PROTECTION
is
inte inte
ti
-sto -sto
la
inte inte
in tum, to
titu titute te it
will rote rote ti
ro id in this this
ti
Non-rifoulement th
ll
in tw
ters ters
-the ically standards in
tice th
icip icip
illu illu tr te th
la
er en
role role
tate tate re
ro le
in
ibil ibilit it
I. International institutions
implementation. lf
ti
te
,0
tt re
thro thro
ro
it
in
in
'all 'all
ig
ti to ,pr
issi issi
te ti
er or
re ttle ttle
si
fu
trie trie
s,
to
in
th
ri jofN jofN ns
it
iv te
rg
th inte interr- ar ar gene genera rall ll se imps im ps ,] ., The &.foge (193 ); al ., 'L &.foge Proble Problem, m, (193 problerne es as ep rts' rts' 50 Hague Recueil, (1934--IV), (1934--IV), 89; 49): oc Statelessness, (1 49): S~4Y TIe EIl1l2 1, 34--8; 34--8; Sjober Sjoberg, g, ., The Intergovernmental Comm (1991), h. 1. Commit itte te on &jUg &jUgee ees, s, (1991), (192 (1921) 1) 2(2) 2(2) LNO] 50,000 form incl includ uded ed so former er pris prison oner er of war un illin illin to retur return, n, civi civili lian an fl th Bols Bolshe hevi vi re ol ti as el bers bers th ri us defe defeat ated ed rmie rmie oppose se th revo revolu luti tion onar arie ie duri during ng th firs firs year years. s. he defacto unpr unprot otec ecte te stat status us of an w h i c h ha oppo furthe he co poun pounde de by tw decr decree ee of Oct. an ec 1921 1921 nd ic ie citi citize zens nshi hi was furt forf forfei eited tedby by certa certain in grou groups ps resid residin in abro abroad ad se gene genera rally lly Fish Fisher er illia illia s,]., s,]., 'Den 'Denati ation onal aliz izati ation on', ', BYlL 45 (1927). Se gene genera rall ll eyno eynold lds, s, ., Nansen (I th th 17-2 17-28] 8] 1921 1921 cite cite is ., 'The 'The tern tern tion tional al rote rote ti of ef ees' ees' 48 A]IL 193~-207-~ urin th 20s, 20s, larg larg -sca -scale le reli reli op rati rati er dert dertak ak ri te or aniz anizat atio io fo (1954). urin th its Um,tJ(intedth sa erio erio co si er bl inte intern rn tion tional al Europe European an RdUgee RdUgee in t& Twentieth Century, (1985), 82'-6. atte attent ntio io an assi assist stan ance ce focu focuse se also also on spon sponta tane neou ous, s, coer coerce ce an agre agreed ed popu popu 'oil'" e/ch;mge-sin \:
'.
tQJ><~~ ,.r:;:
~~"
ro
th
in lu
rm
ia
ro
rk
to
ri
ig sa
ori. Were
in
re iv th id
re re te tity
tifying th
ig
io
tati ti itio
th ig th riti
is io ic rtif in th ir
tu
ie
li ic ti
lu
tr
iv rs ty
re
th ri in
lati
ic
th
le it in th excln, re to in lu rtif)rin il itio ivilsta,
ta
ig
ts
ra
in
is io
r'
re re
tati
't ig it
issi 's
re th in
nsible fo th th
olitic an ly th
lega pr te ti ti
re ees. ta li
he
Unwanted, 96-109. Marrus,
Th
Unwanted LNTS
to
LNTS
30 June
30 June
LNTS o. 2005. Ibid., res. (1).
19 8: 89
10 States. in
of 011
cautio
issioner
fo
ef
B17L
ees: 93 LNTS
(1953), o. 52-893 du
o. 2126.
ca
v i (s
rity fo
ts
IR
art.
Officefrancais de protection des rifugiiS ai 1953,
deere! no.
Internationa Protection
office fo
20
ll
erni-
thought to
pril 1943 13
re
10
27 Dec. 1935
An armexe
TIe Unwanted, 161-6; Bl1L 98 (1939).
