Companion to content on our SOCIAL NETWORK - Neuros.org INTRODUCTION PACK
# 0 1 Y Y MM O A A N T T O A ANATOMY A N ee s s e u r u r es u u ru tr r t r c u u c t t n s s u a i n b r a t b h a t e W What r m o m tructures fs r a a i t n or o d f d fr o ne i rbrain v a d v i t r b e e t a e e h d r e a a W v v : g i i i n g n i r w :from are derivated lo o e l l d n n o fe o e f e h e t h r w lo a the efollowing: o l l o f o o n h e o n t h a l o l o e p h os n c e e p h a P r os c e Prosencephalo n n o s e n a l o P r o o h o n l o h a p e e c n e ess e p M e e n c e e Mesencepha lon l o o n n a l o o h M e s n c e a h p p e e e c h o m b m b e n e R Rhombencephalon R h o
# 01 #01
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2 0 g . o r g s. o o s r o n . n e u w w w 1 3 01 2 0
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2013
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INTRODUCTION Neuros is a unique social network that brings to medical students and professionals, a taste of both social networking & learning. At Neuros, one can connect with others socially as well as intellectually. Apart from users contributing to the knowledge pool, the team at Neuros creates quality answers, charts, mnemonics, flashcards, illustrations & MCQs too. These 40 flash cards are an introductory set to the yet many more categorized and HY quality content ones. These flashcards are just to give you a glimpse of what can be expected from Neuros Neuros - both its online & offline services. Once you are doing going through these flashcards - do signup & be a part of the large growing professional network for medical students, doctors & all other healthcare professionals.
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INTRODUCTION A lot of hardwork was put in the creation of these flashcards, please donot put them for free download at other forums, websites or torrent sites. Its a humble request.
This set of Flashcards belong to: NAME: Atif Gazali COUNTRY: Malaysia PROFESSION: Medical
2013
CONTENT The flashcards contain the following: Anatomy Dermatology Electrolytes Microbiology Pulmonology Cardiology Neurology Physiology GIT medicine Pharmacology Rheumatology Micrbiology Endocrinology MCQs
These include illustrations, mnemonics, charts, MCQs
2013
ANATOMY
#01
What brain structures are derivated from the following: Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon
#neuroembryology #usmle
2013
ANATOMY
#neuroembryology #usmle
#01
2013
DERMATOLOGY
#02
In which conditions, do you see these types of face rashes?
#rheumatoloy #musculoskeletal #usmle
2013
#02
DERMATOLOGY HELITROPE RASH
MALAR/DISCOID RASH
seen in DERMATOMYOSITIS
seen in SLE
#rheumatoloy #musculoskeletal #usmle
2013
ELECTROLYTES
#03
How would you work up a case of Hypernatremia, to distinguish causes. Hypernatremia is high levels of Sodium in the body. The normal range is: 135-145 meq/L
#sodiumlevels #endocrinology #usmle
2013
#03
ELECTROLYTES INITIAL TEST: WATER DEPRIVATION POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
OTHER CAUSES
ACCURATE TEST: ADH LEVELS HIGH
NEPHROGENIC #sodiumlevels #endocrinology #usmle
LOW
SWEATING BURNS FEVER DIARRHEA DIURETICS
CRANIAL
ALSO GIVES POSITIVE RESPONSE TO ADH 2013
MICROBIOLOGY What do you know about Entamoeba Histolytica? - Source of Infection - Route of Infection - Clinical features - Lab Diagnosis - Motility - Treatment #amoebiasis #usmle
#04 Cytoplasm
Ingested RBCs Central Karyosome
Pseudopodia
2013
MICROBIOLOGY
#04
Infection with Entamoeba Histolytica affects humans & primates. About 50million of the world’s population is infected by the parasite. Source of infection: Cysts in contaminated water Route: Ingestion Clinical features: Vomitings, Bloody Diarrhea & Abdominal pain (RUQ) & Liver abscess Lab Diagnosis: Stool exam, Serology (ELISA, RIA) Motility: Progressive & Directional using Pseudopodia Treatment: Metronidazole #amoebiasis #usmle
2013
PULMONOLOGY
#05
What is the treatment of Asthma?
