ORTOGRAPIYA ORTOGRAPIYA IVATAN
NAYTULAS:
GEORGANN GABILO-CARIASO Education Program Supervisor
KONSULTANT:
FLORENTINO H. HORNEDO, PhD UNESCO Commissioner/Consultant on Ivatan Culture and Language
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANES 2015
Ortograpiya Ivatan Revised 2015
Copyright: Copyright: Arava u copyright du atavu a trabahu a pinarin nu gobyerno nu Pilipinas; am alit na pa ta mayanung u kahap su permisu nu ahensiya nu gobyerno a minarin siya u trabahu awri a manma kanu kapaysirbi siya (nattun) an u sirbian siya am ipaydakaw.
Naytulas: GEORGANN G. CARIASO Konsultant: FLORENTINO H. HORNEDO, PhD Minarin su Glosaryo: AYRINE C. GERONIMO
Pinarin du ka Superintendent ni: WIVINA B. GONZALES
Printed and Distributed by: DepEd, Schools Division of Batanes
U KAPANMUAN SU LIBRU (FOREWORD) U Ortograpiya Ivatan am niya u pananuran du kapaytulas su Ivatanen. Miyan pa du libru l ibru aya u pananuran du gramatika. Aru
sira u chirin a yapu du Kastila, Kastila, Ingles, Filipino kanu kadwan kadwan pa sira
mangana chirin a abu abu pa su katulasan katulasan du Ivatan. Niya sira sira am sirbien an angu u
katulasan du pinakayapuan da. Kayan Kayan na pa ta uyud a importante u ― consistency of the language form ‖ du kapatulas sira ya. Akma su miyan du Kautusang Pangkagawaran Bilang 104, 2009 , marayi ava du Filipino u kapaytulas su Ivatanen.
U kadwan a pananuran du Filipino a nakatulas du Ortograpiyang Pambansa 2014 am niya u unutan an di a nabnek du Ortograpiya Ortograpiya Ivatan aya. Pinatulas u ortograpiya aya ka Disyembre, 2012 as kapapanmu niya du atavu sira stakeholders nu DepEd Batanes ka October 3, 2013. Nakayapu diya am niya u inunutan du kapamarin su pachinanawan nu iskuyla ( Learning Materials ) a makayapu du Kindergarten a manda du Grade 3 du kapateptep siya u K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum as kasirbi su Ivatan a medium of instruction kanu ka asa
na niya a subject a vatan su Mother Tongue. U nakapatulas siya (format and layout) am pinalialit du pinarin nu DepEd tapyan masunung a unutan nu iskuyla a
makayapu du Grade 1. Uyud a rakuh u sidung ni Dr. Florentino H. Hornedo a nakayapu du kapayplanu siya patulasen a manda du ka-edit su ortograpiya aya. Pinayvatan u
pinatulas na a ― Rules on Ivatan Grammar ‖ a niya su miyan du Appendix A. U DepEd Batanes a iya su minparin su Ortoprapiya aya am ichakey na ipapanmu ta niya ava u kavusan nu pananuran sira aya. Maviyay u chirin ta as du kararaw a kasirbi ta siya am maparin u kayan nu paytadian kanu kayan pa sira nu machirapa chirichirin. Pariñin anchi u kaparapa sira a pananuran tapyan miyan u istandardisado a katulasan an angu u kabnek su makayavayu sira a chirin.
U Naytulas
ORTOGRAPIYA IVATAN
U GRAFEMA U LETRA SIRA Aa “ey”
Bb “bi”
Cc “si”
CHch “si eyts”
Dd “di”
Ee “I”
Ff “ef
Gg “ji”
Hh “eyts”
Ii “ay”
Jj “jey”
Kk „key”
Ll “el”
Mm “em”
Nn “en””
Ňñ “eñye”
NGng “en ji”
Oo “ow”
Pp “pi””
Qq “kyu”
Rr “ar”
Ss “es”
Tt “ti”
Uu “yu”
Vv “vi”
Ww
Xx “eks”
Yy “way”
Zz “zi”
“dobolyu”
U DI SIRA LETRA Mayalit u Filipino kanu English a maparin a sirbien du ngaran da nu umunut aya. Uyud a importante u katudin nu chirin a sirbien. Anu Filipino u pinasitnanan su kasirbi su ngaran nu simbolo am paytaytadien ava kanu English na du kapaytulas. ( rule on consistency of the language form) kudlit; apostrophe ( ´)
tuldok-kuwit; semi colon (;)
tuldok; period (.)
tutuldok; colon (:)
pananong; question mark (?)
gitling; dash(-)
padamdam; exclamation point (!)
gatlang; hyphen ( — )
kuwit; comma (,)
hati/antala; slash (/)
U IVATAN ALPABETO Chirin du madday su Letra (Key Word) VIDANG NU LETRA
PANANURAN
VOWELS
CONSONANTS
DIGRAPH
29
U Nivuhud sa Letra
5
23
1
A B C Ch D E F G H I J K L M N Ň NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Ee -machalit du Filipino. a - anus Ex.: eroplano, engkahe. U sivug ta chirin a Ivatan am mabnek du mid, central,
closed vowel ( ə) akma su: uved, geget. U kadwan pa sira chirin am abneken an angu kabnekan siya du
pinakayapuan
akma
su:
na.
Gobernador ,
anghel , , empanada
O,o
-
machalit
du
Filipino. An abneken ya nu Ivatan am Uu. Akma su: eroplano as an abneken
am ―iruplanu‖
e- eroplano (ə) geget I - ina o - okra u – unas unas
B-bagu C-computer D-dadima F-faluwa G-gadang H-hama J-jinjin K-kama L-lukuy M-mani N-nana Ň-ňipen NG-ngaran P-pusak Q-Quadrangle R-rida S-sudi T-tintin V-vuday W-wawahu X-x-ray Y-yuyunu Z-zebra
ChChavayan, chidat, tachay, chayi
machalit du C, Q, X, Z – machalit English anmana du pinakayapuan pinakayapuan na Atavu kadwan pa sira letra am abneken a machalit du Filipino.
U nakapidi su key words sira aya am inunutan u vidang nu letra a masanñib a miyan du chirin kanu vuku a chirin sira. Niya pa u kaununut nu kapachinanawu da diya u Ivatan alpabeto nu iskuyla a makayapu du Kindergarten.
Kadwan pa sira Chirin a Sumitnan du madday su Letra Letra
Aa
Ee (adapted words)
Ee (as ё) (u sivug a Ivatan)
Ii
Oo (adapted words)
Uu
Vowels Ivatan
English
amung angang abkas aradu akus eroplano engkahe elepante entablado examin geget riyes kahedes rayem atep ijang ipes ipun Inlu/ilu iswan Oktubre opisina obispo okra ostrich uhed unas uhu umang uvi
fish jar wave plow garlic airplane lace elephant stage examination lizard sea current styrofoam needle roof natural fortress cockroach shrimps thread handbar October office bishop okra ostrich worm sugarcane head hermit crab yam
Letra
Bb
Cc (abneken a Kk)
Cc (abneken a Ss)
Ch
Dd
Ff
Gg
Hh
Consonants Ivatan
English
baratay bintan bulyas bagu bubuh
scaffoldings window onion pig feather; fine feather/down feather/dow n or hair cake coke carrot computer Celso citizen cellphone Cely Cesar lightning; type of fish rain spear, arrow A barrio in Sabtang bread fruit tree & its fruit bottle lima beans flying fish goods for sale back passenger boat date type of bottle family saw sin; debt arm wrestling disease;illness lizard wooden mortar earrings pig food limestone heaven
cake coke carrot computer Celso citizen cellphone Cely Cesar chidat chimuy/timuy chibut Chavayan chipuhu dijaw dipawu dibang dakaw dichud faluwa fecha frasku familia galagal gatus gavu gañit geget husung huvay husagen hahan hañit
jinjin
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
jip jihuk jaket jam kahehep kanayi
dried banana leaves or vuyavuy
kalapay kadupi kulchib lamisa lukuy laji laylay lapis mayis manumanuk muhamuha mahep mahakay naned nanawuy nunuk nuka nasbang ñuy ñiñi
Ňñ ňisu
Ng
Pp
Type of Ivatan house; cogon (wall) panel jeepney curve; crook jacket jam fog vest(worn by men)woven out of
ñipen ngaran ngares ngalab ngahay pinuspus palek payi pantaw paltug
basket (for men) elongated jewelry basket scissors table bolo Ivatan Folk Song Dress, shirt, blouse(refers to RTW)
pencil corn bird (generic) plants night male/boy housefly flying net kind of shrub/bush wound orphaned coconut earthquake;also earthquake;also refers to a monocot used for hat and basket weaving
bad weather tooth/teeth name gum sharp edge saliva rope native wine lobster door gun
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
Quezon Quiapo quadragle aquarium Quintin rawut ravil rachi raya rapuyan sagap susi savusavung salawsaw saryu tatus tulay talugung tana takey vuhawan viňiveh vuhawu vatu vahay wakay wari warawara wasay x-ray Xerox xylophone taxi yuvuk yungu yangaw yaru yayu zipper zoo zebra Zamboanga zero
Quezon Quiapo quadragle aquarium Quintin millet violin rust blood stove fishing net key flower wind necklace coconut crab bridge (type of native) hat soil/land farm/field gold banana ant (generic) stone house camote younger sibling belongings axe x-ray Xerox xylophone taxi type of basket fence branch/twig community work/free labor run zipper zoo zebra Zamboanga zero
U PANANURAN ANU MAYTULAS I.
U KABNEKAN NU CHIRIN Patulasen u madday su letra nu chirin. Abneken u ngaran nu letra a
miyan du asa ka chirin, silaba, akronim, daglat, inisyal, simbulo a sirbien du
Science, kanu kadwan pa sira.
Chirin
Silaba
U KAPAYTULAS KAPAYTUL AS
U KABNEKAN NA
vahay
/vi-ey-eych-ey-way/ /vi-ey-eych-ey-way/
dijaw
/di-ay-jey-ey-dobolyu/
chitu
/si-eych-ay-ti-u/
Viola
/capital vi-ay-ow-el-ey/
maka
/em-ey-key-ey/ /em-ey-key-ey/
paycha
/pi-ey-way-si-eych-ey/
um
/yu-em/
mang
/em-ey-en-ji/
Akronim
SDC (Saint Dominic College)
/es-di-si/ /es-di-si/
BNSHS (Batanes National Science High School)
BATANELCO (Batanes Electric Cooperative)
/bi-en-es-eych-es/ /bi-en-es-eych-es/
/bi-ey-ti-ey-en-i-el-si-ow/
PGO (Provincial Governor‘s Office)
/pi-ji-ow/
Daglat
SB (Sangguniang Bayan)
/ capital es-capital es-capital bi/
Dr. (doctor)
/capital /capital di-ar period/
Hon. (Honorable)
/capital eych-ow-en period/
Mrs. (Missis)
/capital em-ar-es period/
Inisyal nu Ngaran nu Tawu
FVR (Fidel V. Ramos)
/ef-vi-ar/
MLQ (Manuel Luis Quezon)
/em-el-kyu/
FHH (Florentino H. Hornedo)
/ef-eych-eych/ /ef-eych-eych/
CPR (Carlos P. Romulo)
/si-pi-ar/ /si-pi-ar/
Simbulo du Science/Mathematics
II.
Au (gold)
/ey-yu/
Km (kilometer)
/key-em/
m (meter)
/em/
Fe (iron)
/capital /capital ef-i/
U KAPAYTULAS SU CHIRIN A. U unutan du kapay-translate, kavuhud su chirin a machitarek:
1.
Du kapaytulas su chirin a nivuhud du Ingles kan Filipino am sirbien ta mismu u katulasan anmana ispeling nu chirin sira aya. computer x-ray cellphone
2.
zebra taxi pizza
eroplano Diyos entablado
klase partido opisina
Sirbien u katulasan anmana ispeling nu chirin sira a Kastila a nayendes dana sirbien. familia
guarda pelo
de perlas
fecha
faluwa
lechon
yembra y macho
3. Sirbien du Ivatanen u istandardisadu a ispeling da du Filipino nu chirin a vinuhuvuhuran vinuhuvuhuran a yapu du Ingles, Kastila, Pranses kanu kadwan pa sira a mangana chirin. Kastila Filipino Ivatan maquina celebracion viaje English
spelling institution institution English 3.1.