20 (l
se
also
36 12
if
), 116-18 full an th Intergovernmenta Committe Rffu ee in th (1991). th Persecuted,
Statelessness, Persecuted Th Refoge Proble
13
Sjoberg,
rovisional
rrange en o. 3952.
71 LNTS 14July 1938;
on Rrfogees (IGCR)
1938-1947, (1991).
sa th
te
ti itie ': ibid., 135.
io
., UNRRA: vols., (1950); Salomon, K., ll
14
Administration, ally; Uprooted:Forced Migratio ti
id
IRa as an Internationa Proble ta
in
te
ti
History
in th
if th
United Nation Re ie an Re abilitatio (1991), 46~54, 57-6 en r., ed., TIle th ,J 'T Wa (1990), 157; -1 50', 33 ICLQ,348 (1984)
Protection
1946)
r,
te 50.16
th
it
ti
te
ti
mandate.l"
17
ity
th
While
ti
0PP
to
rO id
if
if to
in it
1952,20 onstitution
patriatiori;
to
er
rk
sharpl
iridirectly.R''
tt
23
15
By th
eginni
Unwanted
8(1),
16
320. thirty vote
17
Dec. 62(1), between UNRRA res.
10
five,
it
ei
teen
abstentions:
UNGA
Preparatory
rGCR
30 June
1947) an
the IRO,
Constitution 1948_
Aug.
'C
II
generally
AOR,
st
ess.,
Report
14-20-54-; 844,525 urnmary
an pCl"!-;ons al
rcsettlcrn
sale
do
Records:
IY
10, en operations
'or
A/C.3/SRA,
SR.8.
as amende were to
by
to
c . A/275,
on
large-
paJ"a.
Annex
T h e I n te rn a ti on a l
20 21
Art. 2,
Rl!flll!.ee O r ,{ f. a ni za f io n , ( 1 95 6 )
'onstiturion
22
4th
ss.,
(1947), 49),
1025-31;
Annex
12, pp
257-66. urnrnary
Records, 23
SS.,
krainian
SR);
also,
GAOR,
3r
ry
Internationa Protection
ly rarely
rg
ro
trie
it
ir
21
re
i-
24
te
io
re
in
ly ig te
th
ifty
its
IR
.... ,rt..
auspices li ie ls
lf-i tere ro
rv
th inte ti ifleft unresolved they th lo l, re io
tate liti
rk
t-
interests.P"
it it ti ay bree refuge discontent leadin iv rs le l. ti to
le to in ta ilit to politica tensions iv th
tions
hof ro e, thir il let th tate th im ever,th
iate eneral
tr
re ttle en th .itt to re lvin th
in le ro le
liti ssembl acknowledged th need fo
st ttra ti
ri it li ti successo organization
definifunctional-what
tional--just should be ro tc
ti
trie
nr
ti
to
(s
ic th ir
th
icio
ra
th re
),
il tera
ls
ig
io
27
elop lisha ig
ts re to om issioner's
th ffic fo
ra ss efug S.28
ly
id
il th in 1949 to ta
2+
25 26
Se
R i U g e es : oescher, G. an
27 28
UNGA
l!nited
lished by Nations which ties in
ations
Reli
P r ob le m anla 1.4.1.
if u r T im e (1975) 1. ., C a l c u li lU d K i n d ne s s (1986),
15-24.
1949. Fo completeness efugees in Pal stin 1949,
be (UNRWA), estab1.2; BM, Dec. 950,
Protection .1
428M,29
rn
ts to
gOY.
rate with
-o
(the
national communities.P"
an so
non-refoulement is io lastin solutions id
inin
th
il (E
thereto; (2)
ro
finding
tute
),
ib
ro is
ti
th
relati
iz ti
ia
ts
it
ts th execu-
refugees. 34 UNHCR's by
29
to
with that, Commissioner tatute
'11.1
was li ly to 5th I.
:H
Ibid., para.
Para.
3, however,
re ie
rv ti
the High
he
as com-
no -pol
li
th
the
ig
has reaffirmed
ly
1950.