#asthma #mnemonic #medicalstudent #mbbs
2013
PULMONOLOGY
#05
A - adrenergic agonist S - steroids T - theophylline H - hydration M - masked O2 A - anticholinergics #asthma #mnemonic #medicalstudent #mbbs
2013
#06
ANATOMY BA S E
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
#upperlimb #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
P R O N A T O R T E R E S
APE X
B R A C H IO R A D IA L IS
2013
ANATOMY
#06
The contents of the fossa are: 1) Medial nerve 2) Termination end of brachial artery 3) Tendon of biceps & Bicipital aponeurosis 4) Radial nerve
#upperlimb #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
2013
CARDIOLOGY
What are the stages of Heart Failure? According to NYHA classification
#dyspnea #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#07
CARDIOLOGY 1
MILD
2
MILD
COMFORTABLE AT REST, BUT ORDINARY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAUSES DYSPNEA, FATIGUE OR PALPITATION
3
MOD
COMFORTABLE AT REST, LESS THAN ORDINARY ACTIVITY CAUSES DYSPNEA, FATIGUE OR PALPITATION
4
SEV
UNCOMFORTABLE AT REST, UNABLE TO CARRY OUT ANY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITHOUT DISCOMFORT
ORDINARY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOESNT CAUSE DYSPNEA, FATIGUE OR PALPITATION
#dyspnea #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#07
NEUROLOGY A person comes to the ER with complains of sudden onset of unilateral headache, tearing eye and rhinorrhea. What is the most likely diagnosis?
#headaches #usmle
#08
NEUROLOGY
#08
The most likely diagnosis is Cluster Headache which is characterized by unilateral headaches associated with tearning eye & nose. The eye may also turn read. This condition is associated with Horner syndrome. The best way to treat it is 100% oxygen therapy in the ER
#headaches #usmle
PHYSIOLOGY
#09
Try to recall some of the causes of LOW & HIGH ESR Eythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
#hematology #infections #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#09
PHYSIOLOGY LOW ESR
HIGH ESR
Polycythemia Leukocytosis Sickle cell Abnormal proteins
Inflammation Infections Cancer Autoimmune
*Temporal arteritis Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Hr
FIGURE: ESR TIMELINE #hematology #infections #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
GIT MEDICINE
#10
What does pain in the left iliac region indicate? What is the most common cause in the elderly?
#abdominalpain #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#10
GIT MEDICINE Gallstones Cholangitis Hepatitis Liver Abscess Cardiac Causes Lung Causes
The most common cause in the elderly is:
Ureteric Colic Pyelonephritis
Esophagitis Peptic Ulcer PerforatedUlcer Pancreatitis HYPO CHONDRIAC
Spleen Abscess Acute Splenomegaly Spleen Rupture HYPO CHONDRIAC
EPIGASTRIC
RIGHT LUMBAR
UMBILICAL
LEFT LUMBAR
Appendicitis (early) (early) Mesenteric Mesente ric adenitis Meckel’s diverticulitis Lymphomas
Ureteric Colic Pyelonephritis
Diverticulitis HYPOGASTRIC RIGHT ILIAC
Appendicitis Crohn’s Disease Caecum Obstruction Ovarian Cyst Ectopic Pregnancy Hernias
#abdominalpain #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
LEFT ILIAC
Testicular Torsion Urinary Retention Cystitis PlacentalAbruption
Diverticulitis Ulcerative Colitis Constipation Ovarian Cyst Hernias
PHARMACOLOGY
What dangerous dangerous drug interaction effect effect does Warfarin & NSAIDs NSAIDs produce, given given together?
