CUADERNO ORIENTADOR ORIENTADOR PARA LAS CLASES TEÓRICO PRÁCTICAS Y LOS SEMINARIOS DE GENÉTICA MÉDICA
AUTORA PRINCIPAL: MSc. Yudelmis Álvarez Gavilán. MSc en Genética Médica. Lic. en Biología. Profesora Asistente de Genética Médica. Jefa del Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
COLECTIVO DE AUTOES! MSc. Viviana Ve"a C#ne$#. MSc en Genética Médica. Lic. en Biología. Profesora Auxiliar de Genética Médica. Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
MSc. Dianle% Mina&errie% Avellaneda. MSc en Genética Médica. Lic. en Biología. Profesora Asistente de Genética Médica. Profesora Principal del Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
MSc. Ariel Medina C#nce'ci(n. MSc en Genética Médica. Lic. en Microiología. Profesor Auxiliar de Genética Médica. Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
MSc. Yusiem G#nzález Carm#na. MSc en Genética Genética Médica. Lic. en Biología. Biología. Profesora Asistent Asistente e de Genética Genética Médica. Departamento Departamento de Genética Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
MSc. Yenise)s *el%rán *lanes. MSc en Genética Genética Médica. Lic. en Biología. Biología. Profesora Asistent Asistente e de Genética Genética Médica. Departamento Departamento de Genética Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
Dra. Ana Tamara *lanc# D+az. Dra en Medicina. Especialista de Segundo Grado en Pediatría. Profesora Auxiliar de Pediatría. Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
Lic. ,eid) -#uz Cas%r#. Lic. en Bio!uímica. Profesora Asistente de Genética Médica. Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
Lic. Marelis Meireles Del"ad#. Lic. en Bio!uímica. Profesora Asistente de Genética Médica. Departamento de Genética Médica de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina.
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Agradecimient! A Dra CM E!te"a Mra"e! Pera"ta# e!$ecia"i!ta de % er & 'd grad en Gen(tica C")nica# Pr*e!r e In+e!tigadr Tit,"ar de" Centr Nacina" de Gen(tica M(dica & a Dra Rita S-nc.e/ S-nc.e/ Lm0ana# Lm0ana# e!$ecia"i!t e!$ecia"i!taa de %er & 'd grad en Gen(tica C")nica# Pr*e!r A,1i"iar de" In!tit,t S,$erir de Ciencia! M(dica! de "a 2a0ana# 3,iene! rea"i/arn ,na re+i!i4n min,ci!a de tda! "a! c"a!e! $re!ente! en e" c,adern# c,&! +a!t! cncimient! en "a in+e!tigaci4n# dcencia & am$"ia e1$eriencia en "a a!i!tencia m(dica# cntri0,&ern a" $er*eccinamient de e!te materia" dcente5 A Ed,ard G4me/ 6ega $r !er e" di!e7adr gr-*ic de e!te c,adern a" c,a" dedic4 .ra! de tra0a8 $ara garanti/ar !, ca"idad5
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La Genética Médica "a tenido un a#ance #ertiginoso en las $ltimas décadas % cada día se descuren m&s alteraciones genéticas responsales de disímilies trastornos para la salud "umana. Esta es una ciencia futurista' pues resulta pr&cticamente imposile predecir cu&nto m&s se podr& descurir descurir al respecto' respecto' lo !ue si dee !uedar mu% claro es !ue los conocimientos conocimientos sore esta materia son imprescindiles para !ue los médicos del futuro constru%an estrategias efecti#as !ue triuten a ele#ar nuestra calidad de #ida. Las enfermedades genéticas en su ma%oría carecen de un tratamiento satisfactorio % generalmente causan importantes afecciones' no solo a una persona sino a su familia % a la sociedad' por lo !ue la principal laor de los médicos es pre#enirlas a tra#és del asesoramiento genético. En muc"os de los m&s de () países del mundo entero' donde residen los estudiantes !ue actualmente estudian en la ELAM' no existe Genética *línica como especialidad médica' por lo !ue es su segundo a+o de la carrera' mientras recie la asignatura Genética Médica' el momento para apropiarse de los conocimientos !ue les permitir&n reali,ar un Asesoramiento Genético adecuado en sus comunidades. -eniendo en cuenta los aspectos aordados % lo difícil !ue resulta para los alumnos la comprensin comprensin de algunos algunos temas de esta disciplina' disciplina' el colecti#o colecti#o de profesores profesores del departament departamento o de Genética Médica de ELAM sinti la necesidad de confeccionar este material docente' en aras de proporcionarle a los estudiantes un documento en el !ue se recogen las esencialidades de los contenidos contenidos impartidos' impartidos' se rindan rindan conceptos conceptos % se puntuali,an puntuali,an aspectos aspectos !ue carecen de iliografia !ue falicite su entendimiento' adem&s se les ofrecen e/ercicios !ue les permiten lle#ar a la pr&ctica toda la teoría !ue reciieron en las conferencias de la asignatura % de esta forma ser e#aludados' controlando la apre"ensin de dic"os conocimientos % la eficacia del proceso de ense+an,a0aprendi,a/e. Este Este cuader cuaderno no aord aorda a las las acti# acti#id idade adess pr&c pr&ctiticas cas de los los oc"o oc"o tema temass la asig asigna natu tura ra'' !ue !ue comp compre rend nden en nue# nue#e e clas clases es ter teric ico o pr&c pr&ctitica cass % tres tres semi semina nari rios os'' !ue !ue ser& ser&n n o/e o/eto to de e#aluaciones. Por tal moti#o se sugiere a los estudiantes ir a cada clase preparados' con el estudio pre#io % sistem&tico de los contenidos reciidos en las conferencias % profundi,arlos en el liro de texto titulado 1ntroduccin a la Genética Médica % en el resumen terico !ue aparece al final de cada acti#idad en este cuaderno. El colecti#o de autores les desea éxitos % esperamos esperamos !ue este material material les a%ude a me/orar su compre comprens nsi in n % les les rind rinde e las las "erra "errami mien enta tass prop propic icia iass para para logra lograrr un adecu adecuad ado o mane mane/o /o % pre#encin de las enfermedades genéticas.
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*LASE *LASE -E231*4 -E231*4 P35*-1* P35*-1*A A 67 Bases Bases molecul moleculares ares % celula celulares res de la "erencia. "erencia. Le%es Le%es de Mendel. Mutaciones génicas88888888888888 génicas88888888888888888888888. 888888888............. ......................9 ..........9 *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A :7 Aerraciones cromosmicas de n$mero888888888( *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A ;7 Aerraciones cromosmicas c romosmicas de estructura88888....... estructura88888...........6: ....6: *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A <7 -ransmisin de mutaciones simples. 88888888886= SEM1>A314 67 Bases io!uímicas de la expresin de las enfermedades genéticas8888...:9 SEM1 SEM1>A >A31 314 4 :7 1nte 1nterf rfere erenc ncia iass iol iolg gic icas as de la tran transm smis isi in n mende mendelilian ana a de muta mutaci cion ones es simples88888888888888888888 simples8888888888 888888888888888888888 888888888888888888;; 8888888;; *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A 97 Ligamiento % 3ecominacin8888888888888..;( *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A ?7 Marcadores Genéticos8888888888 Genéticos8888888888888888<( 888888<( *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A @7 El estudio de los genes en las polaciones "umanas88..99 SEM1>A SEM1>A314 314 ;7 3elaci 3elacin n genoma genoma amient amiente e % suscep suscepti tiili ilidad dad genéti genética ca en las polac polacion iones es "umanas 888888888888888888888 8888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888..9= 88888..9= *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A =7 Defectos congénitos de origen genético % amiental88....?9 *LASE -E231*4 P35*-1*A (7 Asesoramiento Genético88888888.8888888.?( Genético88888888.8888888.?( 3EE3E>*1AS B1BL14G351*AS8888 B1BL14G351*AS888888888888888 888888888888888888888 8888888888...@< ...@<
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Tema %: Intrd,cci4n a "a Gen(tica M(dica5 T)t,": Bases moleculares % celulares de la "erencia. Le%es de Mendel. Mutaciones génicas 5 Explicar ar la Le%es Le%es de Mendel Mendel relacio relacionand nando o la segrega segregaci cin n de los genes genes con los O08eti+: Explic cromosomas cromosomas en la meiosis % definiendo definiendo los conceptos conceptos genéticos genéticos deri#ados de la transmisin transmisin de genes % caracteres' lo !ue permitir& la estimacin del riesgo genético.