32
ha
re ar
in
in
if ic lt
intern ti
human
rote ti
as
ri
ip
eneral
ssembl
rights at least
function
1974:
0D :~4 a. to
example,
Report
(1980):
AI AC.96/588,
para.
4-8( I)(k).
international
I n e rn a ti on a l P r o e c o n
re
so
iz ti
tate ta
as
ecte
to
ta in th
i-
.3 ti tu to application.o~ l~ter~a~onal conventions .. ti ll in id li ti term id .can st in th th in th in ivid al pr te ti fu ti sbo th te th in mtemationallaw ay st tate 'reasons. ta uum.38
learly
en
an th
se
th ~h
ta stru ents efin refu ees. in ts lf fu rtic r. tate ho ever si ificantl elin th tu
United
atio
to assu
ly
resp
ti itie te ti
si ilitie
te or
statelessness.e?
35
Recued (1 76-1 33 -2 Recued
r,
., 'L
sp
ts juri iq
tu ls
pr
13
(X ras.
ts su resoluti s' .A(c), .B(c)( )(f)).T 's
lern
refu
',
36 37
yo ra ss ):U
(1
ly reso ti /A .9 /5
Report reso ti
s'
turn
within tu
ti
ty to
to th
34/60,
XX 's
te ti
ti
's 's
t' 'e te
te ti
ta
'd to
te
to th tu th
tt te ti
IJRL
'; 38
). While
ti
39
te
ti
ta
th
ti
to th
ro
Protection
if
internationa law
13 ,4
dcterrnine'r+"
1(
41
Jan. 4·2
to
rr
lJRL 12
(1991)
defacto
I n e rn a t o na l ig
is io
.... r,
is
th
rtic larl
re
ir
if ic ltie
om irtee.t? ra in turn
its. re la
ig ly ri it resent (1997)
ri
ly
to re
15
th
st th
inio
th
it
:,"8
ta lish in nd xecuti
to re
P ro te c t o n
os function in lu ed supervisio th ti
th
ra th ig
itte
ty ta it em ership of fift -t ree.
ateria ly
re tt 's
ll is io
r' to
ri in
eo
r r i ,
financial issues.v" xecutiv
twit
ta
in
th
re tl
li it
role
ti ip te
th
ornrnitteu's
ym in th risk ow land. Se
id.,
46
It.
ara.
the practice ha
OR, Resumed
be 47th
as
48
corollary, to transmit es io
th ssembl
High th ir
th an
is io
1969,
UN doc. E/47351
Ee Add. I.
393B(XIII),
res.
as
1957,
UN
res. 832( X) cL 1954. res. 672(XX ),30 Apr. 58
51
52
Report
te
(L975):
ction IJRL 28
ti
A/AC.96/52L,
ra
(h).
.,
by
ro
Programme',
(I 989).
:'
tection; se ed
re
th
49 50
ir
7, s, 2.
views bee; re th
is or he
47
lo
further
AI AC.96/860
Report
etin
55
lJRL, Specia Issue-Septembe
1990 38
90s-A
(2
t.
995),
SO
Protection
16
1967 in
to
lat-
to
with
sonality.
th
.6
non-refoulement
Voting Procedure case,
in
gi n'.61
[0 '}
similar effect.
Art.
.')H
5<)
Rep.,
Rej)aratiolls
is io
6t1
su
th
rvisirig th
ia
ts
application of intervernments, with
to
voting
61
12
Laurcrpacht,
the
by Law,
Procedure, advisory noting that
Rep.,
opinion, ly
and ., Principles
luti
at
'one
comPublic international
I n e rn a t o na l
West
P ro te c o n
frica.
in turn
....... ....~ _
le
tail
ivin re
ti
ro idin
-a
'i tern ti
ta
rote ti
to re
to
isio
th re
is reti th re
df discernedin th
ti tory
to ra te
V o t n g P ro c ed u
tate in th ri iple
non-refoulement puts it in
case.62
Reparations
mth
case.