#druginteractions #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#11
PHARMACOLOGY i n nh i h i b i b i t
#11
s C
O X - 1 1
/
to r ting f ac t o s r s o f c lo t e s i s h h t i y n X . Pro te n C & S s y I I X V I I e d I I s I a
C O X
- 2
NSAIDs Anti-inflammatory/Anti-analgesics
r e c
+
d e
BLEE ING HYPOCOAGULABILITY
#druginteractions #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
WARFARIN an anti-coagulant
RHEUMATOLOGY
#12
What antibodies are associated associated with: Rheumatoid arthritis - SLE - Drug induced lupus Polymyositis - Dermatomyositis - Scleroderma - CREST Sjoogren syndrome - Mixed connective tissue disease
#autoimmunediseases #antibodies #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
RHEUMATOLOGY RF (Rheumatoid Factor) Anti-CCP (Citrullinated protein) ANA (Anti Nuclear Antibody) Anti-dsDNA Anti-Sm
#12
Anti-Jo-1 Anti-scl-70 ANA Anti-centromere
Anti-histone
Anti-Ro ANA Anti-LA ANA
Anti-Jo-1
Anti-RNP ANA
#autoimmunediseases #antibodies #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#13
MICROBIOLOGY What do you know about Giardia Lamblia? - Source of Infection - Route of Infection - Clinical features - Lab Diagnosis - Motility - Treatment #giardiasis #greesystools #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
Flagellae Edge of Sucker Nuclei
Nuclei Axostyle
Flagellae
2013
MICROBIOLOGY
#13
Infection with G.lamblia is found worldwide, more commonly in tropics. It effects mostly children, tourists and the immuno-compromised Source of infection: Cysts in contaminated water Route: Ingestion Clinical features: Vomitings, Fatty foul smelling Diarrhea & Abdominal pain Lab Diagnosis: Stool exam, Jejunal biopsy & Endoscopy Motility: Falling leaf Treatment: Metronidazole #giardiasis #greesystools #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
PHARMACOLOGY
#14
What dangerous drug interaction effect does Spironolactone & NSAIDs produce, given together?
#druginteractions #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#14
PHARMACOLOGY p
com et i t
iv e
f a l do s
i nh
i b i t o
r t o
o
t er
SPIRONOLACTONE steroidal antimineralocorticoid
o n
e
b i n d i
n
g
+
- e renin - an g io o f t h y t i i v e s ystem t a c t e r o n l d o s h e a t c e i n u n s d e t e r
+
ACE INHIBITORS angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
HYPER K ALEMIA #druginteractions #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
ANATOMY
#15
What is the difference between Right & Left Gonadal venous drainage?
#reproductivesystem #usmleHY #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
2013
ANATOMY
#15
Left Gonadal Drainage
Left ovary/testis -> Left gonadal vein -> Left renal vein -> IVC Right Gonadal Drainage
Right ovary testis -> Right gonadal vein -> IVC
#reproductivesystem #usmleHY #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
2013
GIT MEDICINE
#16
A 35 year old male comes to the ER with severe epigastric pain that radiates to the back like a spear. The patient is suspected to have acute pancreatitis. What are the common causes of this condition?
#abdominalpain #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
GIT MEDICINE G GALLSTONES E ETHANOL (ALCOHOL) T TRAUMA S M A S H E D
STEROIDS MUMPS AUTOIMMUNE SCORPION BITE HYPERLIPIDEMIA ERCP DRUGS
#abdominalpain #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
#16
#17
MICROBIOLOGY What do you know about Leishmania Donovani? - Source of Infection - Route of Infection - Clinical features - Lab Diagnosis - Motility - Treatment #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
Flagellum Basal Granule Kinetoplast
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
2013
MICROBIOLOGY
#17
Important cause of visceral leishmaniasis. Source of infection: Phlebotomus (Sandfly) Route: Bite (Promastigote) Clinical features: Recurrent fevers & Striking splenomegaly Lab Diagnosis: Isolation from blood/spleen & Serology (PCR/DAT/Antibody titres) Motility: Flagellar Treatment: Sodium Stibogluconate & Amphotericin B #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#18
How are thyroid hormones regulated in the body?