S,mari: Las Le%es de Mendel. La meiosis. i0"igra*)a: Liro de texto7 1ntroduccin a la Genética Médica. *apítulos 6 al 9' p&ginas 6 a ?:. Dee "acer ma%or énfasis en el capítulo 9. Orien%aci(n de la Ac%ividad! Responda las siguientes preguntas relacionadas con el estudio de las Leyes de Mendel, para posteriormente ser evaluado según sus respuestas.
6. En el "omre la la pigmentacin pigmentacin normal normal es un car&cter car&cter dominante dominante deido deido a la expresin expresin del alelo A % el ali alini nism smo o ocul oculoc ocut ut&n &neo eo tipo tipo 1A es una una enfe enferm rmed edad ad mono monogé géni nica ca'' caracteri,ada caracteri,ada por disminuci disminucin n o ausencia de pigmentacin pigmentacin del del pelo' la piel' el iris % el fondo ocular' disminucin de la agude,a #isual % nistagmo' !ue se expresa como un fenotipo recesi#o deido al alelo mutado a. Si un "omre enfermo se casara con una mu/er sana. a 3epresente 3epresente los genotipos genotipos de amos amos miemros miemros de de la la pare/a. pare/a. b)
C*u&l sería la proailidad de "i/os sanos % enfermos a esperar en este matrimonio
:. na mu/er mu/er presenta presenta ptosis palpera palperall !ue se caracteri,a caracteri,a por por la imposiili imposiilidad dad de arir arir los o/os completament completamente e % constitu%e constitu%e una condicin dominante dominante causada por el alelo P5 Su padre presentaa esta enfermedad' % su madre era sana. a Plantee Plantee los genoti genotipos pos proales proales de de estas tres personas. personas. C*u&l ser& ser& la proail proailidad idad de de !ue sus "i/os "i/os presenten presenten este trastor trastorno no si su pare/a pare/a es es de p&rpados normales ;. En los cone/os sal#a/es' la grasa presente a/o la piel es lanca % los domésticos la tienen amarilla. Al cru,ar cone/os puros de amos fenotipos' se otu#o una 6 toda de grasa lanca. *uando se cru,aron entre sí cone/os de la 6 produ/eron una : consistente en tres partes de grasa lanca % una parte de grasa amarilla. a 1dentifi!u 1dentifi!ue e el fenotip fenotipo o dominante dominante % represent represente e el alelo alelo !ue determin determina a su expresin expresin CA !ué se refier refiere e cuando se "ala "ala de cone/os cone/os puros puros c) C*mo diferenciar dentro de la : los cone/os "omocigticos de los "eterocigticos si tienen el mismo fenotipo
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a) b)
n gameto A a partir de un indi#iduo AaB n cigoto AABB a partir de un cruce AaB x AaB
E!t,di inde$endiente 3esponda las siguientes situaciones prolémicas teniendo en cuenta los contenidos aordados en el -ema -ema 6 de la asignatura. La "emocromatosis "emocromatosis es una enfermedad enfermedad monogénica monogénica la cual afecta el metaolismo metaolismo del "ierro' "ierro' pro#o pro#ocan cando do acumula acumulaci cin n excesi#a excesi#a de este este metal metal en los rganos rganos % sistema sistemass del organis organismo. mo. El alelo alelo !ue determin determina a el car&ct car&cter er dominan dominante te del gen A codifica una proteína funcional funcional en el "omre' sin emargo el alelo !ue determina determina el car&cter car&cter recesi#o a lo "ace para una proteína alterada por lo !ue pro#oca la aparicin de la enfermedad. En una familia el esposo presenta "emocromatosis % su pare/a es sana' el primer "i/o de amos naci con la enfermedad. a Plantee los posiles genotipos de estas personas.
1.
Si esta familia tu#iera m&s "i/os' C*u&l sería su fenotipo :. Los pares de genes D'd % F'" se transmiten independientemente. El car&cter expresado por alelo D domina sore sore d % F sore ". -eniendo -eniendo en cuenta cuenta esto' Ccu&l es la proailida proailidad d de otener7 a n cigoto cigoto dd"" dd"" en en un cru,amie cru,amiento nto DdF" DdF" x DdF" n cigoto cigoto DdF" DdF" en un cru,amien cru,amiento to dd"" dd"" x DDFF DDFF c n fenotipo fenotipo dominante dominante solo solo para el car&cter car&cter determinado determinado por D en el cru,amien cru,amiento to DDFF x dd"" d n fenotipo fenotipo dominante dominante solo para para el car&cter determinad determinado o por F a partir de un cru,amiento cru,amiento DdF" x DdFF ;. En los raton ratones es el pela/e pela/e negro negro est& est& codific codificado ado por por el alelo alelo P !ue determina el car&cter dominante' % el lanco por el alelo $. El pelo largo est& codificado por el alelo R !ue determina el car&cter dominante % el corto por el alelo r . a Plantee los resultados de la 6 % de la : del cruce de un ratn "omocigtico dominante para amos caracteres con uno dole "omocigtico recesi#o. C*u&l ser& la proporcin a esperar en la : de ratones negros de pela/e largo !ue sean "eterocigticos para amos caracteres <. En los cone/os se presenta una alteracin en los glulos glulos ro/os llamada anomalía de Pelger. Pelger. Al cru,ar cone/os afectados con cone/os normales' en la descendencia :' se otu#ieron :;) cone/os normales % @9 enfermos.
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Re!,men te4ric C"a!i*icaci4n eti"4gica de "a! en*ermedade! gen(tica!
Monogénicas 7 Son pro#ocadas por mutaciones en un solo gen. La mutacin puede estar
presente en uno o en amos cromosomas "omlogos.
Cromosómicas 7 Se originan por déficit o exceso de fragmentos cromosmicos o de
cromosomas enteros.
origin inan an por por com comin inac aci in n de fact factor ores es genét genétic icos os % ami amient ental ales. es. Multifactoriales 7 Se orig Generan trastornos del desarrollo !ue causan malformaciones congénitas % trastornos frecuentes de la edad adulta.
Primera Le& de Mende" Le& de "a Segregaci4n: Los miemros de un determinado par de alelos se separan uno del otro durante la formacin de los gametos. Seg, Seg,nd ndaa Le& Le& de Mende Mende"" Le& Le& de "a Tran! ran!mi mi!i !i4n 4n Inde$ Inde$en endi dient ente: e: Los miemros de diferentes pares de alelos se transmiten independientemente % al a,ar uno del otro cuando se forman los gametos. unidad ad "ere "eredi dita tari ria' a' cons constititu tu%e %e un segme segment nto o de AD> AD> con dete determ rmin inad ada a uic uicac aci in n Gen: unid cromosmica Hnuclear o mitocondrial' !ue garanti,a un producto funcional HA3> o proteína para la expresin de la informacin genética.
Lc,!: Sitio !ue ocupa un gen en el cromosoma. Lci: Plural de locus. A"e"!:: ormas alternati#as de un gen. Genes !ue ocupan el mismo locus en cromosomas A"e"! "omlogos. Cr,ce mn.)0rid: *ruce entre organismos !ue se diferencian en un solo car&cter 5 Genti$7 *onstitucin genética de un indi#iduo !ue puede estar referida a un gen' a #arios genes o al genoma.
