gs bypkmrftfmgc ru``fsb sk tbgt wh mgd gcc hi`rgmh tbh lhgl, kur gdmhstkrs, gdl tbh pgst wftbkut igjfdn tbhsh prgmtfmhs tg`kk. Fd 057> Ukph Orgdmfs spkjh kut gngfdst kmmuct prgmtfmhs gdl lfvfdhrs, ihlfuis, gdl skrmhrhrs1 –‒Bkrksmkphs gdl dhmrkigdmhr‖ grh dkt dhmhssgry tk jdkw tbh outurh, ‒rhglfdn pgcis gdl tbh mrystgc `gcc‖ grh ushchss1 tbh ‒truh Mbrfstfgd‖ trusts nkl gdl chts bfishco `h nuflhl kd g pgtb kphd tk tbh surprfshs ko Nkl. Ktbhrwfsh, yku mgddkt `h g ‒truh

Ogifcfgr ]pfrfts fd Aulhk-Mbrfstfgdfty

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Mbrfstfgd‖ hxpcgfdhl Ukph Orgdmfs.’ 7 Vht tbh _gtfmgd bgs g ckdn bfstkry wftb lfvf lfvfdgtfkd dgtfkd prgmtfmhs sumb gs gun gunur ury, y, fd wbfmb `frls grh wgtmbhl okr sfnds gdl kihds. Ugpgc fdgunurgtfkd mhrhikdfhs kothd fdmculh tbh rhchgsh ko lkvhs. Fd ogmt, tbh wkrl fdgunurgth mkihs orki tbh Cgtfd fdgunurgrh, wbfmb mki`fdhl fd- wftb gunĝ gunĝrh, rh, ihgdfdn –tk fdmrhgsh.’ Gunĝrh Gunĝ rh fs cfjhcy tbh krfnfd ko gun gunur, ur, tbh wkrl okr gd koofmfgc lfvfdhr gunury. y. Fd gdmfhdt Pkih tbh gunur‖s ak` wgs tk ko gdmfhdt Pkih, gdl gunur fdthrprht sfnds tk lhthrifdh wbhtbhr tbh nkls gpprkvhl ko gd gmtfkd `hokrh ft wgs udlhrtgjhd, wbfmb fs bkw fdgunurgth mgih tk ihgd tk mkdshmrgth kr fdlumt fdtk koofmh wftb suftg`ch mhrhikdfhs. 0 Gctbkunb tbh mburmb dkw mcgfis tbgt tbh rhchgsh ko lkvhs fs tk syi`kcfzh tbh Mgtbkcfm Mburmb sprhglfdn phgmh fd tbh wkrcl, ft fs fipkssf`ch dkt tk dktfmh tbh igdy mkddhmtfkds mgrrfhl kvhr orki Gdmfhdt Pkih. \bh pkph gcsk fdbhrfthl gd gdmfhdt Pkigd prfhstcy tftch, Ukdtfohx Igxfius, tbfs tkk, gcikst mhrtgfdcy pgsshl lkwd orki tbh Htrusmgds, gckdn wftb Htrusmgd prfhstcy pgrgpbhrdgcfg cfjh tbh okclfdn mbgfr wh shh g shrvgdt mgrryfdn fd tbh \ki` ko tbh Gunurs. G mrkkjhl stgoo mgcchl tbh cftuus (kdh ko tbhsh gcsk gpphgrs fd tbh \ki` ko tbh Gunurs) hvhdtugccy turdhl fdtk g syi`kcfm sbhpbhrl‖s mrkkj okr Mbrfstfgd pgstkrs, ùt kdcy ckdn gothr ft bgl `hhd ushl `y Htrusmgd prfhsts mgcchl gunurs tk lfvfdh tbh outurh `y smrutfdfzfdn tbh bhgvhds gdl tbh ocfnbt pgtthrds ko `frls. =

Xdokrtudgthcy tbh pkph‖s cgst ohw gunurfhs lfl dkt nk whcc. \bh phgmh lkvhs whrh gttgmjhl `y mrkws gdl shgnuccs fd g vhry gdtf-phgmh shdtfihdt. Okr iyshco, gs g prgmtfmfdn wftmb, F mgd‖t qufth mkih tk phgmh wftb tbh mburmb‖s phrshmutfkd ko pgngds okr tbh sgih prgmtfmhs sgdmtfkdhl tk tbh prfhsts okr mhdturfhs. Fd Aulgfsi, kdcy kdh okri ko okrnfvhdhss fs nfvhd tk tbh flkcgthrs gdl lfvfdhrs wbk sphgj wftb ogifcfgr spfrfts, gdl ft fs nfvhd tk g sphmfgc nrkup. G ogsmfdgtfdn stkry ko gd gmmhptgdmh ko tbh ush ko ogifcfgr spfrfts fs tkcl fd grmbgfm vhrsfkds ko tbh tgch ko G`rgbgi. Gd k`smurh pgssgnh

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thccs ko g –nfot’ tbgt G`rgbgi ngvh tk tbh skds ko bfs mkdmu`fdhs. \bhsh `gstgrl skds gdl tbhfr lhsmhdlgdts, rhohrrhl tk gs tbh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst, whrh nfvhd tbh g`fcfty tk sphgj wftb lhikds gdl bgvh rhcgtfkds wftb ogif ogifcfg cfgrr spfrfts. \bhsh spfrfts whrh tk `h ushl tk mkudshc buigdfty: gs g rhsuct, tbh wftmbhs wbk ushl tbhsh pkwhrs whrh okrnfvhd `y Nkl `hmgush, tbkunb tbhy whrh utfcfzfdn udmchgd spfrfts, tbhy lfl sk tk gssfst ktbhrs, gs lhsmrf`hl fd Nhdhsfs 081?1 –Dkw G`rgbgi ngvh gcc tbgt bh bgl tk Fsggm: ùt tk tbh skds ko bfs mkdmu`fdhs, G`rgbgi ngvh nfots wbfch bh wgs stfcc cfvfdn, gdl shdt tbhi gwgy orki bfs skd Fsggm hgstwgrl, tk tbh cgdl ko tbh hgst.’ \bh gmtugc Bh`rhw wkrl ushl okr tbh nfots wgs tuigb, gdl ft wgs sgfl bh ngvh tbhi tbgt dgih tk ush okr tbhishcvhs. \uigb fs mkiikdcy trgdscgthl gs tbh dgih ko tbh udmchgd spfrfts kr fipurh lhikds“tbgt fs, ogifcfgr spfrfts. Gmmkrlfdn tk \bh Hdmymckphlfg ko Ahwfsb Iytb, Ignfm gdl Iystfmfsi1 Dgihs ko fipurfty –]bhikt \uigb,’ g iysthrfkus pkwhr tbgt tbh \gciul rhpkrts G`rgbgi `hquhgtbhl tk tbh nhdtfch mbfclrhd ko bfs mkdmu`fdhs. \bh mkdmhpt igy bgvh fts rkkts fd Qhmbgrfgb 7=10, wbhrh tbh fipurfty ko tbh cgdl lhrfvhs orki tbh dgihs ko flkcs. \bhsh mbfclrhd ko G`rgbgi `hmgih tbh og`chl mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst, tbh igsthrs ko ignfm gdl gstrkckny. \bfs stkry fs koohrhl gs gd hxpcgdgtfkd okr wby dkd-Ahws grh g`ch tk phrokri hoo hoofmgmfkus fmgmfkus ign ignfm. fm. Pg Pgsbf sbf flhdtfofhs sbhikt tuigb gs jdkwchlnh ko wftmbmrgot gdl lhikdkckny. Cgthr sgnhs rhcgth tbfs thri tk skih ko tbh thmbdfquhs ushl fd hxkrmfsi.’<

Fd g Bh`rgfm mkdthxt, tbfs mgd ihgd g spfrft ko tbh lhgl1 kdh ko tbh wgys skihkdh mgd `hmkih –udmchgd’ fs tbrkunb t brkunb wkrjfdn wftb w ftb kr tkumb tkumb-fdn tbh lhgl. ]k thmbdfmgccy, tbfs mgd rhohr tk, okr hxgipch, wgsbfdn gdl lrhssfdn g mkrpsh, ùryfdn ùr yfdn g mkrpsh, gdl g dl wkrsbfp wkrsbfp ko lhgl gdmhstkrs. \bhsh prgmtfmhss grh nhdhrg prgmtfmh nhdhrgccy ccy dkt mkdsflhrhl hvf hvfc,c, ùt tbhrh grh tg`k tg`kks ks gdl rhstrfmtfkds `hmgush ko mkdmhrds kvhr lfshgsh gdl bhgctb-rhcgthl fssuhs. Fd igdy mgshs fd kclhr Ahwfsb cfthrgturh, tbh mkddktgtfkd ko udmchgdcf-


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dhss kr fipurfty fd dk wgy fdlfmgthl tbgt phkpch mkucl dkt hdngnh wftb tbh lhgl: prkphr prktkmkcs okr bgdlcfdn tbh lhgl whrh sfipcy `hfdn fdlfmgthl. \bh aulnihdt ko hvfc wgs fipkshl upkd tbhsh prgmtfmhs gt g cgthr tfih tbrkunb ifstrgdscgtfkd gdl ifsudlhrstgdlfdn. \brkunb g lhhphr udlhrstgdlfdn ko tbh wkrlfdn ushl `y tbh Bh`rhws, wh mgd shh bkw tbh `hcfho ko igdy Ahwfsb gdl Mbrfstfgd okcjs tbgt mkdohrrfdn wftb tbh spfrfts ko tbh lhgl fs –hvfc’ mkucl bgvh aust `hhd g ifsudlhrstgdlfdn ko tbfs mkdmhpt ko –udmchgd.’ Gcc wkihd wbk grh ihdstrugtfdn grh gcsk mkdsflhrhl udmchgd“gdktbhr hxgipch ko bkw tbfs tbfdjfdn iust dkt `h tgjhd tk hxtrhihs tk aulnh phrohmtcy dgturgc kmmurrhdmhs, wbhtbhr ihdstrugtfkd kr lhgtb, gs hvfc gdl tg`kk. \bgt fs gcc buigd hrrkr gdl fndkrgdmh, dkt rhcfnfkus lknig. Gcsk, fo kdh bgl tbh ifsokrtudh ko `hmkifdn udmchgd, ft wgs ogfrcy sfipch tk rhihly: gcc kdh dhhlhl tk lk wgs tgjh g rftugc `gtb. Ogr orki tbh hxtrhih aulnihdt gdl lhofchihdt gttrfùthl tk tbhsh prgmtfmhs, g sfipch `gptfsi prkvflhl g murh-gcc okr tbh stgth ko hvfc fipkshl tbrkunb gcc tbhsh ogifcfgr spfrfts fd tbh gdmfhdt Ahwfsb gdl Mbrfstfgd thxts, gt chgst. ]k ft `hns tk quhstfkd, wby gcc tbh ouss kvhr skihtbfdn hgsfcy rhikvhl `y g sfipch `gtb; \bh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst rhohrhdmh fs sphmfofm fd Aulgfsi gdl rhohrs gcsk tk tbh skrmhrhrs gdl ignf. ^fsh ihd whrh mgcchl `y tbfs dgih, gdl tbhy tkk mkdohrrhl wftb ogifcfgr spfrfts gcc tbh tfih. Fd tbh stkry ko tbh `frtb ko Mbrfst tbh tbrhh ignf, kr wfsh ihd, grh sgfl tk bgvh mkih –orki tbh hgst.’ ^ftbkut ikrh ko g mkdthxt, igdy lk dkt jdkw wbgt tbfs fs rhohrrfdn tk. Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh kcl Ahwfsb thxts, gs hcumflgthl fd tbh Qkbgr, tbh hgst fs g pcgmh ko ignfm gdl wftmbmrgot. <50

– cgdl ko tbh Hgst “lkigfd “lkigfd ko . . . fipurh wftmbmrgot. \bh Hgst fs ogikus gs g rhgci ko gstrkckny gdl ignfm. <5== <5

fd tbh ikudtgfds ko tbh Hgst lwhcc tbksh wbk thgmb wftmbmrgot . . . Mbfho gikdn tbhi Xzzg gdl Gzghc“twk gdnhcs wbk kppkshl tbh mrhgtfkd ko Glgi gdl Hvh, ohcc orki bhgvhd, gdl whrh

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gttrgmthl `y tbh lgunbthrs ko ihd . \bhy whrh pudfsbhl `y `hfdn `kudl fd mbgfds ko frkd fd tbh ikudtgfds ko lgrjdhss, orki wbhrh tbhy stfcc igdgnh tk wrhgj bgvkm, thgmbfdn skrmhry tk buigds. 8

Ft wgs tbkunbt tbgt tbhsh gdnhcs gmthl gs ogifcfgr spfrfts tk tbksh wbk prgmtfmhl lfvf lfvfdgtfkd dgtfkd gdl ngvh tbhi fdstr fdstrumtfkds umtfkds kd bkw tk ngf ngfd d suphrpkwhrs gdl ignfmgc g`fcftfhs, gdl fd cgthr Ahwfsb wkrjs, tbhsh spfrfts whrh mkdsflhrhl `hdhofmfgc. ]kckikd bfishco, jdkwd gs tbh wfshst igd tk bgvh wgcjhl Hgrtb, utfcfzhl tbh gfl ko lhikds gdl ogifcfgr spfrfts fd krlhr tk ùfcl tbh \hipch, gothr gcc, sk tbhrh iust `h skih ihgds ko gttrftfkd okr tbh usgnh ko udmchgd spfrfts fd gcc rhsphmts, gs tbhrh grh hxmhptfkds tk tbh ruch okudl tbrkunbkut Ahwfsb bfstkry. ^h mgd shh hdvhckphl wftbfd igdy ko kur pkpucgr iytbkcknfhs tbh prhshdmh ko tbhsh ktbhrs. Glgi bgl g ifdfsthrfdn gdnhc, mgcchl Pgzfhc, wbk ngvh bfi tbh `kkj ko cfoh jdkwd gs tbh ]hohr Pgzfhc (@kkj (@kkj ko Pgzfhc), wbfmb mkdtgfdhl gcc tbh fdokrigtfkd bh wkucl dhhl tk jdkw.

\bh gdnhc Pgzfhc Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust


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^bhd Ikshs gsmhdlhl tk bhgvh bhgvhd, d, ft wgs tbh gdnhcs g dnhcs wbk nu nuflhl flhl bfi gdl cgthr fdstrumthl bfi kd bkw tk rhigjh tbh tg`chts bh `rkjh upkd bfs jdhh. ^bhd vfhwhl tbrkunb g lfoohrhdt chds, wh shh tbgt ikst ko tbh rhcfnfkus ofnurhs whrh fd ogmt nuflhl `y skih jfdl ko spfrft, `h ft mgcchl gdnhc, Nkl, tbh Bkcy ]pfrft, kr wbgthvhr pkpucgr dkihdmcgturh kdh wfsbhs tk ush. ]k, wby wkucl tbhsh `h lfstfdnufsbhl sk aulnihdtgccy orki tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts ko tbh wftmbhs;

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Fsfss, Ugdlk Fsf gdlkrrg, gdl tbh t bh Gdn Gdnhc hcss ko tbh Hgs Hgstt \bh ofnurh ko Fsfs fs skihtfihs ushl tk rhprhshdt tbh kmmuct gdl ignf ignfmgc mgc grts, sumb gs dhmrkigd dhmrkigdmy, my, fd�kmg fd�kmgtfkd, tfkd, skrmhry, gdl tbguigturn tbguigturny. y. Fd kdh ko tbh iytbs mkdmhrdfdn bhr, Fsfs fs sgfl tk bgvh mkdaurhl tbh fd�fdmf`ch nkl ko hthrdftfhs, Pg, tk thcc bhr bfs shmrht gdl sgmrhl dgih, wbfmb bh lfl. \bfs dgih fs hqufvgchdt tk tbh Ckst ^krl ko Orhhigskdry. @y ihgds ko tbfs wkrl, g ignfmfgd mgd lhigdl k`hlfhdmh orki tbh fd�f fd�fsf`ch sf`ch gdl suphr suphrfkr fkr lhftf lhftfhs. hs. \bh prfh prfhsts sts ko Fsfs `hmgih glhpts fd tbh ush ko tbh udshhd okrmhs ko dgturh. \bhy udlhrstkkl bypdktfsi, ihsihrfsi, gdl sfifcgr prgmtfmhs prgmtf mhs ckdn `hok `hokrh rh tbh iklh iklhi i wkrcl lrhgi lrhgihl hl ko tbhf tbhfrr hxfsthdmh. I�� U. B��, \�� ]�� \�� G�� G��

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hspfth gcc tbh igdy wgrdfdns gngfdst mkdohrrfdn wftb ogifcfgr spfrfts gdl bkw lkfdn sk bgs `hhd lhdfnrgthl fd skih rhcfnfkds, tbh `hdhofts mgd bgrlcy `h lhdfhl, gt chgst orki tbh phrsphmtfvh ko igdy gdmfhdt krfnfd stkrfhs gdl iytbs. Phngrlchss ko wbhtbhr kr dkt yku `hcfhvh fd ogifcfgr spfrfts, gmmkrlfdn tk bfstkrfmgc gmmkudts, tbh fdokrigtfkd gdl pkwhrs tbhy grh rhpkrthl tk bgvh mkdohrrhl glvgdmhl buigd 8?

Fsfs, Ugdlkrg, gdl tbh Gdnhcs ko tbh Hgst

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\bh nkllhss Fsfs Fccustrgtfkd `y Gtbgdgsfus Gtbgdgsfu s Jfrmbhr, orki Jfrmbhr‖s Jfrmbhr‖s Khlfpus Ghnyptfgmus (7?80)

mfvfcfzgtfkd `y qugdtui chgps, fo tbhrh fs gdy trutb tk tbhsh stkrfhs. ]kih rhcfnfkus thxts stgth tbgt ogifcfgr spfrfts bgvh dk wkrtby fdokrigtfkd tk mkdohr tk buigdfty, ùt fd tbh igakrfty ko krfnfd tgchs, gcc grhgs ko jdkwchlnh gdl hxphrtfsh“cgdnugnh, gnrfmucturh, smfhdmh, gstrkdkiy, ofdh grt, iusfm, gdl grmbfthmturh“mgih tk tbh buigd rgmh vfg ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrfts gdl g dl nhdfus lgfikd nug nugrlfgds. rlfgds. \bhsh spfrfts, spfrfts , wbhtbhr rfsbfs, kr ogfrfhs, fdspfrhl iklhrd mfvfcfzgtfkd. ^bgthvhr gdnhcs, gcfhds, rfsbfs, yku mbkksh mbkksh tk `hcfhvh g`kut g`kut tbh hxfsthdmh kr kr skurmh ko tbhsh tbhsh okrmhs (gdnhcs (gdnhcs kr gcfhds), tbh stkrfhs gdl iytbkcknfhs ko gdmfhdt phkpchs gcc sphmfoy tbgt tbfs jdkwchlnh mgih orki suphrdgturgc kr spfrftugc skurmhs“kr gt chgst tbgt wgs tbhfr fdthrprhtgtfkd ko tbh pbhdkihdg gt tbh tfih.

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\bh suphrdgturgc skurmh ko skihtbfdn sumb gs cgdnugnh, okr hxgi pch, kothd tgjhs tbh okri ko gd gdnhc-cf gdnhc-cfjh jh mrhgturh kr spfrft wbk mkihs orki hftbhr tbh stgrs, tbh shg, kr orki udlhrnrkudl. \bh Mbfdhsh jfrfd): cgdnugnh wgs nfvhd tk tbh shrphdt igd Ou Rf `y g udfmkrd (kr jfrfd ): tbh Nrhhj cgdnugnh wgs nfvhd tk Bhrihs `y g nfgdt shrphdt dgihl Ukfigdlhrhs. Fd Gorfmg, cgdnugnh mgih orki tbh ofsb phkpch orki tbh lkn stgr ]frfus: tbh Dgtfvh Gihrfmgds prkmurhl tbhfr cgdnugnh orki tbh Bkrdhl Pfvhr sdgjhs. \bh tbfdn tbgt fs mkdsfsthdt fd gcc tbhsh tgchs ko fdmrhlf`ch jdkwchlnh kr flhgs mkifdn tk buigdfty fs tbgt usugccy skih jfdl ko nuflfdn okrmh wftb g lfsmhrdf`ch okri lfrhmthl tbh buigd ifdl tk tbh rhgcfzgtfkd ko ft. Igdy buigds wbk bgvh rhmhfvhl gd hpfpbgdy“ gd krfnfdgc flhg kr g skdn“bgvh lhsmrf`hl tbhsh jfdls ko hxphrfhdmhs fd nrhgt lhtgfc gdl skihtfihs mrhlft g iush. \bh iysthry fs tbh flhdtfty ko tbh gssfstgdts. Kdh ifnbt suppksh orki tbfs tbgt buigd `hfdns grh ihgdt tk wkrj fd tgdlhi wftb tbhsh suphrdgturgc okrmhs sk tbgt nrkwtb gdl hvkcutfkd fd mfvfcfzgtfkd mgd kmmur“`hmgush wh wkucl dhvhr bgvh iglh ft tbfs ogr kd kur kwd kr ft wkucl bgvh tgjhd g ckt ckdnhr. \bhsh stkrfhs ko buigdfty ngfdfdn jdkwchlnh orki gdktbhr skurmh gcsk ififm tbh Urkihtbhus iytb. Fd tbfs iytb, buigds grh ifssfdn skihtbfdn tbgt iust `h prkmurhl kr stkchd orki tbh nkls. Urkihtbhus, g tftgd, lhofhs tbh nkls `y sthgcfdn ofrh gdl nfvfdn ft tk buigds. Pgtbhr tbgd cfthrgc ofrh, tbfs mkucl `h fdthrprhthl gs mrhgtfvh ofrh kr cfnbt, tbh g`fcfty tk mrhgth kr mkdmhfvh ko dhw tbkunbts orki kut ko dkwbhrh“g prfkrf jdkwchlnh, gs tbh pbfckskpbhr Jgdt dgihs ft. Fd kdh vhrsfkd ko tbh iytb, Qhus, gdnhrhl tbgt Urkihtbhus ngvh ofrh tk buigds, pudfsbhs tbh tftgd `y mbgfdfdn bfi tk g rkmj. Bh tbhd fdstrumts Bhpbghstus, nkl ko ofrh, tk igjh Ugdlkrg, tbh ofrst wkigd, kut ko mcgy. \bh nkls nfvh bhr vgrfkus nfots (tbh g`fcfty tk whgvh gdl sphgj, ofdh mcktbfdn gdl ahwhcry), fdmculfdn, orki Qhus, g `kx, wbfmb bh thccs bhr dkt tk kphd. @ut bhr murfksfty kvhrtgjhs bhr, gdl sbh kphds ft, rhchgsfdn pgfd gdl suoohrfdn upkd buigdfty ùt gcsk nfvfdn tbhi bkph. Igdy ko us grh ogifcfgr wftb tbh Urkihtbhus iytb gdl jdkw g`kut


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Ugdlkrg‖s `kx, ùt wh ifnbt dkt jdkw tbh lhhphr rkch tbgt Ugdlkrg pcgys kr tbh sfndf sfndfofmgdmh ofmgdmh ko tbh `kx. Igdy smbkcgrs sgy tbgt Ugdlkrg‖ Ugdlkrg‖ss `kx wgs iumb cfjh tbh pftbks agr lhsmrf`hl hgrcfhr, `ktb g wki` gdl g tki`, ùt gcsk tbgt tbfs agr wgs cfthrgccy Ugdlkrg‖s wki`. Pk`hrt Ihgnbhr, buigdftfhs prkohsskr gt Bgipsbfrh Mkcchnh, hxpcgfds tbh mkddhmtfkds `htwhhd tbh pftbks gdl tbh stkry ko Ugdlkrg. G pftbks fs g agr tbgt fs wki`-cfjh fd sbgph gdl fs g syi`kc okr tbh hgrtb, tbh iktbhr ko gcc. \bh fipcfmgtfkds ko tbh pftbks tk tbh stkry ko Ugdlkrg grh k`vfkus. Ugdlkrg‖s nfots grh rhchgshl orki bhr kwd wki`. Bhr ogu oguct ct cfh cfhss dkt fd bhr mur murfksfty, fksfty, ùt fd bhr `hfdn . ]bh fs mkdstftutfkdgccy lhmhptfvh gdl chtbgc `hmgush sbh lrgws ihd fdtk bhr pftbks, gdl `rfdn `rfdnss dhw ihd okrtb okr g cfoh ko ifshr ifshry. y. \bh \ bh fig fignh nh ko ^kigd ^ kigd gs g pftbks fs hxtrhih hxtrhihcy cy gdmfhdt. Fd igdy gdmfhdt Bhcc Bhccglfm glfm ùrfgcs, tbh pftbks wgs ushl gs g mkoofd. \bh lhmhgshl wgs pcgmhl fdsflh fd g ohtgc pksftfkd, mkvhrhl wftb bkdhy, gdl ùrfhl fd tbh bkph ko dhw cfoh gdl rhnhdhrgtfkd. 7

Fd skih vhrsfkds ko tbh stkry, tbh wki` ko Ugdlkrg rhmhfvhl tbh ofrh ko Urkihtbhus, gdl sbh tbhd ngvh ft tk buigdfty, wbk prhvfkus tk tbfs whrh lhmflhlcy luccg luccgrls, rls, kr phrbgps hvhd gphs. \bh hxmbgdnh `htwhhd Urkihtbhus gdl Ugdlkrg wgs rhohrrhl tk gs g nfot. Gs dkthl hgrcfhr, Ugdlkrg‖s nfot, wbhd rhchgshl, sprhgl hvfc gcc kvhr Hgrtb, –fdohmtfdn’ buigds wftb tbfs prhshdt orki tbh nkls. Ikst buigds mkucl dkt bgdlch wbgt wgs cht kut kut ko Ugdlkrg Ugdlkrg‖‖s wki`. wki`. Ft fs mkdousfdn mkdousfdn bkw sumb sumb g nfot nfo t mkucl nfot, wh `h sk thrrf`ch, ùt fo wh ckkj fdtk tbh htyikckny ko tbh wkrl nfot, wh shh tbgt ft gcsk g csk ihgds –pkfskd.’ –pkfskd.’ Mkucl ft `h tbgt tbfs nfo nfott wgs skih skihbkw bkw rhcgthl tk tbh nfots tk tbh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst; \bh syi`kcfsi ko tbh mkdmu`fdh, kr surrkngth, fs tbgt tbhy koohr tbhfr wki` up fd g sgmrfofmfgc igddhr, gdl phrbgps tbh mkdmu mkdmu`fdhs `fdhs ko G`rgbgi whrh koohrfdn tbhfr wki` wki`ss up tk ikrh tbgd aust buigd mbfclrhd ùt tk skih jfdl ko spfrftugc oudmtfkd. Fo wh vfhw tbh stkry gs g s syi`k s yi`kcfm cfm fdsthgl ko cfth cfthrgc, rgc, tbhr tbhrhh fs mhrtgfdcy mkd mkdnrunruhdmy bgpphdfdn fd igdy ko tbhsh ogifcfgr tgchs, wftb wkihd gdl tbhfr

?5


wki`s skihbk wki`s skihbkw w okrifdn g rhcg rhcgtfk tfkdsbf dsbfpp wftb ski skihtbfdn htbfdn suphrdgturgc. suphrdgturgc. ^bhd wh mkdsflhr tbh hgrc hgrcfhr fhr mbgpthr kd tbh mhcf`gm mhcf`gmyy prgmtfmhs ko wftmbhs wbk hdngn hdngnhh tbh ogi ogifcfcfgr fgr spfrft tbf tbfss `hmkihs vhry fdtrfn fdtrfnufdn ufdn.. Fo wh vfhw tbh mkipchth stkry ko Urkihtbhus wh shh tbgt kdh pkssf`ch fdthrprhtgtfkd fs tbgt g mrhgtfvh g`fcfty fs pcgmhl wftbfd tbh wki` ko Ugdlkrg orki g bhgvhdcy, kr suphrdgturgc, skurmh. \bfs mrhgtfvh g`fcfty fs hgsy tk fdthrprht gs tbh g`fcfty tk rhprklumh, ùt wbgt fo tbhrh fs gcsk skih ktbhr strgdnh iysthry mkdtgfdhl wftbfd tbh tgch tbgt fs gcsk nhttfdn gt tbh prgmtfmhs ko wkihd fd gdmfhdt tfihs ko rhshrvfdn tbhfr wki`s okr tbh nkls, gs fd tbh `hccy-tgc `hccy-tgcjhrs. jhrs.

Ukrtgc ko Ugdlkrg Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust


?7

^h mgd gc ^h gcsk sk shh mkddhmtfkds `htwhhd tbh hgr hgrtb tb nkllhssh nkllhsshss gdl Ugdlkrg gdl bkw tbhy rhcgth tk tbh wki` gdl tki`, gs stgthl `y smbkcgrs sumb gs ]tgd Jfrj1 \bhrh fs gcsk tbh vfhw tbgt tbh vhry dgih Ugdlkrg (cfthrgccy Gcc-nfo Gcc-nfots ts) sunnhsts tbgt sbh fs hsshdtfgccy gd hgrtb nkllhss `hmgush ft rhshi`chs sfifcgr hpftb hpftbhts hts ko Ngfg gdl g dl ktbhr hgrtb nkllhsshs. ]kih ] kih bgvh bgvh `kclcy sunnhsthl pgrgcchcs `htwhhd tbh dgih Ugdlkrg gdl tbh ofrst `f`cfmgc wkigd Hvh, mcgfifdn tbgt `ktb dgihs whrh krfnfdgccy hpftbhts ko gd gcc-nfvfdn hgrtb nkllhss1 Hvh, tbh ofrst wkigd ko tbh `f`cfmgc iytb, gcsk shhis tk bgvh `hhd g cgthr vgrfgdt, g summhsskr ko gd hgrcfhr hgrtb-iktbhr mkdmhpt tbgt `hmgih buigdfzhl wftb tfih. \bh dgih Hvg (Bgvvg), gt tbh sflh ko tbh tkk k`vfkus thri ko Fŧ Fŧgb gb (fŧgb9wkigd. Nhd. FF. 0=), lhdkthl tbh iktbhr ko gcc tbh cfvfdn gmmkrlfdn tk `f`cfmgc fdthrprhtgtfkd (Nhd. FFF. 05): tbh dgih tbus rhmgccs tbh sfifcgr gttrfùths ko Nh wftb Bhsfkl ( pgdtüd iĝtĝr, Hrng 8?=) gdl wftb Ghsmbycus ( pgii pgiiĝtür, ĝtür, Urki Urki.. 22). Z\rhdsmædyf-^gclgpohc 7688, 75>Y Ft bgs ikrh sphmfofmgccy `hhd grnuhl tbgt tbhrh fs g pgrgcchc `htwhhd tbh ihgdfdn ko Ugdlkrg gdl Hvh‖s hpftbht fd Nhdhsfs gs whcc gs g pcgusf`ch pcgus f`ch cfcfdj dj `ht `htwhhd whhd Hvh gdl lhikth lhikthll Ihskp Ihskpktg ktgifg ifgd d mrhgtf mrhgtfkd kd nkllhsshs, gdl tbgt tbfs cfdj fdlfmgths g Dhgr Hgsthrd pgtthrd ko lhiktfdn iktbhr nkllhsshs sfifcgr tk tbgt wbfmb fs suppkshlcy hvflhdt fd tbh lhiktfkd ko Ugdlkrg1 Cfjh Hvh‖s dgih, Ugdlkrg‖s gpphgrs tk `h gd kdkigstfm okri ko hgrtb. Ft gpphgrs tk bgvh `hhd shvhrhl gs . . . tbh ktbhrs whrh orki gd hgrtb nkllhss tk wbfmb ft bgl hgrcy `hhd gttgmbhl. @ut, Ugdlkrg, cfjh Hvh, bgs `hhd trgdsokrihl fdtk tbh dgih ko tbh ofrst wkigd ko bhr rgmh . . . \bh gcc- durturfdn mrhgtrhss bgs `hhd trgdsiknrfofhl fdtk g shlumtfv shlumtfvhh su`buigd mrhgturh, tbh uctfigth u ctfigth lhiktfkd. ZK‖@rfhd 762=, =6”<5Y0

?0


\bhsh stkrfhs mkucl `h g ihtgpbkr okr g rhgc `fkcknfmgc hvkcutfkd ko tbh chgp orki gph tk igd fo vfhwhl tbrkunb g lfoohrhdt phrsphmtfvh. \bhy mkucl `h fdlfmgtfvh tbgt tbhrh fs skih suphrmkdsmfkusdhss tbgt buigds grh ngfdfdn gmmhss tk gt phrfklfm fdthrvgcs tbrkunb lfoohrhdt thmbdfquhs kr rgdlki bgpphdstgdmh. \bhy mkucl gcsk `h kdcy stkrfhs iglh tk hxpcgfd gwgy g iysthry. Dk igtthr wbgt tbh trutb fs `hbfdl gdy ko tbhsh hxpcgdgtfkds, wh mgd ckkj mckshcy gt gcc tbh pkssf`fcftfhs gdl fdvfth g ikrh mkipchth phrsphmtfvh kd tbh suàhmt. Fd g vhry sphmfgc thxt tftchl –Fsfs tbh Urkpbhthss tk bhr skd Bkrus’ wrftthd wr ftthd `y tbh Nrhhj gcm gcmbhifst bhifst Qksf Qksfiks, iks, ft fs rhcgthl tbgt gc gccc ko tbh gcmbhifmgc jdkwchlnh ko mbhifstry, cgdnugnh, bhgcfdn, gnrfmucturh, gdl ihtgccurny mgih g`kut hdtfrhcy `hmgush kdh wkigd, Fsfs, lhvhckphl rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb ogifcfgr spfrfts. Fsfs skunbt kut tbh fdokrigtfkd kd purpksh gdl g dl jdkwfdncy jdkwfdn cy skcfmfthl tbhsh spfrfts. ]bh sgmrfofmhl sgmrfo fmhl bhr `kly tk bgvh shxugc rhcgtfkds wftb gd gdnhc fd krlhr tk prkmurh tbh jdkwchlnh gdl wfslki ko tbhsh grts. Fd tbfs gdmfhdt vkcuih, ft fs rhcgthl tbgt mfvfcfzgtfkd fd gllftfkd tk gcmbhiy wgs nfvhd tk buigds `y wgy ko tbh rhcgtfkdsbfp `htwhhd Fsfs gdl tbfs gdnhc, kr nugrlfgd spfrft, wbfmb sbh lrhw tk bhr tbrkunb bhr lhsfrh tk jdkw. Kdh mkucl fdohr tbgt dktbfdn chss tbgd tbh lhvhckpihdt ko Hnyptfgd mfvfcfzgtfkd mgih orki rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb ogi ogifcfcfgr fgr spfrfts, gdl tbgt fs prhtty udlhdfg`cy hpfm. Usymbkcknfst Urhndgdt dt gdl gstrkcknhr Ikdfjg ^fjigd thccs tbh stkry, fd bhr `kkj Urhndg Lgrjdhss, ko Lgrjdhss, ko bkw Fsfs iht gdl fdthrgmthl wftb tbhsh gdnhcs. Fd tbh Gdmfhdt Hnyptfgd thxt tftchl Fsfs tk Bkrus Bkrus,, kr \bh Urkpbhthss Fsfs tk Bhr ]kd“tk wbfmb `ktb Audn gdl vkd Orgdz rhohr fd tbhfr wkrj“Fsfs wkrj “Fsfs,, fignhl f ignhl fd kdh ko bhr okris okr is gs gd glhpt gcmbhif gcmbhifst, st, ihhts wftb tbh gdnh gdnhcc wbk jdkws tbh gcm gcmbhifmg bhifmgcc gr grt. t. @hokrh tbf tbfss ihhtf ihhtfdn dn kmmurs, bkwhvhr, g lfoohrhdt gdnhc mkihs. \bfs gdnhc wgdts tk bgvh fdthrmkursh wftb bhr, ùt Fsfs wgdts tk jdkw tbh shmrhts ko tbh grt, sk sbh puts koo bfs shxugc glvgdmhs. ^bhd sbh lhigdls tbh jdkwchlnh orki bfi, bh thccs bhr tbgt bh fs dkt phriftthl tk sphgj g`kut tbh iysthrfhs `hmgush ko tbhfr suprhih fipkrtgdmh. Bh chgvhs, thccfdn


?=

bhr tbgt tbh dhxt lgy gd gdnhc wkucl grrfvh wftb tbh skcutfkd tk tbh prk`chi. Fsfs sgys bh gcsk spkjh ko tbh t bh sfnd sfn d ko tbfs gdnhc“–Bh `krh ft kd bfs bhgl gdl wkucl sbkw ih g sigcc, udpftmbhl vhsshc ofcchl wftb g trgdscumhdt wgthr. Bh wkucl thcc ih tbh trutb.’ \bh dhxt lgy gd gdnhc nrhgthr tbgd tbh ofrst, Gidghc, gpphgrs `hokrh bhr wftb tbh vhsshc, gdl bh, tkk, fs oucc ko lhsfrh okr Fsfs. Gngfd, Fsfs `hnfds fdqufrfdn fdtk tbh igtthr. \bh gdnhc rhvhgcs tbh shmrht“tbh vhsshc gdl tbh wgthrs gdl rhmfphs“wbfmb sbh mgd pgss kd tk bhr skd, Bkrus. =

\bh twk gdnhcs ihdtfkdhl fd tbfs pgssgnh shhi sfifcgr tk tbh gdnhcs ko tbh hgst ihdtfkdhl hgrcfhr fd tbh G`rgbgi tgch ko tbh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst, wbhrh bh shdls bfs mkdmu`fdhs tk chgrd ignfm orki twk sphmfofm gdnhcs wbk lwhcc kd g mhrtgfd ikudtgfd. Uhrbgps Fsfs wgs kdh sumb mkdmu`fdh wbk hdtrhgthl tbh gdnhcs okr tbh sgih jdkwchlnh ko bkw tk mkdohr wftb ogifcfgr spfrfts. Bhrh, fd tbfs hxmhrpt orki –Fsfs tbh Urkpbhthss tk bhr ]kd Bkrus,’ Fsfs sphgjs lfrhmtcy tk Bkrus1 Okr tbgt tbh skurmhs ko gcc tbfdns wrkunbt kd tbh hgrtb `y wkrl kr lhhl, grh up g`kvh, gdl tbhy lfsphdsh okr us tbhfr hsshdmhs `y whfnbt gdl ihgsurh: gdl tbhrh fs dgunbt wbfmb bgtb dkt mkih lkwd orki g`kvh, gdl wfcc rhturd gngfd tk rh-lhsmhdl. 7<. ^bgt lkst tbku ihgd gngfd `y tbfs, iy iktbhr; \hcc ih! Gdl Fsfs kdmh gngfd lfl igjh rhpcy1 Ikst bkcy Dgturh bgtb sht fd cfvfdn mrhgturhs tbh mchgr sfnd ko tbfs rhturd. Okr tbgt tbfs `rhgtb wbfmb wh `rhgtbh orki g`kvh kut ko tbh gfr, g fr, wh shdl s hdl kut up gng gngfd, fd, tk tgjh ft fd Zkdmh ikrhY.<

>

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs \bksh wbk rhstrgfd lhsfrh lk sk `hmgush tbhfrs fs whgj hdkunb tk `h rhstrgfdhl. ^�� @�� ^�� @�� ,, \�� I�� B�� B��

\

bh shxugc lhsfrh gdl gttrgmtfkd `htwhhd tbh nugrlfgd spfrfts gdl buigd ohigchs fs gd fssuh fd tbh gddgcs ko buigd bfstkry. \gchs ko tbhsh cfgfskds ofcc gdmfhdt cfthrgturh. Fd tbh Ahwfsb @f`ch ft wgs sgfl tbh gdnhcs gppkfdthl tk –wgtmb kvhr’ tbh buigds whrh mgcchl tbh wgtmbhrs kr Nrfnkrf. \bhsh wgtmbhrs bgl shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb tbh wkihd tbhy whrh suppkshl tk `h tgjfdn mgrh ko, wbfmb mkiprkifshl tbhfr gutbkrfty. \bhsh pbysfmgc rhcgtfkdsbfps dkt kdcy trgdsohrrhl jdkwchlnh ùt gcsk prklumhl mbfclrhd wbk whrh jdkwd gs tbh Dhpbfcfi, wbk prkiptcy prki ptcy wrhmjhl gdl mkrrupthl buigdjf buig djfdl, dl, fdspfrfdn tbh nrhgt o ckkl tk mchgdsh Hgrtb ko tbhi, gs tbh stkry nkhs. \bh @kkj ko Hdkmb hxpckrhs tbfs pbhdkihdkd gdl ogifcfgr kmmurrhdmh. ]fdmh iumb fs wrftthd kd tbh @kkj ko Hdkmb, F wfcc kdcy tkumb `rfhocy kd ft bhrh, ckkjfdn fdtk skih ikrh hskthrfm rhohrhdmhs lrgwd orki ft. \bh @kkj ko Hdkmb wgs iglh tg`kk `y Ahwfsb rg``fs, gdl phk pch whrh hdmkurgnhl hdmkurgnhl dkt tk rhgl ft. Hdkmb bgl g ogifc og ifcfgr fgr spfrft, gd gdnhc, g dnhc, wbk rhcgthl tbh fdokrigt fdokrigtfkd fkd tk bfi gdl nu nuflhl flhl bfi tbrkun tbrkunbb bhgvhd, wbhrh tbh gdnhcs sbkw sbkwhl hl gdl hlumgthl bfi kd tbh wgys ko bhgvhd. Cydd ?<

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

?8

Ksùrd, g ckdntfih stulhdt ko gcmbhiy, lhsmrf`hs bkw Hdkmb wgs tgjhd tk bhgvhd. \bh @kkjs ko Hdkmb lhsmrf`h bkw bh wgs tgjhd tk tbh bhgvhds gothr g tkur ko tbh hgrtb1 –\bh Ckrl spkjh, ‒Bgvh dk ohgr, Hdkmb, nkkl igd gdl smrf`h ko nkkldhss. Mkih bhgr iy vkfmh. Nk sphgj tk tbh ^gtmbhrs ko Bhgvhd, wbk bgvh shdt yku tk fdthrmhlh okr tbhi. \hcc tbhi1 Vku sbkucl fdthrmhlh okr ihd, gdl dkt ihd okr yku. ^by lfl yku chgvh ckoty, bkcy Bhgvhd tk schhp wftb wkihd, tk lhofch ykurshcvhs wftb tbh lgunbthrs ko ihd gdl tgjh tbhi gs ykur wfvhs . . . ;‖’ Gothr Nkl‖s rbhtkrfmgc glikdftfkd gngfdst bfs custouc yht ckvfdn gdnhcs Bh sgfl tk Hdkmb, –Gs okr tbh ^gtmbhrs wbk shdt yku tk fdthrmhlh okr tbhi, thcc tbhi1 ‒Vku whrh fd Bhgvhd ùt tbh iysthrfhs whrh dkt rhvhgchl tk yku. Vku Vku jdhw wkrtbchss kdhs, gdl fd f d tbh bgrldhss ko ykur bhgrts yku rhvhgchl tbhsh tk wkihd, gdl tbrkunb tbhsh shmrhts wkihd gdl ihd wkrj iumb hvfc Zkd kdYY hgrtb.‖ hg rtb.‖ ]gy tk tbhi, ‒V ‒Vku ku bgvh dk phgmh.‖’7

\bh sphmfofms gdl fdtrfnuhs ko tbhsh lrgigs grh gcc whcc rhmkrlhl, hsphmfgccy fd Ahwfsb gpkmrypbgc cfthrgturh, ùt F wkucl cfjh tk okmus kd rhcgtfkdsbfps tbgt bgvh lhvhckphl `htwhhd wkihd gdl gdnhcs. ]kih ko tbhsh rhcgtfkdsbfps rhsucthl dkt fd lhstrumtfvh okrmhs ùt fd pksftfvh kutmkihs, sumb gs tbksh ko Fsfs, wbk bhcphl tbh hdtfrh mfvfcfzgtfkd ko Hnypt. \bhrh whrh gppgrhdtcy lfoohrhdt jfdls ko wgtmbhrs1 skih whrh ogcchd gdl skih whrhd‖t. Fd ktbhr wkrls, dkt gcc tbh wgtmbhrs `hmgih udogcchd wgtmbhrs hdngnhl fd shxugc rhcgmkrrupthl, tbkunb hvhd tbh udogcchd tfkdsbfps, wbfmb mkdtrglfmthl iy fdftfgc tbkunbt tbgt tbhy whrh lhofchl `hmgush tbhy bgl shx. F lfsmkvhrhl g lhhphr sfndfofmgdmh tk tbhsh udfkds, hsphmfgccy tbh rhcgtfkdsbfps ko tbh udogcchd gdnhcs. Fd jg``gcfstfm skurmhs, F okudl twk ktbhr dgihs okr tbhsh wgtmbhrs, ktbhr tbgd tbh Nrfnkrf1 Jgllfsbfd (gcsk Jfllfsbfd) gdl Frfd Wgllfsi, Hdmymckphlfg phlfg,, wbfmb `ktb ihgd –Bkcy Kdhs.’ Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh Ahwfsb Hdmymck tbhsh wgtmbhrs sft fd aulnihdt orki tbh ckotfhst pksftfkd ko gcc“dhxt tk Nkl kd bfs tbrkdh1

??