- makina - selebrasyon - biyahe
- makina - selebrasyon - biyahe
Filipino
Ivatan
-ispeling (baybay) - ispeling -institusyon -institusyon - institusyon - Ingles - Ingles
Sirbien u matañi a ispeling anmana katulasan da du Ivatan nu chirin sira a yapu du Kastila kanu kadwan pa akma su umunut sira aya: Yapu du Matarek (foreign (foreign words ) Camarin la mesa Comic Cebolla ajo cedula syllable
3.2
Ivatan - kamadid - Lamisa - komik - bulyas - akus - sidula - silaba
Unutan u ispeling da du Filipino nu ngarangaran da nu vuhan nu awan kanu araraw sira nu duminggu takwan chinaywaman dana sira aya. Katadkan nu araw a Duminggu Enero Pebrero Marso Abril Mayo Hunyo Hulyo
Hulyo Agosto Setyembre Oktubre Nobyembre Disyembre
Lunes Martes Miyerkules Miyerkul es Huwebes Biyernes Biyerne s Sabado Duminggu
4. Mavidin u katulasan nu chirin a technical, scientific terms kanu yapu du kultura nu kadwan a kavahayan. Haji calculator gymnasium
cañao power point aquarium
Ifugao keyboard printer
Badjao calcium disk
5. U adan sa nakatulas a mañirbi su C as u kabnekan na am K kan J as u kabnekan na am H, unutan dana u kapaytulas du Filipino, Fil ipino, katadkan na an ngaran nu tawu kanu kavahayan. mapacabu - mapakabu jañit - hañit caktej- kakteh
mamajes – mamahes mamahes Jose - Jose Imnajbu- Imnajbu
6. Tadian pa sira ava u ngarangaran da nu kavahayan kanu kadwan pa sira a institusyon institusyon akma su umunut sira aya: Imnajbu Barrio School
- Imnajbu Barrio School
Mahatao (mahataw)
- Mahatao
7. Vidiñin u letra Ee du kapaytulas su sumñivug ta sira chirin, as u kabnek siya am ɚ (ё).. Maparin ava patadian su Uu anmana Ii. schwa ɚ (ё)
geget – maparin maparin ava gigit/gugut sehdang – maparin maparin ava suhdang/sihdang matbel – maparin maparin ava matbul kepkepen – maparin maparin ava kipkipin/kupkupun kipkipin/kupkupun 8. Vidiñin u Ee du chirin sira yapu du Kastila kan k an du Filipino a miyan su Ee. eroplano (iruplanu) engkahe (ingkahi) mensahe (minsahe)
anghel (anghil) entabblado
9. Vidiñin u Oo du chirin sira yapu du Kastila kan du Filipino a miyan su Oo. insenso opisina
milagro eroplano
partido obispo
10. U letra Ññ am sirbien du talulasan da nu sumnivug a chirin a Ivatan. añin ñiñi ñuy ñipen ñisu iñapuan luñis iñisan 11. Sirbien u silaba ―ay‖ du umunut sira aya. chidway
- maparin ava a chidwai
wakay
- maparin ava a wakai
12. Miyan sira u chirin a miyan su silaba a ―chi‖, niya sira am abneken da nu Ivasay
kanu Itbayat a ―ti‖. chimuy- timuy chipuhu – tipuhu chitu – titu 12.1.
chiban - tiban anchi - anti chibdas – tibdas tibdas
Machisivug/sumñivug Machisivug/sumñivug u Ch du umunut sira aya as maparin ava a ―Ti” Ti” anu abneken anmana patulasen. chidat
chayi
chinilas
tachi
tatchay
chirin
ichan
12.2. Maparin ava tadian s u ―ts‖ u digraph a CH/ch du sumnivug a chirin a Ivatan. Chavayan
ichamu
chinarey
Chanarian
sicharaw
chitahen
Chanpan
ichasaray
chidat
12.3. Miyan du pananuran aya u kasirbi su ispeling na du Filipino nu kadwan sira a chirin (Vidang 3) am kayan na pa ta miyan sira u mangana a chirin kanatunan u yapu du Kastila kanu Ingles a niya su chinaywaman dana katulasan na. Akma su umunut sira aya. Kastila/Ingles
Filipino
Ivatan
lechon
letson
lechon
achara
atsara
achara
pitcher
pitser
pitcher
13. Paypiruahen u vowel nu chirin a miyan su long vowel sound. Niya am asa ka silaba akma su umunut sira aya. taaw (taaw)
manaaw (manaaw)
suut (suut)
tuud (tuud)
13.1. Paypirwahen u manawdi a vowel du chirin sira sirbien a adverbs. Niya u paytarek nu katulasan k atulasan na du adjectives. Adverbs
Adjectives
Mawadii u kayam na. Maviid u kachichiban na. Madumii a mayliliyak
Mawadi u sakayan namen. Mavid a mavakes. Madumi a liyak
14. U suffixes AN kan EN.
14.1. U kasirbi su ―an‖. An u kavusan nu chirin (root word) w ord) as ―i‖ tadian ava su ―y‖. Akma pa siya an u kavusan na as ―u‖, tadian ava su ‗w‖. Akma su umunut sira aya. tadi – tadian
tapi – tapian tapian (floor)
uhu – uhuan; uhuan; payuhuan
idi – kaidian
uvi – kauvian
upu – kaupupuan kaupupuan
sirbi - sirbien
sirbi - sirbian
yapu – pinakayapuan pinakayapuan
14.2. An u chirin as miyan ―d‖ du paytawan p aytawan nu dadua ka vowels, anmana anmana ―d‖ u
kavusan nu rootword am tadian su ―r‖; akma pa siya an ―b‖ u kavusan nu rootword am tadyan su ―v‖ akma du umunut sira aya: ( noun to verb) vuhud pudpud vahud kudkud tuhud vadichid adpid latab aneb aňib
- vuhuDen - PudpuDen - vahuDen - kudkuDen - patuhuDen - vadicheDen - adpiDan - lataBen - aneban - aňiben
- vuhuRen - pudpuRen - vahuRen - kudkuRen - patuhuRen patuhuRen -vadichiRen - adpiRan - lataVen - aneVan - aňiven
B. Unutan du kasirbi su Mayuskula (Capital Letter) 1. Sirbien u mayuskula du manumma letra du ngaran nu tawu, ngaran nu kavahayan, ngaran nu araw kanu vuhan, ngaran nu kaiskuylan kanu kadwan pa matañi a ngaran. Akma pa siya u unutan du kapaytulas su sitnanan nu asa ka vuku a chirin. Juan V. Fuentes
Basco
Ivana Elem. School
St. Dominic
Abril
Lunes
Sirbien Sirbien u mayuskula du manumma letra nu manumma a chirin a sitnanan nu chi rin…… asa ka vuku a chirin……
2. U kadwan pa panirbian su mayuskula am akma su unutan du kapaytulas du Filipino.
C. U Kadwan pa sira a Unutan du Kapaytulas 1. Uyud a importante u consistency of the language form du kapaytulas su nivuhud sa chirin (borrowed words). Si Principal
- mavidin a Principal [tadian pa ava su Prinsipal]
Si Supervisor
- mavidin a Supervisor [superbisor] [superbisor]
familia
- mavidin a familia [pamilya]
contest
- contest [contest] [contest]
2. U kasirbi su hyphen. 2.1.
Sirbien u hyphen an mañirbi su Ingles du kapaytulas su paripariñin (verbs) akma su umunut sira aya: i-drawing may-drawing mapa-drawing napa-drawing mapa-LBC
i-text may-text nay-text i-check ipa-LBC
i-computer may-computer mapa-computer mapa-computer napa-computer napa-computer
2.2.
Sirbien AVA u hyphen du kapatulas su dadua ka mayalit a chirin an u inmunmuan na u vidang na. (plural form) tawutawu
bagubagu
vatuvatu
2.3.
An u sitnanan kanu kavusan a letra as vowel, sirbien u hyphen. ina-ina ama-ama
2.4.
Katadkan na an akmay asa u kabnekan anmana u liyak nu dadua aya ka letra, akma su: apuapu anguangu
2.5.
Arava u hyphen du kapatulas su dadua ka chirin a kumavus du vowel kanu sumitnan du vowel akma su umunut sira aya: Mu Apu sira u..
..aku anchi niya u
..imu ava yapu anchi
3. U kasirbi su KAN, KANU, KANI, KADA ( AND) a. Sirbien u KAN an mayalit a singular nouns a katadkan nu tawu. amung kan pichay kuchara kan tinidur vulit kan kurti b. Sirbien u KANI an u mangunut as singular personal noun . Sa Jose kani Maria Sa Ama kani Ina ku Sa kakteh ku kani Pedro. c. Sirbien u KANU an u mangunut as singular common noun, adjectives kanu verbs sira. mahutu kanu ichan kapaytataaw kapaytataaw kanu kahakaw mayvuyas kanu maylampasu
rakuh kanu mahňi a kayu d. Sirbien u KADA an u mangunut sira as plural personal or collective nouns. Sa Jose kada kakteh na Sa Pilar kada maran sa Paking kani Tacio. amuamung kada rakarakanen
e. Sirbien u KANIRA [KANSIRA] SA/U an u mangunut as collective personal nouns. Sa Principal kanira [kansira]u bisita Sa Juan kanira u lipulipus na
f.
KANIMU, KANYAKEN, KANYAMEM, KANYATEN, KANINYU am compound forms sira. [kan imu; kan yaken; kan yamen; kan yaten; kan inyu] An sinitnan u kasirbi su compound forms sira aya am uyud a importante u consistency of the language form.
g. AS KANU; AS KAN; AS KANI: pachingangayan na pa ( in addition to ); an miyan u paykumparahen. Maychan kami su amung kan pichay as kanu luñis pa. Makarakarang si Jun as kani Mar. Masdesdep u kamaya as kan natu.
U PANANURAN DU GRAMATIKA I.
U ASA KA VUKU A CHIRIN (Sentence) 1. Declarative Sentences: a. Du Ivatanen am manma u predicate kanu subject. Mangay aku du takey. Mavid u vuhan. Magaradu si Pilo su unasen. Nangay si Maria du plasa.
2. Interrogative Sentences: a. Sirbien u umunut sira aya an miyan u iyahes. Question mark u u pangavusan na. Ara? Ara paru? Verb+ paru? Mangay paru? Magañit paru? Mawara paru? Mangay aku paru du takey? Ara paru sa a mayayit du kamayisan? Ara makedked u pagad du vutalaw? Ara paru makedked u pagad du vutalaw? b. Sirbien u Miyan anmana Miyan paru…. Miyan sa kakuyab du vahay da? Miyan paru sa du kawara da ina da? c. Sirbien u Makey….Makey paru… Makey kamu nu amung? Makey kamu paru nu amung? Makey ka machivan di yaken? Makey paru si Ding a mangay du takey?
d. Sirbien pa sira u verbs a sumitnan du prefix Maka (to be able)… Makakayat si Rudy su ñuy? Makaparin ka su kavadag?
3. Imperative Sentences: a. U imperative sentences am akmay interrogative sentences. U pachitarek pachi tarek na am u tono nu kapavata siya. Mangay ka du takey. [Mangay ka du takey?] Mangunas sa anchi an makuyab. [Mangunas sa anchi an makuyab?] Maytrabahu kamu andelak. [Maytrabahu kamu andelak?] Manguyas ka su panay. [Manguyas ka su panay?] b. U command sentences am mañirbi su verbs a maykavusan su suffixes AN, HEN, EN kan IN… Adisan mu u lata aya. Apnuhen mu nu ranum u angang aya. Pangayin niyu u savusavung du lamisa. Lir en en mu u pinatulas du pisara.
II.
U NGARANGARAN SIRA (Nouns) 1. Sirbien u SI manma kanu ngaran nu maviay a tawu. SIMNA an ngaran nu nadiman. Si Juan Si Maring Simna Berto Simna Apu niyu 2. U itawag dira du lipus anmana rarayay du vahay a katadkan u ngaran da am proper nouns. Anu aru u vidang da am common noun. Sirbien u SA anu maviay pa as SAMNA anu nadiman dana manma kanu ngaran aya.
Proper Nouns
Common Nouns
si Ama mu si Kaka mu si Wari mu simna Maran mu
sa kamnan niyu sa wari niyu samna katayug da samna apu niyu
3. Sirbien u preposition DI du ngaran nu matañi a lugar. DU anu common
nouns. di Chavayan di San Carlos di Itbud di Naydi
du takey du katuvang du rarahan du tukun
4. Sirbien u article U du ngaran nu faluwa kanu opisina (referring to the building). Sirbien pa iya du ngaran nu historical events or seasons. u Kapitulyu u Santo Niño u Independence Day u Simana Santa u Biyernes Santu 5. U common nouns am katavuan a itawag du tawu, lugar, warawara, napaparin, kanu tiempo. Miniskula u pasitnanan su ngarangaran sira aya as sirbien u article U. u vuhawan u ina ni u kakteh u vahay u tukun
Tuviran:
U NU
= articles the; a; an = preposition of
Tuviran:
Na Da
- for singular singula r nouns - for Plural nouns
5.1.