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Cr,ce $r,e0a: Es un retrocruce con el progenitor "omocigtico recesi#o.
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O08eti+!: 6. und undam amen enta tarr el orige origen n de los cario cariotitipo poss con con #ari #arian ante tess norm normal ales es a part partir ir de la segregacin meitica de acuerdo a la frmula cromosmica de los progenitores para el conoc conocim imie ient nto o de !ue !ue la #ari #ariac aci in n gené genétitica ca en el "uma "umano no no siem siempre pre impl implic ica a una enfermedad. :. Descri Descriir ir el origen origen de las aerracion aerraciones es cromosmi cromosmicas cas de n$mero tanto tanto en línea línea pura como en mosaico' así como el significado de frmulas cromosmicas específicas para la pre#encin de trastornos cromosmicos de este tipo. ;. 1denti 1dentific ficar ar aerracio aerraciones nes de cromos cromosoma omass sexuale sexualess a partir partir de resulta resultados dos de cromati cromatina na sexual' teniendo en cuenta !ue constitu%en los trastornos genéticos m&s frecuentes !ue afectan el fenotipo sexual. Polimorfismos os cromosmicos cromosmicos.. Aerraciones Aerraciones cromosmicas cromosmicas de n$mero. enmenos S,mari S,mari: : Polimorfism !ue las originan. La cromatina sexual.
i0"igra*)a: Liro de texto7 1ntroduccin a la Genética Médica. *apítulos ?' @ % =I p&ginas ?; a la 6)). Orien%aci(n de la Ac%ividad! Responda las siguientes preguntas relacionadas con el estudio de los cromosomas en el humano, para posteriormente ser evaluado según sus respuestas.
6. Descria Descria el significa significado do de las siguie siguientes ntes frmulas frmulas cromosm cromosmicas7 icas7 a c d
' ' (!"K ' ' ' :6s K ' ' ' !" K ' ' 6!"0
6.6 Demuestre a tra#és de las meiosis materna % paterna !ué cariotipos pudieran presentar los "i/os de una pare/a formada por los indi#iduos representados en los incisos a % . :. De los los cariotipo cariotiposs representa representados dos a continuaci continuacin7 n7 a <9'
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;.: Descria el significado de cada frmula cromosmica. ;.; Mencione Mencione el origen origen de cada una. <. Cué cariotipo cariotipo usted usted espera encontrar encontrar de acuerdo acuerdo a los siguiente siguientess resultados resultados de cromatina sexual a :)Q de células células con 6 cuerpo cuerpo Barr' Barr' positi#o positi#o para 6 cuerpo cuerpo . . ;)Q de de células células con con : cuerpos cuerpos Barr' Barr' negati#o negati#o para cuerpo cuerpo . c )Q de células células con cuerpo cuerpo Barr' Barr' positi#o positi#o para 6 cuerpo cuerpo . . d ;@Q de células células con6cuerpo con6cuerpo Barr' Barr' negati#o negati#o para cuerpo cuerpo . . e )Q de células células con cuerpo Barr Barr'' positi#o positi#o para : cuerpos cuerpos . . f )Q de células células con cuerpo Barr' Barr' negati#o negati#o para cuerpo cuerpo .
E!t,di inde$endiente: 1.
-eniendo en cuenta las siguientes frmulas cromosmicas7
a ' ' ' '6?!" 6?!"K <=' c <@' 'K:6 'K:6 :;N O' O' ;
Re!,men te4ric: ariantess estruct estructural urales es de alguno algunoss P"imr*i P"imr*i!m! !m! .etermr* .etermr*i!m! i!m! crm!4mic crm!4mic!: !: Rariante cromosomas mu% frecuentes en las polaciones H 6Q % !ue no tienen efecto fenotípico H#ariantes normales.
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<@' ' ' K :67 Sexo masculino con trisomía del cromosoma :6. <@' 7 Sexo femenino con trisomía del cromosoma . <@' 7 Sexo masculino con trisomía de los cromosomas sexuales. <=' 7 Sexo femenino con tetrasomía del cromosoma . <(' 7 Sexo masculino con pentasomía de los cromosomas sexuales. <@' 'K6= 'K6= :9N O' ;=N7 Sexo masculino masculino con un mosaicismo mosaicismo cromosmico cromosmico Ho aneuploidía aneuploidía en mosai mosaico co !ue !ue prese present nta a dos líne líneas as celu celula lares res77 la prim primer era a const constititu% u%e e una una tris trisom omía ía del del cromosoma 6= % la segunda es cromosmicamente normal. <9' 6( 6(NN O<@' O<@' :@ :@NN O' O' ;@N ;@N77 Sexo Sexo feme femeni nino no con con un mosa mosaic icis ismo mo cromo cromos smi mico co Ho aneupl aneuploi oidí día a en mosa mosaic ico o !ue !ue pres present enta a tres tres líne líneas as celul celular ares7 es7 la prim primera era const constititu%e u%e una una monosomía del cromosoma ' la segunda' una trisomía del cromosoma % la tercera es cromosmicamente normal.
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;. Descri Descriir ir las caracterí característi sticas cas fenotí fenotípica picass comune comuness a las aerracio aerraciones nes autosmic autosmicas as no alanceadas % las m&s rele#antes de los síndromes -urner -urner % Ulinefelter para el dominio dominio clínico de las enfermedades cromosmicas. cromos smi mica cass de estr estruct uctura ura ala alanc ncead eadas as % no alan alance cead adas. as. S,mari: Aerraciones cromo >ome >omenc ncla latu tura ra.. Game Gameto togé géne nesi siss de port portad ador ores es de tran transl sloc ocac acio ione ness recí recípr proc ocas as % de transl transloca ocacio ciones nes roert roertsoni soniana anas. s. *aract *aracterí erísti sticas cas fenotí fenotípic picas as comunes comunes a las aerrac aerracion iones es cromosmicas no alanceadas autosmicas % sexuales.
i0"igra*)a: Liro de texto7 1ntroduccin a la Genética Médica. *apítulos ?'@ % = p&ginas ?; a 6)). Dee "acer ma%or énfasis en el capítulo =. Orien%aci(n de la Ac%ividad! Responda las siguientes preguntas relacionadas con el estudio de los cromosomas, para posteriormente ser evaluado según sus respuestas.
ABE33A*14>ES *34M4S2M1*AS *34M4S2M1*AS ES-3*-3ALES >4 BALA>*EADAS 6. Descria Descria las las siguie siguientes ntes frmulas frmulas cromosmicas7 cromosmicas7 a ' ' ' ' del del H=p H=p ' ' ' dup dup H;! H;! c ' ' ' r H6= H6= d ' ' ' ' i H6? H6?! ! e ' ' ' ' i H! H! 6.6 CPor !ué estas alteraciones estructurales se clasifican como aerraciones
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c WW Entr Entre e las las expre expresi sion ones es fenot fenotíp ípic icas as de las las aerr aerraci acion ones es crom cromos osm mic icas as no alanceadas se encuentran alteraciones anatmicas. d WW Las in#ersio in#ersiones nes son aerraciones aerraciones cromosm cromosmicas icas alancea alanceadas. das. e WW Las trans translo locac cacio iones nes por fusi fusin n cent centrom roméri érica ca ocurr ocurren en entr entre e crom cromos osom omas as metacéntricos. f WW Los anil nillos crom cromos os micos constitu%en aer errac racione ones crom romosmicas cas alanceadas. g WW Defectos Defectos en el crecimien crecimiento to % desarrollo desarrollo de un indi#iduo indi#iduo son indicad indicadores ores de !ue existe una aerracin cromosmica autosmica no alanceada. " WWLos isocromos isocromosomas omas son aerraci aerraciones ones cromosmi cromosmicas cas alanceadas alanceadas.. i WW El cario cariotip tipo o ' ' ' r H6; repre represent senta a un tipo tipo de delec delecin. in. / WW El retraso re traso mental constitu%e una expresin de las aerraciones cromosmicas autosmicas no alanceadas. :. Descri Descria a el signif significa icado do de las siguient siguientes es frmul frmulas as cromosm cromosmica icas. s. *lasif *lasifí!u í!uela elass en alanceadas o no alanceadas. a ' ' ' ' dup dup H
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Tran!"caci4n Tran!"caci4n Rec)$rca7 1ntercamio de segmentos entre cromosomas no "omlogos. Tran!"caci4n R0ert!niana Pr ;,!i4n Centrm(rica: 3esultado de una ruptura a ni#el del centrmero en dos cromosomas acrocéntricos con la posterior fusin de sus ra,os largos.