There, necessar intend ent', th
rganization, as
ti
expressly
jurisdiction' ific ti .T te ceof th
ty to
in
ti
io
4·
'e
ri
rg '6
this
ti
id
tl
re
ir
it
ffice.
The eo
th
sf 62
V o ti n P r oc e d ur e
Rep.,
ally in 63 64
in
Reparations
Rep.,
r.
its
it 65 66
isitio
Reparations case, ICJ Rep., In id
if International Law, 'a
in
in ly
lute
li it '.
Manual,
ti
ti
'[b]y
r e s n u ll iu s . ' : 114--5. This
la
prob-
218
Protection
th
case
States parties to
inter is established. Both
ru
th
fJ of settle
tt
te
in the
nt fai1 67 to
There are
consequence.P
in
le al interest interes ts
material
to
lo
ti
io
of
la
iv
in
ti
ti
ju
ti rights protection.Z?
th
ry
re
ibilit
re
to
to
nd
this it
by
ti
flo-v,,'
ig io
in
ti
till
le COUl1
67
1951
Convention,
art.
TV. Under
Protocol,
the
to
se
b.
belo....,
See N or th er n C a m er oo n c a se . P re l m in ar y O b e c o n Se South T I V e s l Africa cases, ,)'oufh Ilesl."ifrica States do nO have (holding that individual mandate th \" (' ic ). T r ac t o n case, 70 B a rc e o n Rep., An inter-State procedure also oB (;9
American
Convention
Protocol, but no nenr or ispute
ICJ Rep.. 196.'3 15 Rep.,
Rep., 1966,6 quire the performance of South Africa's Territorial ts 62), the
01
1966 Covenant
at
on Civil an
Asylum,
as the- 1969
98 Political
Rights,
art. 4·1; th
last-men-
.. :itr~lt1() .7 il
trictl
le
id fJ
ti
ig
lu ibilit
le interi
41 however. d ic a
in lu
In
qf Pr vi
th ri
ts
Unite
al
it
M ea s
ti
eh an
State
Reques
74
ls to li
li
ty
rote ti
rity
ld
ship, ity
so rdship is in it el th Universa
if stly inco
eclaration of
oi ri instrument, the 1948 fj
ti le
it
th
ri
iple
th
rt
uman Rights'i?"
by Bosnia an
's
erzegovina
'i
As
rights tprote ti
re
tsid th
th
ti
78
71
72
'oth
th
to
inio
harter; art. 65 Charter 73 Art. 41
UN legal ]. of
ialized agen ie io
in
it in
of th ir
ti itie '; art.
th
rr
Measures of 44 ICLQ (1 5) 'Interim
ourt of Justice'
also H ug o B u o s S aa u ed r 16Ma 1990,
v. Peru,
te ti
th
10548,
the
74
76
78
of
IC Rep., lC Rep., ills
ig ts
it
ty.'
ne of th Internationa
is io
ts
journalist, 7S
at 42 (para. 91).
77
73, 103. Thus, th Court
Ibid., paras. ,9 Se Genocide C on v en t o n C a se , IC Rep.} lati te to ia je te
integrity
'the
li
sg 345, para. 42;
urisprud
errills, ibid., 105.
~ -
Rep., 1993,
220
Protection
id
ic
ju ti ic ti
ju
in ivid
l'
'e ta
re io
in
in
14
ay 1948,
inte
ra inte
ti
ti
79
ll
ld
be underestimated. 1. 1947,
th
th 11 December
le ti ia
subsid
le in
in
ig
ri
trie
1948,
(U ttle
ra
Jewish
final
), 1949,
t. ry 82
'nee
1948,
UNRWA
4J the
ista
basis.P''
+looement
79 f\
res.
Persons,
lw
li
23
94(III),
UNGA 11 11-1-
ertcc
';V
it
th
country,
Lebanon: till'
Coriflict qf l\IJinorities,
),
ig
., The
nd
International Protection
22
i'I;£;.,,,,,..,..~
(UNCCP). 8~
.'86
in i)
•,
ra
the (iii) Palestine.87
tinue its
85
Statute, para
7(1);
86 87
authorities responsible.' 88
ly
th
to
in
referred to th to
te
ty th
ic in
it ll
itio
inia im
Protection to
intifada movement in 1989,
role the
forccs.P"
th Unresolved.