5.1.1
U unutan an aru u vidavidang nu asa ka ngaran.
Paypiruahen u dadua ka manumma manumma silaba (CVCV) as unutan ya nu SA. u vuhavuhawan sa u tukutukun sa u papipapil sa u kanekanen sa
5.1.2
Anu chirin as maykavusan su vowel, paypiruahen u chirin aya as pangayan su hyphen. u ina-ina sa u ama-ama sa
as katadkan nu chirin a akma su baka. Sirbien u pamidang a ―aru‖ u aru sira baka
U Ngarangaran Sa Tawu hakay apu katayug mutdeh malkem
Panmavakes kamnan mavinayi ina apu vakes kurang piyan
Warawara kubang alat tangkal vakul Talugung
Viñay bagu pagad kaddin Chitu lagañitan
Panmahakay maran maluku ama apu hakay kuyis hayran
Lugar takey Sabtang kanayan Ijang pungsu
Maparin Du Mavakes Kan du Mahakay kakteh viñay iñapuan apuapu bagu arayu
U mapaparin pista paychakuvutan paychakuvutan paymuhan mayañin parahmetan
Neuter Jip tataya kayukayu hakawan computer papil
Paytavuan a ngaran (common nouns) kavahayan umaumayam amung tukun kayu rakarakanen
Matañi a ngaran (proper nouns) Mahatao kudibabang dibang Iraya arius tamiduk
inumen laji isturya takey asi nu kayu
palek
―Nunuk du Tukun‖ ―Si Jose Baut‖ Nakamaya hantak
III.
PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
asa ka 1. U personal pronouns as maychatañi u kasirbi siya anmana pasitnanan su asa vuku a chirin am u umunut sira aya: YAKEN ............................................... I IMU ....................................................You (singular) .......................................... ...................... .......He/She/It IYA ........................... He/She/It .......................................... ................. ..We YATEN ........................... We (inclusive) ............................................ ................... ....You INYU ............................. You (plural) ............................................ ................... ....They SIRA ............................. They 2. U personal pronouns sira du
nominative case as manawdi kanu verb du asa ka
vuku a chirin an u umunut sira aya: AKU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I KA . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .You ( sing.) NA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . He/ She/ It TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We ( incl.) incl .) KAMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We ( excl.) KAMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . You ( pl.) SA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . They 3. U personal pronouns sira du objective case am u umunut sira aya: DIYAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Me DIMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .You ( sing.) DIYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Him/Her/It DIYATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Us ( incl.) DIYAMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Us (excl.) DINIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . You Y ou (pl.) DIRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Them
4. U prenominal possessive adjectives am u umunut sira aya: KU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .My MU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Your NA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .His/Her/Its TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Our (incl.) NAMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Our (excl.) NIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Your .Y our (pl.) DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Their
5. U pronouns sira du possessive case am u umunut sira aya: DIYAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine DIMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yours DIRANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . His/Hers DIYATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ours ( incl.) DIYAMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ours (excl.) DI[RA] NIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yours DIRA DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theirs 6. U demonstrative pronouns/adjectives pronouns/adjectives sira: NIYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This NAWRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .That (near listener) U NGUYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . That (far from both) NIYA S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .These NAWRI S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Those (near listener) U NGUYA S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Those (far from both) 7. U interrogative pronouns sira: SINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Who ( sing.) SANGUANGU S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . Who (pl.) ANGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What ( sing.) ANGUANGU S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . What ( pl.) U ASIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which (sing.) U ASIYU S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which (pl.) (pl .) DU DINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where (sing.) DU DINU DINU DINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where ( pl.) KA ANGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When ( sing. ) KA ANGUANGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When ( pl. ) ANGU PAKAYAPUAN NA . . . . . . . Why? MAKAYAMUT DU ANGU . . . . . . . . Why? Because of what? UN TA ANGU U PINAKAYAPUAN NA. . .Why (with a sense of wonder) Tuviran: Sirbien du kapaytulas u letra “d”du pronouns sira. [abneken da nu Isamurung a /j/ ] /j/ ]
IV.
U VERBS KANU TENSES DA: Niya sira u affixes a parapahen du rootword: AN ,EN ,EN (pronounced ∂n ∂n ), I, IPA ,
IPAN, MA, MACHI, MAKA, MAN/MANG, MANG/MAN, MAPA, MAY, MAYA, MAYCHA, PA+EN, PA+HEN, PAYCHA kan UM.
pangay an ahapen sadiw en idakaw ipuha ipaniplut machinanau machisakay machibaka machihuahuk machilimus manyapas mangunas makatayatu makavuya mapasuli mapavuya mayayu mayvuyas maywakay mayvahay
mayvavanga (to make clay pots) mayvanga (to have a pot) maychahuhu maychahedheran paunuten pakantahen patrabahuhen paychasusuhan paychasarisariñan paychabutbutbuten paychaupiten [u] mayam umvuhung umyavut kumayat tumayara tumanís maypasibu maypaudi
U silaba ― na”, ―nay‖, kanu infix a ― um‖ u parapahen du root word a vaheyan niya u nakaparin na rana (past tense).
U ―pa anchi‖ am parapahen du root word a vaheyan niya u kapari n pa anchi siya (future tense). Verb (rootword) kuman tada yayu angay sakay vuyas
Naparin dana (Past) kumñinan/nikuman kumñinan/nikuman tumnada nayayu nangay nachisakay/sumnakay nachisakay/sumnakay nayvuyas
U taytu a Pariñin(present) kuman tumada mayayu mangay sumakay mayvuyas
Pariñin pa anchi (future) kuman pa anchi tumada pa anchi mayayu pa anchi mangay pa anchi machisakay anchi mayvuyas pa anchi
U kasirbi su infix a ― um‖, parapan su letra ―n‖ u sitnanan nu silaba anmana umunut du infix aya. surud - sumnurud
kayat – k k umn umnayat
sakay - sumnakay
Tenses 1. Simple present tense, indicative mood
Inclusive: Exclusive:
Mangay aku du kaiskuylan. Mangay ka du kaiskuylan. Mangay [siya] du kaiskuylan. Mangay ta du kaiskuylan. Mangay kami du kaiskuylan.
2. Simple past tense, indicative mood.
Inclusive: Exclusive:
Nachinanawu Nachinanawu aku kakuyab. Nachinanawu Nachinanawu ka kamahep. Nachinanawu Nachinanawu [siya] a may-piano. Nachinanawu ta du Matimatiks. Nachinanawu Nachinanawu kami du Matimatiks. Matimatiks.
3. Simple Future, Indicative mood. Inclusive: Exclusive:
V.
Mangavang aku anchi andelak. Mangavang anchi [ siya ] du manam aya vuhan. Mangavang ta an nawan. Mangavang kami an nawan.
U ADJECTIVES SIRA: 1. Paypiruahen u vowel nu manawdi a silaba (CV/CVC)an (CV/CVC)an niya niya u kavuyan
judgment) mu su asa ka tawu anmana warawara. ( judgment Masulib(adj.) - masuliib Mavid (adj.) -maviid Rakuh (adj.) -rakuuh 2.
An dadua u paykumparahen, paypiruahen u manumma dadua ka silaba (CVCV) nu pinakayapuan nu chirin awri ( rootword). rakuh - rakurakuh dekey - dekedekey mavid - maviavid
2.1 An tatdu u silaba nu chirin, paypiruahen u ichadadua kanu ichatatdu i chatatdu nu silaba. (CVCV) Marudit - marudirudit mawadi - mawadiwadi makalu - makalukalu a katadkan nu umunut sira aya: malistu matuhus masdep
- malialistu - matuatuhus - masdesdep
3. An tatdu anmana mayparu pa u paykukumparahen, paypiruahen u consonant nu ichadadua a silaba (CVC). rakuh - rakkuh dekey - dekkey mavid - mavvid 3.1
An u chirin as miyan u mayunut a consonants (VCCV); an pavatahen anmana liren sira aya am miyan du manumma nu mayunut sira awri a consonants u stress na.
mayňid marahmet malistu masdep 3.2
An tatdu u silaba nu chirin, paypiruahen u manumma consonant nu manawdi a silaba (CV/CVC)as u stress am miyan du ichadadua nu silaba. marahem - marahhem maganay - magannay mawadi - mawaddi makalu - makallu
Degrees of Adjectives: Positive rakuh mavid maganay mavaheng matava
- mayňid - mara hmet - mali stu - masdep
Comparative Comparative rakurakuh maviavid maganaganay mavahevaheng matavatava
Superlative rakkuh mavvid magannay mavahheng matavva
4. U ADVERBS SIRA: URAS/TIEMPO (Time) kakuyab ( yesterday ) kamahep ( last night ) sicharaw ( today ) andelak ( tomorrow ) du ka mavukhas ( in the morning ) sichamavukhas ( this morning ) sichamaraw sichamaraw ( this noon ) du kamaraw ( at noon , in the day time ) kamaraw ( the noontime [ that has just passed ] ) sichamakuyab ( this afternoon ) du ka makuyab ( in the afternoon ) du ka malatyat ( at dawn ) du duminggu aya ( this week ) du manam aya duminggu ( this coming week ) du nakarahan aya duminggu ( last week ) du vuhan aya ( this month )
du manam aya vuhan ( next month ) du nakarahan aya vuhan ( last month ) du awan aya ( this year ) kaminsawan; du nakarahan nakarahan ayà awán ( last year ) annawan; du manám aya awan (next year ) du manam; du manam a araw ( in the future ) du nakarahan ( in the past )
LUGAR (Place) du manghuvuk ( in the middle; in the center ) du mangpayis ( at the edge; at the border ) du mangwanan (at/on the right ) du manghuli (at / on the left l eft ) manumma ( first; at the head of ) manawdi manawji (last ) manayahbu (below ) manbahayan ( on the part closer to the upper end of a farm lot l ot ) mansitnan ( on the pat closer to the lower end of a farm lot ) manlusuk ( at the bottom of )
KAPARIN (Manner) Sirbien u particle SU an u verb as manma kanu adverb; particle A an manawdi u verb. Mayam su makawadii. ( He/ She walks slowly. ) Makawadii a mayam (He/ She walks slowly) makawadii ( slowly ) makalistuu ( fast ) makaluu ( soon; quick ) mahaay ( late ) malyaak ( loudly ) madumii ( in a low l ow voice, silently, softly ) naňieng ( immediately )
Condition Kasadken (in the midst midst of, at the height of ) Katanuyyen na (the calmest state state of [said of sea condition ]) Karahetten na (in the worst condition of) Kapyahhen na (the best condition in which to) Makanahhu su ka (at the right time/condition for)
Degree Uyud a (very, truly, genuinely) Akma su (somewhat, a bit) Mahara a (gravely, seriously, [usually said of illness]) Maymetmet (very gravely [ ill ] , very many) Tud a (just [do something without wi thout ceremony or complicated complicated action]) Maychakuhátten Maychakuhátten (at its i ts hottest) Maychayétten Maychayétten (at its i ts strongest)
APPENDIX A
U umunut aya am niya u pintulas ni Dr. Florentino H. Hornedo a pinananuran du pinayvatan a “Rules of Grammar” a niya su sirbien s irbien du kapannanawu du kaiskuylan. Pinayvatan pa ava tapyan di a maytadi u inmunmuan kanu chirin sira a nisirbi na.
RULES ON GRAMMAR I.
The Sentence
The normal structure of Ivatan sentences is PREDICATE followed by SUBJECT. (They are unlike English and Spanish sentence which have SUBJECT + PREDICATE structure). 1. Mangay aku du takey. takey. Go I to the field. 2. Mapawal kami di Chaytapan. Pasture {cattle} we in Chaytapan. 3. Mayvasavasa ta su ayub. Wash we blanket. 4. Mayayit sa du kamaysan. kamaysan. Remove weeds they in the corn fields. 5. Magarado si Pilo su unasen. unasen. Plows Pilo a field for sugarcane. 6. Makedked u pagad. du vutalaw. vutalaw. Is tethered the carabao to the palomaria pa lomaria tree. Note: a.The preposition DU [to the] is used before common nouns. b.The preposition DI is used before proper nouns.
Ivatan translative verbs distinguish between those that produce change in their object (as in kuman, mangharip) and mangharip) and those that do not (as in añiven, in añiven, ichaddaw, kakuvuten) thus: 1. Kuman sa su wakay. Eat they camote. 2. Manghap ka su rakanen. Cut/Slice you vegetable. 3. Aniven mu U iñapwan mu. Give respect you to parent your. 4. Ichaddaw da U lipus da. Love they to relative their. 5. Kakuvuten na u manganak ni Paulina. Marries he/she to son/daughter of Paulina. Paulina. Interrogative sentences are made with the use of ARA, P ARU, or ARA PARU.