MANI;E MANI ;EST STAC ACIO IONE NES S ;ENO ;ENOT9 T9PI PICA CAS S DE LAS LAS AER AERRA RACI CION ONES ES CROM CROMOS OSÓM ÓMIC ICAS AS ALANCEADAS Portador fenotípicamente sano 1mportancia médica7 HEtapa reproducti#a Produccin de gametos desalanceados. 1nfertilidad. Aortos espont&neos a repeticin del primer trimestre. Fi/os con malformaciones. Muerte neonatal en su descendencia. •
•
•
•
Re!,"t Re!, "tad ad de "a game gamet tg( g(ne ne!i !i!! de $rt $rtad adr re! e! de in+e in+er! r!i ine ne!! $ara $arac( c(nt ntri rica ca!! & $eric(ntrica!: Gametos resultantes en portadores de in#ersiones paracéntricas7 cromosoma normal' cromosoma portador de la in#ersin' cromosomas acéntricos % dicéntricos no #iales. Gametos resultantes en portadores de in#ersiones pericéntricas7 cromosoma normal' cromosoma portador de la in#ersin' cromosomas con duplicaciones % deleciones de segmentos !ue flan!uean la regin in#ertida. Estos $ltimos generalmente son no #iales •
•
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•
Alteraciones neurolgicas7 3etraso mental' epilepsia' autismo.
Sexuales Son específicas para cada constitucin cromosmica.
Princi$a"e Princi$a"e!! mani*e!tac mani*e!tacine! ine! c")nica! c")nica! de a"g,n! a"g,n! !)ndrme! !)ndrme! ca,!ad! ca,!ad! $r a0erracin a0erracine! e! crm!4mica!5 S)ndrme de D@n >tri!m)a '%?
3etraso mental Fipotoní onía mus musccular Ause Ausenc ncia ia de refl refle/ e/o o de Moro Moro Des#iaci Des#iacin n mongo mongoloi loidea dea de las las "endidu "endiduras ras palper palperale aless 4ccipucio plano Surco simiano *ar *ardiop diopat atíía con congé géni nita ta
S)ndrme de Pata, >tri!m)a %=? 3etraso mental Microcefalia Microftalmía Lai Laio o lepo lepori rino noOO Pala Palada darr "end "endid ido o Pol Polidac idacti tililia a post postax axia iall Defec Defecto toss cong congén énititos os cardi cardiac acos os % rena renale less
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Disgen Disgenesi esia a gonadal gonadal Hgnad Hgnadas as en cinti cintilla llass despro# despro#ist istas as de folíc folículo ulos s Ba/a talla Poco desarro desarrollo llo de caracte caracteres res sexuale sexualess secu secundar ndarios ios Pterigium colli -rax -rax anc" anc"o o con con mami mamila lass mu% mu% sepa separad radas as Linf Linfed edem ema a en mano manoss % pie piess al nace nacer r 1nfertilidad
S)ndrme de "ine*e"ter >tri!m)a Y?
Disgene Disgenesia sia gonadal gonadal HAtrof HAtrofia ia test testicu icular lar0a,o 0a,oosp osperm ermia ia Alta talla -est estícul ículos os pe!u pe!ue+ e+os os Ginecomastia 1nfe 1nfert rtililid idad ad en la edad edad adul adulta ta
DES*31P*12> DE ABE33A*14>ES *34M4S2M1*AS DE ES-3*-3A
>o alanceadas
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6. La >eur >eurof ofi irom romat atosi osiss tipo tipo 1 es una enfe enferm rmed edad ad monog monogén énic ica. a. En el sigu siguie ient nte e &ro &roll genealgico se representa la transmisin de dic"a enfermedad. I
II
6
III
IV
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6
6
:
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6
:
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:
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a 1dentifi!ue 1dentifi!ue el patrn patrn de "erencia "erencia mendelian mendeliana a !ue se e#idenci e#idencia. a.
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1dentifi!u 1dentifi!ue e el patrn de "erencia "erencia mendeliana. mendeliana. Mencione Mencione las característi características cas !ue le permitier permitieron on identificar identificar dic"o dic"o patrn. patrn. 3epresente 3epresente el el genotipo genotipo de los indi#iduos indi#iduos 110: % 1110?. 1110?. *alcule *alcule la proailidad proailidad !ue tiene tiene el propsito propsito de tener descendencia descendencia afectada afectada si su pare/a pres presen enta ta un geno genotitipo po "omo "omoci cig gtitico co domi domina nant nte. e. Demu Demués éstr trel elo o repr repres esen enta tand ndo o el
cru,amiento. e CPresentar& CPresentar& riesgo riesgo para su descendenci descendencia a el indi#iduo indi#iduo 11109 11109 si se conoce !ue su pare/a pare/a es sana undamente su respuesta. <. En el sigu siguie ient nte e &ro &roll gene geneal alg gic ico o se repr repres esen entta una una famil amiliia en la !ue !ue se "an "an diagnosticado indi#iduos con Galactosemia Henfermedad monogénica7
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E!t,di Inde$endiente: Analice las situaciones referidas a continuacin % responda seg$n con#enga7 1-
En el siguiente &rol genealgico se e#idencian dos enfermedades monogénicas !ue se est&n transmitiendo en una familia7
1
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2-
Median Mediante te estudi estudios os reali, reali,ados ados se demost demostr r !ue en una famili familia a !ue present presenta a #arios #arios miemr miemros os afecta afectados dos por una enferme enfermedad dad monogén monogénica ica'' tanto tanto las mu/eres mu/eres como como los "omres enfermos son "eterocigticos para la mutacin. Adem&s' se compro !ue los "omres enfermos transmiten el alelo mutado a sus "i/os' tanto a "emras como a
#arones. a 1dentifi!u 1dentifi!ue e el patrn de "erencia "erencia mendelia mendeliana na m&s proale proale para dic"a dic"a enfermedad. enfermedad. Seleccione Seleccione cu&l de los siguiente siguientess &roles genealgic genealgicos os corresponde corresponde a dic"a familia. familia. A
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Las mu/eres afectadas tienen un 9)Q de proailidad de transmitir el car&cter a su descendencia' sean "emras o #arones.
A,t!4mic rece!i+
Los enfermos aparecen aparecen con m&s frecuencia entre los "ermanos "ermanos del su/eto afectado' afectado' o
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>uss >uss"a "aum um 3L' 3L' Mc1n Mc1nne ness 33' 33' Zill illard ard F. F. -"om -"omps pson on and -"om -"omps pson on Genét enétic ica a en Medicina. @ma. Ed. Barcelona. Saunders 0 Else#ier [ Masson' :))=.
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Lantigu Lantigua' a' A. A. *olect *olecti#o i#o de autores autores.. 1ntrodu 1ntroducci ccin n a la Genética Genética Médica Médica.. La Faana7 Faana7 :da :da Ed. Editorial de *iencias Médicas' :)66. :)66.