1.3
it provides
were
into er
1979-82
.ity dis-
He rs it to :a arional
tr
Xl
14
1991}.
refuge
,lU
l)
UNGA
ly
the
flU
IJRL
io
res, 1714-
Politics an Administration (1
to
be-low, 1961; itcph tij International ReliefAssistance,
Th
nite ;Br
ations Disaster ReliifOJJire: J., Disaster Preparedness
), 54
'urgent
92
situations
ill
there is
ar evidence
loss nO
it
--
I n e rn a t o na l ~mlli:1\_""~U"",~ts ti la ly ll
P ro te c o n
22 dis-
la rg
re
tl
li
S tr en g th e n n g h e c o -o rd in a t o n ', 'e ly
into ts ro
U N h um a n a r a n
in
'm
re
with
if
it
io
me ge cy as
to
a nc e
lo
re
1986 's ity to
vid the
UN
to rc
ib
is la ll io
in
th
ments.94 ro th le lof icia ..
ig
io rg
rtic rm ti rl
te -ord
li
r, (O in
th
li
in im
ti tor'
th te
to
in
re ry-G
'a
ig
/1 assistance.95 ro ic ity resp tfo 't
in lu
rd
reig ty territ ri
it
inte rity
tr li ti
im
it
ti
tates'
Report
95
doc. A/50/203;
res.
7J
July 1995).
IJRL
94·
A., IJRL
56
Group
of
O rg a n iz a o n M a n ua l Special Issue-r-Septembe ]990 Special 199065;
IJRL ;R
in
Special
'Con
Ir
for cerning International Response to Humanitarian roup
(1989);ordenker,
te
pt al pp aches IJRL 26
Report
A/46/568.
96
Report
A/45
/7
Early
',
apabiliti
IJRL
ft
itarian
ti
ituations, (1989); lark "Early Warning R f o g ee s n te rn a t o na l P o l c s (1987),
Preventive Action o r R i g e P r o d uc i n S it u a ti a T l S (1990). 95 A/46/L.55,
operation in
2IJRL
arning',
1990
Warning:
olic
arl
con-
Improving R if Ug e e F l ow s , Refugee ., h. 7; ordenker
224
Protection
ern-
to11".97
upon to
with 98
th
en
only
ible
50 ar.P
early, ar in
informatio
.100
10
rg
reli
rati
02
Red how-
Inter-agency
slavia
retary-
UN
as lead agen
fight-
97
warn0) 40-2 li to habilitation an reconstrucr >rgen 'y revolvaile for, together with ad itional measures for ecialized ersonncl
9H
ing); 35(h) (Co-ordinator
(C
ti
in
fu
fi
to promot
transition
by voluntary
(I -aderahip
4Q
coun ry-level LO
100
Ibid.,
be supporte
by with
'Early-warning
unrestricted concerned
onsoli atcd informatio
in .luding
is
in te
rgencies,
in 101
102
res. 46/182,
Report
an
authorities, us
resp nsibilities, 'pro idin
Coco-o dination].
11.
95
this to
ll
Internationa Protection
22
l1a.~""~~~-
Comprehensive
9Ju
Humanitarian Crisis in former
to th
is io
r,
th
ir
ts
ri
Yugoslavia
intern ti
it
la
ia
rt
to
re
re
ltin in
la
ti
.C 3a
is
ti ti itie in lu ro ra -ordin te design an implem nted together it UN th ro is io intern ti
interUN an 10M, th
teri ationmaterial th pr vision tr
in lu in
health services an
ra
lt
ible to th ir
il
Unite ations rotectio tiliri re in ry iplo ti rt th
isedUN
's primar
1.4
ro
orce in former ugoslavia, in th th liti tern ti re
IO
to
th
responsibilit to provid VE
ield
lo
assistance to surviv rs of
itio
ti
in th
re in
rviv
ra ti
te
hile th cessatio ofhosisio -m rs th rm la ia ti is id
internationa protection."?