ARA translates as “Is/Are there….?; and ARA PARU is “Would there be …?” PARU PARU translates as “Would…? Thus; 1. Mangay aku PARU du takey? takey? Go I would to the field/farm? 2. Mapawal kami PARU di Chaytapan? Chaytapan? Pasture we would/should in Chaytapan. 3. Mayvasavasa ta PARU du ayub? ayub? Wash we would blanket/s? ARA ta PARU mayvasavasa du ayub? ayub? Are we supposed /expected to wash /launder blanket? 4. ARA PARU sa a mayayit du kamaysan? kamaysan? Are supposed they to remove weeds in the cornfield? Are they removing weeds in the cornfield? Are they weeding the cornfield? 5. ARA magarado si Pilo du unasen? unasen? Is plowing Pilo a field for sugar cane? ARA PARU magarado si Pilo su unasen? Would plow Pilo a field for sugarcane? 6. ARA a makedked u pagad du vutalaw? vutalaw? Is tethered the carabao to the palomaria tree? ARA PARU a makedked u pagad du vutalaw? vutalaw? Is tethered the carabao the palomaria tree? Another usual way of asking questions in Ivatan is to the use MIYAN (there is/are). This also appears as MIYAN PARU, but it is common to drop PARU.
1. MIYAN sa kakuyab du vahay da? da? Were they yesterday in house their? 2. MIYAN pa PARU sa du kawara da ina da? Were still [there] they when arrived the mother (and company) their? The answers to the first questions are: 1. Un, miyan sa (Umba, sa (Umba, abu sa.) Yes, were there they. ( No.were there not they.) 2. Un, miyan pa sa. sa. (Umba,abu dana sa.) Yes, were they still they. (No,were not there [anymore] they. Other usual ways of asking questions are by the use of MAKEY…PARU…? of MAKEY…PARU…? 1. MAKEY kamu nu amung? Do like you fish? MAKEY kamu PARU nu amung? Do like you fish?
and the use of o f verbs which starts with the prefix MAKA(to be able) as in: 2. MAKAyi ka si chamakuyab? chamakuyab? Can come you this afternoon? 3. MAKAkayat si Rudy su ñiuy? Can climb Rudy coconut tree? 4. MAKAparin sa su kavadag? Can make they a kite? Many imperative sentences in Ivatan are like interrogative statements. 1. Mangay ka du takey. Go you to the field/farm. 2. Mangunas sa anchi an makuyab. makuyab. Will cut sugarcane they this afternoon. Their imperative mood is indicated by the tone of voice. Another way of indicating a command is to use verbs ending in the suffixes AN, EN, and IN as in ADISAN, APNUHEN, and PANGAYIN. 1. AdisAN mu sa u lata aya. Put (water) you into these cans. 2. ApnuhEN mu nu ranum u angang aya. Fill you with water this (big) jar. 3. PangayIN niyu sa u pawpaw du karakayan dira. Place you (pl.) the salted fish where (the sun) can shine on them.
II.
Nouns; Ngaran
The closest Ivatan word for the English word “noun” is ngaran (name). Nouns are (1) proper, or (2) common. Proper nouns are names of specific (a) persons, (b) places,(c)things, or (d) events. In writing, they are marked by writing their initial letter in capital. Names of living persons are preceded by SI, and if dead, they are preceded by SIMNA. 1. si Juan 2. si Maring 3. simna Berto 4. simna Apu niyu Names of relationships when referring to particular persons persons are also proper nouns, such as: 5. si Ama ta 6. si Kaka mu 7. simna Maran da But names of relationships when in plural form are c ommon nouns. They are preceded by the plural SA (if living), living), and SAMNA (if dead): 8. sa kamnan niyu 9. sa wari ta 10.samna katayug da
Names of particular places in the nominative use are preceded by DI: 1. di Chavayan 2. di San Carlos 3. di Itbud 4. di Naydi Names of particular things such as a building or boat are preceded by U: 1. u Kapitulyu 2. u Santo Niño (name Niño (name of a boat) Names of historical events or season are preceded by U also in: 1. u “Independence day” 2. u Simana Santa 3. u Birnis Santu Common nouns are generic names of persons, places, things, events, seasons and natural phenomena. In writing, there is no need to capitalize their initial letters .They are preceded by the particular U. 1. u vuhawan ( gold) 2. u gadang ( finger ring) 3. u ina ( ina ( the mother) 4. u kakteh (sibling) 5. u vahay (the house) 6. u kachichimuyen (rainy season) 7. u angalirang (rainbow) 8. u sehdang (light) 9. u tukun (hill , mountain) 10. u nadubuk (the (the one that was capsized) To indicate the plural, the first two syllables s yllables are reduplicated and the particle SA follows but not connected with it: 1. u vuhavuhawan sa ( sa ( the pieces of gold) 2. u ina-ina sa ( sa ( the mothers) 3. u tukutukun sa ( sa ( the hills/mountains)
III. VERBS Ivatan verbs are indicated by a large number of affixes which appear alone or in combination,
such as: AN ,EN (pronounced ∂n ), I, IPA , IPAN, MA, MACHI, MAKA, MAN/MANG, MANG/MAN, MAPA, MAPA, MAY, MAYA, MAYCHA, PA+EN, PA+HEN, PAYCHA and UM. 1. AN ( Suffix) aptusan ( to massage) iplutan ( iplutan ( to whip) aphutan (to aphutan (to spread liquid over the surface of something)
pangayan (to pangayan (to place/ put something on/in something else) punasan (to punasan (to wipe a surface ) tapangan (to tapangan (to add more length len gth ) 2. EN ( suffix) ahapan (to get/take/bring along something) aniven ( aniven ( to respect/venerate/worship something or someone) inumen (to inumen (to drink something kanen (to kanen (to eat something) kayaten ( to climb something) palangen ( palangen ( to pull / tug at something) pangayen (to pangayen (to put/place something on/into something else) sadiwen (to sadiwen (to buy something) uluten (to uluten (to pull out thread /string/wire out from something) 3.
I ( prefix ) iangáy ( iangáy ( to be brought ) idakáw( idakáw( to sell; to be sold) idiwát ( to swing back something in preparation for striking) ipuhá ( to throw away ) isavát ( ( to bring home someone/something) isulí ( ( to be offended/annoyed by something / someone) isuvú ( to put into one`s mouth) itunéng ( ( to consent to or admit something ; to allow) idakwít ( ( to throw away sideways or backwards)
4. IPAN (prefix) This prefix indicates that something is used as instrument in the performance of the act indicated by the root word. ipaniplút [ ipansiplut ] ( to whip with ) ipanidúng [ [ ipansidung] ( to help with) ipandéb [ ipandéb [ ipanasdeb] ( to light with ) with) ipanuhú [ ipanuhú [ ipansuhu] ( to illuminate with) ipanutung [ [ ipanrutung] to cook with ipamasú [ ipamasú [ ipanpasu ] ( to roast something with) ipangahút [ [ ipankahut ] ( to bind bind something with ) ipanguyás [ ipanguyás [ ipanuyas ] ( to wash something with) ipangháp [ipan+ahap] ipangháp [ipan+ahap] ( to get something with) ipangadí [ [ ipankadi ] ( to dig with) ipangaptús [ipan+aptus] ipangaptús [ipan+aptus] ( to massage with) ipamahpáh [ ipamahpáh [ ipanpahpah] (to bludgeon/beat up with) ipamarín [ ipamarín [ ipan + parin] pa rin] ( to make with;to make something for) 5. MACHI (prefix) machiván [ machiván [ machi+ivan] ( to go with) machinanaú (to study ;to train oneself in something)
machisakáy ( to ride with someone) machikabayu ( machikabayu ( to ride on the back of ) machitahá ( machitahá ( to imitate;to mimic someone) machiasá ( to be united/one with) machichasá ( machichasá ( to included along with) machidubáng ( ( to be the pair of; to pair with) machituváng ( ( to be/stand opposite something) machituhúng (to (to be neighbor of; to be the pair in a set ;to be covered c overed along with)
The prefix MACHI also indicates “to search out for the purpose of buying or acquiring”. machiuchúy ( machiuchúy ( to look for eggs to buy) machibaká ( machibaká ( to look for cattle to buy) machibabagò ( machibabagò ( to look for hogs to buy) machimamanúk ( ( to look for chicken to buy) machilimús ( machilimús ( to beg for alms) 6. MAN/MANG ( prefix) This prefix indicates to search and catch c atch or get/gather what is indicated by the rootword. manatús [man + tatus ](to catch coconut crabs) manyapás ( manyapás ( to cut camote c amote tops for planting) manirang (to (to catch turtles) manasá [ manasá [ man+sasa] ( to cut and gather reeds) manipuhú [ manipuhú [ man+chipuhu] ( to gather breadfruit [artucarpus rimas]) manaaw [man+naaw] manaaw [man+naaw] (to gather edible marine creatures on the tidal shelves at low tide ) manikdi [manchikdi] manikdi [manchikdi] ( to catch the fish called chikdi) ch ikdi) The prefix MAN becomes MANG when the noun root that follows begins with k or or vowels. mangunas [man+unas] ( to cut sugarcane) mangamung [ [ man+among] ( to catch c atch fish) manguyta [mam+kuyta] manguyta [mam+kuyta] ( to catch octopus) mangutchuy [ mangutchuy [ man + uchuy] ( to steal eggs) manguyab [ man + kuyab ] ( to catch the hawk[kuyab]) The prefix MAN+noun with reduplicated first syllable also indicates to search and catc h, get/gather what is indicated by the noun. manpapayi ( to catch lobster) manyayayáng ( ( to catch the yayang) manyuyuyunú ( to catch the yuyunu) manyayayúd ( ( to gathered wild lettuce called yayud) But the prefix MAN+nouns which indicate privately owned objects may indicate theft or illegal acquisition. manmamanúk ( ( to steal chicken) mankakasású ( mankakasású ( to steal dried salted beef) manvivinachi ( manvivinachi ( to steal firewood )
manpapawpaw ( manpapawpaw ( to steal salted dried fish) manniniúy ( manniniúy ( to steal coconuts) mankakaddin [ mankakaddin [ also mangaddin]( mangaddin]( to steal goats) manchichinipás ( manchichinipás ( to steal sugarcane seedlings) An exception is manmamavaw whi manmamavaw which merely means “to take a snack“ 7. MANG/MAN (prefix) The prefix MANG or its variant MAN are much like the preceding one except that this one is followed by action words which the agent performs. manghap [ manghap [ mang+ ahap] ( to get) mangayát (mang-kayat) (mang-kayat) (to climb for for something) manguyás (to manguyás (to wash plates,pans,and the like) mangapyás [ mangapyás [ mang+kapyas] ( to search out with the hands or finger) mangaváng (to (to take a boat and sail to luzon, to leave home for luzon) mangaphut mangaphut (to spread out liquid on a surface) manguyawyás (to wash one’s leg and feet) mangulúng (to (to strike with the horns; to gore) mangurús (to mangurús (to make the sign of the cross over oneself) mangaptús (to mangaptús (to massage) manghurás (to manghurás (to chew) mangulút mangulút (to pull out thread , string, rope and the like such as vines) mangutás [man+kutas] ( to cut banana leaves) mangudít [mankudit] (to remove the peel or skin of something) The prefix MANG+pathological condition or psychological state indicates that the agent causes the condition or state. manghangú ( manghangú ( to cause sea sickness) mangahuhéd (to (to cause dizziness) mangayuran ( mangayuran ( to cause mild dizziness) manghaniní/manghañiñi (to manghaniní/manghañiñi (to cause the nerve to tingle in discomfort due to screeching sounds or very sour taste) mangamumú (to mangamumú (to cause fright or fear) manghupág ( ( to cause tiredness or fatigue) The prefix MAN,a variant of MANG,+action words beginning with the letters Ch , N,R,S and T forms verbs in which the th e initial letter of the action word is dropped. manyús manyús [man+ryus] 9 to bathe ; to baptized) manidéb [man+chideb] manidéb [man+chideb] (to look or to stare) manareng [man+nareng] (to learn one’s back against something) manaít [man+rait [man+rait ( to sew) manutúng (man+rutung (man+rutung ( to cook) mandarin [man+sarin] mandarin [man+sarin] (to kick) manadsád [man+sadsad] [man+sadsad] ( to push with the feet manuvúy [man+tuvuy] manuvúy [man+tuvuy] t(o send someone) manurúh [man+turuh] manurúh [man+turuh] (to give/to give/to donate )
8. MAKA ( prefix) The prefix MAKA indicates that the happening or condition indicated by the root word happens to, or is attain by the agent. makamyá [maka+kamya] (to be satisfied) makasdúh [maka+asduh] makasdúh [maka+asduh] ( to reach the top or upper limit) makalsád [maka+alsad] (to slip) makatayatú [to makatayatú [to reach the top of) makatayará (to makatayará (to be able to climb up an incline) makateptep (to makateptep (to fall on one`s haunches) makahutú (to makahutú (to finish one`s cooking) makapyá (to makapyá (to be good) makayít [maka+ayit] [maka+ayit] ( to be strong) makarakúh (to makarakúh (to get a big amount ; to grow big/large) makarárakkuh ( makarárakkuh ( to get the biggest share/piece) makataní (to (to have[something]all to oneself) makasagál ( ( to be lucky in fishing) makavuyá (to makavuyá (to be able to see;to find) makamúng [maka+among] [maka+among] (to catch a lot of fish) makasà [maka+]asa,etc,](to makasà [maka+]asa,etc,](to catch /get one etc.) 9. MAPA (prefix) The prefix MAPA indicates that the agent performs or accomplishes the action or condition c ondition indicated by the rootword. mapakarù ( mapakarù ( to remove ) mapasiyáy ( mapasiyáy ( to separate;to detatch ) mapasulí ( ( to annoy;to make angry) mapasdép ( mapasdép ( to bring in; to make someone/something enter) mapatungtùng (to (to complete:to fulfill) mapasuyusuyùt (to (to behave in a manner that tends to attract attention and doting a ffection, usually said of children) mapasajít (to (to hang [something]) mapasyasi ( mapasyasi ( to attract sympathy,compassion,pity) mapasuksùk ( ( to thrust something into a hole) mapahbút ( ( to send out; to put outside ;to bring out) mapauyùd (to (to be serious; to do one`s level best) mapakavùs ( mapakavùs ( to finish, to complete) mapakapyá ( mapakapyá ( to repair ) mapavuyá ( mapavuyá ( to show; to demonstrate) 10. MAY ( prefix) The prefix MAY indicates that the agent performs the action indicated by the action ac tion word that follows it. mayayù [may mayayù [may (y) ayu]to run) mayvuyás ( mayvuyás ( to sweep) maychipchíp ( maychipchíp ( to cut grass ,shrubs,and the like)