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

ZHdkmbY lhsmrf`hs tbh –Frfd gdl Jgllfsbfd,’ wbk lgfcy sft fd aulnihdt wftb Nkl. . . . ZHdkmbY chgls ZIkshsY up tbrkunb tbh shvhd bhgvhds . . . Zfd tbhY sfxtb bhgvhd, ZIkshs shhsY tbh –Frfd gdl Jgllfsbfd’: fd tbh shvhdtb, ‖Grg`kt, bh shhs ofrst tbh gdnhcs –^rgtb gdl Gdnhr, G dnhr,’’ tbhd tbh gdnhc g dnhc ko lhgtb, tbhd tbh b�gyykt stgdlfdn stg dlfdn `hokrh `h okrh Nkl, gdl ofdgccy gd gdnhc hdngnhl fd thgmbfdn tbh skucs. 0

\bhrh fs surprfsfdncy cfttch lgtg kd tbhsh `hdhvkchdt gdnhcfm `hfdns, wbhrhgs iumb ikrh gtthdtfkd fs okmushl kd tbhfr ikrh dhngtfvh mkudthrpgrts, tbh ogcchd kdhs wbk prklumhl tbh Dhpbfcfi. Fd gpkmrypbgc cfthrgturh, tbhy bkcl g bfnb koofmh fd tbh gdnhcfm bfhrgrmby. \bhy mkiiudfmgthl lfrhmtcy wftb buigds gdl, gs ogifcfgr spfrfts, prkvflhl prkthmtfkd gdl nuflgdmh tk ihssfgbs. Ndkstfm smbkcgr \gu Igcgmbf lhsmrf`hs tbhsh hxgcthl gdnhcs. \bhsh grh prfikrlfgc gdl suphrdgc gdnhcs tbgt grh gikdn tbksh hxgcthl `hykdl Grmbgdnhc Ihtgtrkd, gdl sk tbhy grh ikst ckoty gdl bkcy gikdn tbh gdnhcs ko Hc Hcykd. Vku igy rhmgcc tbh fignhs ko tbh jhru`fi kd tbh grj ko mkvhdgdt tbgt gpphgrhl gs –twfd gdnhcs,’ `ktb tbh Frfd gdl tbh Jgllfsbfd grh twfd gdnhcs, gdl sk tbhy mkdstftuth okur higdgtfkds ko ]uphrdgc Aulnihdt. \bhsh prfikrlfgc gdl suphrdgc gdnhcs, bkwhvhr, lk dkt rhshi`ch gdytbfdn cfjh jhru`fi, ùt tbhfr higdgtfkds grh sumb tbgt tbhy mgddkt `h lhsmrf`hl, gdl tbhrh grh vhry ohw gikdn tbh tzgllfjfi fd tbh Ihssfgb tbgt mgd ngzh upkd tbhi. =

Uhrbgps tbhsh udogcchd wgtmbhrs grh cfjh tbh spfrft igths lhsmrf`hl fd gcmbhifmgc thxts“thxts tbgt whrh fdspfrhl `y tbh iytb ko Fsfs akfdfdn wftb gdnhcs. G truh skuc igth fs g spfrft kd bfnb wftb wbki kdh lhvhckps g rhcgtfkdsbfp ko trust gdl mkiiftihdt tbgt mucifdgths fd g sgmrhl igrrfgnh. \bh stkrfhs ko tbhsh gppgrhdt shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps gdl igrrfgnhs mkucl `h g wgy ko syi`kcfmgccy rhprhshdtfdn kr lhsmrf`fdn g spfrftugc trgdsokrigtfkd.

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

?>

\bhsh flhgs grh fdthrprhthl fd bfnbcy shxugc thris fd Jg``gcgb, shxugcc fdtfi fdtfigmy gmy wftbfd tbh rhngrlfdn wbfmb wh grh fdokrihl tbgt – shxug cfoh ko Nkl fs tbh pgrglfnigtfm hxprhssfkd ko lfvfdh wbkchdhss.’ Fd tbfs rhngrl F stgthl tbgt aust gs tbh buigd shxugc gmt ftshco fs –hipckyhl wftb tbh fdthdtfkd ko hdmkurgnfdn g ‒]gmrhl Igrrfgnh‖’ `htwhhd tbh igsmucfdh gdl ohifdfdh gsphmts ko tbh Lfvfdh Kdh, tbh vfsugcfz vfsug cfzgtfkd gtfkd gdl ihdtgc hxprhssfkd ko . . . (Vgbglkddgbf) fs hqugccy udlhrstkkl tk ogmfcftgth tbh sgfl ‒]gmrhl Igrrfgnh‖.’ \bhrh grh bkwhvhr twk fipkrtgdt Lfvfdh Dgih mkdstrumts mki prfshll ko tbh mkdaudmtfkds . . . \bh shmkdl Lfvf prfsh Lfvfdh dh Dgih mkdstr mkdstrumt umt Jglfsbf lfsbfi i’ (]gdmtfofmgtfkds), gdl rhohrs tk –tbh rhturd phrtgf phrt gfds ds tk – Jg ko tbh Cfnbt.’ Bhdmh cfjh tbh –Cudgr Urfdmfpch,’ ft fs tbh –Phochmthl Cfnbt’ orki Igc Igcmbut mbut tk \fohrht, wbfmb tgjhs pcgmh wbhd wh sgy Jglfsb Jglf sb okr tbh lhgl. <

Fd tbh trglftfkdgc fdthrprhtgtfkds ko tbh @kkj ko Hdkmb, gdl ko tbh wgtmbhrs, tbhy grh prhshdthl gs hvf hvfcc `hfdn `hfdnss sprhglf sprhglfdn dn hvf hvfcc kvhr Hgr Hgrtb, tb, iumb cfjh tbh spfrfts sprfdnfdn orki Ugdlkrg‖s `kx. \bhy ohcc orki bhgvhd `hmgush ko tbhfr cust okr shx gdl grh mkrrupt. \bhsh fdthrprhtgtfkds grh fd stgrj mkdtrgst tk tbh sgmrhl igrrfgnhs wftb wkihd lhsmrf`hl hcshwbhrh fd Ahwfsb cfthrgturh. Fd tbhsh ktbhr vhrsfkds, tbh wgtmbhrs stfcc shhihl tk bgvh fdthrmkursh wftb wkihd, ùt tbhy dhvhr ohcc orki nrgmh gdl fd ogmt whrh rfnbt dhxt tk Nkl‖s tbrkdh. \bh kdcy lfoohrhdmh F mkucl ofdl fs tbgt tbhy whrh igrrfhl: tbh shx bgpphdhl wftbfd tbh mkdthxt ko bkcy igtrfikdy. F lfl ofdl gd kll pgssgnh tbgt tgcjhl g`kut bkw tbh Nrfnkrf lfl dkt bgvh wfvhs gdl whrh dkt phriftthl tk bgvh wfvhs fd bhgvhd. @ut skihbkw tbfs ktbhr nrkup whrh gcckwhl tk bgvh buigd wfvhs, gdl tbhfr stkrfhs whrh vhry lfo lfoohrhd ohrhdt. t. F lfsmkvhrhl yht gdktbhr dgih okr tbhi1 tbh Fyr. \bfs vhry fdthrhstfdn Bh`rgfm wkrl ihgds g jfdl ko shdtfdhc kr mftglhc, g wgtmbhr, skihkdh wbk stgdls nugrl kvhr skihtbfdn cfjh g shdtry kr skclfhr. ]trkdn‖s Nrhhj gdl Bh`rhw Lfmtfkdgry ko tbh @f`ch lhofdhs fyr gs gs –g mfty (g pcgmh nugrlhl `y wgjfdn kr g wgtmb) fd tbh wflhst shdsh (hvhd ko g ihrh

?2

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

hdmgipihdt kr pkst) cfjh g shdtfdhc. Nhdhsfs <17>1 ‒Hdkmb1 gdl bh ùfct g mfty, gdl mgcchl tbh dgih ko tbh mfty.‖’ 8 \bh dktfkd ko g wgtmbouc nugrlfgd spfrft kr gdnhc rhifdlhl ih ko tbh Nrhgt ]pbfdx fd Nfzg. \bh spbfdx fs g vhry rhgc wgtmbhr gdl nugrlfgd, cfthrgccy gdl hthrdgccy wgtmbfdn tbh sud rfsh fd tbh Hgst. \bfs ohct cfjh gd hmbk ko tbh sgih mkdmhpt tk ih. \bh gdmfhdt Hnyptfgds mgcchl tbh Nrhgt ]pbfdx `y vgrfkus dgihs, gikdn tbhi ]hsbhp-gdjb Gtui, wbfmb ihgds –tbh cfvfdn fignh’ ko tbh nkl Gtui, ? gdl Bgyykt, wbfmb ihgds –bkcy cfvfdn mrhgturh.’ > Bgyykt fs gcsk tbh dgih ko g mcgss ko bhgvhdcy mrhgturhs, gcsk jdkwd gs tbh mbhru`fi, wbfmb grh ifdkr nugrlfgd lhftfhs. Fd iklhrd Hnyptfgd Grg`fm, tbh spbfdx fs mgcchl G`ó gc Bóc, tbh –thrrfoyfdn kdh’ kr –ogtbhr ko thrrkr.’ \rucy, tbh spbfdx fs tbh nugrlfgd ko tbh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst, gs ft ogmhs tbgt lfrhmtfkd okr hthrdfty. \bh spbfdx fs phrbgps kdh ko tbh ikst fiprhssfvh nugrlfgd spfrfts hvhr flkcfzhl ko gcc tfih. G phrohmt prhshdtgtfkd ko tbh hpftkih ko tbh ogifcfgr. \bh Nrhgt ]pbfdx“g cfkd wftb tbh bhgl ko g igd“nugrlfdn tbh pyrgifll tk pyrgif tki`s i`s ko Nfzg gcsk g csk shhi shhiss rhcg rhcgthl thl tk tbh twk t wk cfk c fkds ds gcwgys sbkwd sbkwd wftb tbh hgrtb hgr tb nkllh nkllhss ss My` My`hch, hch, prknhdftkr prknhdftkr ko tbh sf` sf`ycs. ycs. Gs dk dkthl thl hgrcfhr, tbh spbfdx fs rhcgthl tk Gtui, gd Hnyptfgd mrhgtkr nkl, wbk fs iumb cfjh My`hch, tbh mrhgtkr ko cfoh, tbh wki` gdl tki`. Fd Hnyptfgd iytbkckny, Gtui ogsbfkds buigdfty orki tbh mcgy ko Hgrtb. ]kih smbkcgrs tbhkrfzh tbgt gt kdh tfih g shmkdl spbfdx nugrlhl tbh ngthwgy ko tbh pyrgifls, tbh twk igjfdn g pgfr. Gdl pgfrs ko cfkds grh usugccy okudl gt tbh lkkrs ko hvhry thipch fd Hnypt, aust gs tbhrh grh lku`ch cfkds nugrlfdn tbh lkkrs ko ikst thipchs gdl ùfclfdns gcc kvhr Mbfdg. Uhrbgps tbhsh cfkd spfrfts nugrl tbh hgsthrd spfrfts ko tbh gdnhcs wbk mkdtgfd tbh jdkwchlnh ko skrmhry. \bh spbfdx shhis tk `h nugrlfdn tbh mfty ko tbhsh gdnhcs, wbhrh tbhy rhsflh. Uhrbgps Fsfs gdl Ksfrfs grh g wftmb gdl wfzgrl wbk gmbfhvhl tbh nrhgthst ignfmgc chvhc, gmqufrfdn tbh bfnbhst nugrlfgds jdkwd tk buigds, jhru`fi gdl tbh jhru`fi gdl tbh Jgllfsbfd, prfikrlfgc nugrlfgd ogifcfgrs ko tbh bfhrks ngiks. ]kih ngiks. ]kih goofcfgth tbh syi`kc ko tbhsh lku`ch cfkds tk cfoh ftshco gdl rhnhdhrgtf rhnhd hrgtfkd, kd, gs Lr. Qgbf Qg bf Bgwgss, gd Hn Hnyptfgd yptfgd grmbghkcknfst, grmbghkcknfst, Hnyptkc Hn yptkcknfst, knfst, gdl okrihr Ifdfsthr ko ]tgth okr Gdtfquftfhs Googfrs hxpcgfds1

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

?6

\bh flhg fs hxprhsshl fd tbh gsskmfgtfkd `htwhhd Gtui gdl Putf, tbh lku`ch cfkd nkl wbk fs skihwbgt cfjh g mhcc tbgt bgs lku`chl fts hchihdts gdl `hnud tk lfvflh, `hokrh tbh gmtugc spcft bgs kmmurrhl. \bh lku`ch cfkd gcsk gcculhs tk ]bu gdl \hodut, tbh ofrst lfoohrhdtfgtfkd ko Gtui‖s `hfdn. @ut Putf sgys –F gi tbh lku`ch cfkd, kclhr tbgd Gtui,’ sk gpphgrfdn hvhd `hokrh tbh gmtugc `frtb ko tbh dhxt prfikrlfgc prfikrlf gc nhdhrgtfkd. 2

\bh ogmt tbgt tbhrh grh sk igdy vhrsfkds gdl okris ko shxugc fdthrgmtfkds gdl igrrfgnhs `htwhhd buigds gdl strgdnh spfrfts ifnbt shhi ocg``hrngstfdn, ùt fo kdh whrh tk pgy gtthdtfkd tk tbh ogmt tbgt kdh ko tbh wkrcl‖s cgrnhst rhcfnfkds, Mbrfstfgdfty, fs gmtugccy `gshl hdtfrhcy kd

Koosprfdn Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

>5

\bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

tbh mkdmhpt tbgt g spfrft mkihs tk g buigd gdl fiprhndgths bhr, wh shh tbgt tbfs fs g vhry mkiikdcy bhcl `hcfho hvhd tklgy. ]kih Mbrfstfgds, okr hxgipch, grh sbkmjhl `y tbh stkrfhs ko tbh gdmfhdt pgngds gdl mkdsflhr tbhsh –bhgtbhd’ `hcfhos hvfc, wftbkut rhmkndfzfdn tbgt tbh stkry tbhy `hcfhvh fd fs prhtty iumb tbh sgih tbfdn. Fd iy kpfdfkd tbhrh fs cfttch lfoohrhdmh `htwhhd tbh stkrfhs ko tbhsh hgrcy wkihd wbk bgl fdthrmkursh wftb spfrfts gdl `krh koosprfdn gdl tbgt ko Igry, wbk fs fiprhndgthl `y tbh Bkcy ]pfrft gdl nfvhs `frtb tk Ahsus Mbrfst. ]fdmh bhr koosprfdn fs shhd gs g pksftfvh mkdtrfùtfkd tk buigdfty, udcfjh tbh Dhpbfcfi, phrbgps tbfs wgs gd hxgipch ko tbh bfhrks ngiks.

2

\bh Bkcy ]pfrft vhrsus ]ummu`f gdl Fdmu`f \bh gdnhc rhpcfhl, –\bh Bkcy ]pfrft wfcc mkih upkd yku, gdl tbh pkwhr ko tbh Ikst Bfnb wfcc kvhrsbgl kvhrsbglkw kw yku yku.. ]k, tbh Bkcy Kdh tk `h `krd wfcc `h mgcchl tbh ]kd ko Nkl.’ C�� 71= 71=88

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bh stkry ko Igry‖s fdthrgmtfkds wftb tbh Bkcy ]pfrft gcsk fdvkcvhl gdnhcfm hdtftfhs: tbh gdnhc Ng`rfhc mgih tk bhr `hokrh tbh Bkcy ]pfrft ]pfrft pgfl bhr g vfsft tk fdokri bhr ko wbgt wgs nkfdn tk bgpphd. Nfvhd tbgt t bgt Igry fs g vfrnfd, tbfs sunnhsts skih jfdl ko rhcgtfkdsbfp `htwhhd tbh cf`flk gdl tbh gttrgmtfkd ko tbh ogifcfgr spfrft `hmgush, gmmkrlfdn tk tbh stkry, Igry wgs g vfrnfd, cfjh tbh vhstgc vfrnfds ko Pkih, wbk hxfsthl ckdn `hokrh Igry iht up wftb tbh Bkcy ]pfrft. Okr tbksh udgwgrh ko tbh wbkch bfstkry b fstkry ko `hccy-tgc `hccy-tgcjhrs jhrs gdl wkihd `hfdn fiprhndgthl `y gdnhcs gdnhcs,, tbfs stkry ko Igry gdl tbh Bkcy ]pfrft ifnbt shhi cfjh g kdh-koo, udtfc yku `hmkih gwgrh ko tbh t bh ckdn bfstkry ko igdusmrfpts ig dusmrfpts lgtfdn lgt fdn fdtk gdtfqg dtfqufty mkdtgfdfdn tbfs sgih tgch. \bh ogmt tbgt tbh Urkihtbhus iytb ihdtfkds tbh wki` ko Ugdlkrg, wbfmb tgjhs fd tbh mrhgtfvh spfrft ko tbh ogifcfgrs, lgfikds, kr gdnhcs“wbgthvhr yku mbkksh tk dgih tbhi“ bgs fipcfmgtfkds, fd iy kpfdfkd, wbhd mkdsflhrfdn tbh fiprhndgtfkd ko Igry `y tbh Bkcy ]pfrft. \bh pgrgcchcs `htwhhd tbh mrhgtfvh ofrh ko tbh >7

>0

\bh Bkcy ]pfrft vhrsus ]ummu`f gdl Fdmu`f

nkls hdthrfdn tbh wki` ko Ugdlkrg gdl Igry bgvfdn Nkl‖s mbfcl shhi gppgrhdt hdkunb tk ih. ^bhtbhr tbfs mkddhmtfkd tk tbh ogifcfgr fs okr mkiiudfmgtfdn fdokrigtfkd kr okr bgvfdn mbfclrhd gdl hstg`cfsbfdn ogifcy rhcgtfkds ogifcy rhcgtfkds wftb g spfrft rhigfds tk `h lhthrifdhl. Bkw, tbhd, mgd wh dkt shh tbgt Igry tbh vfrnfd fs kdcy g ifrrkr ko tbhsh gdmfhdt tgchs ko tbksh wkihd wbk mbksh tk `h mbgsth tk gttrgmt g spfrft sk tbgt tbhy mkucl mkih udlhr fts prkthmtfkd gdl nugrlfgdsbfp gdl `hgr fts orufts. Igry, bkwhvhr, gppgrhdtcy lfl dkt mbkksh tk lk tbhsh prgmtfmhs ùt fdsthgl wgs mbkshd, gmmkrlfdn tk tbh cfthrgturh. Igry wgs dkt tbh kdcy wkigd iglh prhndgdt `y Nkl‖s gnhdmy fd tbh @f`ch, gctbkunb sbh shhis tk `h tbh wfddhr ko tbh pkpucgrfty mkdthst orki g rhcfnfkus gdl mucturgc phrsphmtfvh. Fd tbh stkry ko G`rgbgi gdl ]grgb, ]grgb fs sthrfch gdl mgddkt bgvh g mbfcl, tbus tbh dhhl okr tbh mkdmu`fdhs wbk `krh tbh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst. @ut Nkl vfsfts bhr gdl gssurhs bhr tbgt bh wfcc bhcp bhr bgvh g mbfcl, wbfmb hvhdtugccy mgih tk pgss wbhd, cgth fd cfoh, sbh ngvh `frtb tk Fsggm. \bhrh fs skih mkdtrk vhrsy gs tk wbhtbhr Nkl kr G`rgbg G`rgbgi i wgs tbh ogtbhr ko Fsgg Fsggm. m. G Ahwfsb pbfckskpbhr,, Ubfck ko Gchxgdlrfg pbfckskpbhr G chxgdlrfg,, wrkth w rkth g ckt kd tbh suàhmt: bh `hcfhvhl tbgt Nkl vfsfthl ]grgb gdl fiprhndgthl bhr iumb fd tbh sgih wgy tbgt tbh Bkcy ]pfrft vfsfthl Igry, fiprhndgtfdn bhr wftb Ahsus. Gppgrhdtcy, fd `f`cfmgc ckrh, tbfs wgs dkt gd fskcgthl fdmflhdt. Phohrhdmhs tk mbfclrhd `hfdn `krd fd tbfs ogsbfkd wkucl mhrtgfdcy tbrhgthd tbh Mbrfstfgd mkdmhpt tbgt Ahsus wgs tbh Ckrl‖s kdcy `hnktthd skd, gdl yht tbhrh grh shhifdncy shvhrgc ko tbhsh mkdmhptfkds gdl `frtbs ihdtfkdhl fd Ahwfsb cfthrgturh, sumb gs fd tbh wkrjs ko Ubfck1 ^bhd bgppfdhss, tbgt fs Fsggm Fsggm,, wgs `krd, sbh sgys, fd tbh pfkus hxg hxgcctgtfkd, –\bh Ckrl bgs mgushl ih cgunbthr, gdl wbkhvhr sbgcc bhgr ko ft sbgcc rhakfmh wftb Ih.’ Kphd ykur hgrs, tbhrhokrh, K yh fdftfgthl, gdl rhmhfvh tbh ikst sgmrhl iysthrfhs. Cgunbthr fs aky: gdl tbh hxprhssfkd, –bgs mgushl,’ fs hqufvgchdt tk –bgs `hnktthd.’ ]k tbgt wbgt fs bhrh sgfl bgs skih sumb ihg ihgdf dfdn dn gs tb tbfs, fs, –\ –\bh bh Ckrl bgs `hnktthd Fsggm. Fsggm .’7


>=

\bhrh whrh, surprfsfdncy, g dui`hr ko `f`cfmgc ofnurhs wbk whrh tbh koosprfdn ko hftbhr Nkl kr gd gdnhc. Dkgb‖s ogtbhr Cgihmb wgss mkdvf wg mkdvfdmhl dmhl tbg tbgtt Nkl wg wgss tbh ogt ogtbhr bhr ko Dkg Dkgbb gdl dkt bf bfish ishco co.. Hcfzg`htb, Igry‖s mkusfd, wgs, cfjh ]grgb, fdohrtfch gdl tkcl `y Nkl tbgt sbh wkucl bgvh g mbfcl. Gmmkrlfdn tk gd gmmkudt fd tbh @kkj ko Cujh, Igry wgs fd tbh ifllch ko nhttfdn rhgly tk igrry Akshpb wbhd sbh chgrdhl orki Ng`rfhc tbgt sbh wkucl `hgr Nkl‖s mbfcl. ]bh wgs thrrfofhl tbgt tbfs wkucl rufd bhr igrrfgnh gdl rgd tk Hcfzg`htb tk thcc bhr. Hcfzg`htb sgfl tbh sgih tbfdn bgl bgpphdhl tk bhr gdl tbgt Igry sbkucld‖t wkrry. Hcfzg`htb bgl `hhd tryfdn tk bgvh g mbfcl okr g ckdn tfih wbhd Ng`rfhc vfsfthl bhr gdl tkcl bhr sbh wkucl `hmkih prhndgdt“wb prhn dgdt“wbfmb fmb sbh prkiptcy lfl lfl.. Igr Igryy stgyhl wft wftbb bhr mkusf mkusfd d okr g wbfch, gdl wbhd sbh rhturdhl tk Akshpb, sbh wgs prhndgdt. G trfmjy sftugtfkd okr Akshpb, F‖i surh. \bhsh pgssgnhs orki Cujh (710?”02, 71=8”=2) lhsmrf`h tbh sftugtfkd1 ]fx ikdtbs gothr Hcfzg`htb jdhw sbh wgs tk `hmkih g iktbhr, Ng`rfhc wgs shdt orki Nkl tk Dgzgrhtb. Dgzgrhtb wgs g tkwd fd tbh mkudtry ko Ngcfchh. 0> Bh whdt tk g wkigd wbk bgl dhvhr bgl g igd. Bhr dgih wgs Igry. ]bh wgs prkifshl fd igrrfgnh tk g igd dgihl Akshpb. Akshpb wgs ko tbh ogifcy ko Lgvfl. 02 \bh gdnhc mgih tk bhr gdl sgfl, –Vku grh bkdkrhl vhry iumb. Vku grh g ogvkrhl wkigd. \bh Ckrl fs wftb yku. *Vku grh mbkshd orki gikdn igdy wkihd.’ . . . =< Igry sgfl tk tbh gdnhc, –Bkw wfcc tbfs bgpphd; F bgvh dhvhr bgl g igd.’ =8 \bh gdnhc sgfl tk bhr, –\bh Bkcy ]pfrft wfcc mkih kd yku. \bh pkwhr ko tbh Ikst Bfnb wfcccc mkvhr yku. \bh bkcy Mbf wf Mbfcl cl yku nf nfvh vh `fr `frtb tb tk wf wfcccc `h mg mgcch cchll tbh ]kd ko Nkl. =? –]hh, ykur mkusfd Hcfzg`htb, gs kcl gs sbh fs, fs nkfdn tk nfvh `frtb tk g mbfcl. ]bh wgs dkt g`ch tk bgvh mbfclrhd `hokrh, ùt dkw sbh fs fd bhr sfxtb ikdtb. => Okr Nkl mgd lk gcc tbfdns.’ =2 \bhd Igry sgfl, –F gi wfccfdn tk `h ushl ko tbh Ckrl. Cht ft bgpphd tk ih gs yku bgvh sgfl.’ \bhd tbh gdnhc whdt gwgy orki bhr.

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\bh Bkcy ]pfrft fs k`vfkuscy tbh prhohrrhl ogifcfgr spfrft gs fts koosprfdn shhis tk `h ikrh lhsfrg`ch tbgd tbh Dhpbfcfi, wbk lhstrkyhl hvhrytbfdn gdl gth phkpch. Ahsus, fd kppksftfkd tk tbh mgddf`gcfstfm prgmtfmhs ko tbh Dhpbfc Dhpbfcfi, fi, fdsthg fdsthgll ohl bfs kwd `kly tk phkpch, qufth g mkdtrgst. Fd tbh sgih trglftfkd ko Fsfs, Igry hdngnhl wftb gd gdnhc wbk ngvh bhr fdokrigtfkd gdl tbhd t bhd ngvh `frtb tk koosprfdn tbgt mbgdnhl buigdfty. Fo wh tgjh kut tbh Mbrfstfgd aulnihdt tbgt Igry fs –nkkl’ wbhrhgs Fsfs fs ihrhcy pgng pgngd, d, ft fs dkt tkk lfo lfoofmu ofmuct ct tk lrgw pgrg pgrgcch cchcs cs `htwhhd tbh tgchs. ]XMMX@F GDL FDMX@F G] OGIFCFGP ]UFPF\]

Gd fdm fdmuù uùss kr summ summuù uùss mgd `h bgr bgrich ichss, ss, kr ft mgd `h lhstrumtfvh. Cfjh gdy shxugc sftugtfkd, tbh lgdnhr lhphdls kd bkw yku bgdlch ft. . . . Gcc shx fs pkthdtfgccy lgdnhrkus. . . . Kur shxugc ohhcfdns igjh us vucdhrg`ch. Bkw igdy phkpc phkpchh bgvh `hhd rufdh rufdhll `y g shxu shxugc gc pgrtd pgrtdhr; hr; ]hx lkhs prk�flh g pkfdt ko fd�gsfkd gdl tbh fdmu`f gdl summu`f sfipcy igjh us fdthdshcy gwgrh ko tbfs. ^�� ^�� @�� @�� _�� @�� @�� , ^�� ^�� @��1 G P�� @��

Gckdn wftb tbh stkrfhs ko `hdhofmfgc ogifcfgrs grh tgchs ko shxugc fdthrmkursh wftb thrrfoyfdn spfrfts“tbh summu`f gdl fdmu`f. Aust gs wh skihtfihs bgvh buigd igths wbk grh gùsfvh kr udpchgsgdt, tbh sgih mgd `h truh ko ogifcfgr spfrfts, gmmkrlfdn tk tbh stkrfhs ko tbh summu`f gdl fdmu`f. Ft shhis tbgt skih phkpch gttrgmt ogifcfgr spfrfts wbk bgvh g bgrsb dgturh gdl grh dkt hxgmtcy flhgc igths, ùt tbhsh spfrfts shrvh tbhi rhngrlchss ko tbhfr vfkchdt qugcftfhs. Okr budlrhls ko yhgrs, `ktb igchs gdl ohigchs bgvh spkjhd ko spfrftugc vfsftkrs wbk gssgucthl tbhi shxugccy, g typh ko spfrft rgph. Fd tbh mgsh ko tbh ohigch summuùs kr igch fdmuùs, tbh buigd fs gpprkgmbhl fd g mkdtrkccfdn ogsbfkd gdl okrmhl tk hdngnh tbh spfrft. \bhsh grh gcsk skihwbgt goohmtfkdgthcy mgcchl lhikd ckvhrs.


>8

G lhikd igjfdn ckvh tk g wftmb Gdkdyikus wkklmut, orki Xcrfmb Ikcftkr Ikcftkr,, Lh cgdffs ht pbftkdfmfs iucfhrùs (7<6=)

Gctbkunb tbh tgch ko Igry `hfdn vfsfthl `y tbh Bkcy ]pfrft shhis vhry spfrftug spfrftugc,c, fd lhsmrfptfkds ko bhr hdmkudthr, Igr Igryy lfld‖t shhi tk bgvh bgl iumb mbkfmh fd tbh igtthr. Gd gdnhc lfl mkih lkwd gdl gt chgst bgvh tbh mkurthsy tk fdokri bhr tbgt tbh hvhdt wkucl kmmur, ùt F lfld‖t rhgl tbh pgrt wbhrh sbh ngvh mkdshdt: sbh shhis thrrfofhl, wbfmb fs vhry sfifcg sfifcgrr tk stkrfhs g`kut tbh summu`f gdl fdmu`f. ]ummu`f gdl g dl fdmu`f grh mgcchl hvfc, hvhd `y iklhrd Mbrfstfgds wbk bgvh ckts ko wgys tk mki`gt gdl aulnh tbhi, wbfch tbhy wkrsbfp g spfrft wbk okrmhl ftshco upkd g wkigd. \bh stkrfhs ko tbhsh whfrl spfrfts vfsftfdn wkihd gcsk ifrrkr ikst ko tbh buigd ckvhrs ko tbh Nkl Qhus fd tbh Nrhhj iytbs. Qhus lkhsd‖t rhgccy gsj bfs ckvhrs, gdl bh kothd gssuihl lfoohrhdt okris, sbgphsbfotfdn fdtk gdfigcs gdl hvhd g nkclhd sbkwhr tk gmmkipcfsb tbh udfkd. ]kih ko tbh ckvhrs ko Qhus whrh ikrh tbgd wfccfdn tk gmmhpt sumb

>?


g nklcy vfsft ùt dkt gcc. \bkunb tbh ogifcfgrs stfcc shrvh tbh buigds“ tbhy shlumh gdl nrgdt tbhi suphrdgturgc pkwhrs“tbhsh suphrdgturgc rhcgtfkdsbfps mgd bgvh g dhngtfvh fipgmt kd tbh buigd pgrtfmfpgdts. \bhy mgd `h lrgfdfdn tk tbhfr cfoh okrmh gdl lgdnhrkus okr tbhfr ihdtgc bhgctb, rhngrlchss ko tbh pkwhrs ngfdhl. Kdh ko tbh prktktyphs ko tbh stkrfhs ko lhikd ckvhrs mkihs orki tbh tgch ko Glgi‖s ofrst wfoh Cfcftb. ]fifcgr tk tbh stkrfhs ko Igry gdl Akshpb, G`rgbgi gdl g dl ]grgb, ]grg b, gdl Fsfs gdl g dl Ksfrfs, wbhrh wbhrhfd fd tbh wfvhs whrh fiprhndgthl `y gdnhcs kr nkls, Cfcftb wgs shlumhl `y gd gdnhc spfrft. Gmmkrlfdn tk kdh vhrsfkd ko tbfs gdmfhdt stkry, Glgi Jglikd, g prfikrlfgc buigd, wgs spcft fd twk, mrhgtfdn twk shpgrgth hdtftfhs. Kdh bgco `hmgih Glgi, gdl tbh ktbhr `hmgih Cfcftb. Cfcftb mgih fdtk hxfsthdmh gs bhr kwd hdtfty gdl wgs dkt su`shrvfhdt tk Glgi. ]bh wgs dkt rhgccy fdthrhsthl fd bgdnfdn kut wftb bfi gdl rgd gwgy. Nkl krlhrhl tbh gdnhcs ]hdkf, ]gdshdkf, gdl ]giigdnhcko tk nk gothr Cfcftb gdl su`luh bhr. (\bhsh gdnhcs‖ dgihs grh stfcc ushl fd Bh`rhw okcj mucturh tk prkthmt mbf mbfclrhd clrhd orki lhgtb gt tbh bgdls ko Cfc Cfcftb ftb gdl mgd `h okudl hdnrgvhl fd pcgmgrls pcgmhl g`kvh mbfclrhd‖s `hls.) \bh gdnhcs whrh udsummhssouc fd mgpturfdn Cfcftb, gdl sbh `hmgih g wgdtkd summuùs wbk lrgf lrgfdhl dhl ihd gdl gth mbfclrhd. Ft wgs go gothr thr tbfs fdmflhd fdmflhdtt tbgt Nkl iglh Hvh orki tbh rf` ko Glgi, tk rhpcgmh Cfcftb wbk bgl g`gdlkdhl bfi tk `h wftb bhr ogifcfgr spfrfts. Cfcftb `hmgih tbh kdh wh lkd‖t tgcj g`kut, tbh udfdthnrgthl lgrj iktbhr kr lgrj ohifdfdh. Gmmkrlfdn tk Ahwfsb gpkmrypbgc cfthrgturh, Cfcftb chot Glgi tk hdngnh wftb tbrhh gdnhcs, Dggigb Dggigb,, Gzzg, gdl Gzgzghc, gdl tbhd bgudthl Glgi gt dfnbt, nfvfdn bfi wht lrhgis gs sbh `hmgih tbh ofrst summuùs. Ukkr Glgi bgl tk lhgc wftb twk lfoofmuct wkihd. Cgthr Hvh wgs shlumhl `y tbh shrphdt, wbk skih `hcfhvh rhprhshdts tbh gdnhc Cumfohr, gdl wbhd sbh `hmgih prhndgdt wftb Mgfd, sbh iglh gd gddkudmhihdt tbgt Nkl wgs tbh ogtbhr1 –Hvh dgihs Mgfd gdl hxpcgfds bfs dgih `y sgyfdn –F bgvh mrhgthl g igd wftb VB^B’( ) (Nhd. <17). Glgi bgl tk mkiphth wftb tbhsh ogifcfgr spfrfts wbk vfsfthl bfs wkihd gdl fdo cuhdmhl tbhi fd tbhfr lhmfsfkds gng gngfdst fdst bfi bfi.. Ckkjhl


>>

Urkthmtfkd sphcc wftb tbh dgihs ko tbh gdnhcs wbk wgrl koo Cfcftb1 ]hdkf, ]gdhshdkf, gdl ]gigdnhckpb Orki tbh ]hohr Pgzfhc, gd Pgzfhc, gd gdmfhdt Ahwfsb thxt lgtfdn `gmj tk tbh tbfrthhdtb mhdtury

gt kdh wgy, ft wkucl shhi tbh wkihd ko Glgi mbhgthl kd bfi wftb suphrdgturgc hdtftfhs. Cfcftb wgs tbh krfnfdgc `g`y-hgtfdn summuùs. \bh Bh`rhw dgih Cfcftb fs trgdscgthl gs hftbhr –dfnbt’ kr –spfrft ko tbh gfr.’ Cfcftb wgs g pkpucgr ofn ofnurh, urh, hxfstfdn igfdcy fd ]hiftfm mucturhs mucturhs.. ]bh bgl tbh g`fcfty tk sbgphsbfot, iumb cfjh tbh sbgigdfm dgnugc gdl Qhus, gdl wgs sbkwd fd skih pfmturhs stgdlfdn upkd twk cfkds, hxgmtcy cfjh My`hch. Igdy phkpch jdkw Cfcftb tklgy gs tbh smkrdhl ofrst wfoh ko Glgi wbk wgs chot kut ko tbh @f`ch. \bh flhg ko Cfc Cfcftb ftb gs tbh ofr ofrst st wfo wfohh ko Glgi mkihs orki g ihlfhvgc rhohrhdmh fd gd gdkdyikus thxt jdkwd gs –\bh Gcpbg`ht ko @hd ]frg,’ wrftthd `htwhhd tbh hfnbtb gdl hchvhdtb

>2


mhdturfhs. \bfs thxt fs gcsk tbh krfnfd ko tbh stkry ko tbh summuùs wbk mkihs tk ihd gt dfnbt gdl nfvhs tbhi wht lrhgis, gs ft hcg`krgths1 –Gdl sbh rkgis tbh wkrcl gdl ofdls mbfclrhd cfg`ch okr pudfsbihdt gdl sbh mgrhsshs tbhi gdl jfccs tbhi . . . gdl sbh nkhs gdl rkgis tbh wkrcl gt dfnbt gdl igjhs spkrt wftb ihd gdl mgushs tbhi tk hift shhl.’ 0 Orki Cfcftb‖s ghtbhrfm vfsfts tk Glgi fd tbh dfnbt grh spgwdhl igdy lhikds wbk whrh sgfl tk `hmkih tbh fdmu`f gdl summu`f tbgt wkucl goocfmt buigds hvhr gothr tbgt. Hvhd fd iklhrd tfihs tbhrh grh wgrls gngfdst bhr gdl ohgr sbh igy stfcc hdthr fdtk ihd. Fd tbhsh stkrfhs, tbh koosprfdn fdvkcvhl, dgihcy tbh Dhpbfcfi, nhdhrgthl orki g buigd wkigd wbk mkdskrthl wftb gdnhcs, whrh vhry dhngtfvh gdl lhstrumtfvh“tbhy gth phkpch gdl mgushl g ckt ko prk`chis. Gmmkrlfdn tk igdy chnhdls, tbh Dhpbfcfi whrh tbkunbt tk igjh lhikds tbgt tbhd bgudthl buigds gdl okrmhl tbhishcvhs kd tbhi shxugccy fd tbh okri ko fdmu`f gdl summu`f. Hvhd tbkunb tbfs shhis chss tbgd lhcfnbtouc, gdl tbh fdmu`f gdl summu`f whrh ikst kothd udfdvfthl nuhsts, tbhrh grh fdlfvflugcs wbk shhj kut tbhsh typhs ko lhikd ckvhrs kd purpksh fd krlhr tk gmmkipcfsb vgrfkus dhogrfkus tgsjs. @kkjs kd `cgmj ignfm bgvh igdy ihtbkls okr prkmurfdn tbfs typh ko rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb spfrfts flhdtfofhl gs summu`f gdl fdmu`f. Kd tbh dhngtfvh sflh, tbhsh typhs ko spfrfts grh usugccy k`shssfvh-mkipucsfvh fd dgturh gdl mgd fiùh tbh buigd ckvhr wftb tbhsh sgih qugcftfhs. Igdy okris ko gllfmtfkd gdl k`shssfvh tbkunbts mgd rhsuct orki tbhsh dhngtfvh hdhrny okris, wbfmb thdl tk spfrgc lkwd, gdl mgd kmmgsfkdgc kmmgsfkdgccy cy chgl tk sufmflh.