#hormoneregulation #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#18
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND TSH HORMONE K C
A B
D
TSH RECEPTORS ON THYROID GLAND
E
E
F
E
V
I
T
A G E
N
THYROID HORMONES #hormoneregulation #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
NEUROLOGY How would you differentiate between: 1) Wernicke’s Aphasia 2) Broca’s Aphasia 3) Conduction Aphasia 4) Global Aphasia 5) Transcortical Sensory Aphasia 6) Transcorticol Motor Aphasia
#aphasia #mbbs #medicalstudent #PGexam #usmle
#19
#19
NEUROLOGY WERNICKE’S APHASIA BROCA’S APHASIA CONDUCTION APHASIA GLOBAL APHASIA TRANSCORTICAL SENSORY APHASIA TRANSCORTICAL MOTOR APHASIA
FLUENCY
REPETITION
COMPREHENSION
OTHER FEATURES
YES
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
LIMB APRAXIA
IMPAIRED
YES
BUCCOFACIAL APRAXIA
YES
IMPAIRED
YES
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
YES
YES
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
YES
YES
IMPAIRED
#aphasia #mbbs #medicalstudent #PGexam #usmle
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#20
What does the following syndromes comprise of: 1) MEN 1 2) MEN 2a 3) MEN 2b
#syndromes #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
ENDOCRINOLOGY MEN 1
MEN 2a
Pituitary adenoma
MEN 2b Mucosal neuromas
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Marfanoid body habitus
Pancreatic tumors
Medullary thyroid Ca
Medullary thyroid Ca
Pheochromo -cytoma
Pheochromo -cytoma
MENIN GENE
#20
RET PROTOONCOGENE
#syndromes #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
PULMONOLOGY An African American woman comes to the clinic with complains of shortness of breath, cough & easy fatigue. On examination there is fine rales on auscultation of lungs and red tender nodules on the tibia. Chest xray shows the following picture. What is the most likely diagnosis? #dyspnea #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs
#21
www.neuros.org
2013
PULMONOLOGY
#21
Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder, mainly in the lungs. Always suspect this when the clinical vigenette speaks of an African American woman with dyspnea and chest xray of bilateral adenopathy. CLINICAL PICTURE : Ethnicity: African American, Gender: Females, Asymptomatic, Dyspnea on exertion, Cough, Easy Fatigue,Fine rales on lung auscultation - NO WHEEZING, Eyes: Uveitis / Keratoconjuctivitis, Parotid enlargement, Sicca syndrome, Cardiac: Restrictive cardiomyopathy, heart blocks, Nerve: Facial palsy Aloplecia - very rare, Skin: Erythema nodosum, Lupus pernio DIAGNOSITC TESTS : Though dignositc tests are done, remember that this disease is a disease of exclusion. Chest Xray (Initial) - Bilateral hilar adenopathy - Angel wing sign, Lymph node biopsy - MOST ACCURATE, Elevated ACE levels, Hypercalcemia & Hypercalciuria, PFT - restrictive picture decreased FEV, FVC, TLC, DLCO and normal FEV1/FVC, Brochoalveolar lavage - shows helper cells TREATMENT : Aysmptomatic patients donot need to be treated, Symptomatic patients respond well to Prednisone (Glucocorticoids) #dyspnea #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs
2013
#22
MICROBIOLOGY What do you know about Toxoplasma Gondi? - Source of Infection - Route of Infection - Clinical features - Lab Diagnosis - Motility - Treatment #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
Dense Granules
Microneme
Conoid
Golgi Body
Rhoptry Mitochondrion Nucleus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2013
MICROBIOLOGY
#22
An obligate intracellular sporozoan, causing CNS infections such as encephalitis. Is also a member of the TORCH complex. Source of infection: Cyst in cat feces (mainly) or meat Route: Contaminated excreta, food or airborne spores Clinical features: Headache, seizures & abnormal gait Lab Diagnosis: Sabin-Feldman Dye test, CFT & HA Motility: Upright twirling, Helical rotation, and Circular gliding Treatment: Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine, Spiramycin, Clindamycin & Cotrimoxazole. #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
ANATOMY
#23
What Structures pass through foramen ovale?