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H(=Q % 66;=Gx* H60:Q' responden por m&s del ((Q de los casos % en amas se da la sustitucin en Gl%;=)Arg. Las mutaciones del gen G3; asociadas a la acondroplasia son muta mutaci cion ones es de gana gananci ncia a de funci funcin n % causa causan n la acti# acti#ac aci in n del del 3ece 3ecept ptor or del del act actor or de *recimiento *recimiento irol&stico irol&stico tipo ; Hsiglas en inglés G3; con independencia del ligando. La acti# acti#ac aci in n in"i in"ie e de forma forma inapr inaprop opia iada da la prol prolififera eraci cin n de condr condroc ocititos os en la plac placa a de crecimiento' lo !ue conduce a un acortamiento de los "uesos largos % a una diferenciacin
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= En*ermedade! cm$"e8a! cm,ne! de" ad,"t: 3asgos en los !ue se considera !ue los factores amientales desempe+an un papel importante' aun!ue es e#idente el factor genético. "e consideran compleos por la cantidad de genes involucrados en su e*presión, estos genes incluso pueden ser diferentes diferentes entre las las personas personas afectadas. afectadas. Múltiples Múltiples genes (ue (ue complei&an complei&an el estudio estudio de estas estas enfermedades. "e consideran comunes del adulto por(ue son frecuentes en la edad adulta, por lo (ue se plantea (ue m)s del 07 de la po$lación adulta padece alguna de estas enfermedades.
E/emplos7 Diaetes Diaetes mellitus' mellitus' Enfermedad Enfermedad coronaria coronaria arterial' arterial' 4esidad' 4esidad' *&ncer' *&ncer' Fipertensin Fipertensin arterial' Glaucoma' Epilepsia' Es!ui,ofrenia' Asma ron!uial' Autismo' Enfermedad de Al,"eimer' -rastornos afecti#os Hdepresin o enfermedad unipolar % la ipolar o enfermedad maniaco0depresi#a. >4-A7 Los grupos : % ; son rasgos discontinuos' !ue cumplen con el Modelo *arga0umral.
C#nce'%#s Carga: *on/unto de factores ad#ersos' genéticos % amientales' !ue conducen al desarrollo de un defecto o enfermedad multifactorial. Hgenes malosh K factores amientales ad#ersos. Um0ra": Ralor acumulati#o de la carga a partir del cual se expresa el defecto o enfermedad con sus diferentes grados de se#eridad. 2ereda0i"idad: -érmino !ue nos permite estimar de forma cuantitati#a si el aporte genético es m&s m&s o meno menoss impo import rtan ante te !ue el aport aporte e amie amient ntal al en la expre expresi sin n de una enferm enfermed edad ad multifactorial. H1nterpretac H1nterpretacin7 in7 *uanto ma%or sea el #alor de "eredailida "eredailidad d H":' ma%or ser& la contriucin de los factores genéticos % menor ser& la contriucin de los factores amientales en la expresin de un trastorno multifactorial % #ice#ersa.
Rie!g de rec,rrencia: Proailidad de !ue un trastorno genético presente en uno o m&s miemros de una familia' recurra o se repita en otro miemro de la misma o en sucesi#as generaciones. El riesgo de recurrencia en la "erencia multifactorial es empírico' asado en datos oser#ados. indi#iduo afectado afectado en una familia familia con el mismo mismo defecto defecto o Agregaci4n *ami"iar: M&s de un indi#iduo enfermedad. *on/un unto to de gene geness muta mutado doss !ue !ue "ace "acen n Predi! Predi!$! $!ici ici4n 4n !,!ce$t !,!ce$ti0i i0i"id "idad ad gen(ti gen(tica: ca: *on/ #ulnerale #ulnerale a un indi#iduo a padecer un trastorno trastorno multifactori multifactorial al deido deido a la accin de factores factores amientales ad#ersos.
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Se#eridad %Oo aparicin temprana Diferencia en la frecuencia de aparicin por sexo. Grado de parentesco Agregacin familiar
Caracter)!tica! cm,ne! de "a .erencia m,"ti*actria": 6. Aun!ue el trastorno tiene e#idencia de "erencia familiar' no es posile distinguir un patrn mendeliano ni específico de la misma. :. Mien Mientr tras as m&s m&s pers persona onass afect afectad adas as "a% "a% en una fami famililia a Hma%o Hma%orr agre agregac gaci in n fami famililiar ar'' se incrementa el riesgo de recurrencia' lo !ue se explica por el parecido de sus genotipos o predisposicin genética. ;. *uanto m&s temprano apare,ca %Oo m&s gra#e resulte la enfermedad' ma%or ser& el riesgo de recurrencia' por!ue los afectados tienen un genotipo m&s predispuesto. <. Los familiares de primer grado de un indi#iduo afectado tienen ma%or riesgo de recurrencia !ue los m&s le/anos' deido a !ue mientras m&s cercano sea el grado de parentesco' ma%or similitud comparten sus genotipos. 9. En los matrimonios consanguíneos se incrementa el riesgo de recurrencia' deido a !ue sus genotipos poligénicos son similares. ?. La concordancia para un trastorno multifactorial es ma%or en gemelos monocigticos !ue en dicig dicigtic ticos' os' %a !ue los monoci monocigt gtico icoss tienen tienen igual igual genoti genotipo po % compart comparten en iguale igualess factor factores es amientales en el claustro materno. @. Si un car&cter multifactorial resulta m&s frecuente en un sexo !ue en el otro' el riesgo es ma%or para los familiares de pacientes del sexo menos frecuentemente afectado' %a !ue estos $ltimos tienen ma%or predisposicin genética.
CLASE TEÓRICOPRÁCTICA Tema H: De*ect! cng(nit! cng(nit! de rigen gen(tic gen(tic & am0ienta" T)t,": De*ect! cng(nit! cng(nit! de rigen gen(tic & am0ienta"5 O08eti+!:
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*aracteri,ar los agentes teratgenos teniendo en cuenta los tipos % los factores !ue modu modula lan n su acci accin n dele deleté tére rea' a' lo !ue !ue prop propic icia ia el esta estal leci ecimi mient ento o de estrat estrategi egias as pre#enti#as.
Defectos os congénit congénitos7 os7 concept concepto o % tipos seg$n seg$n su factor factor causal. causal. Defectos S,mari: Defect congénitos congénitos m$ltiples7 m$ltiples7 Síndromes' Síndromes' Secuencias Secuencias % Asociaciones. Asociaciones. -eratgenos7 tipos' efectos !ue producen durante el desarrollo emriofetal. actores !ue determinan la accin de un agente teratgeno.
i0"igra*)a: Liro de texto7 1ntroduccin a la Genética Médica. *apítulo 6@' p&ginas :6? a :;=. Orien%aci(n de la Ac%ividad! Responda las siguientes preguntas relacionadas con el estudio de los 8efectos 8efectos Congénitos de origen origen genético genético y am$iental, am$iental, para posteriormente posteriormente ser evaluado evaluado según sus respuestas.
60 Lea las siguientes situaciones % responda seg$n con#enga7
Sit,aci4n %7 3ecién nacido !ue presenta un solo o/o en la línea media facial % se le diagnostic "oloprosencefalia. Al examen físico de la madre se le detecta un incisi#o central $nico. Estudios moleculares demuestran en amos la presencia de una mutacin en el gen SFF !ue pro#oca la "oloprosencefalia con "erencia Autosmica Dominante.