6

Ogfry Ogifcfgrs \bhrh wgs g igd wbk cfvhl dkt ckdn gnk dhgr Ukrt Hrfd wbk bgl g Cbfgddgd-]bhh. –Bh wgs cfjh ktbhr phkpch, ùt bh bgl g ogfry swhhtbhgrt: ùt bh dktfmhl bhr, gdl tbhy lk dkt cfjh `hfdn dktfmhl, tbh ogfrfhs, gdl sk bh ckst bfs ifdl. ^hcc, bh wgs qufth qufht cfjh ktbhr phkpch, ùt gt dfnbt bh schp schptt fd tbh `grd `grd,, gdl tbhy ushl tk bhgr bfi tgcjfdn tk bfs swhhtbhgrt, gdl smkclfdn bhr skihtfihs: ùt fo gdykdh iglh g dkfsh bh wkucl `h qufht gt kdmh.’ Dkw, tbh trutb ko tbfs stkry fs mchgr hdkunb. \bh igd whdt igl, ùt tbfs igldhss tkkj tbh okri ko tbh pkpucgr `hcfho, gdl tbgt gngfd gttrfùthl bfs igldhss tk tbh gfry ifstrhss. F gi mkd�fdmh mkd�fdmhll tbgt tbfs wgs `hcfh `hcfhvhl vhl tk `h g mgsh ko nhdufdh ogfryy fdth ogfr fdthrmkursh rmkursh,, gdl ft sbkws tbgt tbh ogfr ogfryy mrhh mrhhll stfcc survfvhss fd tbh Fsch ko Igd. survfvh A. O. M�� M� �� G. G . ^. ^. I��, I�� , \�� O��-C�� F�� I��

]

kmrgths, wbk wgs lhhpcy fdtfigth wftb bfs ogifcfgr spfrft, ushl tk tgjh bfs pupfcs kut fdtk dgturh tk sft qufhtcy fd tbh wkkls. Fo yku try tbfs ykurshco, yku wfcc qufmjcy rhgcfzh tbgt g jfdl ko kvhrgcc shdtfhdmh hxfsts tbhrh. \bh kvhrwbhcifdn ohhcfdn ko cfoh gdl cfvfdn tbfdns mgd `h lhhpcy ohct wbhd yku kphd ykur bhgrt tk ft. Gdmfhdt mucturhs `hcfhvhl >6

25

Ogfry Ogifc Ogifcfgrs fgrs

tbgt hvhrytbfdn, `ktb gdfigth gdl fdgdfigth, bgs g mkdsmfkusdhss gdl gwgrhdhss, fdmculfdn pcgdht Hgrtb gs g wbkch, gdl tbfs wkrclvfhw prk vflhs tbh t bh `gsfs okr tbh ogfr ogfryy ogftb. og ftb. Ikrh tbgd t bgd aust g rhcfnfkus lknig, ft fs gd hxphrfhdtfgc dgturgc pgdhdtbhfstfm pbfckskpby. \bh Mhctfm ogfry wkrcl fs cgrnh gdl kcl, hxfstfdn gcikst cfjh gdktbhr lfihdsfkd, gdl fs fdbg`fthl `y g wflh vgrfhty ko ogifcfgrs. Fd igdy ko tbh pgngd trglftfkds, tbh gdnhcfm fdthccfnhdmhs bgl hgrtbcy okris gs whcc gs mhchstfgc, gdl tbhsh whrh mgcchl ogfrfhs. Ikst ko tbh kclhst tgchs ko ogfrfhs mgd `h trgmhl `gmj tk Mhctfm gdl Lruflfm trglftfkds. \bhsh whrh pgngd pgdhdtbhfstfm mucturhs wbk `hcfhvhl fd dgturh wkrsbfp. wkrsb fp. \bh smbkc smbkcgr gr ^. V. Hvgd Hvgdss-^ ^hdtz lhs lhsmrf mrf`hl `hl tbh Mhct Mhctfm fm og ogfr fryy ogftb gs dkt Mhctfm gt gcc ùt ikrh ko g prhbfstkrfm gdfifstfm spfrftugcfty. \bh Mhctfm ogfry ogftb thccs tbh sgih stkry gs ikst ko tbh wkrcl‖s rhcfnfkds“ko suphrdgturgc kr spfrftugc `hfdns mkifdn tk Hgrtb gdl igtfdn wftb phkpch. Ogfrfhs grh lfoofmuct tk lhofdh prhmfshcy gs tbhy tgjh kd sk igdy okris: tbh ogfrfhs rhgccy mkdtgfd shvhrgc tgxkdkifm systhis. Urkohsskr ko gdtbrkpkckny Lhddfs Ngoofd, UbL, lhsmrf`hs skih ko tbhsh lfoohrhdt okris. \bhrh bgvh bgvh `hhd skih gmglhifm lfsmussfkds ko gdtbrkpkcknfsts‖ kwd rhmkndftfkds ko gdl hxphrfhdmhs ko vgrfkus jfdls ko spfrfts, dgturhspfrfts, lfsmgrdgth `hfdns, ktbhr-tbgd-buigd-`hfdns gdl ktbhr fdthrihlfgth hdtftfhs kr hdhrnfhs `htwhhd buigds gdl Nkl, tbh Mrhgtkr, kr tbh Urfih Ikvhr. Gs ^fcfjfh (766<17?<) stgths fd Vkudn‖s gdl Nkucht‖s hlfthl `kkj kd tbh gdtbrkpkckny ko hxtrgkrlfdgry hxphrfhdmh, fd g lfsmussfkd ko tbh –spfrfthl fignfdgtfkd,’ tbh gutkdkiy ko spfrfts, gdl tbh igjh-up ko tbh –fddhr wkrcls,’ –]kih spfrfts grh fdlhhl ofnihdts ko tbh buigd fignfdgtfkd, yht tbhrh grh ktbhrs wbk bgvh `hhd grkudl iumb ckdnhr tbgd buigd `hfdns. Gikdn spfrfts tbhrh fs g vgst bfhrgrmby, orki sfipch hdhrny-okris gdl dgturh spfrfts tk gdnhcfm gdl bfnbhr bfn bhr okris ko lfvfdh gdl ngcgmtfm ng cgmtfm fdthccfnhdmh. \bhsh igy `h thrrhstrfgc kr mhchstfgc, fdtfigthcy gsskmfgthl wftb buigd cfoh


27

kr dkt, ùt gcc grh gsphmts ko tbh kdh Xdfvhrsgc @hfdn, mkdmhfvhl ko gs tbh tktgcfty, fddhr gdl kuthr, kr gs fts mrhgtkr.’ 7

Fd tbh kclhst tgchs, tbh ogfrfhs whrh sgfl tk `h `krd orki tbh ogcchd gdnhcs. Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh chnhdl, gs tbh gdnhcs ohcc orki bhgvhd, tbhy cgdlhl fd vgrfkus pcgmhs, gdl Nkl orkzh tbhi fd pcgmh. ]kih cgdlhl fd ofrh, skih fd tbh hgrtb, skih fd wgthr, gdl skih fd gfr. \bh gdnhcs `hmgih hdtgdnchl fd tbh igthrfgc pbysfmgc wkrcl, gdl tbus tbh ogfrfhs whrh `krd. Gs dkthl hgrcfhr, tbh wkrl ogfry wkrl ogfry fs fs rhcgthl tk tbh nkllhss ko ogth wbk nfvhs kdh bfs ckt fd cfoh, kr lhstfdy. Fd gdmfhdt Nrhhj iytbkckny, tbrhh ogths wkvh tbh wh` ko cfoh, lhsmrf`hl gs g spflhr‖s wh` kr g igtrfx tbgt mkdtgfdhl tbh pgst, prhshdt, gdl outurh ko tbh wkrcl. Kur –ckt fd cfoh’ wgs lhthrifdhl `y kur ogth gdl g dl mkucl `h rhvhgchl `y kur ogifc og ifcfgr fgr spfrfts gdl tbh ogfrfhs ko Mhctfm iytbs wbk whrh tbh bgr`fdnhrs ko kur ogths. Ikst ko tbh lfvfdgtfkds phkpch skunbt fd kclhd tfihs rhngrlhl rhcgtfkdsbfps“pgrtfmucgrcy wbhtbhr g rhcgtfkdsbfp wgs fd gmmkrlgdmh wftb kdh‖s ogth kr lhstfdy. Kdh‖s okrtudh, nuflhl `y tbh Pkigd nkllhss Okrtudg, wgs gc gcsk sk lfrhmtcy rhcgthl tk `htrktbgc gdl igrrfg igrrfgnh. nh. G lkwry wgs g okr okr-tudh tbgt mkucl `h hgrdhl tbrkunb g ogthl rhcgtfkdsbfp. Fdthrhstfdn tbh igrrfgnh rhohrhdmh bhrh, wbfmb shhis gd hmbk ko tbh bkcy igrrfgnh gdl bfhrks ngiks mkipkdhdt ko tbh skuc igth. \bh wkrl ogfry wkrl ogfry mkucl gcsk ihgd –spfrft `rflh,’ wbhd vfhwhl tbrkunb tbfs wkrl ihgdfdn. \bhrh whrh hvhd pgng pgngd d rhohrhdmhs tk igj igjfdn fdn cf`flk ohtfsbhs orki tbh flkcs ko ogfrfhs kr tbh ogth nkllhsshs fd tbh sgih wgy tbh pgngds ushl flkc wkrsbfp tk okri g rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb tbh spfrft. @gr`grg N. ^gcjhr, fd bhr hdmymckphlfg ko iytbs, rhmkudts tbh okcckwfdn tgch1 G chnhdl rhphgthl `y tbh nypsfhs sgfl fo g igd okudl tbh stgtuh ko g dgjhl ogth (ogfry) fd tbh rufds ko pgngd thipchs kr tki`s, bh sbkucl hi`rgmh ft wftb ckvh gdl hahmt shihd kd ft. \bhd, cfjh Uynigcfkd‖s Ngcgthg, tbh ogth wkucl mkih tk cfoh fd bfs lrhgis gdl thcc bhr ckvhr wbhrh tk ofdl ùrfhl trhgsu trhgsurh, rh, gdl sbh wkucl `hmkih bfs –o –okrtu krtudh.’ dh.’

20

Ogfry Ogif Ogifcfgrs cfgrs

Bh wkucl `h bgppy wftb bhr okrhvhrikrh, prkvflhl bh gnrhhl dhvhr tk sht okkt fd g Mbrfstfgd mburmb gngfd gs ckdn gs bh cfvhl. 0

Gigzfdn pgrgcchcs mgd `h lrgwd `htwhhd mhrtgfd ogfry hchihdts gdl tbh stkrfhs ko tbh sf`ycs fd thris ko tbh shxugc ogifcfgr pbhdkihdkd. Fd `ktb mgshs wh ofdl g iytbkckny ko skih okri ko suphrdgturgc hdtfty tbgt lwhccs fdsflh tbh Hgrtb gdl okris shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb buigds. Fd tbh ogfry tgchs g ogfry quhhd wbk cfvhs fdsflh tbh Hgrtb tgjhs buigd ckvhrs: fd tbh tgchs ko tbh sf`ycs g igsmucfdh lhfty hdthrs tbh wkihd wbk nk fdsflh ko tbh Hgr Hgrtb tb‖‖s mgvhs. @ktb tbh ogfr ogfryy quhhd gdl g dl tbh sf`ycs, wftb tbhfr mkddhmtfkd tk tbh nkllhss My`hch, rhsflh wftbfd tbh Hgr Hgrtb tb‖‖s mgvhrds gdl ruch tbh udlhrwkrcl, mkddhmtfdn us wftb tbh lhgl gdl kur gdmhstkrs. \bhrh grh tbh ogikus ogfry ikudls fd Frhcgdl gdl ]mktcgdl, skih ko wbfmb grh sgfl tk bkush tbh kclhst buigd gdmhstkrs gdl ogifcy nrgvhygrls fd tbh grhg. \bh Ogfry stkrfhs mkdstgdtcy rhohrhdmh tbh ogfrfhs fdbg`ftfdn tbh nrgvhs ko tbh okrhogtbhrs, igjfdn tbhfr lwhccfdns fd wbgt igdy wkucl mkdsflhr –udmchgd’ bg`ftgts. Fd \bh ^kigd‖s Hdmymckphlfg ko Iytbs gdl ]hmrhts, ^ ^gc gcjhr jhr wrfths1 w rfths1 \bh ^hcsb jdhw tbhfr gdmhstkrs bgl g igtrfgrmbgc skmfhty. Cfjh tbh Frfsb, tbhy mgcchl ogfrfhs tbh Iktbhrs . . . Ogfrfhs mgih kut ko tbhfr ogfry bfccs gt Bgcckwhhd, Mhctfm okcj sgfl, `hmgush tbh bfccs tbhishcvhs whrh tki`-wki`s ko rh`frtb . . . \bh ogfry quhhd wgs k`vfkuscy tbh gdmfhdt ohrtfcfty-iktbhr, cfjh Lhihthr kr Mhrhs . . . ]bh wgs gcsk mgcchl Lfgdg, _hdus, Bhmgth, ]f`yc kr \ftgdfg“g tftch ko Mrhtgd Pbhg gs ruchr ko tbh hgrtb-spfrfts mgcchl \ftgds. =

F iust fdthr fdthrahmt ahmt bhrh tbgt rhigrjg`cy, gs F wgs wrftf wrftfdn dn tbfs pgssgnh, F wgs ihssgnhl kd Fdstgn Fdstgnrgi rgi `y iy or orfhdl fhdl Iycg Kwc wbk wgs vfsftf vfsftfdn dn Gvgckd.. ]bh shdt ih g pfmturh ko bhrshco fd tbh lkkrwgy ko ]t. Ifmbghc Gvgckd Ifmbghc‖s‖s \kwhr kd tkp ko tbh Ncgstkdùry \kr, bkih ko tbh ogfry quhhd Ikrngd cg Ohy. \bh tkr fs sgfl tk `h tbh ngthwgy `htwhhd tbh wkrcls, mkddhmtfdn kur rhgci tk Gvgckd, tbh ckst cgdl ko tbh ogfrfhs. ]bh shdt tbh okcckwfdn ihssgnh

Ogfry Ogifcfgrs

2=

Hi`chi C1 \bh lrgnkd jfccs tbh wkigd, gdl sbh jfccs ft, gdl tknhtbhr tbhy `gtbh fd tbh `ckkl. Mkpphr-pcgth hdnrgvfdn `y Igttbìus Ihrfgd, orki Ifmbghc Igfhr, Gtgcgdtg Ounfhds (7?7>)

wftb tbh pfmturh1 –\bh gdnhc wfdls gdl vkfmhs mgccfdn kut fd tbhfr tbudlhrkus vkfmhs. \bhy mgcchl tbh \kr tbh ngthwgy tk tbh Xdlhrwkrcl. \bhy sgfl tbh sgfdt ko mhihthrfh mhihthrfhss wbki tbh \kr `hckdns tk okunbt tbh lhvfc gdl wkd . . . Fd mkdshquhdmh tbh lhvfc wkd‖t tkumb tbh lhgl fd mhihthrfhs . . . tbh \kr fs tbh bkush ko tbh ]gfdt.’ ]bh bgl dk flhg F wgs murrhdtcy wrftfdn tbfs igthrfgc, gdl ft wgs g ogdtgstfm sydmbrkdfmfty. \bh tftgds whrh tbh nfgdts, iumb cfjh tbh Dhpbfcfi wbk rgd gikj, gdl tbhfr tgchs ififm mckshcy tbh ogfry stkrfhs ko tbh nfgdts. ^bhd kdh ckkjs fd lhptb gt tbh nfgdts fd tbh @kkj ko Hdkmb gdl mkipgrhs tbhi tk tbh Hurkphgd nfgdt og`chs, ft `hmkihs gppgrhdt bkw iumb `rhgltb tbhsh stkrfhs mkvhrhl. Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh lfmtfkdgry lhofdftfkd ko ogth, ko ogth, tbh tbh wkrl mgd gcsk `h fdthrprhthl gs gd krgmch wftb g ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft, kr gs g

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Bhmgth Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

wftmb wftb g ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft, sk wh shh bkw tbh ogfr ogfrfhs fhs grh mckshcy rhcgthl tk tbh gdmfhdt prfhsthsshs fdlhhl1 ogth (d.) cgth 7
nkls),’ orki dhuthr pgst pgrtfmfpch ko ogrf –tk sphgj,’ orki UFH rkkt *`bg- (0) –tk sphgj, thcc, sgy.’<

Ogfry Ogifcfgrs

28

Ogfrfhs bgvh g ckdn trglftfkd ko igtfdn wftb buigds. \bhsh buigdogfry gccfgdmhs nfvh whfnbt tk tbh dktfkd tbgt ogifcfgr spfrfts grh pgrt ko tbh buigd ogifcy, gs ogfrfhs grh cfthrgccy kur rhcgtfvhs, gmmkrlfdn tk tbhsh stkrfhs. Gctbkunb smbkcgrs thdl tk vfhw tbh mkdmhpt ko g ogifcfgr kr gdnhc skuc igth gs g ihtgpbkr kr fignfdgry orfhdl, igdy mucturhs thcc stkrfhs ko bkw wh ifxhl kur nhdhs wftb tbhsh hdtftfhs tbrkunb shxugc rhcgtfkds: tbh sphmfofm fdthdtfkd ko fdmculfdn tbhi gs pgrt ko tbh buigd ogifcy trhh `hmkihs qufth gppgrhdt. \brkunb tbh mucturhs ko Hurkph, Mbfdg, gdl Fdlfg, gs F wfcc fccustrgth, tbh ogifcfgrs, fd gdfigc, pcgdt, gdl gcsk kur suphrdgturgc okris, grh gcsk kur gdmhstkrs. \gchs gcc kvhr Hurkph lhtgfc ckvh googfrs ko `ktb ihd gdl wkihd wftb tbh ogfry rhgci, hxthdlfdn okr budlrhls fo dkt tbkusgdls ko yhgrs. Fd gd hmbk ko tbh Dhpbfcfi stkrfhs, kothd tbhsh igtfdns chl tk koosprfdn. Ogfry `ckklcfdhs whrh rhmkrlhl hvhd fd skih ogifcy @f`chs. G buigd mbfcl wgs mcgfihl tk `h stkchd gdl chot fd pcgmh wgs g mbgdnhcfdn, g ogfry mbfcl. \bh jfldgpphl buigd mbfclrhd `hmgih spkushs ko tbh ogfrfhs: skih `hmgih ogfry jfdns gdl quhhds. \bh mbgdnhcfdns, ihgdwbfch, igrrfhl buigds. Gctbkunb dkt vhry smfhdtfofm fd thris ko hvflhdmh, tbhrh grh budlrhls ko gdhmlktgc gmmkudts rhmkrlhl `y smbkcgrs sumb gs ^. V. Hvgds ^hdtz, ^ hdtz, wbk tfrhchsscy lkmuihdthl tbhsh mcgf mcgfis. is. Igdy ko tbh ogi ogifcfcfhs fhs wbk bgl fdthr`rhl kr bgl mbgd mbgdnhcf nhcfdn dn hxphr hxphrfhdmhs fhdmhs gmj gmjdkwchlnhl dkwchlnhl tbf tbfss cfdhgnh tbrkunb syi`kcs fd tbhfr mkgts ko gris. Hvgds-^hdtz, fd bfs Mkudtrfhs, stgths tbgt tbh mkgt ko gris wkrj \bh Ogfry-Ogftb fd Mhctfm Mkudtrfhs, stgths okr tbh Fsch ko Igd, wbfmb bgs tbrhh chns akfdhl gt tbh bfp fd g trfgdnch, wgs kdh sumb syi`kc. ]hvhrgc mkgts ko gris fdlfmgthl tbgt g ogifcy bgl ogfrfhs gs fts ogifcfgr spfrfts, iumb cfjh g tkthi pkch ko tbh Dgtfvh Gihrfmgds. \bhsh mkgts ko gris lhpfmthl wbfmb ogfrfhs whrh tbh nugrlfgds ko tbh ogifcfhs gdl pkssf`cy tbhfr `ckkl gdmhstkrs. \bh fdthrifdncfdn ko buigd gdl ogfry ogifcfhs fs gd kcl tgch1 G shmkdl gmmkudt ko tbfs dgturh F bgl orki g wkigd tk wbksh koosprfdn tbh ogfrfhs shhihl tk bgvh g pgrtfmucgr ogdmy. \bh okurtb kr

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ofotb dfnbt gothr sbh wgs lhcfvhrhl ko bhr ofrst mbfcl, tbh ogifcy whrh gcgrihl `y g ikst thrrf`ch mry ko ofrh, kd wbfmb hvhry `kly rgd kut ko tbh bkush tk shh wbhdmh ft prkmhhlhl, dkt hxmhptfdn tbh dursh, wbk, `hfdn gs iumb orfnbthl gs tbh ktbhrs, iglh kdh ko tbh dui`hr. \bh pkkr wkigd cgy trhi`cfdn fd bhr `hl gckdh, udg`ch tk bhcp bhrshco, gdl bhr `gmj `hfdn turdhl tk tbh fdogdt, sgw dkt tbgt ft wgs tgjhd gwgy `y gd fdvfsf`ch bgdl. \bksh wbk bgl chot bhr bgvfdn hdqufrhl g`kut tbh dhfnb`kurbkkl, gdl ofdlfdn tbhrh wgs dk mgush okr tbh kutmry tbhy bgl bhgrl, cgunbhl gt hgmb ktbhr okr tbh ifstgjh: ùt gs tbhy whrh nkfdn tk rh-hdthr tbh bkush, tbh pkkr `g`h cgy kd tbh tbrhsbkcl, gdl `y fts mrfhs prhshrvhl ftshco orki `hfdn trkl upkd. \bfs hxmhhlfdncy gigzhl gcc tbgt sgw ft, gdl tbh iktbhr `hfdn stfcc fd `hl, tbhy mkucl gsmrf`h dk rhgskd okr ofdlfdn ft tbhrh, ùt bgvfdn `hhd rhikvhl `y ogfrfhs, wbk `y tbhfr sullhd rhturd, bgl `hhd prhvhdthl orki mgrryfdn ft gdy ogrtbhr. . . . g pkkr, chgd, wftbhrhl, lhokrihl mrhgturh. Ft cgy qufth dgjhl, ùt tbh mcktbhs `hckdnfdn tk tbh mbfcl tbgt wgs hxmbgdnhl okr ft cgy wrgpt up gcc tknhtbhr kd tbh `hl. \bfs mrhgturh cfvhl wftb tbhi dhgr tbh spgmh ko dfdh yhgrs, fd gcc wbfmb tfih ft hgts dktbfdn hxmhpt g ohw bhr`s, dkr wgs hvhr shhd tk vkfl gdy ktbhr hxmrhihdt tbgd wgthr. Ft dhftbhr spkjh dkr mkucl stgdl kr nk, ùt shhihl hdhrvgth fd hvhry akfdt, cfjh tbh mbgdnhcfdn F ihdtfkdhl `hokrh, gdl fd gcc fts gmtfkds sbkwhl ftshco tk `h ko tbh sgih dgturh. 8

OGFPV OGIFCFGP] G] GDMH]\KP]

\bh nrhgt igakrfty ko ihd fd mftfhs grh gpt tk prflh tbhishc�hs kd tbhfr kwd hxhiptfkd orki –suphrstftfkd,’ gdl tk sifch pftyfdncy gt tbh pkkr mkudtryihd gdl mkudtrywkihd wbk `hcfhvh fd ogfrfhs. @ut wbhd tbhy lk sk tbhy okrnht tbgt, wftb gcc tbhfr kwd glifrg`ch prknrhss prknrhss fd igthrfgc fd�hdtfkd, fd�h dtfkd, wftb gcc tbh ogr ogr-rhgmb -rhgmbfdn fdn lgtg ko tbhfr gmqufrhl smfhdmh, wftb gcc tbh vgst hxthdt ko tbhfr mkiihrmfgc gdl hmkdkifm mkdquhsts,

Ogfry Ogifcfgrs

2>

tbhy tbhishc�hs bgvh mhgshl tk `h dgturgc . . . tbhy bgvh ckst gcc syipgt syipgtbhtfm bhtfm gdl rhspkds rhspkdsfvh fvh mkdtgm mkdtgmtt wftb Dgtur Dgturh, h, `hmgush udmkdsmfkuscy tbhy bgvh tbus phriftthl mkd�hdtfkdgcfty gdl uddgturgcdhss tk fdsucgth tbhi orki ft. ^. V. H��-^��, ^. H��-^�� , \�� O��-O�� M�� M��

]kih smbkcgrs bgvh tbhkrfzhl tbgt ogfrfhs whrh ihi`hrs ko mkdquhrhl rgmhs wbk whrh hftbhr nfgdts kr pynifhs kr skih ktbhr jfdl ko hgrcy bkifdfl. ]kih bgvh put okrwgrl tbh tbhkry tbgt tbhsh lfoohrhdt rgmhs ko hgrcy buigdkfls ckkjhl sk `fzgrrh tbgt tbhy whrh ifstgjhd okr suphrsgpfhds.. Fignfdh ruddfdn fdtk skihtbfdn cfjh dgturgc `hfdns `y Bkik sgpfhds g yhtf, kr gd Gorfmgd pyniy. ]kihkdh wbk bgl dhvhr `hokrh shhd g jfdl ko buigd cfjh tbgt ifnbt dkt jdkw wbgt tk tbfdj ko tbhi. Uhrbgps tbhy wkucl ifstgjh g pyniy okr g chprhmbgud. ]k, tbhrh fs g mbgdmh tbgt tbhsh ogfrfhs grh kur lhgl gdmhstkrs, hgrcy bkifdfls dkw hxtfdmt. Ft‖s dhvhrtbhchss fdthrhstfdn tk tbfdj tbgt tbhy, gothr gcc, grh fdmculhl fd tbh ogifcy ko igd, gdl sk wh skihbkw bgvh gmmhss tk tbhi fd tbh gstrgc rhgci, gs wh grh gcc `ckkl rhcgtfvhs. Gt tbh lgwd ko buigdfty, tbhrh whrh g vgrfhty ko bkifdfls kd Hgrtb, igdy ko tbhi fdthr`rhhlfdn, gmmkrlfdn tk skih tbhkrfhs. Orki Nfngdtkpftbhmus, tbh hxtfdmt nfgdt gph wbk cfvhl fd Fdlfg gdl igy `h Nfngdtkpftbhmus, tbh skurmh okr tbh stkrfhs ko nfgdts, tk Bkik o ckrhsfhdsfs, tbh tfdy bkifsgpfhds igy dfls cfvfdn kd Ockrhs, skih ko tbhsh hgrcy rhcgtfvhs ko Bkik sgpfhds igy oft tbh lhsmrfptfkd ko gt chgst skih ko tbh ogfrfhs wbk mkiprfsh tbh chnhdls. \bh Ugd-Gorfmgdfst bfstkrfgd Akbd N. Agmjskd wrkth g `kkj mgcchl Mbrfstfgdfty `hokrh Mbrfst, fd Mbrfst, fd wbfmb bh ihdtfkds tbgt pyniy okssfcs bgvh `hhd okudl tbrkunbkut tbh wkrcl, dkt aust fd Gorfmg, gdl nkhs kd tk sgy tbgt pynifhs whrh ikst cfjhcy tbh okudlhrs ko tbh buigd rgmh. \bfs tbhkry bgs `hhd hmbkhl fd ktbhr phkpch‖s wrftfdns, fdmculfdn Mbgrchs Lgrwfd, wbk lhthrifdhl tbgt tbh pynifhs whrh cfjhcy rhspkdsf`ch okr tbh rgmh ko igd. \bhd fd 76><, pgchkgdtbrkpkcnfst Lkdgcl Akbgdskd lfsmkvbhmus gogrhdsfs), gogrhdsfs), wbk, gmmkrlfdn tk kdh tbhkry, wgs hrhl Cumy ( Gustrgckpft ( Gustrgckpftbhmus

22


g pyniy gdl kdh ko tbh mkiikd igtrfgrmbs okr igdy buigd sphmfhs. \bh pyniy fs grnug`cy tbh mckshst tk tbh `rkwdfhs gdl chprhmbguds. \bh `rkwdfhs whrh orki gd kcl ]mkttfsb trglftfkd gdl whrh lhsmrf`hl gs cfttch ihd wbk sbkwhl up gt dfnbt gdl lfl nkkl lhhls okr yku, udchss yku sgw tbhi, fd f d wbfmb mgsh tbhy wkucl cfjhcy pcgy trfmjs tr fmjs kd yku. \bhy whrh mgc mgcchl chl `rkwdfhs `hmgush tbhy whrh lgrj `rkwd gdl mkvhrhl wftb bgfr. Fd Kmtk`hr 055< tbh @@M rhpkrthl tbgt smfhdtfsts bgl lfsmkvhrhl ckrhsfhdsfs kd gdktbhr sphmfhs ko hgrcy bkifdfl mgcchl Bkik o ckrhsfhdsfs kd tbh fscgdl ko Ockrhs fd Fdlkdhsfg, wbfmb tbhy dfmjdgihl tbh Bk``ft. \bhsh okssfcs lgth `gmj tk g`kut shvhdthhd tbkusgdl yhgrs gnk, sk ogfrcy rhmhdt. \bhsh Bk``ft phkpch whrh vhry sigcc, sigcchr tbgd pynifhs: oucc-nrkwd glucts stkkl kdcy tbrhh gdl g bgco ohht tgcc. \bhy whrh lgrj `rkwd gdl mkvhrhl wftb bgfr. Kd Ockrhs, chnhdls ko cfttch phkpch g`kudl, gdl lhsmrfptfkds ko tbhi grh gcikst flhdtfmgc tk tbksh ko chprhmbguds. \bh fscgdl phkpch mgcc tbhi Hù Nknk gdl sgy tbhy iuriur tk hgmb ktbhr fd skih cgdnugnh tbgt tbh Fdlkdhsfgds lk dkt udlhrstgdl. \bh Hù Nknk mgd gcsk rhphgt wbgt phkpch sgy tk tbhi, sk tbhy grh g`ch tk pgrrkt cgdnugnh. ]tkrfhs ko tbh chprhmbguds g`kudl gdl grh ofcchl wftb rfmb lhtgfcs. \bhy whrh sigcc gdl bgl ckdn `hgrls. \bh chprhmbgud fs tbh dgtfkdgc Chprhmbgud fs gd Kcl Frfsb wkrl tbgt ihgds –cfttch ogfry ko Frhcgdl. Frhcgdl. Chprhmbgud `kly.’ Chprhmbguds grh g cfttch fdsflfkus fd tbgt tbhy whrh gcwgys jdkwd tk `h fdtkxfmgthl: tbh chprhmbguds bgl g bkih `rhw tbgt tbhy mgcchl pkutfdh, wbfmb wgs g cfttch c fttch `ft cfjh cf jh ihgl kr bkd bkdhy hy `hhr. \bh chpr chprhmbguds hmbguds whrh nugrlfg n ugrlfgd d spfrfts, sgfl tk nug nugrl rl nkcl“g n kcl“g trhgsurh trhg surh chot `y tbh t bh Lgdhs. Lg dhs. ]kihtfihs tbh ogfry wkihd whrh prhshdthl fd g vhry flhgcfzhl ogsbfkd, `hfdn ikrh lhsfrg`ch tbgd g buigd igth1 \fcc, mchgr gdl mchgrhr, upwgrl `krdh, \bh Ogfry ko tbh Okudtgfd rksh1 \bh bgck qufvhrfdn rkudl bhr, nrhw Ikrh sthg sthglogst logst,, gs tbh sbgph sbkd sbkdhh tbrku tbrkunb“ nb“ K surh, g shmkdl, skothr Ikrd \bh Hclhr Lgycfnbt jdkws!

Ogfry Ogif Ogifcfgrs cfgrs

26

@kr d ork @krd orki i tbh `cu `cuhh ko tbksh lhh lhhpp hy hyhs hs,, ]umb ckvh fts bgppy shco `htrgy‖l Gs kdcy bgudt bgudtss tbgt thd thdlh lhrr rgmh, ^ftb ockwhr kr okudt tbhfr lwhccfdn pcgmh“ \bh lgrcfdn ko tbh hgrtb gdl sjfhs ]bh rksh“tbgt Ogfry Igfl! @�� C��, –\�� O�� @��’ ?

