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SECOND EDITION
Eri Banno
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Yoko Ikeda Yl!!IIl!ltf-1-" Yutaka Ohno Chikako Shinagawa Kyoko Tokashiki
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Note on the accompanying disk The disk that comes with this book contains digital audio files in MP3 format. The files can be played on computers or digital audio players, but not on CD players.
Copyright ©2011 by Eri Banno, Yoko Ikeda, Yutaka Ohno, Chikako Shinagawa, and Kyoko Tokashiki. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. First edition: May 1999 Second edition: March 2011 8th printing: May 2012
Illustrations: Noriko Udagawa and Reiko Maruyama English translations and copyreading: 4M Associates, Inc., and Umes Corp. Narrators: Miho Nagahori, Yumiko Muro, Tomoki Kusumi, Tsuyoshi Yokoyama, and Kit Pancoast Nagamura Recordings: TBS Service, Inc. Typesetting: guild Cover art and editorial design: Nakayama Design Office Gin-o Nakayama and Akihito Kaneko
Printing: Tosha Printing Co., Ltd. Published by The Japan Times, Ltd. 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan Phone:03-3453-2013 Website: http://bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/ Genki-Online: http://genki.japantimes.co.jp/ ISBN978-4- 7890-1440-3 Printed in Japan
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Preface
This is a revised edition of the textbook GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese, which was published in 1999. Since it first came out, GENKI has become widely used by teachers and students of Japanese and has gone through numerous reprintings. Such wide acceptance led to the decision to publish this revised edition. In 1999, our aim was to develop a textbook that teachers would find convenient and helpful, and one that students could easily use. We thus wrote the book based on a survey of students' needs and refined it through many test-teaching situations. Originally meant as a text for foreign students studying in Japan, GENKI gained popularity among those studying in other countries as well. As use increased, we began to hear from those who wanted "more information on culture" and "audio aids appended to the text." It's also been more than ten years since GENKI was originally published, and the passage of time has required revisions to vocabulary and expressions. While retaining the ease-of-use quality for teachers, we have added new content and revisions that reflect our experiences and the voices of those who have used the text. The task of revision took two years to complete. We believe that this effort has resulted in a book that instructors and students will find even easier to use and learn from. The opinions of the teachers and students who have used GENKI have been a major driving force in the preparation of this revised edition. We are truly grateful to those who have provided this input. The authors would also like to express their sincere appreciation to the following: Noriko Udagawa, our illustrator, whose work has become a GENKI trademark; the staff of The Japan Times; and particularly to Chiaki Sekido of the Publications Department of The Japan Times, who has worked tirelessly with us on this project since its inception. It is our hope that students of the language will find additional pleasure in learning
Japanese by using this new edition of GENKI. The Authors January 2011
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(book; basis)
B *(l:fVv)
Japan
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(5)-
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18
Introduction
Aim and purpose GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a textbook for beginners in the study
of the Japanese language. Students can complete the elementary-level study of Japanese in the 23 lessons of this text, which is divided into two volumes. The book is designed mainly for use in university courses, but is also effective for high school students and adults who are beginning to learn Japanese either at school or on their own. Hopefully, students will have at least a basic knowledge of English, because grammar explanations are given in English. GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a comprehensive approach to developing the four basic language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), which aims to cultivate overall Japanese-language ability. Emphasis has been placed on balancing accuracy, fluency, and complexity so that students using the material will not end up speaking accurately yet in a stilted manner, or fluently but employing only simple grammatical structures.
(n. ii,
Revised edition
The revised edition features changes in four major areas.
l . Addition of Culture Notes Each lesson now contains a "Culture Note," which is designed to enhance students' knowledge of Japan through information on Japanese culture and daily life. 2. Audio material bundled with text and workbook Audio aids, which had previously been sold separately, have now been added to the textbook and workbook in MP3 format. The addition of audio material for the workbook's "Listening Comprehension" exercises is especially convenient. We have also recorded the readings from the Reading and Writing section of the book. 3. Vocabulary and expressions We rigorously reviewed the vocabulary and expressions to replace words, such as "cassette
Introduction •H 19
tape" and "LL" that are no longer in common use, with words and phrases that students will encounter more frequently. 4. Grammar, practice and readings While no changes were made to the grammatical topics introduced in each lesson, we supplemented the text and/or made the necessary corrections to make the material even easier to understand. In the revised edition, we have replaced the negative forms of adjective and noun phrases -ku arimasen/-ja arimasen and -nakucha ikemasen, meaning "must," with the -ku nai desu/ -ja nai desu and -nakereba ikemasen/-nakya ikemasen farms, which are more commonly used in everyday life. We also increased communicative practice material-mainly dialogues-so that students would be given sufficient opportunity to practice the grammar that they learn. Moreover, we have updated the readings in the Reading and Writing section to make them more relevant to the Japan of today.
fil
Structure of the textbook
This textbook basically consists of three sections: Conversation and Grammar, Reading and Writing, and the Appendix. A detailed explanation of each part follows. A~ Conversation and Grammar
The Conversation and Grammar section aims at improving students' speaking and listening abilities by having them learn basic grammar and by increasing their vocabulary. The Conversation and Grammar section of each lesson is organized as follows: •Dialogue The dialogues revolve around the lives of foreign students living in Japan and their friends and families, presenting various scenes that students are likely to face in their daily lives. By practicing natural expressions and aizuchi (responses that make conversations go smoothly), students are able to understand how sentences are connected and how some phrases are shortened in daily conversation. Because the Dialogue section of each lesson covers a lot of new grammar and vocabulary, students may feel it is too difficult to understand at first. Don't be overly concerned, however, because the grammar and vocabulary will gradually take root with practice. Students can listen to dialogues on the accompanying audio aids (in MP3 format). Students are encouraged to practice regularly by listening to the audio and carefully noting pronunciation and intonation.
20
e Vocabulary The Vocabulary section presents all the new words encountered in both the Dialogue and Practice sections of each lesson. Words that appear in the Dialogue are marked with an asterisk ( * ). Words are listed according to their function in Lessons 1 and 2, and by parts of speech in Lesson 3 and all subsequent lessons. In addition, all words presented in the text are also found in the Index at the end of each volume. Words found in the Vocabulary section of each lesson appear frequently in subsequent lessons, thus encouraging students to learn little by little each day. The new words, along with their English translations, also appear in the audio material, which enables students to absorb through listening. Starting with Lesson 3, the Vocabulary section also gives the kanji rendering, but students are not required to memorize the kanji orthography. This textbook does not indicate a word's accents. The accent of a Japanese word varies considerably, depending on region, the speaker's age (including the generation gap between speakers), the word's inflections, and its connection with other words in the sentence. Therefore, there is no need to be overly concerned about accent, but try to imitate as closely as possible the intonation heard on the accompanying audio aids. eGrammar Easy-to-understand grammar explanations are provided so that even those studying on their own can easily follow. Students at school should read the explanations before each class. All grammar items covered in the lesson's Practice section are explained in the Grammar section. Grammar and vocabulary that require explanation but are not practiced are summarized in the Expression Notes section at the end of each Grammar section. •Practice For each grammar point covered, Practice sections provide drills that advance in stages from basic practice to application. The intent is to enable students to gain a grasp of Japanese naturally by completing the drills in the order presented. Basic exercises that call for a single predetermined answer are marked with a @!] and recorded with their answers on the audio aids, thus allowing students to practice and learn on their own. The last part of the Practice section contains Review Exercises that help summarize what has been learned. For example, some exercises combine various topics covered in the lesson, while others require students to create dialogues by applying what was learned in the Dialogue section. e CultureNote We have integrated a Culture Note section into each lesson, where we explain aspects of the culture and everyday life of Japan. These notes cover a wide variety of topics, ranging from
Introduction
•H
21
matters closely linked to language, such as kinship terms, to information deeply ingrained in daily life, such as the Japanese climate. Our hope is that these comments will serve as a springboard for students to deepen their understanding of Japanese culture even further by taking steps of their own, such as by gathering information from the Internet or by discussing the topics with their Japanese friends.
e Useful Expressions When necessary, we include sections on Useful Expressions at the end of the lessons in order to present supplementary vocabulary and phrases. These sections list expressions that are related to the lesson's topic (as in "Time and Age" in Lesson 1) or to particular situations (as in "At the Station" in Lesson 10). The vocabulary introduced in Useful Expressions is also listed in the index of each volume. B ~Reading and Writing The Reading and Writing section aims to foster comprehension and writing ability through the study of Japanese characters and through practice in both reading and writing. After learning hiragana in Lesson 1 and katakana in Lesson 2, students begin studying kanji in Lesson 3. Each lesson after Lesson 3 is organized as follows: eKanji list
The list contains the new kanji introduced in each lesson. Students are exposed to about 15 new characters in each lesson. Since it is probably not feasible to learn all of these at once, we encourage students to tackle a few each day. We have formatted each kanji list as follows. (1) serial number (2) kanji
(3) reading
(5) compounds
that include the kanji
:
oiz
~(l,{,
*
I>
t
t
(book; basis)
/.f.OVv) book B ;z!;:.n:,ilv) Japan 8 ;zls:.?o (t: ti Iv;::') Japanese language .L ;z!;:. ~ ,{, ('I"! b C: ~ Iv) Mr./Ms. Yamamoto (5) -
't
::ij""
(4) meaning
**
(7) stroke order (6) stroke count
The.,,, mark appearing next to readings in item (3) indicates the on-yomi, or the reading of the character that was imported from China. The I> mark indicates the kun-yomi, or the native Japanese reading. The sound of on-yomi and kun-yomi may change when the kanji is used in certain words. For example, the ordinary pronunciation of ~ is gaku, but this becomes gak when the kanji is used in the word~~ (gakkoo). Such derivative readings are also included in the readings section.
22
Although some kanji have many readings, we include principally those readings that are appropriate for an elementary level course. Readings and words that are shaded should be memorized. The others are for reference, so students don't need to memorize them. The Reading and Writing section of the workbook includes practice sheets for the kanji learned in each lesson. Students should practice writing the kanji repeatedly, following the stroke order shown on the kanji list in the textbook. ePractice GENKI I consists of kanji practice, readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. Kanji practice is aimed at getting students accustomed to kanji through practice in various forms, such as reconstructing kanji from their component parts or making new words by combining kanji. Readings for comprehension are generally short and deal with subjects familiar to the students. They assume knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar that the student has learned in the Conversation and Grammar section. New words that appear in the readings are listed. At the end of each Practice section, we suggest topics for students to write on. GENKI II contains readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. The readings introduce Japanese as it is used in a variety of areas, ranging from letters and fables to essays and advertisements. They assume knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar that the student has encountered in the lesson so far, and with each lesson the readings become longer and more difficult. New words in the readings are listed in the order in which they appear. At the end of each Practice section, we suggest topics for students to write on. We provide recordings of these readings in both Volumes I and II of the revised edition. These are denoted by a G!] mark. Students can listen to them through the accompanying audio aids (in MP3 format). C ~Appendix The Appendix of Volumes I and II contains an Index. The Japanese-English Index, in hiragana order, lists words and expressions from the Vocabulary and Useful Expression sections of each lesson (the index does not contain the vocabulary used in Culture Notes). The number next to a word indicates the lesson in which the word was introduced. In the EnglishJapanese Index, English equivalents to Japanese words are arranged in alphabetical order. In both indexes of this revised edition, verbs are indicated with [ru] [u] [irr.], to show which verb group they belong to. Also included in the Appendix are a map of Japan with the names of all the prefectures, a table of changes in the sounds of numbers and counters, and a table of verb conjugations.
tntroductton-v- 23
'JV
Orthography and font
The basic text is written in kanji and hiragana. In the case of kanji, we follow the official Joyo Kanji list. However, hiragana is used instead when the Joyo Kanji equivalent is deemed unnecessary for beginning students of Japanese. The pronunciation of every kanji in the Conversation and Grammar section is indicated in hiragana so that this section can be studied alone. To lessen the burden on the students and allow them to study on their own, however, the "Greetings" unit and Lessons 1 and 2 are written in hiragana and katakana, alongside which the same statement is presented in romanization. The romanizations are purely for supplemental purposes and students should avoid relying on them too much. Students study hiragana and katakana in Lessons 1 and 2, respectively, of the Reading and Writing section. Students begin studying kanji in Lesson 3 of the Reading and Writing section. To encourage students to maintain a firm grasp of the kanji they have learned, the Reading and Writing section does not provide hiragana readings for kanji that have already been introduced. The Japanese in the basic text is set mainly in the Textbook font, which resembles handwriting and serves as a good model for students. Students will encounter a variety of fonts used for Japanese materials, however, and should be aware that the shape of some characters differs considerably, depending on the font used. Note especially that in certain fonts two separate strokes may merge into a single stroke because they mimic the characters produced by a writing brush. Example:
Textbook font
Mincho font
Gothic font
-
~
~
'-
~
~
')
~
t)
~ ~
.
s
G
""-
~ ~
(_
~
t->
~
>: -; -)(
'-?
-
Handwriting
...,...
'-
t) >
~ '---
v
24
Japanese Writing System 1
There are three kinds of characters in Japanese: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. All three characters can be seen in a single sentence.
v
7
katakana
~ Jt
t'
kanji
i
_Io
I watch television.
~iT(l.gt:l_rlt:l_
Hiragana and katakana, like the alphabet, represent sounds. As you can see in the above example, hiragana has a roundish shape and is used for conjugation endings, function words, and native Japanese words not covered by kanji. Katakana, which has rather straight lines, is normally used for writing loanwords and foreign names. For example, the Japanese word for "television" is written in katakana as .:;- I> c' (terebi). Kanji, or Chinese characters, represent not just sounds but also meanings. Mostly, kanji are used for nouns and the stems of verbs and adjectives.
(DH i
rag
a n a
1 . Basic Hiragana Syllables There are forty-six basic hiragana syllables, which are listed below. Once you memorize this chart, you will have the skill to transcribe all of the Japanese sounds.
;h a
-/;
'\
ka .>( '-
sa
;{_
};
i
u
e
0
~ ki
<
It
ku
ke
~ ko
L
-t
1±"
-T
\
"shi
SU
se
-
so
-rte
t:
~ nu
t.l
q) no
' .)•
~ he
f::.
-t;
-:)
ta
"chi
"tsu
-f,;.·
1:
na
ni
li
uhi
ha
1
I
\
Ju
ne
to
ll ho
There is another writing system called romaji (Roman letters) which is used for station names, signs, and so on.
Japanese Writing System••• 25
i
ma
J.;.
t;
(/)
mi
mu
me
rp
~ ya ~ ra
.J:
yu
1)
{,
ri
ru
t
mo
yo
fl re
h
; ro ~ **o
wa
n
=:
* The syllables L, -o , and ,), are romanized as shi, chi, tsu, and Ju, respectively, to closely resemble English pronunciation. * * ~ is also pronounced as "wo."
The romanization is given for general pronunciation reference. 2. Hiragana with Diacritical Marks You can transcribe 23 additional sounds by adding diacritic marks. With a pair of short diagonal strokes ( ,, ), the unvoiced consonants k, s, t, and h become voiced consonants g, z, d, and b, respectively. The consonant h changes top with the addition of a small circle ( 0
).
-/;{
---
gi
('
It'
gu
ge
.._ go
r
-r
{f'
--f'
ZU
ze
zo
t:'
*t;'
*-5
-c
t''
da
Ji
zu
de
do
If'
rJ bi
.
~ be
lf
ba
lf
u pi
-:
tr
ga >( ._
za
pa
)
~-Ji
,,, )
'
bu
pu
pe
bo
po
* t;· (ji) and
-:J' (zu) are pronounced the same as l: (ji) and -f (zu), respectively, and have limited use.
3. Transcribing Contracted Sounds Small ~, rj), and .J: follow after letters in the second column ( i-vowel hiragana, except \ ') and are used to transcribe contracted sounds. The contracted sound represents a single syllable.
26
-
~ tP
~ J:
~:'
~,,
~,,
~~ kya
~ gya
-gyutP
-gyoJ:
L~
L tP
L J:
L~
L tP
L J:
t; ~
t; tP
t; J:
cha
chu
cha
1: ~
1: tP
I: J:
nya
nyu
nyo
r.l tP
rl
UtP
o J:
(/~
sha
u~ hya
kyu
kyo
shu
sho
ja
ju
byu
bya
jo
J:
byo
hyo
(./~
(./ tP
uo J:
h. tP
pyu
pyo
mya
myu
h. J:
pya
1) ~
1) tP
1) J:
rya
ryu
ryo
h. ~
hyu
myo
4. Transcribing Double Consonants
There is another small letter, ~, which is used when transcribing double consonants such as tt and pp. Examples:
iJ' -:i ~
-:in'
(i
-:i
~,, -:i
t:
katta sakka happa zasshi
(f' L
(won) (writer) (leaf) (magazine)
cf. iJ' f::.
kata
(shoulder)
Note double consonant n's as in sannen (three years) are written with Iv +a hiragana with an initial n sound (-f,,i:, I:, lb., *1, and 0)). Examples:
~ !v ti. !v
~ !v -fJ.· ~
'
sannen annai
(three years) (guide)
5. Other Issues Relating to Transcription and Pronunciation
A. Long Vowels When the same vowel is placed one right after the other, the pronunciation of the vowel becomes about twice as long as the single vowel. Be sure to hold the sound long enough, because the length of the vowel can change one word to another.
\\
Japanese Writing
o+
27
aa
}; If' ch ~ tC
obaasan
(grandmother)
cf. }; Lf ~ tC
obasan
(aunt)
ii
l?L\\~,.c
ojiisan
(grandfather)
cf. 1? L ~ tC
ojisan
(uncle)
uu
-t 7 L
sY:Y)i
(number)
ee
The long ee sound is usually transcribed by adding an \ ' to an e-vowel hiragana. There are a few words, however, in which ;t is used instead of \ -. ;t \ \ IJ{ ~a (movie) }; hi.. ~ ,.{_, oneesan (big sister)
oo
The long oo sound is in most cases transcribed by adding an 7 to an o-vowel hiragana. There are, however, words in which the long vowel is transcribed with an }; , for historical reasons. LI 7 IJ -:> hooritsu (law) t'. }; too (ten)
B. Pronunciation of
Iv
Systern
Iv
is treated like a full syllable, in terms of length. Its pronunciation varies, however, depending on the sound that follows it. Japanese speakers are normally not aware of the different sound values of Iv. Therefore, you do not need to worry too much about its pronunelation." "n"
C. Vowels to Be Dropped
The vowels i and u are sometimes dropped when placed between voiceless consonants (k, s, t, p, and h), or at the end of an utterance preceded by voiceless consonants. Example:
-9 ~ T-9 s(u)kides(u)
(I like it.)
D. Accent in the Japanese Language
Japanese has pitch accent: all syllables are pronounced basically either in high or low pitch. Unlike English stress accent in which stressed syllables tend to be pronounced longer and louder, in Japanese each syllable is pronounced approximately in equal length and stress. The pitch patterns in Japanese vary greatly, depending on the region of the country.
2
One variety of the Iv pronunciation merits discussing here. When it is followed by a vowel or at the end of an utterance, Iv indicates that the preceding vowel is long and nasalized. (Nasalized vowels are shown here with a tilde above vowel letters. You hear nasalized vowels in French words such as "bon," or the English interjection "uh-uh," as in "no.") ex. h ,.C;}, \' reai (romance) t:f ,.C hi5 (book) (woman) Followed by n, t, d, s, and z sounds, Iv is pronounced as "n." ex. }; ,.C -tJ.· onna (stroll) Followed by m, p, and b sounds, Iv is pronounced as "rn." ex. ~ ,.(, { r sampo Followed by k and g sounds, Iv is pronounced as "ng" as in "song." ex. i ,.C fJ{ ma1Jga (comics)
28
Examples:
i"J.'
aka
(morning)
sa
i ;{_
t: fJ'\ @Kat
a
cf,~
\
mae
(name)
na ka
(high)
ta
n a
1
7
i
u
.I. e
;f
a
tJ
.:t-
7
7
':J
ki
ku
ke
ko
4f
~ "sh!
A.
-ese
')
SU
7 ka
sa
0
so
+
''/
T
ta
"chi
"tsu
te
~ to
-T
--ni
~ nu
:{-.
/
ne
no
I::
7 Ju
~ he
;t
hi ~~ "' mi
~ mu
~ me
~ mo
7 na / \
ha
7 ma
3
zi: yu
~ ya
7
')
ra
ri
ry
'"" ru
ho
yo
vre
(J
ro
=
wa
0
n
7]''
-f'
J''
Jj'
zr
ga
gi
gu
ge
go
-If
' ,,
:/
7.'
-t'
za
ji
zu
ze
'/ zo
"The syllables ~ , 1- , "/ , and 7 are romanized as shi, chi, tsu, and Ju, respectively, to closely resemble English pronunciation.
Japanese Writing System••• 29
_,,
9''
*-~F
*--y''
T
da
ji
zu
de
,, / '\
I::'
7''
ba
bi
bu
-r-, be
/\
to
70
pa
pi
pu
+-rkya
.:t-.::z..
.:t-3
kyu
kyo
~-r
~.::z..
sha
shu
1- -r
1- .::z..
-f-3
-=-nya-r
-.::z..
z:
cha
t
-r
hya
* ·T'
(Ji) and ·/ (zu) are pronounced the same as / (Ji) and ;{ (zu), respectively, and have limited use.
0
po
.f' -r
-
gya ,,
.f' .::z..
.f' 3
gyu
gyo
-
,,
-
,,
:/ -r
:/ .::z..
:/ 3
ja
ju
jo
I::' -r
I::' .::z..
I::' 3
bya
byu
byo
hyo
to -r
to .::Z..
t3
pya
pyu
pyo
3
nyo
t3
~ -r
~ .::z..
.... 3
mya
myu
myo
') -r
') .::z..
rya
._
bo
cha
hyu '
I
-r-, pe
sho
nyu
t .::z..
;f
-c-
~3
chu
F
do
' '
')
0
3
ryo
ryu
The pronunciation of katakana and its combinations are the same as those of hiragana, except for the following points. ( 1) The long vowels are written with - . Examples:
7J -
kaa sukii suutsu
::z.-t::Z.-''/
(car) (ski)
keeki booru
(suit)
When you write vertically, the - mark needs to be written vertically also. ;t'
Example: ;t'-1[.,
-
(cake) (ball)
30
(2) Additional combinations with small vowel letters are used to transcribe foreign sounds
which originally did not exist in Japanese. Examples:
'7 1 '7 .I. '7 ;f
/\C1'71-/
harowiin
/\1'7.x.1
haiwee
:/
.I.
:/.I.
:/
.I.
/
.r; -
L... A.
jeemusu
1-
.I.
1-
.I.
7
chekku
-··
~ t- 7 JI,- '7 ;f "/
77·:;:/3/
71 7 .I.
7 1
1)
7J 7
.I.
;f
J-
mineraruwootaa shefu
77
7
-
7
fasshon
t
firipin
0 /
kafe
7;t-7
fooku 1-
7-1
/~-j-
-T' 1
-r·1 A.--~-7
T a:
-r· ::i
.I. ·:;
paatii /
l-
F
Dizuniirando dyuetto
(Halloween) (highway) (mineral water) (chef) (James) (check) (fashion) (Philippine) (cafe) (fork) (party) (Disneyland) (duet)
(3) The sound "v" is sometimes written with r'f. For example, the word "Venus" is sometimes written as i::· - + :::Z or r'f 1 - -t- :::Z.
@Kan
ii
Kanji are Chinese characters which were introduced to Japan more than 1,500 years ago when the Japanese language did not have a writing system. Hiragana and katakana evolved later in Japan based on the simplified Chinese characters. Kanji represents both meanings and sounds. Most kanji possess multiple readings, which are divided into two types: on-yomi (Chinese readings) and kun-yomi (Japanese readings). On-yomi is derived from the pronunciations used in China. Some kanji have more than one on-yomi due to temporal and regional variances in the Chinese pronunciation. Kun-yomi are Japanese readings. When people started to use kanji to write native Japanese words, Japanese readings (kun-yomi) were added to kanji. By the time of high school graduation, Japanese are expected to know 2,136 kanji (called Joyo kanji), which are designated by the Ministry of Education as commonly used kanji. A total of 1,006 kanji are taught at the elementary school level, and most of the remainder are taught in junior high school. There are roughly four types of kanji based on their formation.
Japanese Writing Systern
( 1) Pictograms Some kanji are made from pictures:
.].
--+
~ ",1 [ ,//
-- :_ -'O-
_::
--+
8
--+
'
/1, I''"
*(tree)
--+
8
(day; sun)
(2) Simple ideograms Some kanji are made of dots and lines to represent numbers or abstract concepts.
--
--+
-
(three)
.L (up)
(3) Compound ideograms Some kanji are made from the combination of two or more kanji.
8 ~
(day; sun)
+
}3
(person)
+
*(tree)
(moon)
--+
--+
BA (bright)
1-*
(to rest)
( 4) Phonetic-ideographic characters Some kanji are made up of a meaning element and a sound element. Meaning element ....'
I
8
Sound element
(water)
+
1t sei (blue)
--+
(day; sun)
+
1t sei (blue)
--+
)t
On-yomi sei (clean)
Bf sei (clear sky)
o+
31
~=+TT'±~-
~Pn·.x~./:u:JfJlffi
z
lif5
Conversation
(lBl, )~:J lll
lll 3"
Grammar
Section
Greetings-------------
l" ®ic::S L.,l,)(:=bic!>
lll 2" 1J1l, )=tJO)
and
34
New Friends--------38
Shopping -------------58
'T'- !---0)*{]5R Making a Date
----------84
l'('f(
lll4"
t)Jisl)-CO)'T'- I'-
The First Date---------102
l;
lll 5"
~$~1i~fi ATrip toOkinawa----------128 il'3~1CJ:blJJ:C:5 I'-~ fv0)-8
lll 6" DJ\lll 7"
ADay in Robert's Life-----
146
t.,r51:"'5
~1i~0)'.!3'.~ Family Picture-----------166 fJ' .z'< L.,~ L.,A,
lll 3" J \-rz=t:
Barbecue-----------
:i -
lll9"
D'1317!£
llllO"
~1*J.i.O).Y}E Winter Vacation Plans 13'11;lt-'9
lllll"
Kabuki---------------208
J::
1*J.i.O)(JB(:
-------228
"(l,\
After the Vacation
---------250
1'9
llll2"
~ ~ tf.d
~
186
FeelingIll --------------266
@!]
Greetings
KOO-G
c\
f:::.
t:· ~ i -t
0 )
v
(iL::60iLTo J:.;L< t;;f.J.h{\' Li-to
j:;(j:J:-Jo j:;(;tj: 7 -·· x·· 'i -9 '-
-
\
Ohayoo. Ohayoo gozaimasu. Konnichiwa. Konbanwa. Sayoonara. Oyasumi(nasai).
0
:: ,.{,(:i; (io
:: ,{,(;f,{,(j:o ~ l 7 1J.' Go j:; ~ -t ;,,. ( fd.' ~ \ \) siJn{t:7o s 1) h{ t: 7 -·· x·· 'i -9 -t ;,,. i -l± ,.{, \\\\;{o \\-:>l~ii'"o \ '--=> T G--=> L 'I"\ -, t. t:·\ \ i i;h';{ I) (/J.'~\\)o \ \ t: t:• ~ i -t 0
'-
-
\
Arigatoo. 0
0
0
0
Arigatoo gozai masu. Sumimasen. lie. lttekimasu. ltterassha i. Tadaima. Okaeri(nasai). ltadakimasu.
Good morning. Good morning. (polite) Good afternoon. Good evening. Good-bye. Good night. Thank you. Thank you. (polite) Excuse me.; I'm sorry. No.; Not at all. I'll go and come back. Please go and come back. I'm home. Welcome home. Thank you for the meal. (before eating)
::·· i; 7r: 7 ~ i ( -r· L f:::.) o
Gochisoosama(deshita).
Thank you for the meal. (after eating)
(i L:: 60 i LT o J:.; L < t;tJ.h{\' Li-to
Hajimemashite. Yoroshiku onegaishimasu.
How do you do? Nice to meet you.
r
~!~/0~5
[jfu
~
l
Expression
Notes
'--..._
1 ......
"'I
d'3 lcJ: J: 5 I® !J fJIC 5 ~ Ohayoo is used between friends and family members, while ohayoo gozaimasu is used between less intimate acquaintances, similarly with arigatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you are on the first- name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. Ohayoo is the greeting used before noon, but some people use it in casual settings in the afternoon or even at night when they see their classmates or coworkers for the first time that day. ~cl:: 5 fd: S ~ There are several good-bye expressions in Japanese, the choice among which depends on the degree of separation. Sayoonara indicates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arrives, or until fate brings the two together again. It sounds dramatic and ritualistic, and its daily use is largely restricted to school children taking leave of their teachers.
t- ~ ~>- i t.:a Jaa, mata. (between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon) L---=> n"' L- i Ta Sh itsu reesh i masu. (taking leave from a professor's office, for example) 9#*ttfu~
Sumimasen means (1) "Excuse me," to get another person's attention, (2) 'Tm sorry," to apologize for the trouble you have caused, or (3) "Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.
I., \I.,\;{_~ lie is primarily "No," a negative reply to a question. In the dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them. I.,\:::> LS:::> G-r.> I., \/I.,\:::>"L~*9 /t.::tcl.,'*ld'31J'.~ . !J fcJ:~I.,\ ~ Ittekimasu and itterasshai is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves. The person who leaves says ittekimasu, which literally means "I will go and come back." And the family members respond with itterasshai, which means "Please go and come back." Tadaima and okaeri are used when a person comes home. The person who arrives home says tadaima (I am home right now) to the family members, and they respond with okaerinasai (Welcome home).
Act out the following situations with your classmates. 1. You meet your host family for the first time. Greet them. 2. It is one o'clock in the afternoon. You see your neighbor Mr. Yamada. 3. You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends. 4. On a crowded train, you stepped on someone's foot. 5. You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you. 6. It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience store. 7. You are watching TV with your host family. It is time to go to sleep. 8. You are leaving home. 9. You have come back home. 10. You are going to start eating. 11. You have finished eating.
© t "'~""JC ;tot~,~
Greetings and Bowing
Aisatsu to ojigi
Japanese people greet each other by bowing, which has many other functions, such as expressing respect, gratitude, or apologies. There are different ways of bowing, ranging from a small nod of the head to a 45-degree bend at the waist. Generally, the longer and the deeper you bow, the more formal and respectful it appears to others. Many Japanese tend to feel uncomfortable with physical contact, although handshaking is becoming quite common in business situations, especially those involving foreigners. When meeting someone in a business situation for the first time, it is customary to exchange meeshi (business cards) with a small bow. Etiquette guides list a vast number of rules and pointers, but just remember that the important thing is to clearly show your respect when exchanging meeshi.
I~!:
L
s
s
E
®/cSl_;l 1CB/c-S a
o
g
N················· · ··········ll
0
New Friends
u
e
Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.
0 Ii)
B!]KOl-01/02 IJ
~
4
I'
-t"h.i-\:t,.{,o
\\i
-fJ_·,.{,LT-t"h'o
Mearii
Sumimasen.
Ima
nanji desu ka.
Takeshi
Juuniji han desu.
Mearii
Arigatoo
l ~jl}-:
t: lt
L
Takeshi
gozaimasu.
\\\\;lo lie.
CD
@ Bii 1
f::lt L Ano,
Takeshi .., ii'> 2
;J
IJ
\'
7 ') -
Mearii 3
ryuugakusee desu ka. ii'>
IJ
-'(' t.:
;{__ ;{__' 7 ') '/-T Ee,
Arizona
t:· \ \ -IJ" <
daigaku no
<])
-IJ"
< -tl" \ \ -r''-t
gakusee desu.
t: lt L Soo desu ka.
Takeshi .., ii'> 4
KOl-03/04
;J
1)
Senkoo wa
nan desu ka .
''
7 ') Nihongo desu.
Mearii
Ima
ninensee desu.
Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. Mary: Thank you. Takeshi: You're welcome.
® Takeshi: Um ... are you an international student? Mary: Yes, I am a student at the University of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now.
0
tc_ Iv V
o
c
a
b
Bl KOl-05 a
u
y
r
ano
um ...
ima
now
;:(_ \ \ =-·
eego
English (language)
;:(_ ;:(_
ee
yes
* ~
* * fJ{< -I±\\ ,....., --*
gakusee
student
...
... language
go
ex. I: ( l
Iv .:
( nihongo) Japanese language
=-·· 7-·· = 7
kookoo
high school
gogo
P.M.
=-'-tf !v
gozen
A.M .
,....., ~
...
. . . years old
\
\
,....., ~Iv * ,....., t
sai
. . . 5an
Mr./Ms ....
..
o'clock
JI
ex. \ ' t; L ( ichiji) one o'clock
,....., t Iv
...
jin
... people
ex. I: ( l
Iv L Iv
(nihonjin) Japanese people
* -l±!v: 7
5enkoo
major
sensee
teacher; Professor ...
-t 7 -c-r * -t 7 l''-f fJ' * t:·\ \fJ{ <
500 desu
That's right.
500 desu ka
I see.; Is that so?
daigaku
college; university
l'!vt? t t t:'t; tc i ;:(_ * fJ.· Iv/ fJ.·I : * 1: lllv * ,....,hlv-l±\ \
denwa
telephone
tomodachi
friend
namae
name
nan/nani
what
Ni hon
Japan
...
... year student
-l±lv-l±\\
nen5ee
ex. \ ' t;
h Iv -1± \ '
( ichinensee) first-year student (l\ \
* (i!v
hai
yes
han
half
ex. I:
L Ii Iv ( niji han) half
past two
lf'!v =-- 7 * 1)
rjJ
ban goo
number
ryuugakusee
international student
watashi
I
7 fJ{ < -1± \ \
t?t::. L
*Words that appear in the dialogue
ADDITIONAL
Countries 7 ,J 1) tJ il;_,
llJ
1)
VOCABULARY
Amerika
U.S.A.
-/)'
1;f 1) /Z ,, !'! o T
@I
lgirisu
Britain
Oosutoraria
Australia
Kankoku
Korea
Suweeden
Sweden
Chuugoku
China
kagaku
science
ajia kenkyuu
Asian studies
It\'~--\'
keezai
economics
: < ~ \ 'fJ'!v(t\ \
kokusaikankee
international relations
.::J/to::z.-5'-
konpyuutaa
computer
L Iv 6 \ 'fJ{ <
jinruigaku
anthropology
-th' L t' :/ ;f, /Z
seeji
politics
bijinesu
business
bungaku
literature
rekishi
history
shigoto
job; work; occupation
:t-:;z r Ii Ii T t
71J1
+c :« /Z 7
.r,
T -)
;..
" IJ
;;_,
--T'/
i... --C Iv
1; tP 7 :·' < Majors
fJ'fJ{ < 7:/71t!v~ ; _, c ; _,
!v r.f.,,
tft:ioi"
,_;:Iv
f;{
tP
'i t:
7
il;,
<
kt~ L Occupations L :·· t
\'L\" fJ'\' L \"\'Iv
isha
doctor
kaishain
office worker
:7:7-t:h\
kookoosee
high school student
L tP ,_;,
shufu
housewife
t:'\ \f;{ < \ 'lv-l::h \ t:'\ \f;{ <-th\
daigakuinsee
graduate student
daigakusee
college student
bengoshi
lawyer
}; fJ'
okaasan
mother
otoosan
father
oneesan
older sister
};(:\\~Iv
oniisan
older brother
\\t 7 t }; t 7 t
imooto
younger sister
otooto
younger brother
Fam
i I y
KOl-06
G
D
r
m
a
m
a
r
x1ctvc9
"It is 12:30:' "I am a student:' "My major is the Japanese language:' These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu. ~c9o L:: tP Juuniji
IJ{
7 t:
It is ...
...C T-9 o
(It) is half past twelve.
o
(I) am a student.
L:: (j:
han desu.
< -t! \ 'T-9
Gakusee desu.
t: I l ...C :·· T-9 o
(My major) is the Japanese language.
Nihongo desu.
Note that none of these sentences has a "subject;' like the "it;' "I;' and "my major;' found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say:
Ii
----
t:
11 ...C :·· T-9 o
wa nihongo
____ is the Japanese language.
desu.
Where stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic;' which is later in the sentence identified as nihongo. For example, (My) major is the Japanese language. Senkoo wa
nihongo desu.
Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. X Id: Y c9o _,.
?
hf::. Lli ::Z. - • Watashi wa
"
X is Y As for X, it is Y t;
+ Z; T-9
Suu Kimu desu.
o
I am Sue Kim.
Mr. Yamashita is a teacher. Yamashita san wa
sensee desu.
Mearii san wa
amerikajin desu.
Mary is an American.
Wa is a member of the class of words called "particles:' So is the word no, which we will turn
to later in this lesson. Particles attach themselves to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their English translations "student" and "teacher;' which are preceded by "a:' In Japanese, there is no item that corresponds to "a;' nor is there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. Without background situations, a sentence like gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations; it may mean "We are/you are/they are students;' as well as "I am/you are/she is a student"
-
Question Sentences
It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. 1)
l'J)
7
iJ'
<
-l±\ 'T-9
o
1)
l'J)
7
iJ'
<
-l± \ 'T-t iJ' o
1
Ryuugakusee desu.
Ryuugakusee desu ka.
(I am) an international student.
(Are you) an international student?
The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences may also contain a "question word" like nan' (what). In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old), nannensee (what year in school).
( -l± £: 7 (;t) ;t \ ' :-- T-t Senkoo wa
nan desu ka.
What is your major?
1 2
(Senkoo wa)
o
eego desu.
(My major) is English.
It is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese. The Japanese question word for "what" has two pronunciations: nan and nani. Nan is used immediately before desu or before a "counter" like ji ( oclock), The other form, nani, is used before a particle. Nani is also used in the combination nanijin (person of what nationality).
\'i
-rJ.·£tTi"n'o
( \ 'i)
< t Ti" o
Ima
nanji desu ka.
(Ima)
kuji desu.
What time is it now?
It is nine o'clock.
Mearii san wa
Juukyuusai desu.
t rp 7 ~ rp 7 ~ \ '-c-rnansai desu ka.
How old are you, Mary?
I'm nineteen years old.
_,."-. £ tJ. £-tr\ 'Ti" n' o
!:tJ.A.,-lt\'Ti°o
Nannensee desu ka.
Ninensee
What year are you in college?
I'm a sophomore.
T£h!f'£:··7
186 if> 7343
Denwa bangoo wa
Ii -r"-·£Ti"n'o nan desu ka.
What is your telephone number?
o
desu.
Ti" o
lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu.
It is 186-7343.
No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Sakura daigaku no gakusee means "a 3 student at Sakura University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea (being a student) and the first one Sakura daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in the following examples.
t: lt L ~£if> T£h!f'£ :·· 7 Takeshi san no
Takeshi's phone number
denwa bangoo
t:·\ 'n" <
if> {[,.\.,{[\\
daigaku no
sen see
(: 11 ,{,=··if) n"<-tt\' nihongo no
a college professor a student of the Japanese language
gakusee
(:!l£if'J
t:·\ 'n" <
Nihon no
daigaku
a college in Japan
Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two, they are in the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it. 3
Here is what we mean by the "main idea" In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo (Takeshi's phone number), the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi.
-.-
noun, (])
r
noun,
r
main idea
further restriction
A phrase of the form "noun, no noun," acts more or less like one big noun. You can put it wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:
Takeshi san no
okaasan wa
kookoo no
sen see desu.
Takeshi's mother I is I a high school teacher I ·
':ll/v~/vO) fJ:J:X. Japanese
Names
Nihonjin no namae
When Japanese give their name, they say their family name first and given name last (middle names do not exist). When introducing themselves, they often say only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names. Given name Family name Men
Women
~ (:: -J
Sa too
t: <
~
Takuya
~l)tJ'
Erika
99'~
Suzuki
L, J:
-J tc.
Shoota
;j;) ~ \
Ai
Takahashi
~'°50-J
lchiroo
tJ- sJ:i.
Naomi
t: tJ- tJ>
Tanaka
V'6
Hiroshi
~ -J ;::
Yuuko
~ \ (:: -J
/too
*~V'0
Masahiro
OZ/.~~
Misaki
t: tJ>
'j:
L,
L,
Most Japanese names are written in kanji. For example, Tanaka is usually written as EE$, which means "middle of the rice field."
Family names are often related to nature or geo-
graphical features. Because many kanji share the same reading, names with the same pronunciation may be written with different kanji, such as Yuuko.
:f§T- and ifT- for the feminine name
r
~I~/-~·········2 0~5
[jfu
Expression
Notes
'"""""------------------------------------
©O) ~Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example. !
Teacher: 7. ~ 7. -2' Iv ?
Mr. Smith?
Sumisu san?
Student:
fi
v'o
Here.
Hai .
.Z. 5 c91J' ~Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is that so?" or "I see." Pronunciation of let ~The particle fi is pronounced "wa," not "ha." It should be written with fi. All other instances "wa" are written with b.
bt.:L.O) 't:'!vbf;f!v.:>) fi 37-8667't:'To Watashi no
denwa bangoo wa
san nana no hachi roku roku nana desu.
My telephone number is 37-8667. There are few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and konbanwa (good evening). They are usually written with .::. Iv f: ~ M and .::. Iv f;f IvM. Numbers~ Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. -
-ti D and fL v' are both commonly used. It dj, but pronounced as It'-:> in v'-:> ~Iv (one minute) and It'-:> -2' It' (one year old). 2 f: all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately, as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as f: v-. 3 -2' Iv all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as in -2' Iv ~Iv, instead of -2' !vb!v. 0
2
"
........
r Expression
Notes
4 J:: Iv is the most basic, but fourth-year student is J:: tl.!v-ltv' and four o'clock is J:: L. In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read as L (as in L i.)>0, April). The part that follows this number may change shape too, as in J:: Iv~ Iv. 5 :::· all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as :::· -J . 6 0 <,but pronounced as 0-::> in 0-::> ~Iv. 7 iJ: iJ: is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L "b t. 8 Ii "b, but usually pronounced as Ii-::> in Ii-::> ~Iv and Ii-::> '2' It'. 9 ~ ~ -J is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < t. 10 t,~-J,butpronouncedas t~-::> or t-::> in t~-::>~!v/t.-::>~!v and t.~-::>'2'v'/t.-::>'2'v'.
no is usually placed in between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-3456789 is zero ichi ni, san yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu. Giving one's telephone number j- The particle
tt futtl.,' •The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. W atashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead.
~ fu •San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in particular as kun), rather than san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are never used in reference to oneself.
anata, is not very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like san and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Referring to the person you are talking to •The word for "you,"
Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: r± i.l') t J\l-
-~-
-j
'2' /vii Ary
Haato san wa
;{.
-r: Iv
--T / t./v'l"Ti.J'o
suweedenjin desu ka. Li~C
instead of
.i
.I.
J\ -
-t?x..i-C/v
l- '2' Iv, lb iJ: t: Ii A '7 .r,
Haato san,
anata wa
-
7· / t Iv 'l"Ti.l'a
suweedenjin desu ka.
2
p
tlful.A~5 (D93l; 0 1
;! "' -t:t a/
;f'L \ \
zero
ree
\ \ t;
11
12
1:::
13
14
(yo)
shi
15
;; <
16
roku
8
-tj_· -tj_· / nan a
L t;
17
shichi
18
10
19 ku
L rp -3
20
5
(f) 8
Lrp-J;;< L rp -3
;;
70
-tj_· -tj_· nanajuu
80
!ii;Lrp-J hachijuu
-tj_· -tj_· /
L rp -3 L t;
90
juushichi
~rp-)Lrp-J kyuujuu
L rp -3 lit;
100
v '('
<
(e)
10
hyaku
Lrp-J~rp-J/Lrp-J
< juuku
1:::t.::rp-J nijuu
BJ
(b) 9 (g)
45
(b) 83
(f)
100
(g)
BJ
(d) 1 ( i)
4
(j) 3
K01-09
(c)
19
(h) 61
38
C. What are the answers?
7
(h) 6
2
(a)
Ko1-os
( c)
B. Read the following numbers.
(a)
:·· L rp 7 rokujuu
L rp 7 :··
Read the following numbers. (a)
60
juushi
juukyuu
juu
A.