>eonato o !ue !ue pres present enta a prose prosencé ncéfa falo lo pe!ue pe!ue+o +o'' #ent #entrí rícu culo loss late latera rale less Sit,ac Sit,aci4n i4n '7 >eonat fusionados e "ipotelorismo' se le diagnostica Foloprosencefalia. En el interrogatorio médico se constat el consumo excesi#o de alco"ol por parte de la madre durante el primer mes de emara,o. a *lasi *lasififi!u !ue e los los defe defect ctos os congé congéni nito toss !ue !ue prese present nta a el neon neonat ato o de la situ situaci acin n 6 de acuerdo a su magnitud % de acuerdo al agente causal. Argumente en cada caso. *lasifi!ue *lasifi!ue los defectos defectos congénit congénitos os presentes presentes en el neonato neonato de la situacin situacin : seg$n el factor causal. Argumente. c 1dentifi!u 1dentifi!ue e el agente teratgeno teratgeno menciona mencionado do en la situacin situacin : % clasifí!uelo clasifí!uelo seg$n seg$n su naturale,a. d C*ree C*ree usted !ue los padres padres del recién recién nacido de la situaci situacin n : podr&n podr&n tener tener otros "i/os con similares defectos Argumente su respuesta. respues ta. e Si el cons consum umo o de la droga droga "uies "uiese e sido sido en el $lti $ltimo mo trimest trimestre re del del emar emara,o a,o'' Cse Cse presentarían similares defectos en el neonato undamente.
:0 Analice la siguiente situacin. n feto producto de una gestacin con antecedentes de oligo"idramnios se#ero Hmu% poco lí!uido lí!uido amnitico amnitico al ser examinado presenta presenta cara aplanada % pies en posicin anmala anmala H#aro ino t&ndos t&ndos adem&s adem&s "ipopl "ipoplasi asi pul Se identi identific fic de la
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a C*ree usted usted !ue los defectos defectos congénitos congénitos detectados detectados en el recién recién nacido nacido se presentaron presentaron simult&neamente C*mo se se clasifican clasifican este grupo grupo de defect defectos os m$ltiples m$ltiples c *lasif *lasifi!u i!ue e los defecto defectoss congén congénito itoss !ue presenta presenta este paciente paciente teniend teniendo o en cuenta el factor causal. Argumente. d Si a un neonato se le diagnostica diagnostica ri+n ri+n poli!uístico poli!uístico producto producto de un cariotipo cariotipo <@''K6; <@''K6; C*amiaría su apreciacin sore el origen de este defecto primario undamente. ;0 Lea detenidamente el siguiente enunciado % responda seg$n con#enga. Asisten a consulta de Genética *línica dos madres cu%os "i/os presentan el mismo defecto congénito pero el origen es diferente en cada caso. La anomalía consiste en un tipo de defecto de cierre de tuo neural conocido como encefalocele occipital.
*aso 67 Defecto aislado deido a mutaciones en diferentes loci en interaccin con déficit de &cido flico materno. *aso *aso :7 Defecto Defecto acompa acompa+ado +ado de microf microftal talmía mía e "ipopl "ipoplasi asia a mediof mediofaci acial al deido exposiciones prolongadas a altas temperaturas durante las primeras semanas de gestacin.
a *lasifi!ue *lasifi!ue los defectos defectos congénito congénitoss !ue presentan presentan amos pacientes pacientes teniendo teniendo en cuenta el factor causal. Argumente. Mencione Mencione el tipo tipo de "erencia "erencia !ue !ue se pone de manifi manifiesto esto en el caso 6. c *lasif *lasifi!u i!ue e el agente agente terato teratogéni génico co presente presente en el caso : seg$n seg$n su natura naturale, le,a. a. Mencione Mencione otros teratgenos % clasifí!uelos seg$n su origen % su naturale,a. d C*ree usted usted !ue los defectos defectos presentes presentes en amos neonatos neonatos son pre#eniles pre#eniles Argumente Argumente en cada caso. <0 Analice Analice las las siguient siguientes es situacio situaciones nes !ue !ue se presentaron presentaron en en la sala de neonato neonatología logía del Fospital Materno01nfantil 3amn Gon,&le, *oro.
Situacin 67 3ecién nacido diagnosticado con acondroplasia por presentar acortamiento proximal de las extremidades Hri,omélico deido a una organi,acin anmala de las células seas deido a una mutacin en el gen G3;.
Situac Situacin in :7 3ecién 3ecién nacido nacido diagno diagnosti sticad cado o con la enferm enfermeda edad d de Folt04 Folt04ram ram pues pues presenta acortamiento de las extremidades superiores con aplasia radial' sindactilia % comunicacin comunicacin interatria interatrial'l' deido a mutaciones mutaciones en el gen !ue codifica para el factor de transcripcin -B9.
a *lasifi!ue *lasifi!ue los defecto defectoss congénitos congénitos !ue presentan presentan amos pacientes pacientes teniendo teniendo en cuenta el factor causal. undamente. *las *lasififi! i!ue ue los los defe defect ctos os congé congéni nito tos' s' seg$ seg$n n la magni magnitu tud d o se#eri se#erida dad' d' prese present ntes es en el
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90 Durante Durante un estudio estudio ultrasonogr&f ultrasonogr&fico ico se detect detect un ito fetal deido a la presencia presencia de defect defectos os craneof craneofaci aciale ales' s' cardía cardíacos' cos' genito genitouri urinari narios os % de extremi extremidade dades. s. Despué Despuéss de una e#aluacin integral se diagnostic Emriopatía por &cido retinoico %a !ue se constat un ele#ado consumo consumo de #itamina #itamina A por por parte de la madre a tra#és de suplementos' suplementos' durante durante los primeros meses de gestacin. a *las *lasififi! i!ue ue los los defe defect ctos os cong congén énititos os pres presen ente tess en el feto feto seg$ seg$n n el fact factor or caus causal al.. undamente. 1dentifi!ue 1dentifi!ue el agente agente teratogénic teratogénico o !ue se menciona en la situacin situacin % clasifí!ue clasifí!uelo lo seg$n su naturale,a. c Mencione Mencione los factores factores !ue potencian potencian la accin accin de este este teratgeno teratgeno en dic"a dic"a situacin. situacin. d Mencione Mencione los indicadores indicadores !ue !ue "acen sospec"ar sospec"ar la accin accin de un agente agente teratgeno teratgeno durante durante el desarrollo emriofetal.
E!t,di Inde$endiente5 Lea detenidamente las siguientes situaciones prolémicas % responda lo !ue se le pregunta en cada una de ellas. 60 En la sala de neonatologí neonatología a de un Fospital Materno01nf Materno01nfantil antil se present present el siguiente siguiente caso. >eonato !ue presenta presenta un grupo de defectos congénitos congénitos entre ellos agenesia agenesia de las >eonato #érteras sacras' "ipoplasia femoral' defectos en los genitales % agenesia renal unilateral como resultado del aumento de las concentraciones de glucosa en sangre materna' durante el emara,o' lo cual pro#oc ruptura de los #asos sanguíneos transitorios en la regin caudal del emrin. a *lasif *lasifi!u i!ue e los defecto defectoss congénit congénitos os presentes presentes en el neonato neonato seg$n seg$n el factor factor causal causal.. undamente. Si la causa causa de estos defect defectos os fuese fuese el consumo consumo de un medicamen medicamento to por parte parte de la madre' durante el primer trimestre' en lugar de un trastorno metalico C*ree usted !ue los defectos se clasificarían de igual forma Argumente. :0
En nues nuestr tro o país país las las mu/e mu/ere ress en edad edad fért fértilil reci recie en n un estr estric icto to segu seguim imie ient nto o en sus sus correspondientes consultorios médicos. a CPor CPor !ué es importan importante te !ue las mu/eres mu/eres en edad edad fértil fértil mantenga mantengan n una adecuad adecuada a atencin en relacin a su estado endocrino metalico Expli!ue su respuesta a tra#és de dos e/emplos clínicos. C*ree usted usted !ue los factores factores amient amientales ales a los !ue !ue est&n expuestas expuestas estas estas mu/eres mu/eres deen ser in#estigadosCPor!ué Ponga e/emplos. c *uando *uando usted usted sea médico médico Cué medida medidass podría podría adoptar adoptar en su &rea de salud para para e#itar la aparicin de defectos congénitos
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De*ect cng(nit7 -oda anormalidad de estructura anatmica #isile al examen clínico del recién nacido o posterior al nacimiento' cuando se "ace patente el defecto funcional de un rgano interno afectado anatmicamente.