OGFPFH] GDL UCGD\ ]HR

Fdlhhl , hvh Fdlhhl, hvhry ry gmt ko shxug shxugcc fdthrmku fdthrmkursh rsh wbfmb bgs kmmurrhl `htwhhd tbksh udcfjh kdh gdktbhr fs glucthry . . . Fo yku grh `krd g buigd `hfdn, ft fs tbh buigd `hfdn wbk wfcc ck�h yku.. Fo yku `hmkih g spfr yku spfrft, ft, ft fs tbh spfr spfrft ft wbfmb wfcc `h akfdhll tk yku akfdh yku.. Fo yku `hmkih tbkunbt tbkunbt,, ft fs tbkunbt wbfmb wfcc ifdnch wftb yku. Fo yku `hmkih cfnbt, ft fs tbh cfnbt wbfmb wfcc sbgrh wftb yku. N�� U�� A�� @. C��, \�� N�� N�� U��, I�� I��, �� \��

Fd gllftfkd tk tbh vgrfkus ogfrfhs ruikrhl tk bgvh shxugc rhcgtfkds wftb buigds, igdy smbkcgrs bgvh gcsk rhmkrlhl shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb dgturh spfrfts gs pgrt ko fdlfnhdkus sbgigdfsi. \bh sbgigds tbhishcvhs, gs mkcchmthl fd lgtg orki igdy pcgmhs grkudl tbh wkrcl, bgvh stgthl tbgt tbhy hdngnh fd shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb mhrtgfd ogfry-cfjh @gdfsthrfkpsfs kpsfs mggpf mggpf vfdh, pcgdt spfrfts. spfrfts . \bh \ bh @gdfsthrf vfdh, kdh ko tbh fdnrhlfhdts ko tbh gygbugsmg `rhw, fs kdh ko tbksh shxy vhnhtg`ch hdtftfhs. ]thpbgd @hyhr, whcc-jdkwd gutbkr gdl sphgjhr kd sbgig sbgigdfsi dfsi gdl spfrftug spfrftugcfty, cfty, hcg`krgths kd tbhsh spfrft rhcgtfkdsbfps1 \bh ]bugr thcc stkrfhs ko ihd wbk bgvh shx wftb tsudjf wkihd, tbh sbgigdfmgccy pkthd pkthdtt udlhrwgthr phkpch, g igdfohstgtfk igdf ohstgtfkd d ko \sudjf, tbh prfikrlfgc sbgigd, gdl nht pkwhr orki orki tbhi: g ohigch sbgigd

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bgs rhpkrthl g vfsfkd ko bgvfdn shx wftb g igch tsudjf. ^flkwhl kr udigrrfhl Gmbugr wkihd igy“gctbkunb tbfs fs rgrh“`hmkih sbgigds, gdl igfdtgfd hxmcusfvh shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb \sudjf. Gsbçdfdjg gpprhdtfmh sbgigds sumj tk`gmmk pgsth udtfc tbhy trgdsokri fdtk agnugrs, ocy tbrkunb tbh gfr, gdl mkupch wftb tbh spfrft ko tk`gmmk fd tbh okri ko g wkigd, wbhrhupkd tbhy `hmkih sbgigds, udfthl wftb tbh tk`gmmk spfrft, trgvhcfdn tbh okrhst gs g agnug agn ugr. r.>

\bh sbgigds wkucl hstg`cfsb rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb tbhsh hdtftfhs prfigrfcy tk ngfd bhgcfdn pkwhrs tbrkunb tbhi. \bh pcgdts wkucl nfvh tbhi fdokrigtfkd gdl lgtg kd wbfmb ihlfmfdhs tk glifdfsthr tk sfmj phkpch kr wkucl hlumgth tbhi kd tbh wgys ko dgtu dgturh. rh. \bh fdtfigt fdtfigthh dgturh ko tbhsh rhcgtfkdsbfps mrhgthl skih lrgig okr igdy ko tbh sbgigds fdvkcvhl gs tbh pcgdt spfrfts, iumb cfjh tbh ogfrfhs, whrh jdkwd tk `h trfmjsthrs, dkt gcwgys gmtfdn fd tbh prgmtftfkdhr‖s `hst fdthrhsts. \bh tbhih ko ahgckusy fs gppgrhdt fd igdy ko tbhsh rhcgtfkdsbfps1 \bhrh bgs `hhd vhry cfttch rhshgrmb kd shxugc shxug c rhcgtfkds `htwhhd sbgigds gdl pcgdt spfrfts. Mhrtgfdcy tbh spfrfts mgd `h iuy mhcksg, vhryy ahg vhr ahgckus ckus,, g`k g`kut ut shx shxug ugcc rhcg rhcgtfkd tfkdss `ht `htwhhd whhd sbg sbgig igds ds gdl bui buigd gd phrskd phr skds. s. Ph Phcgt cgtfkds fkds wft wftbb tbh spf spfrft rftss igy fip fipcy cy `kt `ktbb sh shxu xugg c g`s g`stftfdhdmh wftb buigds gdl shxugc gccfgdmh wftb tbh spfrfts. \bhrh grh rhpkrts ko hrktfm gygbugsmg vfsfkds: rhnucgr gygbugsmg ush gppgrhdtcy lkhs dktbfdn tk g`gth“gdl, `y rhpkrt, igy sfndfofmgdtcy hdbgdmh“shxugc lhsfrh gdl phrokrigdmh. Usymbkcknfst @hddy ]bgdkd dkths tbgt gygbugsmg lrfdjhrs –kothd lhthmt g shdsukus, hvhd shxugc ocgvkr fd wbgthvhr surrkudls tbhi,’ fdmculfdn tbh hrktfmfzgtfkd hrktfmfzgtfk d ko pcgdts gdl trhhs: bh rhpkrts bfs kwd vfsfkds ko shif mcgl wkihd lgdmfdn hrktfmgccy gdl cgsmfvfkuscy. Htbdk`ktgdfsts Pfmbgrl ]mbucths gdl Pk`hrt Pgooguo rhigrj, rgtbhr lrycy, tbgt –hrktfm gsphmts kothd rhpkrthl igy `h luh tk tbh fdlfvflugc lfoohrhdmhs ko tbh pgrtfmfpgdts.’ 2

Ogfry Ogifcfgrs

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Xsfdn pcgdts gs gd gpbrklfsfgm bgs g ckdn bfstkry. Ft `hmkihs hgsfhr tk wrgp tbh ifdl grkudl tbh flhg tbgt pcgdt spfrfts mgd shxugccy fdthrgmt wftb buigds wbhd wh rhgcfzh tbgt wh ush pcgdts tk gssfst kur shxugc gmtfvftfhs gcc tbh tfih. \bh mbhifmgcs mkdtgfdhl fd igdy pcgdts mgd stfiucgth gdl dkurfsb tbh buigd nhdhrgtfvh krngds. Bhr`s ushl tk fdmrhgsh cf`flk gdl ohrtfcfty gdl gssfst fd mbfcl`frtb grh whcc jdkwd tbrkunbkut gcc mucturhs. Igdy sbgigds lhvhckp rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb tbhsh pcgdts gdl tbhfr ogifcfgr spfrfts. \bhy gmmkipcfsb tbfs `y ogstfdn okr shvhrgc lgys gdl tbhd fdnhst dktbfdn ùt tbh pcgdt tbhy grh tryfdn tk mkddhmt wftb. \bhy gcsk phrokri ihlftgtfkd thmbdfquhs kr ktbhr rftugcs tk mkgx tbh spfrft tk mkih gdl vfsft tbhi. Ogr orki `hfdn g strgdnh kmmurrhdmh, tbfs wgs g whcc-jdkwd prgmtfmh fd skih mucturhs, gs lfsmusshl `y Ifrmhg Hcfglh1 ]hxug c rhcgtfkds `htwhhd ykudn phkpch gdl spfrfts grh qufth orhquhdt ]hxugc orhquhdt gikdn tbh Vgjut: tbhy grh hqugccy orhquhdt gikdn g nrhgt igdy ktbhr phkpchs, wftbkut wgrrgdtfdn gdy goofrigtfkd tbgt tbhy mkdstftuth tbh prfigry hxphrfhdmh nhdhrgtfdn sk mkipchx g rhcfnfkus pbhdkihdkd gs sbgigdfsi . . . gmmkrlfdn tk ]cfhpzkvg‖s gmmkudt, fo tbh sbgigd lrhgis ko gd g`gssy gdl bgs shxugc rhcgtfkds wftb bhr, bh wgjhss ohhc wgjh ohhcfdn fdn whcc whcc,, mhrt mhrtgfd gfd tbgt bh wf wfcccc `h sui suiikdhl ikdhl fd mkdsu mkdsuctgctgtfkd tbh sgih lgy gdl dk chss mhrtgfd tbgt bh wfcc `h summhssouc: fo, kd tbh mkdtrgry, bh lrhgis tbgt bh shhs tbh g`gssy oucc ko `ckkl gdl swgcckwfdn tbh sfmj phrskd‖s skuc, bh jdkws tbgt tbh pgtfhdt wfcc dkt cfvh, gdl, fo suiikdhl tbh dhxt lgy tk gtthdl bfi, bh igjhs hvhry hookrt tk gvkfl tbh luty.6 ]UFPF\XGC ]UKX]H

Ck�h , wbksh ikdtb fs hvh Ck�h, hvhrr Igy, ]pfhl g `cksski pgssfdn ogfr Ucgyfdn fd tbh wgdtkd gfr1 \brkunb tbh vhc�ht chgvhs tbh wfdl,

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Gcc udshhd ‒ngd pgssgnh of ofdl: dl: \bgt tbh ck�hr, sfmj tk lhgtb, ^fsb‖l bfishco tbh bhgvhd‖s `rhgtb. ^�� ^�� ]�� ]�� , C��‖� C�� ‖� C� C�� ‖� C��

Fd tbh igakrfty ko fdlfnhdkus mucturhs, tbhrh grh tgchs ko sbgigds wbk fdthrgmt wftb g spfrft wfoh kr bus`gdl wbk `hmkihs sk ahgckus bh kr sbh wfccc dkt gcckw tbh sbgigd tk bgvh wfc bgvh g rhgc-cfoh pgrtdhr gdl wkrjs wkrjs tk lhstrky lhstrky gdy pkthdtfgc pkthdtfgc rhcgtf rhcgtfkdsbfp kdsbfp tbrkunb tbhfr igdfpucgtfkds. \bh gstrgc g strgc wfvhs gdl bus`gdls ko tbh fdlfnhdkus prgmtftfkdhrs ko ihlfmfdh rhgl vhry iumb cfjh tbh rhcgtfkds `htwhhd tbh vhstgcs gdl tbhfr lkifdgtfdn spfrfts. @y suìfttfdn tk tbhsh jfdls ko rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb spfrfts, tbh sbgigds ngfd g`fcftfhs, jdkwchlnh, gdl bhgcfdn pkwhrs. \gchs ko spfrft spkushs mgd `h okudl tbrkunbkut tbh wkrcl, gdl iumb cfjh tbh ogfry wfoh, tbhy mkdohr ogvkrs kd tbhfr lktfdn buigds. \bh spfrft spkush fs jdkwd gs gd gssfstgdt gdl nuflh gdl skihtfihs hvhd g lfstgdt gdmhstkr ko tbh prgmtftfkdhr. Ikst ko tbfs rhcgtfkdsbfp fs rhgcfzhl hftbhr wbfch tbh sbgigd fs fd g pcgdt-fdlumhl trgdmh kr fd lrhgis. Hdtfrh rhcgtfkdsbfps grh cfvhl kut fd tbfs ogsbfkd, gdl tbh spfrft spkush ngfds sk iumb pkwhr kvhr tbh buigd pgrtdhr tbgt t bgt bh kr sbh nrhgtcy fdo fd o cuh cuhdmhs dmhs tbh buigd buigd‖‖s lhmfsf lhmfsfkds. kds. \gjfdn kd g spfrft spkush fs cfthrgccy tbh bfnbhst ko gttgfdihdt fd gcmbhifmgc gdl ikst pgngd prgmtfmhs: bkwhvhr, gs stgthl fd Mbrfstfgd gdl Ahwfsb skurmhs, tbhsh spfrfts grh shhd gs udmchgd“udchss, ko mkursh, yku grh tbh _frnfd Igr Igry. y. Hvgdnhcfmgc, Hvgdnhcfmgc , Uhdthmkstgc, gdl ktbhr ogmtfkds og mtfkds ko Mbrfstfgdfty gmtugccy bgvh ihtbkls gdl prgyhrs tk –lfvkrmh’ tbh ogifcfgr spfrft, fd hsshdmh `ckmjfdn tbfs spfrftugc gmmkipcfsbihdt. Fd Aulgfsi, tkk, hvhd tbkunb ft wgs rhmkndfzhl tbgt igdy ko tbh pgtrfgrmbs rhmhfvhl bhcp orki gdnhcs, tbh wkihd wbk ngrdhrhl tbh sgih gdnhcfm gssfstgdmh whrh fiihlfgthcy fi ihlfgthcy put tk lhgtb. ]kih ko tbh prgyhrs tk lfvkrmh ykur spfrftugc bfhrks ngiks, kr bkcy igtrfikdfgc ogifcfgr pgrtdhr, mgd `h okudl fd mkdthipkrgry hvgdnhcfmgc igthrfgc1


6=

G wftmb mgusfdn g ikdsthr tk gpphgr `hokrh Igrmkifr Igrmkifr,, jfdn ko tbh Orgdjs. Ft fs bhr lhsfrh tbgt lrgws bhr bhgvhdcy skuc igth tk gpphgr. ^kklmut prfdt, orki ]h`gstfgd Iódsthr, Mksiknrgpbfg Xdfvhrsgcfs (78<<)

\k kvhrmkih spfrft bus`gdl kr spfrft wfoh, kdh ko tbh tbfdns tk kvhrmkih tbhi fs tbrkunb bkcfdhss, wgcjfdn fd purfty ko tbh `kly, skuc gdl spfrft. Bkwhvhr, tbh spfrft bus`gdl fs vhry strkdn gdl bgrl tk lfvkrmh gdl kvhrmkih. \bh wgthr spfrft bgs vgrfhty ko ogifcfhs, tbhsh fdmculhs, tbh quhhd ko tbh mkgst, pytbkd spfrft, spfrft spkush, spfrft mbfclrhd. ]glcy, ft fs gcikst fipkssf`ch okr skih Mbrfstfgds tk lfvkrmh gdl kvhrmkih tbh rgnh ko spfrft spkush fd tbhfr cfvhs. \bhsh spfrfts grh tbh ikst okriflg`ch lhikds bfdlhrfdn igdy phkpch lhcfvhrgdmh, vfmtkry, bhgctb, ofdgdmfgc `rhgjtbrkunb, gmglhifm summhss, oruftoucdhss htm. Gcc kvhr tbh wkrcl, tbh spfrft bus`gdl, spfrft wfoh, wf oh, gdl spfrft mbf mbfclrhd clrhd grh rhspkdsf`ch okr cgth igrr igrrfgnh fgnhs, s, igr igrftgc ftgc

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prk`chis, ifsmgr i fsmgrrfgnh rfgnhs, s, `grrhddhss, `g rrhddhss, ckdn stgyfdn stgyf dn ko prhndgdm prhndgdmy, y, ofdgdofdg dmfgc lh`t, bgrlsbfp. Okr hxgipch, g rhcgtfkdsbfp `htwhhd g igrrfhl wkigd wkig d gdl tbh spfr spfrft ft spku spkush sh mgd mgus mgushh shrfk shrfkus us sht`g sht`gmj mjs, s, tbhrh`y igjfdn ft lfoofmuct okr skih igrrfhl wkigd tk mkdmhfvh kr `hgr mbfclrhd summhssouccy.75

\bh hvgdnhcfmgcs gcsk vfhw tbh wgtmbhrs gs bkrrf`ch hdtftfhs tbgt mgd ihss yku up fo tbhy gttgmb tbhishcvhs tk yku. Ikst hvgdnhcfmgc cfthrgturh qukths g pgssgnh ko tbh @f`ch orki Uguc gdl ]fcgs fd Gmts 7?, g`kut g nfrc wbk bgs g ogifcfgr spfrft `hcfhvhl tk `h g spy. \bh flhg ko g ogifcfgr spfrft wbk fs tryfdn tk tbwgrt yku, mgcchl g ikdftkrfdn spfrft, fs shhd fd qufth g ckt ko lfoohrhdt shmts‖ igthrfgcs. Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh mburmb igthrfgc, tbh ikdftkrfdn spfrfts, gcsk jdkwd gs ogifcfgr spfrfts, gcc `hckdn tk ]gtgd gdl grh cfjh spfhs tryfdn tk trgmj yku gdl tbrkw yku koo mkursh, usfdn fdokrigtfkd tbhy jdkw g`kut yku, jfdl ko cfjh g `gl orfhdl wbk `htrgys yku `y usfdn ykur shmrht phrskdgc mkdohssfkds gngfdst yku. \bhsh ikdftkrfdn spfrfts mckshcy rhshi`ch tgchs ko tbh hvfc hyh, kr tbh flhg ko skihkdh wftb fcc fdthdt wgtmbfdn yku. \bhrh fs tbh hyh ko prkvflhdmh, wbfmb kvhrshhs tbfdns fd g prkthmtfvh ogsbfkd, ùt tbhd tbhrh fs tbh fdsflfkus hyh, cfjh tbh hyh ko ]gurkd fd tbh Ckrl ko tbh Pfdns trfckny, wbfmb bgs tbh kppksfth hoohm hoohmt. t. Fd tbh Vkru`g trgl trglftfkd ftfkd fd Go Gorfmg, rfmg, tbfs gyh.. \bfs wgtmbouc igchofm cgrnh kvhrshhfdn hvfc hyh fs mgcchl tbh gwkd gyh hyh fs sfifcgr tk tbh flhg ko tbh wgtmbhrs, wbk, gs dkthl hgrcfhr, mgd `h `ktb `gl gdl nkkl1 skih wgtmbhr spfrfts prkthmt yku: ktbhrs `rfdn yku bgri. Fdlfnhdkus mucturhs gcsk rhpkrt nugrlfgd spfrfts, ogifcfgc spfrfts, gdl tbhd ktbhr spfrfts tbgt bgvh fcc fdthdt, wbfmb ykur nugrlfgds prkthmt yku orki. Uhrbgps mckshr tk rhgc rhgcfty fty fs tbgt wh gc gccc bgvh nu nugrlf grlfgd gd spfrfts, cfjh tbh ohtmb, gdl tbhy mgd gmt hftbhr okr kr gngfdst kurshcvhs gdl ktbhrs, lhphdlfdn kd vgrfkus fdthdtfkds kr sftugtfkds“ùt tbfs fs gcc sphmucgtfkd.

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Wuhhd Iktbhrs gdl Lrgnkd Jfdns fd Mbfdhsh Chnhdls @y lkf lkfdn dn dktbfd dktbfdnn , tbh buig buigdd igy `h udfth udfthll wftb tbh Bhgvhdcy, gdl ihd igy `rfdn `gmj tbhfr \ruh mkdlftfkd mkdlftfkd.. @y ihgds ko tbh mkd�h mkd�hrsgtfkds rsgtfkds `htwhh `htwhhdd tbh nug nugrlfgd rlfgd spfrft ko tbh Bk gdl Qk (tbh nkl). O. I�� I��, \�� ]�� ]�� @�� M��

F

t fs lfoofmuct tk mkdmhfvh bkw vgst Mbfdg fs. Okr tbksh ko us cfvfdn fd tbh ^hst, wftb kur cfifthl shdsh ko bfstkry gdl mucturh, F `hcfhvh ft fs fipkrtgdt tk ckkj tk tbh Hgst `hokrh wh mkdsflhr gdytbfdn gs gd krfnfdgc tbkunbt. Ft fs g nkkl prgmtfmh tk mbhmj gdl shh fo tbh Mbfdhsh bgvh gcrhgly ofnurhl ft kut. Mbfdg bgs igdy chnhdls ko nugrlfgd spfrfts fd gcc okris. @h tbhy gdfigc, suphrdgturgc mrhgturh, kr gdmhstkr, gcc tbh lfoohrhdt typhs ko ogifcfgr spfrfts grh lhsmrf`hl fd nrhgt lhtgfc tbrkunbkut Mbfdhsh bfstkrfmgc rhcfnfkus gdl spfrftugc cfthrgturh. Uhrbgps tbh ikst hxthdsfvh gdl sphmfofm igthrfgc fs tk `h okudl fd tbh gddgcs ko tbh \gkfsts. \gkfsi, \gkfsi, g pgdhd pg dhdtbhfstfm tbhfstfm dgturh rhcfnfkd rhcfn fkd tbgt sprhgl ogr og r gdl g dl wflh gmrkss tbh Hgst, rhmkndfzhl gcc typhs ko ogifcfgr spfrfts. \bh \gkfst gcmbhifsts, iumb cfjh tbh Hnyptfgds, `hcfhvhl tbgt udfoyfdn wftb ykur nugrlfgd spfrft fd g typh ko igrrfgnh wgs tbh skurmh ko gcc pkwhr. Aust gs Fsfs mgih fdtk rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb tbh gdnhcs wbk ngvh 68

6?

Wuhhd Iktbhrs gdl Lrgnkd Jfdns fd Mbfdhsh Chnhdls

bhr fdokrigtfkd gdl lgtg g`kut mfvfcfzgtfkd, Jugd Vfd bgl g ogifcfgr spfrft wbk wgs g lrgnkd, fd tbh sgih wgy tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf bgl bhr Uytbkd. Ikst ko tbh prgmtfmhs ko tbh \gkfst fiikrtgcs fdvkcvhl vgryfdn ihtbkls tk mkih fdtk bgrikdy wftb g nuflfdn spfrft gdl tbh spfrft ko dgturh tbrkunb prgmtfmhs tbgt `rkunbt tbfdns fdtk g `gcgdmh ko kppksfdn okrmhs, kr ikrh sphmfofmgccy, udftfdn bhgvhd gdl Hgrtb. \bh \gkfst gcmbhifmgc whllfdn mckshcy rhshi`chs tbh udfkd ko Fsfs gdl bhr gdnhcs, lhsmrf`hl `y Hnyptfgd gcmbhifsts. \bh stkrfhs sk mckshcy okcckw tbh mkdmhpt ko tbh bfhrks ngiks, wh mgd shh tbh Mbfdhsh bgl gmmhss tk tbh sgih fdthccfnhdmhs tbgt prhshdthl tbh jdkwchlnh tk Gorfmg. \bh \gkfsts mgcchl tbh sbgigds, skrmhrhrs, gdl wftmbhs wbk bgl xfgd,, kr bsfhd. bsfhd. \bhsh gmqufrhl udfty wftb tbhfr nugrlfgd spfrfts tbh xfgd dgihs whrh fdthrprhthl fd g ohw lfoohrhdt ogsbfkds, tbh ofrst kdh `hfdn ko g ikudtgfd buigd kr ikudtgfd spfrft. \bh xfgd whrh jdkwd tk prgmtfmh gcmbhifmgc g cmbhifmgc thmbdfquhs ko fiikrtg fiikrtgcfty, cfty, wbfmb fdmculhl rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb tbh spfrfts ko bhgvhd, pcgdts, gdl gdfigcs, gs whcc gs tbrkunb psymbfmgc gdl ihlftgtfvh prgmtfmhs. \bh \gkfsts \gkfsts gcsk g csk mgcchl mg cchl tbhfr nuflfdn n uflfdn lafdd kr fdthccfnhdmhs lafdd kr nhdff, gdl tbhsh whrh cfjh tbh nhdfus kr mkdsmfhdmh. Kothd, tbh xfgd whrh sbkwd rflfdn lrgnkds kr ktbhr mrhgturhs tk

Lrgnkd ogifcfgr spfrft Gdkdyikus hdnrgvfdn, shvhdthhdtb mhdtury


6>

syi`kcfzh tbhfr udfofmgtfkd wftb tbhfr nugrlfgd ogifcfgr spfrft. \bhy whrh gc gcsk sk sbkwd wftb wfdn wfdns, s, iumb cfcfjh jh ^hsthrd lhpfmtfkds ko gdnhc gdnhcfm fm `hfdns, gdl kdh ko tbh krfnfdgc ihgdfdns ko \gkfst wgs sgfl tk `h –ohgtb(bsfhd) mgd hrhl phrskd.’ \bh wkrl xfgd wkrl xfgd (bsfhd) mgd gcsk ihgd –g ogfry,’ kr rhohr tk tbh ogfry rhgci. ^h shh tbh lfrhmt mkddhmtfkds `htwhhd tbhsh mkdmhpts iglh fd thxts kd Mbfdhsh gcmbhiy. \bhrh fs iumb fd mkiikd wftb tbh trglftfkdgc spfrft gdl ogfry wkrcl fd tbh pkwhrs hxbf`fthl `y tbh bsfhd“fd tbhfr pkwhrs ko fdvfsf`fcfty, sbgph-sbfotfdn gdl ocyfdn, gdl fd tbhfr g`fcfty tk pgss tbrkunb skcfls gdl suiikd up tbh ignfm tg`ch tbgt prkvflhs udcfifthl okkl gdl lrfdj. \bhrh fs gcsk tbh pbhdkihdg ko tfih-ckss gdl tfihchssdhss, gs fd ogfry stkrfhs, wbhd ikrtgcs lfsgpphgr okr wbgt shhis g ohw ikihdts ikihd ts kr bkurs kdcy tk rhturd gdl g dl ofdl g wkrc wkrcll budlrhls ko yhgrs kclhr. \bh bsfhd \udnogdn whdt ifssfdn okr g yhgr gs g mbfcl: kd `hfdn rhprkgmbhl `y bfs oksthr-iktbhr, bh ngvh gd gmmkudt ko wgdlhrfdns fd suphrdgturgc rhgcis, tbkunb bh fdsfsthl tbgt bh bgl nkdh kut fd tbh ikrdfdn gdl rhturdhl gt dkkd kd tbh sgih lgy. . . . \bh flhg ko tbh bsfhd nrhgtcy gpphgchl tk tbh Mbfdhsh ifdl gdl tbhrh whrh mkudtchss stkrfhs ko tbh Fi Fiikrtg ikrtgcs cs kr Nhdf Nhdff.f.7 WXHHD IK\BHP

]fifcgr mkddhmtfkds grh okudl fd igdy Ifdn-Wfdn gmmkudts,, fd wbfmb tbh okx gpphg gmmkudts gpphgrs rs tk `h g su`krlfd su`krlfdgth gth ko g ohig ohigch ch lhf lhfty, ty, sumb gs tbh Wuh Wuhhd hd Iktbhr ko tbh ^hst, Nugdyfd, kr @fxfg Vugdaud, wbk wgs pu`cfmcy mhch`rgthl gdl ko kooo fmf fmfgcc gccyy sgdm sgdmtfkd tfkdhl hl ùt hi` hi`klfh klfhll gik gikrgc rgc pkwh pkwhrs rs `hykdl pkcftfmgc mkdtrkc gdl nrgdthl shco-fdthrhsthl ogvkrs. R�� R� �� J ��, \�� M�� O��

\bh xfgd, kr bsfhd, skudl vhry iumb cfjh tbh ogfry mbgdnhcfdns gdl tbhfr hxphrfhdmh skudls g `ft cfjh hdthrfdn tbh wgrlrk`h fdtk Dgrdfg.

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Fdthrlfihdsfkdgc hxphrfhdmhs grh hxpkudlhl upkd gt chdntb fd tbh \gkfst cfthrgturh, iumb cfjh bgpphds fd tgchs ko tbh Mhctfm ogfry rhgcis. bsfhd mgd \bh wkrl xfgd wkrl xfgd//bsfhd mgd orhquhdtcy `h okudl fd \gkfst okcjtgchs g`kut tbh ogfry rhgcis, wbfmb rhgl qufth studdfdncy cfjh tbh Mhctfm vhrsfkds ko tbhsh stkrfhs. \bhsh okcjtgchs bgvh g sfifcgr mgst ko mbgrgmthrs, kdcy wftb lfoohrhdt dgihs. \bh \gkfsts hvhd bgl tbhfr vhrsfkd ko tbh ogfry quhhd \ftgdfg, wbk wgs jdkwd gs Wuhhd Iktbhr. Wuhhd Iktbhr wgs g shxugccy shlumtfvh okx spfrft wkigd. ]bh fdbg`fthl tbh gdmhstkr ikudls gdl mgvhs iumb cfjh tbh hgrtb nkllhsshs ko tbh ^hsthrd Hurkphgd wkrcl. \bhrh whrh okx mucts gcc kvhr Mbfdg wbk wkrsbfpphl bhr, gdl tbhy gcc ushl ohigch spfrft ihlfuis wbk mbgddhchl tbh spfrfts ko tbh lhgl gt mhihthrfhs gdl nrgvhikudls. \bh okx spfrfts wbk `hmgih tbh buigd wkihd krgmchs whrh gcsk g csk mgc mgcchl chl nbkst bkushs `hmgush tbhy wkrjhl wftb w ftb tbh udmchgd spfrfts gdl bgl mkdtgmt wftb tbh lhgl. \bh lhsmrfptfkds ko tbhsh dhmrkigdmhrs oft vhry mckshcy tk tbh prgmtfmhs gdl tgchs ko tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf gdl tbh sf`ycs. Ko gcc tbh suphrstftfkds rhcgtfdn tk spfrfts, tbksh rhsphmtfdn g mcgss ko tbhi mgcchl \u-sfhd bgvh phrbgps tbh nrhgthst fdocuhdmh upkd tbh ifdls ko phkpch. \u-sfhd, sfndfoyfdn g spfrft fd tbh `kly, lhsfndgths g ogifcfgr spfrft, `y tbh gssfstgdmh ko wbfmb ft fs `hcfhvhl tbgt phrskds grh g`ch tk thcc okrtudhs gdl mkdvhrsh wftb tbh lhgl. . . . \bhy lk tbfs `y lwhccfdn fd tbhfr `klfhs gs ogifcfgr spfrfts, gdl `hfdn tbhfr ihlfui ko mkiiudfmgtfkd wftb tbh udshhd wkrcl. Uhrskds sup pkshl tk `h pkssh pksshsshl sshl ko tbhsh spfrfts grh vfsfthl `y iuctftulh iuctftulhs, s, pgrtfmucgrcy tbksh wbk bgvh rhmhdtcy ckst rhcgtfvhs `y lhgtb. . . . ]kih ko tbhsh okrtudh-thcchrs wbk bgvh dk fdlh`thl fdlh`thl spfrft tk koohr bfs shrvfmhs shr vfmhs grh k`cfnhl tk lhvfsh ihgds tk shmurh tbh gssfstgdmh ko kdh. ^ftb tbfs hdl fd vfhw, tbhy ofrst prkmurh g cfttch fignh iglh ko tbh wkkl ko tbh wfcckw, okr wbfmb tbhy k`tgfd g spfrft fd kdh ko tbh okcckwfdn wgys1 skih nk tk g nrgvh-ygrl nrgvh-ygrl,, gdl go gothr thr ohgs ohgstfdn tfdn tbh nbks nbksts ts ko tbh lhgl, igjh gd grrgdnhihdt wftb kdh tk rhsflh fd tbh fignh. \bh fignh fs tbhd wkrsbfphl okr shvhrgc whhjs mkdtfdukuscy, gdl chot kut


66

ko lkkrs lurfdn tbh dfnbt, tk `h wht wftb tbh lhws ko bhgvhd, gdl lrfdj fd vfrtuh orki ikkd`hgis: gothr wbfmb ft fs rhngrlhl gs gd krgmch, orki wbfmb tbh spfrft sphgjs fdogccf`cy. 0

xfgd wgs gcsk ushl okr fiikrtgc gdfigc spfrfts, sumb gs \bh wkrl xfgd xfgd, kr okx spfrft. ogifcfgrs, tbh ikst whcc-jdkwd ko tbhsh `hfdn tbh bu xfgd, kr Bu fd Bu fd Mbfdhsh ihgds –okx,’ ùt tbhrh whrh mhrtgfd okxhs wbk whrh ikrh tbgd aust okxhs. \gchs ko tbhsh okxhs whrh chnhdlgry. G bu xfgd okx usugccy mkucl `h hgsfcy lfstfdnufsbhl `hmgush ft bgl ikrh tbgd kdh tgfc, skihtfihs up tk dfdh ko tbhi. Okr skih rhgskd, mhrtgfd gdfigcs whrh prhlfspkshl,, ikrh tbgd ktbhrs, tk hvkcvh gdl mkdtgfd spfrftug prhlfspkshl spfrftugcc prkphr prkphr-tfhs. Fd Gsfg, tbh okx wgs mkdsflhrhl kdh ko tbhsh gdfigcs. Fd gllftfkd tk fts guspfmfkus mkddktgtfkds fd pkcftfmgc thxts, tbh okx wgs phrmhfvhl gs g sphmtrgc gdfigc g`ch tk ihtgikrpbksh gdl tk `hwftmb phkpch. . . . \bh okx gssuihs tbh rkchs ko g sbgigd, g lfvfdhr, g skrmhrhr, gdl g mhchstfgc `hfdn gcc gt kdmh. Gnh pcgyhl g sfndfofmgdt rkch fd ngfdfdn tbh pkwhr ko ihtgikrpbksfs. G ckdn-cfvhl mrhgturh mkucl hvkcvh orki g ckwhr gdfigc chvhc tk g buigd `hfdn gdl tbhd tk g trgdsmhdlhdt. \bh rhdkwdhl okurtb-mhdtury gcmbhifst Nh Bkdn (02=”=<=) iglh tbfs pkfdt hxpcfmftcy1 –Gs okr gcc thd tbkusgdl tbfdns tbgt `hmkih gnhl, tbhfr spfrfts mgd gssuih buigd sbgph. . . . Okxhs gdl wkcvhs cfvh tk hfnbt budlrhl, gdl gt ofvh budlrhl tbhy gssuih buigd sbgph.’ =

\bh ogmt tbgt tbhsh gdfigcs mkucl mbgdnh fdtk buigd okri fs hxtrhihcy fdthrhstfdn tk ih. Fd tbh ^hst, wh grh vhry ogifcfgr wftb buigds wbk mgd tgjh gdfigc okri. \bhsh phkpch grh trglftfkdgccy mgcchl sbgphsbfothrs, gdl wh gcc jdkw g`kut whrhwkcvhs, buigds wbk turd fdtk wkcvhs. @ut wbgt fo, lhgr rhglhr, wh grh mkdoushl; ^bgt fo ft fs tbh wkcvhs wbk grh turdfdn fdtk buigds; Okr skih rhgskd, wh grh sk `cfdlhl `y kur gdtbrkpkikrpbfm vfhw tbgt wh gssuih ft iust `h tbh ktbhr wgy grkudl `hmgush gdfigcs grh sk ckw kd tbh hvkcutfkdgry mbgfd

755


mkipgrhl tk us. @ut fd tbh Mbfdhsh trglftfkds, tbh okxhs whrh gdfigc spfrfts wbk mkucl mbgdnh fdtk buigds fd qufth g pckt twfst. Buigds gdl `hgsts grh lfoohrhdt sphmfhs, ùt okxhs grh `htwhhd buigds gdl `hgsts. \bh lhgl gdl tbh cfvfdn wgcj lfoohrhdt rkgls, ùt okxhs grh `htwhhd tbh lhgl gdl tbh cfvfdn. \rgdsmhdlhdts gdl ikdsthrs trgvhc lfoohrhdt pgtbs, ùt okxhs grh `htwhhd trgdsmhdlhdts gdl ikdsthrs. \bhrhokrh, kdh mkucl sgy tk ihht g okx fs strgdnh: kdh mkucl gcsk sgy ft fs krlfdgry. Buigd `hfdns gdl pbysfmgc kàhmts `hckdn tk twk lfoohrhdt mgthnkrfhs: okx-spfrfts stgdl skihwbhrh `htwhhd tbh twk. \bh pgtbs ko cfnbt gdl lgrjdhss dhvhr mkdvhrnh1 okx-spfrfts stgdl skihwbhrh `htwhhd tbh twk. Fiikrtgcs gdl lhikds nk lfoohrhdt wgys: okx spfrfts stgdl skihwbh skihwbhrh rh `htwhhd tbh t bh twk. <

Dkt kdcy mkucl tbhsh okxhs tgjh buigd okri, ùt tbhy mkucl cfvh buigd cfvhs gdl bgvh buigd ogifcfhs. \bhrh grh igdy tgchs ko shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps `htwhhd buigds gdl okx spfrfts, aust cfjh `htwhhd buigds gdl ogfrfhs. Fd Agpgd okx wkihd wbk shlumh ihd, jdkwd gs tbh jft sudh, grh sudh, grh bunhcy pkpucgr. Gcc kvhr Agpgd, tbh jftsudh grh whcc jdkwd gs sbgphsbfotfdn shlumtrhsshs wbk shlumh ihd gdl igjh tbhi tbhfr bus`gdls. \bhy whrh mkdsflhrhl fiikrtgc dgturh spfrfts. Fd \bh Muct ko tbh Okx, Rfgkohf Jg Jgdn dn wrfths tbgt –okxhs gc gcsk sk ihtgikrpbkshl fdtk bgdlskih ihd kr `hgutfouc wkihd fd krlhr tk pursuh shxugc rhcgtfkdsbfps wftb buigds ko tbh kppksf kppksfth th shx. G mcgssfm hxgipch fs tbh stkry ko ‒Gzf (tbh Uurpch),‖ lgthl tk tbh okurtb mhdtury. Ft rhmkudts bkw g igd wgs `hwftmbhl gdl tgjhd gwgy `y g wkigd. ^bhd phkpch okudl bfi, tbhy sgw bfs ckkjs rhshi`chl tbksh ko g okx.’ 8 Iumb cfjh tbh ogfry okcj wbk chot tbhfr `ckklcfdhs kd ogifcy mkgts ko gris fd Hurkph, tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts chot nhdhrgtfkdgc sfndgturhs wftb ogifcfhs gcc kvhr Mbfdg. \bhrh whrh okur igfd gdfigc tkthis fd gdmfhdt Mbfdg (gctbkunb cgthr igdy ikrh, gdl skih phkpch grnuh tbgt tbh okur nugrlfgds ko tbh lfrhmtfkds grh tbh igfd kdhs) tbgt whrh ushl prfigrfcy gs mcgd flhdtfofhrs, sfifcgr tk tbh wgy tbh Dgtfvh Gihrfmgds wkucl pcgmh


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g tkthi pkch kutsflh tbhfr vfccgnhs. \bh Mbfdhsh, tkk, bgl bunh stkdh k`hcfsjs wftb tbhfr gdfigc ogifcfgr tkthi ikudthl upkd tbhi, lhsfndgtfdn tbh grhg udlhr tbhfr wgtmb. Ikst rhigrjg`ch, bkwhvhr, fs tbgt gdktbhr dgih okr tbhsh okx spfrfts wbk `hmkih buigd, igrr igrryy, gdl bgvh ogif o gifcfhs cfhs fs tbh Mbfdhsh wkrl buihd.. Ft fs bgrl dkt tk dktfmh tbgt tbfs wkrl, bu-ihd, ihd bu-ihd, `hgrs `hgrs g rhigrjg`ch buigd.. \bkunb htyikcknfmgccy tbhrh rhshi`cgdmh tk tbh Hdncfsb wkrl buigd fs cfjhcy dk rhcgtfkd `htwhhd bu-ihd gdl buigd, ft fs dktbfdn chss tbgd fdtrfnufdn gdl sunnhsts tbh mcksh jfdsbfp `htwhhd buigds gdl dgturgc ihd bgs spfrfts. \bh Mbfdhsh wkrl kr mbgrgmthr ihd bgs g lugc ihgdfdn1 –ngth’ gdl –ogifcy.’ \bh flhknrgi sbkws g ngth tbrkunb wbfmb tbfdns mkucl pgss. \bfs ngth tk ih shhis tk hmbk h mbk tbh t bh pkrtgc pkrtg c kd Ncgstkdùry Nc gstkdùry \kr gdl g dl tbh ngth tk wbfmb My`hch bkcls tbh jhys, tbh udlhrwkrcl lkkrwgy tbgt tbh Wuhhd Iktbhr nugrls. Ihd nugrls. Ihd gcsk ihgds g mhrtgfd jfdl ko tbfdjfdn, gckdn tbh cfdhs ko –cfjh–cf jh-ifdlhl’ ifdlhl’ kr –jfdlrhl. – jfdlrhl.’’ \bh okur igfd nugrlfgds n ugrlfgds ko Mbfdg grh mgcchl ]zu \g Ihd, trgdscgthl gs tbh okur nrhgt ogifcfhs. Fd gd grtfmch fd Okcjckrh fd Okcjckrh ]tulfhs, Cf ^hf-tsu wrfths1 \bh thri, szu tg-ihd, cfthrgccy, –\bh Okur Nrhgt Ogifcfhs,’ fs g mkcchmtfvh dgih okr okur jfdls ko wkrsbfpphl gdfigcs, f.h. tbh okx, whgshc, bhlnhbkn gdl sdgjh. \bh `hcfho fd tbhsh okur gdfigcs gs sgmrhl fs vhry wflhsprhgl gikdnst tbh rurgc pkpucgtfkd fd tbh Uhjfdn grhg. Dkt gcc gdfigcs `hckdnfdn tk tbhsh okur nrkups grh rhngrlhl gs sgmrhl: tbh kdhs ko g purhcy prkogdh mbgrgmthr igy `h budthl, tbh ktbhrs, bkwhvhr, grh tg`kk gs ngih.’ ?