L rp 7 l ,.{.,/ L rp 7 L
juuhachi
~rp-J/<
J:,.(.,L::rp-) gojuu
juunana
Ii t; kyuu
50
juuroku
hachi
9
Lrp-J~,.(.,
juugo
go
7
40
yonjuu
juuyon
5 6
L rp 7 1::: juusan
J:,.(.,/L/(l)
~,.{.,L::rp-J sanjuu
juuni
~ ,.{.,
yon __,
30
Lrp-)\'t; juuichi
san
4
e
Bl KOl-07
ni
3
c
t
(Numbers)
ichi
2
c
a
r
(d) 76 ( i)
(e)
24
52
(j) 97
B]Ko1-10
5 + 3 (b) 9 + 1 (c) 3 + 4 (d) 6 - 6 (e) 10+9
(f)
8-7
(g)
40-25
® lJb'fv
(Time)
Bl
C9 cg CD
Q)
~
J: L
:::·· L
niji
sanji
yoji
goji
Lt; L
Ii t; L
< L
hachiji
kuji
\ d; L
1:
ichiji
,; < L
L
~,.<..,t
shichiji
rokuji
Lrp7\'t;L
Lrp-Jl:L
\ 't; L Ii,.(,
juuichiji
juuniji
ichiji han
A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions. Example:
0 : \' i Ima
-rJ.: ,.(,
juuji
BJ
Ko1-12
Ex(O
L T-tn'o
nanji desu ka.
A : \ ' t; L I ;t ,.<. , --r·-t
Lrp-JL
co
C)
~
KOl-11
o
lchiji han desu.
(1)
(5)
(2)
C9 ..
co
(4)
(3)
(6)
(8)
(7)
Q
Q)
~
C)
CD
B. Answer the questions. Example:
GD
Ko1-13
0 : t -J ~ J: -J Ii Tookyoo wa
A
\' i
-f,f
ima
nanji desu ka.
:··-tf Iv ~Iv L T-9 Cozen
/v L -r·-tf.l'o
o
sanji desu.
2. Stockholm 7:00 P.M. 4. New Delhi ~ 11:30 P.M.
r
~
\
Ex. Tokyo 3:00A.M.
A
Lib 3. Nairobi 9:00 P.M.
7. New York 1:00 P.M.
5.Bangkok l:OOA.M.
~6.Sydney \J 4:00 A.M.
J
8. Rio de Janeiro 3:00 P.M.
@c /vblct'fvc3 (Telephone Numbers) A.
Read the following people's telephone numbers. Example:
-\"'
i L
t:
283-9547
-+
Yamashita
1.
kyuu go yon nana
;Ji,
1)
,,
rp
3. ;)7 1) -
951-0326
-l± lv-l± \ \
362-4519
4.
f: It L
030-8522-1032
Takeshi
Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. Denwa bangoo wa
B : 283-9547 T-9
nan desu ka.
o
Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu.
A : 283-9547
-c-r ho*
(*
;i-1 = right?)
Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu ne.
B:
020-6921-4236
Mearii
sen see
B.
-J :·· J: Iv -fJ.· -fJ.·
~
ni hachi san no
daigaku
2.
Ko1-14
t:::: ( ;t t; ~ Iv(!) //)
t~·\ \f.l{ <
GD
(i\',
-T-J T-t"o
Hai,
soo desu.
GD
Ko1-1s
C.
Group Work-Use the dialogue above and ask three classsmates telephone
numbers.
name
telephone number
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
Translate the following phrases into Japanese using 0) (no). Example:
student of Japanese language
G!] Ko1-16
I::: ( l Iv =.-- (}) fJ{
--+
nihongo no
A.
their
<
-tl" \ \
gakusee
1. my teacher
5. Mary's friend
2. my telephone number
6. student of the University of London
3. myname
7. teacher of the Japanese language
4. Takashis major
8. high school teacher
Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). 1. f.: It
-t
L ~Iv
2.
Takeshi san
(a) Nationality
G!] Ko1-11,,
,;(I
"'
IJ 1) -
II)
~Iv
(b) Year in school II)
,;(I
"'
--+
-
~Iv
G!] K01-19 II)
Example:
,;(I
"'
"'
"' ,;(I') Mearii
,,
IJ 1) -
Mearii san
IJ
,;(I')
II)
--+
Mearii san
(c) Age
"'
I::
~~
/v
~Iv
4.
--+
II)
"'
,;(I')
~i L
t: -tl" !v-tl" \ \
Yamashita sensee
,, - ~
!v(;t
Mearii san wa
G!] ,,Ko1-1s IJ 1)
Ii
CJ/\'-
Robaato san
Mearii san
Example:
"'
3.
Suu san
II)
Example:
0
:::z-~ Iv
I,;(
1)
amerikajin
fJ t.: Iv T-t
o
desu.
,,
IJ
-
~!vii
san wa
IJ
,, - ~
Mearii san wa
1::: *1/v-tl" \ \ -r---t o ninensee desu.
!v(;t
t.: rv 7 ~ rv 7 ~ \ \ -c-r o juukyuu sai desu.
(d) School @!] Ko1-20 '6
,p,
IJ
-
v-
.J. T 1) - ~Iv
Example:
Mearii san
'6
,p,
,,
I}
,p,
IJ
-t"
~
.J. T 1) - ~Iv Ii T 1) '/-T t:· \ 'Ir~< (}) Mearii san wa
Arizona daigaku no
,-c-r
-IJ{ < -tt\
o
gakusee desu.
(e) Major @!]
Ko1-21 '6
,p,
IJ
-
,,
.J. T 1) - ~Iv
Example:
Mearii san
'6
,p,
,,
IJ
.J.jl)-~/v(})
-tt/v:::-J(j:
I:: I l Iv .: -c-t o
Mearii san no
senkoo wa
nihongo desu.
Hart, Mary
~ t; G f: It L
American
Japanese
Kim, Sue
Kimura Takeshi
British
Korean Nationality
-\" i L t. -t.L<.1-\t 11 Smith,Robert Yamashita sen see C'
(iJ'lv:
8
IJ
-j·
Japanese
(1 ;f1) A Liv)
kankokujin
igirisujin
Year
2nd year
4th year
3rd year
4th year
Age
19
22
20
22
47
School
U. of Arizona
Sakura Univ.
Seoul Univ.
U. of London
Sakura Univ.
computer
business
Major
Japanese
(*1 ~ L)
history
1ft::io-t
C.ldf.P?tc,P,
(t>/
(.:J/t':i-7-)
rekishi
;j', A) bijinesu
konpyuutaa
B. Ask and answer questions using the given cues.@!] '6
Example 1:
j;,
I)
C'
j;,
ti)
1)
Ko1-22
;I)'
.J. T 1) - ~ !v/T .J. 1) iJ L: Iv Mearii san
amerikajin ti)
---+
Q
A
j;,
IJ
C'
j;,
ti)
1)
n'
.J. T 1) - ~/vii
T .J. 1) 7J L: 1v-c-t-lJ'o
Mearii san wa
amerikajin
;{ ;{, -t 7 T-t Ee,
soo desu.
o
desu ka.
~
(Japanese teacher)
~
Example 2: ;J
~
t..'
I)
7
~Iv/~ lvifllv-tl-\ \
1) -
sannensee
Mearii san
-
//)
IJ
j;,
''
o
;J/'J-~!v(i
~lvifllv-tl-\\-c-tn'o
Mearii san wa
sannensee desu ka.
A
\ \ \ \ :;t , I:: *1 lv-1±" \ \ T-t lie,
Mearii san
Arizona daigaku no
Mearii san
ichinensee
Takeshi san
nihonjin
Takeshi san
Nihon daigaku no
s. t: It L ~Iv/
t.:: l'P
Takeshi san
T ~ T ~
8.
senkoo
c
Ii
iJ;,
/:
10.
iJ;,
senkoo
Iv/ I::
L:: l'P
nijuuissai
T
bijinesu
7 \ \ "") ~ \ \
i L t. -1±" lv-1±" \ \ / I :: ( l Iv t.:: Iv nihonjin 1:1:
;b
"
~i Lf:-tl-lv-tl-\\//\171 t:·\\h"< Yamashita
A.
ti
t- 7.
yonensee
Yamashita sensee
12.
t
/:
D / ---- l- ~ Robaato san
11. ~
keezai
Iv/ l ifllv-tl-\ \
Robaato san Ii
Iv
U'
9. cu<-~~ ;,
L::
-1±" Iv: 7 / t' /
xi » \'- ~ ~ /..,(!) Robaato san no ;,
7 ~\\
-1±" Iv : 7 /It\ \ ~-- \ \ (economics)
Iv(!) Suu san no iJ;,
gakusee
suweedenjin
7. 7. - ~ Ii
l'P
Iv/ 7. 7 :r.. --T' '/
Suu san
;,
7 ~
gakusee
juukyuusai
T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
6. 7. - ~
o
ninensee desu.
(!)
Hawai daigaku no
sensee
-tl-lv-tl-\\ sen see
Look at the chart about Mary's host family and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b).
t. 'h n' j) ~ Iv
2.
okaasan
'h I::\ \ ~ Iv oniisan
(a) Occupation/School Example:
GD
'ht 7 ~Iv otoosan
3. \ \
t 7
t
imooto Ko1-23 -+
'ht 7 ~ !v(i h'\ \ L '\"\\Iv T'-t o Otoosan wa
kaishain desu.
(b) Age
G!] Ko 1-24 -j:; t
Example:
7 ~Iv
-j:; t
--+
otoosan
7
J: Iv L
~/vii
Otoosan wa
rp
7
Ii~~\
'1''--t a
yonjuuhassai desu.
Mary's host family
~ ~
-j:; IJ' ch ~ Iv
-j:;t-J~lv
oniisan
imooto
(father)
(mother)
(elder brother)
(younger sister)
L rp ,;,
kaishain
shufu
t:·\
1-/J" <
(high school student)
48
45
23
16
Otoosan wa
2. -j:;t-J~!vli
kaishain
desu ka.
--tJ.: Iv~
\ 'T--t IJ' a
nansai
-t;IJ'S ~/vii
-1± Iv-I±\ 'T--flJ'a
Okaasan wa
sensee desu ka_
-t;IJ'S ~!vii
-fJ..· ---c--t IJ'o nansai desu ka.
5. -j:; 1: \\~/vii Oniisan wa
6. };l:\\~lvli Oniisan wa
8.
IJ'\' L-\" \'iv T--tlJ'a
Otoosan wa
Okaasan wa
7.
desu ka_
Iv~\'
L -\"\'Iv
IJ'\' kaishain
T--t IJ'o
desu ka.
Iv~\'
-fJ..· - -c--t nansai desu ka.
IJ'o
\' t 7 t Ii t:·\ 'IJ{ <-I±\' T--tlJ'o lmooto wa
daigakusee desu ka.
\' t 7 t Ii
-fJ..· nansai
lmooto wa
kookoosee
(graduate student)
1. -j:;t-J~lvli
4.
= 7 = J-1±\\
(housewife)
Answer the questions using the chart above. G!] K01-2s
3.
\ 1,-(,{/_-\ I
daigakuinsee
(works for a company)
Age
8.
\\t 7 t
okaasan
IJ'\'L-\"\'lv Occupation/ School
};l:\\~/v
otoosan
Iv~\'
- -c--t IJ'o
desu ka.
®*clslJO) A.
flfvu~3
(Review Exercises)
Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions and find in the chart below. Ii)
Q
}; i"J.·
i ;:{_Ii?
A
(What is yourname?)
Onamae wa?
Q
Iv Ii?
:·· L
r)) -? L Goshusshin wa?
}; L :·· t'. Ii?
A
(Where do you come from?)
A
(What is your occupation?)
-r...- Iv ;f1 lv-l:h \ T-t fJ' o -r...- Iv~\\
A
Name
/::
~ T-T o
7
IJ 1)
f'
1J:
'/-J- -t-T o
IJ" < -l:h \T-t o t:;tl/v-tt\\T-To Ninensee desu.
-c-r IJ'o
A
L:: r)) "') ~ r)) juukyuusai desu.
A
t: 11 Iv
Nansai desu ka.
Senkoo wa
j;,
i;I:
Gakusee desu.
Nannensee desu ka.
0
C'
Arizona desu.
Oshigoto wa?
Q
1)
Mearii Haato desu. j;,
0
j;,
,;( 7 1) - • / \-
nan desu ka.
:··-c-r
o
Occupation/ School
Major, etc.
Age
yourself to the class.
Example: 6') i L Hajimemashite.
Ii L:: j;,
7
IJ f' 1J: 1) '/-)-
Ii)
desu.
IJ '' 1) -
i;I:
j;,
• /\-
/::
l- T-t o
Mearii Haato desu.
t:· \ \ IJ" <
ninensee desu.
Juukyuusai
j;,
-Co ,;( 7
Arizona daigaku no
Ima
o
Nihongo desu.
Nationality/ Hometown
B. Self-introduction-Introduce
7 ~ \ \ T-t
(!)
IJ" < -tt \ \ T-t o gakusee desu.
Senkoo wa
Yoroshiku
nihongo desu.
onegaishimasu.
C.
Class Activity-Ask
your classmates
what their majors are, and find someone
who has the following major.
Example:
Q :
-l± Iv ::: -) Ii -t.;.· Iv T-t n' o Senkoo wa
A:
nan desu ka.
1::/l!v:::··-c-to Nihongo desu.
name 1. Japanese
2. economics 3. English 4. history 5. business
D. Role Play-Using Dialogue as a model, make skits in the following situations. 1. You don't have a watch with you, but you need to know what time it is.
2. You'vejust met a Japanese person and want to get to know the person.
Useful Expressions
I
Time
Age
Time Hours
Minutes
1 \\t; L
1
ichiji
2 1: ,;, ,..{,
12 L rJJ 7 1: ,;,,..(,
nifun
niji
4
juuippun
ippun
2 1: L 3
3
~ ,..{, L
juunifun
~ ,..{,.)~ ,..{,
juusanpun
sanji
4 J: ,..{, .)~ ,..{,
J: L
yon pun
juuyonpun
15 L rJJ 7 :--.;,,..(,
gofun
juugofun
goji
6
;;
6 ;; < L
7
-fJ.· -fJ.· • ; ' ,..{,
juuroppun
17 L rJJ 7
nanafun
hachiji
9
< L
juuhappun
l:J: t; ,;, ,..{,
LrJJ71:J:t;.;.,..{,
hachifun
juuhachifun
7 ,),,..(,
~ rjJ
19 LrJJ7~rJJ-J.),£
kyuufun
kuji
L
juuji
juukyuufun
20 1: L rJJ -:i.)~,..{,/
L rJJ -:i .;~,..{,/
10
LrJJ7
juppun
nijuppun
L-:i.)~,..{,
I:
jippun
nijippun
LrJJJ\\t;L
L -:i .;~ ,..{,
L 30 "",..{, -
juuichiji
'0£/
rjJ -:> ,)'
sanjuppun
~ ,..{, L -:i .;~ ,..{,
12 L rJJ 7 1: L
sanjippun
juuniji
Age
£
18 L rJJ 7 l:J:-:i.)~£/
happun
8 t:t t; L
-tJ.· -tJ.· .;.
juunanafun
8 ll -:i .)~,..{,/
Lt; L shichiji
11
16 L rJJ 7 ;; -:i .;~ ,..{,
-:> .)~ ,..{,
roppun
rokuji
10
LrJJ7J:£.)~,..{,
14
5 :··.;,,..(,
5 :·· L
9
L rJJ 7 ~ ,..{,.;~ ,..{,
13
sanpun
yoji
7
L rJJ 7 \ \ -:i .;~ ,..{,
11
\ \-:> .)~,..{,
-fJ.· ,..{, ~ \
'T-9-4'
-c-t n'
1? \ \ <
-:> Oikutsu desu ka.
o/
Nansai desu ka.
o
(How old are you?)
The counter suffix.........,~ \ \ ( ... sai) is used to indicate" ... years old."
1 \\-:i~\\
5
issai
2
~ ,..{, ~
\
6 ;; <
1: ~ \ \ nisai
3
-
-·· .>.; '-..
9 ~rj)J~\\
\
gosai
kyuusai
~
\
rokusai \
\
sansai
7
jussai
11
-fJ.· -fJ.· ~ \ \
nanasai
4 J: ,..{, ~ \ \
8 (l-:i~\\
yonsai
hassai
*For 20 years old, 1:1
10 L rJJ -:i ~ \ \/ L -:i ~ \'
\
t. t; (hatachi) is
usually used, although I:
jissai
LrJJJ\'-:i~\' juuissai
20 (:J:f:i;* hatachi
l
rP ..., ~ 1 '/I:
l ..., ~
1 '
(nijussai!nijissai) can be used.
r~~~ 1J'G
L
E
~tjO)
l
II)
iJ;,
,;(
J
Sumimasen.
u t:
h.-1±0) II)
iJ;,
J
IJ l' l} -
Sore wa
~ ,{, +£' ,{,
sanzengohyaku
iJ;,
IJ l' l} -
ikura desu ka.
:·· U '<"' < i.. ,{, T-t
o
en desu.
:
Mearii
Soo desu ka.
7,i.-l±O)Ut: Mise no hito II) a;, IJ ,,
Kore wa
,;(JI}
0
ano tokee wa
Jaa,
Are wa
J
7
Takai desu ne.
Mise no hito II)
ikura desu ka.
sanzen en desu.
h.-1±0) u t:
5 ,;(
6
Kore wa
:
Mearii 4
K02-01102
-'(- fl ( ;t ~ ,{, -lf ,{, ;;{_ ,{, --c-g
Mise no hito 3 ,;(
GD
e
u
g
0
:
Mearii 2
a
Mary goes to a flea market. IJ l' l} -
N······························2J
0
Shopping
D
0
s
S
Are mo
: fl i;t -1± ,<., i;t ".)
takai desu ne.
u '<"'
< i.. ,<., -c-t J: o
senhappyaku en desu yo.
-
Mearii
sono tokee o
Jaa,
kudasai.
*
*
*
A man finds a wallet on the ground. a
LG-t-,f\'Ut: Shiranai hito II)
iJ;,
9 ,;(
J
IJ l' l} -
Mearii
@ After shopping, -)
;{_
7 i-
;{_
/::
~
Ueetoresu II)
iJ;,
2 ,;(
J
Mearii
IJ l' l} -
JL
·j-
l-<~
I/)
\ ' G ".) L
'<"' \ '
i -1± o
lrasshaimase.
t:" 7
GD
Mary goes to a restaurant. 'i>
-)
zz, -
Menyuu o
to .; fl
Doomo.
IC
,;(-=-
(;t
Kore wa
-t-J.',{, T-9-IJ' o nan desu ka.
~
K02-03/04
r:·· 7 doozo.
f''o
~2~··•59
~
;Z
;Z
I::
tL
-t
71-r VA ,, ,-,( 7"' ') -
Dore desu ka.
Mearii
Tonkatsu?
Ueetoresu IJ
Ii)
4
~
5
;Z
;Z
I::
r tL
o
-t lie,
sakana ja nai desu.
Mearii
Jaa,
kore o
Niku desu.
*
-t
Mearii
Sumimasen.
;Z
I::
;Z
i'L
7i-rvA
-t
,-,( 7"'
.H i
-t:L<.1
I::
tL
r1
a
*
*
,,
t- Ii
Toi re wa
r··:::: T-t
iJ'
doko desu ka.
~~:::: T-ta Asoko desu.
Ueetoresu Ii)
onegaishimasu.
,,
IJ
,-,( 7"' ') ~
9
-c-r iJ'
,, ,-,( 7"' ') -
Ii)
8
-r,j_·
Sakana desu ka.
IJ
Ii)
7
Iv iJ'--:J ? ~ iJ'
7i-r VA Ueetoresu
6
ton katsu desu.
Aa,
,,
IJ l] -
~ iJ iJ'
Mearii
z7
-·· >(
'-
-
\
\
i
-t
0
gozaimasu.
Arigatoo
Mary: Excuse me. How much is this? Vendor: It is 3,000 yen. Mary: It's expensive. Well then, how much is that watch? Vendor: That is 3,500 yen. Mary: I see. That is expensive, too. Vendor: This is 1,800 yen. Mary: Then, I'll take that watch.
*
*
*
Stranger: Whose wallet is this? Mary: It's my wallet. Thank you very much.
® Waitress: Welcome. Here's the menu. Mary: Thank you. What is this? Waitress: Which one? Oh, it is tonkatsu (pork cutlet). Mary: Tonkatsu? Is it fish? Waitress: No, it is not fish. It is meat. It is delicious. Mary: Then, I'll have this.
*
*
Mary: Excuse me. Where is the restroom? Waitress: It is over there. Mary: Thank you very much.
a
Oishii desu yo.
tc_ v s
Word
0
b
a
c
That
fu
Po
(11 u
a
r
y
n t
* :::: ;ft * -t ;ft * <});ft
kore
this one
sore
that one
are
that one (over there)
* t:'' ;ft
dore
which one
::::
kono
* -t
sono
this ... that .. _
ano
that . .
t:"
dono
which ...
koko
here
-e ;
soko
there
*
asoko
over there
* t:"'::::
doko
where
*
dare
who
* 1-J\\L\\ * ~ iJ'fJ.·
oishii
delicious
sakana
fish
* t: Iv iJ'--J * 1: < * ~ .:::...::i..-
tonkatsu
pork cutlet
niku
meat
menyuu
menu
yasai
vegetable
i.. Iv (./--J
enpitsu
pencil
iJ' ~
kasa
umbrella
iJ'if'!v
kaban
bag
<
kutsu
shoes
,),
saifu
wallet
/ ;(
jiinzu
t.:· ;ft
(over there)
Food
1:
VJ
"'
~
-\'°'~\\
Things
* ~
--J \
:)-
\
L L J: LT,.{,L-\" L1v.;:1v
jisho
jeans dictionary
j itensha
bicycle
shinbun
newspaper
T ~-\""/
ti ishatsu
T-shirt
tokee
watch; clock
t
,,
/.., i'
-c ..v- t. ~
"J
* tit\\ * Words that appear
in the dialogue
K02-05
-~
nooto
notebook
pen boos hi
pen hat; cap
hon
book
kissaten
cafe
ginkoo
bank
to ire
toilet; restroom
toshokan
library
yuubinkyoku
post office
7 ~ 1) tJ
Amerika
U.S.A.
1:f
lgirisu
Britain
/-r
I:
JS
0)
~/ "'-
A,
117 L { l ,.(, Places ~
-:> ~
-r ,.(,
~-· ,.(, .; 7 *
v
r
1
z
L J: IJ' ,.<_,
I: \'
tl
rJJ 7 rJ ,.<_, ~
J:
<
Countries j;
~'
l/;J
1)
1)
~- !J
ti'
::Z. -t
IJ' ,.(,
=<
Kankoku
Korea
-t; rP
7 =·· <
Chuugoku
China
keezai
economics
konpyuutaa
computer
bijinesu
business
*1.~L
rekishi
history
i I y fJ ' ;}, ~ ,.(, t?t-J~,.(,
okaasan
mother
otoosan
father
ikura
how much
... en
...
takai
expensive; high
Majors It\'~--\, :J/to.::i.-5':::_;.,
(f
r;~tc;l;
t' :/ ;t, ::Z. (ftti-j·
Fam j:)
Money ~ ~
Matters
* \' < G * ,.___, i. ,.(, * f::.IJ'\ \ Exp
re s s
yen
o n s
* \' G -_, L '<' \ 'i 1± irasshaimase * ("-'f)t?h.lJ'\' L i-f ( o) onegaishimasu * ("' f) < t:· ~ \ ' ( o) kudasai
Welcome (to our store).
* t '<' ;},
jaa
then ... ; if that is the case, ...
* t•' 7 ..z:·
doozo
Please., Here it is.
* t•' 7 t
doomo
Thank you.
... ,please. Please give me . .
G
r
m
a
m
a
r
What do we do when we want to talk about things that we do not know the names of? We say "this thing;' "that one;' and so forth. In Japanese, we use kore, sore, and are.
< G Ti"" n'o
.; fl.Ii
\'
Kore wa
ikura desu ka.
How much is this?
-t fl.Ii
~ £1±"£ ~..{,Ti"" o
Sore wa
sanzen en desu.
That is 3,000 yen.
Kore refers to a thing that is close to you, the speaker ("this thing here"). Sore is something
that is close to the person you are talking to ("that thing in front of you"), and are refers to a thing that is neither close to the speaker nor the listener ("that one over there").
"-
/'(
/,,,
s fl ( i
hf::. L (7) '"'/Ti"" o
Are wa
watashi no
pen desu.
"-
Iv
Iv
: fl ( i hf::. L (7) '"'/Ti"" o
-til'L(i hf::. L(J) '"'/Ti""o
Kore wa
Sore wa
watashi no
pen desu.
watashi no
pen desu.
There is also an expression dare for "which:' Here we will learn to use dare in sentences like:
r·· fl.Ti"" n, o Dore desu ka.
Which one is it (that you are talking about)?
In this lesson, we will not explore the full extent to which the word dare can be put to use, because there is a slight complication with question words like dare. Question words like dare and nani cannot be followed by the particle wa. Instead, you must use the particle ga and say: ....Z
/v
r··;tt h{ S -t-J.· t: if> "'"'- / T-t h' a Dore ga
-
Which one is your pen?
pen desu ka.
anata no
L_0)/7c0)(®0)/
cO) +noun
If you want to be slightly more specific than kore, sore, and are, you can use kono, sono, and ano together with a noun. (Note here that the re series must always stand alone, while the no series must always be followed by a noun.) Thus, if you know that the item in your hand is a watch (tokee), instead of:
:::ittli
\'<
Kore wa
ikura desu ka.
GT-th'a
How much is this?
you can say: How much is this watch? Kono tokee wa
ikura desu ka.
Similarly, if you are talking about a watch that is held by the person you are talking to, you can say: That watch is 3, 000 yen. Sono tokee wa
sanzen en desu.
And if the watch is far from both the speaker and the listener, you can say: That watch over there is 3,500 yen. Ano tokee wa
sanzengohyaku
en desu.
If you already know that one of several watches is 3,500 yen but do not know which, you can say:
Dono tokee ga
sanzengohyaku
en desu ka.
Since dona is a question word, just like dare discussed above, we cannot use the particle wa with it; we must use ga.
To summarize: Lft(I~~)
-tfl(I~~) ®fl(!~~) c:rtCtJ'~)
LO) noun -tO) noun il50) noun cO) noun
(I~~) (I~~) (I~~) (tJ'~)
close to the person speaking close to the person listening far from both people unknown
We will learn just one more ko-so-a-do set in this lesson: koko, soko, asoko, and doko are words for places. here, near me there, near you over there where
LL
You can ask for directions by saying: Excuse me. Where is the post office? Sumimasen.
Yuubinkyoku wa
doko desu ka.
If you are close by, you can point toward the post office and say: (The post office is) right over there. (Yuubinkyoku wa)
asoko desu.
We will learn how to give more specific directions in Lesson 4.
a
titl.O) noun
In Lesson 1, we learned how to say things like Mearii san no denwa bangoo (Mary's phone number) and Takeshi san no okaasan (Takeshi's mother). We now learn how to ask who something belongs to. The question word for "who" is dare, and for "whose;' we simply add the particle no.
.; fl. I ;;t
t:' fl.(!)
ii' I ;f ,.(, T'-t ii'
Kore wa
dare no
kaban desu ka.
Whose bag is this?
o
Sore wa
Suu san no
That is Sue's bag.
kaban desu.
B
nount>
In Lesson 1, we learned how to say "Item A is this, item Bis that:' We now learn how to say "Item A is this, and item B is this, too:'
t;:: It L ~,.(,Ii 1:: 11 ,.(, t.:: ,.(, T-t Takeshi san wa
J.;. t; .; ~ ,.(, .t_ I :: I l ,.(, t.:: ,.(, T-t Michiko san mo
o
Takeshi is a Japanese person.
o
Michiko is Japanese, too.
nihonjin desu.
nihonjin desu.
Note that these two sentences are almost identical in shape. This is natural, as they both claim that a certain person is Japanese. The second sentence, however, is different from the first in that we do not find the particle wa in it. We have mo instead. Mo is a particle that indicates that that item, too, has the given property. One thing that you should watch out for is exactly where the particle is placed. In English, the word "too" can be placed after the sentence as a whole, as in the example above. Not so in Japanese. In the above example, mo must directly follow Michiko san.
!Ai \ B:
1·
Id: 1:J
two items
: X: \ X ~
c9o c9o
i
shared property
A isX. B too is X. 1
To negate a statement of the form X wa Y desu, where Y is a noun, you replace desu with ja nai desu.2 Mr. Yamada is not a student. Yamada san wa
1
gakusee ja nai desu.
We cannot use mo to describe a situation like the following: Our friend, Pat, has dual citizenship; Pat is a Japanese, but at the same time, she is an American. To describe the second half of this situation, we cannot say, Patto mo amerikajin desu, because the sentence would mean that Pat, in addition to somebody that has been mentioned, is an American. Neither can we say, Patto wa amerikajin mo desu. (Japanese speakers would say, Patto wa amerikajin demo arimasu.) 2 In the dialogues, there are two sentences that end with desu, which call for special attention: Are mo takai desu ne (That one too is expensive), and Oishii desu yo (It is delicious). These sentences cannot be negated by replacing desu with ja nai desu, because takai and oishii are not nouns. Are mo takai ja nai desu and oishii [a nai desu are therefore not grammatical. Instead, one would have to say takaku nai desu and oishiku nai desu. We will learn about the conjugation pattern of adjectives in Lesson 5.
fa nai desu is very colloquial. The more formal replacement for nai desu is arimasen. fa is a contraction of de wa, which is more formal and more appropriate in the written language. Thus in addition to the above sentence, you also find: You find several stylistic variants in negative sentences.
~it:·~ ,.Cli fr>:<-l±\' Yamada san wa
~it:·~,.(,
L '(>~
1)
i-l±,.(,o
(more conservative speech style)
1)
i
-tt ,.Co
(formal, appropriate for writing)
gakusee ja arimasen.
Ii -IJ"
Yamada san wa
<
-l±\ ,-tli ~
gakusee de wa arimasen.
affirmative:
(X let) Y c9 o
negative:
(X let) Y
Xis Y.
t.:; t> ta:l 'c9 o ut>®IJ*ttfvo clet® IJ *ttfvo
Xis not Y.
Statements often end with the tags ne or yo, depending on the way the speaker views the interaction with the listener. If the speaker is seeking the listener's confirmation or agreement to what has been said, then ne ("right?") could be added. !J
\,)
IJ - ~
,.{,(!)
-\::t s.: J Ii .):,.{,7;{ senkoo wa
Rii san no
<
T-fho
Ms. Lee, your major is literature, right?
bungaku desu ne.
:::;ttli
1:<
Kore wa
niku ja nai desu ne.
L'(>r.,1.·\'T-tho
This is not meat, is it?
Another particle, yo ("I tell you"), is added to a statement if the speaker wants to assure the listener of what has been said. With yo added, a statement becomes an authoritative decree.
t:
,.(,iJ'-J
Tonkatsu
Ii
wa
~
iJ'-f.,1.·
L '(>
-f.,1.·\
'T-t J: o
sakana ja nai desu yo.
Let me assure you. "Tonkatsu" is not fish. -9
;,. -9
:A ~ :A ~
''
!S
,.(,Ii 1 .:¥'
Sumisu san wa
rJ 1)
igirisujin
-9
:A
L ,.(, T-t J: o
desu yo.
(In case you're wondering,) Mr. Smith is British.
~2~•»67
r Expression
(-;a:)< tC:~l,' ~ ( . .
Notes
o) kudasai is "Please give me X." You can use it to request
(concrete) items in general.
(-;a:) (6~1J'il,'
u *9
~ ( ..
o) onegaishimasu too is a request for item X. When
used to ask for a concrete object, ( . . upscale than ( o) kudasai. It is heard ("I will have "). ( ... o) onegaishimasu jects," such as repairs, explanations, and
o) onegaishimasu sounds slightly more often when ordering food at a restaurant can also be used to ask for "abstract obunderstanding.
c-;a:)c5i:'~ ( ...
o) doozo is used when an offer is made with respect to item X. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when she is about to hand the menu to the customer. It may also be used when a person is waiting for you to come forth with item X; a telephone operator, asking for your name, would probably say Onamae o doozo. ( 0 is a politeness marker. Therefore onamae is "your honorable name.")
On the pronunciation of number words ~ Note that the words for 300, 600, 800, 3,000, and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is h, like hyaku (hundred), generally change shape after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that begin withs, like sen (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8. Refer to the table at the end of the volume. Big numbers ~ In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds (hyaku), and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (man). Thus 20,000, for example, is niman ( = 2 x 10,000), rather than nijuusen ( = 20 x 1,000). While the next unit marker in Western languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100 x 10,000, that is, hyakuman. More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples. 234,567
23 x 10,000 4x 1,000 sx 100 6X 10 7
~: L ~ -J
2' Iv i Iv J: lv-tt Iv
::::-{}~ < o
(nijuusanman) (yonsen) (gohyaku) (rokujuu)
7'd:7'd: (nana)
3
':tl/vO) ~iP.tl Nihon no okane
Japanese Currency
Japan's official currency is the yen, which is pronounced
en in Japanese. The bills and coins
currently in circulation are the following: 10,000-yen bill
5,000-yen bill
2,000-yen bill
A portrait of Yukichi Fukuzawa (1835-1901 ), a philosopher and the founder of Keio University.
A portrait of lchiyoo Higuchi (1872-1896), a writer and poet.
Shurei Gate, the second gate of Shuri Castle in Okinawa.
1,000-yen bill
500-yen coin
100-yen coin
5-yen coin
1-yen coin
A portrait of Hideyo Noguchi (18761928), a bacteriologist who devoted himself to yellow fever research.
50-yen coin
10-yen coin
All bills and coins are different sizes. For example, the bills slightly descend in length from 10,000 yen to 1,000 yen. Although
credit cards are now widespread in Japan, some small
shops and restaurants do not accept them, even in major cities. Consequently, most people usually carry a certain amount of cash with them, and ATMs can be found almost everywhere. Pre-paid cards are available are not used in Japan.
for use for public transportation and shopping. Personal checks
p
tlfuL.,~3
r
c t
a
c e
G)9'3L.J (Numbers) 100
G!l
u '(' <
1,000
1::: U '(' <
2,000
hyaku
200
~ ,.{_, 7J '(' <
3,000
<
j:,{,7.}>(>
4,000
;s -:; -fJ.' .,.J.,
u '('
<
(;t-:;
u '(' <
7,000
u '(' <
( ;t -:;
8,000
50,000
9,000
60,000
-1± ,.{_,
70,000
(a)
34
(b) 67
(f)
515
(g) (1)
.,.J., .,.J.,
80,000
(ii;i,.C hachiman
-1± ,.{_,
90,000
~rP-Ji,.C kyuuman
G!] Ko2.07 (c) 83
(d) 99
(e)
125
603
(h) 850
( i) 1,300
(j)
3,400
35,000
(m)
64,500
(n) 92,340
B. Look at the pictures and answer how much the things are. G!] «oz.cs ,.,_
Example:
i ,.{_,
nanaman
-1± ,.{_,
~ t1J -)
;s < i ,.{_, rokuman
kyuusen
Read the following numbers.
.: i ,.{_, go man
hassen
~rPJU'('<
(k) 8,900
-fJ.' .,.J.,
l,.Ci,.C yon man
nanasen
kyuuhyaku
A.
40,000
rokusen
happyaku
900
l ,.C-1± ,.{_,
:S<-1±,.C
6,000
~,.Ci,{, sanman
gosen
nanahyaku
800
30,000
=·· -1± ,.{_,
5,000
roppyaku
700
~ ,.C-t:LC yon sen
=·· u '(' <
1::: i ,.{_, niman
sanzen
gohyaku
600
20,000
nisen
yonhyaku
500
ichiman
I::: -I±,.{_,
sanbyaku
400
\\i;i,.C
10,000
sen
nihyaku
300
-1± ,.{_,
/..,
0 : "'"'- / (;t \ \ Pen wa
<
G
-r·-t
-e,
~'o
/..,
Ex. ......::.:;.,;
ikura desu ka.
A: Iii; L rP-) ;t,.CT-90 Hachijuu en desu.
¥80
K02-06
70 ••• ~ili!i . ><:;~ti
(1) )._
/v (}o--;)
(2) fr~
(3)
L 1v.;:1v
(4)
11 Iv
~
¥50
<--;)
(5)
¥ 1,000 I
I
t:
(6)
(t\
¥ 110
I
\
(7)
I
h'lf'!v
¥ 1,500
I
L'. L .1:
(8)
&~ ¥3,500
I
L
(9) /-
,,
I
Iv -r / 7.''
I
(10)
¥ 10,000
L'.
¥20,000
I
([)
-r Iv L ""'
B
(11) / -
I
vs.ooo
I
I:
l-
(12)
If 7 L
~
I ¥9,ooo
C.
I
I ¥25,ooo
I
I
¥450
I
I ¥2,800
I
Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A and the other looks at picture B (p. 80). (Don't look at the other picture.) Find out the price of all items. Example:
A:
<
G T-th'o
)._fv(}"-J(;t
\'
Enpitsu wa
ikura desu ka.
Hyaku en desu.
~2~•»71
Picture A
,
~
~
I ¥36,oool
I ¥ 1,200 I
{]
~
I¥
A.
¥
I¥ 1 o,oool
1¥
I ¥s,ooo I
1¥
Items (1) through (6) are near you, and items (7) through (12) are near your friend. Your friend asks what these things are called in Japanese. Pay attention to z n (kore) and -tn (sore). G!] Ko2-09 Example 1:
Friend : -f ;ft Ii Sore wa
Example 2: -tJ.· .-..z
You : : ;ftli Kore wa
Iv T-t -/;'a
Friend:
nan desu ka.
:;ftli Kore wa
Iv
'"'/ T-t a
-r.J.'/vT-t-lJ'o nan desu ka. lL'l.t'L
You : -f flli
pen desu.
Sore wa
"<
-::>
T :/ t' '/ T-t a tiishatsu desu.
:'%
(8~(y··
~~u)
(IO)
Friend
0//
B.
Look at the picture and tell what each building
Example:
0 A
S;ft.(;J:
-tJ.·!vTi"iJ'o
Are wa
nan desu ka.
-c·-t
sn!;t
t L J: iJ'lv
Are wa
toshokan desu.
is.
8!] Ko2-10
o
BANK
Libra.ry t:I
CJ
co
O
o
SD
c IJ cc
00 0 0
D
c
(1)
C.
(4)
(2)
Pair Work-Point out five things in the classroom and ask your partner what they are using (kore), (sore), or ®fl (are). Refer the picture on p. 83 for the vocabulary.
c:::n
-tn
Example 1:
A:
Example 2:
S;ft.!;t
-tJ.·!vT-tn'o
Are wa
nan desu ka.
A : f" ;ft. I ;t -tJ.· !v T-t iJ' o Sore wa
nan desu ka. ,..,_
B: S;ft.!;t Are wa
A.
Iv
B: :;ft.!;J: '"'-/T-90
t It\ 'Ti" o tokee desu.
Kore wa
pen desu.
Look at the pictures and make sentences using C:::O) (kono), -tO) (sono), or ®O) (ano). 8!] Ko2-11 Example:
Ex.
Iv U°-J (;J:
: (7) ;t Kono enpitsu wa
7y
<
L:: tP -) ;t
Iv T-9 o
rokujuu en desu.
(1)
¥68,000
¥60
~2~··•73
(4)
(3)
(5) ' ,,
' 0¥17,000 0
,.
,,
~ ¥4,300
¥3,500
B. Pair Work-One of you looks at card A and the other looks at card B (p. 81). Ask and answer questions to find out the price of each item. Use 'C..O) (kono), f:O) (sono), or
::: <7)LL{,!i \'
Customer :
Kono hon wa
Store attendant : l:: -1± Iv U ~
< G -r·-tiJ'o
ikura desu ka.
< ;{_ Iv T-t
o
Nisen hyaku en desu.
Customer:
L::~;f:,,
-f:<7)fJ'~~
laa,
sono kasa o
kudasai.
Card A ¥1,800
(1)
¥
(4)
¥ ¥315
%:::.
"9
/
¥
¥7,350
lt=J
(5)~
(2)
(3)~
Part I. You are a store attendant. Tell
Part II. You are a customer. Ask
the customer how much each item is.
for the prices of items (1)-(5).
Look at the pictures and answer where the following are.
@!] Ko2-12 BANk
Ex.
Example:
7
A : -t J,.. i -l::Lto ~--Iv: Sur'nimasen.
0
0
0
0
0
Ii
Ginkoo wa
t:'': T-9-IJ'o doko desu ka.
Asoko desu. Arigatoo
I:
(1) "
,,
gozaimasu.
l1.
(2) t
1 t-
L
J:
-/;'Iv
toshokan
toire
(3) ~-~
< --:) kutsu
@. 0
(4)-\"'
llJ
i L f::-1± Iv-I±\'
1:
(5) ,,( .:::...
Yamashita sensee
"' ? ::I.. -
( 6)
L: L J: jisho
menyuu
Pair Work-Point at each item below (picture A) and ask whose it is. Your partner will refer to the picture B (p. 82) and tell you who it belongs to. Example:
A
t:-*10"> -/;'~ T-9-IJ'o
: *11i Kore wa llJ
B
;;,
I)
dare no
kasa desu ka.
\'
,,( 7 I} - ~ Iv 0) Mearii san no
-/;' ~ T-t kasa desu.
0
Picture A
(1)
(2)
(3) ~
63g ca~
v
Switch roles with your partner.
(7)@
(6)
(4)
(8)
8
rf:j
(9)~
(5) ~
(10~
~
Look at the pictures below and describe each picture. Example:
B!] Ko2-13 Ex. Japanese
}; t: ~ ~,{,Ii
1: (l ,{, t ,{, T-t
Otoosan wa
nihonjin
desu.
Okaasan mo
nihonjin
desu.
Father
o
Mother
~ ( 1) second year Mary
(2)
rs.soo
/
Carlos
A
(3) 22-years old Takeshi
~
Robert
(4) 7:00
( 6) U. of London students
(5) vegetable
Seoul
Robert
Tokyo
A. Look at the chart on the next page and answer the questions. II)
Q
Example:
if;
,;( 7
IJ \' 1) -
~,(,Ii
I:::
Mearii san wa
A
1.
:>,
2.
nihonjin ja nai desu.
If
chuugokujin
if; /::
IJ 1)
if; /I)
O/\'l- ~,(,Ii Robaato san wa
3. -\"
7 _;(
0
If
if;
-tt,<.,:-Jli senkoo wa
lt\'~--\'Ti""iJ'o keezai desu ka.
~ < 0t:·\,iJ{<(J)
fJ{<-tl-\'Ti""iJ'o
Sakura daigaku no
gakusee desu ka.
if;
IJ
:>,
I'
/,,
/::'
/,,
,i7')-~A,li
o/F/t:·\,iJ{<(J)
fJ{<-tl-\'Ti""iJ'o
Mearii san wa
Rondon daigaku
gakusee desu ka.
no
f:tt L ~ A,!i 1:::ti,Z,-tl-\ ,-z---tiJ'o A. - ~ 0
If
if;
ninensee desu ka.
,(,Ii \ '-t; ti ,(,{t \ 'T-9 iJ' o
Suu san wa
10.
nihongo desu ka.
f:ltL~A,li
Takeshi san wa -t -?
9.
Ii 1:::11,z,:-·-r---rn'o
Takeshi san wa II)
8.
desu ka.
r
Suu san no
7.
7'7 L ,(, Ti""iJ'o
i::
5. A.-~,(,(]) 6.
desu ka.
O/\'~,(,(])-ct,(,:-) Robaato san no senkoo wa -t -?
ichinensee
i::
r
O/\'~,(,Ii Robaato san wa
J:
desu ka.
tJ.,(,{t\
'Ti""iJ'o
yonensee desu ka.
-/J'
Amerikajin desu.
sc : < L ,(, Ti""iJ'o kankokujin desu ka.
i L f:-tl-A,-t:h'Ii
1)
7 _;( I) 7'7 L ,(, T-t
il'
amerikajin
Yamashita sensee wa
4.
if; II) 0
f: It L ~ A,!i -t; rt>-) :·· < L ,(, Ti""iJ'o
Takeshi san wa
BJ Ko2-14
11,(, L ,<_, ·-c-tiJ'o
nihonjin desu ka.
\ \ \ \ ;;(_ ' I::: I l ,(, L ,(, L -\" fJ.'\ \ T-t lie,
Nancy
0
~2WI! ••• 77
Hart, Mary
~t G
f: It L
Kimura
Takeshi
Kim, Sue
Smith, Robert
-\" i Lt:-t!t{,-1± \' Yamashita sensee
Nationality
American
Japanese
Korean
British
Japanese
School
U. of Arizona
Sakura Univ.
Seoul Univ.
U. of London
Sakura Univ.