C"a!i*icaci4n de "! de*ect! cng(nit!# !eg
o
o
o
Di!r,$ci4n: Se producen como resultado de un e#ento externo !ue destru%e o interfiere un proceso de desarrollo !ue originalmente fue normal. resulta de fuer,as anormales anormales !ue distorsio distorsionan nan la forma o De*rmidad: Defecto !ue resulta posicin de una estructura genéticamente ien formada. 4rgani ni,ac ,aci in n anorm anormal al de las las célu célula lass de un te/i te/ido do'' ocasi ocasion onado ado por por Di!$"a!ia: 4rga alteraciones genéticas HMonogénicas. Afecta al proceso de "istogénesis.
C"a!i*icaci4n de "! de*ect! cng(nit! m<"ti$"e!: o
o
o
o
Ma"*rmaci4n: Pore formacin de un te/ido deido a anormalidades genéticas !ue afectan a genes in#olucrados en el desarrollo 5
S)ndrme: Anomalías m$ltiples independientes' !ue se presentan simult&neamente % tiene tienen n una una mism misma a causa causa77 Gené Genétitica ca Hmono Hmonogé géni nica ca o cromo cromos smi mica ca o Ami Amien enta tall Hcausada por agentes teratgenos. Sec,encia: Defectos resultado de una cascada de sucesos' iniciados por un factor primario' !ue puede ser7 una anomalía estructural o un factor mec&nico. endencia a de algunos algunos defect defectos os de present presentarse arse /untos /untos'' con ma%or ma%or A!ciaci4n: -endenci frecuencia de lo !ue se esperaría por a,ar. Presentan causa desconocida. De*ect! de cam0i
Terat4gen7 Agente causante de un defecto de nacimiento !ue interfiere en el desarrollo normal del emrio0feto.
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CLASE TEÓRICO PRÁCTICA Tema : Pre+enci4n de "a! en*ermedade! gen(tica!5 T)t,": A!e!ramient Gen(tic5 O08eti+!: 6. *aract *aracteri eri,a ,arr el ases asesora orami mien ento to genét genétic ico o % sus sus compo componen nente tess para para tri triut utar ar a la me/o me/or r comprensin de este proceso. :. *lasificar *lasificar el riesgo riesgo de ocurrencia ocurrencia % de recurrencia recurrencia de una enfermedad enfermedad genétic genética a o defecto congénito conocido para ser capaces de pre#enirlos. ;. 1denti 1dentific ficar ar en situaci situacione oness prolem prolemas as el método método de diagn diagnsti stico co prenat prenatal al apropiado apropiado para rindar la informacin adecuada a los asesorados. <. 1dentificar 1dentificar los los principios principios éticos éticos !ue deen ponerse ponerse en pr&ctica pr&ctica durante durante el asesoramient asesoramiento o genético en aras de enri!uecer cada día m&s la "umanidad % solidaridad de los médicos formados.
S,mari S,mari: : Asesoramiento genético HAG. *omponentes &sicos del asesoramiento genético. *lasificacin del riesgo genético. Procederes Procederes prenatales. prenatales. Diagnstico Diagnstico Prenatal. Prenatal. >i#eles >i#eles de pre#encin. 4pciones reproducti#as. Aspectos reproducti#as. Aspectos éticos del AG. i0"igra*)a: Liro de texto7 1ntroduccin a la Genética Médica. *apítulo 6=' p&ginas :<) a :?(. Responda da las las sigu siguie ient ntes es preg pregun unta tas s relaci relacion onada adas s con con el Orie Orien% n%ac aci( i(n n de la Ac%i Ac%ivi vida dad! d! Respon 'sesoramiento 6enético, para posteriormente ser evaluado según sus respuestas.
6. na pare/a sana tiene un "i/o con fenilcetonuria Htrastorno autosmico recesi#o al !ue se le suministra una dieta para e#itar las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Ellos acuden a la consulta de Genética *línica solicitando asesoramiento genético para un nue#o emara,o. a *las *lasififi! i!ue ue la enferm enfermed edad ad gené genétitica ca del ni+o ni+o de acue acuerdo rdo a su su ori orige gen. n. *alc *alcul ule e el ries riesgo go de recur ecurre renc ncia ia para para esta esta pare pare//a de tene tenerr otro otro "i/ "i/o afec afecttado. ado. 3epresente el cru,amiento. c *las *lasififi! i!ue ue el ries riesgo go gené genétitico co'' seg$n seg$n la fuen fuente te de inf infor orma maci cin n % la magn magnititud ud en cifras' para esta pare/a de tener otro "i/o afectado.
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d Menc Mencio ione ne las las opc opcio ione ness repro reprodu duct cti# i#as as !ue !ue se se le pue pueden den ofre ofrece cerr a esta esta par pare/ e/a a para para futuros emara,os. e CA !ué !ué ni#e ni#ell de pre pre#e #enci ncin n corr corres espon ponden den las las acc accio ione ness de sal salud ud ri rind ndada adass al "i/ "i/o o para me/orar su calidad de #ida ;. na pare/a asiste a la consulta de Genética *línica por!ue desean tener un nue#o emara,o' %a !ue en el anterior se le diagnostic prenatalmente un defecto del tuo neural Hanencefalia de etiología multifactorial % se reali, la interrupcin del mismo con :: semanas' respet&ndose la decisin tomada por la pare/a después de reciir el asesoramiento genético correspondiente. Durante el interrogatorio la madre refiere !ue a ella % a su "ermano se les diagnostic espina ífida oculta durante la infancia. a *lasif *lasifi!u i!ue' e' seg$n la fuente fuente de informa informaci cin n % la magnitu magnitud d en cifras' cifras' el riesgo riesgo de recurrencia para la pare/a de tener descendencia afectada. Cué acciones acciones de salud preconcepcio preconcepcional nal % posconcepciona posconcepcionall reali,aría reali,aría usted como futuro especialista !ue se a/usten a la situacin descrita para esta pare/a c CA !ué !ué ni#el de pre#enci pre#encin n corresponden corresponden las acciones acciones de salud mencionad mencionadas as por usted d Cué principio principio ético ético se pone de manifie manifiesto sto en el enunciado enunciado del e/ercic e/ercicio io e Sofí Sofía a % Alfr Alfred edo o son son amig amigos os de esta esta pare/ pare/a a % soli solici cita tan n aseso asesora rami mien ento to genét genétic ico o por!ue tienen temor %a !ue conocen lo ocurrido % desean tener descendencia. Durante el inte interro rroga gato tori rio o refier refieren en no tener tener ante anteced cedent entes es fami famililiare aress de tras trasto torn rnos os genét genétic icos os.. *lasifi!ue el riesgo de ocurrencia seg$n la magnitud en cifras para la pare/a de Sofía % Alfredo. <. Pedro % Ana acuden a la consulta de Genética *línica por!ue les "a nacido una "i/a con Síndrome de DoYn. Al interrogatorio refieren antecedentes de 9 aortos espont&neos del primer trimes trimestre tre.. En estos estos moment momentos os desean desean tener tener otro otro "i/o "i/o % solici solicitan tan asesora asesoramie miento nto genétic genético' o' ser#icio al cual tiene acceso toda la polacin por igual. Los estudios de cariotipo de la pare/a % de su "i/a re#elaron los siguientes resultados7 Pedro7 ' Ana7 <9' 'roH6
*lasif sifi!ue' seg$n la fuent ente de info nformac rmaciin % la magnitud en cifras' el riesgo de
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a *lasif *lasifi!u i!ue' e' seg$ seg$n n la fuente fuente de informa informaci cin n % la magnit magnitud ud en en cifra cifras' s' el riesg riesgo o genét genético ico para para esta pare/a de tener otro "i/o afectado. C*onsi C*onsidera dera usted usted !ue sería sería de utilid utilidad ad conocer conocer el sexo para el diagns diagnstic tico o prena prenatal talCP CPor or !ué c En cas caso de cono conoce cerr la mut mutaci acin n !ue !ue se est est& segr segreg egan ando do en la fam familia ilia'' menc mencio ione ne el método % la técnica !ue emplearía para !ue sea diagnosticado prenatalmente. d Si se se esta estal lece ece el el ala alanc nce e entr entre e riesg riesgos os % en enef efic icio ioss en las las acc accio ione ness médi médicas cas a segui seguir r para el diagnstico prenatal Cué principio ético se est& cumpliendo e C*m C*mo o dee dee ser ser el el enfo enfo!u !ue e dura durant nte e el ase asesor soram amie ient nto o genét genétic ico o Argum Argumen ente te..