^hf-tsu ^hftsu nkhs kd tk rhpkrt tbgt tbh prkogdh gdfigcs gdfig cs grh g rh kothd qufth tfifl wbhrhgs tbh sgmrhl kdhs bgvh dk ohgr ohg r ko buigds. buig ds. LPGNKD JFDN]

\bh Lrgnkd fs tbh ikst pkwhrouc . . . gdfigc kr tkthi cfvfdn fd tbh mkdsmfkusdhss ko tbh Mbfdhsh igsshs. \bh

750


Lrgnkd fs dgihl gs –Ckdn’ kr – cudn’ . . . bh lfspc lfspcgys gys `ktb dhngtfvh gdl pksftfvh ogmtkrs. . . . Bh bgs g nrhgt strhdntb tk lhvgstgth tbh prkphrty, tk okri ko ockkls igjfdn ko tbh tflgc wgvhs gdl stkris `glcy. L��J�� ]�� P�� Q�� M��, –\�� M�� L�� M�� ]�� O�� I��’

Gsflh orki tbh okx spfrfts gdl tbhfr buigd mkddhmtfkds, tbh ktbhr prkifdhdt ogi ogifcfcfgr fgr spfrft fd Mbfdg ko hpfm prkpkrtfkds fs tbh lrg lrgnkd. nkd. \bh lrgnkd wgs mkdsflhrhl tbh ikst pkwhrouc ogifcfgr spfrft gdl wgs glkpthl `y vfrtugccy gcc tbh hiphrkrs fd Mbfdhsh bfstkry: ft wgs tbkunbt tk `h ko bhgvhd gdl tbh ikst igsmucfdh, kr ygdn, hdhrny gvgfcg`ch fd tbh gdfigc jfdnlki gdl sk tbh ikst skunbt-gothr okr gcc tbh igdcy igch hiphrkrs. \k bgvh g lrgnkd gs g ogifcfgr spfrft ihgdt tbgt yku whrh fdlhhl g igd ko bhgvhd, gs tbh lrgnkd wgs mkddkthl wftb bhgvhd ftshco. \bfs lrgnkd spfrft fs iumb cfjh tbh spfrft fd Hnypt wbk ngvh Bhrihs kr \bktb tbh nfot ko cgdnugnh, gdl tbh Uytbkd ko Lhcpbf wbk ngvh sk iumb wfslki tk gcc wbk mgih tk bhgr. Fd \gkfst cfthrgturh, sumb gs –\bh @kkj ko Lfvfdh Fdmgdtgtfkds,’ fiikrtgcs jdkwd gs tbh lrgnkd jfdns, tbkunbt tk bgvh skih ko tbh nrhgthst pkwhr kd Hgrtb, grh ihdtfkdhl. \bh lrgnkd jfdns, tbh bfnbhst rgdjhl ruchrs fd bfstkry, gmbfhvhl tbh bfnbhst bkdkrs gdl rhmkndftfkds ko bhgvhd. Ft wgs sgfl tbgt g lrgnkd jfdn, g ruchr wbk bgl g lrgnkd gs bfs ogifcfgr spfrft, mkucl mkdtrkc tbh whgtbhr gdl mgcc tbh wfdls gt bfs mkiigdl. ]fdmh lrgnkds whrh sumb pkwhrouc spfrfts ko dgturh, tbhy mkucl mkiigdl dgturh gdl fd turd prkvflh tbfs g`fcfty tk tbhfr buigd mkudthrpgrts. Gmmkrlfdn Gmmkr lfdn tk skih skurmhs, skurmhs, igdy Mbfdhsh phkpc phkpchh orki gcc g cc kvh kvhrr Mbfdg mcgfihl tbgt tbhy whrh pbysfmgccy lhsmhdlhl orki lrgnkds. G lhhp ogifcfgrfty hxfsthl wftb tbhsh spfrfts gs tbhy whrh mcgfihl tk `h `ckkl rhcgtfvhs. \bh krfnfdgc prktktypfmgc mkupch fd Mbfdhsh mucturh, hqufvgchdt tk Glgi gdl Hvh, whrh bgco buigd gdl bgco lrgnkd. \bhy whrh mgcchl Ou-Rf gdl Du-^g gdl whrh rhspkdsf`ch okr `rfdnfdn cgdnugnh gdl mfvfcfzgtfkd tk


75=

Mbfdg. Iumb cfjh tbh gdmfhdt krgmchs, tbhy gcsk prkvflhl tbh lfvfdgtfkd systhi ko tbh F Mbfdn tk tbh wkrcl gothr Ou-Rf sgw ft kd tbh `gmj ko g turtch. Fd truh lgfikdfm ogsbfkd, tbhsh lrgnkd `hfdns whrh gcsk lfvfdhrs, wbk gssfsthl phkp phkpch ch wftb tbhfr lhmfsf lhmfsfkd kd igjfdn. Fd Mbfdhsh iytbk iytbkckny, ckny, tbfs pgfr nhdhrgthl tbh buigd rgmh. Igdy Mbfdhsh stfcc `hcfhvh tbhy bgvh lrgnkd `ckkl fd tbhfr gdmhstry: iumb cfjh tbh okx ogifcfhs gdl Dhpbfcfi, tbh lrgnkds fdthr`rhl wftb buigds. Fd tbh grtfmch –\bh Mbfdhsh Lrgnkd Mkdmhpts Mkdmh pts gs g ]pfrftugc Okr Okrmh mh ko tbh Igsshs,’ Ig sshs,’ tbh gutbkrs, gutbkrs, LbgrigJhhrtbf Lbgrig Jhhrtbf ]rf Pgdagd gdl Qbku Mbgdn, wrfth tbgt –tbh bkiknhdhkus trglftfkd bgs g bunh dhtwkrj ko skmfgc systhi gdl rhigrjhl tbh Mbfdg gs ‒\bh cgdl ko Lrgnkd‖ prkulcy gdl `hcfhvhl tbgt tbh dgtfkd lhsmhdlhl orki Lrgnkd. \bh `fkcknfmgc pbhdkihdkd ifdnchs fdtk tbh skmfgc pbhdkihdkd gdl ft trfnnhrs tk grtfmucgth tbh kdnkfdn bfstkry ko skmfgc strumturh.’ > ckdn. \bh Kdh ko tbh igfd dgihs okr tbhsh lrgnkd spfrfts fs tfgd ckdn. thri tfgd ckdn bgs shvhrgc lfoohrhdt ihgdfdns gdl fdthrprhtgtfkds, kdh hvhd `hfdn g mhdtfphlh, ùt ikstcy ft rhohrs tk g sphmfgc mcgss ko lrgnkds wbk fdthrgmthl wftb buigds okr tbhfr `hdhoft. \bh tfgd ckdn whrh `hdhogmtkrs ko buigds wbk tgunbt tbhi gdl bhcphl tbhi lurfdn tbhfr cfoh dgng.. kd Hgrtb. Gdktbhr wkrl ushl fd Gsfg okr tbhsh lrgnkd spfrfts fs dgng \bh dgng shrphdts, kr lrgnkds, whrh jdkwd gcc kvhr Gsfg okr tbhfr g`fcfty tk mkdohr hdcfnbthdihdt upkd g buigd. \bh dgngs whrh prk`g`cy tbh ikst skunbt-gothr ogifcfgr fdvkcvhl fd tbh spfrftugc prgmtfmhs ko Fdlfg, Dhpgc, \f`ht, Mbfdg, gdl Fdlkdhsfg. ]phmfgc dgngs mgcchl Dgng @g`gs whrh mkdsflhrhl gdmhstkrs, cfcfjh jh nrg nrgdlogtbhrs, dlogtbhrs, wbk mkucl `hstkw lfvfdh wfslki kd buigds. buig ds. \bfs flhg ko tbh Dgng @g`g bhgvfcy fdo fdocuhd cuhdmhl mhl tbh trglftfkd ko tbh nuru fd Hgsthrd rhcfnfkds. \k bgvh g thgmbhr wbk wgs wfsh gdl bgl wkrjhl wftb w ftb g lrgnkd ogif ogifcfgr cfgr wgs tk `hmkih pgrt pg rt ko tbh Dgng @g`g cfdhgnh. \bh `hst hxgipch ko gd hdcfnbthdhl phrskd wftb g dgng grh fignhs ko @ullbg shgthl fd tbh cgp ko g shrphdt wftb iuctfpch bhgls. @ullbg gdl tbh dgng grh chss pkpucgr fd @ullbfst trglftfkd fd tbh ^hst, ùt fo yku vfsft igdy pgrts ko Gsfg, yku wfcc `h strumj `y tbh cgrnh dui`hr ko stgtuhs ko @ullbg shgthl udlhr tbh nrhgt dgng lrgnkd, wbk fs f s dkd dkdhh ktbhr tbgd t bgd tbh ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft tfgd t fgd ckdn.

77

\bh Pfsbf Ogifcfhs gdl Nuflf Nuflfdn dn Nug Nugrlf lfgds gds koo Fdl k Fdlffg –Cfnbt orki tbh Hgst,’ Fdlfg bgs nfvhd ikrh cfnbt tk tbh whst tbgd ft bgs lhrfvhl orki tbgt qugrthr. ^h shh Fdlfg fd Nrhhmh fd igdy tbfdns ùt dkt Nrhhmh fd Fdlfg fd gdy. \bh �ktgrfhs ko gdfigc igndhtfsi, mcgfrvkygdmh gdl sk-mgcchl spfrftugcfsi spfrftu gcfsi wfcc of ofdl dl ikst ko tbhfr tbhkrfh tbhkrfhss rhprhshdth rhprhshdthll kr ogr kut lkdh `y mkrrhsp mkrrhspkdlfdn kdlfdn dktfkds hxfstf hxfstfdn dn fd tbh ykng systhi okr ikrh tbgd twk tbkusgdl yhgrs gnk. _�� _ �� ,, \�� V��-_�� I�� I� �� _�� _��

F

d Fdlfgd gdl yknfm trglftfkds, tbhrh grh gdfigc ogifcfgrs, gdmhstkrs, gdl nuflfdn spfrftugc hdtftfhs. Vknfs bgvh `hhd lkfdn prgmtfmhs tk gmmhss tbh lgfikdfm nhdfus gdl lhsmrf`fdn ogfrfhs gdl ogifcfgr spfrfts gs ckdn gs gcc tbh ktbhr mucturhs gdl phrbgps ckdnhr. Gcc tbh vhrsfkds ko tbh ogifcfgrs lhsmrf`hl fd ktbhr pgrts ko tbfs `kkj mgd gcsk `h okudl fd Fdlfg. \bh ogfry rhgci lhsmrf`hl gcc kvhr Hurkph mgd `h okudl fd tbh tgchs ko tbh lhvgs, wbk mgd `h gdnhcfm gdl hchihdtgc spfrfts gdl gcsk dgturh gdl gdfigc spfrfts. Fd tbh Fdlfgd _hlgs igdy ktbhrwkrclcy 75<

\bh Pfsbf Ogifcfhs gdl Nuflfdn Nugrlfgds ko Fdlfg

758

mrhgturhs wbk fdthrgmt wftb buigd `hfdns grh lhsmrf`hl, aust cfjh fd tbh ogfry ogftb. –Fd tbh ]hiftfm Hgst, ft fs gd kcl `hcfho tbgt g summhssouc ogst fd tbh wfclhrdhss ko okrty lgys gdl dfnbts nfvhs pkwhr kvhr tbh yknf ogsts Lafdd. \bh Fdlfgd yknf ogsts tfcc bh shhs ogmh tk ogmh gcc tbh nkls ko tbh Ugdtbhkd. . . . @rhgl gdl ihgt wkucl bgvh rk``hl tbh gsmhtfm ko igdy gd gdnhc‖s vfsft.’7 \bh Bfdlus grh flkcgthrs gdl okmus lhvktfkdgc hdhrny fdtk stgtuhs ko tbhfr nkls gdl lhvgs fd krlhr tk fdvkjh tbhfr pkwhrs. Igdy ko tbhsh prgmtfmhs grh sgfl tk yfhcl rhsuct rhsuctss fd tbh okri ko wfsbhs nrg nrgdthl, dthl, gs fo tbrkunb tbh gnhdmy ko g nhdff. Igdy Bfdlu bkushbkcls bgvh g nuflfdn nhdff tbgt tbh ogifcy pcgmhs upkd g bkush gctgr fd tbh sgih wgy tbh gdmfhdt Pkigds lfl. Igdy Bfdlu ogifcfhs bkcl tbh sgih nugrlfgds okr nhdhrgtfkds. Ikrh nhdhrgcfzhl nugrlfgds grh gcsk skunbt okr tbhfr pgrtfmucgr grhg ko hxphrtfsh. ^bhd skihkdh wgdts skihtbfdn, bh kr sbh nkhs tk tbh thipch gdl hdtrhgts tbh bhcp ko tbh sphmfofm flkc fd mbgrnh ko wbgthvhr tbh lhvkthh fs try tryfdn fdn tk gmbfhvh kr igdfohst igdfohst,, iumb cfjh fd tbh pgngd Nrhhj gdl Pkigd trglftfkds. \bh Bfdlu trglftfkd trg lftfkd fs pgdtbhfstfm, rhmkndfzfdn g vgst grrgy ko lfvfdh `hfdns gdl spfrfts. Duihrkus tgchs ko gdfigc skucs, udfofmgtfkd wftb gdfigc mkdsmfkusdhss, nugrlfgd gdnhcs, gdl lfvfdh `hfdns prkvflfdn nuflgdmh mgd `h okudl fd tbh _hlfm gdl yknfm cfthrgturh. PF]BF OGIFCFH]

^h bgvh tk nrkw ]pfrftugccy tk rhmhfvh gcc tbh Jdkwchlnh tbh Pfsbfs grh wgftfdn tk nfvh us. N�� N�� J�� J ��

\bh Fdlfgds gcsk bgvh stkrfhs ko lhvgs, tbh Fdlfgd vhrsfkd ko ogcchd gdnhcs gdl ogfrfhs, fdthr`rhhlfdn wftb buigds. \bh gdmfhdt iytbs ko rfsbfs, hdtftfhs Fdlfg lhsmrf`h rfsbfs, hdtftfhs vhry iumb cfjh gdnhcs. \bhsh rfsbfs mgih tk Hgrtb orki tbh pkch stgr fd tbh @fn Lfpphr. Kdh sumb rfsbf, Gdnfrgs, fs sgfl tk `h kdh ko tbh gdmhstkrs ko tbh buigd rgmh: bh mgih lkwd tk

75?

\bh Pfsbf Ogifc Ogifcfhs fhs gdl Nuflf Nuflfdn dn Nugrlfgds ko Fdlfg

Hgrtb tk igrry buigds gdl prklumh koosprfdn. \bh Pfn-_hlg byids whrh mkipkshl `y okur ogif ogifcfhs cfhs ko shhrs, kr rfsbfs rfsbfs,, tbh kclhst `hfdn tbh Gdnfrgsgs. Gdnfrgs fs tbh prfikrlfgc rfsbf wbk grfshs orki Gndf, wbk fs skihtfihs mkdocgthl wftb g rhgc buigd sgnh gdl nuru. Kut ko tbfs kdh ogifcy tbh ktbhr tbrhh ogifcfhs ko shhrs fd tbh Pfn-_hlg whrh lhrfvhl“ tbh @brfnus, Jgsby Jg sbygpgs, gpgs, gdl Gtbgrvgds. \bhsh ogifcfhs okri tbh –ogifcfgr’ spfrft gdmhstkrs ko Fdlfg. Gdnfrgs gcsk prkvflhl tbh buigds wftb jdkwchlnh ko mfvfcfzgtfkd gdl vgcug`ch fdstrumtfkd fd tbh wgys ko mkifdn fdtk tbh bfnbhr rhgcis ko `hfdn fd tbh sgih wgy tbh gdnhcs mkdohrrhl tbfs kd Fsfs gdl tbh `hccy-tgcjhrs ko Nrhhmh. Bhrh wh shh bkw tbhy whrh tbkunbt ko gs thgmbhrs, kr fdstrumtkrs, ko buigdfty1 Urko. Pktb (fd Uhthr‖s Chxfmkd) lhofdhs tbh Gdnfrgshs gs gd fdthrihlfgth rgmh ko bfnbhr `hfdns `htwhhd nkls gdl ihd: wbfch Urko. ^h`h ^ h`hr, r, gmm gmmkrl krlfdn fdn tk bf bfss fdvg fdvgrf rfg`ch g`ch mu mustki stki ko ikl iklhrd hrdfsf fsfdn dn gdl gdtbrkpkikrpbfsfdn tbh lfvfdh, shhs fd tbhi tbh krfnfdgc prfhsts ko tbh rhcfnfkd wbfmb wgs mkiikd tk tbh Grygd Bfdlus gdl Uhrsfgds. Pktb fs rfnbt. –Gdnfrgshs’ wgs kdh ko tbh dgihs ko tbh Lbygdfs, kr Lhvgs fdstrumtkrs (–nuru-lhvg’), ko tbh cgth \bfrl, tbh Okurtb, gdl hvhd ko tbh Ofotb Pgmh Fdftfgths. 0

Iglgih @cgvgtsjy okriucgthl bhr mkdmhpt ko tbh –rkkt rgmhs’ `gshl kd iumb ko tbfs Fdlfgd gdl _hlfm cfthrgturh kutcfdfdn tbh `ckklcfdhs ko tbh ogcchd gdnhcs tbgt whrh tbh rfsbfs‖ gdl ushl ft tk hxpcgfd tbh vgrfkus g`fcftfhs ko tbh lfoohrhdt rgmhs ko buigds. \bfs tbhkry cgthr wkucl `hmkih qufth mkdtrkvhrsfgc gs ft wgs ruikrhl tk fdocuhdmh tbh Dgzf‖s ifsnuflhl mkdmhpts ko rgmh gdl bfhrgrmby, gctbkunb tbgt bgl dktbfdn tk lk wftb Iglgih @cgvgtsjy‖s krfnfdgc fdthdtfkd kr fdokrigtfkd. NXFLFDN NXGPLFGD]

\bh wbkch flhg fs tbgt tbhsh yflgis iust dkt `h rhngrlhl gs hxthrdgc nkls wbk wfcc sgvh yku, ùt tbhy grh hxprhssfkds ko


75>

ykur truh dgturh. Vku flhdtfo flhdtfoyy ykurshco wftb tbh gttr gttrfùths fùths gdl mkck mkckrs rs ko pgrtf pgrtfmucg mucgrr yflg yflgis is gdl ohhc tbh skudl tbgt mkihs orki tbh igdtrg sk tbgt ofdgccy yku `hnfd tk rhgcfzh tbgt ykur truh dgturh fs fd�fdmf`ch. Vku `hmkih mkipchthcy kdh wftb tbh yflgi. M�� \��, M�� \�� ]�� I��

Fd Fdlfg wh mgd gcsk ofdl tbhfr vhrsfkd ko tbh nhdfus kr fdokrifdn nuflfdn spfrft. Gcc kvhr Fdlfg ft fs sgfl tbgt tbhsh spfrfts whrh rhspkdsf`ch okr nuflfdn tbh @ullbgs gdl yknfs tk hdcfnbthdihdt. \bfs oudmtfkd fs sfifcgr tk tbgt ko ktbhr spfrft nugrlfgds, prhvfkuscy ihdtfkdhl. Orki tbh Dgtfvh Gihrfmgds tk tbh ogrtbhst rhgmbhs ko Hnypt, wh shh tbh pgtthrd ko strgdnh suphrdgturgc skurmhs hlumgtfdn buigds. Fd Fdlfg tbfs spfrft fs mgcchl g yflgi g yflgi,, g wkrl tbgt ihgds `kdlhl kr cfdjhl tknhtbhr gs fd g igrrfgnh. \bh yflgi spfrft fs k`tgfdhl tbrkunb ihtbkls sfifcgr tk tbksh ushl `y tbh Dgtfvh Gihrfmgds, gdl akfdfdn wftb tbh yflgi fs tbh lrfvfdn purpksh `hbfdl igdy gsmhtfm spfrftugc prgmtfmhs fd Fdlfg. ]kih smbkcgrs bgvh sunnhsthl tbgt @ullbg udlhrwhdt tbfs prkmhss wbfch sfttfdn `hdhgtb tbh @klbf \rhh: bh wgs hdngnfdn fd g bfhrks ngiks wftb bfs nhdfus. Kdmh udfthl wftb bfs yflgi, kr lgfikd, @ullbg `hngd prkpbhsfzfdn prkpb hsfzfdn.. Gutbkr Akbd Mgip`hc Mgip`hccc Kigd lhsmrf`hs bkw tbhsh spfr spfr-fts, gcsk jdkwd gs lafdd, mgd mkdohr pkwhr tk tbh kdh wbk mgccs tbhi. Gwgy F whdt fd g stgth ko dhrvkus hxmfthihdt, gdl, ckmjfdn iyshco fd iy mbgi`hr, mkiigdlhl tbh udshhd lafdd tk `rfdn tbksh stkdhs tk ih gt kdmh. Bgrlcy bgl iy igdlgth `hhd utthrhl, wbhd, tk iy gigzhihdt gdl shmrht thrrkr, tbh stkdhs cgy gt iy ohht. F whdt `gmj gdl tkcl tbh sglbu ko iy summhss. ‒Dkw,‖ bh sgfl, ‒yku bgvh g pkwhr wbfmb yku mgd hxhrmfsh kvhr hvhr hvhryt ytbfd bfdnn upkd wbfmb yku mgd ig igjh jh tbh iystfmgc sfnd F bgvh tgunbt yku, ùt ush ykur pkwhr wftb lfsmrhtfkd, okr iy nfot fs qugcfofhl `y tbh ogmt tbgt, lk wbgt yku wfcc, tbh tbfdns, wbgthvhr tbhy igy `h, gmqufrhl tbrkunb ykur ogifcf ogifcfgr gr

752

\bh Pfsbf Ogifc Ogifcfhs fhs gdl Nuflfdn Nugrlfgds ko Fdlfg

spfrft, mgddkt `h gmmuiucgthl `y yku, ùt iust skkd pgss kut ko ykur bgdl bgdls.‖ s.‖ Gdl tbh sglbu‖s wkrls bgvh `hhd vhrfofhl fd iy cfoh, gdl bfs nfot bgs dkt `hhd gd udifxhl `chssfdn, okr iy lafdd rhshdts iy pkwhr, gdl bgs kothd trfhl tk bgri ih: ùt bgppfcy bfs tfih fs dkt yht mkih.=

Fd gllftfkd tk gttrgmtfdn g yflgi tk phrokri tbh bfhrks ngiks wftb, tbh yknfs whrh g`ch tk `hmkih lfshi`klfhl cfjh tbhsh spfrfts. \bh thmbdfquh tk `hmkih g spfrft, orhh ko tbh `kly, wgs jdkwd gs trgdsohrhdmh. \rgdsohrhdmh ko mkdsmfkusdhss fs g thmbdfquh tbgt yknfs fd Fdlfg bgvh prgmtfmhl okr tbkusgdl tbkusgdlss ko yhgrs yhgrs.. Jf Jfdl dl ko cfcfjh jh tbh Nrhhj `hcc `hccy-tgc y-tgcjhrs jhrs wbk tbrkw tbhfr vkf vkfmh mh fdtk skihkd skihkdh‖ h‖ss ifdl, tbh yknf tbrkws bfs kr bhr gwgrhdhss kr mkdsmfkusdhss fdtk tbh `kly ko gdktbhr cfvfdn tbfdn. Ft fs sgfl tbgt tbfs suphrpkwhr wgs nfvhd tk mhrtgfd cfdhgnhs lfrhmtcy tbrkunb tbh lhvgs gdl rfsbfs tbhishcvhs. Fd bfs `kkj \bh Lhvg Bgdl`kkj1 Bkw tk ^krj wftb Dgturh‖s ]u`tch Hdhrnfhs, Dgtbgdfhc Gctigd wrfths, –Lhvgs mgd `h lhofdhl gs okris, fignhs, kr hxprhssfkds tbrkunb wbfmb tbh hsshdmhs gdl hdhrny okrmhs ko tbh Mrhgtkr kr Nrhgt ]pfrft mgd `h trgdsiftthl, kr okris tbrkunb wbfmb g sphmfofm okri ko Hgrtb hdhrny kr cfoh okrmh mgd `h trgdsiftthl okr g sphmfofm purpksh.’ < \bfs trgdsohrhdmh ko mkdsmfkusdhss fs ihdtfkdhl fd igdy ko tbh gdmfhdt ykng thxts fdmculfdn tbh Vkng ]utrgs ko Ugtgdagcf. Bhrh ft fs ihdtfkdhl tbgt kdh mgd tbrkw tbh mkdsmfkusdhss fdtk gdfigcs, dgturh, gdl ktbhr buigds. ]kih yknfs whrh rhputhl tk cfvh tbrkunb gdktbhr phrskd‖s `kly usfdn tbfs thmbdfquh gdl kphrgth tbgt phrskd gs fo bh kr sbh whrh g puppht. pupph t. Igdy tgchs ko tbhsh jfdls ko gmtfvftfhs g mtfvftfhs grh grtfmu grtfmucgthl cgthl fd g nrhgt Vknfs `y Lgvfl Nkrlgd ^bfth. vkcuih mgcchl mg cchl ]fdfsthr Vknfs `y Gs strgdnh gs ft igy skudl, murrhdtcy shvhrgc nrkups grh gtthiptfdn tk lk tbfs wftb thmbdkckny `y trgdsohrrfdn tbhfr mkdsmfkusdhss fdtk igmbfdhs gdl mkiputhrs, mgcchl ifdl upckglfdn. ]hvhrgc smfhdtfsts gt IF\ grh vhry shrfkus g`kut tbfs rhshgrmb. \bfs trgdsohrhdmh ko ihikrfhs fdtk g mkiputhr rhprhshdts gd hxtrhih flkcfzgtfkd ko tbh buigd ifdl. Fd \f`ht, tbfs g`fcfty fs mgcchl pbkwg: fd tbfs prgmtfmh tbh fdlf-


756

\rgdsohrhdmh Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

vflugc tbrkws bfs kr bhr mkdsmfkusd mkdsmfkusdhss hss orhh orki tbh `kly rfnbt `hokrh lhgtb. Ubkwg prgmtfmh fdvkcvhs lrhgi thmbdfquhs gdl fdthdsh ihlftgtfkds fd krlhr tk prhpgrh tbh mkdsmfkusdhss tk lhpgrt tbh pbysfmgc `kly gdl grrfvh gt gdktbhr ckmgtfkd. \bfs suphrpkwhr wgs goofcfgthl wftb tbh nuru thgmbfdns. \bfs mkdmhpt ko tbh trgdsohrhdmh ko mkdsmfkusdhss kr hdhrny wkucl, yhgrs cgthr, fdo cuhdmh Orgdz Gdtkd Ihsihr, g Nhrig Nhrigd d pbysfmfgd wbk murhl pgtfhdts ko bysthrfg, pgfd, gdl ktbhr igcglfhs usfdn thmbdfquhs bh lhvhckphl `gshl kd g tbhkry bh mgcchl gdfigc igndhtfsi. Bfs tbhkry wgs hsshdtfg hsshdtfgccccyy tbh vhry sgih Fdl Fdlfgd fgd prgmtfmh ko hdhrn hdhrnyy trg trgdsohrhdmh dsohrhdmh

7755 77

\bh Pfsbf Ogif Ogifcfhs cfhs gdl Nuflf Nuflfdn dn Nugrlfgds ko Fdlfg

nfvhd gs g pkwhr orki tbh ogifcfgrs. \bh tbhkry sprhgl wflhcy gdl wgs ushl hxthdsfvhcy, `hmkifdn hxtrhihcy pkpucgr. Kdh ko fts ikst hoofmgmfkus ushs okr yhgrs wgs tk prkvflh g jfdl ko gdhstbhsfg okr phkpch nhttfdn surnhry. ]bkmjfdncy, tbh Ihsihr thmbdfquhs usfdn Fdlfgd hdhrny trgdsohrhdmh gdl grtfofmfgc skidgiùcfsi, g typh ko bypdksfs, summhssouccy gcckwhl phkpch tk bgvh surnhry wftbkut gdhstbhsfg, up udtfc tbh lfsmkvhry ko htbhr. Fd 72<= gdfigc igndhtfsi hvkcvhl fdtk tbh prgmtfmh ko bypdktfsi gs wh jdkw ft tklgy, wbfmb fs prgmtfmhl wflhcy gcc kvhr tbh nck`h gdl bgs fts rkkts fd gd gdmfhdt Fdlfgd psymbfm thmbdfquh ngfdhl orki tbh nuru rfsbfs.

70

\bh _kfmhs fd Kur Bhgls \bh Lgfikd, tbh Nhdfus, gdl tbh Lku`ch

]kmrgths‖ lgfikd lgfikd wgs dkt skih –fddhr �kfmh,’ ùt gd hxthrdgc sfnd kr mkiigdl tbgt wkucl sullhdcy mgush bfi tk stkp fd bfs trgmjs. ]�� M�� M�� ,, \�� @�� L�� L�� U��

\

bh rkch ko tbh nugrlfgd fs hxpckrhl fd nrhgt lhtgfc fd tbh lgfikdfm cfthrgturh. Bhrh wh ofdl g vhry prgmtfmgc wgy tbgt ogifcfgr spfrfts shrvh buigds. G `ft lfoohrhdt tbgd tbh krgmch, tbh lgfikd gdl nhdfus koohr fdokrigtfkd fd tbh okri ko nuflgdmh gdl wgrdfdns, fssuhl wbhd dhhlhl ikst. \bh rhcgtfkdsbfp `htwhhd g buigd gdl bfs nuflfdn fdthccfnhdmh fs fdthrprhthl fd shvhrgc Nrhhj gdl ignfmgc skurmhs gdl lfoohrs scfnbtcy okri tbh trglftfkdgc wftmb wbk ifnbt ush g ogifcfgr okr lfvfdgtfkd. \BH NHDFX] GDL \BH LGFIKD

Kdcy tbh Nhdfus jdkws, wbk nkhs wftb us gdl iklhrgths kur dgtgc stgr, tbgt Nkl ko buigd `frtb, wbk lfhs wftb hgmb ko us. B�� 7777 77

770

\bh _kfmhs fd Kur Bhgls

\bhrh fs g sphmfgc okri g ogifcfgr spfrft mgd tgjh: ft fs kdh tbgt ifnbt dkt `h hxphmthl. G ogifcfgr spfrft mgd hxfst kdcy wftbfd tbh ifdl ko g buigd gdl sphgj tbrkunb tbgt buigd. \bfs vkfmh fs hxphrfhdmhl gs vhry rhgc gdl nfvhs sphmfofm mkiigdls tbgt grh usugc usugccy cy pgrtfmu pgrtfmucgr cgr tk tbh hvhdts bgpphdfdn fd tbh ikihdt. Ft fs nuflfdn gdl fdstrumtfkdgc. ^hh grh tkcl dkt tk tg ^ tgcj cj tk kurshcvhs kr cfsthd tk tbh vkfmhs fd kur bhgls. @ut tbgdjouccy, tbhrh grh igdy wbk fndkrh tbhsh prksmrfptfkds

@hst orfhdl, nugrlfgd lgfikd Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust


77== 77

gdl okcckw tbhfr fdtuftfkd tk cfsthd tk tbh nuflgdmh systhi fdsflh tbhfr bhgl. Dkt hvhrykdh hxphrfhdmhs sumb g pbhdkihdkd, gdl tbksh wbk lk bhgr vkfmhs grh usugccy lfgndkshl wftb g ihdtgc fccdhss. \bfs stfnig gdl tg`kk gngfdst fdthrdgc lfgcknuh wftbfd tbh ifdl bgs lrfvhd gcc tbh fdlf vflugcs vflug cs wbk hxphrfhdmh sumb tbf tbfdns dns fdtk fskcgtfkd. \bhy lgrh dkt thcc gdykdh ko tbhfr hxphrfhdmhs okr ohgr tbhy wfcc `h mkiiftthl tk g ihdtgc wgrl. Uhkp Uhkpch ch hxphrfhdmfdn tbfs `hmkih gc gcfhdgthl fhdgthl `hmgush skihtbfdn fs bgpphdfdn tk tbhfr ifdl tbgt ikst ktbhrs lk dkt hxphrfhdmh gdl tbgt fs ckkjhl upkd gs lgdnhrkus. \bfs mkucl dkt bgvh `hhd ikrh lfoohrhdt fd gdmfhdt tfihs. Fo gd fdlfvflugc bhgrl g vkfmh, ft wgs kothd tbkunbt bh kr sbh wgs nfothl. Ft wgs gd kihd tbgt tbfs phrskd bgl g mgccfdn tk tbh prfhstbkkl kr tbh mkcchnh ko lfvfdhrs. l fvfdhrs. \bh Mbrfstfgd mburmb kothd flhdtfofhl tbh vkfmh gs ]gtgd, gcsk jdkwd gs tbh glvhrsgry kr tbh lhmhfvhr. Ikst wbk mcgfihl tk bhgr tbh vkfmhh ko Nkl whrh mgcchl vkfm mg cchl bhrhtf bhrhtfms ms gdl put tk lhgtb. Ft wgs mhrtgf mhrtgfdcy dcy dkt gmmhptg`ch tk mcgfi tbgt nuflgdmh wgs mkifdn lfrhmtcy orki Nkl kr g bfnbhr spfrft1 tbfs wgs rhshrvhl okr tbh @f`ch pgtrfgrmbs kr Ahsus Mbrfst gckdh. Kd tbh ktbhr bgdl, tbh mburmb bgl iumb cfthrgturh g`kut nugrlfgd gdnhcs gdl spfrfts tbgt wgtmbhl kvhr phkpch. Ft wgs gmmhptg`ch tk bhgr gd gdnhc, mkdsmfhdmh, kr tbh Bkcy Nbkst kr spfrft sphgjfdn gdl koohrfdn nuflgdmh. \bh @f`ch fs rfoh wftb stkrfhs ko fdlfvflugcs bhgrfdn tbh vkfmh ko Nkl. Dkgb, okr hxgipch, bhgrl g vkfmh tbgt ngvh bfi vhry lhtgfchl fdstrumtfkds okr ùfclfdn tbh grj gdl sgvfdn bfs ogifcy. @ut mgd wh rhgccy shpgrgth tbfs vkfmh ko Nkl tbgt Dkgb bhgrl, fdstrumtfdn bfi kd bkw tk ùfcl g shg-wkrtby vhsshc, orki, sgy, tbh fdstrumtfkds Dfjkcg \hscg rhmhfvhl okr ùfclfdn gd gcthrdgtfdn murrhdt lhvfmh, wbfmb bh rhpkrthl bgpphdhl tk bfi wbfch bh wgs kut okr g chfsurhcy strkcc kdh lgy; \bh pgngds pgng ds vfhwhl gc gccc ko tbh vkfmhs, wbhtbhr mkdsmfhdmh, nu nuflfdn flfdn fdthcchmt fdthcchmt,, kr nhdfus, gs g mkcchmtfvh wbkch tbgt bgl lfoohrhdt ogmhs, cfjh tbh ogmhts kd g lfgikdl. Igdy ko tbh nrhgt tbfdjhrs, fdvhdtkrs, gdl nhdfushs ko buigdfty bgvh rhpkrthl bhgrfdn sumb g vkfmh gdl ohct mkiphcchl tk okcckw fts mkiigdls.

77<< 77


Kdh sumb fdlfvflugc wbk mcgfihl tk bhgr tbfs vkfmh vhry mchgrcy gdl stgthl tbgt tbh vkfmh fdokrihl igdy ko bfs mbkfmhs gdl fdthccfnhdmh wgs ]kmrgths. \bhrh wgs g ckdn trglftfkd ko tbfs fd Nrhhmh gikdn tbh pbfckskpbhrs, gdl tbhy mgcchl tbhsh bhcpouc prhshdmhs tbh lgfikds, wbfmb lhikd.. Fd tbh hdl, pkkr ]kmrgths fs wbhrh wh nht kur iklhrd wkrl lhikd iht bfs lhgtb luh fd pgrt tk bfs mcgfis tbgt bh bgl tbfs sphmfgc orfhdl, fdokrifdn gdl nuflfdn bfi, lhspfth tbh ogmt tbgt tbh tbfdns bh sgfl whrh usugccy hxgmtcy mkrrhmt gdl vhry wfsh. Gtbhdg‖s ogikus gpphgrgdmhs tk Gmbfcchs, Lfkihlhs gdl \hchigmbus fd tbh Fcfgl gdl gdl Klysshy grh tbus rhokriucgthl gs hpfm hxgipchs ko g wflhsprhgll pbhdkihdkd tbgt gcs wflhsprhg gcskk hi`rgmhs krgmchs krgmchs,, nbksts gdl tbh phrskdgcc lgfikdfkd ko ]kmrgths, wbfmb Igxfius‖ krgtfkd kd lgfi phrskdg kdhs shhjs tk dkrigcfzh tbrkunb tbh hduihrgtfkd ko hpfpbgdfm mki pgrgdlg.. Fd tbfs, bh tgjhs bfs chgl orki Lfktfig‖s sphhmb fd Ucgtk‖s pgrgdlg ]yipksfui1 –Hvhrytbfdn tbgt fs lghikdfm fs fdthrihlfgth `htwhhd Nkl gdl ikrtgc . . . Fdthrprhtfdn gdl trgdspkrtfdn buigd tbfdns tk tbh nkls gdl lfvfdh tbfdns tk ihd, gdl krlfdgdmhs gdl rhquftgcs orki g`kvh1 `hfdn iflwgy `htwhhd, ft igjhs hgmb tk suppchihdt tbh ktbhr, sk tbgt tbh wbkch fs mki`fdhl fd kdh . . . Nkl bgs dk mkdtgmt wftb ihd: ùt tbh lghikdfm fs tbh ihgds ko gcc g cc skmfht skmfhtyy gdl mkdvhrsh ko nkls wftb ihd gdl ko ihd wftb nkls, wbhtbhr wgjfdn kr gschhp. ^bkskhvhr ^bksk hvhr bgs sjf sjfcccc fd tbhsh goo googfrs gfrs fs g lghikdfm igd.’ 7

\bh lgfikd ko tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf cfjhl tbh lgfikd ko ]kmrgths sk iumb sbh lhmrhhl tbgt –dk kdh wgs wfshr tbgd ]kmrgths.’ Frkdfmgccy, tbfs lhmrhh igy bgvh shgchl bfs ogth1 ktbhrs whrh ahgckus ko bfs ogih gdl wgdthl tbfs t bfs rhmkndftfkd okr tbhishcvhs. t bhishcvhs. ]kmrgths wgs ihrhcy sbgrfdn tbh trutbs bh chgrdhl tbrkunb bfs lgfikd, ùt bh wgs vfhwhl gs g bhrhtfm wbk pcgmhl bfis bfishco hco fd g bfn bfnbhr bhr pksftfkd tbg tbgd d ktbhrs. Okr bkw mkucl ]kmrgths `h sk ogvkrhl `y tbh nkls tbgt bh wkucl rhmhfvh mkiiudfmgtfkd gdl ktbhrs dkt `h g`ch tk lk sk; ]kmrgths tgunbt fd lhptb bkw tk gmbfhvh mkdtgmt wftb tbfs mkdsmfhdmh okr ktbhrs gs whcc: bkwhvhr, sumb


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fdstrumtfkds whrh bhhlhl kdcy `y bfs mckshst stulhdts, wbk bgl tk wgtmb fd bkrrkr gs bh wgs put tk lhgtb. \bhy ikgdhl gdl whpt tbrkunb tbh hxphrfhdmh gdl mkucl dkt mkdtgfd tbhfr nrfho gdl hiktfkd. @ut ]kmrgths rhigfdhl mgci gdl mkcchmthl gdl hvhd `hrgthl tbhi okr mgrryfdn kd cfjh g ùdmb ko wkihd. \bh prfmh tk pgy okr chttfdn ktbhrs jdkw g`kut ykur ogifcfgr spfrft wgs shvhrh gdl g igtthr ko cfoh gdl lhgtb. \bh lfoofmuct pgrt ko tbh nhdff, kr lgfikd, fs tbgt ft shhis tk `h twk sflhl kr bgvh g lugc dgturh, gs fo tbhrh grh twk lfoohrhdt glvkmgths bgvfdn gd grnuihdt wftbfd tbh buigd ifdl. Ft mgd `h `ktb bhcpouc gdl lhstrumtfvh, nuflfdn kdh tk nrhgtdhss kr rufd, gmmkrlfdn tk ikst phkpch wbk bgvh lhsmrf`hl sumb gd hxphrfhdmh. \bh lugc dgturh ko tbh fddhr vkfmh bgs nfvhd rfsh tk tbh pkpucgr fignh ko gd gdnhc gdl g lhvfc, hgmb phrmbhl kd g sbkuclhr, wbfsphrfdn tbfdns fd g phrskd‖s hgrs. \bh dhngtfvh gsphmt ko tbh vkfmh bgs `hhd mgcchl tbh glvhrsgry, kr lhmhfvhr, gdl ft shhis tk grnuh gngfdst lkfdn skihtbfdn rgtbhr tbgd suppkrtfdn gd gmtfkd. ]kmrgths sgfl bfs lgfikd kdcy tkcl bfi wbhd dkt tk lk skihtbfdn, gs fd g wgrdfdn. G orfhdl kdmh tkcl ih ko gd hxphrfhdmh sbh bgl wftb g nuflfdn vkfmh. vkfm h. ]bh bgl aust `hhd tgc tgcjfdn jfdn g`kut ]t. Orgdmfs gdl tbhd whd whdtt tk nht fd bhr mgr. Gckdn tbh wgy sbh pgsshl gd kcl wkigd wbk wgs bkclfdn g pkstmgrl wftb g pfmturh ko ]t. Orgdmfs kd ft. \bh wkigd wgs stgdl stgdlfdn fdn kd g mur` stgrfdn kut fdtk spgmh. G vkfmh fd iy orfhdl‖s bhgl sgfl, mkiigdlfdncy, –Nfvh bhr g rflh!’ ]bh mbksh tk fndkrh ft gdl whdt bhr wgy. \bkunb gd fdlfvflugc igy rhmhfvh nuflgdmh, uctfigthcy ft‖s up tk bfi kr bhr tk lhmflh wbgt tk lk. \bh lgfikds whrh sphmfofmgccy tfhl tk lhmfsfkd igjfdn gdl whrh tbkunbt tk `h nuflhs kr tutkrs tk bhcp tbh phrskd igjh tbh `hst lhmfsfkd pkssf`ch. \bfs wgs gcsk tbh purpksh ko lfvfdgtfkd gdl wbgt tbh krgmchs gdl wftmbhs whrh ushl okr, tk prkvflh fdokrigtfkd tbgt mkucl gssfst wftb lhmfsfkd igjfdn. igj fdn. Gs g prkohssf prkohssfkdgc kdgc wftmb, tbfs fs bkw hvhry shssfkd wftb iy mcfhd mc fhdts ts fs sphdt, gtthiptfdn tk grrfvh gt g `hst pkssf`ch lhmfsfkd. Lgfikds bgl tk lk wftb lfvfdgtfkd, sphmfofmgccy, gdl okrtudhs, rgtbhr cfjh tbh gsskmfgtfkd ko tbh wkrl ogfry wkrl ogfry wftb wftb ogth. \bh rkkt ko lgfikd fs lg, ihgdfdn –tk lfvflh,’ gs fd tbh lfvfsfkd ko ckts kr ogths.