mayayit [may [may (ayit] ( to weed) maychadì ( to dig; to excavate) maysusuh (to maysusuh (to burn [something] ) maysapàd ( ( to uproot trees or tree stubs by digging it,as is done ivatan farming.) maychamkàm ( maychamkàm ( to clear the underbrush in preparation for cultivation) maydalamsàm ( maydalamsàm ( to clear up u p dried leaves and weeds from a farm lot in preparation for planting) maywakwàk ( ( to winnow ground or pounded pou nded cereal such as corn or rice; to remove the roots of grasses and weeds from loosened farm soil by soil b y hand) maychischís ( maychischís ( to scrape off the the skin of the camote tuber ; to scrape off the thin outermost layer of a surface ) mayrudirudít ( ( to dirty a place) mayvulavulày ( mayvulavulày ( to spread the sleeping mat) mayvuvulày ( mayvuvulày ( to go over the pages of a book leisurely) maylangkày (to maylangkày (to spread household things such clothes in the sun for airing or drying) maylaylày ( maylaylày ( to put on clothes; to hang ha ng laundry to dry) maylutúg (to (to hang one`s head down) The prefix MAY +name of a plant indicates the action of planting the specified plant maywakày (to maywakày (to plant camote) mayunàs (to mayunàs (to plant sugarcane) maymaís (to maymaís (to plant corn) mayparày (to mayparày (to plant rice) mayraút (to (to plant millet) maydúkay (to maydúkay (to plant prickly yam) mayakús (to mayakús (to plant garlic [akus is from Spanish ajo – garlic]) garlic]) maymuhà (to maymuhà (to plant) The prefix MAY+ name of the body part or physiological function /phenomenon indicates pathological or abnormal condition. The physiological phenomenon may appear with reduplicated first syllable, otherwise it ends with the suffix AN if the root word is a body bod y part. maytatachí ( to suffer from dysentery; to have diarrhea) maylagawàn ( to have a neck ache) maydichuràn ( to have a back ache) maypuawàn ( to have lung disease) mayapindisitís ( to have the appendicitis) maymumuhéd (to have running nose; to clear one`s nose of mucous) mayñangahay ( to salivate) maymatàn ( to have sore eyes) The prefix MAY + name of equipment, furniture, structure, facility and the like indicates making/ building the thing named. mayvahày (to mayvahày (to build a house) maychimà ( maychimà ( to make lime in a kiln) mayatúy ( mayatúy ( to build a wall wall of mere mere riprap,no mortar) maygadagadà (to maygadagadà (to build a mortar wall) mayanéb ( mayanéb ( to make shutters) mayatép ( mayatép ( to construct a roof ) mayvuvúng ( ( to construct the roof ridge)
In some instances MAY followed by names of domestic equipment such as vangavanga pot,lamisa pot,lamisa-table, -table, and tankal -sled, indicates meanings other than “construction” of so that an idiomatic marker indicates indicates the difference by reduplication of the first syllable of the the root word. mayvavangà ( mayvavangà ( to make clay pots) maylalamisá ( maylalamisá ( to make a table or tables) maytatanggkàl (to (to make sleds) If the root word in the above a bove verbs is not reduplicated in the first syllable, this is what results: mayvangá ( mayvangá ( to have a pot) maylamisà (to maylamisà (to set the table ; to have a table) maytangkál (to (to use a sled) 11. MAYA ( prefix) The prefix MAYA + name of an a n object with the distinctive smell/flavor indicates that the thing referred to smells like the indicated objects. mayangút [maya [maya (a)ngut]( something smell) mayakelnáw ( to smell like fish) mayahanangàn ( to to smell like camote tuber over soaked in water ) mayavungtút ( to smell like spoiled food ) mayavuvuyùk ( ( to be malodorous) mayararaík (to (to smell like rotting animal flesh ) mayasesdép [maya+asdep](to mayasesdép [maya+asdep](to smell sweet) mayasisilám ( mayasisilám ( to smell like vinegar ) mayatangli ( mayatangli ( to smell like a male goat) mayasañidú ( mayasañidú ( to smell like the sañidu tree – a a fragrant – smelling smelling tree) mayagigisá (to mayagigisá (to smell like the aroma of sautéing garlic) mayatemtém ( mayatemtém ( to smell like something burned) mayapepséng [ [ maya+apseng ] ( to smell like burned burne d food ) mayapapalék [maya+palek] ( to smell like alcoholic beverage especially the one brewed from sugarcane juice) mayagajín ( mayagajín ( to smell like overripe fruit) mayahumyáng ( ( to smell like burned or overheated oil or animal lard or fat mayakapíyà ( to smell like ripe pineapple)
12. MAYCHA (prefix) The prefix MAYCHA + action word, or condition c ondition indicates agent`s or subject`s mode of action, or state of being. maychataní ( ( to be alone) maychalawkúy (to maychalawkúy (to bend foreward) maychababakà ( maychababakà ( to walk on all four [like cattle] ) maychánunukúh ( maychánunukúh ( to move foreward while on one`s o ne`s haunches with torso and head bent forward)
maychawpít [maycha+upit] (to be scattered) maychanalasál ( ( to fall in large number) maychahtahtá ( maychahtahtá ( to rot in large number) maychamalmaltúg ( ( to pop or explode in large numbers) maychagchigchìn ( maychagchigchìn ( to come down as a group or in a large number) maychagtugtús ( maychagtugtús ( to fall together and in large number) maychasayasayáp ( maychasayasayáp ( to fly away as a group or in a large number) maychatañitañis ( maychatañitañis ( to cry together and in large number) The prefix MAYCHA + root word indicating physical, physiological, or psychological condition indicates that the subject is suffering/experiencing the indicated phenomenon. maychañavút ( ( to feel afraid and have goose flesh) maychahehhén ( maychahehhén ( to feel chilly ; but not chilling) maychalalalayìn ( maychalalalayìn ( to tremble , especially if it is over) maychahuhú (to maychahuhú (to shed tears ) maychadañiwét ( ( to have one`s mouth drawn to one side of the face) maychahedherán ( maychahedherán ( to be in agony ) 13. PA (prefix)+ EN (suffix) The prefix PA + root word+suffix EN indicate s what is done by an agent to the th e object of agent`s action. paiplutén (to paiplutén (to whip something against [ another] ) pasukelén [pa+sukel+en]( to put something away [ in a “corner”) paunutén ( paunutén ( to lead ; to convert c onvert [ to another way of thinking or beli eving]) patuhusén ( patuhusén ( to put something up into the air or high place) pavulawén ( pavulawén ( to set someone or something free ) pakuyaptén [pa+kuyapet+en] ( to cause something to cling or clamber onto something) patanungén (to connect something by tying it onto a nother ,said usually of strings,cords or ropes) pakedkerén/pakedkeden (to pakedkerén/pakedkeden (to tether animals; to anchor as of boats;to fasten an object to another) pauyugén ( to cause something to flow) pakanén ( pakanén ( to feed someone or something) pasuliyén ( pasuliyén ( to make someone angry;to annoy someone) pakuvutén ( pakuvutén ( to enslave) pakasisyén ( pakasisyén ( to oppress; to percecute) 14. PA (prefix) + HEN ( suffix) This combination is nearly identical with PA+EN shown above, except for the fact that the suffix EN follows rootword ending in consonant, whereas HEN follows vowels. Pahbuhén [ Pahbuhén [ pa +ahbu+hen](to bring down to a lower level. Pavatahén (to state state ;or articulate) Paspuhén [pa+aspu+hen] Paspuhén [pa+aspu+hen] ( to put over o ver to th other side) Pakantahén (to Pakantahén (to express something in song; to make someone sing0 Patrabahuhén (to Patrabahuhén (to make something/someone work) Pakamyahén (to Pakamyahén (to satisfy [someone])
15. PAYCHA (prefix) + AN ( suffix) The prefix PAYCHA + action word + suffix AN indicates that the action indicated is done to plurality of objects. paychasisiplután (to paychasisiplután (to whip a number of objects) paychasusuhàn (to paychasusuhàn (to set fire on a number of objects more or les simultaneously) simultaneously) paychasarisariñán ( paychasarisariñán ( to kick a number of objects more or simultaneously) paychalasalasagán ( paychalasalasagán ( to step on a number of objects more or less simultaneously) Note that in the foregoing verb form, the action of root word has reduplicated first or first two syllables which appear to be plural markers. 16. PAYCHA (prefix) + EN ( suffix ) This pair of verb affixes have very subtle difference from the PAYCHA-AN pair immediately preceding, On closer scrutiny, it will be noticed that AN verbs indicate action directed at mere parts of the objects. But in the EN verbs, the action affects each and every one of them as wholes. However, it must be admitted that there is some gray area in this attempt at distinguishing between them. paychaktektevén ( to cut a plurality of things into pieces ) paychamulamulasiten (to cause to scatter in a plurality of pieces of numbe rs ) paychavahuvahurén ( paychavahuvahurén ( to tie up everyone of a group ) paychabutbutbutén ( paychabutbutbutén ( to pull off the ground all of a set of plants and the like ) paychaupitén ( paychaupitén ( to scatter all of a set of objects) paychayakyakdén ( paychayakyakdén ( to fasten everyone of a set of objects) 17. UM ( prefix ) The prefix UM [which often appears in modern Ivatan without the U] + an action root word indicates reflexive action on the part of the agent. [u] mayám ( mayám ( to walk) [u] musúk ( to go go down as on an incline or slope) [u] mayí ( ( to come) [u] mangay ( mangay ( to go) umusús (to umusús (to make fire by friction) umasás ( to start arriving [ said of a typhoon] ) umuyúg ( to flow) umridaridá ( umridaridá ( to burst out of tongues of flame ) umhayahayáp (to umhayahayáp (to flare out in long upward flames ) umumún ( umumún ( to hide inside the soil; to hibernate in a nest of clay in the earth by crabs) umsí [um+asi] [um+asi] (to bear fruit) umvuhúng ( ( to grow leaves ) umlák ( to grow shoots ) umyamút (to (to grow roots) umdisí ( ( to sprout new twigs or branches) branche s) umyavút ( to pull up and gather cogon )
18. UM ( infix) The infix UM has the same sense as the prefix UM, and the simplest explanation is that the difference is idiomatic, and euphony. kumán ( kumán ( to eat ) kumayát ( ( to climb) gumtín ( gumtín ( to come down ) tumayará ( tumayará ( to go uphill ; to go up and incline ) tumuhús ( tumuhús ( to go upwards ; to grow new shoots ) tumanís ( tumanís ( to cry ) tumulà ( tumulà ( to fall or shed as of o f tears) sumangà ( sumangà ( to branch out; to pay attention) sumajít (to get caught as if caught by the hook. sumuksúk ( ( to thrust and get caught into ) sumadsád ( ( to get thrust as by a backward motion) dumpéh [ dumpéh [ um+ adpeh ] (to stick onto something) tumudáh [um tumudáh [um + dudah ] ( to reach) sumurúd (to (to comb one`s hair) 19. MAYPA ( prefix) This prefix indicates directional action specified by the root word. maypasibú ( to be on the way towards the field; to be on the the way to work.) maypaudí (to (to on the way from the farm or work) maypatú ( to be on the way up ) maypahbú ( maypahbú ( to be on the way down ) maypasungét (the (the way on the towards the distant island) toward the seashore or beach) maypákanayán ( to be on the way toward maypakwán( maypakwán( to be on a given direction ) maypávanád ( ( to be on the way towards the village ) maypanám ( maypanám ( to move forward either eithe r in space or in time) maypaysú ( to move backwards ) maypahuli/maypakahulì ( maypahuli/maypakahulì ( to turn to the left) maypawanán/maypakawanán (to turn towards the right hand side) ( to be positioned as to produce a contrary force. maypaswát ( maypachinunúng (to (to be or run parallel to) maypasuñi ( maypasuñi ( to move out feet first) maypabatbát ( ( to be positioned in such a way as to lie across) 20. MA ( prefix) The prefix ma + root word that tha t indicates a condition or state of being indicates the condition and / or state of being of the subject. mapyá ( mapyá ( to be well ; to be good) masuyút ( ( to be happy ) [ ma + apseng ap seng ] ( to be burned [ said of food being cooked);to be victim of mapséng [ drought[said of food being cooked); to be victim of drought [said plants ]) makuláy ( to dehydrate ;to be dry )
mabkúh [ma+abkuh] mabkúh [ma+abkuh] (to be dry [ said of textile,furniture,etc.meats, te xtile,furniture,etc.meats, fruits,and other things which are not originally dry are referred to as makulay when dehydrated]) mabchìt [ma+abchit]( [ma+abchit]( to be irritated or burned by hot or pungent substance ) mavasá ( to be we t; to get wet) mahutù ( mahutù ( to be cooked ;to dry up[said of dead plants,trees,etc])
IV. VERBS AND TENSES 4. Simple present tense, indicative mood a. I go to school. i. Mangay aku du iskuyla. b. You go to school. i. Mangay ka du iskuyla. c. He/She goes to school. i. Mangay [siya] du iskuyla d. We go to school. i. Inclusive: Mangay aku du iskuyla. ii. Exclusive: Mangay kami du iskuyla. e. You go to school. i. Mangay ka du iskuyla. f. They go to school. i. Mangay ta du iskuyla. 5. Simple past tense, indicative mood. a. I studied yesterday. i. Nachinanau aku kakuyab. b. You studied last night. i. Nachinanau ka kamahep. c. He / She studied piano. i. Nachinanau [ siya] a maypyanu. d. We studied Mathematics. i. Inclusive: Nachinanau ta du Matimatiks. ii. Exclusive: Nachinanau kami du Matimatiks. e. You studied Algebra. ( pl.) i. Nachinanau kamu du Algebra. 6.