ME
iE
1.4.
Internationa Organizationfo
Migratio
(10M
.Founded ro igrati in 1951 th tern ti rg iz ti igrati bringstogethe so eighty-three States particular--freedo ve ent, an th pr am le th revise on titution te in 19 re iz th igrati ista intern ti le is oftenrequire 't ns re th or erly fl igration ovements thro ghou th world .105 HCRIIMFY/1992/2,
103
ergo
104
ro ti
Bo
ia
rz
in ',
l]RL
(1
in
); Mendiluce,
Worl
the
Rqugee SU7V1y--1994
16 an
105
l]RL in in
le
lati
ip
ie
tates, internationa
ti
ia
ti orga izatio s,
go er
ti enta
an
ig no -gover
lt io
ental.
itio tt
in
l-
226
Protection
10M's
Europe.l?"
dis.
in
rO UN
R.I08
di
coun,
1972, September
19 te
10
1991
ork.
-Chirie Asia.II 106
107
Report
55
Se
under th
'P
1andate
IJRL 205, 211f(1992) he
10M's
it is ofte
ell-placed
CO
til,
10M,
if
MCI
ri Iudependen
Migratio Slates
>ysleml
rO
doc.
aftermath
fashio
10
Rrfoge
Reports, also
110
IO
['ifarmation
survey
.101>.1 .ornprehensiv
la
in lu ed
ry
108
de
IC
arti ip te
t.
90 ill
th
UNI-J
~R-funde
of
Internationa Protection ro
10
rate
,claim
ve be is co elli
.'als -not
ro ra
li ited ssista
fi itivel reject rt re ista re-i erti in th la
'prote ti
ti
trictl
mf mrorm
nin
to sylu
22
se
er
it ra thei pliin tall ti io rk t. lthough 10
-c ll
it
re
in re
ivin
112
omtonn
.4.2 Internationa Committee In ra le
te ti solidate by the 1949 e8
re
ibilitie to
te
ti
th
1977
dditional
rotocols.
'b
with
ti
itte
th
ro
th
im
nm an th ir relief 11 itio th ve ti .o su stit te fo th rote ti ers, ch as 'a guarantees of impartiality an efficacy'. 11
rtia
it ri
ro id or th rg iz ti
ic
rg intm ffer
ll
111
Internationa onference, Dec. 1989. Doc. RWECR/2.2
TIle European Community's (Aug. 1989).
in lu in
Response,
7-8
he
1991 to
li
tu
ti ta
tati th
io
1979-91, 82,618 (41,510).
,(41,108) (R te Switzerland (1987) an
1984
2,060 taly (1988)
tu
la
io
le
C/ NF 12 112
I]RL
05 1992).
113
10 onvention (civilia 14
persons).
Art. 10
11
ti disputes: art
329-32.
id
ti
11 ly
1977
to le
ir
ic
th
ie
ttli
th io 12 Guerilla roit humanu ire, (1 83
li
roais .117
1.4.
Regional organizati ns
Unity,
1950 1959 1972 1967 together
with 19
Europe.F"
CSCE
121
1986-7, 15
3, 114, 332-4
1; 16 11
332-3.
11
IJRL
Specia
ss e- Su .m.a IJRL
34 (1994).
19
12
to act. 12
Digest of Un te
States Pr ctic in nter ationa Law, 8,10.
~1:!""~~H,rnuU~
repatriate.Ff
12
L.....A:""pTTll'ent
in 12
In
nvt~ID'ILJC;.L
al ,125
1.4.4 Non-governmenta ro
ti
rn
organizations (NGOs) re
it
intere t; qfoctive pr tectio
eman
tional
122
th
lI
riatio
of refugees
52
(1989)
he
oncludingDocumen
(b)
and 123
I), (22).
lI 12
yre
't
in mentation with
IJRL lI
12.';
1980/43,
126
an
ig ts
19
A., 'Citizenship,
39 (1 91).
(1993)