77?? 77


Nugrlfgd Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust

lhikd. m. 7055, orki Cgtfd lghikd –spfrft,’ orki Nrhhj lgfikd –lhfty, lfvfdh pkwhr: chsshr nkl: nuflfdn nuflf dn spfrft, tuthcgry lhfty’ (skih(skihtfihs fdmculfdn skucs ko tbh lhgl): –kdh‖s nhdfus, ckt, kr okrtudh’: orki UFH *lgf-ikd- –lfvflhr, prkvflhr’ (ko okrtudhs kr lhstfdfhs),

orki rkkt *lg- –tk lfvflh.’ 0

Bhrh wh shh tbgt lgfikd bgs rgtbhr tbh sgih ihgdfdn gs ogfry gdl fs rhcgthl tk ogth gdl okrtudh. \bh nhdfus fs g nuflh tk kur lhstfdy gdl kur


77>> 77

–ckt’ fd cfoh, gdl sk ft fs mckshcy rhcgthl tk tbh ogfry rhgci gdl tbh ogths. \k tbh mbgnrfd ko igdy smfhdtfsts, F gi gorgfl F dhhl tk rhpkrt tbgt tbh igd mrhlfthl wftb tbh mrhgtfkd ko tbh smfhdtfofm ihtbkl lfl sk usfdn bfs ogifcfgr nhdfus spfrft. \bfs vhry frrgtfkdgc pgngd thmbdfquh fs ushl tklgy `y smfhdtfsts gcc kvhr tbh nck`h. G nhdtchigd `y tbh dgih ko Phdæ Lhsmgrths sphdt g ckt ko tfih hdngnhl fd grnuihdt wftbb bf wft bfss nhd nhdfus fus,, wbki bh mg mgcccchl hl gd hv hvfcfc lhikd, kr tbh Hvf Hvfcc Nhd Nhdfus fus Lku`t, tbrkunb wbksh gnhdmy bh wgs g`ch tk lhlumh gdl grtfmucgth tbh ihtbkl tk lhthrifdh tbh trutb ko skihtbfdn. \bh Hvfc Nhdfus Lku`t ko Lhsmgrths wgs tbh vhry sgih glvhrsgry kr lhmhfvhr lhsmrf`hl okr budlrhls ko yhgrs `y sk igdy ktbhr rhcfnfkus gdl spfrftugc fdstftutfkds. \bhrh fs g whcc-jdkwd smhdh fd tbh `f`cfmgc gpkmrypbgc cfthrgturh ko Glgi bgvfdn gd grnuihdt wftb ]gtgd fd tbh Ngrlhd ko Hlhd. Fd k`smurh Ahwfsb thxts, ft wgs sgfl tbgt fd krlhr tk wfd tbh g`fcfty tk dgih tbh gdfigcs gdl bgvh mkdtrkc gdl lkifdfkd kvhr dgturh, Glgi bgl tk ofrst igtmb wfts wftb tbh lhvfc. \bhy bgl gd grnuihdt gdl Glgi wkd, sk bh nkt tk dgih tbh gdfigcs. \bhrh fs gcsk g smhdh fd tbh Dhw \hstgihdt tbgt fdvkcvhs Ahsus grnufdn wftb ]gtgd fd tbh lhshrt fd iumb tbh sgih igddhr. Fd tbfs thmbdfquh okr ngfdfdn fdsfnbt, tbh nhdfus prkvflhs yku wftb gd glvhrsgry tk nk up gngfdst. Lhsmgrths ushl tbfs ihtbkl tk –mkih tk g lhmfsfkd’ ko trutb tbrkunb g prkmhss ko hcfifdgtfkd kr dhngtfkd. \bh pbfckskpbhr Jgrc Ukpphr whdt fdtk nrhgt lhtgfc g`kut tbfs ihtbkl gs whcc. \bh wgy tbgt Lhsmgrths hdngnhl bfs lgfikd fs whcc lkmuihdthl fd bfs akurdgcs, gdl kdh wbk fs sgvvy gs tk ]kmrgths‖s lgfikdfm ihtbkls mgd hgsfcy shh tbgt Lhsmgrths wgs usfdn tbfs vhry sgih kmmuct thmbdfquh fd krlhr tk grrfvh gt bfs trutb. ]k, yku shh, ft wgs fd ogmt g lfvfdgtfkd thmbdfquh tbgt prklumhl tbh smfhdtfofm ihtbkl. Fd gllftfkd, Lhsmgrths mcgfihl tk bgvh g lrhgi tbgt lhcfvhrhl tbh ihtbkl tk bfs ifdl fd fts tktgcfty, rhsuctfdn fd tbh iklhrd-lgy ihtbkl ushl fd hvhry cg`krgtkry. Dkt g vhry smfhdtfofm wgy tk grrfvh gt tbh smfhdtfofm ihtbkl, ùt F nuhss ikst iklhrd smfhdtfsts grh ikrh tbgd wfccfdn tk kvhrckkj tbfs sigcc lfsmrhpgdmy gs tbhy pkkb-pkkb gcc tbh krgmchs, wbk grh fd g wgy, tbh iktbhrs ko tbhfr kmmupgtfkd.

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\BH BKCV NXGPLFGD GDNHC KO GCHF]\HP MPK^CHV

\bh Bkcy Nugrlfgd Gdnhc fs tbh spfrftugc ]ud ko tbh ]kuc ko tbh Glhpt. G�� M��

\bh kmmuct nrkup tbh Nkclhd Lgwd bgl lhtgfchl fdstrumtfkds okr bkw tk mkih fdtk mkdtgmt gdl udfkd wftb ykur nhdfus. Ikst ko tbh wkrjs tbgt lfsmu lfsmuss ss tbh fddhr prgmtfmhs ko tbfs fdftfg fdftfgccy ccy mckshl nrkup nk fdtk tbhsh ihtbkls. Kdh ko tbh hgrcy ihi`hrs ko tbh Nkclhd Lgwd dkt kdcy prgmtfmhl tbhsh thmbdfquhs ùt gcsk pu`cfsbhl tbhi wftbkut tbh nrkup jdkwfdn gdl wgs jfmjhl kut gs g rhsuct1 tbgt ihi`hr wgs Gchfsthr Mrkwchy. Mrkwchy, fd bfs cgthr wkrjs, mgcchl tbh lgfikd tbh Bkcy Nugrlfgd Gdnhc kr BNG okr sbkrt. \bh BNG wgs tbh hxgmt sgih gs tbh lgfikd gdl nhdfus, gdl iumb ko Mrkwchy‖s wkrjs kd tbfs suàhmt wgs `krrkwhl hftbhr orki tbh Nkclhd Lgwd kr orki ktbhr jg``gc jg``gcfstfm fstfm gdl Hnyptfgd bhrihtfm thxts. Fd bfs wkrj, Mrkwchy wgs vhry fdsfsthdt tbgt igjfdn tbh mkddhmtfkd tk tbh BNG wgs tbh ikst fipkrtgdt tbfdn okr g ignfmfgd tk gmmki pcfsb, okr dk ktbhr kphrgtfkd wkucl bkcl gdy whfnbt udtfc tbh fdftfgth bgl mkipchthl tbfs tgsj gdl `hmkih wbkch tbrkunb tbh bfhrks ngiks. \bh skurmh thxt tbgt tbh Nkclhd Lgwd nrkup mkdsucthl wgs sgfl tk `h g Ahwfsb `kkj gttrfùthl gt trfùthl tk g jg``gc jg``gcfst fst dgihl G`rhbigc G`rhbigcfd fd tbh Ignh. Ig nh. Ko mkursh, skih `hcfhvh tbfs wgs aust gdktbhr dgih okr G`rgbgi. Mkucl ft `h tbgt tbfs thmbdfquh wgs sfifcgr tk tbgt nfvhd tk tbh mbfclrhd ko tbh hgst gdl tbgt tbh Nkclhd Lgwd bgl okudl g wgy tk mkdtgmt tbh vhry sgih gdnhc gdnhcss tbgt Fsfs gdl tbh krgmchs bgl mkddhmthl wftb; Orki Mrkwchy‖s lhsmrfptfkds ko tbhi, ft fs bgrl tk lhdy tbh sfifcgrftfhs. \bh BNG ko Mrkwchy fs g lgfikd, aust cfjh tbh lgfikd ko ]kmrgths, Lhsmgrths, gdl tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf. \bh spfrfts ko tbhsh wkrjs grh ogifcfgr, fdlhhl. Gmmkrlfdn tk Mrkwchy, kdmh tbh fdftfgth bgl gmmkipcfsbhl udfkd


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Hi`chi RCFF1 Igd `hfdn chl tbrkunb tbh wkrcl `y bfs nugrlfgd lgfikd. Mkpphr-pcgth hdnrgvfdn `y Igttbìus Ihrfgd, orki Ifmbghc Igfhr, Gtgcgdtg Ounfhds (7?7>)

wftb bfs kr bhr ogif ogifcfgr cfgr spfrft, tbh fdftfgth wkucl `h g`ch tk bgvh g mkddhmtfkd tk bhgvhd, gdl tbhrhokrh, igdy ktbhr thmbdfquhs whrh uddhmhssgry gs gcc kdh dhhlhl tk lk wgs okcckw tbh nuflgdmh ko tbh spfrft. \bfs ifnbt skudl hgsy, ùt fd ogmt, okr buigd `hfdns tk okcckw lfvfdh nuflgdmh mgd prkvh hxmhhlfdncy lfoofmuct. Aust gs Glgi gdl Hvh whrh udg`ch tk okcckw tbh glvfmh ko Nkl fd tbh Ngrlhd ko Hlhd gdl `rkjh tbh ruchs, igdy buigds bgvh g bgrl tfih okcckwfdn tbh glvfmh ko tbhfr nugrlfgd spfrft. ]kihtfihs tbh nugrlfgd wgdts us tk lk rhgccy smgry tbfdns, kr tbfdns wh lkd‖t wgdt tk lk, cfjh quft lrfdjfdn kr `hmkih rhspkdsf`ch. \bhsh mgd `h lfoofmuct fdstrumtfkds tk gmt upkd, gdl skih phkpch g`gdlkd tbh glvfmh fd ogvkr ko mkdtfdufdn tbhfr cfoh gs tbhy shh oft. Fignfdh, tbh mgsh ko G`rgbgi, wbhrh tbfs fs tgjhd tk tbh hxtrhih: bfs nuflfdn spfrft tkcl bfi tk lk phrbgps tbh wkrst tbfdn fignfdg`ch, jfcc bfs kwd

705


skd. \bh strgdnh rhcgtfkdsbfps `htwhhd ogifcfgr spfrfts gdl tbhfr spkushs grh dkt gcwgys pchgsgdt, gdl dkt hvhrykdh nhts g jfdl nugrlfgd. ]kih ogifcfgrs grh bkrrfofm gdl mruhc gs whcc gs `hdhvkchdt. Fd krlhr tk summhssouccy okcckw tbh thmbdfquhs sunnhsthl fd tbh wkrjs ko tbh Nkclhd Lgwd gdl okri g rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb ykur nugrlfgd spfrft, yku iust `h g`ch tk surrhdlhr, tk gc gcckw ckw skihtbfd skihtbfdnn hcsh tk nu nuflh flh yku. \bfs tgjhs qufth g `ft ko buifcfty, gdl dkt hvhrykdh mgd lk ft. @rftfsb kmmuctfst Gchfsthr Mrkwchy glvfshs, Ft sbkucl dhvhr `h okrnktthd okr g sfdnch ikihdt tbgt tbh mhdtrgc gdl hsshdtfgc wkrj ko tbh Ignfmfgd fs tbh gttgfdihdt ko tbh Jdkwchlnh gdl Mkdvhrsgtfkd ko tbh Bkcy Nugrlfgd Gdnhc. Kdmh bh bgs gmbfhvhl tbfs bh iust ko mkursh `h chot hdtfrhcy fd tbh bgdls ko tbgt Gdnhc, wbk mgd `h fdvgrfg`cy gdl fdhvftg`cy rhcfhl upkd tk chgl bfi tk tbh ourtbhr nrhgt sthp“mrkssfdn ko tbh G`yss gdl tbh gttgfdihdt ko tbh nrglh ko Igsthr ko tbh \hipch. =

Nugrlfgd spfrft chglfdn iudlgdh gdfigc Gdkdyikus htmbfdn, orki Lgdfhc ]tkcmfus vkd ]tkcmhd`hrn, _frflgrfui Mbyifmui (Orgdjourt, 7?0<)


707

\BH NHDFX] GDL OGIFCV GDMH]\KP]

]kihtfihs tbh Jkrh- gdl iktbhr-ofnurhs scftbhr lkwd gctk gc tknh nhtb tbhr hr tk tbh gd gdfi figc gc jf jfdn dnlk lki i , tbh ogv ogvku kurf rfth th rhprhshdtgtfvhs tbhd `hfdn tbh mgt kr tbh sdgjh kr tbh `hgr, mgt kr sdgjh kr kr hcsh skih `cgmj ikdsthr ko tbh udlhrwkrcl cfjh tbh mrkmklfch, kr ktbhr sgcgigdlhr-cfjh, sgurfgd mrhgturhs. M�� A��, U�� 71 G� G�� M�� X��

nhdfus ihgds g ohw lfoohrhdt tbfdns. Ft fs ikstcy lhsmrf`hl \bh wkrl nhdfus nhdh, cfjh gs gd fd`krd fdthcchmtugc nfot. Ft fs gcsk rhcgthl tk tbh wkrl nhdh, ogifcy, gdmhstry kr hvhd g `ckklcfdh, kr nhdhtfm g`fcfty. ]kih bgvh fdthr prhthl tbh nhdfus gs g jfdl ko ogif ogifcy cy nhdh fd f d tbh LDG. nhdh- Ft fs tbh bypktbhtfmgc skurmh ko/hvflhdmh okr fts hxfsthdmh fs prkvflhl `y1 ]gdsj ]gdsjrft rft agdgtf –`hnhts, `hgrs,’ agdgb –koosprfdn, mbfcl,

agdigdd- –`frtb, krfnfd,’ agtgb –`krd:’ Gvhstgd zfz zfzgdh gdhdtf dtf phrsk d,’ agdig phrskd,’ –tbhy `hgr:’ Nrhhj nfn nfndhs dhstbgf tbgf –tk `hmkih, bgpphd,’ nhd nhdks ks –rgmh, jfdl,’ nkdks –`frtb, koosprfdn, stkmj:’ Cgtfd nfn nfndhrh dhrh –tk `hnht,’ ndg ndgsmf smf –tk `h `krd,’ nhdsu (nhdftfvh nhdh nhdhrfs rfs) –rgmh, stkmj, jfdl: ogifcy, `frtb, lhsmhdt, krfnfd,’ nhdfus –prkmrhgtfvh lfvfdfty, fd`krd tuthcgry nhrihd hd spfrft, fddgth qugcfty, qugcfty,’’ fdnhdfui –fd`krd mbgrgmthr,’ pkssf`cy nhri –sbkkt, ùl, hi`ryk, nhri:’ Cftbugdfgd nhdtf nhdtfss –jfdsihd:’ Nktbfm judf –rgmh:’ Grihdfgd mbgdfi –F `hgr, F gi `krd.’<

Bhrh wh shh tbh rkch ko tbh nhdff, nhdfus, kr lgfikd gs g sphmfofm spfrft tbgt fs skihbkw phrbgps fd kur nhdhs, `ckkl, kr LDG. \bh ogifcy spfrft mkucl `h prkvflfdn g jfdl ko nrgdlogtbhrcy glvfmh tbrkunb nhdhtfm ihikry tk tbh hgrs ko tbksh wbk grh kphd hdkunb tk cfsthd tk ft. Fd gdmfhdt Pkigd mucturh, tbh nhdfus wgs g bkush spfrft gdl g ogifcy spfrft kr gdmhstkr. Fd Pkih tbhy whrh mkdsflhrhl ogifcy tkthi spfrfts gdl vfhwhl gs tbh ckr ckrls ls ko tbh bkushs. \bh Pkigds tkk vfhwhl tbhsh spfrfts

700


gs nhdhrgtfvh, gdl gs sumb tbhy whrh gcsk ohrtfcfty nkls. Igdy vfhw Audk, tbh nkllhss ko igrrfgnh, gikdn ktbhr rkchs, gs tbh iktbhr ko tbh –nhdfus’ spfrfts. ]bh fs gsskmfgthl wftb _hstg, bhr sfsthr, tbh nkllhss ko tbh bhgrtb, bkih, gdl ogifcy. _hstg `hmgih tbh igfd nkllhss wkrsbfpphl `y tbh vhstgc vfrn vfrnfds. fds. ]k tbhrh wgs gd krfnfdg krfnfdgcc nhdhrgtfv nhdhrgtfvh, h, kr gdmhstrgc mkup mkupch, ch, Aupfthr Aup fthr gdl Audk, cfjh Glgi gdl Hv Hvh, h, wbk whrh tbh ikst bfnb bfnbcy cy vhd vhdhr hr-gthl ko tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts gdl shhd gs tbh grmbhtypgc iktbhr gdl ogtbhr spfrfts. \bhy whrh gcsk mkdsflhrhl igrrfgnh spfrfts gdl whrh fd mbgrnh ko igtrfikdy. Mkupchs wbk wfsbhl tk nht igrrfhl skunbt tbhi kut tk `chss tbhi gdl `chss tbhfr bkush. Fd Pkih gdl Nrhhmh, tbh lgfikd wgs kothd lhpfmthl gs g shrphdt kr sdgjh, wbfmb hmbkhs tbh gdmfhdt trglftfkds ko tbh Krgmch ko Lhcpbf gdl tbh Uytbkd.

]hrphdt iktbhr Krfnfdgc grt `y Igag L‖Gkust


70=

\bh nuflfdn nhdfus wgs shhd `y skih gs nfvhd tk gcc buigds gdl dkt rhstrfmthl kdcy tk tbksh wbk mgcchl upkd tbhi kr okrihl g rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb tbhi. \bh Htrusmgds `hcfhvhl tbgt hvhry buigd `hfdn bgl g prkthmtfdn nhdfus wbk wgs bfs mkdstgdt mkipgdfkd, nugrl, gdl nuflh, `ktb fd tbh prhshdt wkrcl gdl fd tbh rhgci ko fiikrtgcfty. \bh Chiurhs whrh tbh spfrft spfrftss ko tbh lhgl lhgl.. \bh Cgrh Cgrhss whrh tbh spfrfts ko vfr vfrtukus tukus gdmhstkrs wbk prhsflhl kvhr tbh bhgrtbs gdl bkihs ko tbhfr mbfclrhd. \bh Cgr Ogifcfgrfs wgs tbh ckrl ko tbh wbkch ogifcy. \bh Cgrvgh whrh tbh spfrfts ko wfmjhl gdmhstkrs, gdl grh `gdfsbhl orki tbh lkihstfm bhgrtb. \bh Igdhs whrh tbh skucs ko tbh lhpgrthl. . . . tbh skucs ko ihd `hfdn suppkshl tk bgvh higdgthl orki tbgt pcgdht. \bh nhdff ko tbh Pkigds whrh tbh koosprfdn ko tbh nrhgt nkls gdl tbh nfvhrs ko cfoh ftshco, gdl bhdmh tbhy whrh mgcchl Lff Nhdftgchs. \bhsh nhdff rhmhfvhl wkrsbfp gikdn tbh Pkigds gs gikdn tbh Htrusmgds. \bh igakrfty ko tbh Htrusmgd Nhdff whrh ohigchs, gdl grh skihtfihs mgcchl nhdfŝ . Ft fs skihtfihs lfoofmuct tk lfstfdnufsb tbhi orki Ogths kr Ourfhs.8

\bh prknhdftkrs, kr pgrhdts, whrh tbh jhhphrs ko tbh nhdhs fd g vhry cfthrg cfthrgcc shdsh, pgssf pgssfdn dn gckdn LDG gdl nhdhtfm fdokr fdokrigtfkd. igtfkd. \bh rhcgtfkd ko nhdfhs gdl nhdhs fs qufth ogsmfdgtfdn. Kur okrhogtbhrs grh cfthrgccy stkrhl wftbfd kur nhdhs gdl hxprhsshl fd `ktb `hbgvfkrs gdl pbysfmgc pbysf mgc trgfts. \bh nrgdl nrgdlogtbhrs ogtbhrs fd kur `ckkl grh mgc mgcchl chl gtgvfsis. \bh gtgvfsi mkihs tk us orki tbh Cgtfd gtgvus gtgvus,, wbfmb ihgds, cfthr wkrl gtgvfsi wkrl gccy, g nrhgt-nrgdlogtbhr‖s nrgdlogtbhr. Gd gtgvfsi fs ushl tk lhsmrf`h gd hvkcutfkdgry tbrkw`gmj, dgihcy, g nhdhtfm trgft tbgt spkdtgdhkuscy rhgpphgrs tbgt bgl lfsgpphgrhl nhdhrgtfkds gnk. \bfs ihgds tbgt tbfdns chot `hbfdl `y kur nrhgt-nrhgt-nrgdlpgrhdts mgd sullhdcy rhgp phgr kutwgrl kutwgrlcy cy tbrkun tbrkunbb us, fo tbh rfn rfnbt bt trfn trfnnhr nhr fs prkvflhl. \bh ikst rhmhdt hvflhdmh ko tbhsh pbhdkihdg wgs g lkcpbfd mgpturhl koo tbh mkgst ko ^gjgygig Agpgd tbgt bgl gd hxtrg pgfr ko ocfpphrs. Gtgvfsis

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grh pkssf`ch `hmgush gcc prhvfkuscy hxfstfdn pbhdktypfmgc lgtg fs stkrhl wftbfd tbh LDG, hvhd tbkunb t bkunb ikst ko tbhsh nhdhs grh g rh dkt hxprhsshl fd tbh murrhdt pbysfmgc igdfohstgtfkd ko tbh krngdfsi. Fo gtgvfsis hxfst, fo wh mgd mg d spkdtgdhkuscy rhvhrt `gmj tk kclhr okris, tbgd tbhsh okris hxfst hx fst wftbfd us gcc g cc tbh tfih, cgthdt tbkunb tbhy igy `h. Ikrh fipkrtgdt fipkrtg dt tbgd tbhsh okris sfipcy hxfstfdn wftbfd us fs tbgt tbhy mkdtgfd g bfstkry ko kur hxfsthdmh fd tbh okri ko lgtg lgtfdn `gmj gt chgst tk tbh mrhgtfkd ko tbh LDG ikchmuch kd pcgdht Hgrtb. Gs tbh smbkcgrcy iystfm G. H. ^gfth wrkth, –Gs mkdmhrds tbh igtthr, ft fs kdh gdl mkdtgfds wftbfd ftshco gcc tbgt fs dhhlhl.’? \bh ogmt tbgt tbhsh gtgvfsis mgd gpphgr gdl lfsgpphgr gt wfcc chgls us tk gd fipkrtgdt lfsmkvhry mkdmhrdfdn tbh dgturh ko LDG gdl bkw ft kphrgths. Ft shhis tbgt nhdhs mgd `h gmtfvgthl gdl fdgmtfvgthl fd g cfvfdn krngdfsi lurfdn fts kwd cfohtfih. Fd g sfdnch nhdhrgtfkd, wh igy rhprknrgi kur LDG `y gmtfvgtfdn skih nhdhs gdl lhgmtfvgtfdn ktbhrs. \bhrh bgs `hhd gd hdtfrh ofhcl lhlfmgthl tk stulyfdn tbfs pbhdkihdkd fd rhmhdt tfihs tbgt bgs `hhd thrihl hvkcutfkdgry lhvhckpihdtgc `fkckny, kr hvk-lhvk. Igdy ko us thdl tk vfhw kur LDG gs g stgtfm mkipkdhdt ko kur `kly. Ft ikst lhofdfthcy fs dkt. ^bfch wh grh `krd wftb tbh sgih sht ko nhdhs wh wfcc pgss kd tk kur koosprfdn gdl lfh wftb, ft fs tbh iklucgtfkd ko nhdh hxprhssfkd tbgt rhnucgths kur nrkwtb gdl rhspkdsh tk kutsflh stfiucf, fdmculfdn hiktfkds gdl `hbgvfkr. Kur nhdhs grh lhsfndhl tk `h swftmbhl kd gdl koo wftbkut mbgdnfdn tbhfr mkipksftfkd. Ft fs tbfs g`fcfty tbgt gcckws hvkcutfkd tk tgjh pcgmh. \bfs lkrigdt pkthdtfgcfty bgs iumb cgrnhr fipcfmgtfkds, tbkunb, tbgd sfipcy bhgcfdn g lfshgsh. Ft fs tbfs cgthdt pkthdtfgcfty tbgt mgd lhthrifdh tbh okri ko gd hdtfrh krngdfsi, cfjh wbhtbhr yku turd kut tk `h g pfn kr g phrskd. \bhrh fs g mgsb pfch ko cgthdt nhdhs tbgt bgvh `hhd grkudl okr qufth skih tfih gdl grh sbgrhl `y dhgrcy hvhry krngdfsi kd tbh pcgdht1 Gcc gdfigcs bgvh Bkx nhdhs, gdl dhgrcy gcc gdfigcs ush tbhfr Bkx nhdhs tk lhthrifdh wbfmb gpphdlgnh sbkucl nk wbhrh gckdn tbh


708

gxfs tbgt ruds orki bhgl tk tgfc . . . Bkx nhdhs iust `h gt chgst bgco g `fccfkd yhgrs kcl . . . Mgrrkcc mgccs tbhsh tbh –tkkc jft’ nhdhs . . . Dhgrcy gcc tkkc-jft nhdhs grh prhshdt fd gcc gdfigcs, gdl tbhy lk iumb tbh sgih tbfdn fd gcc gdfigcs. \bh sgih nhdh, okr hxgipch, tbgt trfnnhrs hyh lhvhckpihdt fd oruft ocfhs gcsk trfnnhrs hyh lhvhckpihdt fd ifmh. Fdlhhl, nhdhtfmgccy hdnfdhhrhl ocfhs wfcc bgppfcy ùfcl hyhs fo suppcfhl kdcy wftb tbh ikush nhdh. (\bhy ùfcl ocy hyhs, dkt ikush hyhs.) . . . \bfs surprfsfdn nhdhtfm mkdshrvgtfsi gmrkss dhgrcy gcc gdfigcs fs hvk lhvk‖s jhy hipfrfmgc ofdlfdn1 swgds, swgcckwtgfcs, gdl skmfgcfths grh gcc ùfct orki tbh sgih nhdhs.>

\bh hxfsthdmh ko tbhsh mrkss sphmfgc nhdhtfm sfifcgrftfhs fs dkt g dhw flhg rhstrfmthl tk hvk-lhvk: smfhdtfsts bgvh jdkwd ko tbfs pbhdkihdkd okr shvhrgc budlrhl yhgrs. Ft `hngd wbhd skih smfhdtfsts dktfmhl tbgt gcc hi`ryks shhi tk stgrt kut tbh sgih. G Nhrigd ohcckw dgihl Hrdst Bghmjhc, g mkdthipkrgry ko Lgrwfd, lhvhckphl bfs tbhkry ko rhmgpftucgtfkd `gshl kd bfs k`shrvgtfkds ko tbfs fd 72??. Gcsk mgcchl tbh `fknhdhtfm cgw, hi`rykcknfmgc pgrgcchcfsi, kr kdtknhdy rhmgpftucgths pbycknhdy, tbfs tbhkry koohrs gd hxpcgdgtfkd okr wby gppgrhdt sfifcgrftfhs `htwhhd buigds gdl ktbhr gdfigcs grh okudl kd tbhsh oudlgihdtgc chvhcs. Igdy smfhdtfsts kvhr tbh yhgrs bgvh lfsrhngrlhl tbh tbhkry gs gdtfqugthl gdl prhpksthrkus: bkwhvhr, hvflhdmh lfsmkvhrhl fd tbh hvk-lhvk ofhcl gdl gtgvfstfm lfsmkvhrfhs bgvh iglh tbfs mkdmhpt ikrh gttrgmtfvh fd rhmhdt tfihs. Ft bgs dkt `hhd ckst kd skih smfhdtfsts tbgt tbh prkmhss ko kur hvkcvfdn orki zynkth tk buigd ifrrkrs hvkcutfkd. Ourtbhr, tbfs prkmhss sunnhsts tbgt kur `klfhs mkdihikry ko tgfd tbh ihikry ko hvkcutfkd. \bgt ihgds tbgt wbgt wh tbfdj ko gs kur gdmhstkrs mkucl pkssf`cy hxthdl tk gcc cfoh kd Hgrtb tbgt bgs LDG. \bgt wkucl mhrtgfdcy fdmculh gcc tbh gdfigcs tk sgy tbh chgst. ]k igdy ko tbh tgchs ko tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts gdl gdfigc tkthis mkucl sfipcy `h buigds rhihi`hrfdn gdl ngfdfdn gmmhss tk tbhfr nhdhs gdl tbhfr LDG.

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GDDG JFDN]OKPL GDL \BH GCMBHIFMGC ^HLLFDN

Okr tbh Lfvf Lfvfdh dh ]pfr ]pfrft ft ko g igd fs dkt kdh wftb bfs skuc udtfc rhnhdhrgtfkd, wbfmb fs tbh fdtfigth udfkd mkdstftutfdn wbgt, iystfmgccy, fs mgcchl tbh –igrrfgnh ko tbh bfhrkpbgdt.’ ^bhd tbfs udfkd tgjhs pcgmh, tbhrh fs dk ckdnhr dhhl ko gd fdftfgtkr: okr tbhd tbh koofmh ko tbh nhdfus fs hdlhl. Okr, gs tbh ikkd, Fsfs, kr –Iktbhr,’ ko tbh pcgdht igd, tbh nhdfus rhochmts tk tbh skuc tbh Lfvfdh ]pfrft, wftb wbfmb sbh fs dkt Vht ouccy udfthl. Fd gcc tbfdns fs krlhr. ^bhrhokrh, gs wftb tbh pcgdhts, sk wftb tbh ifmrkmksi . . . \bh prkpbht fs g igd fccuifdhl `y bfs gdnhc. \bh Mbrfst fs g igd igrrfhl tk tbh ]pfrft. Gdl bh rhturds kut ko purh ck�h tk rhlhhi, dhhlfdn dk ikrh tk rhturd tk tbh ochsb okr bfs kwd sgjh. ^bhrhokrh bh fs sgfl tk mkih lkwd. G�� J��, M�� ]��

Kdh ko iy ogvkrfth ogifcfgr wkrjhrs fs g skihwbgt k`smurh ofnurh fd tbh wkrcls ko gcmbhiy gdl kmmuctf kmmuctfsi1 si1 Gddg Jf Jfdnsokrl. dnsokrl. F sydmbrkdfstfmg sydmbrkdfstfmgccy ccy mgih gmrkss bhr wkrj shvhrgc tfihs lurfdn iy rhshgrmbhs fdtk gcmbhiy, ùt ft wgsd‖t udtfc F wgs wkrjfdn wftb Jhcvfd Lh^kcoh tbgt iy ogifcfgr spfrft `rkunbt ih fdtk oucc gmmkrl wftb bhr prgmtfmhs ko wkrj wftb tbh nhdfus, kr lgfikd. Ft wgs lfrhmtcy gothr F bgl lkdh kdh ko tbh yhgrcy spfrft wkrjfdns gt tbh skcstfmh, wbfmb fdvkcvh ogstfdn gdl dkt schhpfdn okr ofvh lgys, tbgt F bgl g mrystgc-mchgr vfsfkd ko tbh dgturh ko tbh nuflfdn spfrft. Gothr tbfs vfsfkd, Lh^kcoh lhsmrf`hl bfs hxphrfhdmh, wbfmb wgs gc gcsk sk tbh sgih gs wbgt Jf Jfdnsokrl dnsokrl lfsm lfsmusshl usshl.. @hmgus @hmgushh `ktb hxphrfhdmhs bgl tbh sgih hchihdts, ft shhihl tk ih tk `h truh, kr fipkssf`cy mkfdmflhdtgc. F sgw gd fignh ko tbh ikkd, rhochmtfdn tbh cfnbt ko tbh sud gdl mfrmcfdn Hgrtb“kdcy F wgs Hgrtb, iy nhdfus wgs tbh ikkd, gdl tbh sud wgs tbh cfnbt ko Nkl. Dhgrcy fdstgdtcy gothr rhmhfvfdn tbfs ihssgnh,


70>

Lh^kcoh tkcl ih tbgt bh bgl bgl g sfifcgr hxphrfhdmh, pbysfmgccy shhfdn gd kr` ko cfnbt mfrmcfdn bfi. \bhd okcckwfdn tbgt hxphrfhdmh F rgdlkicy mgih gmrkss tbfs wkrj `y Jfdnsokrl1 \bh nhdfus ko g igd fs bfs sgthccfth. Igd fs g pcgdht. Nkl“tbh Nkl ko tbh igd“fs bfs sud, gdl tbh ikkd ko tbfs pcgdht fs Fsfs, fts fdftfgtkr, kr nhdfus. \bh nhdfus fs iglh tk ifdfsthr tk tbh igd, gdl tk nfvh bfi cfnbt. @ut tbh cfnbt bh nfvhs fs orki Nkl, gdl dkt ko bfishco. Bh fs dkt g pcgdht ùt g ikkd, gdl bfs oudmtfkd fs tk cfnbt up tbh lgrj pcgmhs ko bfs pcgdht. \bh lgy gdl dfnbt ko tbh ifmrkmksi, igd, grh fts pksftfvh gdl pgssfvh, kr prkahmtfvh gdl rhochmtfvh stgths. Fd tbh prkahmtfvh stgth, wh shhj gmtfvhcy kutwgrls: wh gspfrh gdl wfcc okrmf`cy: wh bkcl gmtfvh mkiiudfkd wftb tbh Nkl wftbkut. Fd tbh rhochmtfvh stgth wh ckkj fdwgrls, wh mkii mkiiudh udh wftb wftb kur kwd kwd bhgrt: bhgrt: wh fd lrgw lrgw gdl mkd mkdmhd mhdtrg trgth th kurshc kurshcvhs vhs shmrhtcy gdl fdthrfkrcy. Lurfdn tbfs mkdlftfkd, tbh –Ikkd’ hdcfnbthds kur bfllhd mbgi`hr wftb bhr tkrmb, gdl sbkws us kurshcvhs fd kur fdthrfkr rhmhss. ^bk kr wbgt, tbhd, fs tbfs ikkd; Ft fs pgrt ko kurshcvhs, gdl rhvkcvhs wftb us. Ft fs kur mhchstfgc goofdfty,“ko wbksh krlhr fs ft sgfl, –\bhfr gdnhcs lk gcwgys `hbkcl tbh ogmh ko Iy Ogtbhr.’ 2

\bfs wgs tbh ikihdt wbhd F mgih fdtk g lhhp rhgcfzgtfkd ko tbh truh ihgdfdn ko tbh gcmbhifmgc stgthihdt ko tbh udfofmgtfkd ko tbh sud gdl ikkd gdl tbh rkch tbgt Hgrtb pcgys fd tbfs smhdgrfk. Ikst okcjs wbk stuly gcm gcmbhiy bhiy mkih gmrkss, gt skih pkfdt fd tbhfr rhshg rhshgrmb, rmb, tbh mkdmhpt ko tbh gcmbhifmgc whllfdn. Gcsk jdkwd gs tbh gcmbhifmgc igrmkdaudmtfk, gt tbfs stgnh ko tbh gcmbhifmgc prkmhss, rfgnh kr iysthrfui mkdaudmtfk, tbh skuc gdl spfrft udfoy gs kdh tbfdn. G sfifcgr mkdmhpt fs hxprhsshl gdl prgmtfmhl fd bgtbg ykng1 ykng ihgds –tk ykjh kr udfth’ wbfch bg tbg ihgds –ikkd’“tbh akfdfdn ko sud gdl ikkd. ihgds –sud’ gdl tbg \bfs akfdfdn skudls vhry iysthrfkus gdl syi`kcfm tk tbksh wbk bgvh dhvhr bgl gd hdmkudthr wftb tbhfr sgthccfth kr gd gwgrhdhss ko ft gt gcc. Fd iy kpfdfkd, hvhrykdh bgs g sgthccfth, ùt kdcy skih grh udfthl wftb ft,

702


kr cfdjhl tk ft. \bfs wgs sfifcgr tk Lh^kcoh‖s hxpcgdgtfkd ko ft gs whcc. ^bhd yku akfd wftb tbh sgthcc sgthccfth, fth, gs Jf Jfdnsokrl dnsokrl lhsmrf`hs sk whcc g`kvh, yku gpphgr tk bgvh g bgck bg ck ko cfnbt cfn bt surrkudlfdn yku gs yku sbfdh wftb tbh cfnbt ko tbh sud tbgt yku bgvh hstg`cfsbhl g rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb. Okr `htthr kr wkrsh, tfcc lhgtb lk yku pgrt, ykur kwd phrskdgc sgthccfth fs tbhrh wftb yku: ft‖ ft‖ss up tk yku bkw iumb yku mkih fdtk mkiiudfkd wftb ft. Iumb fd tbh sgih wgy g igrrfhl mkupch igy ofnbt kr mkih fdtk pkcgrfty wftb hgmb ktbhr, sk tkk yku mgd mkih fdtk pkcgrfty wftb ykur spfrft. Gcmbhiy hsshdtfgccy prkvflhs thmbdfquhs okr mkifdn fdtk tbfs rhcgtfkdsbfp. Jfdnsokrl lhsmrf`hl tbh sgthccfth gs g nhdfus kr lgifkd1 Hvhry buigd spfrft-skuc bgs gttgmbhl tk bfi g nhdfus kr lgfikd, gs wftb ]kmrgths: g ifd ifdfsthrf fsthrfdn dn spfrft, gs wftb tbh gpkstchs: kr gd gdnhc, gs wftb Ahsus. Gcc tbhsh grh ùt lfoohrhdt dgihs okr tbh sgih tbfdn. Iy nhdfus sgys tbgt bh lkhs dkt mgrh okr tbh thri gdnhc `hmgush ft fs ifsfdthrprhthl. Bh prhohrs tbh Mbrfstfgd dkihdmcgturh, gdl tk `h mgcchl ifdfsthr, gs tbhfr koofmh fs tk nuflh, glikdfsb, gdl fccuifdh. Bh thccs ih tk sgy tbgt tbh `hst whgpkd gngfdst tbh gstrgcs fs prgyhr. Urgyhr ihgds tbh fdthdsh lfrhmtfkd ko tbh wfcc gdl lhsfrh tkwgrls tbh Bfnbhst: gd udmbgdnfdn udmbgdnf dn fdthdt fdthdt tk jdkw dktbfdn ùt tbh Bfnbhst. ]k ckdn gs Ikshs bhcl up bfs bgdls tkwgrls bhgvhd, tbh Fsrghcfths prh vgfchl. vgfch l. ^bhd bh lrkpphl tbhi, tbhd tbh Gig Gigchjfths chjfths.. \bh nhdff grh dkt ofnbtfdn spfrfts, gdl mgddkt prhvhdt hvfcs. \bhy whrh gcckwhl tk ifdfsthr tk Ahsus kdcy gothr bfs hxbgustfkd fd mki`gt wftb tbh ckwhr spfrfts. Kdcy tbhy grh gttgmjhl `y tbhsh, wbk grh wkrtb gttgmjfdn. 6

Igdy gsphmts ko Jfdnsokrl‖s cfoh whrh sfifcgr tk tbh bg`fts ko tbh `hccy-tgcjhrs gdl tbh krgmchs ko kcl. ]bh dgturgccy nrgvftgthl tk skih ko tbhfr prhohrhdmhs1 fskcgtfkd, prhohrrfdn tbh mkipgdy ko gdfigcs, gdl mhcf`gmy. Fd g vfsfkd fd Agdugry ko 7227, Jfdnsokrl‖s phrskdgc nhdfus fdtrklumhl bhr tk tbh sbglh ko ^fccfgi Cfccy (g 7>tb mhdtury gstrkcknhr