Major
Japanese
history
computer
business
(Japanese teacher)
Year
2nd year
4th year
3rd year
4th year ~
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner whose belongings items (1) through (7) (picture A) are. Your partner will refer to the picture B (p. 78) and answer the questions. II)
A
Example:
~
~\1,),T-9-IJ'0
Kore wa
Mearii san no
saifu desu ka.
\'
Iv (!)
Mearii san no
~ \ \ ') '
t -\" fJ.· \ \ T-t
Ex. 0
saifu ja nai desu.
IJ \' 1)-~/v(!)
~\\,),T-f-lJ'o
Rii san no
saifu desu ka. I}
B
IJ
~
\ \ \ \ ;;{_ ' ;J 7 I) - ~ lie,
A
\'
;})1)-~/v(!) II)
B
I}
:;tt(;J:
0
\'
ii,
1)-~/v(!)
~\,,),T-to
Ee,
Rii san no
saifu desu.
Picture A (1)
p
~ (6)
(5)
~
(3)
(2)
\
(7)
\/!!!/
(4)
tt!l
Picture B ri)
;ji,
IJ
p
')-
Mearii
Rii
®*c6b0) A.
1)
,,( 7 ') -
\,.'
J: 7
Yooko
=
4lfvLA~5 (Review Exercises)
Role Play-One student is a store attendant. The other is a customer. Use Dialogue I as a model.
~dO -tf3jf!)-
~2~··•79
B. Role Play-One student is a waiter/waitress. The other student goes to a restaurant. Look at the menu below and order some food or drink, using Dialogue II as a model. (See Culture Note in Lesson 8 [p. 207] for more information on Japanese food.)
T
If
If
')
-c
,,
A_/{Jf',;;7-1
"
-t (;f
;j;,
\'
71
T
<
Iv
I:'
i -
-If / F 1
IJ
\'
t:
A. 7 ') -J..,.
q
ll: Iv
Ii
;J;,
')
1-
~<
;J;,
/\//{-fl-
~ ~
t,
';I
C. Look at the picture and ask who each person is. Then, add more questions about their nationality,
Example:
A
occupation,
t.:·il'l T-t h'o
::: it(i Kore wa
B
//;
;J;;
;J
7
IJ
etc., as in the example.
dare desu ka. C>
1) -
"t-t
~ ,.(,
Ex.
o
Mearii san desu. C> !'[ 1) T
1 ;f '):A L ,.(, T-th'o
A
lgirisujin
desu ka. C>
B
~·
IJ
\ '\ ';t,
1.: r1)
lie,
igirisujin
//;
IJ
7
;J
1)
IJ
{'
L '<'
-rJ.·\
'T-t o
ja nai desu.
iJ'
7J L ,.(, T-t o
Amerikajin
T
:AL,.(,
desu. too
71) '/-Tt.:·\'h'< Arizona daigaku
no
0)
h'<-l±\'T·-to ga kusee desu.
-f 7 T-th'o
A
Soo desu ka.
Pair Work (D C. Example:
==================================================== (- p. 70)
A Enpitsu wa
ikura desu ka.
U '<' < ;t ,.(, T-t o
B
~¥100
Hyaku en desu.
I
Picture B
¥
I
¥4.soo
I
I
¥3.7ool
I
¥7.ooo
I
Pair Work
@ B. ========================================================================== ( _____. p. 73)
Example:
Customer :
< G T-tlJ'o
:: O)(l,Z,li
\'
Kono hon wa
ikura desu ka.
Store attendant : I:
-1± ,{., U
'<"
< ;;{. ,{., -c--r
o
Nisen hyaku en desu.
* Customer:
L::
*
'\"S,
Jaa,
*
7<:0)1J'~ ~
< t:·~\'o
sono kasa o
kudasai.
Card B (4)
(2)
¥
¥
¥1,050 ¥3,780
(5)
~fl/~~~~
¥53
¥ ~~ ¥9,450
Ex. ¥2,100 ~
(3)~1¥_~ Part I. You are a customer. Ask for the
Part II. You are a store attendant. Tell
prices of items (1)-(5).
the customer how much each item is.
Pair Work
® =============================================================== (-p.74)
Example:
A
t: .rt
fr~
dare no
kasa desu ka.
ii>
B
-c-r iJ'
: .rt ii Kore wa if;,
;J I
IJ t> 1) - ~
Mearii san no
s.«:
fJ' ~ T-t
o
0
kasa desu.
Picture B
_,
-?
/ZSuu
//)
f::.lt L Takeshi
if;,
IJ
t'
;JI I} Mearii
"'
/;f
0 / \'-
a;, I: ~
Robaato
\"i L
t: -tt ,<.,-tt \
Yamashita sensee
1
Useful Expressions
I n
the
Class
room iJ'
= < (;;f ,.{_,
d; -C
lo
7]-j--/ kaaten
-z-·,.<_,~
kokuban
denki t: '"'
FT doa
;,
I I
/
Ii,.<_, ----+h.~ hon
\ \-t isu
keshigomu
I.I' I ;;f ,.<_, kaban
:--'"\
hf.1'1) i Lf:f.l'o-------wakarimashita
Do you understand?
ka.
hf.I' 1) i L t., ------------I understand.II understood. Wakarimashita.
h I.I' 1) i -1± ,.{_, o
------------
I don't understand.II don't know.
Wakarimasen.
l'1:>
-:>
<
< t:· ~ \ \
\ \-:> T itte kudasai.
1)
Yukkuri
o -------
t 7 \ \ t c::·· \ \ -:> T < t:· ~ \ \ o Moo ichido
t
J:
-:>
\ 1
Please say it again.
itte kudasai.
t
i-:>
Chotto ~
-------
Please say it slowly.
T
< t:· ~ \
\o
-------
Please wait.
matte kudasai.
T <
t:· ~ \ \
o ------------
Please listen./Please ask.
Kiite kudasai.
""' .z 10 '"'--/
Juppeeji o
l:.
~ h. T
< t:·~ \
mite kudasai.
\o
-------
Please look at page 10.
s
s
N
0
3J
Making a Date
D
0 l
t: ( t
2 ,;(
7
,;( 7 I) - ~ Iv ' ii!
L : 1)
-
-t 7 T-t tlo i -t
f:(tL:
t: \ 'T
±BIB!ii;J:--)t: t' J:-? 1f
L:-\"
f:ltL:
1 ,;(
7
1) -
:
\ '\
e
u
G!] K03-01;02 ! ;t f: \ \ ( \ \ 1PJ f L i -t ii' >1:1:
\' 7 t; T~ 7~ L i rZ/v~
J:-3
7 1) - :
,;(
2
};~~Iv : ;l;•ji,
3 ,;(
7
1) -
:
t' J:-? 1f
.. · · o
BBIB!;tt:''-JT--fii'o
'T--f tlo
G!] K03-03/04
1? ! Ll: 7 .: ~-- \ ' i -t o 1? Ii .J: 7 o .!f-\ 'T-t tlo Ii-? ;;{_;;{_,
~8(j:jf:~(::f[~i--fo -?
5 J:? C:
!.. '
Jf:~Tgj(@J"f.Jf,i--fo ~
J:
?
c
x_ \, \ -/J{
;l;•ji,
7
1) -
:
1Lmt :··.; T-t <
o
L.
a_t :·-~i;t?
61:;~~/v:
li/v
;l;•ji,
7 ,;( 8
7
1) -
:
};~~Iv:
i;l:/v
~"" i -tr Iv t: -t 7 T--fii'o
0
;l;•ji,
9 ,;(
7
1)
-
:
t: ~
J;.
;{_cqj<
};~~!v:
5 ,;(
t..
1: i? J:-? rJ
~ J:
4
T
L-\"ih, ±BIB(::Gj(@Jf.Jf,i-ttlvii'o
@ On Sunday morning, at Mary's host family's. 1
+,
0
0
-t-JT--fii'·· .. · o
s ,;(/1)-: 6
*
l>J>? ;!'-:>
:
g
0
Mary and Takeshi are talking.
3 4
a
\\--)(~i--fo
t-\" ch, \ \--) ( G--) L-\" \ 'o
h-
r-- ~ Gj(@J f Jl x._1,, N
7-)..
Takeshi: Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend? Mary: Let's see. I usually study at home. But I sometimes see movies. Takeshi: I see ....
Then, would you like to see a movie on Saturday?
Mary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit., Saturday is a little bit [inconvenient] Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday? Mary: That's fine.
® Mary: Good morning. Host mother: Good morning. You are early, aren't you? Mary: Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today. I will see a movie in Kyoto. Host mother: Good. Around what time will you come back? Mary: Around nine. Host mother: How about dinner? Mary: I will not eat. Host mother: I see. Well, have a nice day. Mary: Good-bye.
A~r:i,
rn EJJ
... )
G1l K03-05 a
Ii
u
a
r
y
Nouns Entertainmentand Sports
* ;t\'fr"
1? JA" <
:s··
8*@!
movie
iit~
music
n~
L ::z.~--y "'J
magazine sports
-r·- r
date (romantic, not calendar)
-=;-.:::...::z. 7 t- t:'
tennis
TV
Foods and Drinks 1)-f-,.
71::Z.7
~=--~ 1?5@ 1?~
ice cream breakfast sake; alcohol green tea coffee
aJE::::-·1R
dinner hamburger
o 7;., =·· (i ,{.,
~=--~
h-f
1.J(.
water
*
home; house
~t:X
school
~ B}iB
morning
lunch
Places \
\
;{
* 7 t; fJ" "'J
.;
7
home; house; my place
Time
* ~ J: 7
*
".J
when ~8
=-·.;
:::: ,{., ( ;f ,{.,
* L1117i-=> * ~·'J: 7 (./
* Words that appear in the dialogue
tomorrow today at about ...
~Bjt
~* ±BIB
tonight weekend Saturday
* 1:t;J: 7 rl i\'l:i;
Sunday every day
i \'IL{,
every night
U-verbs
* \\<
to go (destination 1:1~)
* -Ir;:{. 6
to go back; to return (destination I: I~) to listen; to hear ("' f) to drink ("'
f )
to speak; to talk (language
f I
-n
to read ("' f) Ru-verbs
}; ~ 6 * f::.""' 6
to get up
t.16 * h.6
to sleep; to go to sleep
to eat ("'
f )
to see; to look at; to watch ("' f)
Irregular
Verbs
<6
*6
* -9 6 *
to come (destination I:/"""-) to do ("' f)
~~-9 6
to study ("'
f )
Adjectives
* \ \\ \
good
* Ii~\'
early
Adverbs
I)
+
negative
-\:f A.,-t:f ,{, + negative
not much ~
?'&
not at all
* t: \ \ l \ \
usually
* i;J:-,t:: * t:: ~ t::''~
a little
J: <
sometimes often; much
Expressions
* -Z: 7 T-9 t.l * Tt * t::·· 7 T-9-IJ'
That's right; Let me see. but How about . .
?; How is ... ?
G
0
a
r
m
m
a
r
Verb Conjugation
Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms: (1) the "dictionary forms;' (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present tense negative forms. 1 There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation patterns, and an example of each is below.
ru-verb
u-verb
verb bases dictionary forms present, affirmative present, negative
tabe :$:~.Q
ik
stems
:$:~
(to eat) :E!~*9 to :E!~*i±fu to to
to
fi< ,, (to go) fiE*9 ,, 2 fiE*i±fu ,, fiE ,,
~.......:: ~ belongs to the group of verbs called the "riz-verbs," Ru-verbs are so called, because r: you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masu and masen, instead of ru, to the bases. We learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:
Another major group of verbs is called the "rz-verbs," The dictionary form of an u-verb like ff< ,, can be broken down into the base (ik in the above example) and the suffix u. The long forms like ff~ i -t and ff~ i -1± £,then, are formed with the base plus suffixes imasu and imasen. In u-verb conjugations you find letters shifting in the same row of the hiragana chart (see inside front cover). In ff< , for example, you see < and ~,both in the iJ' row of vthe hiragana chart, !kt; has t; and h., both in the ;t row, and so forth. We learn six u-verbs in this lesson: \,'
\,\
0)
1
The use of the term "dictionary form" is by no means restricted to listings in a dictionary. They also appear in various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be misled by the names given to the long forms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the "present" and the "future:' We will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will concentrate on the forms, not the meaning of these verbs. 2 In addition to the standard negative forms like it-" i -1± )._, and ff~ i -1± J..,, you may also hear the much more colloquial sub-standard negative forms like it-Z-r,f \ '-c-r and -f.;.· \ '-c-t used by Japanese speakers. We will briefly come back to these increasingly popular new negative f~rms in Lesson 8.
h-1;'
~3~•H89
jkt;
~?tt; J:
(!)
jkh. i (!)
-t
~fi:;,.. i -t J:
Mi-t (j:i'j:
~< !';
~tLi-t
~~i-t
ff<
" ff~ ,,
!';
(j:i'j:
i)W6 1!'7..
i-t
1JW ')
n';;_
i -t
In later lessons, we will have many opportunities to refer to the parts like 1£-" and iT ~ , to '' which come before i -t and i -1± A., in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we will call these parts (same as bases with ru-verbs, and bases plus i with u-verbs) "stems:' In addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs:' Note that the vowels in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms. irregular verbs dictionary forms present, affirmative present, negative
9 0 (to do)
<0
G3::9 GZl::ttfv
E3::9 EZl::ttfv
stems
G
E
(to come)
These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb ~ X-/., 1~ -t 6, which conjugates just like verb -t 6. 5 J: 1
It is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. It is a good idea, therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like ~T < -fr ~ i -r. ~ ~' This is especially important with verbs that end with the hiragana 6, because they may be irregular verbs like -t 6 and x 6, or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just happen to end with the consonant r. If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply to them, you know why it is wrong to say X Jt 1) i -t and X ~ i -r. \
h.
/Ji:z.
5%0 (= a ru-verb)
~m-@
verb bases
mi
kaer
long forms stems
J%3:;g/J%3::ttfv 5%
l;
l;
l;
l;
ti•i.
(=an u-verb that ends with~)
~;oa::gtP5t
/~moa::tt1v tJ'5t
~mo "/J•X
Look at the second from the last syllable in the dictionary form; .J.;. and ;t in Jt 6 and 9W 6, ;; n';;_ for example. The irregular verbs set aside, if you see the vowels a, u, or o right before the final 6, you can be absolutely sure that they are u-verbs. (We have not learned any such verbs yet.) If you see the vowels i and e before the final 6, in most cases, the verbs are ru-verbs. ~ 6 is such a ru-verb. There are exceptions, however; there are also u-verbs that have the jJ vowels i and e before the final 6. ~.fl} 6 is such an exceptional u-verb. n';;_
R
Verb Types and the "Present Tense"
In this lesson we learn about a dozen verbs that describe basic human actions. These are often called "action verbs;' and the "present tense" of these verbs either means ( 1) that a person habitually or regularly engages in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is planning to, perform these activities in the future. Habitual actions: I often watch TV. Mary sometimes doesn't eat breakfast.
Future actions: I will go to Kyoto tomorrow. Sue will not return home today.
B
Particles
Nouns used in sentences generally must be followed by particles, which indicate the relations that the nouns bear to the verbs. 3 In this lesson, we learn four particles: ~, T, I:, and '""-
~ The particle ~ indicates "direct objects;' the kind of things that are directly involved in, or affected by, the event. Note that this particle is pronounced "o" I drink coffee. I listen to music. I watch TV.
C
The particle l'' indicates where the event described by the verb takes place.4 I will read books in the library. I will watch TV at home.
3 4
In spoken language, particles are often "dropped:' We will learn more about such cases in Lesson 15. In later lessons, we will be introduced to verbs that require particles other than -c to express location.
IL:
The particle 1: has many meanings, but here we will learn two: (1) the goal toward which things move, and (2) the time at which an event takes place. (1) goal of movement I will not go to school today. I will return home. (2) time
I will go to Kyoto on Sunday. I will go to bed at eleven. (Some time words stand alone, without the particle I: tagging along, which will be discussed in Section 4 below.) Approximate time references can be made by substituting :".; or :".; I: for I:. Thus, I will go to bed at about eleven.
'"'- The particle "'-,too, indicates the goal of movement. The sentences in (1) above therefore can be rewritten using o- instead of 1:. Note that this particle is pronounced "e." I will not go to school today. I will return home. Note hat >- may replace the particle 1: only in the goal-of-movement sense. The particle 1: for ti e references and other uses, which we will learn about in later lessons, cannot be so repla ed.
Time Reference eed the particle 1: with (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday;' and (2) numerical xpressions, like "at 10:45;' and "in September:' I will go on Sunday.
,, L'.•)
*E:S-t li.71-1=~ L'. J:/vl'.~-j :_',;,A,
7GJi 1:9w1J i-to <
s-»
~,;_
~ i -t
0
I get up at 10:45.
};
I will go back in September.
You do not use the particle I: with ( 1) time expressions defined relative to the present mo-
ment, such as "today;' and "tomorrow;' (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as "every day;' and (3) the word for "when:' I will come tomorrow. I watch TV every evening. When will you go? You normally do not use I: with ( 1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at night;' and (2) the word for "weekend:' Unlike words like ~ L t. and ~a_t above, however, these i 'lfA, words can be followed by I:, depending on styles, emphases, and personal preferences. l
I read the newspaper in the morning. What will you do on weekends?
You can use ;t -\:t lviJ' (=the present tense negative verb, plus the question particle) to extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, ;t -t iJ', cannot be so used. Thus a sentence like ~ :··~ ~ ~-"' ;t -t iJ' can only be construed as a question, not as 11''-> lilv t: an invitation. What do you say to having lunch with me? Sounds great. Will you play tennis with me? Um, it's slightly (inconvenientfor me at this moment).
-
Word Order ,
Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them. Generally, sentences are made up of several noun -particle sequences followed by a verb or an adjective, which in turn is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as iJ', ti, or J:. Among the noun-particle sequences, their relative orders are to a large extent free. A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the following, but several other arrangements of noun -particle sequences are also possible.
Ii
~8 !; ; ~
~·~f;T /: l; ~'/v
time
~1~ii Li-to
8/.f.?o~ I: li/v .:
place
X./v~
object
verb
I ill study Japanese in the library today. ( ;t ·L
b
t pie
-l-* :··;
J: <
t, t, L:
frequency
<<
7
time
9,
~'"-
goal
1)
i
-t
0
verb
I iften go back home at around seven.
Frequency Adverbs You an add a frequency adverb such as 1iJ: 8 (everyday), .J: < (often), and C:: ~ c::·· ~ (some*' 'I: t, time ) to a sentence to describe how often you do something. I sometimes go to a coffee shop. In t is lesson, we also learn two adverbs which describe how infrequent an activity or an even is; -\f',{,-\f',{, (never; not at all) and Si 1) (not often; not very much). These adverbs anti ipate the negative at the end of the sentence. If you use -l:f £-l:f ,{, or S i ') , in other wor s, you need to conclude the sentence with i -tt £. I do not watch TV at all.
f
t+ L ~ ,{,(;!:
GF,
i IJ ~1~ Li
{t
/v
0
Takeshi does not study much.
--<.A,~ J.:-)
The Topic Particle let As w saw in Lesson l , the particle (;!:presents the topic of one's utterance ("As for item X, it is su h that .. :').It puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment on. You may ave noted that the topic phrases in sentences such as ,;( 7 1) - ~ ,{, (;;J:..=.~j:_ T-9 I: j;}A,-\tC' (Mar is a sophomore), and 5ft-(7)~~(i 8 ::$.~-r--t (My major is the Japanese language), bt;L -1!-A-~? 1: liA- ~ are t e subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase, however, need not be the subject of a sente ce. We see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where nonsubject phrases are mad topics with the help of the particle ( i.
,;( T 1 J - ~ 1v, 11!
*
L~ i ;i'-::i
i ;1: t: \ , "C \ , M ~ L i >;:1:
ry, what do you usually do on the weekend? 7
8 (;!:*~(:ff~ i-t
~
-3
~ .t: 1 C:
\,\
I' going to Kyoto today.
0
-t n,
0
In the above two examples,
(i promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its
effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" "Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto:' ~-=--~(i? If£
~"" i -tl" ,.{_,o t:
Ii£
How about dinner?
I will not eat.
In this example, (i is used in directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, Bjt does ll'.I. li/v not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object.
=--~,
~I~/-~·········4 0-J:'S
Expression
Notes
11fv
fi( f*Q ~When you move to a place where the hearer is, you say 'Tm com< ing." in English. However in the same situation, :fl, l::Hr ~ i T is used in [apatit.:L '' nese. < .Q is a movement toward the place where the speaker is, while fr < is a ,, l,\
*
movement in a direction away from the speaker.
"5 ~ :>C ~-SJ: -::it literally means "a little," "a bit," "a small amount," as in -S J: -::i t < t: ~ v' (Please give me a little) and -S J: -::i t f!i'; -o -C < t: ~ v' (Please wait for a moment). It is commonly used for a polite refusal. In this case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with v' v' X. (No), because it sounds too direct.
A : ±Rfirn 1:1l1JCIT!IT ~ Jl i-tl- lvil'o B: ±l!iEI Ii, -SJ: -::i to t' ~ t'~?U'
"-''"'
Will you see a movie on Saturday?
""
Saturday is not convenient.
-j U'
(lit., Saturday is a little bit.)
4
~3~··•95
c
A.
hange the following verbs into ~*9
--
f::.~6 f::.~6
B.
e
and ~*ttfu.
G!] K03-06/07
f::.~ i --t
t->: i 1± Iv
J: t;
O)t'
4.
--t6
7.
<
~ <
5.
Ii -r"-· -t
8.
n'il 6
11. };~6
H.6
6. ~ \
<
9.
*16
12.
6
10.
~Iv~
J:
7 -t 6
ook at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects.
G!] K03-os
(3)/\//\'-ff-
library/2:00
4) -::]-
t-
home/4:30
(5) .:;-
~z ft ----
/
coffee shop/3:00
McDonald's/5:00
v t:' \
,, I(\
school/Saturday
v
,;'I
0
[S::i cc
"']
home/tonight
college/ every day
(b) Add the place to the above sentences. Example:
library
GD K03-09
--+
C. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. Example:
go to the post office
--+
~1! Jtl;
I::: ff
.P~lflv'
\'
Ex. go to the post office
( 1) go to the library
1:00
3:00
(3) come to the coffee shop
~ i -9 o (2) come to school
8:30
( 4) return home
Sunday
GDKo3-10
(5) return to the U.S.
tomorrow
5:30
D. Pair Work-Make questions, using verbs we have learned in this lesson. Example:
A : tm:ljogTttt.t e: l.J:n'1v Cf,, B:
;t;t,
1.,
f~rch. i -9 n'o J:
~rch.i-90/\\\\;t, J:
~rch.i-tt,.<.,o J:
E.
Pair Work-Guessing
game
Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen.
1. Before you start, both of you will choose one item in each row of the table and mark it. 2. In each row, using the verb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-noquestion sentence and find out which item your partner has chosen. 3. You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed correctly the item your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not give away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4. When you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles with your partner and answer their questions. 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner.
Example:
i-t~'o
A : ~~!:::ff~ iJf-?.:-3
\..'
B: \'\';{,ff~
i-tt,.<..,o \'
A: ~*;;51:::ff~ i-t~'o ~'?~"'CJv \,\ B : I ;t \ ' , ff ~ i -t o (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won.) \'
~1:::1t~ ,, i-t ~fJli-t
post office
school
coffee shop
sports
movie
news
cartoon
(.::.:i-::<)
(;L{.,n{)
sake
green tea
water
coffee
book
newspaper
magazine
Japanese book
date
study
telephone
tennis
"'
~ fj):h. i-t
library
(/)
~ f ~rch. 1 -t J:.
~fLi-t
A.
Look at Mary's schedule and answer the following questions. 7:30
A.M.
get up
8:00
eat breakfast
8:30
go to school
+ e-,
7 iJ - ~ ,.(,(;ifPJ*I:::~ ~ i t:I:!v t
2. ~ J
1) -
})
,.(,(;ifPJ*(:::~;fX(:::;f'f ~ i-tlJ'o
~
l:
-/;i/v
-/JL-:J..:-)
\,.)
eat lunch
12:00 3:00
1. ~
EI] K03-11
P.M.
drink coffee
4. ~
4:00
play tennis
5:00
go home
6:30
eat dinner
6.
7:00
watch TV
7. ~
8:00
study
7
1) -
,.(,(;ifPI*I:::
~
~/.., t::
~71J-~,.C!;i1PJ*l:::~1~ '/j:/-u
7
1) -
t
~jkh. i-tlJ'o (})
Li-tlJ'o
X:./v~J:~
,.(,(;ifPJ*I:::~ i-tlJ'o
~
l;t/,.J
11 :30
t-
:J-
*J.
t
go to bed
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner what time they do the following things. Example:
Your partner's schedule time get up eat breakfast go to school eat lunch go home go to bed
C. Look at the pictures in I-B (p. 95) and I-C (p. 96), and add the time expressions to the sentences. Example:
EI] K03-12;13
(I-B) 2:00
- =-* 1::: ~·~ig-ctt~ ~~ft:h- i -t
(I-C) 1:00
-
1:
L
I:: L J: iJ' Iv
'5' -o L
J:
-*1=~1~!.V (:::it~ i-t ,,t, L vP ~ 1ffv~ < ,, 1
0
0
A.
Make suggestions using the cues below.
Example:
drink coffee
8] K03-l
4
--+ (J)
B.
1. see a movie
4. eat dinner
7. drink tea at home
2. come to my house
5. study in the library
8. listen to the music
3. play tennis
6. talk at a coffee shop
Pair Work-Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures.
A : 8 Bi 8 1:: ~·~ig-c~ 7~ Li -tt ,.(,fJ'o i:Jc,J:-j 1f
I: ld'lv
"'-lv~d
B : \ \\ \ T-ttJ.o/-t h. l
{t ,.{_,!;\
i; J: ~ t · · · o (3)
(1)
(6)
(5)
Ho
often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the
Q :
* lilv
~M'th. J:
A : ;t ;t, l
l -tfJ'o
< Mth. J:
i-t o/\ '\ ';t,
1-> i 1H?th. i-tt A.,o J:
J: < t ~ t''~
Si 5. :J -
t - f jjzl,. i -t' o>;
-lf !v-tf'lv
0)
6.
1)
8;$.(1).:g=-~flif]~i-t°h'o <
I: ll/v
7. ~ ;Ji,:<
l?/vn<
!'<
=··~ f ~"" i -th' tc
li/v
®*c~O)**~
flfu Lij>5
0
(Review Exercises)
A. Answer the following questions. t''::::
5. ~*(j: LtP-J £-:::>
2.
r··: : T~ 7~ L i -t h'o
3.
~\-Jj-
;Ji,:<
vt'fJli-t°h'o
7.
J,.
4. :A if-'/
t.'
M f~"" i-t°h'o t: ~B>t, M f L i -th'
6. ~,
"-lvo;?
{:ff~ i -9 h'o
>d:I:
o
~ lvli/v
>d:I:
s. ~B>t, M&f ::::··..; ~ i -t h'o
f L i-t°h'o
;!'Hilv
>d:!v [;
io
B. Tell your classmates what your plans are today/tomorrow/on the weekend. Example:
~!'< ~ 8-J !i-%' ::::··..;~::::· ·~1;1:1v f ,,t i.:: 1fl.>
zr,
~'°" i -to t:
.=_&f 1: ~t:i'BT 81: ;$.?of~ 7~ L :
7'%'::::··..;*{:~IJ i-t"o ;, <
t;
""-
n•;t
C. Class Activity-Find someone who ... name 1. gets up at 7 o'clock. 2. eats breakfast every day. 3. speaks French. 4. watches TV at home. 5. listens to Japanese music. 6. plays tennis.
D.
Suggest to a classmate that you do something together
over the weekend.
Use Dialogue I as a model.
Example:
A
B A
B A
r ~
BBIB l:>r..::.A. ~ L i-l±A,-h'o 1:
s J: ~
BBIB!ii;.t-")
1:s J: ~ 11
f--)
1f
t:···· .. o
T-t -h'o t ~
B
8 t;
*O)* ll A.
l•
.<_
Japanese Houses
Traditionally, Japanese buildings were made of wood. Rooms were floored with tatami (rice-straw mats) and divided by fusuma or shooji (two types of sliding doors). Modern Japanese houses have mainly Western-style rooms, and are equipped with Western-style toilets. However, most bathrooms retain traditional characteristics-they are separated from toilets and sinks, and
Fusuma
Tatami
have some space for washing one's body outside the bathtub. Usually, all family members share the same bathtub water, so it is necessary to clean one's body before getting into the bathtub. Another traditional feature of Japanese homes is the genkan, a space inside the entrance where people remove their shoes.
Japanese-style toilet
Bathroom
Genkan
( m4~ /
L
s
E
s
{JJ6i)LO)T'-~ The
o
41
N
First Date
Id: lJ
0 1 2
Bl] K04-01;02
Mary goes downtown.
-t J,,. i -tt ,.(, 7 7 F + } t- F ( j: t:'' : T-t f.J'
7 I) - : ~oG-tJ.·\'A: ~
0
U-1:
l
<7
3
0
F-t-;t,, F(i
"-'-
@ In the evening, at Mary's host family's house.
Bl] K04-03/04
1
~71)-:
f: t:'\ \ i
2
j:) )( ~ ,.(, :
-h f.J' ;t ') 1-J.· ~ \ ' a 8* i® ( i t:·· 7 T L f: f.J' a ;;{_\,' if
i:? 3 ~ 4
7
1) -
:
j:) )( ~ ,.(, :
Jt i -tt ,.(,TL f: a f: It L ~ ,.(, (l* i -tt ,.(, -r· L t: a ;;,. "' ;t
-o ,
i:? 5 ~ 6
7
1) -
:
L -Z -r·-t il' a
t:·· 7
hil' ') i -tt ,{,a
t:·n, G, -A. T*& 1J'/:IJ
11/v.>(,
t: -h~ t:::fi' ~ i L
i:?
A.f.J{f: < ~A.,\' i L f:il'a U-i:
7 1) - :
( i \ ' a -h ~ T ~ ~ ~ t: < ~ ,.(, 11 ') i L
j:) )( ~ ,.(, :
7 ~
0
-CG
8
-r· / {' -
l- I::: t fi',, ~ i L
9
(l\
-hh.~lt'T-t a
-.
i:
l'<'llv
0
t:
a
-CG
t:
a
P
t: a
@
Next day at school.
(!] K04-05/06
~7')2
t: lt
3 ~ 4
7
t: lt
L :
;ft ~ i L t. J:
1) -
:t- :A/ -:;·-tf-
L :
< 7 F -T JI,;
o
,,
:t- :A / < - fl-
L:: ~
-tJ.· \
'T-t J:
~- -- -- -- :··
0) o
M 1~ -t; i L t: o < 7 F -T JI,; F T-t J: o
WT T-* Lz ''-!?
C -/J'k 1
A.JJ.· ~ \ ' !
Mary: Excuse me. Where is McDonald's? Stranger: There is a department
store over there. McDonald's is in front of the department
Mary: Thank you.
® Mary: I'm home. Host father: Welcome home. How was the movie? Mary: I didn't see it. Takeshi didn't come. Father: Oh, why? Mary: I don't know. So, I went to a bookstore and a temple alone. Host father: Were there a lot of people? Mary: Yes. I took many pictures at the temple. I also went to a department store. Here's a souvenir for you. Host father: Thank you.
Mary: Oh, Takeshi. You didn't come yesterday, did you? Takeshi: I went there. I waited for one hour in front of the Mos Burger place. Mary: Not Mos Burger. McDonald's! Takeshi: McDonald's ...
I'm sorry!
store.
104 ••• ~~ .
3ti*~
*
~E
1:n::::i
Tcfu
@!]
2
b
u
a
r
Nouns Activities
11i.,/<1 l-
part-time job ]{ \ \~b,;
-/;'\\tO)
7 7 A.
shopping class
People and Things
t.
-t,,:
you
\ \-t
chair
\ \ cV;;i
*-
dog
t?±Jt:
souvenir
-T-1~ :··~
child
:·· 11 ,.{, * L '<' L ,.{,
~~
picture; photograph
-") < ;{_
~JL
desk
-c i){;,..
+~~
letter
* }) ;,.. -\" ! f
.; -r·· t
~m
*1: /
\/
rice; meal
cat bread
A.
* U: t _;( -
person e-mail
J(.;
Places
*t?-CG
: 7 ;{_ ,{,
})~
temple
~~
park
A.-/\-
* r·/\-
supermarket
r
department store
/\'A.-C\\
/{A.ff
bus stop
r./JJ\\A,
m~
hospital
;t-T
* 1 l £-\"
it vA.
* Words
hotel
J(.;
r7/
that appear in the dialogue
/.f.&
bookstore
my
town; city restaurant
y
K04-07
Time
*~0)-)
e'fB
yesterday
* ""'t.::n'£ cf. \ , t; t.:: n' £ -\T ,<_, L r)J -J
""''*M
...
-*M :71tll!
t~ I f -::> J: -) (/
n' J: -J u: -t\\J:-J(/ t
hours
one hour last week
*
when ... ; at the time of . . . ( ""'0))
YJ Bl B
Monday
kBIB 7.J<.BI B *BIB ~BIB
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
to meet; to see (a person)
(person I:) there is . . . (place I: thing
* th 6
n' -J n'<
n {)
to buy (""' f) to write (person I: thing f) to take (a picture) (""' f)
* t 6 * i -::> * :hn' 6
to wait (""' f) to understand
( "-' n{)
(a person) is in ... ; stays at ...
(place I: person Adverbs
and
""'(.G\'
* :·· 61) ,{, t: ~ * t:·n, G * t: < ~ ,{, "-' t *t
-»
-JL-r
* U t 1) -r··
Other
n {)
Expressions about (approximate measurement)
\\
I'm sorry. so; therefore many; a lot together with (a person) why alone
Location
Words
h. !5''
:fi
right ('"'"' (7))
Uf:_' I)
'ii_
left ('"'"' (7))
fir
front ('"'"' (7))
* i ;;{_
7 L.;
1~A
back ('"'"' (7))
-f,)_' i;'
if'
inside ('"'"' (7))
7 ;;{_ L t: t; iJ' <
.L T
on ('"'"' (7))
t'.
:{ft
under ('"'"' (7))
<
near; nearby ('"'"' (7))
I)
~
next ('"'"' (7))
;h \ \ t:'
M
between (A t: B (7))
-f.J.'
¢=:J .J:::lii
~ t:75J:7
-\" i t:' ~ ,.{_, t: ~ t:
7 ~ £(7) M ;,c,tc
G
a
r
m
m
a
r
X fJ<'if> 1) i -t means "there is/are X (nonliving thing):' The particle f.i<' introduces, or presents, the item X. You can use if> 1) i -t when you want to say that there is something at a certain location. There's a McDonald's over there. Note that if> 1) i -t is different from other verbs we have seen so far on the following three counts. One, it calls for the particle I:, rather than T, for the place description. Two, the place description usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. Three, the thing description is usually followed by the particle -IJ', rather than li.1 You can also use if> 1) i -t to say that you have or own something.2 I don't have a TV. Do you have time? We also use if>
kBi 8 1:
j-
1)
i -t when we want to say that an event will take place.3
:Z. ~-I)<'
iJ' J: ~ 1f
cf:>
<¥:>
1) i -9 o
L f:: (i 8 '-F?o(7) 7 7 :Z. -IJ<'if:> ') i I: li/v .:
There will be an exam on Tuesday.
-tt lvo
There will be no Japanese class tomorrow.
1
Another count on which Ji) ~ differs from other verbs is its colloquial substandard negative form. We have -f,f instead of the expected regular formation Ji) ~ -tJ: \ which is ungrammatical. 2 Note the difference between: T I> t:' -!}<'Ji) 1) i 1::t A, (I don't have a TV), the negative version of T v t:. -!}<'Ji) 1) i -t, and T l> t:. L <:' Ji) 1) i 1::t A, (It isn't a TV), the more conservative negative version of 7 l> t:. 3 When Ji) 1) i -t is used in the sense of an event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle T, like normal verbs and unlike the other uses of Ji) 1) i -r. Ji) L f:: ff;:$ T ;J:.J ff; I) -IJ <'Ji) I) i -r , There will be a festival in Kyoto tomorrow. 1 c Note also that some time expressions (such as 8 ~ 8 I:) come with the particle I:, and some others (such as Ji) 1:-t;,J:-j o L f::) do not (see Lesson 3). The rule applies to the Ji) 1) i -t sentences as well.
\ -rr.
'--c-r,
-c-r.
~!
j:-:>
When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you
need to use the verb \ ' i -9. 4 Thus, (t.Z:
I: Wf *~h{\ \ i l) •P
-j )I< ( -ltC'
"to
There's an international student over there.
You can also use \ ' i -t to say that you have friends, siblings, and so forth. I have a Japanese friend.
(place IL:)
H
!
thing tJ' person tJ'
There isl are ...
DescribingWhere Things Are
We learned in Lesson 2 that to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word (where) and sayX (i z; -r·-g--1;'.
r··:
Where's McDonald's?
In response, one can, of course, point and say: over there.
<7F-t-11'F!i
T-t o
McDonald's is
right there near you. right here.
In this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specifically, we learn to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y:' The Japanese version looks like X (i Y O)Wf -r·-t. Li.
(<7
F-t-11' F!i) (t~-r·/{-
~~WiT-to ~;{_
It's in front of that department store.
4
Note that the same verb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese: if:, -'E- : 1: ~:i.1.I<'\ \ i -t There is an international student over there. Jj,,-j1)1(--\tl• .J 11) - ~Iv Ii ~:i. T-t o Mary is an international student. 1) ·~? < .1.f \' \ ' i -t and if:, 1) i -t are strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while attribute of a person or a thing.
m
0
m
1)<
-c-r
is for description of an
~4~•••
109
Other useful words describing locations are as follows:
location words
J.i.E'
OtC. f'J
*~
X Id: Y
0)
5Lo 1d:.1J' 5~ Lt.: !51J'<
5
(: 16. f'J
6
Xis
c9o
x Id: Y e: z O)®l, 'tcc9 o j~Jf l;:t ~:f~'BO) t c,·1v::.~
(:
-tJ.· 1)
to the right of to the left of in front of behind inside on/above under/beneath near next to
Y.
X is between Y and Z.
T-t o
1.-d•lv
The bank is next to the library.
fJ'~ 1;:1:7-7··/L.,O)rT-t
o
1.-tc
The umbrella is under the table.
v::Z.
r tmBtO)MT-to
r7/l;:tf·/~-
rf;?c'lv
~c,t:.
The restaurant is between the department store and the hospital. One can use any of the above location words together with a verb to describe an event that occur in the place. To use these phrases with verbs such as -it"'~ and #-:J, one will need t: 'l' the particle -c.
*A I ;:t {:- A / '\' -
NcL
ii-
0)
i¥r T ;<' 7 'J';{.-
I) - ~ ~
"f: ~ t; i L t.
0
'l'
I waited for Mary in front of the Mos Burger place.
5 6
Another word for "near" that is also commonly used is -t If. Both X Ii Y (!) t: -tJ.· 1) -c-t and X Ii Y (!) J: :: -r--t describe situations where two items (X and Y) are found side by side. For a t: -tJ.· 1) sentence to be considered appropriate, items X and Y need to belong to the same category; two people, two buildings, and so forth. In contrast, an item can be J: :: in relation to another item even if they are quite distinct. 0 n'lf£1i--:i < ;;(.(!)J: : :_ -r·-t The bag is by the desk. x -'7'1f£1i--:i < «o: t: 1"J.· I) T-t (odd) 0
0
0
Past Tense of ~g-
The past tense versions of "X
(;t
Y -c-t" sentences look like the following. affirmative
negative
present tense
~c9
~l.)-f->1J:l,)C'g
past tense
~cLte
~ l..) "f-'1J:1J'-:Jtec97
J.ir:1t5£.!i ~ < G*-*<7)*5£.-r· tcc'n'< n'<-itc'
Vi i.Jc1t/v1tC'
L
f:o
Mr. Yamashita was a student at Sakura University.
;t ;ft ( ;t 8
*
1: 111v
<7)
8*@1 L: '(' -fJ.· fJ'
°'-" n'
->
f: -r· -t
0
That was not a Japanese movie.
-
Past Tense of Verbs
The past tense forms of verbs look like the following, where ,....., stands for the stem of a verb. affirmative present tense
~*9
past tense
~*Lite
negative
~*ttfv ~*ttfv C' Lte8 Mary returned home at about nine.
*h ( ;t ~
btcL
<7)
7 8 7.j>:.~ ~ ~ 1~ L i 1± ,.<., T L t: o 1: li!v .: .-z1vo,; 'i
I did not study Japanese yesterday.
The various details of formation of the long forms that we learned in Lesson 3, like the ruverb/u-verb/irregular verb distinctions, all apply to the past tense forms as well.
7
As was the case with the present tense L <:' tJ.· \ '-c-t, you also find a more conservative variant L <:' ~ 1) i 1± /.., T L f:: along with L <:' tJ.· fJ'-, t: T-t. Written language would more likely have ·r-- Ii~ IJ i 1± Iv T L f::, with the uncontracted form T" Ii. 8 The colloquial substandard form of the past tense negative verbs are tJ.·n'-, t: T-t, as in ~ G tJ.· n'-, t: T-t. We will learn how to change verbs into these forms in Lesson 8.
·~
-
tJ
We learned in Lesson 2 that we use the particle t in reference to the second item which shares a common attribute with the first. You can also use t when two or more people perform the same activity. :;fJ.- Ii ~ btcl
0)
7
* $ I:: ff ~ i
5d
I:
L
"
t:
I went to Kyoto yesterday.
o
Professor Yamashita went to Kyoto yesterday, too.
Or when someone buys, sees, or eats two or more things.
;;( 7 IJ - -:: ,.{_, ( i
<
-:> ~ ~ \ \
i L f:
0
Mary bought shoes.
ii'
Mary bought a bag, too.
In both cases, t directly marks an item on the list of things or people that have something in common. Observe that t replaces the particles Ii, fJ\ or f in these sentences. You can also use t when you go to two places, do something on two different occasions, and so forth. I went to Kyoto last week. I went to Osaka, too.
Robert went to a party on Saturday.
He went to a party on Sunday, too.
We put t after the particle 1: in these sentences. More generally, particles other than Ii, fJ\ and f are used together with t , rather than being replaced by it.
The duration of an activity is expressed with a bare noun, like
-* M. ''S
alone (that is, not followed by any particle). ~ 7 I) - :: ,.(_,Ii -t : Tl: l t L :: ,.(_, ~ -* ''S
M 1~ -t; i
L
t:
L ii'lv
Such a noun stands
0
l: ii'lv 1
Mary waited for Takeshi there for an hour.
For an approximate measurement, you can add (. G \ '9 after
7 B1: *~~.=:.*M lilv::: "Iv [; iJ'lv
;ft. Ii~~
btcL
<" i'.:i \ '~7ii Li
""'* M. [; ii'lv
L f::.o
-"'-lv~d
I studied Japanese for about three hours yesterday.
To say one hour and a half, you can add -=¥- immediately after li/v
~~7-i-:*M-=F-~i Jo l: tJ L
Lf::.o
>'.J'lvlilv
(I) slept for seven and a half hours last night.
-
""'* M. [; iJ'/v
-.: _ ' l'i;' ®(l(
'
h
~
tc.(.(!fu
Expressions of quantity in Japanese are rather different from those in English. In Japanese, if you want to add a quantity word like t. < ~ Iv to the direct object of a sentence, you can either place it before the noun, or after the particle f.
I took many pictures in Kyoto.
I ate a lot of vegetables.
9
As we learned in Lesson 3, for "at about a certain time" we have another word :··.;. You can use t: to connect nouns only. We will learn about connecting verbs and sentences in Lesson 6. 11 "With" as in "with chopsticks" requires another particle. See Lesson 10. 10
Be The particle t has two functions. One is to connect two nouns A and B.10 I speak Japanese and English. I went to Kyoto and Osaka. The other meaning of t is "together with", it describes with whom you do something.11 ,;< 7
1) -
~,(,Ii :A - ~ ,(, -i),A,:::_( t ~00 l:ff,, ~ i
-to
Mary will go to Korea with Sue.
~I~/0~5
11~
~
5
Expression
Notes
\..,._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
X OJirti.,X O)JW is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from X" or "op-
*"ioi. posite X." You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of across, namely, X O)uiJ'v'. If something is behind X, or farther away from a street and cannot be directly seen because of the intervening X, in addition to calling it X 0) :{ft 0, you can also 'l L describe it as being X 0) -) G.
~ :J /®:J., In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying X. 0, and Mary saying cb 0. X. 0 is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. cb 0 is used when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small 0 at the end of these little words indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short.