Simple Future, Indicative mood. a. I will go to Manila tomorrow. i. Mangavang aku anchi andilak. b. We go to Manila this coming Sunday. i. Mangavang ka anchi. c. He She will go to Manila next month. i. Mangavang anchi [ siya ] du manam aya vuhan. d. We will go to Mania next year. i. Inclusive: mangavang ta an nauan. ii. Exclusive : Mangavang kami an nauan. e. You will go to Manila in December. i. Mangavang kami anchi an Disimri. f. They will go to Manila when Lilia arrives. i. Mangavang sa anchi an mawara si Lilia
7. Present Progressive Tense a. I am going to the farm. i. Taytu aku a mangay du takey. b. You are going to Basco. i. Taytu ka mangay du di Vasay. c. He / She is going to visit his/her/its brother. i. Taytu a mangay a mayuhaw dira du kakteh na. d. We are going to the university. un iversity. i. Inclusive: Taytu ta mangay du universidad. ii. Exclusive: Taytu kami a mangay du Universidad. e. You are going to confer with the president. i. Taytu kamu a mangay a machivahey di prisidinti. f. They are going to pasture the cows. cows. i. Taytu sa mangay mapawal su baka. 8. Present Perfect Tense. a. I have cooked. i. Nanutung aku na. b. You have cooked breakfast. i. Nanutung ka na su ryagen. c. He/ She has cooked launch. i. Nanutung da na su arawen. d. We have cooked dinner. i. Inclsive: Nanutung ta na su uyaven. ii. Exclusive: Nanutung kami na su uyaven. e. You have cooked the viand. i. Nanutung kamu na su ichan. f. They have cooked vegetables. vegetables. i. Nanutung da na sa su rakanen.(nanakan da na sa ) 9. Past Perfect Tense a. I had left when you arrived. i. Nakakaru aku na du nakawara mu. b. You had left when I arrived. i. Nakakaru ka na du nakawara ku. c. He /She had left when we arrived i. Nakakaru kana du nakawara ku. d. We had left when he came in. i. Inclusive: Nakakaru tan a du nakasdep na. ii. Exclusive: Nakakaru kami na du nakasdep da. e. You (pl.) had left when your mother arrived. i. Nakakaru kamu na du nakawara ni ina niyu. f. They had left when Maria called. i. Nakakaru da na sa du nakatawag ni Maria.
10. Future Perfect Tense a. I shall have finished when you leave. i. Tayuka aku na anti daw an kumaru ka. b. You will have finished when I leave. i. Tayuka ka na anti daw an kumaru aku. c. He /She will have finished when her father leaves. i. Tayuka da na anti uri an kumaru si ama na. d. We will have finished when they start. i. Inclusive: Tayuka tan a anti daw an sumitnan sa. ii. Exclusive: Tayuka kami na anti daw an sumitnan sa. e. You will have finished when we start. i. Tayuka kamu na anti daw an sumitnan kami. f. They will have finished when Elena enters. i. Tayuka da na sa anti an sumdep si Elena. 11. Imperative a. Give me a glass of water . i. Turuhan mu yaken su asa ka basu a ranem. b. Let him give me a piece of paper. i. Turuhan mu yaken su asa ka pidasu a papel. c. Let us give them money. i. Turuhan ta sa su kartus. d. You (pl.) give her new books. i. Turuhan niyu [ siya ] su vayu sa a libru. e. Let them give us the best fruit. i. Turuhan da yaten su mapipìya a prutas. 12. Conditional interrogative (?) a. Why would I not sleep? i. Angu di chu makaychehi? b. Why would you not wash clothes? i. Angu u di mu a mayvasavasayi? c. Why would she not study? i. Angu u di na a machinanauyi? d. Why would we not eat? i. Inclusive: Angu u di ta a nganani? ii. Exclusive: Angu u di namen a nganani? e. What would you not come? i. Angu u di niyu a ngayayi? f. Why would they not work? i. Angu dida a maytrabahuyi
Note: The foregoing is to be distinguished from the interrogative interrogative in the simple indicative mood. a. Why do I not sleep? sleep? ii. Angu u di chu a makaychehan? makaycheha n? b. Why does he not study? i. Angu u di na machinanauan
V. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 8. The personal pronouns when (a) standing alone, or (b) are the beginning of t a sentence , in the nominative case , are the following: YAKEN------------------------------------I YAKEN------------------------------------I IMU ------------------------------------------------------------------------- You ( singular) IYA --------------------------------------------------------------------------- He/She/It YATEN ------------------YATEN ------------------------------------------------- We ( inclusive ) INYU --------------------INYU ----------------------------------------------- You ( plural) SIRA ---------------------------------------------------------------------- they 9. The personal pronouns in the nominative case when coming after the verb (predic ate) the sentence are as follows: AKU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I KA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . You ( sing.) NA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . He/ She/ It TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We ( incl.) KAMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We ( excl.) KAMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . You ( pl.) SA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . They 10. The personal pronouns in the objective case are the following: DI YAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Me DIMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . You ( sing.) DIYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Him/Her/It DI YATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Us ( incl.) DI YAMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Us (excl.) DI NIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . You (pl.) DIRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Them 11. The prenominal possessive adjectives are the following: KU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My MU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Your NA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .His/Her/Its TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Our (incl.) NAMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Our (excl.) NIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Your (pl.) DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Their 12. The pronouns in the possessive case are the following: DIYAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine
DIMŪ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yours DIRA NA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . His/Hers DIYATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ours ( incl.) DIYAMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ours (excl.) DI[RA] NIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yours DIRA DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theirs
13. The demonstrative pronouns/adjectives: NIYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T his NAWRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . That (near listener) U NGUYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . That ( far from both) NIYA S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . These NAWRI S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Those ( near listener) U NGUYA S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Those (far from both) 14. Interrogative Pronouns SINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Who ( sing.) SANGUANGU S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . Who (pl.) ANGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What ( sing.) ANGUANGU S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . What ( pl.) U ASIYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which (sing.) U ASIYU S[IR]A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which (pl.) DU DINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where (sing.) DU DINU-DINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where ( pl.) KA ANGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When ( sing. ) KA ANGU-ANGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When ( pl. ) ANGU PAKAYAPUAN NA . . . . . . . Why MAKAYAMUT DU ANGU . . . . . . . . Why UN TA ANGU U PINAKAYAPUAN NA. . .Why ( with a sence of wonder) (Unta is Unta is a shortened form of the foregoing and is used colloquially.It may also appear as unta paru? paru? In which paru is merely an interrogative marker. Unta Unta is not used to initiate a conversation. Its correct use is at the beginning of an interrogative statement meant to be a follow-up inquiry. ) MAYPANGU PARU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How? PAYPANGHEN? (shortened form of paypa of paypa anguhen?) anguhen?) How? (How is this done?) ( Note: In answer to Makayamut to Makayamut du angu ? or ? or unta paru?, the paru?, the answer opens to TA KWAN ( because);but it is usual that the ta is ta is omitted in ordinary conversation so that one usually hears Kwan. hears Kwan.))