#mnemonics #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
2013
#23
ANATOMY M : MANDIBULAR NERVE A : ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY L : LESSER PETROSAL NERVE E : EMISSARY VEINS FORAMEN OVALE
MALE
#mnemonics #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
2013
#24
CARDIOLOGY Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1
MC
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
S2
CARDIOLOGY
#24
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
LATE SYSTOLIC MURMUR
LATE SYSTOLIC CRESCENDO MURMUR THAT FOLLOW A MIDSYSTOLIC CLICK. HEARD LOUDEST AT S2 COMMON CAUSES: MYXOMATOUS DEGENERATION, RF CHORD RUPTURE
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
#25
CARDIOLOGY Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
S2 OS
CARDIOLOGY
#25
MITRAL STENOSIS
DIASTOLIC MURMUR
LATE RUMBLIING DIASOTLIC MURMUR THAT FOLLOWS AN OPENING SNAP COMMON CAUSE: RHEUMATIC FEVER CHRONIC MS LEADS TO LA DILATION
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
#26
CARDIOLOGY Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
S2
CARDIOLOGY
#26
MITRAL/TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
HOLOSYSTOLIC MURMUR
MITRAL - HEARD BEST AT APEX, RADIATES TO AXILLA. COMMON CAUSES: IHD, MVP, LV DIALATION TRICUSPID - HEARD BEST AT TRICUSPID AREA RADIATES TO RT STERNAL BORDER COMMON CAUSES: RV DIALATION OR ENDOCARDITIS #murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
#27
CARDIOLOGY Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
S2
CARDIOLOGY
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
MACHINE LIKE MURMUR
CONTINUOUS MACHINE LIKE MURMUR HEARD LOUDEST AT S2 CAUSE: CONGENIATAL PDA
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
#27
#28
CARDIOLOGY Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
S2
CARDIOLOGY AORTIC REGURGITATION
DIASTOLIC MURMUR
IMMEDIATE HIGH PITCHED BLOWING MURMUR SX: BOUNDING PULSES & HEAD BOBBING WIDE PULSE PRESSURE COMMON CAUSES: AORTIC ROOT DILATION, RF BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
#28
#29
CARDIOLOGY Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1
EC
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
S2
CARDIOLOGY
#29
AORTIC STENOSIS
SYSTOLIC MURMUR
CRESCENDO - DECRESCENDO MURMUR THAT FOLLOW AN EJECTION CLICK. RADIATES TO CAROTIDS / APEX COMMON CAUSES: AGE RELATED CALCIFICATION BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#30
Recall the signs & symptoms of Hyperthyroidism.
#syndromes #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
#30
ENDOCRINOLOGY insomnia
heat intolerance muscle weakness menstrual irregularity
irritability
infertility
D I A R R H E A
S O F T N A I L S
M O I S T P A L M S
W E I G H T L O S S
#syndromes #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
T A C H Y C A R D I A
g o i t r e
e x o p h t h a l m o s
H A I R L O S S
2013
MCQs
#31
A young woman comes to the clinic complaining of pain in her neck & shoulders since a few weeks. She is having difficulty sleeping, and suffers from occassional headaches. On questioning she agrees to stiffness & fatigue also. During physical examination, she tells you to be gentle as she has some tender points that trigger pain, especially on the lateral epicondyle and medial side of her knee. You order a round of tests that include ESR, CRP, RA, ANCA & CPK - all which return normal. How will you treat her? a) Steroids b) Ciprofloxacin & Doxycycline c) Refer her to an orthopedic d) Amitriptyline e) Allopurinol f) Placebo, she is a hypochondriac #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#31
Correct Ans: Amitriptyline The patient is suffering from Fibromyalgia, which is best treated with Amitriptyline.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#32
A young African American teenager comes to the ER with complains of headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain. He came to the ER directly from a BBQ party, which was at a friends's basement. His HR is 110/min & RR is 24/min. His skin shows a pinkish hue. What is the diagnosis? a) Sicke Cell Crisis b) Cyanide Poisoning c) Food Poisoning d) Carboxyhemaglobinemia e) Thalassemia
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#32
Correct Ans: Carboxyhemaglobinemia Due to buildup of CO in an enclosed place "BBQ in a basement". The other clues are the symptoms and the pinkish hue.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#33
A patient comes to your clinic for regular check up. Before leaving he asks you about risk factors for pancreatic cancer, as he is concerned because his father had one. Which of the following is not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. a) Chronic pancreatitis b) Obesity c) Alcohol d) Family History e) Smoking
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
#33
MCQs
Correct Ans: Alcohol Gallstones & Alcohol are two risk factors exclusively for Acute pancreatitis & not pacreatic cancer
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#34