5
~ ~b
B*0)1Jl8
Japanese National Holidays New Year's Day Coming-of-Age Day (Celebrates people who turn 20 years old in that year)
2Fl11E3 t/i'?
(:'5
National Foundation Day Vernal Equinox Day Showa Day (Birthday of Emperor Showa [1901-1989])
Constitution Day 5Fl4E3
Greenery Day
5Fl5E3 t/"J~\-")f;>
Children's Day
ii?J:-:ifJ'
Marine Day Respect-for-the-Aged Day Autumnal Equinox Day Health and Sports Day Culture Day 11 Fl 23 E3 tf-"J
1:'5
12Fl 23 E3 i)I"-;;
1:5
Labor Thanksgiving Day Emperor's Birthday 1: The second Monday
2: The day varies year to year
3: The third Monday
The period around April 29 to May 5 encompasses several holidays and is called :::i'-Jl--7' /
rJ 1- 7 (GoldenWeek). Some businesses close for a whole week or more during that period. (For the names of months and days, seep. 127.)
*l ~ P tllv
r
L~3
a
c
t
c
e
A. Look at the picture and tell what you see, using ® !J a:;-g or l,'*9.
B. Answer the following questions. 1. ~f.,1.·f::O)IBTI: 8*0) I: li/v
;J't,
vA. ~
7 /IJ{~
1)
i-tlJ'o
2. ~f.,1.·f::O)~j:~ifjf}{\\;i-tlJ'o ~J..:.
I.';{_
1) i i°IJ'o
3. ~f.,1.·f::O)~tJ(l:fPJIJ{~ Id.·(:
-/)"(":).:-?
4. ~
f.,1.· f::O)~tJ(I:
8 *A.O)~:i.lJ{\ 1: li/vl.'.A.,
il-o:::.-?
5. 7'/{-
'i -th'o
il(it\'
~ l:fPJIJ{~ I) ii"IJ'o i'd:l:
7.
tb~~IJ
(zoo) 1:-fPJf;{\
C:'-J,)~--:);{_/.,
8. ~ 9. ~
f.,1.· f.,1.·
f:: 0)
~(:
'i i"IJ'o
00 (country) I: M fJ{ ~ ') i -t IJ' < 1:
t: 0) *- I: M fJ { ~ pi_
~(:
>1:1:
I)
i -t fJ'
0
o
C.
Look at Takeshi's schedule for the week and answer the following questions. ~K04-08
After School
School Monday
French
English
Computer
History
Tuesday Wednesday
French
English
Club activity Computer
Thursday
History
Club activity
Friday
English (TEST)
Party
Saturday
NO SCHOOL
Date
Sunday
NO SCHOOL
Part-time job club activity /{-f-1-
party test
0
Example:
Bi 8
fj
I:: 7 7 /A ?o-(7) 7 7 A n{.:V)
lf-::>J:-? 1f
Bi 8 l::~?o-(7)
1f-::iJ:-J rJ
"-":::
2. klli 81::
'::I/
-/]• J: -j 1f
7 7 A n{.:V)
t
0
1)
i-tn'o
'J-(7) 7 7 A n{.:V)
zi: -
3. *Bi 8 1:: 7 7 /A ?o-(7) 7 7 A n{.:V) 1) i t
< J: -j
i-tn'o
.:V)IJi""to
A:lj:\\, 1. fj
1)
.:
1f
.:
4. ±Bi 8 I:: 7 7 A n{.:V) 1) i 1:· J: -j 1f
1)
i-tn'o
-tn'o
-tn'o
s. 1J(EJi B 1::Mn{1:i IJ i-tn'o -t1•J: ') 1f
;'J:i:
6. ~Bi B 1::Mn{1:i ""'J: -j 1f
D.
1)
i-tn'o
;'J:i:
Pair Work-Write down your next week's schedule and ask each other what plans you have on each day of the week. Example:
B : 8 7.j;;.?o-(7) 7 7 An{ 1: ii,<, .:
.1) 1)
i -to
Youre Schedule
Your Partner's Schedule
fl Bl B
lf-::>J:? 1f
kBIB n' n 1f 7}(61
.,,,J:?
B1f
*BIB t
1:-!; J: ? 1f
A. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. @!] K04-09 Example: -+
~·~'f;ti:k~(7)q~.; T-t o I: L~-/J'"-
~t:nti I: L~ -/J'"-
tcc'n'<
?L
A.-,.
t:
\'-(7)
-tJ.' 1)
T-t
o
3. ,1\'A_f.f 4.
~ml :: ? ;i_A,
B. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. @!] K04-10 Example:
*
''"'
-
*Ii
IVv
-J
<
;t
(7).L
1. ;{ /, {jo"'J
2.
7 7 ·:; ~
3.
wHt I:
4.
'i:~
If 7 L
T-t
o
-,
77 "/ l(racket)
6.
x.
-,
ltc'
-r:"' :b 5. il'(;f/,
?
FT (door) ~
C.
Pair Work-Ask
and answer questions to find where the buildings are.
One student looks at map A. The other student
looks at map B (p. 126). Don't
look at the other's map. Example:
A : ~IE (;;tr:··::: Ti" iJ'o .:. -) ;{.Iv
B : ~IE !Lt -T 11.tO) t:
-tJ.· 1)
.:_-) X./v
-c-r
o
Map A
Ask where the following places are. 1.
*~
'ii'< 2. / ,. :;z 1;f t.'.c
-cc•
4. :;f.Ji Liiv -'('
5.
~1~ J5i .P-?U'!v~J:(
®~tld:tsltcuic A. Look at the information about Professor Yamashita 25 years ago and answer the questions. G!] K04-11 Twenty-five years ago, Prof. Yamashita was · twenty-two years old · senior at a college · good student · his major-Japanese history Example:
0 : Jir7\:;~(;;t*~~ (college student) TL f::.IJ'o t.'.c•1J'<-ttc•
'('1 Ltc-tt!v-ttc•
A : I ;;t \ -. Ji "F 71:; ~I ;;t * ~ ~ T L 1'1 Ltc-lt/v-\tC•
1.
Jir7\:;~1;;1:-J-f~T· L f::.IJ'o 1'1 Ltc-\t/v-\tP
2.
c•io,t.J.!v-
Jir 71:;~ (;;!:\'\'~~TL 1'1 Ltc-tt /v-ttc'
t:
o
4.
1J'
< -ttc •
t: iJ'o t: iJ'o
Jil'7\:;~<7)~1){(;;t*?o-r·
-'?'i Lf.:-l±"/v-1±1.'
.: l:'t
Jir 71:;~ (;;!:-if~ TL
1'1 Ltc-lt!v-ttc•
3.
t.'.c•1J'<-ttc•
5.
-tf/v.:. -J
;{_\.' .:
L f::.IJ'o
Jil' 71:;~ <7)~>){1;;1:£~ TL f::. iJ'o 1'1 Ltc-lt/v-\tC•
-\tlv.:-J
tL!; L
~4~ ••• 119
B.
Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the prices your partner has chosen. 1. Before you start, both of you will choose one price in each row of the table and
mark it. 2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen. 3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed correctly
the price your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not give away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch the roles with your partner and answer their questions. 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner .
Example:
A
B
.:.c 0)
n' I J ,.{_, Ii.::::. :Q p:j T 1 IC
/v;{_/v
L t. n'
\ ' \ ' ;t , .::::. :Q Jil L '<' -r,;: n' IC ilv;{_/v
0
~ t: T-9
o
A : -:Qli.:f-JIJ TL f::.n'o cd0ilv
.: -\tlv;i.!o
n'IJA.,
¥5,000
¥10,000
¥15,000
¥20,000
n'~
¥600
¥1,000
¥1,300
¥2,000
If 7 L
¥1,600
¥2,000
¥2,400
¥3,000
T ~ + ''/
¥3,500
¥4,000
¥6,500
¥8,000
B~Ht z
¥3,000
¥10,000
¥17,000
¥25,000
7-1-
(t\'
C.
Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present (':::tL.rtz':; t-) and choose it from the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got. Answer your partner's questions. Example:
A
7° v-t±'/
B
;t;t,
~ lin'IJ,{, TL f::.n'o
n'IJ,{,TLf::.o/\'\1;t,
n'IJ,{,L'<:'-r,;:n'~f::.Ti"o
Lie and ~*ttA.i c Lie.
A. Change the following verbs into~* Example:
---
f:~6 f:~6
f:~ i L
8]Ko4-12;13
t:
t: ~ i -1± ,.<., T
L f:
1.
!:lJ,ct
4.
-IJ' <
7. };
2.
-IJ' 7
5.
<6
8.
3.
J: t;
6.
i-J
9.
-5 6
10.
t6
13.
-5 <
h-lJ'6
11.
s6
14.
-IJ'il6
-t6
12. ;tJ. 6
15.
0)
t;
B. The pictures below show what Mary did last week. Tell what she did. 8JKo4-l4 Example:
;) 7
1) -
~,.(,Ii J1Bi8 tf-:>J:~
Ex. Monday
in the library (4) Friday
at her friend's house
tr
1:::
~:f!f;T~ /:
l..J:h'!v
(1) Tuesday
1~ L i L f: o
"'-!v'\H
(2) Wednesday
at a coffee shop
at school
at home (5) Saturday
in Kyoto
(3) Thursday
(6) Sunday
at a department store
~4~--~
C.
Look at the pictures in Band answer the questions. G!] K04-15 Example:
o :
,;< 7 1J - -:: ,<., (;t fl Bi a 1::: lf-::>J:?
tr
A : ( ;t \ -. ~ 7$ L i L f: o -"Ziv~ 1 Q : ,;( 7 1) - -:: ,{., ( ;t fj Bi 8
~·~-g--c-~ 7$ rZ!v~d I: lJ:tl'lv
L i L t. -IJ'o
J:
I::: 8*@
lf-::>J:? 1f
A : \ ' \ ' ;;{_ , Jl i ;,,
L ,;(
7
1} -
-::
,{.,
2. ,;(
;b!viJ'< -c
3 - ,;( 7 I) - -:: ,{., ( ;t *Bi 8 I::: 8 t < J:?
4_ ,J 7
,{,(;t~Bi
1) --::
81:::
~
iJ'
0) ~ tt
i:-
-CG
1f
iJ'
0
Li Lt:-IJ'o
{,O)
Look at the pictures in Band answer the questions. Example:
Q : ,;(
7 I) - -:: ,{., ( ;t fj Bi 8 I::: lf-::>J:? 1f
A : ~·~'BT~7$ Li L t t. n'lv "Iv~ d .1:
1.
2. ,J71J-::
,{,(;tkBIB
ii' J: -j 1f
3. ,;<
7
1) -
-::
4. ,;(
7
1} -
-::
5. ,;( 7
0
Lt:-IJ'o
>d:I:
l:::Mf Li L f:-IJ'o >d: 1:
{,O)
,{,(;J:~Bi 81::: t'.'':
T~=--~
"!vJ:-j 1f
6. ,;(
i L f: -I;'
,<., (;t \ '-J8*@J f Jl i L t: -IJ'o "-''ii' ;,, ,{., (;J: \ \--:) }!j'. \ \t~ f L j: L t: -IJ'o ii'
1) --::
M f L >d:I:
G!] K04-l6
r.,
,J71J-::,<.,(;t7J(BiBl:::MfLi TC'J:? 1f
0
''
nu
i:Jo,J:?
li!v
IJ:!v
flt"' tc
7 I} - -:: ,{., (;J:*Bi 8 I::: t'.'':: T~f:' t; l:::i;-\ \ t
E.
t=- t; I::: i;-iii> \ \ i L f: -I;'
7 I) - -:: ,{., ( ;t ±Bi 8 I ::: T .::. A f L i L t. -I;'
6. ,;<71J-::,<.,(;tBBIBl:::J(\'t~f
D.
j:
t: -IJ'o L t: -IJ'o
L
"h~l:::ff ~ i L f:-IJ'o
!'!vJ:? 1f
5. ,;(
*A
i)
I: Ii/" L.!v
1f
j:
"
7 I} - -:: ,{., (;J:7J(Bi 8 (::: ;f-~if. f. TC'J:? 1f
0
;,,
-tt ,<., T L t: o
(;J:j(Si 8 l:::-¬ ff-~f ™J ~ iJ' J:? 1f
f Jl i L f: -IJ'
iJ'
"-''
tt
j:
L f:-IJ'o
j:
L f:-IJ'o
iii)
Pair Work-Ask what your partner did on Monday, Tuesday, etc. Example:
B : 7 .z: A. f L i L f: o
121
A.
Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change the sentence (b) using ti.
Example:
"\'-fi-li..=. 8 Fl T-t a
(a)/\::.//
1: cl<' <:Uv
:::7-t-!i..=.sP=]T-ta
(b)
---+
I: lt'C(:Z/v
(b) 2. (a)
t: It
I: li/v .:
3. (a) f:lt
t: It
(b) ,;<' 7
t·
.n
1f
1:-t, J;-) U'
1)--::
6. (a) J1c1)!,
i;TB*?of~Li-to I: li/v .: li>d:
,.{.,(i~*5(TB*?of~ii Li-ta iJ<_, :::_-) 1: li/v .: li>d: ,;<' I
1) -
-::
,.{.,
Ii
t: ( + L -:: ,.{., ( ::: ~a;, \ ' i -t a
,;<' I I) - -:: ,.{., Ii A - -:: ,.{., (::: ~ \ \ a;,
7:/~- ~(:::;ff~
-ttA.,l..¥P-}
(!)
Li-ta
L -:: ,.{., Ii 8 Bi 8 I::: I I I,;/ \' 1 ~ f L i -t a
ct L f: , ct L t.'
(b) ~
"-Iv!' l J
L-:: ,.{.,(i±BiB (:::7/1,;/\'1 ~ f Li-to
4. (a) ,;<'71J--::,.<.,ii7
(b)
a
"""'" d
1: li/v .:
5. (a)
t:
I: lt'C(:Z/v
CJ/{-~-::,.{.,(i8*?of~7~Li"to
(b) ,;<'71J--::,.<.,1iB*?of~7~
(b)
-
L -:: ,.{., I i 77' I ;f ,.{., f Ji \ ' i L ii'
:::7-t-t..=.sP=]T·-ta
i -t
0
i L t.,
I.'
7 , -r-·/ ~ - ~ I::: ff,, ~ i L t: a Ex. -\"' i t t t.: _ tcfJ'
B. Describe the pictures using ti. Example:
Ji*::,.{., Ii~~
~;J'
ti:
iJ<(-\tC<
G!] K04-l 8
--r---t a
mit-:: ,.{., t ~~ T-t a i: >d:iJ'
-iJ'(-\tc•
student (2)
:::7-tgo to a party
(4)
(3)
};i;-\"
G!] K04-l
7
~4~ ••• 123
(6)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(9)
"/]' J: -) 7J t < J: -) 7J
t -) ~.J: -)
~
U-'SLi
A. Mary did a lot yesterday. Describe how many hours Mary did each activity.
GD Example:
;.
(1)
Ex.
(2)
8 hours (3)
~11 ;;
jo
2 hours (4)
~!.,A;
(5) \
~-, , ' 1,;··@:· "'
-,
1 and a half hours
3 hours
1 hour
~" il
11('--
,_,
;;- '
0
/~cc-:]
2 and a half hours
K04-19
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Example:
M*M~7~ Li L f::.h'o 1;,:1v c n'lv"'lvi!d ~ (!) 7, M*M~ i L f::. h'o >J:!v t: n'lv to
I. ~ (!) 7, 2. 3.
'r>: L-
(game) ~
®*c6b0)~*~ tlfv
A.
l_,tj>
3
L i -th'
o
t: \ '-r \ 'M* M <·· l;,:!v
L n•lv
G \ '7· - L- ~ L i -th'
o
(Review Exercises)
Pair Work-Using the expressions below, ask your partners how often they did the following activities when they were a child or in high school.
A : -J-13=t
Example:
J:
~-t 6 8*@ ~ Jt6 ;{_\,\ If J.t~1111:11· < X. !v -t-~1*. ~. < -c n'" n· -'F- ~ ~-t6
2. A~-'/
l <
3.
t ~ t•"~
4.
.;
5. 6.
iii
I,\
:::_i
8, M*I:~ ~ i-th'o t;,:!v L H
'1H:lo,
2.
f::.\'1"\'-fPI*M<""G\'~i-th'a 1;,:1v t: n'1v to
4.
.J: < f:· *'1., t
5. l
< ~t:· t; t
-lt!vL~~
i;l:!v
1: ;t-;i,
I:
6. 7!;1}!,
-t -IJ'o ~ L i-th'o Li L f::.h'o
~ :··~ ~~"' i U'~
A~-'/~
')
-lf ,(, -lf ,(,
B. Answer the following questions. 1. ~
"'i L t:
t:
"' i -tt ,(, T L f::.
m4~··· 8.
=
=··~ ~ ~"'""
7 ' t•" -CB>f.Iv i L t: IJ' to 7!;1!!, ~Jt ~ t: < ~ ...Liv I:
7. ~
9. ~
(!)
(!)
If
12s
0
IVv
7 !iMBI 8 -r· L t: IJ'o to: lvJ: 1f -j
C. Pair Work-A and B want to play badminton together. The following is A's schedule for this week. (B's schedule is on p. 126.) Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Ask each other what the other is doing and decide on what day you will play badminton. Example:
A's Schedule
A : / '\' F ~ / ~ / (badminton) ~ B : \ '\
,-r·-tno
SUN
A: {j'-:>J: J181B(;;tt·· 7-c-t-/J'o 1f -j
B : J1Bi8(;;t121-:ttr;-Cjfg 1~ L i !f-:JJ:.-) c..f
t
-*.Bi 8
(;;!:?
-/J' J: -j 1f
L.tt.Plv
....ZA.,~.t~
+,
MON
TUE WED
THU FRI
SAT
P~-~~ (12.-!>p . .,,,,.)
Pair Work
® C. =====================================~c=-~p.~1~1s~) A : ~!I Ii r··: : -r··-tn'o -:-):<_,;,
Example:
B : ~II (;t;t 7 11,; (7) t
-t-o1.· 1)
T-t o
.::_-) X.!v
Map B
Ask where the following places are.
2.
~*-T.5 ~ ->
~
5. v::Z ~
7/
l /v
3.::Z-1\'-
Pair Work
® C. =====================================~c=-=p=. ~12~s)
Example:
A :
1 '\'
B's Schedule
F ~ / ~ / (badminton) "f
B:\'\'T-ttlo A : Yi Bi 8 Ii If-:>.):
7
U'
r·· 7
B : Yi Bi 8 li~·~ogT~7~ If-:>.):-)
U'
SUN
T-th'o
I: l"ir/"
'"'-/"""'
b P· M . .J039 i hj Li-to
MON
kBIB Ii? fJ• .): 7 U'
Stv-a\7
IV\ -t~e
l; br-CA.ry
TUE
WED
THU
D1nY1e..r o-...-t
frleV\d's FRI SAT
hou.se
Useful Expressions
Days/Weeks/Months/Years Days
fJ Bl B
BBIB
lf-:iJ:7U.
1:t,J:7U
1 -:> \
'f: t,
-r , '.1:7 U
2
~,uw
t
4
3
;,. .., n'
.).-:>;>)'
~BIB
*-BIB
J:
t:J:7U
5
6
,,...,n,
n'
->
±BIB
t;',
n'
8
9
10
11
12
13
==
t:l?n'
lrlli\ 't,/:t,
lr1>71:1:t,
lr1>-J~,{,1:t,
15
16
17
lrp-j:'1:t,
lrp-J~< 1:t,
lrp-J Lt,1:t,
22 1:Lr1>71:1:t,
28
29
1:L:rp-j/;J:t,1:t,
7]<.81 B
i!'J:-JU
J:7n'
21 1:L:r1>7\ 't,(:t,
kBIB
1:L:r1>-J<1:t,
23
24
1:L:rp-)~,{,/:t,
1: lrp-JJ: ..,;?,
30 ~,{,lrp-j/:t,
25 1:Lrp-):'1:t,
20
lrp7<1:t,
/;J:-:>,j'
26
27
1:L:r1>-J~<1:t,
1:L:r1>7Lt,1:t,
31 ~,{,lrp-)\ 't,(:t,
Months \ \ 1; fr"-> (- fJ) ~~January (: IJ'-> C=-fJ) February ~ Iv fJ '--> ( fJ ) ~~March L IJ'-> (zs fJ) April :·'IJ'-> (li.fJ) May ~ < IJ'-> (7' fJ )~~June
z:
Time Words Day
19
18 lrp-j/;J:t,/:t,
L i;IJ'--J (-t:-JJ) July Lti;IJ'--J (;\.fj) August < IJ'-> (iLfJ) September L rp 7 IJ'-> ( fJ) October L rp 7\\1; IJ'-> (+- fJ )-November L rp 7 (:IJ'-> (+.=..JJ)~~December
+
Week
Month
};t:t:\\
t:Lrp77J'lvi;t (.=..~Mlitr)
(:fJ'(f'->i ;{_ (.=..fJ'fJ litr)
t>t:t:L
the day before yesterday
two weeks ago
two months ago
the year before last
~<7)-) (a'fB)
1± Iv L rp 7 (:Jt;~)
1± lvlt'-> (:Jt;fj)
~ J: tllv ( *j:p)
yesterday
last week
last month
last year
: Iv L rp 7 ( ~~)
Year
.; /v(f'-> ( ~fj)
.; t: L ( ~j:p)
today
this week
this month
this year
~Lt.: (EJ1B)
G \ \ L rp 7 (*-~)
G\ \If-> (*-JJ)
G\ \tl!v(*-j:p)
tomorrow
next week
next month
next year
~G\1Lrp-J (W-*-~)
~ G\ 'It'-> (W-*-JJ)
~ G\ iti/v (W-*-j:p)
the month after next
the year after next
~ J: 7 (~B)
~~-:>l the day after tomorrow
the week after next
r~s~
L
1
5$m'115~1-r
0
tJb
Cl ~
Ti";flo
2
It
A_, :
.Z7Ti";flo
It
A_, :
1~~ -c Iv :;
-ct, t;.i:-Jt~\\-t-t;flo ;!;,-::>
* A_, :
*
* C]I
5J
SJ K05-0l/02
Robert and Ken are vacationing in Okinawa. \ \\
It
N
o
A Trip to Okinawa
cu\'-}-
s
s
L_ 5
1
4
s
E
\'-
"
~
A_, (;J:
t'' A_, -tJ.· A~
- '/
-4{jf ~ Ti" °4'o -r
47--7 1 /-4{jf~ .., Ti" o {t
7
s
It
A_, :
L l:-~I: J("> IJ i L
J:
-J °4'
0
n L < -tJ.· \ \ T-t °4' o
Tt ,
(;f!J•
* * -c-r la
t-::1. \I:j::__ .I:~
,)~
@ At the post office.
B!] K05-03/04
1
cu\·-1-:
-thi-l±A.,,a
2
~f~}.;] ~ :
-t+ Pi T-t a >d:>d: tH .Ziv
vH 1flv~; ( c•/v
3 O/\'-}4
l:-\";h,
!;J:-4{~1;J:,
1.:f1J::-
-l-Tfli-l:JJ-t-~=-.:fX.})Mi\\Lii"o i'd:7d:L:rti~X!v~0 -c 1: i1.' i:;ii.lf
-.tt < t:· ~ \ \ c•"G;tc•
0
G-ti"°4'a -f"*1°4'G,
li.-t-fli-l:JJ-t-~ .: t.:11>~X!v30 -c
@ On Monday at school. BJ 1
f::.tt L :
!--
r::J/\·-
~Iv, Iii.I"~,
;t ;t o 59' ~
0)
B!<>'t'' 3
J: I.I'~
f::.tt L :
f::.
K05-05/06
5iQ: I ;;t -t :::-· 'l"'-
< ~ *1. \ ' T' L t: l
T-t tlo If< t )iQ:f.l"*-ff ~ 7 "'-
-t
-c-r o
Jltff~ O)t;7JH I ;;t tcil' iWi I.I'~ f::. T-t I.I' o 1} .:-) $ $0 ,;~
4
\ \ \ \ ;{_ '
I)
iWi <
-f,J_'
I.I' ~
tcil'
t: -C' -t
0
t: t t
L ~ Iv 0) 7· - l- ( ;;t t:'' -) T L
t: f.i'o
6 1
t!.c'
t.o:
o
f::.tt L
Robert: Nice weather. Ken: Yes, But it is a little hot Robert: Yes. Wow, beautiful sea! Ken: Let's swim,
*
*
*
Ken: What kind of sports do you like, Robert? Robert: I like surfing. Shall we do it together tomorrow? Ken: But isn't it difficult? Robert: No,
® Robert: Excuse me, How much is a postcard to Britain? Person at the post office: 70 yen, Robert: Then, two 70-yen stamps, please, And one 50-yen stamp, please.
Takeshi: Robert, thank you for the postcard, Did you enjoy the trip? Robert: Yes. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa. Takeshi: Good, I like the sea very much, too, Was the airline ticket expensive? Robert: No, it wasn't so expensive. How was your date, Takeshi? Takeshi: , , .
@]
V Nou
o
c
t: A::. t f:::. ,{, t
-r 7-.
sea
{)] 4'-
postal stamps
{JJ{,'f
ticket
r
y
surfing
ts'*!
food
J: 7 l/
~~8
birthday
l-
test
~·
weather
Jfl\:ff~ og~£ 1l
airplane
{:th.
holiday; day off; absence
:¥Kff
travel
~~ j)zh.~~
{7-_
*tF:7~ -"'-..-'(°'
* Lf < -'("'-th.
* ') J:
)iii:
~A::.~~
* (;l:"h<'~
=7
drink postcard bus room I (used by men)
a d j e c t i v e s
S t: G L \ \
\
\ \ -t "h<' L
\I
~JT L \ \ =I-\ \
new
~\\
hot (thing)
·tt L \ \
busy (people/ days)
hot (weather)
j:)j:)~\1
*~\\
large
ht L.t)\\
008\\
interesting; funny
n'-:i
good-looking (conjugates like \ \ \ \)
:::_\I\\
:;.f-J\\
~ L'\ \ *
a
<1)7.;.t
*
u
homework
*<'."£~
l,' ~
b
n s
* 7 h. *~-:iT * ~ -:i .)~ * -+t-71 / L rp < t:-\ \
I
a
K05-07
t:
·t;i\i \ \
*\\
* t'fn'L\\ * Words that appear in the dialogue
cold (weather-not used for things)
~ L\ \
fun
1J\ ~ \ \
small boring
-JJ;GfJ_'\\
.i- ~ \ \
frightening
;5\ \
old (thing-not used for people)
~ L\ \
difficult
easy (problem); kind (person) inexpensive; cheap (thing) td:~adjectives
~G\\(f.,i:)
.\\
* ~;f'L\\(-t.,i:)
beautiful; clean
If,{, ~ (-t.d L-tn'(-t,J.') * *
-t ~ (-t,J.') t:· \ \ ~ G \ \ ( -t.,J.·) t:· \ \ -t ~ ( -t.,J.·) I: ~-- J.\' n' (-Id t)
n
disgusted with; to dislike ( ,.,_, <')
ft.~
healthy; energetic
M-n'
quiet
tr~
fond of; to like ( ,.,_, <')
*•\ \ ::ktf ~
n
to hate ( ,.,_, n") very fond of; to love ( ,.,_, n<') lively
i (fJ.·)
B~
not busy; to have a lot of free time
)7-j( ('
to swim
~<
Jill<
to ask (person I:)
(7)6
*6
to ride; to board ( ,.,_, I:)
U~verbs * };
l <"
to do; to perform ( ,.,_, t-)
* J.\' 6 Ru~verb Tn'lt6 Adverbs *\\-:iLJ:I: * * *
:±ln'lt6 and
Other
-~1:
to go out Expressions together
-t =·· <
extremely
22 kl n' G
and then
t:· \ '
L J: 7 .;:
::k'f::..:J,.
It's okay., Not to worry.; Everything is under control.
t'lt * t'' ,{, -t.,J.· * ,.,_, i *
\\
"-'i T
very what kind of ... ,.,_,~
[counter for flat objects] to (a place); as far as (a place); till (a time)
r -
m
a
m
r
a
Adjectives
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. One type is called "\ --adjectives," and the other type
"-f'J.·-adjectives"
\ \ and
-f'J.· are
their last syllables when they modify nouns.
\ v-adjectives:
1? t L .; \ \ 8*@! an interesting movie x. (..'
iJ'
7 , 1? t L .; \ \ 8*@! ~Ji;;,. i L ,_,, iJ'
~ (!)
t:
o
I saw an interesting movie yesterday.
a scary teacher
J.i 1' 7'tst Ii : t:> \ \ 7't st T-t
'<'1 lJc-\tA,-\t\'
o
Professor Yamashita is a scary teacher.
-\tA,-ttc•
t:-adjectives: ~ fl\ \ -t-J.· 'Jf- ~
L<' LA,
a beautiful picture I took a beautiful picture in Kyoto.
:7t ~
-1'.J.'
7't st
an energetic teacher
J.il'7'tst!i:7t~ -1'J.·7'tst T-t '<'1 Ltc-\tA,-\tc'
lfA, ~
o
Professor Yamashita is an energetic teacher.
-ttA,-ttc'
Japanese adjectives conjugate for tense (present and past), polarity (affirmative and negative), and so forth, just as verbs do. The two types of adjectives follow different conjugation patterns. L r-adiectives
v v-adjectives change shape as follows.
ciGlYc9
negative ciG< tJ:l )c9 (or ciG(®IJa::ttfv)
It is cold.
It is not cold.
cv1J' ::> tc.c9
ciG < ts.1J' ::> tc.c9 (or ciG< ® IJ a::ttfvc Gtc.)
It was cold.
It was not cold.
affirmative present
past
~5~
••• 133
In the negative, you can use the more colloquial variant f.._· \ ' T-t, or the more conservative variant ;f:, ') i -1± Iv. Both these forms involve the change of the last \' syllable into < . Unlike verbs, adjectives conjugate fairly uniformly. The only irregularity worth noticing at this stage is the behavior of the adjective \ '\' (good). The first syllable of v '\ ' is changed to J: in all forms except the dictionary form and the long present tense affirmative form.1 L, )L,' (irregular) affirmative
L,)L, reg
present
J: < UtJ'-:; ic.cg (or J: < ® !J a;:tt/v c ~ic.)
past
Compound adjectives like
negative
J:(UL,)cg (or J:(®!J*ttfv)
n'
-:> :
\ '\
'
that are built with \ '\ ' follow this syllable change.
1d:-adjectives The conjugation pattern off.._· -adjectives is exactly the same as the conjuga-
tion table of
-c-r
which follows a noun, as discussed in Lesson 4.
affirmative present
negative
She is healthy.
lJ t-> UL, )cg (or 7C~ lJ t-> ® !J a;:tt/v) (f A, She is not healthy.
7C~C'~ic.
7C~
7C~C'g (fA, ,,--
7C~ (f A,
'(!
'(!
past
(fA,;,--
lJ t-> UtJ'-:; ic.cg (or 7C~ lJ t-> ® !J a;:tt/v (f A, She was not healthy. (f A,
'(!
'(!
She was healthy.
c ~jc)
The final syllable f.._· is dropped in these long forms of f.._·-adjectives. The two forms shown in the negative column are the colloquial and the conservative variants, respectively. In addition to these two forms in the negative, you can also substitute -c Ii for L '(' as in -r· ( i ;f:, I) i -1± Iv and T ( i ;f:, 1) i -1± Iv -c L t: which are more often used in the written language than in the spoken language.
1
There actually are alternate forms, in the spoken language.
\ '\ ' -c-r
J: \ ' and J: \ 'T-9, but they are much less frequently used than \ '\ ' and
If you want to say things like "very hot;' and "a little hot;' you can add "degree adverbs" like
-t :·· <
(extremely), t T t (very) and t; J:
5if~Q)5fali t "JJ; ;f;O'<(;:;b
-Ct~
;ft\
-J
t (a little; slightly) before adjectives.
'TL t.;
The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa.
: Q)'ff~J.i Ii t; r-;
->(>
J:
-::>
:I-\ '-c-t o
t
if,-:>
This room is a little hot.
In this lesson, we learn two -fJ.' -adjectives that are very important from the grammatical point of view. They are ff ~ ( -fJ.') (to be fond of; to like), and ~ G \ ' ( -fJ.') (to be disgusted with; to dislike). The meaning of these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a person to like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other hand that is liked or disliked. In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the particles (;J: and -IJ\ respectively.2
.,
I !
likes X dislikes
o /<-~~,{,Ii
y
·
8 *~Q) 7 7 A fJ{ ff~ T-t o 1: ll!v .:
.,
Robert likes his Japanese classes.
J.Jrl\::i-lif~, fJ'~ G \ 'T-t [Jc-\t/v-\tC' ~iJ'ft
o
->(>£
Professor Yamashita dislikes fish. The item that is liked or disliked can also be a person. You may want to be cautious using these words in reference to your preference for a specific person, however, because ff~ -c-r is usually taken to be an admission of one's romantic interest. 3
.,
2
In contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle Ii is used instead of -IJ{. Thus, ;fhliff*-I Hf~ T-9-IJ\ ~Ii~ G \ ,-r-r o I like vegetables, but I don't like meat. bf~L -\" ~,_,T !.:(3 In the expression of romantic or familial affection, the complex particle 0) : t fJ{ can replace fJ{. Thus, f;: It L-::: £Ii ;t 7 ') - -::: ,(,0): t -IJ{-!if ~Ti" o = ;t 7 ') - -::: £-IJ{'!iJ-~ -c·-t o T -T Takeshi is in love with Mary.
~5~~»
135
Let us note three more things about 3(J- -5 ( -fJ.') and -5 G \ \ ( -fJ.') before we go on. One, if you like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of 3(J-t -5 -c-r and -5 G \ \ T-t, namely, ::k..3(J--5 -c-r (like very much) and ::k. -5 G \ \ -c-r (hate), tee' -t tee' which are more often used than the degree modifier t: T. t in combination with 3(J., -5 T-9 and -5 G \ 'T-9.
.,
Takeshi likes coffee a lot.
-t L- ~A., !i-tJ.'-:) t: 7iJ'1'..1: G \ '-c-t t.:.~)
o
Ms. Kim hates natto (a Japanese fermented soybean delicacy). Furthermore, when Japanese people want to say that they neither like nor dislike something, they usually say: I neither like nor dislike (it). Three, you can use 3(J- -5 -t things like:
.; *1 I Lfh <1> tr 1: -t
Mel
-tJ.'
-fJ.'
*
ll!v
and -5 G \
'-fJ.'
as modifiers of nouns. For example, you can say
·r--t o
This is my favorite book.
Take a long form of a verb and replace the ending with i L J: 7 or i L J: 7 iJ' and you will get the Japanese expression for "let's ... ;' which you can use to suggest a plan of action.
-~1:: ~--e:itT~ 5~ Li L ''""LJ: I: LJ:n'lv "'-!veld
J: 1 o
Let's study in the library together.
~*°;;!; T ~-?~l/v
:::7-
t- ~jjz;,,. i L J: 7 iJ'o (/)
Shall we drink coffee at a coffee shop?
-
Counting
There are two important things you should know about counting items in Japanese. Firstly, we use different number words for different kinds of items; the words used for counting people are different from the words used for counting books, for example. Secondly, number words often come after, rather than before, the items counted in a sentence. 1) -
~
,.{,Ii
t;J-'f-"C ~
.:=.;&
item
number
:: Iv i \. \
~ ?
~ \\i L il'
t:
o
Lee bought three stamps.
The number word, .:=.tt, is made up of the numeral .:=. and the "counter" tt. This counter is ;2i:!vil.' s ); it' used for sheets of paper and other flat objects. There will be other counters in later lessonsfor people, for books, for sticklike objects, and so forth.
r
~·········6
~I~/U-.t5
Expression
11fv
Notes
\...-------------------
'It LA, \fl;:'i!'t->1J'(1d:) Ht L\tfJ
L v' is used when we describe people and is not used for places. When you want to say that Tokyo is busy, you should use 1: ~,-'\:'iJ' (id:). l.'fil
1
t: It L ~Iv
Ii
·rt L v'-z:'T
\'{-~(
*}5'!, Ii 1: ~-'-'\:'iJ'-z:'T c-)
o
5.t1
o
Takeshi is busy. Tokyo is busy I lively.
Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the susbject "I'' is omitted in the sentence.
B Ill B !Ht L v'-z:'T o c•H'
1:tJ:-i
1f
I am busy on Sunday.
6 .... ~
*l ~
L,~5
:ti.A,
A.
P
r
a
e
Change the following adjectives into the affirmatives. Example:
--
f::.IJ'\\
If A.,~
-r.i.'
If A.,~ T-t
4.
2. 1:,-:n'
5.
"ht L.;\' ")i G -r.J.· \
'
8.
\
~ t; \ \
6.
\ '-'C IJ{ L \ '
9.
L ·f'IJ , -r.J.·
3.
10. I :: ~-· 1\" I;, -r.J.·
7 .. )'"~ \ \ \
\
11.
\
Change the following adjectives into the negatives. Example:
--
l('-f\\
oi
-fJ.·
GD xos.os
t: IJ'\ 'T-t
1<'-t \ \
1.
B.
c
t
c
1<'-t < Ui
-r.J.·\ ,
~ fl\ \ -f.J.·
12. (j
i
GD Kos-09
T-t
L.:: ~ -r.J.·\
'T-t
1.
~ t; \ \
4.
1> t: G L \'
7.
i;\\~\\
10.
Lf
2.
.i- ~ \ \
5. t;flJ' L \'
8.
\
11.
~fl\
3.
= h\ \
6. IJ'-;)
9.
If A.,~
= \ \\ \
\
\ \
-f.J.·
:. O)*~tli ~ \ 'T-t o I: ltc• tc-/J• ;:O)*Hli~< -r.j.'\'Ti"o I: itc•
'<'i"
(1)
Ex.
¥100,000
(2)
¥480
IJ'-f.J.· d.J.·
12. I:: ~--1\" I;, -t.J.·
C. Look at the pictures below and make sentences. Example:
-fJ.·
(3)
(5)
(4) I
'
I
(6)
(7)
/ /
(8)
(12)
:::rA.f.1% I
D.
o
,
..
(13)
I
)(
2 0
' 0 " 0
2
x
3 0
8 0
3
x
4
)<
4-
0
s
0
9 0 a
10
%
:r?-f.
5 x
I
/00
6
)<
7
x
g x q x /0
)(
Answer the following questions. Example:
0
8 *Po(J) 7 7 A (;t
A
;;t. ;;t.,
~ l!lv ~
n L \ , -c-t
n L \ '-c-g IJ'o
Cf~ o/
\ , \ ,
nL
;;t.,
Cf~
1.
~B(iUi-c-tn'o
1: l!!v
6. ii'?-:: 0
4.
E.
'T-t IJ'o
t:
L\'Ti""IJ'o
L/J)
77A(it-Jt
7. 7§:.@(;tn Lo< tee'
;f;;f;
L.;\'Ti""IJ'o L \ , ..t-tlJ'o
Cfn'
8. S -rJ.· t: (7) lllJ (;t '#tfJ' T-t IJ' o
tf~~(j: ~ *1,\ , ..Ci""IJ'o r-;
-c-t o
-rJ.· \ ,
5. 8*(7)~"'~~(;tt;\'
~ J:-)
3. ~~(;t::k ~ \
<
Cf~
110
""
Li'
Pair Work-Make affirmative and negative sentences with your partner. Example:
~ tL \
-t:
_... ~t t: t; (J)tf~~ I:
»<
(;i ~
tl \ 'T-t o T t,
><;>
*1' (J)tf~~
PfcL
»<
(;i ~
tl \' t -\" -rJ.· \'
><;>
T-t o 1.
t-Jt L.;\'
2. \ \ \ \
3.
:t?\\
5. ~\ \ tdJ'
4.
t-J \ ' L \ '
6. IJ'-")
7.
= \ \\ \
:7t 'A -fJ.·
If Iv !'<
8.
ui
-fJ.·
~5~>H 139
F.
Pair Work-Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives, and tell your partner. Example: 3. ~h <7) t
-f,J_'
I)
*
<7) ),..( ;t
btcL
5. jft ll 1::7:;;?
1J'/:
6. / \ r; 1 (Hawaii) ll
4. ~h <7)~~¥ ll blcL
A.
»-:
>('
Change the following adjectives into the past affirmatives.
--
Example: f::. fr\ ' If ,.{, ~ _,.J.,
t: fJ'fJ'
--Y
If,{,~
-r· L f::.
\"'-t \ \
4.
J::;t
2. ~ -::n \
5.
-:i
~ t; \ \
6.
\'-f:-iJ{L\'
1.
3.
t: T-t
L.;\'
i G _,. )., \ '
7.
t: <7)
8.
\
9.
L -r· t;, _,..).,
10. I ::: ~-- -\"' I;' _,.J.,
L\'
\ \ \
B. Change the following adjectives into the past negatives. Example:
\"'-t \ \
ui 1. f::.fJ'\\
-fJ.'
-4.
-\"' -t <
_,.J.. I;'
--Y
U i L '<"' _,..)., fJ'
i G _,. ).. \ '
-:i
2.
t. <7) L \'
5. };})~\\
3,
-\"'~ L\'
6.
\
\
\
GD
11.
~ *1 \ \ _,. ).,
12,
oi
-fJ.>
10,
Lf
iJ'-rJ.·
11.
~ *1 \ \ _,. ).,
12,
( f ,.{, ~
Kos-11
t. -r· -t --Y
t: T-t 7.
\ '-Z fJ{ L \ '
8. fJ'
--y ::: \ \ \ \
9. ( ::: ~-· -\"' I;'
\
GDKos-10
-fJ.>
-fJ.·
C. This is what Robert wrote down about the trip to Okinawa. Look at the memo and make sentences. Kos-12
GD
Ex. Okinawa-hot 1. food-not expensive 2. food-delicious 3, hotel-not big
4. 5. 6. 7.
hotel-new restaurant-not quiet sea-beautiful surfing-interesting
D.
Pair Work-Practice
a dialogue with your partner, substituting
parts. A and B are talking about A's vacation. Example: went to Okinawa
-
-
very hot
A : 1*hl:::5if~l:::fi~ i L ~-t
B
t;~t,:b
-f 7 T-t°n'o
A : t: T
t :1-n'
f:.o
''
t'.··7 --:i
f:.
TL f:.n'o
T-t
o
j;,-:o
1. saw a movie 2. stayed home ( 7
scary
-G 1: \ '~)
very boring
3. went to a party
not fun
4. went to a restaurant
not delicious
5. (your own)
A.
Look at the pictures and make comments on them. EillKos-13 Example: (2)
-r t- i::·
( 6)
lllJ
¥100,000 (4)
A. U-1:
(5)
A. U-1:
;j'
i;
the underlined
~5~•H
141
B. Answer the questions using the given cues. Gl]Kos-14 Example:
~,.(,Ii t''A.JJ· A. T-t h'o
0
~7
A
~71)-~,.C!if'~
1) -
1H:
L\'A-ti"o V-1:
Ex.~
7
1) -
(3)
kind
A.
beautiful
interesting
t: tt
L
energetic
Pair Work-Choose the items from the following categories and ask your partners whether they like them. Example:
A . ~ •
.J.{.h:l. ~ IJ ~~J .._
J\\'
-r---+\.. '/
.J., IJ o
-t
~!!'it
B : Ii\', ff~ T-t /:kff~ T-t o T
~ G \ 'T-t / :k ~ G \ 'T-t o t!1. \
\ '\ ';t, 1. Foods: meat /
z7
(fermented beans) / 7
fJ - (soccer) /.A.::\'- - (skiing)/
2. Sports: ~ ·:; 3. Music:
-fJ.· -:i
t.'.c' T
1
.A 7
-
L... (ice cream)
:::tJ[., 7 (golf)
o ·:; 7 (rock) / / -\-' A.' (jazz) / 7 7 :,,., ·:; 7 (classical music)
4. School work: test / 5. Drinks: sake/
Japanese class /
green tea/
homework
coffee
*If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use
B. Answer the following questions. 1.
t'',.(_,-fJ· .A~ - '/ h{ff ~ Ti"h'o
2.
t'' ,.(, -rJ·it'°"i&h{ff ~ T-t h' o
3.
t'',.C-fJ·j):J,..i&h{ff ~ T-t h'o
4.
t··,.c-rJ·~@Jh{ff~
-t
t:
-t
i,(I)
(I)
-t
i,(I)
X.1.\ i)'f
5.
1)
-t
t··,.c-rJ·-N-~h{ff~ ti!viJ'
<
-t
Ti"h'o Ti"h'o
t3- ~ T t ~ ~ \ 'T t -t
f,;_· \
'T-t.