E!t,di Inde$endiente Lea detenidamente la siguiente situacin prolémica % responda lo !ue se le pregunta en ella. 6. A la consulta de Genética Genética *línica acude una pare/a pare/a con su "i/o de dos a+os !ue presenta una talla mu% alta para su edad % defectos es!ueléticos' a !uien mediante estudios de laoratorio se le confirm el diagnstico del Síndrome de Marfan Htrastorno autosmico dominante !ue "ered de su padre. La madre es sana % refiere estar emara,ada. a *alcule *alcule el riesgo de recurrencia para esta pare/a pare/a de tener otro "i/o afectado. afectado. 3epresente 3epresente el cru,amiento. *lasifi!ue *lasifi!ue el riesgo genético genético para esta pare/a de tener otro "i/o afectado' seg$n la fuente fuente de informacin % la magnitud en cifras. c Cué opciones opciones reproducti#a reproducti#ass le ofrecería a esta pare/a pare/a d Mencione los principios éticos a tener en cuenta durante el asesoramiento genético ofrecido. ofrecido. e *lasif *lasifi!u i!ue e el riesgo riesgo de recurrenci recurrencia a seg$n seg$n la magnitu magnitud d en cifras de un tío paterno paterno del ni+o afectado' si se conoce !ue su genotipo es "omocigtico recesi#o.
Re!,men te4ric C"a!i*icaci4n de" rie!g gen(tic: 0 De acuerdo acuerdo con con la fuente fuente de informa informacin cin en !ue se asa asa el estimado7 estimado7 3iesgos Mendelianos 3iesgos Empíricos De acuerdo a la magnitud en cifras7
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jDonan jDonantes tes de gameto gametoss femeni femeninos nos o mascul masculino inoss HE/emp HE/emplos los77 1nsemi 1nseminac nacin in artifi artificia ciall "eterloga' fertili,acin in #itro con donantes de gametos femeninos jDiagnstico prenatal
Diagn4!tic $renata": Métodos para in#estigar la salud del feto en desarrollo. M(td! in+a!i+! de" diagn4!tic $renata" >Prcedere! 0!t(tric!?: Amniocentesis tradicional Amniocentesis preco, Biopsia de #ellosidades coriales *ordocentesis Biopsias de te/idos fetales etoscopía M(td! n in+a!i+! de" diagn4!tic $renata": 1magenolgicos >ue#os enfo!ues7 0 Diagnstico preimplantacional 0 4tencin 4tencin de células fetales fetales en la la circulacin materna. T(cnica! diagn4!tica!: *itogenéticas. E/emplos7 *ariotipo' Firidacin in situ fluorescente H1SF. Bio!uímicas. Bio!uímicas. E/emplos7 E/emplos7 Estudios Estudios metalicos metalicos fetale fetales' s' estudi estudio o de marcad marcadores ores io!uímicos en sangre materna. Moleculares. E/emplos7 Estudios directos e indirectos del AD>. Princi$i! (tic! de" a!e!ramient gen(tic: A,tnm)a ene*icencia •
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Pre+enci4n Pre+enci4n !ec,ndaria !ec,ndaria >Prec")ni >Prec")nica?: ca?: *onsiste en aplicar medidas en estadíos precl preclín ínic icos os de la enferm enfermed edad' ad' para para mini minimi mi,a ,arr las las mani manife fest staci acion ones es clín clínic icas as de los los pacie pacient ntes es afec afecta tados dos o con con riesg riesgo o de enfe enferm rmar ar en el futu futuro' ro' es decir decir'' la dete detecc cci in n suclín suclínica ica preco, preco, de enferme enfermedade dadess o predis predisposi posicio ciones' nes' seguida seguidass de inter#e inter#enci ncione oness pre#enti#as %Oo terapéuticas. Pre+enci4n Pre+enci4n terciar terciaria: ia: *onsiste en minimi,ar el impacto médico' psicolgico % social de a!uellas a!uellas enfermedades genéticas genéticas !ue ocurren sin !ue "a%a signos pre#ios' ni factores de riesgo conocidos en la familia. 3adica en el diagnstico' el tratamiento del fenotipo clínico' la re"ailitacin' la incorporacin % adaptacin a la sociedad. •
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:. Marc"ec Marc"eco o -uruel' -uruel' Beatri Beatri,. ,. La Genéti Genética ca en la Salud Salud P$lic P$lica7 a7 el desafío desafío del acceso acceso de todos a los eneficios. 3e# *uana Genet *omunit :))@I6H6790?. ;. Lantigu Lantigua' a' A. *olecti *olecti#o #o de autores autores.. 1ntroducc 1ntroduccin in a la Genética Genética Médica. Médica. La Faana7 Faana7 :da Ed. Editorial de *iencias Médicas' :)66. :)66. <. *ardell& *ardell& L' Fern&nde, 3. Bio!uímica Bio!uímica Médica. -omo -omo 1R. 1R. La Faana7 Editorial Editorial de *iencias MédicasI 6(((. 9. 4M1 4M1M on on liline "ttp7OOYYY.nci.nlm.ni.go#OomimO "ttp7OOYYY.nci.nlm.ni.go#OomimO.. ?. Stra Strac"a c"an n -' 3ead 3ead AP Fuma Fuman n Mole Molecul cular ar Genet Genetic ics. s. Bios Bios Scie Scient ntifific ic : nd ed. >eY orX7 Pulis"ers LtdI 6(((. @. Jones UL. Smit"\ Smit"\ss 3ecogni,ale 3ecogni,ale Patterns Patterns of "uman Malform Malformations ations.. 9 t" Ed Montreal7 Z.S Saunders *ompan%' 6((@. =. >uss >uss"a "aum um 3L' 3L' Mc1n Mc1nne ness 33' 33' Zill Zillar ard d F. F. -"om -"omps pson on and and -"om -"omps pson on Gené Genétitica ca en Medicina. @ma. Ed. Barcelona. Saunders 0 Else#ier [ Masson' :))=. (. Emer%\s Genétic Genética a Médica. 3 3 Mueller Mueller'' 1D oung. oung. 6)] ed. ed. MA3BA>' :))6. :))6. 6).*otran 6). *otran 3S' Uumar R' 3oins 3oins SL. Patología Patología estructural estructural % funcional' funcional' 9ta edicin7 edicin7 Madrid7 McGraY [ Fill0 1nteramericana de Espa+a' 6((?. 66. Scri#er *3' Beaudert AL' Sl% ZS' Ralle Ralle D. -"e metaolic and molecular ase of in"erited