A mother brings her 2yr old girl to the clinic complaining of diarrhea & tummy ache. You diagnose it as gastroenteritis. The mother also tells you that many other children at the day care center had similar symptoms. Which organism is the most likely causative agent? a) Giardia lamblia b) Botulinum toxin c) Clostridia difficile d) Rotavirus e) Reovirus f) Entamoeba histolytica
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
#34
MCQs
Correct Ans: Rota Virus Rota virus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children upto 5 years of age.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#35
A 40 year old woman comes to the clinic complaining of a 3kg weight gain and decreased libido for the past 2 months. She also states that she has not had a menstrual period this time. On examination white milky discharge is noticed from her nipples bilaterally. You order lab tests, and notice an abnormal increase in the prolactin levels. What is the most appropriate treatment? a) Steroids b) Mastectomy c) Breat massage d) Bromocriptine e) Metoclopramide
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#35
Correct Ans: Bromocriptine This patient is suffering from prolactinoma, Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist. Dopamine suppress production of prolactin.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#36
A man in his 40s, who works at the factory, comes to the clinic with complain of pain in his shoulder and unable to lift his shoulder. After a thorough examination and a few imaging studies, the diagnosis of rotator cuff injury was made. Which of the following muscle's tendons donot form part of the rotator cuff? a) Supraspinatus b) Infraspinatus c) Teres major d) Subscapularis
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
#36
MCQs
Correct Ans: Teres Major The muscles that make up the rotator cuff are: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis & Teres minor.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#37
Which of the following is a sign of fracture of the middle cranial fossa of skull? a) Bottle's sign b) String sign c) Donut sign d) Battle's sign e) Bird beak's sign f) Omega sign
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#37
Correct Ans: Battle’s sign The sign is called Battle's sign, which indicates a fracture of the middle cranial fossa. It is also called as mastoid ecchymosis.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#38
A 30 year old man, who works as a farmer, comes to the clinic with an itchy annular skin lesion on his back. On examination you also note a few hypopigmented skin lesions. The patient complains of sweating alot as he works under the hot sun, and believes this is what has caused the lesions. Which of the following tests would you order to confirm your diagnosis: a) Gram's stain b) CBC c) Acid fast stain d) Dark field microscopy e) KOH & microscopy f) ELISA
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#38
Correct Ans: KOH & microscopy The patient has a fungal skin infection. The itchy annular lesion along with hypopigmentation highly suggests it. Working out in the hot sun, and excessive sweating are the other clues.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#39
A middle aged woman comes to the clinic with complains of palpitations and a episodes of dizziness and syncope. After examination a diagnosis of Atrial fibrillation is made. Which of the following is the most commonest cause of atrial fibrillation a) Diabetes b) Hypertension c) Aortic stenosis d) Mitral value regurgitation e) Proponolol
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#39
Correct Ans: Aortic Stenosis Atrial fibrillation increases in frequency with aging and typically occurs in people who have underlying heart disease. Almost any heart disease can increase the risk of this abnormal rhythm, but the most common causes are: Hypertensive heart disease due to chronic high blood pressure. A heart attack (myocardial infarction, or MI), Heart failure, Heart valve disease, such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.
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2013
MCQs
#40
A 52 year old man comes to the ER with complains of lower back pain. He works in a storage warehouse. On examination the straight leg test is positive at 60 degrees. There is no vertebral tenderness. Heart and lung examinations are normal. Which is the next best step in management of this patient. a) Cervical X ray b) Spinal MRI c) Emergent surgery d) NSAIDs & Rest e) Spinal X ray f) Lumbar Puncture
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013
MCQs
#40
Correct Ans: NSAIDs & Rest This is most likely a case of disc herniation, in which the first step of management is NSAIDs & Rest of not more than 2-3 days. Early mobilisation is advised. MRI maybe advised, but is not the NEXT BEST STEP in management.
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
2013