A.
Change the following into
L \ '".)
L
J:
2. 71:;~1:::~ -l:t/v-t!-C'
*L
J:
3 sentences.
1~-:J
1:::9~6
6.
<
7. )7-j(.('
~L
!')
1
}i
4.
1? c4 ~If "f Ji 7
5.
tl:ln'lt6 -c
GD Kos-is
J:
ii'
B.
Pair Work-Make follow-up suggestions using Example:
*L
J:
31J'.
*\ 'T--tho "t;
--+
1. 2. 3. 4.
A: *\'T-tho "t;
'(>
L
J:
7 n'o
(!)
Jf \ 'T-t ho +-=-1*("-tho L'.
l>H 1:
:::(7)tef*!1iJiL\'T-tho l~U-''' t;fl!' ;t L t. (;t7t;~(7)~~ 8 T-t J: o -tt!v-tte>
to!vtd
1f
r 7/(;t1? \' ;h L t: (;t 7 :A r -,7{
5. ;t 6.
1?~-fj)zh.i i;
(7)
t- :A
®*c~O)f'*~
rtfu l,t;1>3
L \ 'T-t J: o i -tho
(Review Exercises)
A. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. 1. Were you busy last week? 2. Were you fine last week? 3. Was your high school big/old? 4. Was your watch expensive? 5. Is your bag new? 6. Is your room small/clean? 7. Is your teacher kind?
~5~>H
143
B. Class Activity-Show and tell Bring pictures you took on a trip. Explain to your class where you went, what you did, how it was, etc. And later, other students will ask in detail about the trip. Example questions: t'': 1:::n ~ i L f-: o>;
~ m ! i t . 7 T L f-: -h' l Iv "'
t:· *'1.. t ff,, ~
i L
t: -h'
o
o
1ltff~<1)-l:JJ{f !i \' < ~TL o .: 1 ~ ~-?
f-: tr :
.)~
C. Role Play-Use Dialogue II as a model, buy some stamps and postcards.
8*0)~9 1:
IJ ii.,
;!: ':J
Japanese Festivals
There are many festivals in Japan. Some are famous, while others are known only to the locals. Some are very traditional, while others are rather new. Here are some examples of well-known festivals. Where do you want to visit?
The Sapporo Snow Festival is held for a week in early February. It features large snow sculptures constructed in a park on the main avenue.
The Kyoto Gion Festival is held in July. On the 17th, beautifully decorated floats parade on the main streets in Kyoto.
1,~~
I:<~"
The Aomori Nebuta Festival is held August 2-7. Huge colorful lanterns are pulled through the streets, accompanied by people dancing and playing flutes and drums.
~iiJ)&:~ifi ~J i;
"
ti/:'
The Tokushima Awa Dance Festival is held August 12-15. Groups of people form lines and dance around the center of town.
The Sendai Tanabata Festival is held August 6-8, and is famous for its large, elaborate decorations made with colorful Japanese paper.
Useful Expressions
At
h e
t
p
0
s t
0 ff
c e
Expressions : ;i-l,
;b~\' Li-to ------Can you take care of this, please? t.l7l'
.li.-+- JI] {]J f--c ~ -=-~ < .: l:t'P?X.lv~?
t~· ~ \ 'o --- Giveme three 50-yen stamps, please.
~lvil.'
(;i11C~1-'.) T;b~\' L i -to ----Make .:-j(-j[f!v
t.l7l'
M 8 <·· G \ 'il'il'
this (an airmail), please.
1) i i""il'o ----How many dayswill it take?
t,:1v1:0
8
.li.-+- JI](:
1t<>( .: ~~?X.!v
-fo1.· 1)
i
+,
-----It will be 150 yen.
Vocabulary ~tJ
counter
JIYJ1-'. ,}.~Cf Iv
surfacemail
!iii{~
postcard
1!1! f- < t::»
special delivery
{]Jf-
postal stamps
;tl:'('J:,
~-?
"C
Jj\~
parcel
.: 'CJ'J;/;
;Vt 'if.1-'. .:-j(-jU'!v
airmail
•m
registered mail
1*~ Ii It Iv
insurance
7l•!'< I: lb
(m
6~ / L
s
E
s
\-~C-fv0)-E3
D)
L 1'.5
D
0 1
3
SJ K06-0l/02 cu<- r ~ J...,,
Jir:Jft:i.:
IL:'.5
o / ,-_
;jz
f~fi:J..., T J:
<
~~T
t=-~\\o
wr:Jft:i.:
O/{-j--
o/ ,-_
:Jft:i., ~x_;t-lf: f ~ft. i L t: o
4
e
u
~/...,,
to
1-- :
-tt!v-ttc'
";?ii'
77:AT!llT!i\\(ti-tl-J...,J:o t>
v-t
L.~
s wr:Jft:i.:
~H'f: f #-:i T ~ T < t:· ~\'ho ""7 ii• l.~ t
60/<-j--:
(l\',
~I l.tc-lt/v-ltl'
@ After class.
B 1!\ 'i -th' Go
-1&-
ic,1:J;0iJ'
-9hi-tl"J...,o
SJ K06-03/04
o / ,- - l- ~ J...,, A,- B ! i ::k ~ T L f: ti o
1:A
~ J:?
f.:\,V'-./v
;{_ ;{_ o q~ T :A - ~ /..., <7) / ~c
3
< t:-~ \ 'o
1-- :
~i L.tc-tt!v-ttc'
:A
-
l- f 11f I) T t \ ' \ ' T-t h' o ~
\ '\ 'T-t J: o ~ ') h{ t: 7 o -t ('i! L i -to 7;•;{_
s :A
0 / ,-_
l- ~ J...,, ~ L f: TA
r h{ ~
1)
i -t J:
0
;{_ -:i o 7-Js:.~ T-t h'o II!vc ~
1
:A
;t ;to o / ,-_ L:>\'~,
r ~ J...,,
~ J:-)
@ On the bus. l
j:?(j'.'~~J...,:
~Bi B 1::::{;1'.;,,. i L t: n' G ho ~ !vJ:~ U'
~B!iaRl::::~-:iT, l.'.i
iJ'i.
~-t
M7~Li-to
.-<../v~ J:.-)
SJ K06-05/06 ~<7),
-9.7,,.i-tl"J...,o
61
A Day in Robert's Life
g
0
N
In the class.
~il.Jc-tUvltC' 2
a
o
:::<7)/\':A(lfP~ffl~A...{t~i-9-h'o LJ.J./...AJJ.?1..'lv
\, '
-Z- 7 T-tii'o
4 t:]/-\-~:
L::
'I"
ch ' t:'' 7 t -t .z,,. i -1::t,.{_,
1:
t-:o
t
0
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please read the next page. Robert: ... Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class. Robert: Mr. Yamashita, I forgot to bring the textbook. Prof. Yamashita: Please bring your textbook with you. We use it every day. Robert: I understand. I'm sorry.
® Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today. Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later, Sue? Sue: Yes. Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon. Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow. Robert: Really? Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (That's why you didn't know about it.) Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today.
Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital? Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, please. Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon. Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I carry your bag? Old woman: Thank you.
El!] K06-07 V
o
c
b
a
u
a
r
y
Nouns
}; n' ti };
money
};~
,;, .;
};$ii,
n'lv
L * ~ J: 7 n' L J: :::lvLrJJ7
s
bath
~*
kanji; Chinese character
~f+•
textbook
A,11!
this week
CD (::/-7'1-)
* Lh-lvllJ: ;:_,,;.r;* -:i ~--
7
CD \\Iv
Tlv~ T/vL'('
* 1: t
l'P~fflBL
shower 'h
o;
next
~3n.
electricity
~~
train
~~w
-J
municipal hospital
baggage personal computer
/'~'}'::]/
* "'"'---; i ~--
%S
window
J: 6
~
night
G \ \ L rJJ 7 G\\t.l!v
*11! *Jf
next week
page
next year
tJ:-adjective
*~
tough (situation)
~ -t .;: \ \ -t ('
iQ!.;:
to play; to spend time pleasantly
};,;,.;1:!i\\6
};$i{,g
n' ~ -t
~-t
* t. \ \ "' Iv (f.J.·) U-verbs
*
J~
<··
to hurry
1:A.6
to take a bath to return (a thing) (person I: thing f)
lt-t L &':! *-th6
t: -:i t: rr * Words
;
f-t 7
that appear in the dialogue
5'Af-t
to turn off; to erase (,..., f )
yt&':;i
to die
~6 :IL -:i
to sit down (seat I:)
f: ( ;f
= f '!&. 7
to stand up to smoke
*
-J
iJ' 7
1! 7
to use (""' f)
-C-J
t:· 7
.:f-1i 7
to help (person/task f)
(;J: \ \
6
A.6
to enter (""' I:)
#-J
to carry; to hold (""' f)
{*t;
( 1) to be absent (from ... ) (""'
* t -J * -\"'-t t;
f)
(2) to rest Ru~verbs
~lt6 tt;t 6
* }; 1) 6 * iJ' 1) 6 LcV.>6 :/ -r ry-f
~I) 6
1t 1) 6
l¥l cl>') 6
:/-r?-f )'{t ll 6
-J(t6
to open (something) ("-'f) to teach; to instruct
(person I: thing f ) to get off (""' f) to borrow (person I: thing f ) to close (something) ("-'f) to take a shower to turn on (""' f)
TA,hffJ'lt6 *h--9*1.6
~~f fJ'lt6 ~*1.6
to make a phone call ("-'I:) to forget; to leave behind
(""' f )
Verbs
Irregular
1!*1. -r < 6 #-:i-C<6
-J;tt-C<6 *t-:i-C<6 and
Adverbs
*
Other
1~T :!{ <
to bring (a person) (""' f) to bring (a thing) (""' f) Expressions later on (do something) late because ...
ff.6;fl-C"-t
That would be fine.; That wouldn't be necessary.
* -t (' * (lA,t t'j)
-:>
right away
7 T-tfJ' < 1)
/.f.~T-tfJ'
Really? slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly
1so •• • ~~3 · ><:5nii
G -
r
a
m
m
a
r
Te-form
The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the "re-form" Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various uses, to use them in: · · · ·
making requests(" ... , please:') giving and asking for permission ("You may ... /May I ... ?") stating that something is forbidden ("You must not .. :') forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that:')
The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is complex, as we need to learn separate rules for ru-, u-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for u-verbs is divided into five subrules. First, with ru-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take ~ off and add -Z:. ru-verbs
U-verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms. u-verbs with final
3 , -::J , and .:@
1
:z:s;:)
__.
~:J"°C ii;--
~~-:::)
__.
~~:) ""C ll'--
(::.:@
__.
(:::) ""C
Ao..ii;-
ll'-
u-verbs with final
J;-
1
illf 131
__.
ifilfv c
9Et'd. ~-
__.
9Efvc ~--
As we discussed in Lesson 3 (see page 89), some verbs that end with the hiragana 6 are ru-verbs and some others are u-verbs. Review the discussion on how the vowel before the final 6 syllable determines which verb belongs to which class. As far as te-forms are concerned, we observe that u-verbs that end with 6 will have a small -:J, ru-verbs that end with 6 do not.
u-verbs with final
<
~<
~lW: IJ,--
IJ>-
There is an important exception in this class:
fi
l, \ -
<
fi -:) c:.-
---+
u-verbs with final j.7]( <:'
<
u-verbs with final
9
l,1--
---+
!';J:-
~59 l;l;d:-
~5 ~ c:.-
---+
l;l;d:--
The irregular verbs -9 6 and < 6, and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as follows. irregular verbs
g:@ <:@ Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you find before i -9) are totally different constructs in the u-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by the ru-verbs (~°"" 'l and~°"" i -9) covers the u-verbs also, thus coming up with unwart: tc ranted forms such as x %-\ ''l (see %-\' i -9) and x wtl,.. 'l (see gft;l,.. i -9). It is probably "' "' J: easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as inJ: "j: < -"j: ~ i -9-"j: \ ' ~ ~ ~ 'l, than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjugation table at the end of this volume (p. 382).
a
--"L
Use a verbal te-form together with < cc 1 p ease do ... cror me. 2»
~f-'irJ-:lLJ: ~~ft;,{, -c < J:
od
t: ~ \'
to make a polite request to another person
r: ~ \ 'o
Please read the textbook.
-9.H-i-l±,.{,o
i;J:.
'?
t~;{_ T t~ L
<
t-:»>,
Excuse me. Please teach me a little. (=Tell me, I need your advice.)
2
If you are talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te-form, by itself, can be used as a request. %S ~Im It'"( o Open the window, will you?
,~
~
t \ '\ '-c-r means "you may do ... ;'which describes an activity that is permitted.3 To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, """'( t \ '\ '-c -9 fJ'. If somebody asks for permission and if you want to grant it, you can either repeat the whole verb te-form plus t \ '\ 1 -c-r construction, or just say \ '\ 'Ti". x "'( t \ '\ 'Ti" and X t \ '\ 'Ti" do not stand alone. A verbal te-form plus
May I see the textbook?
--Ii\',
Jt. -rt\'\ ,-c-r .J: o ;;,.
\ '\ 'T-t .J: o
-Yes, you may. You may. Please.
A verbal te-form plus (;!:\'It i -1± Iv means "you must not do ... ;' a strong prohibition statement, as in rules and regulations. You must not take pictures here. If somebody asks you for permission and if you want to deny it, you can use "'((;!:\'It i -1± Iv, but the sentence may sound too harsh unless you are in a place of authority. We will learn a softer way to say "please don't" in Lesson 8.
-
DescribingTwo Activities
You can use ate-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the te-form does the work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by t:, which only connects nouns.) This te-form conjunction can be used for present and future, as in the first and third examples below, and for the past, as in the second example. The tense of the verb at the end of each sentence determines when these events take place.
3
In casual speech, you can drop t and say --t..--.:: T \ '\ 1 T"t as well as --t..--.: T t \ '\ 'T"t. In contrast, Ii in the t: t: construction T Ii\ 'It i 1± /...,,which is discussed in the next section, cannot be dropped.
~6~• .. 153
/-
l- ~1{\'-I)
-c ":] t -L i-to 0
il'
I will borrow her notebook and photocopy it.
7'* I::~ ~ -r_
~ 8 Ii, ~"~
0< c
~ 1~ L i L f: o "'C!v5d
;t-;
Today I got up at six and studied.
~'.tl::~t-:i 1', JEt..:··~ ~~"' l; ( /:'~
''
U-7.>
t:
Iii"
i L J: Io
Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch. The te- form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of a sentence. In the first example below, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the re-form describes the situation for which the apology is made. /\°:::Z,
1::*-:i (' ~;f±l::~t~ iJ'C'L'(>
(!)
l'
i-t
0
I go to work by bus. (I take a bus to work.)
~~-lf: ~ t>-t ~tl (' -th i -1± ,(,0 n' L"
od
I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
A sentence that ends with fJ' G (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a proposal, and so forth.
;fl. Ii
vtcl
(situation), (explanation)
D"3o 4
+,
:::Z. ~
~aJE~ 1~ L i .:.1v1t1v""1vo d
S L f: 7
n" S
i
1)
-t 77' Go
I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow.
/ < x 1::
* (!)
1)
T-t n' Go
i L J: 7 o 7 7 :/'-Ii~~' ~~
Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive.
4
The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased as: th L t: T ;;z HJ{ th I) i -t ~' G' )ft, li4-B.$E. $PM~i L i -t bf;L .: Iv If Iv.-{./.,~ We will discuss this further in Lesson 9. 0
l
154 ••• ~~~ . :S(}i'~~
In Lesson 5 we learned ;t L J: -) iJ' meaning "Let's ... :' ;t L J: -) iJ' is also used in the sense of "let me do ... ;' in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying: I'll do it. Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag:
fi.T ~~ ~ # t; i L 1: {,-::>
J:
{,
7
fJ' o
Shall I carry your bag?
c ulture.~t) B*0)~1i'ffJUlt ( 1) 1:
Ii Iv
~ J j t, < it
t,
Japan's Educational System (1)
f
Most children in Japan attend kindergartens or nursery schools before entering elementary school. Compulsory education comprises six years of elementary school and three years of junior high school. Although not compulsory, over 95% of junior high students go on to high school for three years. About half of high school graduates attend a university or junior college. Admission to high schools and universities is usually based on an entrance exam. The Japanese school year starts in April and ends in March, with a long vacation in summer and two shorter breaks in winter and spring.
*~~ t~l.'tf< l.'A
Graduate School
Junior College
Age
22
*~ t:'C'n'<
18 15
12
~-~Jm:k~ (~JI*) tcA if! t:'c'tf< tcA.t:'c'
University
tj:l ~~
( tj:l ~)
~*?IJ'-o;::?
~~'.ill'<
Junior High School
1j\~f.X:
l.,.t:?ii?C::?
Elementary School
6 Compulsory Education
r
~I~/-~·········7 U-"3
Expression
Notes
11/v
~ <, /~l,) ~Although both :i1! v' and :i1! < mean "late," they have different usag<15T
<15T
li-f
<
li-f
es, since :i1! v' is an ad). ective and :i1! is an adverb. li-f li-f as a predicate, and :i1! modifies verbs. li-f
<
A: ~ (1)-)-~l:~i l•t, L:
B :
io
l..J:a
:i1! v' 't"T tla
:i1! v' modifies nouns or works li-f
I went to bed at one o'clock yesterday. It's late.
};){"
~*1:1±, +~~·;sj@~-c :il.!v'lj!Jj~·filH.'jt-"ZiTa t Bi" r:
L1t7i-::J
ti,7
Ji)~
;!"?
!1/v
On weekends, I get up around 10:00 and eat late breakfast. I went to bed late yesterday.
You can also apply this rule to
!fl< /!fl v>. IH' I±'(>
c
c,
C 5 ti~ C, -J b is normally used with Ji:> 9 iJ> -J , as in -J b Ji:> 9 i)> C -J (Thank you very much), or with T J;. i -itIv, as in t··-) b T J;. i -itIv (I am very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation of c,-) b Ji:> 9 i)> or t··-) b T J;. i-it Iv. Therefore, when you want to show your gratitude or regret, you can just say C,-) b instead of saying a long sentence. C,-) b functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use c,-) b as "hello" or "good-bye."
c -)
(6 ~Many words that begin with ;13 can also be used without it. ;13 in such words
simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words. Example:
;13~,"'.) 9 -,
(festival)
7
c
A.
e
B!] K06-os
Change the following verbs into te-forms.
}; ~ 6
Example:
}; ~ -r
--+
1.
f:~6
4.
IJ'
<
7.
2.
IJ' 7
5.
<
6
8. t6
3.
J: t;
6. i-J
9.
~ -t ,;:
-t 6
10.
\ \ -t ('
13.
Li.:l
11.
\\<
14.
!if.ct
12.
~6
15.
IJ' ;;{_ 6
B. Let's sing ate-form song! (Battle Hymn of the Republic) B!] K06-09
.P
1.
2.
i-:i-r
J: Iv T
tt.z.;:
IJ'\\-r
(t-t
L i.:i LlvT Gt-tlvT t+ L -r \ \ -t (' \ '-Z\ 'T
Gt
J: t; IJ'
.P
i-J
Gt 7
<
-:J
-r
,J.;.,.{_,fJ..·
u-verb
7-:)6
-:J
lvT
(repeat twice)
-t
L -r
u-verb
C. Make polite requests. Example:
-k-ili:ro 8 /f''IC ll/v
-r. ~:t.. '(!"' PO
.:
te-form
B!] K06-1 L
-r\.
<
lifo:
Ex. Please speak Japanese. 1.
t-:i-r
te-form
t;.;:.v.:i
-r
t6
Please stand up.
2. Please listen. 3. Please read the book. 4. Please look at me. 5. Please bring the textbook.
o
t·:· ><"-
\ \o
<
\ \ -r
('
\ 'T
6. Please teach me kanji. 7. Please return my book. 8. Please speak slowly. 9. Please come with me. 10. Please call me tomorrow. 11. Please bring your friend.
E. Pair Work-Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out. Example:
A: ::7-t-~jk,.{,T< (/)
t:-~~
10
--+
B pretends to drink coffee.
A.
You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things.~
K06-11
Example: 1. 2.
l:(J:ti;&-J
-t
~fMY:>6 11:'
4.
:12! < 9W 6
5.
z: t:· t; f
:I!;tL T < 6
-§-~ f f:ij]!';
<
L
3.
im, / -r
r;-
t5B-rl6 iii>
iii>"
6.
};-'(-
n'"-
I: t
B"'n'<
7.
~'
ttlf.l'(t6 -(
8. /""'{') ~ / f 1~ 7
".'.)
9.
§~-* f{-1} ,z, n' L -C
-:in'
')
L'<>
6
B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with ~"Lt,L,) l., Yc91.J'. 1.
You are in class. You realize you need to go to the bathroom as soon as possible.
2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home. 3. You have forgotten to do the homework. You are sure you can bring it in tomorrow. 4. You want to ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in Japanese. 5. You have run into a celebrity. Conveniently, you have a camera with you. 6. You and your friend are in a dark room, and you feel somewhat uncomfortable.
C. Pair Work-Ask your partner if it is all right to do the following things.
t: ( r : f '?&-t 7 __. A t: ( ;f : f '?& ~ -t
Example:
B 1. ~'
T t \ \ \ \ T-t f.l' o
;{. ;{. , \ \ \ \ T-t cl: o t'' 7 -i'' o / -t ;,,. i -1± tC o t;
~~1Jff.l'lt6
-c,z, ;b 2.~/f{-1}')6 J:"'
n'
3.
~f~(t6
4.
7 t- t' f
11:'
iii>
-J
It 6
5. (your partner's name) ~ tC 0) ~~ii f 1~ -c,z, n
-:in'
7
6. (your partner's name)~ ,.(,0)-tf~&l:>ff < A,,
-'?'
l,\
J: ~ t ....· · o
A.
You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in II-A.
Example: B.
G!JK06-12
T t- t' f Jl 6
T
-+
~
v t' f
Jl T Ii\' !ti -\::t lvo ~
Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a place you live. Example:
~t(Tf:lf':::
tJ'-? ::_ 1
f'?&.--::iTli\'(ti-l::tlvo ..,
;t;A ~77 ~ 1)-(J)-) (host family)
i;T~/-rr;-f)sr./Tt\'\'T-to ;Ii,~
;Ii,
C. Pair Work-Ask your partner if it is all right to do the following things. Example:
~·jiT~~i; f l.i'!t 6 1:: l; n'lv -c 1v ;, -
A:
~·jiT~~f /:: l,;n'/v -C/vb
B:
ll\',
\ '\ 'i,
l.i'!tT t \ '\ 'T-tl.i'o
~~fl.i'!tTt\'\'T-to/ b
-(Iv
~~iib f l.i'!t T Ii\' tt i -tt Iva
-(Iv
1.
JIHt;fl T t. If' ::: f '?..,&. 7 o ::_ 1 ~
5.
2.
77AT~6 ,,
6.
3. ::: :::
T-:i-t-fj_kt;
~·jiT~°"6 /:: l;n'lv t:
~i3t"'-* f:i!;ft l < 6 \.'lb.
ll-?.::.-)
7. ;h -t-J.·
-?
f: (]) 00 T-t< 1:
IJ)
4.
~·~T~ii-t 1:: l;n'lv 1J:t.:
1\.Jl
l$-jli0
~,,
(])A Ii (}/::
t?5fili fix r; ~It
IJJ
A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms.
G!]Ko6-13
Example: (1)
oo DO
oo
.
(2)
(4)
B.
(5)
Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences.
1.
s: t:· t
2.
7t1:~6
3.
~Jli f ~B
I: t
(J)
7
t
I: it,,
<
4.
}J:t:·-;1:%7 I: t
;Ji,
1:A.6
5. };j\g .s.
iJ';i,_
1)
6
(;j:\,~
6
-(,t.,l,>0
C. Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues. When you answer, use
~-c. ~ L
f:(J)~ .u,
__.
A : ~ L
Example:
l.~8(J)~
3.
.t~
Mf
Li
-t ~'
o
4.
~ (J)
7
(,:IC
.t~
~ J: -}
2.
t: (J) ~,
~ L
f:(J)~
~ (J)
7
5. ;Ji,C<
(J)~ ;Ji,:<
6.
(J)~
* *
.t~
~ 11! (J) L~? 11! ;!'-::> ::_;..., ltP-J 7t; 11! (J) L•H 11! 1-:>
-tt;., L •H
~6~H•
A. Add reasons to the following sentences.
1.
*
7't 11! ( ;t t.: .1.i,..-......1v ;Jt T L t. o
-tt/vLtP-3
2. ;}, <7) 8*_@) ;{. \,\ iJ:
3. cl: 4. ~
'f Ji i -1± ,(,
< S <7) t- A <7) -)
0
J-;.
~ 7 /I:: ff~ ,, i -9 o
7 7 A 'f 1*.H i L '('-t
t:
5. (name of a friend) fJ{*ff ~ tee' -t
B.
o
-c-r
o
Pair Work-Ask each other why you think the following. ~ :·'jR 'f ~"""i -1± ,(,0
Example:
t:
U'!b
IVv
-+
A : ;fL. (;t~ :··jR 'f ~-"" i -1± ,(,o bt: t,
U'!b
li/v
tc
B : t:·· 7 LT T-97J'o
A : ~ i 'J t;~IJ{i:, ') i -1± ,(,iJ' Go B ~ ,(,(;t? i.l'ti
B : ;fL. t ~ :··jR 'f ~-"" i -1± ,(,o 7 7 ot: l
1.
~11! (;t*:Jt T-9 .:.1vL~P-J t::.t'"'lv
U'!b
li/v
t:
o
2. (name of a place) IJ{t:f ~ T-9 o -t
3.
11!*-, lo?;l''J
(name of a movie) 'f )ti Ji-
-9 o
4. (name of a celebrity) fJ{ ~ G \ 'T'-9 o 5. j:;~fJ{-tf,(,-tf ,(,;}, ')
i -1± ,(,0
n'ti
8 *-?o'f~1~ L
6. *-~l;t ,;,c,ti/v
7. 8.
1: li/v .:
'"-lvcd
*-11!, (nameofaplace) 0t'L~? §~if'f ~ \ \ i -r l -C Iv l ii• 0
<'
i-1± £0 l::ff~ i-90 I.'
A
fJ{ i:>
1)
i -9 iJ' Go
161
A.
Pair Work-Propose to do the following things, using
Example:
A : -T t- t' ~5% Li L It
J:
7
*G
-IJ'o
B : -th i-1± ,{,o "hU\ \Li-to/\\\\
t:-\ \
;t,
ti~'
(3)
(6)
J: 31J'. G!] K06-14
(1)
(2)
(7)
(8)
D
L: J: 7 ,;:--c-t
0
~6~>H
B.
163
Pair Work-Make a conversation in the following situations. Example:
You and your partner are in a room. Your partner looks hot.
___.
A : ~ ~ Mltt i L J: 7 -IJ'o ; 1) IJ-i: z 7 o t:;~\' L i -to lJ:iJ'
You and your partner are in a room. Your partner looks cold.
1.
2. Your partner is going to have a party. 3. Your partner has trouble with Japanese homework. 4. You are talking with a Japanese(= your partner) in English, but he doesn't seem to understand English. 5. You come into a room. The room is dark and your partner is studying there. 6. Your partner forgot to bring glasses and cannot read the menu on the wall of a restaurant.
®*c6b0)**§1
tlfv l.,tii-S
(Review Exercises)
A. Role Play-Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Example: Example-A You are short of money and want to borrow some money from your friend.
A :-th.i-1±,.{.,-IJ\
1:>~~{-t}l)Tt\'\'T-9-IJ'o :iJ'lJ
t:;~T-9-IJ'o
A
lf> L f: !i:iz. t:· -t; O)~
B
T
l:t
t..
~
tc!vt;11.f
;fL- t 1:>~-IJ{ lf> Mel
:/J'
t·· 7 LT o
B
7J'lJ
Example-8 You don't have money to lend to your friend because you went on a trip last week.
1)
8 T-t iJ' Go i -1± ,.<. ,o 7C ii!, ~At t:::ff ~ i L
:iJ'lJ
-\t/vL~1
1; ~.:: ')
''
t. iJ'
Go
(1)
1-A You have a date tomorrow and want to borrow a car ( < 6 i ) from your friend.
1-B You just bought a car ( < 6 i ) and don't want anyone to use it.
(2)
2-A
2-B
You lost your Japanese textbook,
You have a big test in Japanese and
but you need to study for a test
need your textbook to prepare for
tomorrow.
the test.
(3)
3-A
3-B
You are now in your friend's house.
You just baked a cake ( 7 - .:.t-) for
You see a cake ( 7 - .:.t-) that looks
your mother's birthday.
very delicious. You love cakes.
Your friend is in your house now.
B. Answer the following questions. 1. ~B>f,, ~lvlilv
2. 3.
~:fjtTM~ I: L.til'/v
5. 6.
"""-c
~'?&."? 1' t \ '\ 'Ti"'h'o T
!ion'
:k~(:::fPJ ~# "? l ~i "th'o tcc'n'<
J:
<
t.:1:
t
~jfi(:::*
-c'!vL>t>
J'c~,
-ttlvlA-i
7.
(Answer with
LTll\'(ti-l:L{,h'o
to:I:
~jfit>
4.
M~ Li i"'h'o t.:1:
i i"'h'o
i§~~~;tti
Lf.:h'o
b"9
L~U.:'c'
-1-f~(J)*, ~ l:'t
I) 0)
~··:: T1Qllli
I:";
iJ;,f-
<
8.
-1-f~(J)*, .; 1:· t 1: c;
J:
9.
~:fjtTJ:
< /.f. ~,ftn•
I: L .t n•/v
ll'lv
L
r.«,
1?~~,<..,~-t-fi\'i n·iJ;, -c -c; t: 1)
i-th'o
Lf.:h'o
""'o")
Useful Expressions
Directions i -:> -t ('ff< (go straight) ,,
i£ 1: liBf.l' 6 ;!'
1t f5/t6 t>tc
[i't,'1)
h-i?
(turn left)
.=.-J
§
,;,fc
ilJ
(cross the street)
O)~ f iJ•/:_'
--J
§
0)1§~f
(}/:_
i1J
Liv.::·~
i£ 1: liBf.l' 6
;t 1: liBf.l' 6
(turn left at the second corner)
"""
in: '!
1
irF
--~
(turn 1 right at the first traffic light)
)t !!tc
(north)
! (left side of
\ itO)~~~
ilO)*)~~
~
E§
(right side of the street)
the street)
--r---
1fn'L
(west)
(east) i¥j
*
*
l;ftl;
*
(south)
A : -th. i -1± ,{,o ~f~f.ij (;t t'': Ti"f.l'o .P~U'/v~l(
Excuse me, where is a post office?
B
i -:> -t ('ff-:> T, .==_ -J §
<
"""'
f:_· ~ \
'o
0) ~
lb
i)•/:_'
~{~f.ij (j:;f)~~ I:~ '1J~tf/v~;(
f ;51: liBf.l'-:> T ;,.~·
1
1) ii" J:
0
h-~';IJ<;b
Go straight and turn right at the third corner. The post office is on the right.
A : t''-) t ~ 1) I.I' t 7 :" ~-· \ ' i -to Thank you very much.
*
1: L
( m7~
L
J
~TI~O)~~
0 2A.
s
E
Sue is showing a picture of her family to her roommate, Michiko.
-:
;t;to
hi;
::: :
A. - ~ ,.(, l::t t:'' *1.. Ti"
4
A
-
:*1..Ti"o
6
A.
:
~*5(<7)%=(::t~IJ't.l~IJ'(t(\\i
IJ' t:)\ \ \ \Ti" t.l o
-
:::
7J..;.-f;::
*1..l::t)( Ti" o 7 ~ 1) 17 <7)~{±1:::f/J~ (\\ii" i>'C'L'<'
tffJ'~<(, -It
A
IJ'--:J=\\\\Ti"t.J.o
;{_;{_o :k'r1J(;J:~~L (\\ii"o
;': /:'{,
10
11
h-/;:::
1t.-,::1v
i'.J'/:
iJ;i_
~'/7JJ,,J:::1i,.CT\\ii"o ''I
~/v~C'
~
--:J,
o
:*1.,(;J:j:;:/($~,.(,Ti"IJ'o
::=_fiN.Ti"o
I}
-f J Ti"IJ'o Tt,
-:>I:
tci>'
-'J-{}~IJ'-A\\ii"o
9
Ll:o
I: 2'
.; ? ;: ?
::: : :
IJ' o
t,t,
8
N
o
7J
Family Picture
3
s hi;
s
fa'if;'\ \ i i"t.J.o iJ;:
-/;.t--:Jt::i:.--:J(\\ii"t.lo ,;,1:
1-
~
K07-0l/02
~7~ ••• 167
@ Michiko's
phone rings.
t
L
t
~
K07-03/04
L , h. -t; : ~ Iv, ~M ~ L T \ \ i -th' o t. '°1 i'J:(:
$iJt:: M t L T \ \ i -tl- Iv o ~, /Z - ~ Iv 0) ~Ji ~ Jl T \ \ i -t o
rZ-:::>
;iJ::i:
L-.>\> Liv
i..\;t
-1:- 7 T-t h' o t; t L ;; \ \ D V D ~ 1t 7' 1 - 7' 1 7' 1 -
7
iJ'
i L
s;
t: h' G , l
fr
--.>
t: G Jl I ::
*-i-tl-/vJJ'o
4 5
1)
l-;. -t;
l-;. -t;
=:
\" \\ \T-tno
=:
t 1;7>£0 t '\" ;t, -t
/Z-
('ff~
~Iv t-~l::;ff--.> T t \ \. '-'.) L.t
i-t
1\
\T-th'o
l'
0
CD Michiko: Is this your family picture, Sue? Sue: Yes. Michiko: Which is you? Sue: This. I was wearing glasses when I was in high school. Michiko: You are cute. Sue: This is my father. He works for an American company. Michiko: He is tall and good-looking.
Is this your elder sister?
Sue: Yes. My sister is married. She lives in Seoul now. She has one child. He is three years old. Michiko: I see. Oh, there is a cat. But he is a little fat. Sue: Yes, because he eats a lot.
® Robert: Hello, Michiko, what are you doing now? Michiko: I'm not doing anything especially. I am looking at Sue's pictures. Robert: I see. I have borrowed a funny DVD, so if you like, won't you come to see it? Michiko: That sounds good. Is it all right if Sue comes with me? Robert: Of course. Michiko: We'll come right now.
;,.
~E
Wv
0
c
a
61
Pi::!
tcfu
2
b
u
a
r
Nouns
* ;f:i ;fl 1 /'~-
(my) older sister apartment younger sister
r
\\t7t:
7 t:
song grandfather; old man
t;C:\\~,.{_, j:; t:
*
7
t: t;t::o:>Ut: t;I:\\~,.{_,
younger brother
j:; ;fl ;{_ ~ ,.{_,
older sister grandmother; old woman
man older brother
j:;(f';f:i~,.{_, j:; ,.{_, -t.J.· 0)
o t:
woman
* fJ'\\ L "<' * fJ'Jf' < fJ'h~ .J:
company family hair brothers and sisters
7 t:·\ \
< ~
<
mouth country; place of origin car game convenience store
1:
<~i J-j'-L.. '::J/t'.::...
+T- '7
J[,-
<
t:"
L .J:
7
~'.t
* ~ ~ )( * DVD c-r·1-7··17"1-) (l(l -BJ
club activity cafeteria; dining commons (my) father DVD (my) mother eye glasses
l,,\ ~ ;f:i
a d j e c t i v e s
t. i fJ'\ \ \ \
mH'\ \ \ \
bright; smart; clever
if fJ{~ \ \ 1f 1J{1t. \ \
(conjugates like \ \ \ \) cute tall (stature) short (stature)
~\
long
*fJ'h\\\\
* -l±fJ{f::. fJ'\ \ -l±fJ{lj < \ \ -f.J.· f}{\ \
* Words that appear in the dialogue
\
K07-05
fast short (length)
~-adjectives L ,<_, -1± -:> (f.i.·) "'. ,{_, I) ( -f.1.·)
~ tJJ 1~)f lj
kind convenient
U-verbs
7 t: 7
to sing ( ,. . ._, f) to put on (a hat) ( ,. . ._, f)
f.i',): 6
9;06 9;o -:i ""( \ ' i -t 9;P I) i -Ii ,{_, {it;
L6
L-:i"t\'i°"t L 1) i -1± ,<_, * -t t;
Ii<
to get to know ( ,. . ._,
f )
I know I do not know to live ( ,. . ._, 1:-t
,{, """(''\ 'i -t)
to put on (items below your waist)
c-~f) * .), t 6 ,), t
-:> ""( \ \
to gain weight to be on the heavy side
i -t
Ru-verbs * (&f>f.l{;f-Jf)1Ht6 ~6
to put on (glasses)
*
to work for ( ,. . ._, I:
to put on (clothes above your waist)
( ,. . ._, f) -:>
t
&>':>
6
}(>-1± 6 }(> -1± ""( \ \ i -t
-:>
t
&>':> ""( \ '
to lose weight to be thin
Irregular
* lt-:i:::. £-t 6 Adverbs
to get married ( ,. . ._, t )
and
Other
,....._,I.I{
Expressions ... , but
t +
Mt
not ... anything
,....._,I:,<_,
,....._,;.,,.
*
o t I) ,), t. 1)
-A. =-A.
*
""--:>
[counter for people] one person two people nothing in particular Hello? (used on the phone)
*
-f.1.·
I:
I:
+
negative
negative
* t Lt L * t t7>£ * .J: I.I, -:i t: G
$1J 1:
of course if you like
i -t)
G
r
m
a
m
a
r
A verbal "re-form," when followed by the helping verb \ '6, means either of the following:1 (a) an action in progress, or (b) a past event that is connected with the present.
Which of these two senses a given verb is used in is to a large extent determined by the semantic characteristics of the verb. The verbs we have learned so far can be roughly divided into three groups based on their semantics. (1) verbs that describe continuous states (2) verbs that describe activities that last for some time (3) verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous We have not seen many Group 1 verbs. So far we only have ~ 6 and \ ' 6. The te-forms of these verbs are never used together with the helping verb \ ' 6, so we will have nothing to say about them in this section. Many verbs belong to Group 2. They include verbs such as ~-"' 6, ~ft; t;, and 1~-:J. When t: J: J' the re-form of a verb in this group is followed by the helping verb \ '6, we have a sentence describing an action in progress. 7- - ~,.(_,Ii
4'-~ 1~ LT\' i -to
l.'i...ZA.~
Sue is studying right now.
.t ~
f: t+ L ~ ,.(, !i*?o-0)2f. ~~ft;,.<_, T\ 'i ;{_ !.• .:
(i/v
J:
+,
Takeshi is reading a book in English.
You can also use a ,....., ( \ ' i t" sentence to describe what a person does by occupation or by habit. The first example below therefore has two interpretations: 1. you are teaching English right at this moment; and 2. you are an English-language teacher (but are not necessarily in class right now.) The second example means that Mary is in the habit of studying Japanese (but of course she does not spend 24 hours a day doing so). ;fl- !i*?o ~~;t T \' i -to .z,, .: ;b L I teach English. I I am teaching English (right now). Mel
1
The distinction between \ ' 6 and
~7~• .. 171
~T ')-~ £1i.Di-B Bi'-~~1fa1i L -C\ 'i-to ;l'\'l:Jo I: li/v t: AC/v~lJ Mary studies Japanese every day.
Verbs in Group 3 describe changes from one state to another. If you get married, or Mi~-t 1t0~k 2 6, for example, your status changes from being single to being married. With these verbs, -r \ ' 6 indicates a past occurrence of a change which has retained its significance until the present moment. In other words, -r \ ' 6 describes the result of a change. 3
J.ir1t:i.1i*-ili~ L -C\ 'i-t o Ltc1tlv1t\' lt0::/v
Professor Yamashita is married.
4
'(>;j'
Michiko is seated near the window.
Here are some more examples of verbs that are commonly used in the ,...,_, -r \ 1 6 framework.
-
#-J t
9;06 L
:i\.6
,;.1:
-
~-l±6
.:A. - ~
(has)
,(.,Ii 1? ~ ~ 7)•1;l
t. < ~ ,(.,#t
-:i
-C \ ' i
-r,
Sue has a lot of money.
J.i r Jlt:i. li-iif ~ 9;o-:>
>(>:J'Ltc1tk1t\'
IJ:IJ:
L
-r \ \ i
-t
0
Professor Yamashita knows my mother.
l- t,. ~ ,(.,Ii t; J: (is overweight)
~-l±-C\\6
t :k -:i -C \ 'i ,;.1:
5Ft. <7:> tf; Ii t -Ct ~-l±-C \ 'i -to i>Ht
My younger brother is very thin.
~ T I) - ~ ,(., Ii T ::/ -\"' '/ ~ ~ r c-:
(wears)
+,
Tom is a little overweight.
Mel
(is thin)
-:i
-r \ \ i
-t
0
""
Mary is wearing/wears a T-shirt.
*
Among the verbs we have learned so far, verbs such as ~ ~ 6, ff < , ~ 6, 6, h i.l' 6, t±l i.l' It 6, :*. 6, H ti·.i < -c 7*6, 7Ei;i, 5¥4-9, ~;tt.6, 111'1) 6, Jlt1J 6, t~.., T < 6, i!n T < 6, #.6~-96, *6, '\"-tt6, :4-6 -r b I... (j p-f tr I~ {, Lt Iv .t. !!: belong to Group 3. In most cases you can determine whether a verb belongs to Group 2 or 3 by checking if the verb allows for a phrase describing duration, such as -a'f M. Compare, for example, l•t;, t.: ?)•A. 0 ;ft, I ;1 ~ (!) 7 -a'f M :$:. "f Mt.t: .Z,. i L f: o I read a book for an hour yesterday. bl~L \' !;, t ti• A. IJ. A. X ;ft,1;1-a'fra'J7EI::: i L f:o (Ungrammatical, much as the English translation N;L t;, c 'IJ'!v L "I died for an hour" which is also odd.) ~ft: ;t; thus belongs to Group 2, and 7Ei;i to Group 3. l 3 " In Lesson 9, we will observe that this result of a change reading is actually not restricted to verbs in Group 3, but can be associated with those in Group 2 in certain contexts. 4 Note that the sentence does not mean Professor Yamashita is getting married. 5 The negation of 9';o ...., T \ 1 i -9 is 9';o I) i -!::t A,, without the T \ 1 6 formation. 2
l'
-::i
i•
L
L
?
.:
rJ)
172 •••
~~2i . )()T,;i\iiii
~~6 ;b
-
t? )( ~ A., (;;t~ ~
~~(\\6
I:~
;b
(is awake)
1iA., .., T\ \ 6
1it; ..,
(lives in) fJ}ll) 6 -:>/:
-
fJ}ll)
-r \ \ 6
-:>/:
-r \ \ i -t
0
Dad is up and awake.
*~!J:*-* 1!'
f'<
I:~~ H
1::1iA., T\ \ i T
+,
My family lives in Tokyo.
*h O):k'ijl(;;t
tdcL
(works for)
ti
B *O)~{±l::fJ}ll) T \ \ 1: li!v
-/J'o'L~·
-:>/:
i-t
o
My older sister works for a Japanese company.
Note that verbs like ft< and *-6 belong to this group. Thus fr-? --C \ \ 6 and*- --C \ '6 in\..' < \,.\ 5 dicate the current states that result from prior movements, not movements that are currently in progress. You may want to be careful with what the following sentences mean. Somebody has gone to/is in China. Not: She is going to China. Somebody has come over to visit. Not: Somebody is coming over. Finally, a note on conjugation. The helping verb \ \ 6 conjugates as a ru-verb. Thus we have long forms as in the following example.
affirmative
'*9
present
:5!~-C\., t: He is eating.
past
:5!~-C\., l_; ic. t: He was eating.
'*
negative
:5!~-C\., '*iifv t: He is not eating. :5!~-C\., '*iifv c l.;ic. t: He was not eating.
To describe somebody who has long hair, one could say:
rt-~ A.,O)~(J:-&\ -/J'h-
\Ti"
o
Tom's hair is long.
"f,;:1)<
But in fact it would be far more natural in Japanese to say:
rt-~
A.,(J:~"h"-&\ -/J'h-
"1,,:1)<
\Ti"
o
Tom has long hair. (= As for Tom, he has long hair.)
This applies not only to discussion of the length of one's hair, but to descriptions of a person's physical attributes in general. See the Parts of the Body section at the end of this lesson for the name of body parts.
*~\\ tot-;
,j,:S\\
A :S ,.{,Ii
Person A has a body part which is ...