706

gdl orfhdl ko Hcfgs Gsbikch), wbk fdthrprhthl bhr dgtfvfty. Bh tkcl bhr tbgt tbh stgrs bgl igrjhl bhr kut okr g sfdnch mgrhhr fd wbfmb sbh mkucl hdaky whgctb gdl summhss. –\bh mkursh fs, bkwhvhr, gd hvfc kdh. Ft fs tbh mgrhhr ko tbh Bgrckt.’ Bh tkcl bhr tbgt sbh bgl `hnud tk `rfdn rufd kd bhrshco bhrshco `y igrryfdn, igrr yfdn, gdl tbgt `y `hmkifdn g iktbhr, iktbhr, sbh bgl mckshl bhrshco koo tk tbh `hdhofts ko bhr stgrs. Bh okrhmgst ifsokrtudh okr bhr gs ckdn gs sbh sbkucl –phrsfst fd g vfrtukus mkursh ko cfoh: gdl, fdlhhl, ft fs dkw tkk cgth tk glkpt gdktbhr.’ . . . Flhgcfstfm gdl aulnihdtgc tkwgrls ihd gdl wkihd, bhr goohmtfkds whrh cgrnhcy lfrhmthl tkwgrls gdfigcs. ]bh mkdstgdtcy jhpt g nufdhg pfn gs g pht, usugccy mgrryfdn ft wftb bhr hvhd fd pu`cfm . . . ùt tbh rhigfdlhr ko bhr igrrfgnh gpphgrs tk bgvh `hhd dkd-shxugc fd fts `gsfs, gdl sbh wgs purp purpkrthl krthlcy cy shx shxugc ugccy cy g`stf g`stfdhdt dhdt okr tbh rhst ko bhr cfcfoh. oh. Fd 72>5 sbh mkdvhrthl tk Pkigd Mgtbkcfmfsi, rhmhfvfdn tbh dgih Igry gt bhr mkdofrigtfkd.75

Jfdnsokrl ifrrkrhl ogfrcy mckshcy tbh cfoh ko tbh krgmchs wftb tbh hxmhptfkd ko bgvfdn g mbfcl gdl igrryfdn, yht sbh stfcc tkkj up bhr prk pbhtfm koofmh koo fmh gdl g dl bgs mbgddhchl shvhrgc wkrjs kd tbh nksphcs, tbh @f`ch, gdl Ahsus Mbrfst, wbfmb sbh fs sgfl tk bgvh rhmhfvhl tbrkunb tbh gnhdmy ko bhr nhdfus. Bhr wrftfdns gdl chmturhs whrh bhr hxprhssfkd ko bhr nhdfus gdl sbh wgs g`ch tk hgrd bhr cfvfdn `y trgdsifttfdn fts ihssgnhs. Fd tbh qukth g`kvh yku igy bgvh dktfmhl g murfkus pbrgsh1 –mgrhhr ko tbh Bgrckt.’ Igdy gssuih tbgt tbfs ihgds prkstftutfkd, ùt tbfs pbrgsh fs dktbfdn chss tbgd g rhohrhd rhohrhdmh mh tk tbh bkcy prgmtfmh ko tbh vhstgc bgrckt, ft vfrnfds. vfrn fds. ^bhd wh ckkj fdtk tbh htyikckny ht yikckny ko tbh wkrl bgrckt, ft fs gmtugccy mckshr fd ihgdfdn tk g nypsy kr g trgvhchr. \bh bgrckt wgs kd tbh ikvh, g vgng`kdl. \bh dhngtfvh mkddktgtfkds gsskmfgthl wftb tbfs wkrl bgvh ikstcy tk lk wftb rgmfst gdl fdgpprkprfgth vfhws ko tbh nypsfhs kr Pkigdf phkpch `hmgush tbhy t bhy whrh wrkdncy mkdsflhrhl mkdsflhrhl bkihchss vgnrgdts vgnrg dts gdl tbfhvhs. \bh bgrckt wgs tbkunbt tk `h g lfrty tbfdn wftb dk ak`, kr sthgly wgy tk hgrd fdmkih, wbhd fd ogmt tbhsh wkihd whrh usugccy okrtudh-thcchrs, grtfsts, phrokrihrs, gdl iusfmfgds. @ut hvhd fo tbhy lfl

7=5


hgrd tbhfr fdmkih tbrkunb prkstftutfkd, tbfs fs dkt g rhgskd tk lfspgrgnh tbh bgrckt. Kd g lhhphr chvhc, g bgrckt wgs g prfhsthss ko Bgtbkr, gs dkthl fd mbgpthr <. Bgtbkr, tbh Hnyptfgd mkw nkllhss, fs tbh hqufvgchdt ko Gpbrklfth, tbh Nrhhj nkllhss ko ckvh, sk tbfs igy bgvh ourtbhr mkdtrfùthl tk tbh shxugc stfnigtfzgtfkd ko tbhsh wkihd. Urfhsthsshs ko Bgtbkr whrh iumb cfcfjh jh tbh vhstg vhstgcc vfrn vfrnfds fds gdl `hc `hccy-tgc cy-tgcjhrs. jhrs. Urkvflfd Urkvflfdnn phkpch wftb prkp prkpbhmfhs bhmfhs gdl g dl ogths, o gths, tbhy k`shrvhl mhrtgf mhrtgfd d prgmtfmhs gdl mustkis. Ft fs bhrh tbgt tbh mgrhhr ko tbh bgrckt fs tbgt ko g lfvfdhr. Ft fs iy kpfdfkd tbgt tbfs gsskmfgtfkd ko bgrckt wftb tbh krgmchs mkdstftuths tbh truh ihgdfdn ko tbh ^bkrh ko @g`yckd fd tbh @kkj ko Phvhcgtfkds. \bh ^bkrh ko @g`yckd fs dkdh ktbhr tbgd tbh okrnktthd bfnb prfhsthss wbk shrvhl gs Uytbfg gdl shrvhl tbh nkllhss My`hch. Fd tbh @kkj ko Phvhcgtfkds, tbh –^bkrh’ ko @g`yckd mkihs rflfdn fd kd g cfkd, rhifdfsmhdt ko My`hch gdl bhr nugrlfgd cfkds. zgdgb, gb, ft Uhkpch bgvh bkrrf`cy ifstrgdscgthl tbh Bh`rhw wkrl zgd shhis. Fd tbh @kkj ko Phvhcgtfkds, ft fs tbh Bgrckt ko @g`yckd“tbh bgrckt wbk fs mkddhmthl tk Bgtbkr gdl tbh Mrhgtkr Nkllhss ko Hgrtb. \bgt tbh Cgly ko @g`yckd sbkucl `h sk ifsmkdstruhl hipbgsfzhs tbh rkch @g`yckd pcgys fd gcc kur cgdnugnh mkdousfkd mkdmhrdfdn tbh gdmfhdt iytbs. \bh cfthrgc ihgdfdn ko tbh wkrl z gdgb z gdgb fs tk mkvhr kr pcgmh g vhfc kvhr kdh‖s ogmh, gdl sk ft sunnhsts skihtbfdn sbgihouc kr tk `h gsbgihl, gjfd tk bflfdn fd sbgih, cfjh mkvhrfdn tbh ogmh wftb tbh bgdls. @ut fo wh ckkj aust g `ft lhhphr fdtk tbh sfndfofmgdmh ko skihkdh wbk mkvhrs up fd sbgih, wh grh tgjhd `gmj tk Nhdhsfs. Bhrh Glgi gdl Hvh, gothr hgtfdn tbh gppch, grh gsbgihl gdl bflh orki Nkl `hmgush tbhy lfl dkt k`hy bfs mkiigdl. \bhy gcsk okr tbh ofrst tfih grh gwgrh tbhy grh dgjhl gdl mkvhr tbhishcvhs. Gdl sk tbhy `hngd tk tbfdj ko tbhishcvhs gs sbgihouc. Nkl, bkwhvhr, shhihl ikrh upsht tbgt tbhy grh gsbgihl tbgd tbgt tbhy lfsk`hyhl. Ko mkursh, tbgt fs g bunh tkpfm okr lh`gth: F gi ihrhcy koohrfdn iy kpfdfkd. \k ih ft shhihl tbgt Nkl wgs tryfdn tk mkdvhy tbgt tbhrh wgs dk rhgskd okr tbhi tk bflh fd sbgih `hmgush tbgt wgs gd


7=77 7=

fccusfkd. Fd ogmt, fd ikst ko tbh lhpfmtfkds ko Nkl fd tbh Bh`rgfm thxts, tbh ogmh ko Nkl fs mkvhrhl. Buigds grh dkt phriftthl kr mgddkt ckkj upkd tbh ogmh ko Nkl lfrhmtcy: tbfs fs stgthl fd shvhrgc pcgmhs fd tbh Kcl \hstgihdt. \k mkvhr tbh ogmh wftb tbh vhfc skihbkw ihgdt tk `h sbgihouc gdl sbgihchss gt tbh sgih tfih. Bkw mkucl tbh Bgrckt ko @g`yckd `h iglh tk ohhc sbgih okr tbh vhfc upkd bhr ogmh wbhd Nkl wkrh tbh sgih mkstuih; \bh vhstgc vfrnfds whrh kothd lhpfmthl wftb vhfcs mkvhrfdn tbhfr ogmhs, sk ft mkucl `h pkssf`ch tbgt tbh rhohrhdmh tk tbh vhfc ko tbh Bgrckt ko @g`yckd wgs sfifcgr tk tbh vhstgc vfrnfds‖ vhfcs gdl wgs dktbfdn tk `h gsbgihl ko. ^bhd Gd Gddg dg Jf Jfdnsokrl dnsokrl wgs tkcl sbh mkucl bgvh tbh mgrhhr ko tbh bgrckt, ft ihgdt tbgt sbh mkucl trgvhc gdl thcc okrtudhs, tgcjfdn tbrkunb bhr ogifcfgr nhdfus spfrft, iumb cfjh g prfhsthss nfvfdn igss. \bgt fs tbh truh ihgdfdn ko tbh mgrhhr ko tbh bgrckt. Bgvfdn sgfl tbgt, F wkucl gcsk koohr tbgt `hfdn g wbkrh lkhs dkt ihgd yku mkucl dkt `h g bgrckt. Gctbkunb ikst bgrckts mbkksh tk `h mhcf`gth fd krlhr tk mkih fdtk udfkd wftb tbhfr nuflfdn spfrfts, ft fs dkt g dhmhssgry mkipkdhdt. F gi dkt igjfdn aulnihdts gngfdst shx wkrjhrs fd tbhsh stgthihdts hftbhr: F‖i sfipcy mkrrhmtfdn g trgdscgtfkd hrrkr gdl g mkiikd ifsmkdmhptfkd. \bhrh grh skih wbk grh ko tbh kpfdfkd tbgt fd gdmfhdt tfihs tbh prfhsthsshs ko My`hch whrh prkifsmukus gdl wkucl bkcl bunh krnfhs, sk tbgt igy bgvh mkdtrfùthl tk tbh goofcfgtfkd gs whcc. \bh pkfdt fs tbgt iklhrd okcj wbk tbfdj tbgt tbhsh typhs ko ohigch prgmtftfkdhrs whrh prkstftuths mkucl dkt `h ourtbhr orki tbh trutb: tbhy whrh prfhsthsshs. Jfdnsokrl wgs g bgrckt prfhsthss wbk phrokrihl tbh gcmbhifmgc igrrfgnh ko kppksfths wftb bhr nuflfdn lgfikd spfrft, gdl tbrkunb ft sbh wgs g`ch tk wrfth gdl prkpbhsy kd tbh iysthrfhs. ]bh fs g ogùckus hxgipch ko g cfvfdn wftmb wbk prgmtfmhl tbh gdmfhdt ogifcfgr ignfm. \BH LKX@CH

Gd fsk fskcgth cgthl, l, mkdou mkdoushl shl,, lku lku`ch `ch shc shco,o, g shco g`c g`chh tk sphg sphgjj tbhrhokrh kdcy tk ftshco. G shco grnufdn ftshco fdtk rhgskds

7=0


wby tbgt shco iust rhigfd fskcgthl, mkdoushl, lku`ch shco. G pgrglkxf pgrglkxfmgc mgc shco, tbhrhok tbhrhokrh, rh, `hmgu `hmgush sh ft sustgf sustgfds ds g ckn cknfmgc fmgc lfsmussfkd wftb ftshco, grnufdn ftshco fdtk wbgt mgd kdcy `h mkdsflhrhl, sk ft ohhcs `y ktbhrs gs igldhss. U�� N�� \. ]. H��‖� �� –\�� C�� ]�� A. G�� U��’

Fd Hurkph, tbh ogifcfgr spfrft wgs skihtfihs lhsmrf`hl gs g lku`ch ko tbh phrskd, gcikst g mkpy ùt scfnbtcy lfoohrhdt. \bh Nhrigd thri okr tbfs mkdmhpt, lkpphcnìdnhr, fs ogifcfgr tk ikst phkpch, gdl tbh lku`ch bgs gpphgrhl fd pkpucgr mucturh tbrkunb wkrjs ko ofmtfkd gdl ofci. Gcsk mgcchl tbh ghtbhrfm lku`ch, tbfs ogifcfgr lku`ch mgd hdmkipgss g ohw lfoohrhdt tbfdns. ]kih skurmhs mkdsflhr ft g cfohckdn mkipgdfkd, rgtbhr cfjh g skuc igth, wbfch ktbhrs lhsmrf`h ft gs g nbkstcy gppgrftfkd tbgt fs rhvhgchl cgthr fd cfoh, kr kdcy lurfdn g sphmfofm lhstfdy-cglhd fdmflhdt, sumb gs g lhgtb. Ktbhrs fignfdh tbfs mkpy hxfstfdn fd g pgrgcchc rhgcfty, cfjh @fzgrrk gdl ]uphrigd. \bh lku`ch mgd gcsk pcgy tbh rkch ko tbh glvhrsgry, iumb cfjh Lhsmgrths ushl ft, gs tbh lku`thr kr dhngtkr. \bh lku`ch bgs `hhd hxpckrhl `y skih ko tbh nrhgthst grtfstfm gdl pbfckskpbfmgcc ifdls ko tbh gnhs pbfckskpbfmg gnhs,, gdl igdy mcgf mcgfi i tk bgvh bgl g lfrhmt Krpbæh fd Orhdmb), lfrhmtkr hxphrfhdmh wftb ft. Fd tbh ofci Krpbhus (Krpbæh Ahgd Mkmthgu mkdstrumt mkdstrumtss g ifrrkr wkrcl fd wbfmb tbh igfd mbgrg mbgrgmthr mthr `hmkihs g lku`ch kr lkpphcnìdnhr wbk bgs tk trgvhrsh tbh spfrft wkrcl. Ncgss `y Chwfs Mgrrkcc thccs tbh stkry ko \bh `kkj \brkunb tbh Ckkjfdn Ncgss `y Gcfmh‖s glvhdturhs fd g ifrrkr wkrcl, g jfdl ko pgrgcchc udfvhrsh tbgt bhr lku`ch fdbg`fts. Fd igdy tgchs, tbh ogfry rhgci mgd `h hdthrhl tbrkunb g ifrrkr. \bh flhg tbgt wh mgd ifrrkr kurshcvhs gdl ktbhrs fs g bunh psymbkcknfmgc rhgc rhgcfty fty okr `ktb psymbkckny gdl `fkc `fkckn knyy. Igdy tbfdns fd dgturh ififm hgmb ktbhr, gdl wbhd wh rhochmt upkd tbfdns fdmculfdn kurshcvhs, wh `hmkih strgdnh ifrrkrs ko tbh tbfdns tbgt wh rhochmt upkd. F bgl gd kvhrwbhcifdn phrskdgc hxphrfhdmh ko tbfs wbfch mkdthipcgtfdn tbh flhg ko tbh lku`ch wbhd F wgs kut tgjfdn g strkcc. F wgs wgcjfdn bkih gs tbh sud wgs shttfdn, gdl sullhdcy, g lkvh


7==

Qwhf Jfdlhr fd Pkshd`cóthd lurmb lhd ]mbcgdnhdnórthc lhr Hwfnjhft nhtrhddt (\wk mbfclrhd fd rksh ockwhrs ifrrkrfdn hgmb ktbhr, shpgrgthl `y tbh sdgjh rfdn ko hthrdfty) Mkpphr-pcgth hdnrgvfdn `y Ubfcfpp Kttk Pudnh (725=)

ochw tbrkunb g `hgutfouc sud`hgi, grmfdn gs ft gpprkgmbhl, gdl cgdlhl fd g vhry sphmfofm igddhr. Ft wgs sk prhtty F pgfl vhry mcksh gtthdtfkd tk ft. Gdl tbhd, lfrhmtcy gothr, wftbfd shmkdls, gdktbhr lkvh mgih gdl ififmjhl hxgmtcy hgmb gdl hvhry kdh ko tbh prhvfkus lkvh‖s ikvhihdts gs ft tkk cgdlhl prhmfshcy dhxt tk tbh ofrst lkvh. F ohct gs fo F bgl aust hxphrfhdmhl g ncftmb fd tbh igtrfx. Ft wgs gs fo g lupcfmgth kr mckdh ko tbh ofrst lkvh bgl gpphgrhl, ifrrkrfdn gdl rhphgtfdn tbh hxgmt ikvhihdts ko tbh ofrst kdh, kr tbh twk lkvhs whrh kdh mrhgturh, ifrrkr fignhs ko hgmb ktbhr. \bh ifrrkrfdn ko kur shco kdtk tbh ckvhl kdh tk igjh ft skihtbfdn ikrh ogifcfgr gdl chss strgdnh fs kdh ko tbh oudlgihdtgc mkdmhpts ko

7=<


tbh lrfvfdn okrmh ko gttrgmtfkd1 –\bh truh kàhmt, kidfprhshdt ko Hrks fs tbh pbgdtgsi, wbfmb bgs tgjhd phrigdhdt pksshssfkd ko tbh spfrftugc ifrrkr. Dkw, tbfs pbgdtgsi rhprhshdts g phrmhfvhl fignh tbgt bgs nkdh `hykdl tbh tbrhsbkcl ko mkdsmfkusdhss . . . fd tbgt wgy, tbh skuc ko tbh ckvhr `hmkihs tbh ifrrkr fd wbfmb tbh fignh ko tbh ckvhl kdh fs rhochmthl’77 ^bhtbhr kr dkt tbfs lku`ch fs gd hxthrdgc skuc igth kr skih jfdl ko vhrsfkd ko kur shco tbgt fs rhphgthl tbrkunb pbgdtgsignkrfmgc prkahmtfkd `hmkihs qufth tbh hxfsthdtfgc lfchiig fd pbfckskpbfmgc thris. Mgd tbh skuc igth `h rhgcfzhl fd g truh kuthr okri tbgt `hmkihs kur igth, kr grh wh gcc kdcy prkahmtfdn tbh bkph tbgt kur kwd skuc wfcc mkih tk us tk `hmkih wbkch gt cgst; Gmmkrlfdn tk tbh pkhts cfjh \. ]. Hcfkt gdl Uhrmy ]bhcchy, tbfs lku`ch fs g sbglkw shco tbgt `hmkihs rhgcfzhl wbhd kdh `hmkihs shcogmtugcfzhl. \bh shco-gmtugcfzgtfkd prkmhss bgs tbh hoohmt ko fskcgtfdn us orki ktbhrs, gdl sk wh lhvhckp g jfdl ko fignfdgry orfhdl `hmgush dk kdh hcsh mgd udlhrstgdl wbgt wh grh nkfdn tbrkunb. ^h igjh kur kwd vhrsfkd ko kur flhgc shco gdl lhvhckp sumb g mcksh rhcgtfkdsbfp wftb ft tbgt ft `hmkihs rhgc. \bhrh whrh shvhrgc stkrfhs ko ktbhr phkpch pbysfmgccy shhfdn tbh lku`ch ko Uhrmy ]bhccy, fdmculfdn bfs mcgfis tbgt bh sgw ft bfishco, hsphmfgccy wbhd bh, kr skihkdh mcksh tk bfi, `hmgih fcc. \bfs wkucl igjh tbh lku`ch g cfttch ikrh mkipcfmgthl tbgd aust skihtbfdn tbgt hxfsts fd kur kwd su`mkdsmfkus ifdl kr g prkahmtfkd `hmgush ktbhr phkpch mgd shh ft tkk. \bfs fs wbhrh igldhss tur turds ds fdtk g ifrg ifrgmuckus muckus pbhdkihd pbhd kihdkd, kd, wbhd gd fddhr hxphrfhdmh pbysf pbysfmgc mgccy cy igdfohst igdfohsts. s. \brkunb tbh lku`ch kr sbglkw, kur lhhphst fddhr shco igy `h prkahmthl fdtk tbh kuthr wkrcl fd g wgy tbgt ktbhrs mgd shh ft, hvhd fo wh mgd‖t shh ft kurshcvhs. ]hvhrgc ktbhr ogikus ofnurhs fd bfstkry hxphrfhdmhl ktbhr phkpch shhfdn tbhfr lku`ch, sk ]bhcchy‖s lku`ch wgs dkt gd fskcgthl fdmflhdt. Ogust, wrkth Nkhtbh, tbh gutbkr ko Ogust, wrkth g`kut bfs hxphrfhdmhs wftb tbfs fd lhtgfc. \bh sbglkw shco mgd `hmkih cfjh gd glvhrsgry kr lhmhfvhr. \bh lku`ch fs kur hxgmt kppksfth wbk fs gcsk us. ]kih phkpch ohhc tbfs fs wbgt Cumfohr rhgccy syi`kcfzhs, tbh sbglkw pgrt ko kurshcvhs tbgt cfvhs wftbfd


7=8

us ùt nkhs uddktfmhl ikst ko tbh tfih. \bh whcc-jdkwd tbhkskpbfst Pulkcpb ]thfdhr wrkth kd tbfs suàhmt gdl bkw kur Cumfohrfgd lku`ch phrokris g vftgc oudmtfkd fd kur lhvhck lh vhckpihd pihdt, t, dgihcy tbgt ko prkvflfdn orfmtfkd tk okrmh us tk nrkw. ^h grh mkdtrglfmtkry mrhgturhs, skihtfihs tbfs tbfdn gdl skihtfihs tbgt tbfdn. Kdmh g buigd `hmkihs gwgrh tbhfr mkdtrglfmtfkds, tbhy `hmkih ikrh gmmhptfdn ko g cgrnhr pgrt ko tbhishcvhs tbgt tbhy igy dkt bgvh tgjhd fdtk gmmkudt `hokrh. Fd gllftfkd tk tbfs tbhrh fs tbh ifsudlhrstgdlfdn wbfmb grfshs `hmgush, kwfdn tk tbh mkdtrglfmtkry dgturh ko tbh Gbrfigdfm gdl tbh Cumfohrfm, wrkdn fdohrhdmhs grh lrgwd mkdmhrdfdn tbh `hbgvfkr ko tbhsh fipucshs tkwgrls tbh dgturh ko igd. Uhkpch tbfdj“igdy kdcy prhthdl tk tbfdj“tbgt `y mkdsmfkuscy kppksfdn `y suphrshdsf`ch mkndftfkd tbh Gbrfigdfm mbgrgmthr ko g ihrh dgturgc jdkwchlnh, igd iust `h chl fdtk tbh Cumfohrfm. ^bkhvhr igfdtgfds tbfs, cgmjs tbh udlhrstgdlfdn tbgt tbh suphr-shdsf`ch jdkwchlnh wbfmb igd lhvhckps kut ko bfs kwd fddhrikst `hfdn mgddkt kdcy dhvhr chgl fdtk tbh Cumfohrfm hchihdt, ùt lfrhmtcy prhvhdts sumb g lkwdogcc, wbfmb wkucl fdhvftg fdhvftg`cy `cy tgjh t gjh pcgmh fo g kdh-sflhl Gb Gbrfi rfigdfm gdfm fipuc fipucsh sh usurphl tbh pcgmh ko mkdsmfkusdhss. Okr tbfs wkucl lhcfvhr kvhr tk tbh Cumfohrfm tbh strfvfdns gothr tbh suphrshdsf`ch wbfmb grh dkt shfzhl `y igd‖s kwd `hfdn. ^ftb tbhsh fdlfmgtfkds wh bgvh pkfdthl kut tbh k`stgmchs wbfmb kppksh igd‖s turdfdn tkwgrls suphrshdsf`ch mkndftfkd. \bhsh grfsh orki g mhrtgfd shco-lhmhptfkd gdl fdthdtfkdgc, kr bgcobgc o-fdthd fdthdtfkdgc, tfkdgc, ifsudlhrstgdlfdn ko buigd dgturh. Fo gtthd gtthdtfkd tfkd fs lfrhmthl tk tbhsh k`stgmchs `y g mgci gdl mkcchmthl skuc cfoh, tbh pkssf`fcfty pkssf`f cfty ko sumb mknd mkndftfkd ftfkd wfc w fccc hgsfcy hg sfcy `h okudl, oku dl, okr o kr tbfs t bfs jdkwchln jdkwchlnhh rhvhgcs fts trutb tbrkunb ftshco wbhd fts rhvhcgtfkds grh dkt kppkshl `y tbh buigd skuc fd tbh wgy fdlfmgthl. 70

Fd Hnypt, qufth g `ft wgs wrftthd g`kut tbhsh pgrts ko us. \bh jg.. \bh jg wgs g pgrt ko tbh Hnyptfgd vhrsfkd ko tbh lku`ch wgs tbh jg shco tbgt wgs spfrft gdl fiikrtgc. Ft wgs sgfl tbgt wbhd tbh pbysfmgc

7=?


`kly lfhl, tbh jg shpgrgthl gdl wgs shdt kd fts iysthrfkus akurdhy ko rhfdmgrdgtfkd. \bfs fiikrtgc pgrt ko us cfvhs wftbfd us kur hdtfrh cfvhs, rhsflfdn fd kur ochsb. \bh shpgrgtfkd ko tbh jg gt lhgtb fs hxpcgfdhl fd Hnyptfgd yptfgd @kkj ko tbh Lhgl gdl fs rhcgthl tbrkunb tbh tgch ko Fsfs tbh Hn gdl Ksfrfs wbhd Ksfrfs fs iurlhrhl. ]ht, tbh sgtgdfm kr cumfohrfgd lku`ch ko Ksfrfs, wbk skih smbkcgrs `hcfhvh fs bfs `rktbhr, iurlhrs Ksfrfs gdl rhdls bfi tk pfhmhs, wbhrhupkd bfs jg chgvhs bfi. Igdy ohhc tbgt ]ht fs tbh sgih tbfdn gs tbh jg, gdl tbgt ]ht `hmgih lhstrumtfvh tk okrmh g rh`frtb. \bfs lhstrumtfvh okrmh ko ]ht fs mgcchl tbh Gdnrg Igfdyu fd tbh Qkrkgstrfgd trglftfkds. \bh ogifcfgr spfrft ko tbh glvhrsgry thgrs tbfdns lkwd fd krlhr tk `h rhmkdstrumthl. Ksfrfs fs tkrd tk pfhmhs, gdl tbhd Fsfs nkhs kd g akurdhy tk tbh udlhrwkrcl tk put bfi `gmj tknhtbhr gngfd sk tbgt bh mgd `h rh`krd fd g purhr okri. \bh lku`ch fs vhry rhcgthl tk tbh lhgtb prkmhss gdl mkucl hxpcgfd wby igdy Hurkphgds sgw tbh lku`ch `hokrh skihkdh‖s lhgtb kr gs g jfdl ko nbkstcy gppgrftfkd ko kurshcvhs tbgt wh mgd‖t shh udtfc ft fs tkk cgth. Fd bfs nrhgt wkrj kd tbh suàhmt, ^ftmbhs, ^hrhwkcvhs, gdl Ogfrfhs, Mcgulh Chmkuthux sbhls g ogfr gikudt ko cfnbt kd tbh lku`ch1 ]k igd pksshsshs Lku`chs, ikst kothd twk ko tbhi. Kdh igthrfgc gdl pbysfmgc, bgs tbh pkwhr hftbhr tk tgjh kd gdfigc gpphgrgdmhs kr jhhp fts buigd okri. \bh ktbhr spfrftugc gdl psymbfm fs gcsk mgpg`ch ko ihtgikrpbksfs, ùt gpphgrs ikstcy fd lrhgis. \bhsh lku`chs bgvh tbh g`fcfty tk rhgmb tbh ktbhr wkrcl“kr gdy pcgmh wbgtskhvhr fd tbfs wkrcl“fd kdh kr gdktbhr ko tbhfr okris . . . Lhgtb cf`hrgths Lku`chs, tbh pbysfmgc gcthr hnk yfhcls g nbkst gdl tbh psymbfm gcthr hnk fs trgdsokrihl fdtk g pbgdtki.’ 7=

\bh lku`ch ogifcfgr spfrft fs gd gsphmt ko kurshcvhs tbgt wh grh ikstcy udgwgrh ko. Kdcy g lhhp fdthrdgc rhochmtfkd mgd pry ft orki tbh lgrjdhss gdl igjh ft vfsf`ch.

HUFCKNXH

^bk Grh Vkur Ogifcfgr ]pfrfts; –\bfs fs iy glvfmh. F wkucl dkt bgvh tbh sbglkw ko g mkkcdhss `htwhhd tbh twk wbksh fdtfigmy F bgvh `hhd k`shrvfdn wftb tbh nrhgthst pchgsurh, gdl fd wbksh mbgrgmthrs, tbhrh fs sk iumb nhdhrgc rhshi`cgdmh fd truh nhdhrksfty nhdh rksfty gdl dgturgc lhcf lhcfmgmy mgmy gs tk igjh tbh ohw scfnbt lfoohrhdmhs, rhsuctfdn prfdmfpgccy orki sftugtfkd, dk rhgskdg`ch bfdlrgdmh tk g phrohmt orfhdlsbfp. F wkucl dkt bgvh tbh sbglkw ko g mkkcdhss grfsh,’ bh rhphgthl, bfs �kfmh sfdjfdn g cfttch cfttch,, – `htwhh `htwhhdd tbh twk lhgrhst kàhmts.’ I�� U�� U� � � A�� G��, I� A��

^

h grh gcc dursfdn kur ogifcfgr spfrfts, ^bhtbhr wh rhgcf rhgcfzh zh ft kr dkt. ^hh bkcl tbhi mcksh tk kur `rhgst gs gd fdog ^ fdogdt dt wh rhoush tk rhchgsh. \bh tbkunbts gdl ohhcfdns wh nk tbrkunb udmkdsmfkuscy fd kur lgy-tklgy cfvhs gcc `hckdn tk tbh ogifcfgr spfrfts. \bhy lwhcc lhhp wftbfd kur nrgvh ikudls, gdl tbh ogfry quhhd rhchgshs tbhi wbhd wh ckkj gwgy. Vku mgd mgcc tbhi bg`fts, kr vfsftkrs, nuhsts kr jfd, ùt tbhy okri kur rhgcftfhs gdl sbgph kur wkrcls. \bfdj mgrhouccy upkd tbh wgys gdl bg`fts ko tbh ogifcfgr tk yku. Grh ykur ogifcfg ogi fcfgrr spfrfts ykur kwd, kr grh tbhy fd f d ykur hdvfrkdihd hdvfrkdihdts, ts, 7=>

7=2

Hpfcknuh

stkrhl fd tbh cgdls gdl gdfigcs grkudl yku; Buigd `hfdns bgvh g bgrl tfih rhihi`hrfdn wbhrh tbhy mkih orki. \bfs mkihs gs g stgrj rhgcfzgtfkd wbhd kdh gtthipts tk rhmgcc tbh dgihs ko tbhfr nrhgt-nrgdlpgrhdts, wbk tbhy whrh gdl wbgt tbhy lfl. Uhrbgps skih wbk bgvh iglh tbh hookrt mgd rhmkudt tbhfr cfdhgnhs, ùt okr ikst ko tbh nhdhrgc pkpucgmh, wh bgvh okrnktthd. \bfs okrnhttfdn hxthdls `gmj iumb our ourtbhr tbhr fd tfih tbrkunb mucturhs, dgtfkds, gdl rgmhs. Gcc buigds bgvh tk try tk put tbh stkry ko krfnfds `gmj tknhtbhr gngfd `y ckkjfdn gt kdh gdktbhr‖s `rkjhd pfhmhs, lhgtbs lhgtbs,, gdl `frtb `frtbs. s. Ft lkhs shhi tru trucy cy tbgt skih jfdl ko tkwhr ko @g`yckd kmmurrhl tbgt mgushl hvhry sfdnch nrkup ko phkpch tk cksh tbh gdswhr ko buigdfty‖s `frtb krfnfds, ko kur ogifcy trhh. Uhrbgps tbrkunb hxgifdfdn tbh iyrfgl iytbkcknfmgc rhcfnfkus gdl mucturgc gdswhrs tk kur lhhphst rkkts, wh mgd pfmj kut skih jfdl ko lfsmhrdf`ch pgtthrd tbrkunb gcc tbh mkdousfkd gdl fdmkdsfsthdmy. ^bgt wh fdmculh gs kur ogifcy fs iumb tkk sigcc gdl cfifthl okr tbh fdokrigtfkd kur pbysfmgc okris mkdtgfd. Kdh tbfdn tbgt `hmkihs udlhdfg`cy mhrtgfd wbhd pcgmfdn gc gccc tbh krfn krfnfd fd stkrfhs tknhtbhr fs tbgt tbhrh grh mkiikdgc mkiikdgcftfhs ftfhs gikdn tbhi. ^bhd tbh cfnbt fs sbkwd kd gcc wh bkcl fd mkiikd, wh lfsmkvhr tbgt strgdnh `hfdns rhsflh tbhrh1 fd fdlfnhdkus stkrfhs ko tbh okrhogtbhrs, skkdhr kr cgthr fd tbh sgng g lfvfdh fdthrvhdtfkd `htwhhd –buigd’ gdl –`hykdl buigd’ kmmurs. Fd tryfdn tk ofdl kut wbk tbh pgrhdts ko buigdfty grh, wh lfsmkvhr tbgt tbhy grhd‖ grhd‖tt aust shvhrhl orki us `y mkudtry, rgmh, kr hvhd sphmfhs ùt grh fdthrngcgmtfmgccy kr fdthrlfihdsfkdgccy shpgrgth orki us. \bgt fs g `fn mbgsi tk mrkss. \bfdj g`kut bkw ogr yku hxthdl ykur ogifcy mfrmch gdl fo ft fs g strhtmb tk mkdsflhr tbh `hgsts gs pgrt ko ykur bhrftgnh: fignfdh bkw iumb lfoofmucty yku wfccc bgvh ihrnfdn fd bkcy igtrfikdy wftb tbh stgrs wfc stg rs gdl g dl mhchstfgc mhchstfg c `klfhs ko kur vgst gdl `hgutfouc udfvhrsh.

Dkths D kths

Mbgpthr 7. \bh ^ftmb‖s Ogifcfgr

7. Mkchrflnh, Chtthrs, Mkdvhrsgtfkds, gdl Phmkcchmtfkds, 26. Hlh d. 0. Mkx, Dgifdn Lgy fd tbh Ngrlhd ko Hlhd. Bfhrgtfm fm Ugpyrf orki o rki Jgbud gdl Nurk`, 7=oo. =. Nrfoo Nrfooftb, ftb, Bfhrgt <. Gytk, Lfmtfkdgry ko ^krl Krfnfds, 725. 8. Nrfcckt lh Nfvry, ^ftmbmrgot, Ignfm & Gcmbhiy, 6> 6>.. ?. Hcfglh, ]bgigdfsi, 22. >. Ocktth Ocktth gdl @hcc @hcc,, –Pkch ko ]jfd Chsfkds.’ 2. Nkklmkch, \bh ^kdlhrouc Lfsmkvhry ko Hcfzg`htb ]gwyhr, =2>. Mbgpthr 0. ]bgigdfm \kthis, tbh Dgnugc, gdl tbh @cgmj Mgt

7. Mgstgdhlg, \hgmbfdns ko Lkd Augd, =8. 0. Mgstgd Mgstgdhlg, hlg, \gchs ko Ukwhr, 7<5, 76<. =. Ifllchtkd, Ignfm, ^ftmbmrgot, ^ftmbmrgot, gdl Murfdn, >7. <. Mkrdhcfskd, ^hyhjfd ]tkrfhs. 8. Gotgdlfcfgd, ^bgt Grh tbh Gdfigcs tk Xs;, 70 70.. ?. \kikr \kikrgl, gl, –\bh Hdl ko Gdmfhdt Hn Hnyptfgd yptfgd Phcfnfkd.’ Phcfnfkd.’ Mbgpthr =. \bh Ohtmb, tbh Cf`flk, tbh Mhcf`gth, gdl tbh Ogifcfgr

7. Orhul, Nhdhrgc Fdtrklumtfkd tk Usymbkgdgcysfs, =70. 0. Gytk, Lfmtfkdgry ko ^krl Krfnfds, 007. =. Mkucfgdk, Hrks gdl Ignfm fd tbh Phdgfssgdm 6>>. P hdgfssgdmh, h, 6 <. Fdnbgi, Usymbkcknfmgc Gdtbrkpkckny Phmkdsflhrhl, 7?2. 8. @hgttfh, –Lfvfdgtfkd fd @udykr @udykrkk Xngdlg.’ ?. Bunbhs, Phvfvgc. >. @cudlhcc, ^kihd fd Gdmfhdt Nrhhmh.

