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Common-size statement – standardized fnancial statement presenting all items in percentage terms. Balance sheet items are shown as a percentage o assets and income statement items as a percentage o sales. Common-base year statement – standardized fnancial statement presenting all items relative to a certain base year amount. Financial ratios – relationships determined rom a frm’s fnancial inormation and used or comparison purposes. u!ont identity – popular e"pression brea#ing $%& into three parts' operating e(ciency) asset use e(ciency) and fnancial leverage. *tandard +ndustrial Classifcation ,*+C code – /.*. government code used to classiy a frm by its type o business operations. $atios' llow or better comparison through time or between companies. Categories o Financial $atios' *hort-term solvency or li0uidity ratios - $ed 1ong-term solvency or fnancial leverage ratios - 2ellow sset management or turnover ratios !roftability ratios - 3reen 4ar#et value ratios - Blue • • • • •
ays’ *ales in +nventory 5 7896+nventory :urnover $eceivable :urnover 5 *ales6ccounts $eceivable !roft margin is a measure o the frm’s operating e(ciency – how well it controls costs :otal :otal asset asset turnover is a measure measure o the frm’s asset asset use e(ciency e(ciency – how well does it it manage its its assets &0uity multiplier is a measure o the frm’s fnancial leverage /nli#e 4A ocuses on managerial eectiveness in a given year) &A is an estimate o a business’s true economic proft or the year. $atios are not very helpul by themselves they need to be compared to something :ime-: :ime-:rend nalysis nalysis /sed to see how the frm’s perormance is changing through time +nternal and e"ternal uses !eer 3roup nalysis Compare to similar companies or within industries *+C and <+C* codes !otential !roblems :here is no underlying underlying theory) theory) so there there is no way way to #now which ratios ratios are most relevant relevant Benchmar#ing is di(cult or diversifed frms 3lobalization and international competition ma#es comparison more di(cult because o dierences in accounting regulations ierent fscal years &"traordinary events FA 5 !A,> ? r t !A 5 FA 6 ,> ? r t =hen we tal# about discounting) we mean fnding the present value o some uture amount. =hen we tal# about the DvalueE o something) we are tal#ing about the present value unless we specifcally indicate that we want the uture value. r 5 ,FA 6 !A >6t – > t 5 ln,FA 6 !A 6 ln,> ? r :he rule o G 0uic# way to estimate how long it will ta#e to double your money. H years to double 5 G 6 r where r is a percent. •