VI. THE ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify nouns by indicating their quality, attribute, distinguishing characteristics. Here are a random selection of Ivatan adjectives. mabkuh (dry) madeded ( round; spherical) mahay ( late) mahma (soft; cheap) makaha (weak) makaha (weak) makalu ( makalu ( early) makehnet/ makulahet (hard; (hard; tough) makulay ( dry; dehydrated;parched)
malistu ( malistu ( fast ; quick) malulug ( oblong) oblong) mamutimutin ( mamutimutin ( acqua; clear and bluish) manianil ( of the color of indigo; deep blue) mangulimachem ( mangulimachem ( purple; bluish, saaid of contusions) manihama ( yellow) marem ( green green ) masdep ( masdep ( delicious;tasty;appetizing; fragrant) matarem ( matarem ( sharp) mavahavaha ( mavahavaha ( square; rectangular) mavaheng ( ( black; dark complexion) mavasa ( wet) mavaya ( mavaya ( red) mavid ( beautiful; pretty; lovely) mavuavu ( mavuavu ( gray; ashen ) mavuyuk ( maladorous; bad smelling) mawadi ( mawadi ( slow ) mayit (strong; (strong; mighty ) munawnas ( sweet )
Comparative Comparative degrees of adjectives adjectives The positive, comparative, and superlative degrees of Ivatan ajectives are indicated by morphological changes in the word. Positive mavid masulib mapangtu mapsek maydak masuyut maňihama mawadi mapya
Comparative maviavid masulisulib mapangpangtu mapsepsek maydaydak masuyusuyut maňihaňihama mawadiwadi mapípya
Superlative mavvid masullib Mappangtu Mápsek Máydak Massuyut Maňihamma Mawaddi mappiya
VII. THE ADVERBS An adverb is a part of speech which modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by limiting or extending their signification. It usually indicates time, place, manner, condition, cause, result, degree, means, etc. Time kakuyab ( yesterday ) kamahep ( last night ) sicharaw ( sicharaw ( today ) andélak ( tomorrow ) du ka mavukhas ( mavukhas ( in the morning )
sichamavukhas ( sichamavukhas ( this morning ) sichamaráw ( this noon ) du kamaráw ( kamaráw ( at noon , in the day time ) kamaráw ( the noontime [ that has ha s just passed ] ) sichamakuyáb ( this afternoon ) du ka makuyáb ( makuyáb ( in the afternoon ) du ka malatyát ( ( at dawn ) du duminggu ayá ( ayá ( this week ) du manam aya duminggu ( duminggu ( this coming week ) du nakarahan aya duminggu ( duminggu ( last week ) du vuhan aya ( aya ( this month ) du manam aya vuhán ( vuhán ( next month ) du nakarahan aya vuhán ( vuhán ( last month ) du awán ayà ( ayà ( this year ) kaminsáwan; du nakarahan ayà awán ( awán ( last year ) annáwan; du manám ayà awán (next year ) du manám; du manám a aráw ( aráw ( in the future ) du nakarahán ( nakarahán ( in the past ) Place du manghuvúk ( ( in the middle; in the center ce nter ) du mangpaís ( mangpaís ( at the edge; at the border ) du mangwanán (at/on mangwanán (at/on the right ) du manghulì (at manghulì (at / on the left ) manúmma ( first; at the head of ) manáwdi ; manáwdi ; manawji (last ) manayahbú (below ) manbahayán ( on the part closer to the upper end of a farm lot ) mansitnán ( on on the pat closer to the lower end of a farm lot ) manlusuk ( at the bottom of ) Manner The Ivatan adverb of manner is preceded by the particle su if the verb it modifies is ahead; and is followed by the particle a when the verb is located after it. Thus: Mayam su makawadii. makawadii. ( He/ She walks slowly. ) Makawadii a mayam (He/ mayam (He/ She walks slowly) makawadii ( makawadii ( slowly ) makalistuu ( makalistuu ( fast ) makaluu ( makaluu ( soon; quick ) mahaay ( mahaay ( late ) malyaak ( loudly ) madumii ( in a low voice, silently, softly ) nanyéng, nanyeeng ( ( immediately )
Condition Kasádken ( Kasádken ( in the midst of, at the height of ) Katanúyyen na ( na ( the calmest state of [ said of sea condition ]) Karahétten na ( na ( in the worst condition of ) Kapyáhhen na (the na (the best condition in which to) Makanáhhu su ka (at ka (at the right time/ condition for) Degree Uyud a (very, a (very, truly, genuinely) Akma su (somewhat, su (somewhat, a bit) Mahara a (gravely, a (gravely, seriously, [usually said of illness]) Maymetmet (very (very gravely ill ] , very many) Tud a (just a (just [do something [without ceremony or complicated action]) Maychakuhátten (at its its hottest ) Maychakayétten (at its strongest )
APPENDIX B
GLOSARYO Pinatulas ni Ayrine C. Geronimo
U MASAŇIB SIRA IPAŇISIRIN (Common Expression) E xpression) Ivatan Kapyan ka/kamu pa nu Diyos ……. Good….. - sichamavukhas - sichamaraw - sichamakuyab - sichamahep Diyos mamahes As kanimu pa
Mangay aku du…… Yapu aku du … Vuhuren ku pa u…. Maypasinsya ka/paypasinsyan mu
yaken… Un… Umba Katen
English
- morning - Noon - Afternoon - Evening Thank You
You‘re welcome I am going to…. I am from…. May I borrow…. I‘m sorry.. Yes No
I don‘t know; I‘m not sure..
U MASAŇIB SIRA IYAHES (Common (Com mon Questions) What‘s your name? Angu ngaran mu? Sinu ina/ama mu? Dinu angayan mu? Yapu ka dinu? Papira dana u awan mu? Dinu katdan mu? Mañipira ya? Sinu rarayay/kayvan mu? Angu ya? Angu uri? Angu sira uri? Sinu ka? Sinu u tawu aya dawri? Kangu nakawara mu?
Papira u….? Maypangu paru…? Paypanguhen? Makayamut du angu?/Unta paru?
Who is your mother/father? mother/father ? Where are you going? Where did you come from? How old are you? Where do you live? How much is this? Who is your companion/friend? companion/friend? What is this? What is that? What are those? Who are you? Who is that person? When did you arrive? How many… ?
How…? How is this done? Why?
SIRA U MAYTRABAHU (Community Helpers) dentis doktor hurnal machapu (miyan du apu) mamiyay mangamung mangaptus mangheneb mangugud mañipu manuvatuva maydakaw maykayukayu/maychayukayu maymanihu/driver maypalitada mistra/mistru/titser/mannanawu narsis pali umhakaw/maytaketakey
dentist doctor laborer housemaid midwife fishermen therapist tailor/dressmaker haircutter blacksmith doctor seller/storekeeper/vendor carpenter driver mason teacher nurse priest farmer
PARTI NU VAHAY (Main Parts of a House) IVATAN vahay pantaw bintan atep iskalayra sahad gagan atãt kusina kanan/kakanan kanan/kakanan baño kasilyas kasily as pakaychehan batalan rahawung ahbu aneb
ENGLISH house door window roof stairs inside/living room outside backyard kitchen dining room bathroom comfort room bedroom porch shed lower ground shutter
WARAWARA KANU SIRSIRBIEN DU VAHAY (Things at Home) IVATAN angang apin ayub basu daspan
ENGLISH
earthen jar (usually for water) sleeping mat blanket drinking glass dustpan
hangnan irutung/pangatung ispihu kaldiru kama kuchara kuchilyu/ipangan kurtina lamisa lukuy padaynasan/pañisñisan pakul palyuk panay pangengnat paradur/paladur planggana pungus nu hangnan rapuyan/panutungan rasay/rarasay savun susupit tabayan tagaw takuri/panguhatan takuri/panguhatan taru tatavu tinidur trapu tutuhan twalya vagatu vuvuyas
pillow firewood mirror kettle bed spoon knife curtain/draperies table bolo doormat ladle frying pan plate pot holder closet basin pillow case stove bed sheet soap clothes clip clothesline earthen jar (for lard ) tea kettle jar (for fermenting wine) dipper fork hand/dish towel mortar & pestle towel chopping board broom (both soft and tingting)
ADJECTIVES IVATAN dekey madumi magulang mahma makarang makasiasi makñay makuryap malijat malimeng malistu manamunamu
ENGLISH small; little soft voice/quite slender (person, animal) soft tall poor shiny dimly lit uncomfortable stingy smell fast clean (more on things)
manaru manyuvek mapangtu mapayas mapya maradinep/mapsek maradinep/mapsek marahet marahet su taham marahus maranum marayi marudit masari masdep masehdang/mariyal masngen matalakak mataripis matava matukpuh mauhas mavasa mavid mavudis mavukay mavuyuk mawadi mauritek mawvung maydamnay maydid maynakem mayñid munaunas rakuh
long suffocating suffocating smell industrious rough good well behaved ugly not delicious delici ous (food) clean (personal) (personal) watery mixture far dirty dark delicious/fragrant/tasty/appetizing bright near lazy thin (paper, cloth) stout/chubby/fat thick smooth wet beautiful short (living things, mountains) thick (mixture) odorous slow slender (things) wide comfortable narrow rich short (non-living things) sweet big
PARTI NU KARAKUHAN (Parts of the Body) Ivatan altek asi atang avang bubuh chichimit chichiray chimandedekey/kamandedeke chimandedekey/kamandedekey y chimanrarakuh/kamanrarakuh chimantutungdu/kamanung chimantutungdu/kamanungdu/idungd du/idungdu u
English Legs/calfs muscle buttocks back of head fine hairs; down eye lashes eye brow small finger thumb pointer finger
chinayi danguy danguy datchan/dadatchan galesges; lagesges kabedberan kabungen kahukutan kakamay kakamay nu padang kalangangan kamansasanga kasindan katinghan kavunghuan Kedwan; keddan kudit kudit nu uhu kuku lagaw manghuvuk manghuvuk mata miňin mumudan muyin ngares ňipen paa padang pakuh paňi paygadangan pisňi puaw pused putuhan rapan rida ridas saňi sapad sichu susu tachay tadiňa/chiduan taglang tanuru tatakad
intestines Face (Basco) Mouth (other towns except Basco) anus tendons wrist urinary bladder back of knee fingers toes Chest; breast molars ankle waist joints armpit skin scalp nail neck tall finger eye beard and mustache nose Forehead/face Forehead/face in other towns gums Teeth/tooth thigh foot shoulders inner thigh/groins ring finger cheeks lungs navel nape palm tongue spleen/ jaw hips elbow bust arm ear ribs hands sole
tawul tehnan/tetehnan tuhang tulyang nu mumudan tumid tuud uhu utek uvan uyat vatu vituka vivi vukeh vuuk yanga nu uhu
heart throat bones nostrils chin knee head brain white hair blood vessels kidney stomach lips; mouth (in Basco) protruding bones on joints hair skull
RARAYAY SA DU VAHAY (Members of the Family) Family) Ivatan ama ama du timban ina ina du timban inainapu/kaynapuan inainapu/kaynapuan inapu inapu du tud kaka kakuvut kamanganakan kamnan kamutdehan kataysa katayug kutan mahahakay mahakay manganak maran mavakes mavavakes papu hakay papu vakes si hakay si vakes wari
English
father god father mother god mother grand children grand child (regardless of generation) grand children ( second generation) older sibling spouse children aunt children cousin brother/sister brother/sister in law grand grand parent boys/males boy child uncle girl girls/females grandfather grandmother husband/man (of old age) wife/woman (of old age) younger sibling
VIÑAVIŇAY VIÑAVIŇAY (Common Animals) Ivatan amung aput arayu aymang/imang bagu baka chitu chituh dadapuyan dipwan duwachi/duduwati geget Hawa; kamaw; kamamaw ipes ipun irang kabayu kaddin kaňiru karam kavaga kudibabang
kulivanga/lagaňitan kuyad lagwak manuk manumanuk mugiteng nanak pagad panichi patu payi pusak siewsiew tagagang tatus taveh,marida uhed ulak umang umawmayam/mumayam viňay vuday vuhawu/kutun
English fish sea urchin dorado eel pig cow dog crab moth centepede earthworm lizard spider cockroach shrimp turtle horse goat sheep rat grasshopper butterfly dragon fly garden slug; chiton (water) heron chicken bird small snake piglet carabao bat duck lobster cat chick praying mantis coconut crab snail worm milipede hermit crab insects animal snake ant
MUHAMUHA (Common Plants) Ivatan amuhung anaha atis (antis) arius asi nu kayu ateh ayem Bawang (akus) bayakbak bayawas bulyas chayi chipuhu dukay hama hanut hapa/buhung humahum kabatiti kalabasa kamates kamaya kapaya/kabanu kapiya/pañaw kawayan kayu kayukayu kutay mayis mintakey nala ñuy palyak paray pichay puhug rakarakanen ripulyu savidug simun sudi suha tadiňaya tamek tamiduk tanňud
English type of fungi that grows on dead pandan ginger atis (Podocarpus (Podocarpus costalis) Provincial tree of Batanes
Fruits (of trees) ripe almond fruit native spinach garlic macopa guava onion (Pometia pinnata) breadfruit tugue yellow ginger linden tree gabi leaves birds nest fern patola (squash)pumpkin tomato mabolo papaya pineapple bamboo tree trees orange (native) corn wild yam narra coconut ampalaya rice pechay sigarillas/winged beans vegetables cabbage almond watermelon gabi pomelo wild strawberry weeds fern black mulberry
tavayay uluten unas uvi vahusa valit vunes vinay/binay viňiveh vuchid wakay
gourd vines sugarcane yam eggplant rattan dried gabi petiole berry banana cogon camote
VIDAVIDANG (Numbers) Ivatan abu asa dadua tatdu apat dadima anem papitu wawahu sasyam asa puhu
asa sicharua[asa‘s charua] dadua/dua sicharua…. dadua puhu/rua puhu duapuhu kan asa . . . tatdu a puhu tatdu a puhu kan asa . . . apat a puhu apat apuhu kan asa . . . dadima puhu dadima puhu kan asa . . . anem a puhu anem a puhu kan asa . . . pitu a puhu pitu a puhu kan asa . . . wawahu a puhu wahu a puhu kan asa . . . sasyam a puhu sasyam a puhu kan asa asa yatus asa yatus kan asa. . . dadua yatus dadua yatus kan asa. . . tatdu a yatus
English zero/none one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve twenty twenty one thirty thirty one forty forty one fifty fifty one sixty sixty one seventy seventy one eighty eighty one ninety ninety one one hundred one hundred one two hundred two hundred one three hundred
tatdu a yatus kan asa. . . apat a yatus apat a yatus kan asa. . . dadima yatus dadima yatus kan asa . . . anem a yatus anem a yatus kan asa. . . papitu a yatus papitu a yatus kan asa . . . wawahu a yatus wawahu a yatus kan asa. . . sasyam a yatus Sasyam a yatus kan asa. . . asa livu asa livu kan asa. . . livulivuhen milyun
three hundred one four hundred four hundred one five hundred five hundred one six hundred six hundred one seven hundred seven hundred one eight hundred eight hundred one nine hundred nine hundred one one thousand one thousand one thousands and thousands million
NUMBER-QUANTITY RELATIONSHIP IVATAN machalit; mayalit
aruaru kanu… dekedekey kanu… maypapere su..; mayhayhahaw mayhayhahaw su papapere
rakurakuh kanu…
ENGLISH equals; the same; equivalent more than smaller than; less than lesser by.. less than.. bigger than../greater than../greater than
ORDINAL NUMBERS IVATAN manumma ichadua/icharua/ichadadua ichatdu/ichatatdu ichapat ichadima/ichadadima ichanem ichapitu ichawahu ichasyam ichapuhu ichasa na sicharua icharua/ichadua na sicharua….