7=6

7<5

Dkths

Mbgpthr <. Nrhhj @hccy-\gcjhrs, ^ftmbhs, ]f`ycs, gdl Urfhsthsshs

7. Jglg Jglgrf, rf, –Dhmrkigdmhr ko Hdlkr, H dlkr,’’ Ahwfsb Ahw fsb ^kihd‖ kihd‖ss Grmbfvh kdcf kdcfdh dh Hdmymckphlfg. 0. Lu @grtgs, Lfvfdh ^hhjs ^hhjs ko Aksug ]ycvhsthr. =. ]bkrthr Kxokrl Hdncfsb Lfmtfkdgry. <. Nrhhr gdl Iftmbhcc, \bh –@hccy-Iytbhr’ ko Hdlkr, xfv. 8. IggtPgGb, IggtPg Gb, –Ugngd Nkllhss ko ko tbh ]f`yc gdl My`hch My`hch Krgmch. Krgmch.’’ ?. Uhgrcigd, \f`htgd ]gmrhl Lgdmh, 6<. Mbgpthr 8. Ogifcfgr ]pfrfts fd Aulhk-Mbrfstfgdfty

7. ]hux, –Ukph –Ukph ]gys ‒\ruh ‒\ruh Mbrfstfgds Iust Iust Phahmt Bkrksm Bkrksmkphs, kphs, Kmmuct.’ Kmmuct.’ 0 . Ihrrfg Ihrrfgii-^ ^h`sthr, –Krfnf –Krfnfd d ko ‒Fdgun ‒Fdgunurgth.‖’ urgth.‖’ =. Ngttk, –^by tbh Ukph ^hgrs Phl ]bkhs.’ <. Lhddfs, Hdmymckphlfg ko Ahwfsb Iytb, Ignfm gdl Iystfmfsi. 8. Igtt, Qkbgr, 08
7. Ihgnbhr, Bhchd1 Iytb, Chnhdl, gdl tbh Mucturh ko Ifsknydy, Ifskn ydy, mbgpthr =. 0. Jfrj, –Bhsfkl‖s –Bhsfkl‖s Ugdlkrg, Ugdlkrg, g Lhikthl Hgrtb Nkllhss;,’ Nkllhss;,’ 772. 772. =. ^fjigd, Urhndg Urhndgdt dt Lgrjdhss1 Gcmbhiy gdl tbh Ph`fr Ph`frtb tb ko Mkdsmfku Mkdsmfkusdhss, sdhss, mbgpthr =. <. Qksfiks, –Fsfs tbh Urkpb Urkpbhthss hthss tk tk bhr bhr ]kd Bkrus.’ Mbgpthr >. \bh ^ftmb ^gtmbhrs

7. Ksùrd, @htthr Cfvfdn \brkunb \brkunb Gcmbhiy. 0 . @utthdwhfshr, –Gpkmg Gpkmgcyptfm cyptfm Cfthrgturh Cfthrgturh,, Dhk-Bh`rgfm.’ =. Igcgmbf, Frfd & Jgllfsbfd. <. ]wgrt, @kkj ko Fiihlfgth Ignfm, 7=0. 8. ]trkdn, ]trkdn‖s Nrhhj gdl Bh`rhw Lfmtfkdgry ko tbh @f`ch, B8260. ?. Bgdmkmj gdl @guvgc, Ihssg Ihssgnh nh ko tbh ]pbfdx, 8. >. Bgcphrf Bgcphrfd, d, Ogmhs ko tbh Mbgrfkt, <7. 2. Bgwgss, \rhgsurhs ko tbh Uyrgifls. Mbgpthr 2. \bh Bkcy ]pfrft vhrsus ]ummu`f gdl Fdmu`f

7. Ubfck , –Gcchnkrfmgc Cgws, =1076,’ \bh ^krjs ko Ubfck. Iflrgsbfi gsbfi, =8”<6. 0. Hfshdsthfd, –\bh Gcpbg`ht ko @hd ]frg,’ Kzgr Iflr Mbgpthr 6. Ogfry Ogifcfgrs

7. Ngoofd, Puddfdn wftb Ogfrfhs, < <.. 0 . ^gc gcjhr, jhr, ^kigd‖s Hdmymckphlfg ko Iytbs gdl ]hmrhts, 066.

Dkths

7<7

=. ^gc gcjhr, jhr, 062. <. Bgrphr, Bgrphr, Kdcfdh Htyikckny Lfmtfkdgry. 8. Ikkrh, Okcj-C Okcj-Ckrh krh ko tbh Fsch ko Igd, <8. ?. Cyttkd, \bh Ukhtfmgc gdl Lrgigtfm ^krjs ko ]fr Hlwgrl @ucwhr Cyttkd, 0>8. >. @h @hyhr, yhr, ]fdnfdn tk tbh Ucgdts, 7=7. 2. @hyhr, ]fdnfdn tk tbh Ucgdts, 7=5. 6. Hcfglh, ]bgigdfsi, ><”>8. 75. Krhjbfh, @f`cfmgc Lrhgi Fdthrprhtgtfkds wftb ^grogrh ^grogrh Urgyhrs. Mbgpthr 75. Wuhhd Iktbhrs gdl Lrgnkd Jfdns fd Mbfdhsh Chnhdls

7. Mkkphr, Mbfdhsh Gcmbhiy, 07. 0. Dhvfus, Mbfdg gdl tbh Mbfdhsh, 7??”?>. =. Jgdn, Muct ko tbh Okx, 7> 7>.. <. Af Vud, Dkth`kkj orki tbh \bgtm \bgtmbhl bhl Mkttgnh ko Mcksh ]mrutfdy. 8. Jgdn , Muct ko tbh Okx, 0 05. 5. ?. ^hf-tsu, ^hf-tsu, –Kd tbh Muct ko tbh Okur Okur ]gmrhl Gd Gdfigc figcs,’ s,’ 7. >. Pgdagd gdl Mbgdn, Mbgdn, –Mbfdhsh Lrgnkd Mkdmhp Mkdmhptt gs g ]pfrftugc Okrmh, Okrmh,’’ ??. Mbgpthr 77. \bh Pfsbf Ogifcfhs gdl Nuflfdn Nugrlfgds ko Fdlfg

7. Mbfsbkc Mbfsbkci, i, –Gsmht Gsmhtfmfsi,’ fmfsi,’ Hdmymckphlfg @rftgddfmg, >72. 0. @cgvgtsjy @cgvgtsjy,, ]hmrht Lkmtrfdh, ?58d. =. Kigd, Iyst Iystfms, fms, Gsmhtfms, G smhtfms, gdl ]gfdts ko Fdlfg, ?=”?<. <. Gctigd, Lhvg Bgdl`kkj, = =.. Mbgpthr 70. \bh _kfmhs fd Kur Bhgls1 \bh Lgfikd, tbh Nhdfus, gdl tbh Lku`ch

7. Ucgtt, Ogmfdn tbh Nkls, 0=?. 0. Bgrphr, Bgrphr, Kdcfdh Htyikckny Lfmtfkdgry. =. Mrkwchy, Ignfmj wftbkut \hgrs, \hgrs, mbgpthr 2=. <. Bgrphr, Kdcfdh Htyikckny Lfmtfkdgry. 8. Orglhd Orglhdùrnb, ùrnb, Lhpgrthl Nkls, 702. ?. ^gfth, Bhrihtfm Iushui, 70. >. Krr, –\urdhl Kd.’ 2. Jfdn Jfdnsokrl, sokrl, Mcktbhl wftb tbh ]ud, =6. 6. Jfdn Jfdnsokrl, sokrl, =?. 75. Ukcypbfcus, –Ikkd udlhr Bhr Ohht.’ 77. Mkucfgdk, Hrks gdl Ignfm fd tbh Phdgfssgdm P hdgfssgdmh, h, =7. 70. ]thfdhr, –Cumfohrfm gdl Gbrfigdfm fd Phcgtfkd tk Igd.’ 7=. Chmkuthux, ^ftmbhs, ^hrhwkcvhs, gdl Ogfrfhs, 7<>.

@f`cfknrgpby Gctigd, Dgtbgdfhc. \bh Lhvg Bgdl`kkj1 Bkw tk ^krj wftb Dgturh‖s ]u`tch Hdhrnfhs. Pkmbhsthr, _t.1 Lhstfdy @kkjs, 7668. Gotgdlfcfgd, Lgvh, hl. ^bgt Grh tbh Gdfigcs tk Xs; Gpprkgmbhs orki ]mfhdmh, Phcfnfkd,, Okcjckrh, Cfthrgturh, gdl Grt. Jdkxvfcch, Xdfvhrsfty ko \hddhsshh Phcfnfkd Urhss, 055>. Gusthd, Agdh. Igdsofhcl Ugrj. Phprfdt. Ckdlkd1 ^krlswkrtb Hlftfkds, 7662. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 727< 727< `y \bkigs \ bkigs Hnhrtkd. Gytk, Akbd. Lfmtfkdgry ko ^krl Krfnfds1 Bfstkrfhs ko Ikrh \bgd 2,5 2,555 55 Hdncfsb Cgdnugnh ^krls. ^krls. Dhw Vkrj1 Grmglh Uu`cfsbfdn, 7665. @hgttfh, Akbd. –Lfvfdgtfkd fd @udykrk Xngdlg.’ ]kmfkcknus 7<, dk. 7 (76?<)1 <<”?0. @hyhr, ]thpbgd _. ]fdnfdn tk tbh Ucgdts1 G Nuflh tk Ihsftzk ]bgigdfsi fd tbh Xpphr Gigzkd. Gcùquhrquh1 Xdfvhrsfty ko Dhw Ihxfmk Urhss, 0556. @cgjh, ^fccfgi. \bh Igrrfgnh ko Bhgvhd gdl Bhcc . @kstkd1 Akbd ^. Cumh, 7608. @cgvgtsjy, B. U. \bh ]hmrht Lkmtrfdh1 \bh ]ydtbhsfs ko ]mfhdmh, Phcfnfkd, gdl Ubfckskpby. Ubfckskp by. 0dl hl. Ckdlkd1 \bhkskpbfmgc Mkipgdy, 7222. @cudlhcc, ]uh. ^kihd fd Gdmfhdt Nrhhmh. Ckdlkd1 @rftfsb Iushui Urhss, 7668. @kmjrfs, _fmtkr. ^ftb ^fccfgi @urrkunbs1 G Phpkrt orki tbh @udjhr. Phvfshl hl. Dhw Vkrj1 ]t. Igrtfd‖s Nrfoofd, 766?. @urtkd, Pk`hrt. \bh Gdgtkiy ko Ihcgdmbkcy. Dhw Vkrj1 Dhw Vkrj Phvfhw @kkjs, 0557. @utthdwfhshr, Ikshs. –Gpkmgcyptfm Cfthrgturh, Dhk-Bh`rgfm.’ Fd Ahw Ahwfsb fsb Hdmymckphlfg. 70 vkcs. Igdgnfdn hlftkr1 Fsflkrh ]fdnhr. Dhw Vkrj1 Oudj gdl ^gndgc ^ gndgccs, cs, 7657” 7657”765?. AhwfsbHdmymckphlfg.mki. Ahwfsb Hdmymckphlfg.mki. Mgstgdhlg, Mgrcks. \gchs ko Ukwhr . Phfssuh hl. Dhw Vkrj1 ^gsbfdntkd ]qugrh Urhss, 7628. “““. \bh \hgmbfdns ko Lkd Augd1 G Vgquf ^gy ko Jdkwchlnh. Phfssuh hl. Dhw Vkrj1 ^gsbfdntkd ]qugrh Urhss, 7628. 7<0

@f`cfknrgpby

7<=

Mbfsbkci, Bunb, hl. –Gsmhtfmfsi.’ \bh Hdmymckphlfg @rftgddfmg1 G Lfmtfkdgry ko Grts, ]mfhdmhs, Cfthrgturh Cfthrgturh gdl Nhdhrgc Fdokrigtfkd . _kc. 7. 77tb hl. Dhw Vkrj1 Hdmymckphlfg @rftgddfmg Mk., 7675. Mkchrflnh, ]. \. Chtthrs, Mkdvhrsgtfkd Mkdvhrsgtfkds,s, gdl Phmkcchmtfkds Phmkcchmtfkds ko ]. \. \. Mkchrflnh. Ckdlkd1 Hlwgrl Ikxkd, 72=?. Mkddkr, ]thvhd. Lui`strumj Lui`strumj11 G Mucturgc Mucturgc Bfstkry ko _hdtrfckqufsi _hdtrfckqufsi. 7st hl. Kxokrl, XJ1 Kxokrl Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 0557. Mkkphr, Ahgd. Mbfdhsh Gcmbhiy1 \gkfsi, tbh Ukwhr ko Nkcl, gdl tbh Wuhst okr Fiikrtgcfty. Dhwùrypkrt, Igss.1 ^hfshr @kkjs, 057?. Mkrdhcfskd, A. I. ^hyhjfd ]tkrfhs1 \ftwgtft ^hyhjfsbdfi. ]gd Orgdmfsmk1 H. C. Igmjhy & Mk., 7677. Mkucfgdk, Fkgd U. Hrks gdl Ignfm fd tbh Phdgfssgd Phdgfssgdmh mh. Mbfmgnk1 Xdfvhrsfty ko Mbfmgnk Urhss, 7625. Mkx, Hlwgrl Nklorhy. Dgifdn Lgy fd tbh Ngrlhd ko Hlhd. ]hgttch1 Xdfvhrsfty ko ^gsbfdn ^ gsbfdntkd tkd Mbgp`kkjs, 76=5. Mrftmbchy, ]fikd. \bh @kkj ko Lhgl Ubfckskpbhrs. Dhw Vkrj1 _fdtgnh, 0556. wftbkut \hgrs \hgrs. 2tb hl. Ubkhdfx, Grfz.1 Dhw Ogcmkd, 7667. Mrkwchy, Gchfsthr. Gchfsthr. Ignfmj wftbkut lh Ikdtogumkd, @hrdgrl. Gdtfqufty Hxpc Hxpcgfdhl gfdhl,, gdl Phprhshdth Phprhshdthll fd ]mucpturhs. \rgdscgthl `y Lgvfl Buipbrhys. Ckdlkd1 A. \kdskd gdl A. ^gtts, 7>07. Lhddfs, Nhkoorhy. \bh Hdmymckphlfg ko Ahwfsb Iytb, Ignfm gdl Iystfmfsi . ^kklùry, ^ kklùry, Ifdd.1 Ifdd .1 Cchwhccyd, 055 055>>. Lfccigdd, Gunust. @kkj ko Hdkmb. Ckdlkd1 Okrnktthd @kkjs, 057?. Lkddh, Akbd. –]kdn1 Nk gdl mgtmb g ogccfdn stgr.’ Ukhtry Okudlgtfkd wh`sfth, gmmhsshl Agdugry 02, 0576. Lu @grtgs, Nufccguih lh ]gcusth. \bh Lfvfdh ^hhjs ko Aksugb ]ycvhsthr1 Igfdcy \rgdscgthl orki tbh Orhdmb ko ^fccfgi lh ]gcusth, Ckrl ko tbh @grtgs . ^gujhsbg, ^ gujhsbg, ^fsm.1 B. I. I . Vkuigds, Vkuigds, 7652. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 7?52. Hfshdsthfd, A. L., hl. Kzgr Iflrgsbfi1 G Cf`rgry ko \wk Budlrhl Ifdkr Iflrgsbfi. Iflrgsb fi. _kc. 7. Phzdfmj, Ihdsmbhc gdl Mk., 7602. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 7678 `y A. L. Hfshdsthfd, H fshdsthfd, Dhw Vkrj. Vkrj. Hcfglh, Ifrmhg. ]bgigdfsi1 Grmbgfm \hmbdfquhs ko Hmstgsy. Urfdmhtkd, DA1 Urfdmhtkd Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 76><. Hss`gui, Afcc Gchxgdlhr. Bgusorgu. Phprfdt. Dhw Vkrj1 Pgdlki Bkush, 0578. Hvgds-^hdtz, ^. V. \bh Ogfry-Ogftb fd Mhctfm Mkudtrfhs. Ckdlkd gdl Dhw Vkrj1 B. Orkulh, 7677. Ohrcfdnbhttf, Cgwrhdmh. –\k tbh Krgmch gt Lhcpbf.’ ]pkjhd tk tbh Krgmch `y tbh gutbkr gt XDH]MK‖s ^krcl Ukhtry Lgy, Igrmb 07, 0557. Ocktth \. A., gdl L. G. @hcc. –Pkch ko ]jfd Chsfkds fd tbh ]gchi ^ftmbmrgot \rfgcs.’ Gihrfmgd Akurdgc ko Lhrigtkpg Lhr igtkpgtbkckny tbkckny 77, dk. ? (Lhm. 7626)1 820”2>.

7<<

@f`cfknrgpby

Lhpgrthl rthl Nkls1 \bh Nkls ko Kur Ogtbhrs Ogtbhrs.. Mfdmfddgtf Orglhdùrnb, Phv. A. D. Lhpg gdl Dhw Vkrj1 Mrgdstkd & ]tkwh gdl Budt & Hgtkd, 7267. Orhul, ]fniudl. G Nh Nhdhrg dhrgcc Fdt Fdtrkl rklumt umtfkd fkd tk Usy Usymbkg mbkgdgc dgcysf ysfs.s. \rgdscgthl `y N. ]tgdchy Bgcc. Dhw Vkrj1 @kdf gdl Cfvhrfnbt, 7605. Ngoofd, Lhddfs. Puddfdn wftb tbh Ogfrfhs1 \kwgrls g \rgdsphrskdgc Gdtbrkpkckn Gdtbrkpkcknyy ko Phcfnfkd. Dhwmgstch upkd \ydh, XJ1 Mgi`rflnh ]mbkcgrs, 057=. Ngttk, Igssfik. –^by tbh Ukph ^hgrs Phl ]bkhs.’ \bh Dhw Vkrj Phvfhw ko @kkjs,s, DVP Lgfcy, Igrmb 70, 057=. @kkj Nkklmkch, Bhdry. \bh ^kdlhrouc Lfsmkvhry ko Hcfzg`htb ]gwyhr, g ^ftmb. Phprfdt. Dhw Vkrj1 Ngrcgdl, 7625. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 7?07. Nrhhr, Pkwgd G., gdl Igrngrht I. Iftmbhcc. \bh –@hccy-Iytbhr’ ko Hdlkr1 _kc. kc. 7? ko ]kmfhty Fdthrprhtgtfkd Fdthr prhtgtfkdss ko 7 Jfdnlki Jfdnlkiss 02 fd tbh Hgrcy Mburmb. _ ]kmfhty ko @f`cfmgc @f`cf mgc Cfthrgtu Cfthrgturh rh ^rftfdns ork orki i tbh Nrhmk Nrhmk-Pkig -Pkigdd ^krcl. Gtcgdtg, Ng.1 ]kmfhty ko @f`cfmgc Cfthrgturh, 055>. Nrhy, Ufhrs. \.]. Hcfkt. Xpphr ]gllch Pfvhr, DA1 Urhdtfmh Bgcc/Bgrvhsthr ^bhgtsbhgo, ^bhgt sbhgo, 762 7627. 7. orki i Jgb Jgbud ud gdl Nurk`. Ckdlkd1 @hrdgrl Nrfooftb, O.Cc., hl. Bfhrgtfm Ugpyrf ork Wugrf\mb, 7262. Nrfcckt lh Nfvry, Hifch. ^ftmbmrgot, Ignfm & Gcmbhiy . \rgdscgthl `y A. Mkurthdgy Ckmjh. Dhw Vkrj1 Lkvhr, 0556. Bgcc, Igdcy U. \bh ]hmrht \hgmbfdns ko Gcc Gnhs . Cfifthl hl. Cks Gdnhchs1 Ubfckskpbfmgc Phshgrmb ]kmfhty, 76>8. Bgcphrfd, Lgvfl. \bh Ogmhs ko tbh Mbgrfkt1 Hgrcy Ahwfsb Phspkdshs tk Hzhjfhc‖s _fsfkd. \ó`fdnhd, Nhrigdy1 A. M. @. Ikbr, 7622. Bgdmkmj, Nrgbgi, gdl Pk`hrt @guvgc. \bh Ihssgnh ko tbh ]pbfdx1 G Wuhst okr tbh Bfl Bfllh lhdd Ch Chngm ngmyy ko Igd Igdjfd jfdll . Dhw Vkrj1 \brhh Pfvhrs Urhss, 766?. Bgrphr, Lkuncgs. Kdcfdh Htyikckny Lfmtfkdgry. Htyikdcfdh.mk Htyikdcfdh.mki, i, 0555. 055 5. Bgwgss, Qgbf. \bh \rhgsurhs ko tbh Uyrgifls. Dkvgrg, Ftgcy1 ^bfth ]tgr, 055=. Orgnihd ihdts. ts. \rgdscgthl `y Akbd @urdht, Grtbur Ogfr`gdjs, gdl Bhrgmcftus. Orgn Jgtbchhd Orhhigd. Hpu`, 0570. Usymbkcknyy gdl Phcfn Phcfnfkus fkus Hx Hxphrfh phrfhdmh. dmh. Bunbhs, \bkigs Bywhc. Phvfvgc1 \bh Dhw Usymbkckn G`fdnlkd, XJ1 Pkutchlnh, 057>. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 76==. Fdnbgi, Akbd. Usymbkc Usymbkcknfmg knfmgcc Gdtbrkpk Gdtbrkpkckn cknyy Phmkdsf Phmkdsflhrhl lhrhl.. Mgi`rflnh Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 766? Audn,, Mgrc Audn Mgrc.. Ugrt 71 Grmbht Grmbhtyph yphss gdl tbh Mkcc Mkcchmtf hmtfvh vh Xdmkds Xdmkdsmfku mfkus.s. _kc. 6 ko \bh Mkcchmthl ^krjs ko M. N. Audn. \rgdscgthl `y P. O. M. Bucc. 0dl hl. DV1 Urfdmhtkd Xdfvhrsfty Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 76?2. Jglgrf, \gigr. –Dhmrkigdmhr ko Hdlkr1 Iflrgsb gdl Gnnglgb.’ Fd Ahwf Ahwfsb sb ^kihd1 G Mkiprhbhdsfvh Bfstkrfmgc Hdmymckphlfg . Hlfthl `y Ugucg H.

@f`cfknrgpby

7<88 7<

Byigd gdl Lgcfg Kohr. Ahwfsb ^kihd‖s Grmbfvh gdl ]bgcvf Uu`cfsbfdn, 0556. Gvgfcg`ch kd Ahwfsb ^kihd‖s Grmbfvh wh`sfth. Jgdn, Rfgkohf. \bh Muct ko tbh Okx1 Ukwhr, Nhdlhr, gdl Ukpucgr Phcfnfkd fd Cgth Fiphrfgc gdl Iklhrd Mbfdg. Dhw Vkrj1 Mkcui`fg Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 055?. Jfdnsokrl, Jfdnsokr l, Gddg. Mcktbhl wftb tbh ]ud. Ckdlkd1 Akbd I. ^gtjfds, 7226. Jfrmbhr, Gtbgdgsfus. Khlfpus Hnytpfmus. Pkih1 _. Igsmgrlf, 7?80. Jfrj, ]tgd. –Bhsfkl‖s Ugdlkrg1 G Lhikthl Hgrtb Nkllhss; Gd Kvhrvfhw ko tbh ]mbkcgrsbfp.’ Ak Akurdg urdgcc ko tb tbhh Fds Fdstft tftut uthh okr okr Cgd Cgdnug nugnh nh gdl Muc Muctur turhh 7> (057=)1 777”0<. Jdfnbt, Pfmbgrl Ugydh. ]hxugc ]yi`kcfsi1 G Bfstkry ko Ubgccfm ^krsbfp. Dhw Vkrj1 Lkvhr, 055?. Jrfsbdgdgdlg. Igsthr Igsthr-Uupfc Uupfc \gcjs \gcjs. @gdngckrh Xr`gd, Jgrdgtgjg (Fdlfg)1 Igdgsg Cfnbt Gnh Okudlgtfkd, 0570. Chmkuthux, Mcgulh. ^ftmbhs ^hrhwkcvhs gdl Ogfrfhs. Pkmbhsthr, _t.1 Fddhr \rglftfkds, 055=. 05 5=. Cuipjfd, Akshpb @. \bh Ndkstfm Nksphcs ko Ubfcfp, Igry Ignlgchdh, gdl \bkigs. @ckudtsvfcch, Gcg.1 Ofotb Hstgth, 055?. Cyttkd, @ucwhr. \bh Ukhtfmgc gdl Lrgigtfm ^krjs ko ]fr Hlwgrl @ucwhr Cyttkd . _kc. _ kc. 7. Ckdlkd1 Mbgpigd Mbgpigd gdl Bgcc, Bgc c, 7280. 7280. IggtPgGb. –Ugngd Nkllhss ko tbh ]f`yc gdl My`hch Krgmch.’ ]g`rfdg Gsht, Nkllhss.krn, 0578. Igfhr, Ifmbghc. Gtgcgdtg Ounfhds. Kpphdbhfi, Nhrigdy1 Akbgdd \bhklkr lh @ry, 7?72. Igcgmbf, \gu. –Frfd & Jgllfsbfd1 Nrhgt Gdnhcs ko ]uphrdgc Aulnihdt.’ \bh Ohcckwsbfp1 Hmmchsfg Ufstfs ]kpbfg, ]kpbfgd.krn, 057=. Igtt, Lgdfhc M. \bh Qkbgr. 7st hl. ]tgdokrl Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 055=. Im@hgtb, Gcgstgfr, gdl Gdlrhf Lkrfgd Nbhkrnbh. –Ihthkr @hcfhos Urkahmt1 Ihthkrfth ^krsbfp fd tbh Gdmfhdt Nrhhj gdl Pkigd ^krcls.’ ^ND1 \bh Akurdgc ko tbh Fdthrdgtfk Fdthrdgtfkdgc dgc Ihthkr Krngdfzgt Krngdfzgtfkd fkd ==, dk. 8 (0558)1 7=8”<<. Ihgnbhr, Pk`hrt Hiiht. Bhchd1 Iytb, Iytb, Chnhdl, gdl tbh Mucturh ko Ifsknydy . Dhw Vkrj1 Mkdtfduui, 7668. Ihrrfgi-^h`sthr. –\bh Krfnfd ko ‒Fdgunurgth‖1 ^bgt Lkhs ‒Fdgunurgth‖ Bgvh tk Lk wftbb Fdth wft Fdthrpr rprhtfd htfdnn Kih Kihds; ds;’’ gmmhss gmmhsshl hl Oh` Oh`rugry rugry 7, 7, 057 0576, Ihrrf Ihrrfgigi-^ ^h`s h`sth thrr wh`s wh`sft fth. h. ^ftmbmrgot, bmrgot, gdl Murfdn . Gustfd1 Xdfvhrsfty ko \hxgs Ifllchtkd, Akbd, hl. Ignfm, ^ftm Urhss, 76?>. Ikcftkr, Xcrfmb. Lh Cgdffs ht Ubftkdfmfs Iucfhrùs. Mkckndh, Nhrigdy1 Akbgdd Ktigr, 7<26. Ikkrh, G. ^. \bh Okcj-Ckrh ko tbh Fsch ko Igd . Ogmsfifch hl. ]kihrsht, XJ1 Ccgdhrmb Urhss, 766<. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 7267. Iócchr, O. Igx, hl. \bh ]gmrhl @kkjs ko Mbfdg1 \bh \hxts ko \àkfsi. \rgdscgthl `y Agihs Chnnh. Chn nh. Kxokrl, K xokrl, XJ1 XJ 1 Mcgrhdlkd Urhss, 7267. 7267.

7
@f`cfknrgpby

Iódsthr, ]h`gstfgd. Mksiknrgpbfg Xdfvhrsgcfs. @gshc, Nhrigdy1 Bhfdrfmb Uhtrf, 7862. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 78<<. Dhvfus, Akbd Cfvfdnstkd. Mbfdg gdl tbh Mbfdhsh1 G Nhdhrgc Lhsmrfptfkd ko tbh Mkudtry Z. . .Y. Ubfcglhcpbfg1 Urhs`ythrfgd @kgrl ko Uu`cfmgtfkd, 7220. Kigd, Akbd Mgip`hcc. \bh Iystfms, Gsmhtfms, gdl ]gfdts ko Fdlfg1 G ]tuly ko ]glbufsi, wftb gd Gmmkudt ko tbh Vknfs, ]gdygsfs, @gfrgnfs, gdl Ktbhr ]trgdnh Bfdlu ]hmtgrfgds. Ckdlkd1 \. Ofsbhr Xdwfd, 7658. Krhjbfh, Aksbug. @f`cfmg @f`cfmgcc Lrhgi Fdthr Fdthrprhtgtfkd prhtgtfkdss wftb ^grogrh Urgyhrs Urgyhrs.. ]hco pu`cfsbhl, Gigzkd Lfnftgc ]hrvfmhs, 057 0572. 2. Krr, Gcchd B. –\urdhl Kd1 G Phvkcutfkd fd tbh Ofhcl ko Hvkcutfkd;’ Dhw Vkrjhr Igngzfdh, Igngzfd h, Kmtk`hr 0<, 0558. Ksùrd, Cydd. @htthr Cfvfdn \brkunb Gcmbhiy. ]hco-pu`cfsbhl, Gigzkd Lfnftgc ]hrvfmhs, 057 0577. 7. Ugxskd, Lfgdg C. \bh Hsshdtfgc Nuflh tk Uksshssfkd, Lhpksshssfkd & Lfvfdh Phcgtfkdsbfps. ]gd Orgdmfsmk1 ^hfshr @kkjs, 0578. Uhgrcigd, Hcchd. \f`htgd ]gmrhl Lgdmh1 G Akurdhy fdtk tbh Phcfnfkus gdl Okcj \rglftfkds. Pkmbhsthr, _t.1 Fddhr \rglftfkds, 0550. Ubfck. \bh ^krjs ko Ubfck1 Mkipchth gdl Xdg`rflnhl. \rgdscgthl `y M. L. Vkdnh. Uhg`kly, Igss.1 Bhdlrfmjskd, 766=. Ufnnktt, ]tugrt. \bh Lrufls. Dhw Vkrj1 Urghnhr, 76?2. Ucgtt, _hrfty. Ogmfdn tbh Nkl Nkls1 s1 Hpfpbgdy gdl Php Phprhshdt rhshdtgtfkd gtfkd fd Nrghmk-P Nrghmk-Pkigd kigd Grt, Cfthrgturh gdl Phcfn Phcfnfkd. fkd. Dhw Vkrj1 Mgi`rflnh Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 0577. Ukh, Hlngr Gccgd. \bh Mkipchth ^krjs ko Hlngr Gccgd Ukh. Gjrkd, Kbfk1 ^hrdhr, 7652. Ukccgrl, Hlwgrl @gn`y. –Ogifcfgrs.’ Fd Fdt Fdthr hrdg dgtf tfkd kdgc gc ]t ]tgd gdlg lgrl rl @f @f`c `chh Hdmymckphlfg Hdmymc kphlfg , , hlfthl hl fthl `y Agihs Krr. K rr. Nrgdl Pgpfl Pgpfls,s, Ifmb.1 î. @. @ . Hhrligds, Hh rligds, 76=6. Ukcypbfcus, \. \bh Ikkd udlhr Bhr Ohht1 @hfdn gd Gmmcgigtfkd ko Iglgi Lr. Gddg Igry @kdus Jfdnsokrl . Bhrihtfm Cf`rgry wh`sfth, 057?. Pgdagd, LbgrigJhhrtbf ]rf, gdl Qbku Mbgdn. –\bh Mbfdhsh Lrgnkd Mkdmhpt gs g ]pfrftugc Okrmh ko tbh Igsshs.’ ]g`grgngiuwg Xdfvhrsfty Akurdgc 6, 6, dk. 7 (Lhm. 0575)1 ?8”25. Pgzfhc. ]hohr Pgzfhc BgIgcgjb ( @kkj ko Pgzfhc tbh Gdnhc ). ). Gisthrlgi1 Mbg`glCu`gvftmb Cf`rgry, 7>57. ]hux, Chk. –Ukph ]gys ‒\ruh Mbrfstfgds Iust Phahmt Bkrksmkphs, Kmmuct.’ \bh Ftgcfgd Fdsflhr. Fdsflhr. 0> Audh 057>. ]bgjhsphgrh, ^fccfgi. Bgicht. Dhw Vkrj1 ]fikd & ]mbusthr, 055<. “““. Ckvh‖s Cg`kur‖s Cg`kur‖s Ckst. Kxokrl, XJ1 Kxokrl Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 0550. ]bkrthr Kxokrl Hdncfsb Lfmtfkdgry. ?tb hl. Dhw Vkrj1 Kxokrl Xdfvhrsfty Urhss, 055>.

@f`cfknrgpby

7<>

]thfdhr, Pulkcpb. –\bh Cumfohrfm gdl Gbrfigdfm fd Phcgtfkd tk Igd.’ Akurdgc, Lgs Phfmb =, dk. = (765<). ]trkdn, Agihs. ]trkdn‖s Nrhhj gdl Bh`rhw Lfmtfkdgry ko tbh @f`ch. Dgsbvfcch, \hdd.1 Dhcskd Phohrhdmh & Hchmtrkdfm Uu`., 766?. ]wgrt, Agmkùs N. \bh @kkj ko Fiihlfgth Ignfm1 Ugrt 7. Akbgddhsùrn, ]kutb Gorfmg1 ]gdnrhgc ]klgcfty Urhss, 0578. \kikrgl, I. –\bh Hdl ko Gdmfhdt Hnyptfgd Phcfnfkd1 \bh Urkbf`ftfkd ko Ugngdfsi fd Hnypt orki tbh Ifllch ko tbh ∐?<. \rudnpg, Mbÿnygi. Muttfdn \brkunb ]pfrftugc Igthrfgcfsi. @kstkd1 ]bgi`bgcg, 76>=. \yskd, Lkdgcl. ]hxugc Gcmbhiy1 Ignfmgc Fdthrmkursh wftb ]pfrfts. ]t. Uguc, Ifdd.1 Cchwhccyd, Cchwh ccyd, 0555. 055 5. _gci _ gcifjf fjf.. \bh Vkng-_gsfsbtbg Igbgrgigygdg ko _gcifjf. \rgdscgthl `y _fbgrfCgcg Iftrg. Mgcmuttg, Fdlfg1 Jgbfdkkr Urhss, 7267. vkd ]tkcmhd`hrn, Lgdfhc ]tkcmfus. _frflgrfui Mbyifmui . Orgdjourt, Nhrigdy, 7?0<. ^gfth, ^ gfth, Grtbur G rtbur Hlwgrl. \bh Bhrihtfm Iushui. Dhw Vkrj1 ^hfshr @kkjs, 7666. ^gc ^ gcjhr, jhr, @gr`grg @g r`grg N. \bh ^kigd‖s Hdmymckphlfg ko Iytbs gdl ]hmrhts. Dhw Vkrj1 BgrphrKdh, 762=. ^hf ^ hf-tsu, tsu, Cf. C f. –Kd tbh t bh Muct ko tbh Okur ]gmrhl Gdfigcs.’ Gd figcs.’ Okcjckrh ]tulfhs > (76<2)1 7”6<. ^bfth, ^b fth, Lgvfl Nkrlkd. ]fdfsthr Vknfs. 7st hl. Mbfmgnk1 Xdfvhrsfty ko Mbfmgnk Urhss, 0575. ^fjigd, Ikdfjg. Urhndgdt Lgrjdhss1 Gcmbhiy gdl tbh Ph`frtb P h`frtb ko Mkdsmfkusdhss. Dhwùrypkrt, Igss.1 Dfmkcgs-Bgys, 0558. ^krsokcl, ^ krsokcl, \. Mgtk. \bh Bfstkry ko tbh _hstgc _frnfds ko Pkih . Phprfdt. ^bfthofsb, Ikdt.1 Jhssfdnhr, 76<0. Ofrst pu`cfsbhl 76=< `y Pflhr & Mk., Ckdlkd. Vud, Af. Dkth`kkj orki tbh tbh \bgtmbhl \bgtmbhl Mkttgnh ko Mcksh Mcksh ]mrutfdy (Vuhwhf mgktgdn `faf). 7>26. Qksfiks. –Fsfs tbh Urkpbhthss tk Bhr ]kd Bkrus.’ Mklhx Igrmfgdus, hchvhdtb mhdtury. Gvgfcg`ch kd Ohcckwsbfp ko Fsfs Mhdtrgc ^h`sfth.

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780


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XDMKPPHM\HL UGNH UPKKO] Dkt Okr Phsgch

Ogifc Og ifcfg fgrs rs fd ^ft ^ftmb mbmr mrgo gott ]uphrdgturgc ]pfrfts gdl Nugrlfgds fd tbh Ignfmgc \rglftfkds ko tbh ^krcl IGAG L‖GKX]\

G mkiprhbhds mkiprhbhdsfvh fvh hxpckrg hxpckrgtfkd tfkd ko ogifcf ogifcfgrs grs gdl tbhfr tbhfr igdy igdy okris okris gdl pkwhrs pkwhrs • Hxpckrhs wftmb‖s ogifcfgrs fd okcjckrh, sbgigdfm, gdl ignfmgc trglftfkds grkudl tbh wkrcl, fdmculfdn Gorfmg,, Fdlfg, ]mgdlfd Gorfmg ]mgdlfdgvfg, gvfg, gdmfhdt gdmfhdt Nrhhmh, Nrhhmh, gdl gdl Mbfdg • Hxpcgfds bkw ogifcfgrs grh rhcgthl tk sbgigdfm pkwhr gdfigcs gdl bkw tbh wftmb lrgws kd bhr phrskdgc shxugc hdhrny tk nfvh tbfs mrhgturh fts pkwhr • Hxgifdhs tbh ogifcfgr fd gcmbhifmgc, Bhrihtfm, gdl Hnyptfgd ignfmgc cfthrgturh, fdmculfdn fdstrumtfkds okr prkmurfdn g suphrdgturgc gssfstgdt

Hxpckrfdn tbh bfstkry gdl mrhgtfkd ko g –wftmb‖s ogifcfgr,’ gcsk jdkwd gs g spfrft lku`ch kr nugrlfgd spfrft, Igag L‖Gkust sbkws bkw tbhrh fs iumb ikrh tk tbhsh suphrdgturgc shrvgdt spfrfts gdl nugrlfgds tbgd ihhts tbh hyh. ]bh rhvhgcs bkw wftmbhs grh dkt tbh kdcy kdhs tk cgy mcgfi tk tbfs ignfmfgd‖s –gssfstgdt’ gdl hxgifdhs bkw tbh igdy okris ko wftmbhs‖ ogifcfgrs grh whcc jdkwd fd okcjckrh tbrkunbkut Hurkph gdl Gihrfmg gs whcc gs fd sbgigdfm gdl ignfmgc trglftfkds grkudl tbh wkrcl, fdmculfdn Gorfmg, Fdlfg, gdl Mbfdg. \bh gutbkr hxpcgfds bkw ogifcfgrs grh mkddhmthl wftb sbgphsbfotfdn gdl bkw tbh mcgssfm ogifcfgrs ko ihlfhvgc ihlfhv gc wftmbmrgot trglftfkd grh rhcgthl tk tbh pkwhr gdfigcs gdfigc s gdl gccfhs g ccfhs ko sbgigdfm sbgig dfm prgmtfmhs wkrclwflh wkrclwflh,, fdmculfdn gdfigc nugrlfgd spfrfts ko Dgtfvh Gihrfmgd trglftfkds gdl tbh lgfikds ko tbh gdmfhdt Nrhhjs gdl Pkigds. ]bh hxgifdhs tbh ohtmb spfrft, ckdn goofcfgthl wftb Hurkphgd wftmbhs, gdl bkw tbh wftmb kr skrmhrhr lrgws kd tbhfr phrskdgc shxugc hdhrny tk nfvh tbfs mrhgturh fts pkwhr tk igndhtfzh gdl gttrgmt wbgt ft wgs shdt tk rhtrfhvh. ]bh ckkjs gt fdmu`fs, summu`fs, lku`chs, lkpphcnìdnhrs, gdl skuc igths, sbkwfdn bkw ogifcfgrs mgd gcsk glkpt buigd okris gdl skihtfihs okri rkigdtfm kr hrktfm gttgmbihdts wftb tbh wftmb kr sbgigd. Phvfhwfdn gcmbhifmgc, bhrihtfm, Jg``gcfstfm, gdl Hnyptfgd ignfmgc cfthrgturh, fdmculfdn tbh dhgrcy okrnktthd gcmbhifmgc wkrjs ko Gddg Jfdnsokrl, L‖Gkust hxpckrhs tbhfr fdstrumtfkds okr prkmurfdn tbh gtthdtfkd ko g suphrdgturgc gssfstgdt gs whcc gs gd hxthdsfvh lhsmrfptfkd ko tbh gcmbhifmgc whllfdn gdl bkw tbfs rftugc akfds tbh ignfmfgd gdl ogifcfgr spfrft fdtk g sfdnch udfofhl mkdsmfkusdhss. Hxpckrfdn ogfry ogifcfgrs, sbh rhvhgcs bkw g prgmtftfkdhr mgd hstg`cfsb g –igrrfgnh’ –igr rfgnh’ wftb g tkthifm pcgdt kr trhh spfrft, s pfrft, wbk, wbk, fd rhturd, wkucl koohr thgmbfdns g`kut fts ihlfmfdgc gdl vfsfkdgry pkwhrs. Lhcvfdn lhhpcy fdtk tbh fdtfigth rhcgtfkds ko buigdfty wftb tbh spfrft wkrcl, L‖Gkust sbkws bkw okrifdn mkddhmtfkds wftb cfvfdn okrmhs ktbhr tbgd buigd hdg`chs us tk ikvh `hykdl tbh hnk, hxpgdl kur ignfmgc g`fcftfhs, gs whcc gs hvkcvh kur mkdsmfkus gwgrhdhss. Igag L‖Gkust, jdkwd gs tbh ^ftmb ko tbh Lgwd, fs g prgmtfmfdn wftmb gdl smbkcgr ko gcmbhiy gdl kmmuct ckrh. Gothr mkipchtfdn bhr `gmbhckr‖s lhnrhh fd `fkmbhifstry, sbh stulfhl Krfhdtgc ihlfmfdh gdl gmupudmturh gdl cgthr hgrdhl bhr igsthr‖s lhnrhh fd trgdsokrigtfkdgc psymbkckny wftb g okmus kd sbgigdfsi, tbh F Mbfdn, gdl gdmhstkrs. ]bh fs tbh gutbkr ko G ko G ^ftmb‖s @hstfgry1 _fsfkds ko ]uphrdgturgc Mrhgturhs, mkgutbkr Mrhgturhs, mkgutbkr ko \bh ]hmrht ]hm rht ]kurmh, gdl ]kurmh, gdl mrhgtkr ko g \grkt lhmj, \bh ^bfth ^ftmb \grkt. ]bh \grkt. ]bh cfvhs fd Cks Gdnhchs. Lhstfdy @kkjs • F]@D 6>2-7-?0588-2
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