In idiomatic collocations, we also have:
'W'f.l{i%\ \ -It
'W'f.1{1~\ \
tcir
-It
is tall
B
AA f.l{\ '\ '
t» <
tJU
is short
is bright/smart
Te-forms for Joining Sentences
In the last lesson, we discussed the use of verbal te-forms to join sentences. \ v , and tcadjectives and -c-t after nouns also have te-forms, which can be used to combine two elements to form longer sentences. The te-form of an v v-adjective is formed by substituting < 't for the final \'·The te-form of a fJ.· -adjective and a noun+ T-t sequence is formed by adding -C to the base or the noun. l, i-adlectlves:
~l,)
irregular: tJ:-adjectives:
l,)l,'
noun
{,Q)
-+
(tJ:)
-+
82fs:Ac9
-+
TC~
't,
TC~C
! -
82fs:Ac 1: l;!A.L5A.-
1: l>A.t;A.
<
~<-c '<',-J:<-C lfA.
lf/d!
+c9:
1,<7)~<7)~~~W!i~ tc
-+
'<'9
})\ \ L \ \T-t
o
'?'i'
The food at that restaurant is inexpensive and delicious. ;t -T JL-(i ~ ;tt\ \ T,
.J: ii'-:) t: T-t
o
The hotel was clean, and we were happy.
J.i"f :7'G:i.. Ii 8
'?'£ LJ:-lt/v-tl-C'
*A. -c
I: liA.,!;A.,
Ii. + ~ .: l:o-o:'.
(' G \ \ T-t
o
Professor Yamashita is a Japanese and he is about fifty years old.
a
verb stem+
li::fr< \,)
If a person moves to another place in order to do something, we can describe their movement and its purpose this way:
destination of movement
l~
f 1 the purpose of movement I IL
The purpose of movement is a phrase consisting of a verb, its object, and so forth.6 Verbs describing the purpose of a movement must be in their stem forms. Stems, as we learned in Lesson 3, are the part you get by removing i -t from the verbs' present tense long forms. stems:
.:;::/~- l- 1: 1-h'!i'A,
~]'{\\I 1:ft~ -/J\
i L f::.o
I.'
I went to a department store to buy a bag. ,;<'
7
1) -
A,!i 8 ::;f.l:
~
I: li/v
I a ::
1:*-i
!'<
L f::.o
Mary has come to Japan to study Japanese.
-
Counting People
The "counter" for people is A., but "one person" and "two people" are irregular: - A. and l:/v ()'/: IJ =-A.. s.r: IJ
u t:
') (-J...) .), f::. ') (::...J...) ~ A, I:: A, (=._;.._) .J_I: A, (e:sJ...) :::·· (::A, (:E...J...)
.; <
1: Iv (-/7.J...) L t; I:: Iv/ -rJ.- t: I:: Iv ( -l:- A.) Iii; 1: Iv (!'-..A.) ~ tP -) 1: Iv (1LJ...) r tP -) I:: Iv ( -t- J...) 6
one person two people three people four people five people six people seven people eight people nine people ten people
{PJ}.._\\i-f"h'o 7J:/v!:/v
You can also use some nouns like Jl'. \ '4~ (shopping) for the purpose phrase, as in 7.l• !,(!) 7·, {- l- I::: Jl'. \ '4~ I::: 1T ~ i L t: o I went to a department store for shopping. tr
{,f/l
'.•
fllF~•••175
To count people in a class, for example, you can add ,..__,A after the noun and the particle fJ\ 1:1v
and say: person
1J' X A IC,\,
;ft. 0) 7 7 A I:: ( ! i) A r/ I
l., '*9
-
7' /A
Pl:L
',i_ f}<'- A\ \ n'<-ttc' tr ): '!
0) ~
L:!v
i -t
0
There is one Swedish student in our class. The place expressions are often followed by I: Ii instead of I: in this type of sentence.
~I~/-t----·········8 0.,5
Expression
Notes
11fu
~13\ ~mt~ means "to play," "to spend time pleasantly," or "to pay a social call." ;J;;-t
;,-t-
-=f.: 1:1t <1) A~, J:: (:'{, t 5
< 1J:.t t!. 't !::: mt(}' i t
<*J.f-
Lt:..o
)'[;JIN 0) :iiN;KliJR>?. l:mt cf l:{T ~ i L tc;
-t!JvL1tii
Lib-)1-:J
t-)~.1:1
di.>-f
\'
When I was a child, I often played with friends. I went to Tokyo to have fun last weekend. Please come and see us.
Note that "to play" as used below requires different words. Sports: to play tennis T .:=.A ~ T 0 Games: to play games 'f- b. ~ T 0 to play cards l- 7 / 7°~T 0 Music instruments: to play the guitar of' 7 - ~ 51f! o
<
9;0Q/Db'Q ~If you don't know the answer to a question but should have thought about it, you should say b ~'~ i-lt Iv instead of *D ~ i-lt Iv (see LesL L.,
son 4 Dialogue 2, for example). *D ~ i-1± Iv in such a context would sound rude, L implying that your ignorance on that matter is none of the inquirer's business.
8
c
A.
Look at the pictures below and answer the questions. Example: 0 : ~ 7 A : ~7 Ex. IJ
\
(t
1) 1)
,{,(j:1PJ ~LT\\
B!] K07-06
i-9n'a
~A., (;t 7 L- t' ~Jl ,,. T \ \ i -9 a
-
(1)
~m.,.· -
~
7d:(:
tr
~
/ IS:::i
cc
!]
(8)
B.
e
(9)
Pair Work-What were you doing at the following times yesterday? Be as specific as possible (where, with whom, and so on). Example: 2
P.M.
--+
B : ~ tt
t~- -t; t :g:~li T~x:1vod 7~ L -r \ \ i L t:
1. 6 A.M.
3. 10
2.
4. 12:30 P.M.
8A.M.
A.M.
»-;
a
-"'
5. 6
P.M.
6. 8
P.M.
7. 11
P.M.
C.
Class Activity-Let's student.
play charades. The teacher gives a sentence card to each
One of the students
mimes the sentence.
All other students
guess
what the person is doing and raise their hands when they recognize the action. The person that gets the most points is the winner.
@ (}:)~~fvlctct:IL:f$fv "CG'*91J' A. This is Sue's family. Answer the following questions.
B!l
Example:
1.
3? )( ~ ,.{,Li r·· : I:: 1i ,.{, T \ ' i
A
3? )( ~ ,.{, I i .::.
..,
3? (rJ1 ~ ,.{, Ii tioi.
r·· :
Ht? t
I:: 1i.., ,.{, T \ ' i .,-
-t 1J'
tioi.
£liM~ t,:1:
5. J?(rp ~ ,.{,Ii~~ io;i.
Father
ILo -=:;,,
T'\ 'i-t-h'o
!f;~ ,.<., li~~i
Ht?/:
lt-o-=:,t,,
i -t-h'o
LT\'
7.
J?X ~ £1iM~T-t°h'o C:-)
8.
!f;~ £1iM~T-t-h'o
hi::?/::
9.
~/v~I.'
J?)( ~,.{,Ii 8 /.f.(7)4{;f±l:fh -C 1:-j
1: Ii/,,
7J•t•L>0
-:J/:
\\;i-t-lJ'o
L -C \ 'i -t-h'o
Mother
o
~/v~I.'
L -C\ 'i-t°h'o
lives in N.Y.
o
6.
o
3?-lif~ £1iM~ L -C\ 'i-t-h'o t;•;J;, t,:1:
4. J?(rp~
B.
3 - 7
zi: -
H
2. !f;~ £1i7,J1)fJ1:1i£ 3.
-t °h' I :: 1i ,.{, -r· \ ' i -t T
Q
1:7
K07-07
works for an American company
48 years old
high school teacher
45 years old
Sister
lives in Seoul
workd for a bank; married
27 years old
Brother
lives in London
student; not married
18 years old
Pair Work-Ask your partner's family and fill in the blanks below.
M~T-t-lJ' M ~ L -C\ 'i-t°h' 7d:Jv~I,.\ ~(::: j?)(~,.{, 1:-j
j? ./if ~ ,.{, ;l;•il;
j?JL~,.{, 1:1.>
j?J(rp~,.{, tioi.
!f; ~ ,.{,
Ht? t
~ ~ ,.{, t•LH
z; I:: 1:£ L -C\ 'i-t-h' .., ,.{,T\ 'i-t°h' ~~ lt-o.:: A,
A.
Describe the physical characteristics of the following people.
@!] K01-os
Example: (2)
(3)
• •
(5)
B. Look at the picture below and answer the questions.
@!] K07-09
Example: 0 : J..i EB ~ ,.(, ( l -\'"' -l± T \ 1 i -9 h' o vi
i:
A: (l\1, 1. 2.
J..iEB~,.{,(;i-\"-l±T\1i-90 r:
vi
J..iEB~,.{,(;il\.-:)T\1i-9h'o
vi
t:
,;,1:
J..iEB~,.(,(;tT :/-t
'
71-
~
6J1J~,.(,(;t1PJ~~T\1i-9h'o J: U•b to:I: !J 4. J..iEB ~ ,.{,(;t /-/:A-~ (l\ 1T\1 i-th'o 3.
vi
5.
r:
sJlJ ~ ,.{,(i&'>h{;tl ~h'ltT\
1
i-th'o
J:U•b
~#-:)T\1i-9h'o t 7. J..iEB ~ ,.{,(;ilf'h{f%\ 1T-9h'o vi to -it ten' 8. sJlJ ~ ,.{,(;ilf'h'1l&\ 1T-9h'o
6.
sJlJ~,.{,(ih'~ J:U•b
J: [.,iJ•jo
-It
U-(
9. J..iEB ~ ,.{,(;t~h'-t{\ vi
10.
to
iJ•;,.
>:i:i!'
T-9h'o
1
6 JlJ ~ ,.(, (;t § h{1J' ~ \ 1 T-9 n' o J:liJ•b
{!)
Jc,c•
sJll J: LiJ•b
C.
Look at the picture below and describe each person.
Example:
7j(Jj
,,..,.
(1)
~Iv (i (f 7 L !- n'.)~-:> T \' i
+,
D. Class Activity-One student describes another student without mentioning the name. The rest of the class guesses who the student is. Example:
~n{~\'T-to T :/-r'Y!-~T\'i-to fi•Jj.
Ji.t.:fi•
f-1-
"
A. Make sentences using two adjectives. Example:
2. h. t; .; ~ Iv 3.
~ tu '-r,.: /-\" ~ L \ '
-tfn{~\'/n'-:>=\'\' -tt tcfi• - ff-n'-rJ.·/::k ~ \,
t~itL~lv l-
4. 1 / ~-
-
Lt'
5.
*fr#.MR. (Bullet Train) L!vfi•!v-ltlv
6. A. - ~
Iv
-
7. ~h(7) 00 (7) A. McL
(I:
U'i:
titi
-
!!Ji. n{\
Mo1
:it\ '/ /j:'(>
'\
1~*1J
<«
IJ
-fJ.·
'/~;tJJ-fJ.· L/v-tt-::i
5t 'A -tJ.· / I :: ~-· -\" n' -tJ.·
lf/v"
B!] K07-10
-/-/A.
.. !-(l\'l\'i-l±lvo
B.
Looking back on your childhood,
Example:
make sentences using the given cues.
GlJ Ko1-11
next-door neighbor - tall & kind t -fJ.' I)
--+
0)
A. ( ;t if h { ~ &t
~
~~
<
1. father
-
quiet & good-looking
2. teacher
-
big & scary
3. house
-
old & not clean
4. classes
- long & not interesting
5. friends
-
kind & interesting
6. school
-
lively & fun
7. homework -
0
L~~~
difficult & tough
-
8. myself
l ' ~;l:JJ T L f:
small & cute
C. Describe the following items using two or more adjectives. Example:
my mother --+
~(;t~;fl\'T~~
L\\T-to
l;l:li
D.
1. my hometown
4. one of my family members
2. my country
5. Japanese people
3. my Japanese class
6. people of my country
Pair Work-Answer the following questions using two or more adjectives. Example:
*
l::*._h{\
\,';{_
l.'o'J.
--+
A : B
\ i -t "h'o / t''/v-fJ.':*.. T-t "h'o
*- 1::*..h"\
l.'i..
I.'~
\ i -t h'o
\.'iJ.
(;t\ -,
A : t''A,-t,i::F.. ,,., T-t h'o B: 1J\~ -!; \'
A : -f
7
<
T,
h'tJ\\\\T-to
T-th'o
~7~• .. 181
2.
*
G
1. t''::: h'
!'<
i L f: »>.
/
t'',.{.J,fl!IJ (00) T-t h'o 1t,
:J"t "'? ""( \ \ i -9 b>;
/"~')':I/!
< 1:
/ t''/v-fJ.' /{')':I/
T-9 h'o
t
3. 4.
A
ff-~ -.-
-tJ.· A. h{\ ' u-t
i -th'
t'' Iv -tJ.· A. T-t
a /
u-1::
i!!*-M t L i L t: o>; /
t'' 7 TL
L•P'i 1-:::>t,:I:
o:
a
t: h'o
Sue is going to the following places to do the things below. Make sentences like the example. G!] Ko1-12 Example:
*~ -
""'i --+
h'.): ~(Kabuki)!
1::
Jl.6 ~
:7.- ~ /v(i *~I:: ~d
t
h'.;: ~ ! Jtl::1t~ i-t ~ ,,
a
-7-F!1-tr'J6 lllv -~=--~!~~6 U'ih IJ:lv t: - t;iJ-tt ~ 7 l
1. ~"f:jf;
i}>
/:: Ld'lv
2. ~~
L; < l:'-j
3.
~1! !,',] .p-j[f!v~;(
4.
~IE .:.-);{./v
5.
ii:.t t:' t; if) 7 t. - ~ 7Si -t 6
6.
lllJ ;
7.
7'/{-
8.
i%;fX
t;\
~?
C:
-
.r<.!v~ J: ') :;It;_ "' X:a!I-~)'\
ii,{-
~
-
<-:)!~7 iJ'
-*~!~;t6 BL ;iy
.::-).::-)
.::·
- ":J-t-!~kt' a: B. For what purpose would you go to the following places? 1. ':I /
2.
** t-Jed
t:' -=- I ::
l::fi~i-90 ,,
1::
1::1-f~i L f:a ,,
3. ~"f:jf;
/:: LJ: iJ'lv
4. *-1:: ~ ;{_ \
5.
*~1:: tee,.,,,<
1::
l::fi~i-90 ,, l::~IJ i-90 i)>j__ L f:o 1::*i !'<
C.
Pair Work-Look
at the pictures below and practice the dialogue with your
partner.
A : ~ t,, :S A.Jlii..t:'i;q) 7i;1::Mt,:1: ~ L 1::ff,, ~ i-th'o I: t
Example:
B : &;-f ~lll::ff\,' ~ i-t o Ex. to play (have fun)
( 1) to borrow
Tom
Paul
Ken (4)
( 3) to buy souvenir
(2)
(5)
~ODD
:
O 0 D
temple Mary
Maria
Yoko
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.
A:
Example:
:::q)'ffB¥1::3{q)J...n{MJ...\'ii""h'o r-;
V'C
}.;/vlj:
~
!J.:/v(:/v
B : =._J... \ 'i -to ,;,fc 1)
1. .;
q)cffB¥1:: }') q)J...n{MJ...\ c-;
2.
"(>
/;/:;:
1!'/:
:::q)'ffB¥1:: r-;
.>(->
(nationality) 3.
.;
q)'ffB¥1::~h{~\ ->;
4. .;
"(>
"';,.
>d:-/J'
'i-th'o
'd:/vl:/v
J...h{MJ...\'ii""h'o L::/v i'J.·/v(:/v
'J...n{MJ...\ 'i-th'o ()'/:
>d:!vl:/v
q)'ffB¥1:::7t'A 1-J.·J...n{MJ...\ 'i-th'o lf/v e. ()'/: 'd:/vl:/v r-;
"(>
A. Answer the following questions. 1. t:·· : I :: 1itC T \ ' T
i
-t -IJ'
a
2.
~~LT\'ii"h'a
3.
§~.ifi/.ifi~#-:>T\'ii"h'a
4.
8*0')~~~P-:>T\'ii"-IJ'o
lt-o~!v
L -ClvL<>
1: li!v
t
Oi'
0 tc
L
5. +T-71t,,1:A.-:>T\'ii"h'a 6.
B*-?oOJ7t;~li~81PJ~~T\'ii"-IJ'/li\'T\'ii"-IJ'a
7.
)L~-IJ'\ \ i i"-IJ'o -fPJA\ \ i i"-IJ'o
I: li/v .:
";"0 7):1:
-\t/v-\tC'
;'.<
'd:lv{:Jv
~J:~t.:i.1
8. }; X ~ tC / };-tV ~ tC Ii t:·· : I:: ifJ &') T \ ' i I: 0
7J'Ji)
-:>!::
-t -IJ'
9. }; L: \ ' ~ ,.{_, / }; I ;f ch ~ tC ( i t:·· : I :: 1itC T \ ' i T
10.
a
-t -IJ'
a
-J-1~0J*, § ~lfi ~#-:> T \ 'i L t: h'a ~ l::'t I::!\ L -C/vL<> t
11. ~t(OJ*, ~ 0 .; 0
I:: ";
B*?o~~o-:>T\'i 1: Ii Iv .:
L
Lt.:h'a
B. Class Activity-Show a picture of your family to the class and describe it.
2. Referring to yours
1. Referring to other families
A. formal
B. informal
Father
s:Y:6fv
:Y: <;<;
s:Y:6fv
s:Y: 6fv/1\1\
Mother
s£t6fv
m
s£t6fv
s£t6!v/??
5[. il'>IO
s£6fv 1:1,.1
s£5\'!'fv
~IP
s~m 6
I:?
IJ>lh
(:I.'
s~m 6
Older sister
ti:<.
n,
t;l:?I:
~\{,?
::EA./~ .t:>-:>C
l,$~A
s t.;;1,16
ti:<.
Yit
--
tC.fvt:I./7 "!:>(])A.,
fv
LJ>I:
etc. ts<
J:/l.l
etc.
s£t6fv l)•;f,
t.El.:Y:
s t.;;1,16
t.El.Bt
s(i'il!> 61v
-t
s:Y:6fv I:?
~ 6/v/9* 6/v,
f.;.l.1
s(i'il!> 61v
Grandmother
s~IP"!s\'!'!v --
*l*l/~ tr -o;<
ts(
Grandfather
n,
~
l,$~A
~6/v
Wife
(:1,,1
l.1'5?
~'::£)..
Husband
ti:<.
l)•;f,
t;l:?I:
M:t 6 Iv
Younger sister
I:?
l)•;f,
il'>ti
~ 6 Iv
Younger brother
I:?
{11;t
s£ 6 1v
Older brother
3. Addressing yours
Iv
st.;;1,15\'!'fv
h
s(iil!>°!S\'!'fv
f: '"
Child
-) 5 (])T-
sT-61v
--
There are many other kinship terms in addition to those listed in the table above. Equal or younger members of your family can be addressed by their given name instead of the kinship term. As the table indicates, the term used for a particular type of family member varies according to the following situations: Speaking about somebody else's family
1.
2-A. Speaking about your own family in a formal situation, such as a job interview 2-B. Speaking about your own family in a casual situation 3.
Speaking to your family
A:ffi$6/v(J)s:Y:6fv~00-T9~o t:
t?
f,;.f)•
B : [formal] [informal]
How old is your father, Mr. Tanaka?
t.;.A..~1,1
:Y:(i.n+•T9o t:
-S'S
My father is 50 years old.
i;~.,;;1,..1
s:Y:6fv(in+•T9o t?
~[;fl,.,~\,\
You can also address members of your family with the terms that the youngest member ~ould use. For example, a wife can call her husband s~ 6 fv or 1\1 \,and a mother can call her oldest son s52, 5-\'!' fv. (:1,1
Mother: s 5C. 5-\'!' fv, (;::t,1
s :Y: 6 Iv t.f~i!i-::i T \, 1 i 9 J: o t?
*
Son (literally, older brother), your father is waiting.
Useful Expressions
Parts
of
the
Body
6":>(§)
<
~ t. i
Cm)
t;tl (~)
-tt -rJ., n,
ctr i:f)
~ L (~)
t;(o)
( m8~ / L
s
E
) \-A:=\=- :iD
0
t: t t
2
t: t+ t: tt t: tt
E!] Kos-01102 L ~ Iv, S L
""' +
t: h. !v -t-J.' T / ,- !<,
A. - ~ Iv t
zz, -
f L i -l± Iv I.I'
l- ~ Iv f.l{
CJ/,--
* i 1" o
,;l I
1) -
tt
Iv ~ Iv ti I ; t- / < 1
r I.I { S 6
~~T-ttlo Ml.I'#-:)(\\~ :!'!vlJ!v ;;.:1: t M t \ \ G -rJ.- \ \ t ~ \ \ i -t o
L
7J.;.-f;:
@ Robert is cooking at the barbecue. J:.-=f-Ti"tlo
1J.;.-f;::
cd -f
;;t ;;t,
t § ,, -:) T \ \ i L
i L
J:-)
l <
*- T1t<
IJ;-j
1)
-::)
IJ
i 1" o
*
*
:k~a0 i L J: -) l.i'o lit
S -:) , i t:-jk i
-t-J.' \ \
T < t:- ~ \ \ o
0)
,;t I 1) -
:
:i! < Bf-
h. !v -rJ.-
<
t .~ \ \ i 1" o
:
o
E!] KOB-03/04
!<,
7
t:
r ~ lvli;f'f-:£!1"60)f.l{~~ T
CJ/\--
1,.,x_
*
9
*6
»-;
Mf.l'-=f-1~\ \ i L J: -J l.i'o ;;.:1: -c -st: t -\'"' s, r < r f-l:JJ-:) -r < t:- ~ \ \ o
3 J.;.-f;::
,;t I
Iv t
:B t
;&.·(:
s
~
!<,
o
tt!v~!v(i?
L
sJ.;.-f;: 6
3J
e
u
g
0
\\\\Ti"t:J.o f_:';tlf.l{*-ii"f.l'o
L
3J.;.-f;: 4
N
0
Barbecue
a
At school.
1J.;.-f;:
s
L -\'"'
1) -
~
Iv t *- 6 t § -:) <
v-
-t-J.- -:)
T 1" h. i -l± Iv o
s,
~;ff ! ;/)'/vl;fC'
-r \ \ i
L t: I.I' Go
Ti"l.l'o
Bt
msfil!l
Michiko: Takeshi, would you like to have a barbecue party tomorrow? Takeshi: That's nice. Who will come? Michiko: Sue and Robert will come. I think Mary will come, too. Takeshi: How about Ken? Michiko: Ken said he had a part-time job. Takeshi: Too bad. Shall I bring something? Michiko: I think nothing is needed.
® Michiko: You are good (at cooking). Do you like cooking, Robert? Robert: Yes, I often cook at home. Michiko: Shall I help you with something? Robert: Well then, cut the tomatoes, please.
* Robert: Shall we start? Michiko: Don't drink yet. Mary said that she would come. Mary: I'm sorry for being late. Everyone: Well then ... Cheers!
,,,
•H 1s7
B!l V
o
c
a
b
a
u
r
KOB-05
y
Nouns
the day after tomorrow
rain
n'\\L-\"\\,.{,
office worker
tJ ,;( 7
camera
tJ7::t7
karaoke
< 7 ~ It~ ::: < If',.{,
~~
air
~im
this morning
~AR
blackboard
.; ,.{,If-:>
~}3
this month
L .: t:
1±*
job; work; occupation
:k~:i.
college student
~~f~
weather forecast
?JT
place
< {t\ \ -r ,.{,~ J: 117
t:'\
\-Q{
t: .; .;
*
r<
tomato
l-
-f.._, -:>
*
-f.._, 1:
summer
°h'
something
/-\-j-1-
* /~--""'~ Ii L
party barbecue
.:z_-
chopsticks
,), rP
winter
;t-i-:;?;j-1
homestay; living with a local family
;i\\LI'))-)
every week
G \ 'tf-:>
next month
tJ:~adjectives * c: J: 7 -r- (-f....)
.I; .=f-
skillful; good at
("" -Q{)
"' t:. c _,.._,)
r .t-
clumsy; poor at
( ""n{)
rP 7
~ i;
famous
66 \ \ (-f.J.')
U~verbs
* Words
that appear in the dialogue
jf,j-Q{~{J
it rains
7
to wash ("" f)
§7
to say to need ( ,.._,n{)
51(;
:i!! <
* j;.7(- < -f.,1.·6 *t;t-J * ~ 6 * -J < 6 * t-"Jl\\< Ru-verbs i.::.;t.::.;h.6 -tl'6 *Lit.::6">6
6
to be late to think
1:}]6
to cut (""'
11=6 #-"Jl\'<
to take (a thing) (""'
i.::.;i.::.;~6 ~l'6 :kEi 6') 6
Irregular -JJ...,l'J...,-t6 -tJ: }._, t: < -t 6 227 L::-t6 TA.,h-t6 * ') J: 7 1) -t 6 Adverbs \ \-J t
-f.,1.·
ca , ·~7
"f ) to make (""' "f ) "f )
"f) to throw away (""' f ) to begin (""' f) to stare (at . .
) (""'
Verbs if~-t 55\:;51-t {W~-t ~~-t6 Jf.1-JI-t and
6 6 6
f)
to do laundry (""' to clean (""'
f)
"f)
to call (""' I : )
6
Other
to cook
Expressions always
7 7 }._, 7 }._, *n'J...,lf\' * ~·'J...,;fJ.J..., (T-t*1) "-'1:-J\\l * i t:· + negative * J,..J...,-t.,1.·T
to drive (""'
uh-uh; no uh-huh; yes
~;ff ~~ (-C'-t ;fl)
Cheers! (a toast) That's too bad. about ... ; concerning ... not ... yet all (of the people) together
G
B
r
a
m
m
a
r
Short Forms
In this and the next lesson, we will learn a new paradigm of conjugation, which we will call "short forms.1 " Before we start worrying about their meaning and how they are used, let us first see what they look like. It should be obvious why they are called short forms. We will list the already familiar "long forms" to the right in the table below. Present tense, affirmative short forms verbs: L, v-adiectives: ta:-adjectives: noun+cg:
long forms
~rc(}f*g .J;
:b'bL, )L, reg ~:b'cg Vf --
~~Cg ·/Ji(itl.'--
Present tense, negative short forms verbs: L, )-adjectives: tc;J:-adjectives: noun+cg:
long forms
~re#* tt 1v .J;
<
:b'bL,' tJ:L, reg ~j:b' t.:;-r-i ta:L, reg Vf ~~ t.:;-r-i tcJ:L, reg tJ'(
i:tl.'
The following rules summarize how short forms are constructed. Verbs and L, i-adiectlves in the affirmative (a above) ---+
same as their dictionary forms
ta:-adjectives and noun+ cg ---+ replace c9 with
in the affirmative (b above)
re.
L, ,_ and tc;J:-adjectivesand noun+ cg ---+
1
drop cg
in the negative (d above)
after tcJ:L,'
Various names have been given to this paradigm. They include "plain forms;' "informal forms;' and "direct style:' Long forms, on the other hand, are often called "polite forms;' "formal forms;' and "distal style:'
As noted in Lesson 5, the adjective
\ '\ ' is irregular. Its negative short form is
..J: <
1".1.· \ '.
Verbs in the negative need to be analyzed in more detail, because ru-, u-, and irregular verbs conjugate differently. Negative short forms of verbs (c above) ru-verbs: Take the final
~-"Z.Q
-+
to
u-verbs: Take the final
~<
-+
~39 l;f.f,j:
-+
~~"=:)
-+
=U
off and add -anai.
~1J'tJ:l,' IJ• ~3~1J:l,' l;f.f,j: ~~tc1J:l,' "t, ~tJ:1J:l,' ~7C~1J:l,' J;
1'F.Q ?< ~71< <· t;J; Dif i~I J; ~5 IJ•
-+
-+
LJJ:l,'
(.@
-+
-+
tJ:l,' (3)
IJ>
"
.Q off and add 1J:l, '· ~-"ZtJ:l,' to
~~ t,
-+
~7Cct>
-+
J;
-+ -+ -+
1'F 5tJ:l,' ?< ~71<1J'tJ:l,' t;J; Dif I d'.'tJ: l,' J; ~btJ:l,' (1) IJ•
irregular verbs:
g:Q
t:::tJ: l,'
(2)
exception:
®.Q
With verbs in the negative, the following three points are worth noting. (1) The negative short forms of verbs that end with the hiragana 7 are ,....,,, t:J 1-.1.·\ ' instead of
We now turn to discussion of how we utilize short forms. In this lesson, we will learn to use the short forms in the following four contexts: •In •In •In •In
2
casual conversations, as signs of intimacy (See 2.) represented, or quoted, speech ("I think ... ;'"She said ... ") (See 3.) making negative requests ("Please don't .. ") (See 4.) expressing ideas like "I like doing .. :'or "I am good at doing .. :' (See 5.)
.
This suggests that the bases of verbs like jl'. 7 and % ,, 7 actually end with the consonant w. This consonant remains dormant when the base is followed by the vowel i, thus we have jl'. \ ' i -t, where w is lacking, but it •· surfaces with the vowel a following,~ tJ 1-.1.· \'·This mystery consonant also explains why the te-form of such a •· verb has a small ~,just like verbs whose bases obviously end with a consonant, such as t ~ and f~ ~ .
•
H
Informal Speech
Two people who are close friends or family members speak with short forms at the end of sentences, using them as a sign of intimacy. The use of long forms, in contrast, tends to imply the speaker's intention to "keep a proper distance" from the listener. Short forms, then, are like talking on a first name basis, while long forms are like using "Mr:' and "Ms:' It may not be easy to decide when it is appropriate to switch to short forms. First of all, Japanese speakers are often very conscious of seniority. A year's difference in age may in many cases totally preclude the possibility of establishing a truly "equal" relationship. Second, license to use short forms is not mutual; senior partners may feel perfectly justified in using short forms while expecting their junior partners to continue addressing them with long forms. Thus if somebody who is older, say, your Japanese language professor, talks to you using short forms, they would be greatly surprised if you should return the favor. Here are a few observations on the grammar of short forms as they are used in casual conversations. •In the casual conversational use of short forms, question sentences do not end with the question particle iJ', but with rising intonation alone.
c::·· ,{_J.,1.· 1t ~ Bl"~'<
~ rift < °'
?
C
x r·· ,.c -r.,1.·1t~ to!"~'<
~ rift < !<
fJ, ? ) -
What kind of music do you listen to? •The t:· ending of i'J.· -adjectives and noun + T-9 constructions (b in the previous section) is usually dropped at the very end of a sentence, or is followed by sentence-final ti. or J:. ,J
7
1)
-
:S ,.C (;t.=_.ff..:£.
0
(: .P/v-t!"\.'
or ,J 7
1)
-
:S ,.C (;t.=..ff..::J:. t: J:
o
t; *:J./v-tt"I.'
(Rather than: ,J 7
1) -
:S ,.C (;t.=_.ff..::J:.
1: ~oA,-ttc·-
t:·o)
Mary is a sophomore. In casual conversations, 11 \ ' and \ '\ ';{_ are usually replaced by the less formal 7 J..., and
7 7
J...,.
~B~>H
193
•
To quote a person's utterances or thoughts, you use a clause ending with a predicate in the 3 short form, plus t: .~ \ 'i -t (I think that ... ), t: § -:i -C \ 'i L t: (They said".. :'), and so /;L '' forth. t: is a quotation particle, which does the job of both the English word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" ") in direct quotation.
0 0 0 0
7. - ~ ,.{, Ii , ~ L t: ~~I.I'~ 6 t § -:i -C \ ' i L f: o L ltk
''
Sue said that there would be an exam tomorrow.
( ;fL. ! i) f: l t L ~ A., ! i ~ 7 1 J - ~ A., I.I '*1- ~ t .:· t .~ \ ' i -t o 5 btcL
T
Bt
I think Takeshi likes Mary.
3
The action in progress expression in I::: §,, ...., T \ ' i L f::. indicates that you were there when. somebody said that, as in "I heard them saying ... "If you were not there when the utterance was made, as in "(the long dead) Napoleon said ... ," I::: § \ ' i L f:. sounds more appropriate. 4 Note that the present tense in Sue's original utterance is preserved in Mary's report. 5 To say that you don't think something is the case, it is more common in Japanese to say it like ~ i'J.· \ ' I::: .~ \ ' i -9 (I think that something is not the case) than r-- I:::.~\' i 1:t A, (I don't think). Therefore: 1-; L (:f.t,i;J:) FT 1) - ~ A,i;J: f:. It L ~ )...,IJ<·ff-~ L:: 'i" i'J.·1' I::: .~1 'i -9 o btL ~ Bt I don't think Mary likes Takeshi. (=I think Mary doesn't like Takeshi.)
~·
To request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative verbal short form plus
T < t:' ~ \ -.
t:' ~ \ 'o
:: :: T~J't ~~ G-r-J.'\ 'T < I:
L<' Liv
Please don't take pictures here.
negative short form
B
verb
+ c < tC.cl \
Please don't ...
©1J'~J=i!c9
Short forms are used in constructions where verbs and adjectives are to be treated as nouns. Thus ;f.t.. Ii"" n{ff ~ T-t / ~ G \ 'T-t can, besides describing your preference for items devu T noted by nouns, such as JIB, also describe your preference for activities, such as swimming, /JC: drinking coffee, and studying Japanese. Add (!) to a verbal short form to express the idea of "doing x" (;f.t..(i) BJ.j;;.?o-~~1§i-t6 (!)n{ff~T-to /Jl'L
1: l;!!v::::
=
XC/vod
-9
I like studying the Japanese language. ( ;f.t.. Ii) cg~&~ :ffl}~-t 6 /Jlc L
->;
(1)-IJ{ ~
G \ 'T-t o
i-7 t.:
'
I don't like cleaning my room. "To be good/bad at doing something" is bad at ... ). 6 o/\'-
~ ~
,{,(i#J!.~11=6 1)J0
(is good at ... ) and
"'n{r »<:
* to
T'-t (is
(!)fJ{_tfT"°to cd T
-=><
IJ
"'n".l.*-c-t cli i'
Robert is good at cooking meals.
t. It L ~ ,{,Ii ~?a-~ ~i;-9 (1)-IJ{r f T-t o ;{_l.\ .:
(j:Jd:"
->;
t:
Takeshi is not a good speaker of English.
6
To describe one's skills or lack thereof, we also often use a different set of expressions, namely, ~i;< t:
-9 (is comfortable with ... ) and "'-'iJ{ 1: i;{-C -r-·-t (is uncomfortable with ... ). ;ft. Ii B ;t~ !- ~-9 (!) i;< t: < \ 'T-9 o I am good at/comfortable with speaking Japanese. bt~L
!:
ll Iv
.:
11 "-i:
< \ 'T
H~
activity (verb) OJtf.
person Id:
' ~SL,' _t-¥ G;j
c9
o
9
l'-¥t:
likes doing ... doesn't like doing . is good at doing . is poor at doing .
r-;
It is a common mistake to use the te-form of a verb in such contexts, misled by the association between ""'""' T \ ' {> and the verb in the -ing form in English.
x t. It L ~Iv li~?o ;Z_l.'
-
.:
t~t L -Z-h<'T~-C-t t: Lt~
o
r-;
1J'i
Consider what CJ/\'-!--~ ,..{_,(;jj'f~l:ff~ i L f: means. This sentence of course is about ;t?~t:.:'b Robert and describes what he did. It is likely to be uttered when the topic of Robert has already been breached. Grammatically speaking, (1) the noun CJ/<- !-- stands as the subject in relation to the verb < (he was the person who performed the going), and (2) the noun " is, per the function of the particle (;J:, presented as the topic of the sentence (as for Robert, he went to Okinawa). l,'
n
What if we both know that somebody went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say: ROBERT went to Okinawa.
This sentence means that Robert went to Okinawa, which in English would be uttered with an extra emphasis on the name Robert. His identity is the new piece of information provided by this sentence. It is one of the functions of the particle i;<' to ( 1) present the subject of a sentence in a way such that (2) the noun will "fill in the blank on the information sheet:' The "blank on the information sheet" is a question word like tence will fill in the blank left out by:
t:·;tt
and M. The above sen;J:1:
t:·ttn<'5tf'~l::ff ~ i L f::.-h'o i:>~ld:'b
l,\
Who went to Okinawa?
As we learned in Lesson 2, a question word that is the subject of a sentence is never followed by the particle ll, but always by the particle iJ<'. As we have seen, a noun that will provide the answer to such a question is also followed by the particle iJ<'.
r_'' (}) 7
7 :;-< fr~"h t L 7> \ 'Ti"-IJ'
o
Which class is (the most) interesting?
8 *?o(}) 7 7 :;-< -/J{j:) t L .; \'Ti" o 1: li/v .:
-
Japanese class is. (: (}) 7 7 :;-< T) t:'.rL-/J{
J..i '"f 7't~ -IJ{
'?;t Ltc-tl:lv-trC'-
Projessor Yamashita does .
•
The word for "something" is M IJ', and the word for "anything" in negative sentences is Mt. ij.·(:
~(:
"Some" and "any" in: positive statements questions negative statements
10J1J' tJ:(: 10J1J' I.ti::
1DJ=t:J + negative tJ:(:
something anything? not ... anything
These two words are used in places where the particles (i, IJ\ and ~ are expected, In these contexts, they are used on their own, without the help of particles. We will learn in Lesson 10 what to do in cases where particles other than these are expected.
~i-lJ{M-IJ'#-:i ;,::_
t
to:I:
-c ~
i L
t.;
The cat has brought something.
i L f::.-IJ'o
~iliM-IJ"'~~ ;,::_
fo:I:
i:
Did the cat eat anything? \ ' \ ' ;t , ~I ;t M ;,::_
to:1:
t ~t: ~ i
-l± ,.<., T L f::. o
No, the cat did not eat anything.
ms~•H 197 r
~I~/-~·········9 U-"3
Expression
Notes
11fv
~ 9 Q .,_Mostirregular verbs are compounds of nouns and the verb T 0. If you have learned an irregular verb, therefore, you have also learned a noun. verbs
nouns
MH!Tib ,-.{_fv5 J: 1
MH! ....Zlv5J:1
to study
study
fl-~Tib J: ')
lj .t -j 1)
to cook
cooking
1)
!)
;f4-~
ex. 8 *~ff O)ML ~!Ii~ t: !i/v .:.."
-"./v5 ! ')
t:»:
L "'-CT o
Japanese language study is fun. ex.
o;\-
J--°2'/vO);f4-~liiJv'Lv'""CTo iJT1T
Robert's cooking is good.
Some of these nouns can be used as the "object" of the verb
T 0.
I studied Japanese.
t:
It L 2' Iv li1l~~O)M}~ ;;r Li L tc; Takeshi cleaned his room. f--J t.:Compare: t: It L 2' Iv Ii ff~~ ;;r .fw ~Li Lt.: o -t-1 t-<:
-\"'
-»;
~
You can use both these nouns and their T 0 verbs in sentences with ~t ~ -CT i" and ~ G v' -CT, for example. You need to add 0) to the verbs, as we discussed in Section 5. Pay attention to the particles before these words, too.
Bl:li/v..:----<./v5J:1 *~O)ML ~! iJ'H;- ~-CT o/ B(:liA,..:·-..-.z1v:J.i:') *~ff;;rML ~!T 0 -O)iJ>H~ -C'T o T I like studying Japanese.
9
*l ~ flfu
P
Ll\b5
r
a
t
c
c
e
G)Short Forms A. Change the affirmatives into negatives. Ir<
Example:
IJ'IJ'-f,n'
-
1.
H.6
5. (;t
<
2.
ihlt6
6. (;t
t &':> 6
3.
--t t;
7.
<
4.
-IJ'lt 6
ih G 7
13.
};t 7
10.
<
14.
t-=>T\'<
6
11.
hi";ft6
15. (;t \ \
s. -tL<.J: < --t 6
12.
ih6
16.
'J
9.
B. Change the affirmatives into negatives. Example:
t: IJ' \ ' If ,.C ~
1.
l'P 7
2.
3.
t:·
t:·
8] KOB-06
6
-
f:::.IJ' < -r.n'
-
If,.(,~ L '<' -r.n'
IJ'h\\\\
7.
-\'°'--9\\
;h &':> t:·
5.
H.t-lJ'\\
8.
~ ;ft\ \ r:
\ '-f lJ" L \'
6.
L tC-tt -J
9.
t.\ \""" ,..(, r:
t:·
IJ' ;;(_ 6
8] Kos.01
4.
&':> \ \
6
10. \\\\
®Informal Speech A. Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then in the negative. 8] xoe.os/oc Example:
1. ~8, ~J:-J
Q :
J: <
'*' ~~""6?
':j-jpfa.·
~5~--96?
t:
4.
-"'/v~J:')
5.
J: < -ClvL<' ~lP-1:::*6? ai
:Bf 8' 8 -*-IB ~§iii" ? 'l'C'i:t, IC Iii",::_· IJ:>d:
~8~•»
7. ~
L f::., :k.~1::*-6?
tJ7;;t71::ff
!>;~
L>P
11. ~~'
#~Ji f=Nf}~-t 6? -f"i L
§~~
f#-? (\ \6?
12. ~ 8'
57t5i-t 6? -itA,t:<
8'
t.:: -C,t,,L<>
B.
GI.' L.11i ~
7§ Jl!h{ ~ 6 ?
8. ~ 9.
*~'
10.
<
tc\'il<
;<1,Lo"i
t
;!'\'l:t,
199
»<:
-"'
Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then in the negative. G!] Kos-10;11 Example:
o::7t'A? Iv " A : 7 Iv , :7t 'Ao / 7 7 Iv , :7t 'A L If
lf/v
"
5. ;.ft JI h { J:.
1. Vi? 2. 3.
IJ;-j
'J
''tn'
::: <7)~f+:1=(i\ \\ \?
'I" -tJ.· \ \ o
.:f- ?
iJ' L;
8 *-'?o<7) 7 7 A. (i}:; t
9.
L; -j i'
IJ
6. }:; Ill, g -Q{ff.., ~ .,. 0 7. A ;f-'/h{~
·l't L \ \ ? !id
4.
If/,,
1: li/v .:
?
L.;\\?
G \ \?
10. B*-'?o<7)77A.lin 1: Ii/,, C:
7t;:i.(i::: h\ \?
If-:>
"J;-j
J:
-j
L
\ \?
8. ~BliJiBIB?
-ttA.,-ti"I.'
t;fi)·
U'
®!i!6tcC:!G'*9 A. Make a guess about Mary, using ~2::¥.S\L, '*9. 8't
Example:
G!] Kos-12
good at Japanese
- ;J' J - ~ 1v11 a *-?on{..t.:r-t:· t: ,~\ \ i-t -r 1
1: liA, .:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
B.
often cooks drives a car doesn't smoke speaks Japanese every day doesn't go home late at night doesn't drink coffee much often goes to see movies
td
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
ht
o
not married likes Takeshi busy a good student not tall not quiet not a freshman
Make a guess about the person or place below and answer the following questions. Example:
0
::: <7)),..(i 8 *-A. Ti"h'o
A
;t;t,
IJ-C
IC ll/v C/v
B*-A..t:·t:,~\\i-to/ ht
1: ll/vl/v
\ \ \ \ ;t , B *-A. L 'I" -tJ.· \ \ t: ,~ \ \ i IC IJA,
t.::/v
ht
-t
o
A
Picture A 1. 2.
Jir7'tj:_!i\ '\ '7'tj:_ T-9-IJ'o
'\>'1' Lf:-\t/vtTC'
"°''
ry 7
3.
U i -c-tiJ'o
4. liJ{ iJ'\ Mei
5.
'\ 'T-t iJ' o
if'iJ'~\ 'T-9-IJ'o t:n'
-tr
6.
-\t/v-\tC'
~i;T-9-IJ'o
·tt
L \ '-c-r iJ' o
\•·H'
7.
#.G~LT\'i-9-IJ'o lt-o::. Iv
8.
j:;~~f:
9.
.J: < 1;:~ i-f iJ'o
< ~£#--J(\'i-fiJ'o
n'tt
t
t:
10 .
.J: < ;cf-'/~
11.
77:,;;z~~~i!Li-th'o .:
L i -t iJ'o Ii t.:
Picture B
:liB*-T-9-IJ'o 1: ll:!v
1.: 2. ~
i;-t-J.' ?JT T-t iJ' o
'1J7&'.>C'
3.
!>
ii?-::>
6.
/:~7,
~'Ali~il\'T-9-IJ'o
n 4. ~\ 5.