U PANPANGAN SIRA (MEASUREMENTS) Ivatan adpa aru aruba dekey kakapat
ENGLISH first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth nineth tenth eleventh twelveth
English arm span plenty/many approximately11.5 approximately11.5 kls small one fourth
kara kilu kilumitru libra litru madinung mayhahaw/papere mitru puntu rakuh rangan tunilada
half kilo kilometer pound liter whole few meter almost an inch big hand span ton
KULUKULUR (COLORS) Ivatan
English
mamutimutin mamutimutin aqua; clear and bluish manianil of the color of indigo, deep blue mañihama yellow marem green masesngen du mavaya refers to all shades of red masinsinta; makdekdem of darker shade masinta darker in color masinta a mavaya dark red masuhaw pale color masuhaw a mavaya lighter shade of red mavaheng black mavahevaheng darker mavaya red mavayavaya darker shade of red mavuavu gray; ashen maydak white Tuviran: Sirbien u ngaran na du Ingles nu kadwan a kulur a niya su chinaywaman dana.
KURKURTI KADA VULIVULIT (SHAPES AND LINES) Ivatan machinunung parallel madeded round/circular malulug oblong manaru a vulit long mavahavaha square maybabat; maypababat maypababa t horizontal maykurus intersecting lines maynanaru elongated mayñid a vulit short maypatnek; maytenek vertical vulit line Tuviran: Sirbien u ngaran na du Ingles nu kadwan pa sira kurti.
English
U URAS KANU KANU TIEMPO (CONCEPT (CONCEPT OF TIME) Ivatan andelak annawan; du manam aya awan antiyaw/anchiyaw asa ka duminggu awan du umunut a duminggu kaminsawan kawawan; maday su awan mahep makuyab maraw masayrem mavak mavukhas maysarisari minutu panunutung sichawan sigundu uras
English tomorrow next year later One week year next week last year every year night afternoon noon early evening midnight morning twilight minutes dawn this year seconds hour
U ARAW SIRA (Days of the Week) Ivatan
English
araw days Lunes: /Lunis/ Monday Martes: /Martis/ Tuesday Miyerkules;: /Mirkulis/ Wednesday Huwebes: /Huybis/ Thursday Biernes: /Birnis/ Friday Sabado: /Sabadu/ Saturday Duminggu Sunday Tuviran: Sirbien u ispeling na du Filipino Fili pino ta niya u chinaywaman dana, a katadkan nu araw nu Duminggu
NGARANGARAN SIRA NU VUHAN (Months of the Year) Ivatan vuhan Enero (Iniru) Pebrero (Pibriru) Marso (Marsu) Abril (Abril) Mayo (Mayu) Hunyo (Hunyu) Hulyo (Hulyu) Agosto (Agustu) Setyembre (Siptimri)
Month January February March April May June July August September
English
Oktubre (Oktubri) October Nobyembre (Nubimri) November Disyembre (Disimri) December Tuviran: Sirbien u ispeling na du Filipino Fil ipino ta niya u chinaywaman dana.
U MAYPAKWAN DU KAPARIN NU KAWAN (Weather) Ivatan adey adipugpug amian aňin apun araw ayukayam chidat chimuy/timuy demdem madiňatangat dipamchi kahehep kavavayat mahteng makuhat maynannget mamalaymay manahebneb/mahanebneb maymuňit makunem vuhan rayun salawsaw saliňisin sañisi sumarilayaw
English
thunder tornado/whirlwind winter typhoon dew sun northeast monsoon lightning rain clouds warm squall fog southwest monsoon calm/ no breeze hot warm breezy/windy cold Warm and humid cloudy moon summer wind drizzle sea spray rainshower
Phases of the moon kabuhen maysapat samurang maypalang du katayara Tiva nu rumay Chadua na ahep nu rumay Ichatdu na ahep nu rumay matuhud maypalang du kausuk
a day before new moon new moon first quarter
full moon last quarter
U MAYPAKWAN DU TAAW (Tide and Sea Current) Ivatan abkas ahaan amteng isak mabkas madinak mahnep malawang maries matanuy taaw viñidi
English
wave tide without current between low and high tide
high tide current from south to north low tide current from west to east rough seas calm high tide low tide strong current weak current Sea, ocean recirculating current that flows opposite opposite the normal direction when it passes near a cove or recessed in the shoreline
U MADIDIEW TA SIRA (Feelings) addaw almaryaw angdet chila magaňit mahañiñi
makaha malabtek mamu mangsah maňinangtang mapamahbu masuyut/masaray matbel/ mamegpeg mawawa maychahehhen
love panic or sudded fear accompanied accompanied by confusion bravery sulkiness sick tingling of the spine or teeth due to screeching or grating sound/ or smell of taste of sour fruit weak pride/boastfull fear sad jealous humble happy chilling healthy tingling of the spine; or standing of hair on
one‘s skin due to great surprise or wonder w onder maychañavut maychañavut mayet maynanahet mayňin michaychay milut/sumuli/maket nak ňin tahaw vukahaw
sudden irrational fear or fright caused by a perception of a ghostly presence strong envy painfull resentment angry surprise Cowardice Terror or horror of great brutality
U TRABAHU SIRA (Livelihood) Ivatan manatus mangamung mangheneb maňipu mayakus mayalat mayapin maybagu maybaka maychayukayu maydakaw maygadagada maykaddin maymanuk maymuhamuha maymuhamuha su rakarakanen maypapalek mayparay maytaketakey/umhakaw mayvavakul/maykakanayi mayvavakul/maykakanayi mayvavanga umngasin
English catching coconut crab fishing dressmaking/tailor black smith garlic production basketry weaving pigery cow raising carpentry store keeping/merchant keepin g/merchant mason goat raising poultry raising vegetable raising wine making planting rice farming making vakul for women and kanayi for men using banana leaves/ vuyavuy pottery salt making
U PARIPARIŇIN PARIPARIŇIN SA DU KAHAKAW KANU KAPANGAMUNG (Farming and Fishing Processes) Ivatan English mamulas; manyañi mangsad mangurud manurud mapauknud mayahad mayakaw mayaradu mayatuy mayayit maychipchip mayiped maymuha maypungpung/maytutu maypungpung /maytutu maysusuh maytungetungeh maytungetunge h mamana manaaw
harvest pounding rice crushing corn using stone grinder(ururan) grinder(ururan) harrowing putting trellis trelli s to yam farm fencing using bamboo/ wood putting away dried weeds plowing riprapping weeding cutting grass putting soil support on inclined area using logs/pruned branches planting pruning branches of trees burning cutting trees spear fishing picking and gathering sea food (shells and seaweeds) in the fringing fringing reef/low tide tide
managap manakdit manawuy manayrin mangna; mamasid manguyta manuhu mapatňag mataw may-rublight sumuhu
fishing using a net fishing using a small mess net flynet fishing deep sea hook and line fishing hook and line catching octopus Night fishing using a coleman/flashlight coleman/flashlight early morning fishing during low tide
seasonal catching of ―arayu‖ spear fishing at night Night deepsea fishing catching flying fish
SIRSIRBIEN /IPAYLAKELAKEM (TOOLS) Ivatan
English
Farming alat aradu asada barita iswan kadang kalapay karit karitun kutaw lukuy piku surud tangkal tatari
basket plow hoe crow bar handbar u-shape hook to pull out grass
man‘s basket hooked bolo cart ax bolo pick mattok mattok harrow sled knife
Fishing gugulu karay kawuy nanawuy sagap sayrin tataya tuvung
small basket/bag with netted string cover bamboo pole fly net net hook tataya
tuyungan
line
wire/stick used to push fish in its hiding place
bamboo container dipped under seawater for keeping octupus as bait
KADWAN PA SIRA SIRSIRBIEN (Other Tools) ahu barina bilaw
pestle auger bit winnow basket
galagal husung imbudu ipitpit kawa pakul pangatesan/pasuk pangatesan /pasuk pasek pinuspus martilyu masu sipilya susupit ururan vaňivang
U PARIPARINEN SIRA (COMMON VERBS) Ivatan adkan akteven/tedteran anban/anevan anban/anevan apsahen ariglahen chiban/tiban dumugud gumtin/gumchin gumtin/gumch in ivahey iwangan kapyahen kuman kumaru kumayat kusukusuhun machimisa machinanawu machinanawu machisisirin madiman madmin madudug makanta makatachi makaupis (women)/makapeteg( (women)/makapeteg( men) makaycheh mamarin mamidi/pidien mamirit mamiritu
saw mortar funnel paddle used in pottery vat laddle sugarcane crusher nail rope hammer Sledge hammer (iron)/mallet if made of wood
plane tongs stone grinder chisel
English to kiss tocut to close to break (as in nut or glass) to arrange to look to kneel to get down to tell/say to open to fix to eat to leave to climb to crumple to hear mass to study to converse/talk to to die to smile to tumble to sing to defecate to urinate to sleep to make to choose to tear to fry
mamitu mayplancha mamulas mamutut/pututen mamutut/pututen manadiew manakaw manalamad mananaya manarin mandasda mandiman (animal ) mandiman (person) mangadi manganuhed mangatung mangay mangey manghuras manghusag manghuya mangtuktu/iktuktu mangtuktu/iktuktu mangudit mangurugud manintin maniplut maňisirin manngey manungdu manuruh manutung manguyas mapasadiew mapasadiew mapakan mapalid/paliren mapalidulidu mapavidi mapawal mapaynaynahah/mapay mapaynaynahah/mapayninihah ninihah marius masuyut mayaradu/magaradu mayaradu/magara du mayayu maychababaka maychadidichi/maychadachichi maychadidichi/maychadachichi maychadisuhed maychadisuh ed maychalukoy/maychadukuy maychalukoy /maychadukuy maydasal/machihuahuk maydasal/ma chihuahuk maydisna
to whistle to iron to harvest/pick to break (as in wood;sticks) to buy to steal to watch to wait to kick to chop firewood to slaughter to kill to dig to obey to build fire to go to shout to chew to feed the pigs to scold to think to peel to drag to ring the bell to whip to greet to listen to point to give to cook to wash the dishes to sell to feed to peep to sway to return (as to return things) to tend (to animals) to rest to take a bath to laugh to plow to run to crawl to hop (with one leg) to turn around to bow to pray to sit
may-drawing may-drawi ng mayi mayjisijis maylakat maylaylay/mangunay maylaylay/mangunay mayliliyak maylir maymuha maynamunamu maypuha maypunas mayrara maysagsag maytetnek maytulas mayvasavasa mayvuyas minum muhbet naknakmen natalyad/nakalsad navuya pachunungan padpeten paduyduyen/padeldelen paduyduyen/padeldelen padduhen pagsiren palangen pangayen pariňin pavulawen payatayen paychapidien/paychabinbinen paychapidien/paychabinbinen paysaglen/simuken paysaglen/simuken rarahen/manara rarahen/manara sirbien sumakay sumavat sumdep sumitnan sumurud suňiten tawagan tumada tumaňis tumayu tumuhus/tumayara tumuhus/tumayar a tumuvu/mayparakuh tumuvu/maypara kuh
to draw to come to scrub to run after to dress to talk to read to plant to clean to throw garbage to wipe to carry to chop to stand to write to wash clothes to sweep to drink to go out to recall slipped found to take care to hold to push to pour to throw to pull to put on to do to set free to distribute to sort to mix to invite to use to ride to go home to get inside to start to comb to bite to call to dance to cry to hide to go up to grow
tupiren tuviran umayam unungan vadedehen vaguten vulayen yahes yangay
to fold to remember to walk to keep something to roll to uproot to spread out (as in mat) to ask to bring
U MAVUYA SIRA DU KAISKUYLAN (WHAT WE SEE IN SCHOOL) IVATAN bandira bolpen
bond paper bula
computer daspan
desk iskuyla isu
janitor kaiskuylan Kaklase/kaiskuyla klase lamisa lapis
laptop lastiku libru makinilya notbuk/notebook opisina nu principal pangungupas papil payayaman/oval pisara
principal printer sahad nu kaiskuylan sanggi/disnan
supervisor tinta vunut vuvuyas
ENGLISH
flag ballpen bond paper ball computer Dust pan desk pupil/student chalk janitor school classmate/s class table pencil laptop Rubber band book typewriter notebook office of the principal eraser paper playground/oval blackboard principal printer classroom chair supervisor ink husk broom