'T-9-IJ'o
~Ii*\'~ t:
T-9-IJ'o
A.iJ'f:
< ~ £1i£
,;,ry
U'I:
7. : : 8.
B
T\ 'i -9-IJ'o
-·
O)A_!i, .J: < ]7"j(. ~-· i -f iJ'o o I:.
BJ:
~1::: .J: < ii?&'.> miJ'~ ') i-9-IJ'o Id:-::> ,3,
C. Discuss the following topics in pairs or groups. Example:
university cafeteria
-
A : -*. ~ 0) 1;: ~I::: -:H 'T r·· 7 ~ \ ' i -t iJ' o tcc'n'<
u<1:.·7
B: ~< (, -\,T
A~ £li A:
Bt
j:;\\L\\t'.~\\i-fo Bt
r·· 7 Bt ~\
*h!i.J: <1;:~1:::ff~i-fo t>teL
t:
''
'i-9-IJ'o
*t.li····--o
Mel
1. this town
3. Japanese language
2. this class
4. Mary and Takeshi
5. your own topic
A.
Report what the following people said, using ~c~ ,, :J""Cl'* Lr.:.
- o : ;) 1
- ~ £ 1i
1J
M t: ~/...,
§ -:) v-
-r \ ' i
;)I I} -
L
t: n,
B!] Kos-13
o
1.
* 13 t
2.
s L t: ! i Jl \ '~~ f
Gc•1j'0
U i t \" -t-J.· \ 'T-t o t
iJ'
3.
Li
0)
~85l~f~Y~ L 1"\'i-to :tc•1:t.n•lv t.: -
-r \ ' i -t
4. ;t - L,, A
7 1 f L
s. r;x ~ £
!i~:l-lrc-t o
I:?
6.
L!v-tt0
t!.1.,tf< -t°tl.'
(.:I.'
-<'<
"-'' .:
T-t o
L i-tt i..
*-~!i~?of~1; iJ'
9.
o
t;-tV~ £!i3¥'t:f!n{_t.:f-T-t o n';Ji, IJ;0 IJ t;-) -f
7. t;)L ~ £!i:k~1:. 8.
-r ,
lit.:
SLf:!l\'\'~~T-to -c Iv
<
!;,
10.
S L f: !i-*
n.
s ~-:) -r !ii\fun{~
12.
S ~ -:)
"t;
-t-J.· \ 'T-t o
;Ji,11)
-r !i-*\
,;,
'J i -t
0
'T-t o
"t;
B.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Take notes and report to the class later, using ~c~:J""Cl'*Lr.::. ,,
2.
8 /.f.!i t:''-) T-t n'o 1: lilv
3.
8 /.f.
1: 1J1v
4.
t:'' £ -rJ.·A. n<:-lff ~
-c-t n'
1: 1i1v
1l'I:
-t
n'
o
-<'<
1l'I:
A.
GJKos-14
What would you say when you want someone ...
Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
not not not not not not
not to look at your photo
--+
~~ l'<' l!v
to speak English to call you to come to your house to go to smoke to sleep in class
f Jf;f,,e\ \T ;;,
< r:: \
\o
7. not to forget
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
not not not not not
to stare at you to start the class yet to be late to erase the blackboard yet to throw away the magazine
B. Pair Work-Make a request using the given cues.
Example:
~f!m(t6 1(:' ;J;, --+
A: ~flm!tT t\\\\T"-9h'o i
e:·
;J;,
B: -thi-tt,.{,o
imit-rJ.'\\T< ;J;, \ \ \ \ T-9 J: o r·· -J ·2f o
1.
t: I ;f : f ~T -J
4. ~~ -( Iv ~
2. 7 t- t:' f-J It 6
t:·~\'o *\\T-th'Go/ ~~
fWf-t It
7. your own request
5. )~')~/f1~-J 0~·
3. ~~
l'<' l!v
6. (your partner's name) (::: ~~~-9 6
f :Jil.6 (:
-(Iv
~o
A. Tell what Mary is good/poor at, using .1,-¥c9 or T=.Fc9. SIKos-15 l;o
Example:
-;
"
t:
tennis (good) --+
,J
7 1) - ~ ,.{,Ii 7.::. ;z h{ J: .:f-T-9 o l:d
i'
swimming (poor) -
,; 1 IJ - ~ ,.<.,1i)71'. <"'O)h{r.:f-T-t hJ:
French (poor) 2. cooking (good) 3. making sushi (poor) 4. eating with chopsticks (good) 1.
(Ii LT)
»-;
5. 6. 7. 8.
0
to
taking pictures (good) driving a car (good) speaking Japanese (good) writing love letters (good) (77··v5'-)
ms~···203 B.
Pair Work-Ask if your partner likes to do the following activities. Example:
studying
-
A:
~7~-96(7)h{3tf~T-9h'o
B:
Ii\',
-t
"'-lvoH
3tf~--c-t/*-3tt~--C· -to T fcY T
\ '\ ' ;;{., ~ G \ 'T-9 /
* ~ G \ '-c-t o
t.:.l\
9. cooking
1. eating
5. playing sports
2. sleeping
6. studying Japanese
10. taking a bath
3. singing
7. doing cleaning
11.
4. doing shopping
8. doing laundry
12. washing a car
*If you neither
like it nor dislike it, you can use
ff~ ..,
driving a car
T
t ~ G \ 1 -r· t t: \ 1 -r-r .
®tcrt1J'-1=¥1JA.{);c91J' A. Use the table below and answer the questions. B!] KOB-16 Example:
Q
t:·tln{1.:f'1J
A
01'\·-
r~
7..A. T-th'o t.:lv ,.Cn{1.:f'1J 7..A. T-90 t.:lv
1.
t:·tln{~OOA. T-th'o
2.
t:· ;fl h{ Y1i # JJ. ~ -t 6 (7) h{ .I; .:f-T-9 »: Y t1i ~
3.
t:·tln{\
4.
t:·hn{.:p-
5.
t:·tln{*._n{3tf~ T-th'o ,,~, -r
7J'fv::_ ( t.:/v
t ~'.tT~°"
r
l1(1:'0
~Li
t:
i -th'o
L f:h'o
~Robert
British
is good at cooking
cooks often
went to Okinawa last weekend
doesn't like cats
~Mary
American
is good at skiing
does not cook
had a date last weekend
likes dogs
E}sue
Korean
is good at singing
cooks sometimes
went to Tokyo last weekend
likes cats
is good at swimming
always eats at cafeteria
had a date last weekend
doesn't like cats
~
B.
'-J
o
Takeshi Japanese
Pair Work-Use the table above and ask your partner questions with tcfltJ'.
A
You went to a party but did nothing there. Make sentences using the cues.
Bl] KOS-17 Example:
-(:::ff~ i L f::.IJ\ (eat) ,, / ~ - 7- 1 - t::: ff ~ i L t: fJ \ M t 1£"' i -1± ,.<., --c L (,.\ 7j:(: t:
/~-7-1
T
1. / ~ -
1 -
(:::ff,, ~ i L t: I; {, i L f::.IJ\
2. -/] 7 ~ 71;{~ 1) 3.
T t- t' I;{~
4. -/] ,J 7
1)
i L
t: I;\
t:
o
(drink)
(sing) (watch)
~#-:i (\ 'i L f::.IJ\
(take)
t
5. 6.
rPh. ~ tCt:::%\;J;; 'i L f::.IJ\ (talk) /~-7-1 -t:::ff~ ,, i L f::.IJ{, (do)
B. Answer the following questions. Example:
Q : ~
(!)
7(l)Bjt:::··~liMIJ'1l1) lik
A:
(l\',
[;tk
7_/~1l·'/T1
\ \ \ \ ;{_ ' M t 11'< I) -::>
>:;:1:
1.
tt~, Mn'1£"'i >:i:I: t:
3.
~(!)"), \,,\ i
5. ~3*, L•P'i ;t-::>
6.
7-vt'T(onTV)'fPJIJ'Jti
MIJ'\' 1j\:
1)
i L f::.IJ'o
< (spaghetti) ~1):1) -::> < -::>
i -1± ,..(, T L
t.
i Lf::.o/
0
Lf::.IJ'o
>:;:1:
4. ~,
>:;:1:
Lf::.IJ'o
;,.
i-tn'o
Mn'Li-tn'o >:i:I:
~3*, Mn'~ 1~ L i -t IJ'o 7J:C ""-lv~.t?
LtP?£--:J
A Interview one of your classmates about any future plans and report to the class. Example:
"A-~
tC!i*-iJ=. ') rJ !lr'"-ff < C: '~'J./.., i; \,,
1,,. \
§-:> \,, \
T \ \ i L t.,
ms~···2os B. Pair Work/Group Work-You are planning a party. Decide on the following points and fill in the chart.
\ \--:) T-t I.I' t··::::
-r· Li
-ti.I'
t'' A.JJ.' I<:.- j- 1 -T-t I.I'
1PJ f # "') l \ \ -5 i -t I.I' tj:(:
t
t:'*tf.l{*-i-fi.l' !'-
C. Class Activity-Find someone who ... 1.
likes to study Japanese
2. hates to do cleaning 3. likes to sing 4. is poor at driving 5. whose mother is good at cooking
Then, report to the class:
~ Iv Ii -----------
-------
t § ,, "') T \ \ i L f: o
D. Pair Work-A and B are making plans for a one-day trip with two other friends C and D. A knows C's schedule and B knows D's schedule. Play the roles of A and B. Discuss your own and your friend's schedules using ~C: ~,, "J "Cl,'* ~ic, and find out which days all four of you are available. Example:
A : c•P +~B Ii U i T-fi.l'o -j ;t, (I: "I; B : \ \ \ \ ;{. , ~ \ \ ~~ I ::: ff ~ i -t o iJ'
j,O)
,,
A : ;ft, Ii, 1PJ t Li -1± lvo bt.::L
id:(:
-r· t .
\ \ i L t. o B : ~ -) T-f-/;' o L::
'I"
ch ......
+
1 -,
8 Ii , t·· -) T-t I.I' o
J.:~-jl;l:i;l:t;
C ~ /vf.l{~@J X.1.' -//
t: Jll:::ff < J.J. I.'
t § "') T I.'
Student A A's schedule
16
17
18
20
19
quiz
study
23
24
25
26
21
27
22 party
28
29 part-time job
C told A that he would ... 18th: go to see a movie 24th: meet friends 26th: go to Osaka to have fun
Pair Work
@ D. ===============================================
Student B B's schedule 16 shopping
23
17
18
19
20
21
work
22 tennis
24
25
26
27
28
29 work
D told B that she would ... 19th: do a part-time job 27th: go to eat Japanese cuisine 28th: go to Kyoto to see temples
~8~•••
A traditional Japanese meal consists of a bowl of white rice (C:'i&), a couple of dishes (Si.J'9), and soup (often J.i.{)t), ~A
G•
and is called :(£'~ (set menu) in cafeterias. However, many "(t.,11,,,t:(
Japanese don't eat traditional food or rice-based dishes for every meal. A great variety of food is served in restaurants and even at home because Japan has adopted and adapted many foreign dishes over time.
.:·!& l!A
I
s ;IJ>-f
J.i. { 5t L?;
Commondishes in Japan
n~-71A
~U771
Curry with rice
~-J:~~-
Al'lfj·;i7-1
Deep-fried shrimp
Ra men noodles
Udon noodles
Spaghetti
'*'*
j\/J\-1'
~L-J.i. Raw seafood
sHJ.i.i*~ z.a: '?
>!'•?cA
Dumplings
~ c_·;,,
7-j/
Beef rice bowl
Hamburger steak
Savory pancake
What did Michiko and Professor Yamashita eat for breakfast today?
A-7°, 3-/j·;i,"
.:·!&, i* ~ ttJ't./. fi.i" t.: (j.A,
Toast, soup and yogurt
-\"'
* z:
J.i. { 5t L.Q
Rice, broiled fish, egg and miso soup
207
( m9~ / L
s
E
s
91
N
0
1J'13\=0: Kabuki
0
Mary and Takeshi are talking.
1
f: (t L :
~J
2
~7')-:
°h',;:~T-th'
1} -
~ ,{,
GD K09-01;02
ll °h',): ~ h"ff ~ T-9 °h'o -t
Si
0
')~a')
i-tl-,{,o Tt,
CJ/\--!--
~,{,!i-bt L.;
L
°h' -:i
3 4
t: It L
5
~}I}-:
6
f:ltL:
t: t §,,
7
2
t: ! + L :
3 ~ /
I) -
IJ -
Jj.
.)~
"'
*-BIBT-to +-=-mrn'GE:9mriTT-to t < J: ? 1f t $? 1: t J: t
@ During ~
T \ \ i L f: o
n'.;: ~ O)-l:JJ1f ~.=_;ft t G -:i f: °h' G, Ji I :ff~ i -tl- ,.<_, °h' o i: i \, ' ;{.;{., ·~flfo \\-:>T-'t°h'o ~?
1
-:i
:
GD K09-03/04
intermission at a Kabuki theater. ~
*1 \ \ T L
t: ;t10
tl:l-c T \ \ 6 J.. Ii ;,. A.JJ.· i;t:_ ~ 0) J.. T-t J: o ()'/: o: :
i'?!3T-9°h'o Ii/vi:?
5
~}I}-:
;{_;{_o t :::.;-c_ t -J~=--~~~""i li!v t: \\\\;{_, if:·~""(\\i-tl-,{,o
6
t: It
L: '<' S , ~ii• \ \ I:: ff,, ~ i L J: 7
4
f:ltL:
Lf:°h'o
()'Q
tc
L :
@ At a concession 1
f:!t L :
2J60)J..: h--t!c
3
()'/:
f: It L :
4f60)J..: J,.-t!c
()'/:
stand.
-t;,. i -tl- ,.(, Ii\ \ o
0
};
*
o
GD K09-05/06 ?!3 ~-=--:> < t:· ~ \ \ ,),fc
0
..Z-*1-n'G, };~~--=>t":J-t-~--=>o t;" ()'I: ()'/: .=_f-;\.gf9T-'to t''-) t1f'<'(i.!v
Lf:o
CD Takeshi: Mary, do you like Kabuki? Mary: Kabuki? I don't know it well. But Robert said it was interesting. Takeshi: I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it? Mary: Sure. When is it? Takeshi: On Thursday. From twelve noon to four.
® Mary: It was beautiful. Takeshi: The people who appear are all men. Mary: Really? Takeshi: Yes. By the way, did you already eat lunch? Mary: No, I haven't eaten it yet. Takeshi: Then, shall we go to buy it?
Takeshi: Excuse me. Two box lunches, please. Vendor: Here they are. Takeshi: And then, one tea and one coffee. Vendor: That is 2,800 yen. Thank you very much.
~E
~
I]
v Nou
0
a
c
i::t
E!!l K09-07
2
tcfu
b
u
a
r
y
n s
\
\
\
\
\.;
\
:
* t; ""'£ r 7 * i.l'.): ~
\\\\-f-
good child
~
color
};#~
boxed lunch
~~~
Kabuki; traditional Japanese theatrical art
.:f' 5' -
guitar
*~
~J:h,{,
< -t ') < -f '::I
1) f
f+j--
(1)
t;
last year
~
medicine
~ fjjzt;
to take medicine
~
concert
r·· ~ < .;: ,{.,
~Jt
near future
fp)t
essay; composition
Lit,{.,
t\.~
exam
: A,
7.
.or-
ski
-tt ,{., ! f-:) t.,{., .:
71:; ~ Jj!m PO
to// to·!f
last month word; vocabulary piano pizza
M'A
U'.i:7~ l,\ - a d
i
illness; sickness
e c t i v e s
;ht;\\
it\\
$\ \
red
< .; \ \
~\
black
~U'L\' L.; \' ;bi.l' \ \
blue \
~L\'
lonely
8\ \
white
;t\ \
young
~tiB,~
mean-spirited
jffi6 ~;b6
to dance
tJ. - a d j e c t i v e
\\lh6(f,.:) U-verbs t; r·· 6
};;b6 * Words
that appear in the dialogue
(something) ends ( ,..._,i.l{)
1:::£~n'
A.~n'
to be popular
v<
~<
to play (a string instrument or
(something) begins piano) ("'
* t G7
c "'n')
f)
to get (from somebody) (person I::: thing
f)
Ru-verbs
-J? I Lt 6 * T6
( ,.,_, f)
'.Jt ;t 6
to memorize
lli6
( 1) to appear; to attend (,.,.,I:::) (2) to exit (,....,
rregular
Verbs
7 ,. {_, t:•' 7 -9 6 ~,..(,lf-96 Adverbs
iI~-9 6 l&:!f<-96 and
to do physical exercises to take a walk
Other
Expressions
* "'n' G
from ...
* 1:±'' U: * t'. :: .; T
by all means
*
all
by the way
.H,..(,f,f
* t 7
already
Numbers
f)
(used to count small items)
)::»
--:>
one
* ,;, t.::
.:: -:>
two
.H -:)
-:>
.::::. -:>
three
J: -:) -:>
£:9-:>
four
\ \-:> -:>
:Ii-:>
five
t; -:)
-:>
~-:>
six
fJ.' fJ.· -:>
-1:--:>
seven
-\" -:) -:>
;'-..-:>
eight
==(])-:>
fr_,-;
nine
t'.};
+
ten
r
G
a
m
m
a
r
Past Tense Short Forms
We will now continue the discussion on short forms, which we started in the last lesson. Here we will learn the past tense paradigm of short forms. Past tense, affirmative compare with:
~"ff.Ive J; tJ't>l 'D'':) rec9 ijj D' -c G re V9
verbs: l,)-adjectives: ta:-adjectives: noun+
~~cure
c9:
tJf<-tt1.. 1--
Past tense, negative verbs: l, v-adjectives:
~"ff.~tcJ:L,' J; -
ta:-adjectives:
ijj 1J' L:; 'f-> 1CJ: 1J' ':)
noun+
< tc1:1J':) rec9 re c g L:; 'f-> tsts-» rec9
tJ't>l' V9
c9:
~~
ti< itl.1
Below is a brief discussion on the formation of past tense short forms. Verbs in the affirmative (a above) replace -CI
-
c
in te-forms with
re I re
Verbs in the negative (d above) -
replace l' in the present tense negative ta:l' with
D' »tt:
L, i-adjectives (both in the affirmative and negative) and ta:-adjectives and noun+ c9 in the negative (b above) drop the final c9 in the long forms tc:J:-adjectives and noun+ -
replace
c9 in the affirmative (c above)
c G re in the long forms
with
re.':) re
The two irregularities that we noted earlier are observed here once again. They are:
,,
1
,,
See ff..., T in Lesson 6. See l iJ'-, t. T-t, l ,,
<
-tJ..' \
'T-t, and l
< t: iJ'-,
t. T-t in Lesson 5.
Short form predicates in the past tense can be used in the same way as the present tense forms, which we discussed in Lesson 8. • In casual conversations
it"' t: t:
BjE :··~, if A,
i;l:A,
7 Iv, it"' t: t:
?
0
Uh-huh, I did.
Have dinner yet? •In represented, or quoted, speech ::Z. -
~ ;fX 0) wt&>':> 77 « t1 ~ 77' l t T \ ' t: t: § ".) T \ ' i L
:S Iv ( ;L
.; 7::. 7
I:~
t:
o
l'
Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school.
(5fJ- I i) l- 1" :S Iv 77 { '(> ".) /Jlc L
t: t: ~t \ ' i -t
o
};
I think Tom did it. Note that in Japanese the tense of the original utterance is preserved when it is reported. If you are reporting somebody's utterance in which the present tense is used, you must also use the present tense inside the quote. Thus, if your friend Sue said <}, 8 ;.f.~ f ~ 5~ L --C \ ' i l. 'i (: (iii., .: "'(/v~d i"', using the present tense, your report will be:
::z. - :S Iv ( i 8(:(i!vC..' ;.f.?o ~ ~ 1~ L T \ '6- t: § ".) T \ ' i L rZ/v~.t? \..'
t:
o
Sue said that she was studying Japanese.
-
Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives
The short forms of verbs can be used to qualify nouns, much like adjectives can. In the example below, the phrase E -i-::: T/.f. f M[:.{, -"("'\ '~ (reading a book over there) is used as a 2 liA, J: qualifier for the noun ~ 1:.. -ll< -tl:e>
l
J:
:S !vTi"'o
~<<-ttc•
The student I who is reading a book over there I is Michiko. The following table shows various forms of noun qualification. The phrases in the boxes qualify the noun A. (person) to their right. Example 1 is a straightforward adjectival examu-1: ple. Example 2 contains a phrase describing a person's attribute (Lesson 7), example 3 has a verb in the short form (Lesson 8), and example 4 has a -f.J.· -adjective, which is relational (Lesson 5). 2
A qualifying phrase like this, which has a sentence-like structure of its own, is technically known as a "relative clause"
1.
I cf=J=BL3l' I
2.
I ~1J'&l, I t~ti'
IN;
3.
I ~1J'G~1J,11-cG ':@I
4.
I ~ii1J'H~ ts I -;-
A
a person who is interesting!
A l)>/:
a person who has long hair I
A
a person who wears glasses I
A
a person who likes cats I
lJ>/:
l)>/:
lJ>/:
t.k
t
t
adjectives and verbs used as qualifiers
noun
Here are more examples of verbs used in descriptions of people.
l~-T: T'.1F~ L~, LA-
~--:> (\ I:
\6IA.
V'I:
(l;tf:·*1 T-fh'o)
(Who is) the person taking pictures over there? l-1&- B lf~
-j /"l:"-j
~ -t 6 I A. (l;t7t~ T-t a) U'I: If !'< A,
People who do physical exercises every day (are healthy.)
If: If':
~'?&.h-f.n .,
'I A
()'I:
(h{-frt., ~ T-t o)
(I like) people who do not smoke.
l4;;~#.i5~Lt:l~t:·t; !'<.d>/"lt-:>.:A-
l:t
(h'G-i=-#-!X.h{*-i -c 1J'l-J.
Lf:o)
"'
(A letter came from) a friend who got married last year.
Consider first the following pair of sentences in English. Zelda has lost her key. Zelda lost her key. These two sentences present the same fact, Zelda losing her key, in different ways. The first, "present perfect" example describes the event as something that is connected with the present: hearing the sentence, one will understand that Zelda is still without her key. On the other hand, the second "simple past" example describes the event as something that is independent of the situation at the present moment; we do not know whether Zelda is still looking for her key or has later retrieved it.
(
In Japanese, past tense forms do double duty on the affirmative end of polarity, but the past tense and the T \ \ {) construction
share the work on the negative end. Thus in the affirma-
tive, the past tense is used both with words like ~
0)
7 (disconnected from the present) and
t 7 ("already;' connected with the present).
*t- I ;t ~ 0) 7 tell~! f
bt:l
l~
L i L f= o
and
*t- Ii
blcl
I did the homework yesterday.
t 7 l~(6' tEl ~ f L i L f= o
I have already done the homework.
With the negative, the past is used to talk about a finished time period like ~ {) is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet").
*t- I ;t ~ 0) 7 tEl
bl: t
l~
L i -1± ,.<,, ..t L f = o
and
*t- Iii
bl:l
I did not do the homework yesterday.
0)
t:· tEl~ f LT\\ l•P
7 , but T \ \
i -1± ,.<,,o
I have not done the homework yet.
have not ... yet
This use of T \ \ {) can be found both with verbs describing changes and with verbs describ .. ing activities, as defined in Lesson 7. A - ~,.{,(;ti
t:·~~ ~ T \ \ i -I± ,.{,o
(change)
Sue has not woken up yet.
*h ( ;t i
bl: L
t:·~
U-ct.
:·"j]j._ lilv
f ~""l \ \ i -1± ,.{,
0
t:
(activity)
I haven't eaten lunch yet.
We learned in Lesson 6 that iJ' G added to a sentence means "because:'
*t- Ii~
bl:l
;Ii;"
:··jjj._ f ~-"' i -1± ,.<,,TL lilv
t:
t: o ·tt L fJ'-:> f= Ti" fJ' Go '''bi'
I didn't have breakfast. (Because) I was busy.
In this lesson, we learn to incorporate the explanation clauses in the statements themselves, rather than adding them as separate sentences. You can simply transpose the "explanation+ iJ' G" sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is offered. (explanation)
=
1J' 5, (situation),
(situation), because (explanation). = (explanation), therefore, (situation).
cf:>
L
t: ~.~IJ{ cf:> ~ Lit;,.,
fJ'
+,
G , btcl ~t. Ii ~l!t~ 7~ L i -:;,.,1f;,.,.-z;,.,e<,.;
I will study this evening, because we will have an exam tomorrow. (= We will have an exam tomorrow, therefore, I will study this evening.) *fJ'-:> ::t;
f::.fJ'
G, ill fJ'lt i -tr,.<., TL
f::.o
-c
We didn't go out, because it was cold. (=It was cold, therefore, we didn't go out.)
Note that the resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more closely than that of a "because" clause in English. Before the conjunction IJ' G, you find both the long and short forms. Thus the IJ' G clauses in the above examples can be rewritten as f::.""'t-t°IJ' 3 l lj "t; G. The long form before IJ' G is more polite, and is frequently found in request and suggestion sentences. A,
J i-tn'G,
n'.;:50)1:JJrfn{<¥:>
1
~ -o •)'
-~1:::;t1:::ff5 L 1,.\--:)
J:
}j..
i L
J:,
o
L'
Let's go to see Kabuki. I have tickets.
3
The long form before iJ' G is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short form, however. Thus it is inappropriate to say: X *iJ' -of:: -r·-tiJ' G, ti:liJ'ltfJ.·iJ' -o f::o : :
-r
*l ~ tlfu
P
[.,~5
r
a
c
t
c
e
G)Short Forms Past A. Verbs (a) Change the following verbs into the past affirmatives. Example:
IJ'
-
<
1. (j:-f"J.'-t 2.
L.t.:i
3.
(7)
4.
IJ'(t 6
t;
I;'\\
t:
5.
\\<
9.
6.
s.z.;:
7. -:> 8.
<
6
-r-·6
s G 7
13. \ \ -f ('
10.
<
14.
11.
u<
15. j:) t:'' 6
12.
i-=>
16.
6
(b) Change the following verbs into the past negatives. Example: 1. 7,.
B.
IJ'
-
<
6
fJ'fJ'-fJ.'fJ'
5. (;!:
<
6. (;;t
L: i 6
<
2.
+r
3.
L6
7. -:>
4.
fJ'(t6
8.
6
G!] K09-os
~
1.
tP 7
2. 3.
6
<
6 11. \ \ 7
14.
7 t: 7
15.
-1± ,.(, t.
~-tt;
16.
7 ,.(, t:'' 7 -t 6
11.
~UL\' t.J. t; \ \
12.
G!] K09-1 o
-fj.'
-
tf ,.(, ~ t:· ~ t:
-1± \ \
-
I;{<
-1± \ \ t:· ~
t:
4.
IJ'h\\\\
7. ~-t\
S.l6
5.
7,.l:IJ'\\
8. ~;ft\ \-fJ.'
s IJ' \ \
6.
L ,.c -1± -=> -rJ.·
9. \ \\
at) \ \ -fj.'
-t
1? !Lt 6
t.IJ'\' I;{ <
6
13.
(a) Change the following into the past affirmatives.
(f ,.(, ~
-t
G!] K09-09
Adjectives and Nouns
Example:
<
sG7
10.
IJ'~ 6
-1± ,.(, t:
t: 9.
6
tG7
\
'1° ,.(,~
12.
<
218 •••
'li~i5 . )Z:j~i'i
(b) Change the following into the past negatives.~
K09-11
t: -IJ'\'
Example:
lf,{,~i'J.·
---+
lf,{,~L::>r:>i'J.·-IJ'-Jf::.
-IJ{ < -th \
---+
-IJ{ < -th \ L:: '(' .,.J.. -IJ'
1.
\\L::h6-f'J.·
4.
2.
rlJ:-J~
5. i'J.·-IJ{\
-IJ'tJ\\\\
6. <):
3. h-lJ'\ \
\ 1) i'J.·
"'J
t.
= \ \\ \
7.
~j:;\\
10. -IJ'
8.
L -f'-IJ' .,.J..
11.
J:;t
9.
\\\\(,.{,~
12.
~r/L\'
"'J
L.ij\'
®Informal Speech A.
Using the cues below, make questions about yesterday in informal speech. How do you answer those questions? ~ K09-12
-rvt:'fJl6
Example:
ii;
~ (]) -) 7 t- t:' f Jl t: ? -) ,.{,, Ji t: o / -) -) ,.{,, Ji _,.J.. -IJ'
0
---+
ii;
A
ii;
1.
t -lf f1;:"'"'-6
2.
i&~-t 6
3.
~:ffj'f;T4'. f 11t-
0
t:
~Iv ll:°
I: l..J: ;l)'/v
4. -)
t f fll}J3#;-t 6 {- 'j [;
5.
-)
t. T#JI-t
6.
IX. I: t
7.
ii!"?a f tck .:
IJJ:"i
1)
6
-/J'
lik
6
IJ
~t·::.·+r» 1-A- µ;; 7&, jt ;(. 6
8. -/J'-o;: ~t~1:::*6 'j < 9. *~1=~~~°f-lJ'lt6 -/J' {'( -ov b 10. ~ / 11. 12.
t
0
--:>-/)•
-t-#i\ ft -c -/J'h-
G -J
~r/l:::;ff
&rf
7 - "f 1!-)
zz, -
t.'
<
13.
ll~b-t 6 'j Iv/:'')
14.
7 7 7·· (club) T~m 6 Bl:'
ii;
"'J
f::. o
B.
Make questions about childhood in informal speech.
How do you answer
G!] K09-13
those questions? Example: --+
Q :
-J-f~O)mt, 5t~t=·-:) f:?
A :
1 Iv , If/,, 5t !fid =· -:) t: o / 1 1 Iv , If/,, 5t ~ t '(' -rJ.' 1J'
:": l:'t
If A, !;
I:!)
!)
-IJ'h\\\\
7.
2.
~-IJ{-&\ \
8. ::;\
3.
-It
9.
tciJ•
10.
T
,.z,t,,o;?
5. ::;\ .:t--fJ{_t-:ftH
11.
i'
~-'/-IJ{ff~
T
tEI Jl!-IJ{ ~ G \ \
m -IJ{\
\\ \
a;u
:Jt:::lli~
~ L\\
-tt-A,-tt\. '
r./ L \ \
6. ~
o
Lo(t.:'1•
7$ -IJ{ff ~
4. ~
t:
tc!J)
~~
lf-lJ{~ \ \
-:)
*L\\
1.
~h
A.
!)
12.
\\th
6
Make a guess about what the following people were like when they were in high school.
5t~ TL t. -IJ'o
Example:
If A, !)
--+
Q
/<'
7
~Iv Ii ~~O)mt,
1) -
:": -) :": -J
A Ii \ \ , 5t ~ t=· -:) If/,,!<
t: t
I: !)
~\\i
J.;t
5t~
If A, !)
-r· L t. -IJ'o
+, /
\ \ \ \ ;t , 5t ~ L '(' -rJ.· 1J, -:) t. t .~ \ \ i -t o tot
If A, :0
(a) ..)(]7IJ-cfv(L:-:)l,)"°C 1.
G!JK09-14
-IJ'h\ \-IJ'-:) f:T-t-lJ'o
2. 8 *-?ofJ{_t-:f-T L 1: Ii/,, .:
3.
A.~ -IJ{ i:i !: /v 5
t;?
1)
i'
1. 2. 3.
[,t~-ttlvtt\'
l <
t: -IJ'o
f:-IJ'o
i L t: -IJ' o
(b) Uff')IC~((:-:)l, )l:" ~;I'
4.
G!] K09-15
1f 1J { ~ 1J' -:) t: T-t 1J' o -It tciJ• l < ·'F- ~ f Li L f: -h'o l < .::f 7 - f ~ ~ i L f: -IJ'o o
4. jifj 6 t?I:'
5.
<7) -IJ{
.L-t-r· L f: -IJ' i'
t;?
»<«: l-lJ'-:) f:T-t-h'o
o
B. Talk about your classmates' childhood using the following expressions.
1. h'h\\\\
4.
7. t 7" / ~~ 8.
~n{*\'/~\' iJ•J,.
3.
9.
t: < ~ ,.(,
7t~
5.
J: < ~.;:
\\\\-f-
6.
"''"' tfh{~\\/1!&\\
If Iv !;
0
-t
?1v1:·?
2.
<
:!Ifb-t 6 0) h{*1- ~
tciJ'
;t
U-
<
A. Report what the following people said, using
u-
*~ li/v
O)n{_t:ftd
~ft: t; J:
~e:~,, ::>"'Cl'* ~tc. @!] K09-16
Example:
i L t.,
Ex. ~\
b~
L
'*, 1:5
7J:. t:· t; 1:1,
2. jjij 6
0)
Bl:'
3.
t
< 1 T /L . :; t' 7 '/ /h{*1-~ TL f::.o -t
J: <
'J t::: ft~ i L ;IOI:' ,,
jffl
t.
o
h{ S i ') .I; :f- L: \" -tJ.·h'-;) t. T-t td
< 1 7 11,t 0) ~
"! r:
~
o
i'
t. < ~ A., Jt ;t i L t: o Blf
:1tJ=l, n',;: ~ ~ Jlt:::ft~ i L ;,. ,,
f::.o
5.
n'.;:~11-t.=.*t:::-k§i-;)T, t ~ -j 1: t: Ii [;
rs*t:::~h'J J: [; ;t;
6.
n'.;: ~ 11*n'-;) t: -z··-t h'.;: ~ (l t; t L.; n'-;)
4.
-lt!vlf-:o
o
~7)(
7.
8. ~
0) ~ ,
f::.
T-t
:k ~ t::: ft~ i -l± ,.(, T L t.:_1.,,7J(< l..'
9.
ffl ~ T L t: o
1fd
!;
10. ~ ~ (tlJ
jk A., -c if)
o
~T\'i lo
L f::. o
t:
o
i
Lf::.o
-r
B.
Pair Work-Ask
your partner the following
the class later, using L 7t; ~ , -lt!vL~?
2.
M ~ L i L T: -h' o r·· 7 t,:1:
fo:-:>'<'"9
A.
t: -h' o
r··: -"ff~ i L t.:-h'o r·· 7 TL f.:-h'o
,;,vp'(>-t
i¥6~x0)*, .:. 7.:. 7
T L
t'',.(J,f-3-f~T' Lt.:-h'o J:
-3-f~O)*, .:. l:'t I:~
3. Jt{*.7,,./~1*.7,,.1::: 4.
questions. Take notes and report to
~C:~-::i-Cl,)a::;urc::. ,,
I:"
''
J: < M ~ L i L t.:-h'o t,:1:
Look at the picture below and answer the questions. ffio/~,.{,
Example:
t: ~"/}'
-+
0 : ffio/ ~ /,11 r··O)A._ T-9-h'o t: fo:n'
U-1:
A : &'>-h"tl ~ n'lt T '- '6 A. T-t o U-1:
2.
Ji 0 ~ ,.{,
'('1
3.
<·;;
ff#~ ,.{, (/) t;"'
5. :kJI] ~ ,.{,
~* ~ ,.{, ;t;;t;n'P
6.
-ti'
".'
222 •••
~lli!i . :st5n~
B. Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A below and the other looks at picture B (p. 225). Ask each other questions and identify all the people in the picture.
J: L ::::
Example:
___.
A : J: L :::: ~ ,.{, I i
t:·· (7) A. T-t
ii' o
()'/::
B :
-r v t' f Jl;,. -r \ '~A. -c-r
o
()'/::
Picture A Ask which of the people are the following: 1.
f:~ 7
2.
~ J:
3.
t:.·\ '-t It
4.
J: 7
7 ~-
=
C. Class Activity-Describe your classmates. The class is divided into two groups, A and B. Each member of group A acts out something and freezes in the middle of doing so. Members of group B answer the teacher's questions, using ~-Cl).:@)\ c9. Take turns when finished. V-1:
Teacher:
Example:
Student:
< 1 7 ~ A.,!i ~ f
(7.>£
11~ L 01v-r:1v
t:''(l)A_
0 : t 7
~=··~ f~°"' ()'<,
IJ:lv
to
T-til'o
-C \ '~A. T-t o u-1::
A. Answer the following questions using Example:
()'/::
*r.:~-rl'*iifu. BI]Ko9-11
i L f:il'o
A : \ '\ ' ;t, i t:·~ °"' -C \ ' i -1± ,.{, o to 1.
t 7 -l:JJ1~ f ~-/J• \ 'i L t: il'o t 7 L.;(tcc• tel Jt! f L i L t.ii' o t 7 11= )C f • ~ i L t. ii' o ~ ( ,;'./v i!' ~-?
2. 3.
4.
t 7 (tlJ ~ f ~k;,.. i L t. ii' o t J BJE f ~""' i L f: il'o lifv lilv to t 7 McG *fr L \ 'Jl! ~ f '
.)~
5. 6.
=··~
8.
Pair Work-Ask if your partner has done ...
yet. If the answer is no, ask your
partner out, as in the example (1 ). If yes, ask your partner how it was, as in (2).
Examples:
the name of a newly released movie (1)
r r; /
A : t -) B:
\'\';{.,
t
7..]
0 -
---+
r r; /
NcL
A..] f
0 -
Ji;,, 6
f Ji i L f: fJ' o ;,,
it:·;i-z\'i-tLCo ;,,
A~£1i?
t:·;i T \' i -tl" £0 l iJ' ~
A : ;ft.ti
t
;,,
t: G,
-~l:Jf, i -tl" £1J'o ''0LJ:
;,,
ii, \'\'T-tt1o
B
B : i i , t -J Ji i L f: o ;,,
A : ..Z- -J T-t IJ'o
B : -t .:
r·· -J TL t: IJ'o
< }; t L .; iJ'
~ t. T-t lo
1. the name of a newly released movie 2. the name of a new game
~~~~~~~f-t6
3. the name of a new restaurant/shop/place
__________ l:ff,, <
4. the name of a newly released song/music
A. Match up the phrases to make sense. U i T-t o
·~Ii ,,,, ~~fJ'~h
3.
:lJ¥1<.ffl:ff~t:IJ'G l'
L it;,,
•ff~ ,, i
~ t: iJ' G
2.
JS
J:.:.-)
4.
":J
/-If -
s. ~~ fJ' "(A,
6.
~
l
1--
<
OJ-l:JJ1'1 f .::..;& t G ~ t.iJ' G • i: i ~ 0
.)~
l'
-tJ.· iJ'
~
t: iJ' G
7 7 7. fJ'-kf5 i 6 fJ' G jj:[:
{t
,{,IJ'o
· -t L f~~i t: -~~··iLJ:-Jo
-tl"£o
''-f
•
. t-Ji:-fJ'
1)
i
{t
£0
t: o
224 • • • ~~3
· ><:5nW
B. Complete the following sentences adding reasons.
A.
Role Play-One of you is working at a fast-food restaurant. The other is a customer. Using Dialogue III as a model, order some food and drinks from the menu below. Be sure to say how many you want.
7--"AJ\-fj¥180
)\";/) (-jj'-
¥ 160
75-1 t-:m:r ¥180
"
'9'::JJl;J(-jj'-
¥280
7-~:;J\-jj'¥210
7'Y:f)llJ (-{
¥160
7 ij "t'~J\-jj'¥240
~9~H>225
B.
Answer the following 1. t
0/
2 ..
/
questions.
ii"h'o
~~~
1f
:f 7 - ~ ~ < t»
(7) h"
.L "f- T-t h' o -r
td
3. jffl6<7)h"*f~Ti"h'o -t
ti 1:·
4. ffl
I:"
~<7)~,
1fi"i"
s. l:
J:: < ~ ~jJ\.h i (ti)
+ e-,
<'!&~Li s ); 1r
6. *-1f-<7)~~
t:lv td
"dJ!v
i°h'o
17)
8(birthday)1:1PJh't 1f
t,:(:
t :· *1. I: M ~ t G \ ' i L JJ:"!:
t: h'
G\'l
Lf:h'o
o
8. *..h"*T~ Ti"h'o -t
''//J.
-=J-f~O)Wf, l: < ~t:·t; t1Qllli L f:h'o ::_ l:'t I:" l:t ibf1 o. r.·· A.JJ.·~ (7) T ~ t- ''/ ~ # -:> T \ ' i -t h' o ''"' f-1t 11. ~JJt <7)~.~li n L \' t .1~ \ 'i -t o>; z ); 1:· L. lt!v ti'iJ' tit 12. j) -Ii t: (7) 00 Tli, r.·· ,.{, -t-J.· A. ;f- ''/h"A.~ 9.
< 1:
13.
t'',.{,-t-J.·~h"*f~ ''"'
Pair Work
h" j)
1)
i -t h'o
1: /" "
Ti"h'o
1·
® B. ==================================================================== c- p. 222)
Example:
l: L :
-
A : l: L : ~ A, l ;t t·· (7) A. T-t h' o 1}/:
B : f- t- i::· ~ Jt T \ '6 A. T-t o ;,.
1}/:
Picture B Ask which of the people are the following:
2.
l'P t: h' t rj) ,.{,
3.
t; »«:
4.
;Z 1)
1.
8 *O)fA*!f)(ft Japanese (:
IUc
"fie
I: 7 %/.,
:I!'
Traditional Culture
~UH:t:s '/}>
:SZ:*<
-~~
-S~A.6
Kabuki
Puppet theater
'-'!:;
~~~ s < ;::
lk
(!)')
Humorous storytelling
Masked musical
drama
''(,?
t;l';l?C?
~Jli:
ii JJli: (th.I:'?
Sumo wrestling
Judo
Japanese fencing
;j<§}~
s* ""
(*Jli:) ~ I:'?
Tea ceremony
'.:!:_ l\
wrr ctt.i:
(ii J1i:) tJ• C?
Flower arrangement
=i'Jli: l-J:C? Calligraphy
Useful Expressions
Colors Therearetwokindsofwordsforcolors. Group 1: l,\-adjectives
8 \'-------white
'f!'!.,,\ '-------black <0
LOS
i]f\\' --------
if\ '--------blue
red
ihB
ihiJ'
~~\'------yellow ~
I,.
'JS
*- ~ \ '------brown Jo "''OS
Thesewords becomenounswithoutthe \ '. i]f\\ 'n'Lf,.(,
red bag
ihiJ'
i!f\h{\ \ t; (;f ,.{_,tf ~ -r·-t
I like red the best.
0
T
Group 2: nouns ~ / 7··
1) -
/
---green
JJ(~/ 7· v t.
0 /
~ -------purple tG~~
Ji-t'!)
gray
7-------pink
;rj( ~-----light blue
;,.-9,,os
1t~/:i-1v ~ lvt
F
,7.:>
These words need(!) in order to make nounphrases. ~/
7·· ') - /<1)-t-
'1-
green sweater
Ji-t'!)
Hereare somewordsrelated to colors.
g~h{if \ 'T-t ho
You look pale.
8 'f!'!.,,<1)~~ L '<'Liv
black and white picture
n'B
ihB
LOS (OS
,;( 7 ') - ~ ,.{,,(;t1t~T-t ~ lvlf-:o
o
Mary has blonde hair.
gold
~~15 . :S:Z:5iiK;;
228 •••
r~10~1 L E S S 0 N···························lOJ ~1*0JO)TAE Winter Vacation Plans D
0 1
,J
7
a
BJ Klo-01;02
Winter vacation is approaching. I) -
*- < -f,;: I) i
:
L f: ti
'5 t;
e
u
g
0
0
f:ltL:
:Z:Zo ,J/l}-~/v,
~Vf\.J,,.(j:(:'.''-)
,J/1)-:
~00-IJ'i"15~1:ff<-Jt
')T-t-lJ\
4
f: t t L :
\ '\ 'T-t ti o
5
,J
2 3
7
1) -
n•lv::. (
<
7
~
t:
1
J- :
,J
7
,-.,;: ~~
\'
0
c:: ::: ~
"'(-
7 T-t
fJ'
0
~fi·~;f±O)A_: ll\ -. \ '-JT-t°h'o
t: 1 t L ~ 1v 1 ;t c::·· ::: -1J, 1: fr ,, ~ i -t -1J, };~fJ{-fJ_•\\fJ'G, ::::::l:\\i-t"o
7
L ~ Iv I : }; ;,,. ~ It' ~ Ji{ -? n·
-t- .=.. }j
J: ""' <
t» ::. 7 5
+::IL 8 T-t
L'.~? 1: il'-=>L'.••? ( l:J;
o
:
6 7
s
~ff~:f±O)A_: rJ; ::.7n'c•l>(> 1) ,J
7
u-1:
:
')
9 ~ft~:f±O)A.: u
r ; 7n'c•l>(>
ll\
u-1:
0
n·h.
!? !? ::< n•
rJ ; ::. 7 n'' • l ~, u-1: 1) ,J :
Iv I ;t ~n•lvC.(00 0)
t: J: o
-r: ~
BJ Kl 0-03/04
2
1) -
L
/Z - ~
::kµ&fJ' G '/ 7 iv i -r:··1fHf;f!O)f~ ~ })~\' L i -to
7 1J - :
7
-r: \ ' i
t: It
L '<' t, '
,J
,J
-c,
',
:
1
5
11 7 fJ{\ \ \ \ t .~ \ \ i -t h'o
I ;t }; \ ' L \ ' t § -?
{;OJ
@ At a travel agency. 3
!'<
t; t
c::··:::1:tf[~i-\:t/vo I) -
it:·*ll)(\'i-l:tlvo
tcPblv
--r- 7 -c-t -1J,
9f:ltL: 10
0)
Li-t°-IJ'o
7 - Iv, tcc•blv i"t 5~ 0) 11 7 fJ { ~u, 8£ fJ' \ ' t t;i,.~\ ' i -t o T t ,
f: It L
s ,J 1
\'
~00 ta 5~ t c::··-? i;
:
n•lv::.
6
tc\•blv
,3.v)>'\'-9
\0
7 Jv i T r»: (' G \ 'iJ'iJ'
-*Mf<". G \ 'T-t o c•s L'. n•1v1;11v
1)
i -t°h'o
h. n'
i -t J:
0
Mary: It is getting cold. Takeshi: Yes. Mary, what will you do at winter break? Mary: I am planning to go to Korea or Taiwan, but I haven't decided yet. Takeshi: That's nice. Mary: Which do you think is better, Korea or Taiwan? Takeshi: Mm ... I think it is warmer in Taiwan. But Sue said that the food was delicious in Korea. Mary: I see. By the way, are you going somewhere,
Takeshi?
Takeshi: I won't go anywhere. I don't have money, so I will stay here. Mary: Is that so? Then I'll buy some souvenir for you. Takeshi: Wow, thank you.
® Mary: I'd like to reserve a plane ticket from Osaka to Seoul. Travel agent: When is it? Mary: December 19. Travel agent: We have a morning flight and an afternoon flight. Mary: A morning flight, please. Can I use a credit card? Travel agent: Yes. Mary: How long does it take to Seoul? Travel agent: About one and a half hours.
~E
~
I]
rcfv
v
0
a
c
u
a
*k
fall
~=t'-
doctor
;;t -
.~
station
1?-ll'tl. t t;
t?~#t;
rich person
iJ'h ~-l:t-J
*~ *~r
face
if>~
\\L\" -:\
'
~-- rj)
* 7
7 1:
v:)
';/
rj)
7
4-~L
~-JJ-F
.;t
L
+}- ';/
-JJ -
season milk cake
~~
this year soccer shirt
~-\' ''/
L £iJ'£-l::t ,.c -t L
*n~**-
-l::h \iJ'-J -l::t iJ' \ \ t; iJ' -r -J
~j~
life; living
1!1:-W
world
Shinkansen; "Bullet Train" sushi
:tiBT~
subway
-r .)~ < .; -r £.)~ G
-t-~
gloves
~.)~ G
tempura
t : -\"
bK&.
barber's
ll ~
*
spring pants
ll.J:7\\,.C
~~~
beauty parlor
u:
f~
flight
')'ti
j!yi}
ship; boat
-\"~rp-)
JfJ)j(
baseball
1f~A.
celebrity
-ttll
reservation
*ey:M
next semester
{
y
credit card
7-+
/
r
n s
Nou
*
b
Bl
i::J c
/ ''/
11)-)6')\\t,.C * .J: -\" < G \ \ iJ{--> ~ ') ,.(_,
:•'
a d j e c t i v e s 8£-IJ'\ \ * if> t. t.iJ' \ \
apple
l,' ~
* Words that appear in the dialogue
warm
Kl0-05
}:; -'(- \
\
-t-f'L\\ ~ &'")
t: \ \
t;J.t;\ \
1!I \ \
slow; late
~ L\\
cool (weather-not used for things)
'Rt f::. \ \
cold (things/people)
H~\ \
sleepy
Mlfi
easy; simple
tJ:-adj ective iJ' A.J::.
/...; (1-.i:)
U-verbs
*
»-»: 6
to take (amount of time/money)
t i 6
to stay (at a hotel, etc.) ('"'-'!:)
(no particle) *
f.,_,
58i 6
6
to become
:fld
* Ii G 7
to pay ("' ~ )
Ru-verb
*~&'J6
~&'")
to decide (""' ~)
Verbs
rregular
7 -t 6 *1./...;Lt1J7-t6 1)
6
J: .;
and
Adverbs
:Ot<.1t-t 6
to travel
*-*~-t 6
to practice (""' ~ )
Other
-·
best
,.._, iJ' ~
for ... months
"-'i3t
in ... time; after ...
~\ \ -r
;h6\\-C \d;lf'/...; * ,-. ._,-IJ'\~ "-'iJ'lf~
Expressions on foot or
these days
.;
""'L t1J 7 iJ'/...; * ,.._, -c
,. . .,~M
for ...
weeks
by (means of transportation); with (a tool)
t'' 7 >\' ~ t··t-_, G
-r
how; by what means which
* t'' ~ 1; * t''
which how much; how long
,.._, tJ. /...;
'"'-'-1f
... years
Ii>\'<
.!f-
(do something) early; fast
a
D
m
m
r
a
Comparison between Two Items
In Japanese, adjectives have the same shape in noncomparative and comparative sentences; there is no alteration as in "great/greater:' The idea of comparison is expressed by adding something to the nouns that are compared. A 0)1§; 51J'I B J: fJ 1 (property),
o/ 00 0) I l 7 fJ{ 8 ;$. J:
A is more (property) than B.
*-. ~ \ 'Ti" o
1)
I: ll'lv--BB
t,,;')c."<
China is larger than Japan.
You can ask for another person's opinion on two things in comparative terms.
AC: BC:
= I\' A
t
~Jf..
t t'' '?
I C'::>~©la:5
C'~SO)l§;5
21J'
(property),
Between A and B, which is more (property)?
-t; 0) I l 7
fJ{tJi; \ \Ti"-/;'
~!vL~
0
~T
Which is cheaper, (going by) bus or (by) train?
-
Comparison among Three or More Items
In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier \ ' t; I ;f ,{, is used. [(class of items) O)cpc] A 1J'll, '~ ld'.'f\J (property), f;t.tJ•
=A is the most (property) [among (a class of items)].
o ~7 t 7 7 /At
8 ;$.O)o/T, 1: lilv
t;J:i)•
z;
I;{\'
t; If'£*\' Ti"IJ'o '5t;
Between Russia, France, and Japan, which country has the coldest climate?
1
In real life, the phrases A t; t;. Any one of these can be used in question sentences seeking comparisons between two items. t . -:> t; and t"-:> t;
o /TIJ{\ \ t; !L·C*-\' t ~\ \ i-t o tit
O:t;
Russia is the coldest, I think.
-*W(J)t:f T\ ~ -tt0
\-:)/;{\ \ t; Lf,.C*f-~ T-tlJ'o
t.:n'
T
What season do you like best?
If',(,*!-~ T-t o
*kl;{\\ t; a;,~
T
I like fall the most.
Note that the words (})I l 7 and t·· --:i -t; are not used in statements of comparison among three or more items. Normal question words like t:· *1, t . *1, M, \ '-J, and t .. : are used ~:!:
instead.3
U
adjective/noun
+
0)
When a noun follows an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the pronoun (}), "one:' You can use (}) to avoid repetition. 5' - ~ #-:i l \ \ i -t
;ft. (;i ~ \ \-tblcl
<;,
t
0
iJF \ \ (7) t #-:i
t
-
l \ \ i -t
0
(
(7) = -t- 5' - )
I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too.
~\\#-.~J'.\\l:ff~i '(>-j-
t l
L
n'
Lf:o Tt\\\\(J)f;<:;:hl)
i-l±,.CTLl:o
((7)=#•)
\'
t l
L
I went to buy an inexpensive dictionary, but there were no good ones.
\.,)-adjective . . 1d:-ad1ect1ve
I
+
noun
\.,)-adjective tJ:-adjective
I
+
0)
Similarly, a noun following another noun can be reduced. Here, a sequence of the form "noun. (}) noun," will be reduced to "noun, (]):'You simply omit the second noun.
\ \\ ' it, ..Z- ;tt I ;i ,J T Is this Sue's bag?
3
1)
-
:S /: (7)
T-t o
No, that is Mary's_.
The tendency is to use t" ;It when a list of items is presented, and to use 1PJ when a group is referred to collectively. Compare: ~" I) ,{., :·· .Z,,. °h' ,{., t'. ~ < G ,{., iJ'O) tf-("_ t'';/1..'h<'\ \ i; If ,{.,'feJ- ~ T'-9 °h'o t:..·tr T Which do you like best, apples, tangerines, or cherries? < f:· t O)O)tp"(", Mn'\' i; lf,(,-feJ-~ Ti°'h'o 'J:1.i' i:.i: -r What fruit do you like best?
z
7 ~
1)
fJ (!) 7 1 A ~
1)
-
£-
J: IJ t? \ \ L \ \ T-t
(!) 1 l 7 f.l' 8 *(!) I: li/v
0
American ice cream is more delicious than Japanese one.
noun, O) __
t
1)
follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning to do in the future. You can also use a verb in the negative plus --:i t ') to describe what you are planning not to do, or what you do not intend to do. --:i
verb (present, short)
OfiIi) PtcL
~*-1:::
L•H ;!'-::>
t: It
+ -::Jti fJ re.
(I) intend to do ...
1; -c-t
L :5 Iv t 7-.:::.. A. f-t 6 ~ t
o
I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend.
Ji T 7t j:. Ii ;t L
~;< Ltc-t!c/v-ttl'
t: *~ tcc'il(
I:::
* t:\ , ~ t ~
1) T' +,
Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow.
t? ~ f Jt 1::: ff < ~ t -Ct;
Jj.
1J
-c L t: f.l '-
I,,\
~ ~ f.l' J: <
-CA,~
-rJ.· f.l,
-:J
t: f.l, G , ff ~ i -tt Iv ··c L t:
o
\,\
We were planning to visit a temple, but we didn't, because the weather was not good.
B
adjective +
"/J.~
The verb fJ.· ~ means "to become;' indicating a change. adjectives. l,i-adiectives:
fJ.· ~
follows nouns and both types of
to become warm/warmer to become quiet/quieter to become a company
1Cl:-adjectives: nouns:
employee
B *-°?o(!)~ 1Ai f.i'~ L < 1: llA- .:
"'-'"~'
7
t:»:
-rJ.· 1)
i L
t.
o
Studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture before).
8*-°?o(!)~1Ai f.1'36-"9 ~ I::: -rJ.· 1) i L t: o (:Liiv::..· ,-.z/v~.t~
I have grown fond of studying the Japanese language.
<
With \ --adjectives, the final \ ' is dropped and
is added, as in their negative conjugations.
A common mistake is to expand the pattern of -fJ.·-adjectives and nouns and use 1: with v adjectives. It is wrong to say, for example, x When an adjective is used with
-fJ.· 6,
B.£ n' \ 'I:
~u,
-fJ.·
v-
6.
a question arises whether the sentence describes an
absolute change (e.g., "it has become warm, hence it is not cold any longer") or a relative change (e.g., "it has become warmer, but it is still cold").
-fJ.·
6 sentences are ambiguous in
isolation. If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the pattern for comparison together with
-fJ.·
6.
~ T 1) - :S ,.(,(:i;W J: ') 8 ;;t?of.r'·J:..:f-1:-fJ.· ') i L f:o ;!';(_
1: li!v.::
l'.11 i'
Mary has become better in Japanese than before.
In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not ...
anything;'
M ;j:(:
-IJ' and Mt. As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question word ;j:!: for things, M, plus particles -IJ' and t.. Other expressions for "some" and "any" in Japanese ;j:(:
follow this pattern. Thus, something
someone
somewhere
not anything
not anyone
t
t
not anywhere
As we noted in Lesson 8, these words are used by themselves, where particles Ii, 1;\ or would be expected. It is, then, interesting to observe how these expressions other particles, such as 1:, "'-,and
-c. These
interact with
particles appear in the places shown with un-
derscores above. Let us look at some examples.
\ ' \ ' ;{.. , r·· : ""' t fi,, ~ i -1± ,.(, T L t: o Did you go anywhere?
No, I didn't go anywhere.
t .:· tL n, -a;, 1: ~ \ , i L t: n, o
\'\';{..,
Did you see anybody?
No, I didn't see anybody.
Mn' Li
\ ' \ ' ;{.. , M t
~(:
L l:°h'o
Did you do anything?
"f
t.:·tt.1:t~\'i-l±£TLf:o ili)
~!:
L i -1± ,.(, T L f: o
No, I didn't do anything.
-c
You can use the particle "C with nouns that describe the means of transportation and the instruments you use. We eat our meals with chopsticks.
B
:.if.?o T~ L i L
1: li!v
.:
J: -)
Let's talk in Japanese.
a
li>d:
A T.!ID\ i Tff ~ i L t.
I ,-
;{_ ~
0
I went to the station by bus.
I..'
I saw a move on TV.
, ~I~./~~3
17~
~······10
E x p re
ss i o n
N o t e s
'"~--------------------------------------~
CfiF.i CCf~~O)fJ!!1Jl(tij t> *91J'······ _..We sometimes use iJ> and it c: (but) at the C t!.fv L 2 r.Jfu end of a sentence when we want our partners to treat what we have just said as a given, common ground to build upon. These words often indicate the speaker's intention to give her partner a chance to react and speak up. By relegating the right to speak to one's partner, they also contribute to the politeness of one's utterance. In the dialogue, the travel agent lays out the relevant information on the table; there are two flights, one leaving in the morning and another in the afternoon. 7;> attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information. Instead of asking the obvious question, namely, c<"b GiJ'v'v'l"TiJ\ the agent chooses not to finish her sentence, and lets her customer come forward with an answer immediately.
10 "I
m10~~
c
~~Pract :rtfv L,>1>3
A.
e
Look at the pictures below and answer the following questions. Example:
Q :
~-*" t / < /\ t r.·· i; G
liV
(a)
Picture (a)
3.
4.
¥ 14,000 -=-8*M-¥ *fr.tf*7'R t /< /\ t: r.·· i; G 0) 11 7 h{:i! \ '--C"-t h' o L. 1: l!viJ•lv-tt;., liv *fr.ff~ t ~-*" t r.·· t; G 0) 11 7 h{:ii \ 'T-t h' o l!v~!v-\tlv -C,t.,L<> B~ ¥ 6,000 -C8*M *BB l 1? L. il•lv *fr.ff~ t /<:;z t: r:··-1; G 0) 117 h''!fi\ 'T--f h'o ~,&;. l!vi!•,t.,-\t,t., v-t ~-*" t: / -;·:;z t: r:··-1; G 0) 11 7 h{~\ 'T--f h'o :1L8* M ¥ 9,ooo -Clvl<> tciJ• < L. i)•!v i)•/vlj:A,
====
Picture (b) 5.
Kl0-06
11 7 h{:i! \ 'T·-t h' o liV 1)1!\,-t-to
-Clvl<>
2.
SJ
0)
-C Iv t, <>
A: /\'/\0)(1777{~-*"J:
1.
.. 237
:Jt)iQ;:it t: :IL j'I'] t: r:·· --:ii;
0)
:IL !l·l'l t: VJOO t: r:·· --:ii;
1171J{1J\ ~ \ 'T-t h'o
li0il•c•I:'?
6.
'\~?L•>?
'\ •P"i i.» 7
0)
L::_(
117 1J{:k ~ \ 'T-th'o BB
i?c•
Picture (c)
~ Iv t: viJi ratc ~ Iv t: r:·· --:i i;
0)
tl
J.i ffi ~ Iv t: #:t. ~ Iv t: r:·· --:i i;
0)
I l 7 1J{1f 1J{1~ \ 'T-t h' o
0)
117 h{*\ 'T--f h'o bi!•
7. ffi i:f
t: ,,,,.,,
8.
t: 9. ffitf
-t-r
vi
10.
Ji ffi ~ Iv
vi
tc
(b)
z #-t-r ;t.~ Iv t: !'<
r:·· --:i
o<
-tt
!'<
~Iv t: -ti"' #:t.!'< ~Iv t: r:·· --:ii; t: ,,,,.,,
7 h{if-it h{~toil• \ 'T-t h' o
i;
0)
I l 7 h { ~ h { m \ ' T-t h' o ,.,,,,.
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Pair Work-Make
questions
using the following
When you answer the questions,
cues and ask your partner.
add reasons for your answers if possible.
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Example:
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Look at the pictures on the previous page and answer the questions below.
@!] Kl0-07 Example:
Q: :O)tfT,
t'"tlfJ"\'i;(;f/vi!\'T-tfJ'o
>d:-/J•
A:
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Picture (b)
3. :
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B. Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues and ask your partner.
1t""'i~/ff~ t: tOJ 1·
Example:
Q: '1t-"(i~V')o/T,
--+
tOJ
t:
1.
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2.
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9. 7 7 7. /
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Group Work-Make a group of three or four people. Ask each other questions and make as many superlative sentences as possible about the group. Example:
A~,.{._,-/;{\ 1-t;(;f,.C:t-\
: V')o/T, -/J:.fJ'
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D. Class Activity-First form pairs and make comparative and superlative question sentences with your partner. (You should know the answers.) Then ask questions to the class. The rest of the class answer the questions. Example:
i;±J.i (Mt. Fuji) t: .I.~ ,;,
t ~A-
mt: o/
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t; I ;f ,.(,1J\ ~ \ 1 T-t -IJ' t,C•
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A. This is a refrigerator in a dormitory. Tell whose each thing is, using Example:
: (])
1)
Iv :··i;t
1) --::
(J).
(!K10-os
/v(J)T-f" o
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B. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.
~ ? Example:
A:
>
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s : AA\ '(J)n'°\
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me Guide Book Japan
E3:~~\3
Easy Japanese \
8*~ 1: li/v
...t*~>Z)~ (:~g:;; \
fJ' Iv t. Iv
z:
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tttr
A. You are planning to do/not to do the following things next week. Tell what you will/will not do using ~-::>ti1Jc9. Bl]K10-09 Example:
~Bi 8
lf-"JJ: 7 1f
~Bi
8
If--:> J: 0 1f
1:*li/v ~wtJ: t;-J t
2. to do exercises
;rj(Bi 8
3. to do laundry
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7 1f
T-t
Ex. to read books
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1)
o
L to practice the piano
::t.818 t
4. to write letters to friends
5. not to go out
~818 ~,u 7 u
6. to eat dinner with friends
7. not to study Japanese
±818 t" J: 7 1f
8. to stay at a friend's
9. not to go home
8818
1: t, J: 7 1f
10. to clean a room
11. not to get up early
B.
Answer the following questions. Example:
8 0)'1-1~, tg 7~ L i -tn'a ~BJE, T i- t. f Ji i -9 fJ'a
1. ~
~J:-)
2.
.:
.:
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A.
t.,
Describe the following pictures. Example: Ex.
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5 ;h.\'
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A. Takeshi was sick yesterday. Mary did a lot of things without him. Answer the questions based on the chart below. B!] K10-11 Mary
Takeshi
@
eat
e
sushi and tempura
nothing
drink
green tea and coffee
nothing
go
Osaka
nowhere
meet
Robert
nobody
do
watch a movie
nothing
(Ex.)
Example 1:
Example 2:
o:
~<7)-7_
A:
Ii\',
0:
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5. ~<7)-),
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t: ! t L ~ ,<_, Ii M Ii '$k h i L t: Ii' ~t=
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t.:1:
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t :· ;ft Ii' ! ::: ~ \ ' i L f:: Ii' o ;¥,
7 1J - ~ A.,!iMll' Li L t,:1:
f::li'o
L ~ ,<_, Ii M Ii' L i L t. Ii' o ~(:
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Example:
O : L~-) ~*-Mil' Li L f::li'o 'J'-:o t.:1: A : Ii \ -. Bk@ f Ji i L f:: o / ,.z_i,, -/J{ J.;.
\ ' \ '
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o
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2. 3.
Mil'~Xh. i L f:il'o
4. ~B,
1J: t;
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5. 6.
(/)
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*'
A. Look at the pictures and answer each question as in the example below. Example:
0:
7 i;il'G,®\iTt:' '7-\"-:iT1t~ ;{_ ~
E!JK10_12
i-til'o
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A : 7
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1 hour
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(7)
(6)
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:tt!J~ t;:
R
2hours ~
.:
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8 hours
~~
** 1:0c\d
B. Use the same pictures and answer the questions as in the example below.
Eill Kl0-13 Example: A : 7
-t; ii' G .®\ i T-t-71-il'il' X. ~ L'..rJl-:J,;~/v
1)
i -to
C.
Ask three classmates
how they get from their houses to school and fill in the
chart. Example:
0
7 t; IJ' G;k~ i
A
El~ ~lP.. T*-i-t c/vL~, $
tcc'n'<
--c r·· 7
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o
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A.
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The chart below shows winter vacation plans for Mary and her friends. First, answer the following questions about Mary's plan. Mary
will go to Korea with Sue
by plane
3 weeks
will stay at Sue's house
will do shopping and eat Korean foods
Robert
will go back to London
by plane
2 weeks
/
will meet friends
Ken
will go to Tokyo with a friend
by bullet train
3 days
will stay at a hotel
Tom
will go to the by boat south pole ( i¥i :f.:E)
2 months
doesn't know will take pictures with penguins (""' / .:r· /) yet
~A-~ J: (
Takeshi
1. ,J 2.
7
will go nowhere
1) -
~
.:: I: L
.;.v)>~'-j·
t_''-)~-:i(~l®-"~T~i-tlJ'o t''<7)
4. r_··:::
.>: .i.->:
~
<
,.{.,(;t~if.<7)1'-1*-h 1::: r··::: IJ'l:::fi n·1v.::
3.
->
<" G \\ff~ ,,
<
',
will play at Tokyo Disneyland
-J
t
1)
T-th'o
''
f:';ttt_f[~i"tlJ'o ',
i-tn'o
1:::58 i IJ i -tlJ'o I:
s.
~l®TM~-t6-J n•/v.:: (
>Joi:
t
1)
T-th'o
How about the others' plans? Make pairs and ask questions.
B.
Pair Work-Talk
about your plans for the upcoming vacation.
C. Role Play-One
of you works for a travel agency and the other is a customer.
Using Dialogue II as a model, make reservations for the following tickets. 1. From Nagoya to Seoul ( '/ 7 JI,,)
Jan. 1
1 person
morning flight
2. From Tokyo to Paris (1 {
Feb. 14
1 person
window seat
Apr. 18
2 people
aisle seats
Aug. 20
4 people
afternoon flight
1) )
3. From Osaka to Rome ( o - <) 4. From Tokyo to Bangkok (1 ,. /
J)
':J
window seat
= ~i't';N'{~IJ (!) 1$ -t!c~
aisle seat =
:ii.~1~U (!) 1$ -::>-j
-t!c~
0 "'"
Public Transportation in Japan Japan's
public transportation
system is highly developed,
pecially
within metropolitan areas and between major cities.
The most common forms of public transportation
es-
are trains,
buses, and, in major cities, subways. The Japan Railways Group (JR Group) has a train network covering almost all areas of the country. Travel by public transportation
is enjoyable, safe, and
Shinkansen
efficient. Here are some tips for you.
If you are in Japan on a "Temporary Visitor" entry permit and want to travel to different regions,
consider getting a Japan Rail Pass, which offers un-
limited travel on almost all JR lines (including
bullet trains, except Nozomi)
for a certain number of days. If you are planning Kippu (~ ~ 18 ~
a budget trip during vacation time, the Seishun 18 -::i ,~~)
itl.'l...~A.
Japan Rail Pass
may be the best option. This seasonal
discount
'
ticket gives you five days of unlimited rides on local and rapid-service JR trains for only 11,500 yen.
Highway buses are another good way to travel between major
-~.·,,:
~
cities. Compared with express rail services, highway bus travel usually takes longer hours but costs less. Also, if you travel on an overnight bus, you can save on accommodation costs.
.. ~
'
..;•
I
;
il'li
"~=>-
._V
'
_p;;.
r.
~-~
e
1,;'i~
Highway bus
248 •••
~ffi5 . :s'l:)*l\iil
Useful Expressions
At
t h e
Station
Types of Trains
1f,), 1! -----local "'.:)? ~ '~ 1T------express /-
;<~-j .;
-j
t9' ~IP? ,~------super express C?
Destination
"-'ff~ -----boundfor ... "'7J w-----serving ... areas IH!i>lv \'
Types of Tickets and Seats
*if-~ t:d L.>eltlv
(boarding)ticket
@)~~
coupons
generaladmissionseat
§r£]$ L vJ>-j-t!-5
n'''T-i 1t1v
~~if5/v;i_/vl.>e -%if\'i;C.'-j L.>e
nonsmokingcar
5tM~lt/v
commuter's pass
-W.~J 7°"'
student discount
fiqt
round trip
t~JtJ#;5
reservedseat
illt n'tc;t;.;;
one way
ti:-c D ('i;
exit
AD
entrance
c\' 5
1)< ( ;b I)
L. -C\'-\t
Car No. 1
t-n.>·<
Places in stations "':l-MJ!.-----tracknumber ... lf/v-\t Iv
t;J'J1f ~?
,)t
1G 1) -)
:!:~---ticketvending area {!
\' 1)
c.)(At-----gate
('i;
F~j9:
stairs
1J'l.'~"'.J
iJ'l., 'f~/v
;t - /.------platform
\ d; I ;f ,.(., 'M"--
first car;front end
1G J,5------shop;stand
\ ' i; Lf ,.(., 1~ iS-
last car;tail end
t;i_
-j L.
l;f\'-Clv
MiscellaneousPublicTransportationTerms
* ')
~;t 7l' ;jz(;t"'
transfer next (stop), ...
-::>5'
7\:;}e -It/vi!-::>
'b}f; iA.
-----
~~
-----last train
departing second
L Ii-::>
{}")
departing first
L.~-j'(/v
Announcements
i t
< ~ J!i L i -9 o --------Wewillbe leavingsoon.
-f,f
lohL<'
~J!ih'$1J i-9 o ----------A train is arriving. -Clv L<' *'' ;jz(;:t"' I:::: .il; i IJ i -9 o Next (we'll stop at) ... t
0Cf
~, 7 h'M i IJ i -9 o
:,,
L
5i ;t < t~' ~ \ f:,tp-}
'o
\,\
--The doors are closing. Please be careful.
Expressions
:O)~J!i(;:tfk~'*l::::.tl:i -c/: L <'
~ ~ ( ;:t L~-i-Clv
I~ Ii G
M* T-9 h' o ;Ji, ~
t
1)
i-9h'
0
DoesthistrainstopatAkihabara? Whattime is the last train?
t,:lv L.
jft ~ i --C''O){~Jt.J#; ~-;fkj?w.J[\' Li -9 o -One reserved ticketto Tokyo, t0!u-i L c\'"~ \'t,*'' tin' please.
~t Jh'~;t i -9-h'o ---------Can I get a studentdiscount? 1
n'
0n'
A : }!~fr~ n'i(G\'
* * O)~J!i!;:t t:''it T-9-h'o -ClvL<'
Which one is the train bound for Kamakura? B :
=.ff#,'R T-t 1: lilv-ltlv
o
Track number two.
*
E
S
S
N
0
11~
After the Vacation
e
u
g
0
Michiko and Mary meet after the vacation.
0
@!JKll-01/02
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i,IJ)
Michiko: Mary, I haven't seen you for a long time. How was your vacation? Mary: It was really fun. I went shopping, ate Korean dishes, and things like that in Korea. Michiko: Sounds good. I want to travel, too. Mary: Did you have a fun vacation, Michiko? Michiko: It was okay. I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.
® Mary: Michiko, I want to introduce you to a friend of mine. This is John. He came to Japan last month. John: How do you do? Michiko: How do you do? I am Michiko Yamakawa.
® Michiko: John, where are you from? John: I am from Cairns, Australia. Michiko: Is that so. John: Have you been to Cairns? Michiko: No, I haven't John: It has mountains and the ocean and is a beautiful place. It's famous for the Great Barrier Reef. Where are you from, Michiko? Michiko: I am from Nagano. Please come to visit me sometime. The food is good, too. John: By all means, I would love to.
~E
~
Pi::l
re.Iv
v
0
c
a
(3!]
2
b
u
a
r
y
Nouns
* :t-::;z l- 71J1 1-J ii' L 1-J L J: 7 1.1'-J 1-Jt:O): })i -') 1) 1-Jt-t;~ }) ,{, 1± ,{,
Australia
}) :~t-t-
snack; sweets
}) iE }'j
New Year's
!JJ 0) -1-
boy
})~ 1)
festival toy spa; hot spring
}) ,{, fJ.' 0) .;
girl
ii'\\: < ii' L tP il'h
foreign country singer river
.f-,.. / 70 * .; -t; G .; ,{,f.1'
-J
camp this person (polite) ~
L~i;J:7 L:: tP ~-- J: 7 LJ:-JG\ 1
L:: ,{, L:: ~ -') 1)
~~:M :f±-&
president of a company
~~~
class
f1*-
future
#:f±
shrine
this semester
fishing
* F717--
drive
t'-1t,,
beer
ll L::
tP -JI.I',{,
;t::;z i--
art museum
7 r ~ J 1
h-f7h * -\" i tP ¥> it,,-t-.J -
host family lake mountain dream
r
roommate
U-verbs
7-tf-J< }) fJ.· il'il'-t
to tell a lie
<
to become hungry
ii' 7
to own (a pet) ('"'"' f)
+r ;[,' 6
to cut (classes) ('"'"' f)
* Words
that appear in the dialogue
Kl 1-07
t'. 6
to take (a class); to get (a grade) ('"'""' ~)
G7 OJlf 6 Ii t: G <
to learn ("'
-rJ:
f )
to climb (place I:) to work
Ru~verbs
"".J-/;'fl6 ~&') 6
'Ji.ft.6
to quit ("' f)
Irregular It
to get tired
Verbs
,(,-IJ'-t 6
to have a fight; to quarrel
* L J: 7 -/J'\ '-9 6 7·· 1 .r; ·;; r -t 6
~1\'--t 6
t .; < -96 1J rp 7 -1;{ < -t 6
1/!~J-t6 m~-t 6
to go on a diet
and
Adverbs ;h t'.
* L rp -:i L A, ..z- L't * "'t:· It
to introduce (person I: person f) to be late (for an appointment) ("' I:) to study abroad (place I:) Expressions
Other
q~
after (an event) (event 0))
tB Jr
coming from (place 0)) and then just ... ; only ...
"' -r ,{_,
..
* U ~ L .;:
~ L .;: ')
1)
* i t'.
points
it has been a long time okay; so-so more
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
~*
G'O';?
~
-:> -/;'
(-f'p~.)
:/-r--J-1)
:A.
r
Kl 1-08
(Occupations)
writer
lJ:tP7
journalist
-/;'/..., :·· L (~~giji)
(31;-ff:)
(~*'§) police officer L J: 7 If 7 L C5M:O±) i /.._,-/;{-/;' (5fi®*-) ll\\11)7 ( 1~F11:) actor; actress 7 t l'P 7 U: 7 L (¥'ii11Hf±) astronaut ~ ~ rp 7 1± /..., L rp (Jt15](.1J!f-) baseball player t:·\' t'. 7 IJ J: 7 (::k*1t~JO president of a country It\'~"'?-/;'/...,
G!l
actress nurse firefighter cartoonist
G
r
a
m
a
m
r
You can use a verb stem (the verb form that goes before i -t) + f: \ 'T-t to describe your hope or aspiration.
A,}JlO:>~JR!;L .:»:
I:'
L$?;1'-::i
Bk_@J~Jtf:\'T-90 ;
-IJ'
or Bk_@Jf}{Jtf:\'T-to °'-''
;,.--
-/J'
;,.--
J want to see a film this weekend. \ '-J
fJ' !?$?::.'< o/ 00 I::: ff~ ,,
t: \ 'T-t
--
o
I want to go to China someday. verb stem
+
tel.,rc9
I want to do ...
As you can see in the first example above, having t: \ ' attached to a verb slightly affects the composition of the sentence. A verb that takes the particle f can have either the particle f or iJ' when it is followed by t: \ '. Particles other than f remain the same. The combination of a verb and t: \ ' conjugates as an \ v-adjective. Here are examples of negative and past tense t: \ ' sentences.
ch O:> J,..1 ::: I i ~ \ ' f: < U-1:
i'.;.' \ '
~
T-t o
I don't want to see that person. /
-t-
J -iJ{J( \ 'f: fJ' -/J'
"?
f: fJ' G,
7·r~-
l- 1:::,ff ~ i L ,,
t: o
I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.
If your wish is one you have entertained for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to;' you can use t: \ ' t ;~--:> T \ 'i -t instead off:\' -c-t. :ht
t: \ ' T-t
sentences are not usually used to describe wishes held by others. Somebody else's wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, observations, or guesses. To quote somebody, saying that she wants to do something, you can use t § ,, --:> T \ ' i L t: with t: \ '· l,.\
Mary said she wanted to go to Tibet.
\,.\
To describe your observation to the effect that somebody wants to do something, use a special verb t. IJ{
-:i
<: \ '6 instead
off::.\'· If a verb takes the particle ~,the derived
verb t: IJ{ -:i <: \ '6 will retain the ~, unlike f::. \',with particles I;{ and ~. ;1
you must
7 1) - ~ ,{, (i:it4k/ ~:it f::. h"-:> l \ \ i "tOJ-"
-t
which we had a choice between the
0
(It seems) Mary wants to wear a kimono.
The verb t: IJ{ -:i <: \ '6, which comes from the dictionary form f::. IJ{ 6, indicates "I think that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving:' We will have more to say about this type of sentence in Lesson 14. I want to ... !Do you want to ... ? . verb stem + re.\., rc9
. re.\.,' conjugates
They want to ... . verb stem+
as an \.,'-adjective
· 1J1 or%
· rc.tJ'?:>
rc.tJ'-:i"C\.,,~g
conjugates as an u-verb
·%only
You already know that you can connect two clauses with the re-form of predicates, as in:
~:··~~it"' i +. t:
:k¥fo. T~ \ '4k/ ~ L -c };};:'
liA-
Iii"
In Osaka, I will do some shopping and eat dinner.
This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you plan to perform in Osaka and that those two activities will be done in that order. If you want to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as examples, and in no set order, you can use a special predicate form
:k¥fo. T~ \ '4k/ ~ L t: t;t;:'
1) ,
a_t :··~~it"' f::. liA-
Ll:A-
1)
i:
L i -to
In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping, and eating dinner.
(activity A)
re. 0
(activity B)
re. 0 9 ?:>
do such things as A and B
To get the t: 1) form of a predicate, you just add 1) to the past tense short form of a predicate. (Thus we have L f::. 1) for the verb -t 6, whose past tense is L f::., and~.......,:: t: ') for~ i: t: . .-. .: 6, past tense~.......,:: f::..) Note that the helping verb -t 6 at the end of the sentence indicates t: the tense of the sentence. You can change a =]: 1) ""'f::. ') -t 6 sentence into the past tense, or incorporate it in a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part.
~*l~L
~5~ L f:
tzt:·t; t~17 L t: ct IJ:>l:
1),
"iv'< d
l•>'i ;!'-:::>
1)
Li
L f:o
I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend.
ifm-:) t: he'
1t~ ~ !ifl \ 'f: h!v~'<
1) ,
1)
oi;
-t ~ 0) h'ff-9 ~ T-t
o
--
I like dancing, listening to music, and so forth.
The past tense short form of a verb thing happened, in earlier times.
~ ± J.i I::: 1t--:) t: : .s. c "Iv
t h' ;t
1)
O)l;f
i
+:
t: n\h ~ describes that you did something, or some-
+,
I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji.
f: It L ~A, LH~ ~ ~ -f*A, r: : th' ;t t.;o·;;;
1)
~-.
i -l± A,o
Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life). verb (short, past, affirmative)
+
C:: C:1J'®0
have the experience of ...
If somebody asks you a question using : t: n' S 1) i -t "h', you can just say S 1) i -t / S 1) i -I:!: Iv or repeat the whole verbal complex (ff -J f: .; t: n' S 1) i -t I 1t-J t: : t: h' S 1) i -I:!: Iv).
Have you ever been to Europe?
( l \ ', fi" ,, -:) (l\\, ;ti)
t: :
t h' ;t I) i
-r ,
rr ,
(x (l\ -. .; t h';t ') i-t o) Yes, I have.
OJ
noun A·~
noun B
"(" connects two nouns, as does t: . "(" suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list. A and B, for example
At-'B
ff: ~ \"'
~ .t? t
*° ~ I::: ff ~ i 1j:
i::,
I.'
L
t:
o
I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).
~l l~ .. •257
~I~/-~······11 0~5
Expression
11fu
Notes
~""""'------------------------------------
Id: in negative sentences+ In negative sentences, you often find the particle Ii where you expect iJ{ or ~. Observe the reply sentences in the dialogues below: Q : LlJT)t1:.li7 v~·~Ji!.i-97'.l'o Do you watch TV, Prof Yamashita? >(>
j'
lJc-lt Iv-It\'
A: v'v';t, Q :
::J - ~
A: v'v';t,
1;
-rveliJi!.i-l±'lvo =r:»;
No.Ldon't.
-7J{~-f ~ \:.""9-/J>o
Do you like coffee?
T
:::i-~-li~~ --t
t.~id:v'\:."i°o
No, I don't.
~ and 7J{, respectively, would not be ungrammatical in the above examples. Many Japanese speakers, however, find the Ii versions more natural. The rule of thumb is that negative Japanese sentences tend to contain at least one Ii phrase. If you add ;fk Ii to the sentences above, therefore, the need for Ii hU is already fulfilled, and Japanese speakers feel much less compelled to use Ii after T l> ~- and :::i - ~ - .
Ii may also follow particles like\:." and 1:. *~!\:."Ii~ Lt::.\ id: v' 1:."i" o ;_~, .; .: -!ii"j:
I don't want to speak in English.
~ il~H:-li1T-ci i:': t 7'.1{;:!0 ~ i-1±' lvo U-Ji_,)L1: ~,
I have never been to Hiroshima.
tcl1.,_ You can add t!. ~t to numbers to talk about having just that many items. t!. ~t implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but not more than that.
I have met that person just once.
-0t!.~t1:rr,,~7J{<: 10 ~ i -to V'I: --l"?tlv :=-t:5tt!.~tl!liJo Lt::.o ~/vt.~p.,,)~/v--
I have just one question. I slept for just thirty minutes.
t!. ~t suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly could have been higher. We will learn another word in Lesson 14, namely, L ii>, which means "only" in the sense that you do not have enough of. IL: .,_You can use the particle 1: to indicate the occasion on which you do something. I ate salad at dinner.
11 ... ~
v:
can also indicate the role you want something to play. I bought a postcard as a souvenir.
i--;:5.-("::7"~ F 71 7'' is used when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To say "to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use F 7 1 7'' 1: TT or F 7 1 7''-9 ~. \'
iii}]
i--C F 71 7"~:1'T ~ i l.J:/ F 71
;;,-n;;,
\>
7' Li
<
Lt-::a
I went for a drive to the lake. When you simply want to say "to drive a car" (not necessarily for pleasure), use Jl~iT ~ instead. 'j lv-C Iv
Br; is:--C 1f!: ~Jl~i Lt-:.:: !llv < J.d: -) lvl Iv
c il'lb
~ i Til'o
Have you ever driven a car in Japan? ~~~'like the English word "dream," has two meanings. One is the dream you tjl!b VI>>'.> have while sleeping; the others the dream that you wish would come true. To say "I have a dream," in Japanese, you use the verb Je.~ for sleeping dreams, and 1c;f-:J ,, t -C v' ~ or lb~ for your visions.
~-) rZ.:: :bv'~~ Jl i Lt-::a
I had a scary dream last night.
~~tc;f-:Jl"v'iT /~il'lb ~ iTa '""' t VI>>'.> lb id: t:(!) L.t-)Gl' :I~· (!) ~tP¥> Ii {PJ--C T ii' o t:t.!v
I have a dream.
VJ)//)
,;.,._
*
What is your future dream?
IL: Id:~ The particle Ii often follows the particle 1: in sentences describing a place in terms of the things that are found there.
(1)3R;?-1:1i7·;\t-J~J:-)-(2) 3R;?- 1: f';\t-J~J:-3-
ril't-::< ~!vlb~ iTa l- il't-: < ~ !vlb ~ i Ta
There are many department stores in Tokyo. There is a subtle difference between the two sentences. The first sentence is about the places: they answer questions (either explicitly asked, or implicitly) like "What is Tokyo like?" The second sentence, on the other hand, is an answer to a question like "Where do you find many department stores?" See the grammar note discussing the difference between ii' and Ii in Lesson 8. In the case of the particle I:, the contrast is between the simple I: and the combination 1: Ii. (See also the grammar note on counting people in Lesson 7.)
*l ~ tlfu
P
l.,1\1>3
r
a
c
t
c
A. Change the following phrases into
(Ii\')
---+
/\//\'--Ji-"f1t°""f.:\'T-to
(\'\';;t)
---+
/\//\'--fi-"f1t°""f.:
tc
<
l:::ff ,,
(Ii\')
*~ ** ~
6.
3.
)Ji!.tU::::ff < (Ii\') B!v-lt!v c• t1J".) < 1Hid:; (\'\';;t)
j'L/vL~j
-t 6
~;f±(J);f±*1:::-t.i.'6
(\\\\;;{_)
L<> Sl-)
a:;tz1:::1it;
(\'\'il)
T
m~-t6
C(i\')
Jil:::if6
(\\\\;;l)
IJ~H'< vi
O)if
Pair Work-Ask if your partner wants to do the things above. When you answer, give reasons as in the example.
A : / \ / / < - ti- f 1t °"" f.: \ ' T-t
Example:
t:
t: \ , T-t o t? -r.i.· n, n { -t \ ' -r \ ' i 1t""' t: < -t.i.· \ 'T-t o :S ".) ~ 1t""' i ~ ~
-t
n, G o /
\ '\ ';;t,
L
t: n'
Change the following phrases into
t? t t;
Example:
>\' (}) ~~ -ClvL<'
1.
2.
(( i \ ')
---+
( \ '\ ';;t)
---+
-r v i:::· f
Ji, 6 ;,.
1Jtff;Jtl:::*-6 1.} .; -j $
4. 5.
*- f 1,.1,v'J.
f-t 6
ftiJ -J
Kl 1-10
T~.)~ a>i-t-
t; >\' (}) ~~ T~
a>i-t-
-C!vL<'
-t; >\' (}) ~~
-r Iv L ,,
Ll f.: n' ".) t: T-t o
T~ rf'f.:
<
l:::ff,,
<
a>ii-
«r,»
6. j:)~
((l\\)
7. t }/f~J
1-=>
')
-tin'".) t: T-t
o
((i\\) (\\\\;;l)
0
id:'G
(\\\\;;t)
((i\\)
;Ii•
~i'X. f ~ 6') 6
1J'-o.::-j
Go
~rc.G' sentences in the past tense. GI]
-T-1~ (}) *, t? t .; t't t $ -T-{~<7)*, t? t .; t' t t $
0)
3. Jj'-L--.
n' o
B : 1 i \ , , 1t""' t:
C.
10.
((i \ ')
;Ii•
I: ll/v
9.
(Ii\')
f Jl -J
(:1,"
8.
-t.i.'\'T-to
a:;tz-r· -lite~ 11< 1: ll/v
7. ~
((i \ \)
v-t
1J•c• L ,,
<
t:
8I: li!v C: f
5.
Kl 1-09
t:
2.
4.
B.
5;l;JJ
Ji.t-iJ;
~rc.G' sentences. GI]
/\ //\'--Ji-"f1t""'6
Example:
L
e
(\\\\;;t)
8. 9.
~fif~-t6 -j!v-C!v
1f ij 1::: -t.i.' 6
( (i \ \) ( (i \ \)
op -j ""''
10.
~ ·;;t--·<7:::<(:::~-J .,,
((;i \ ')
D.
Pair Work-Ask if your partner wanted to do the things above during their childhood.
E.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions and report the answers as in the example. See p. 253 for occupation vocabulary. A: tt,Z,~A,!iMfJ{it"'f::\'T-t-h'o
Example:
t:
1,:1:
B : t:. -If fJ{it"' 0
i:
A:
---+
t: \ 'T-t
o
(t,{,~,{,(;J:t:. ·JffJ{it"'f;:\\t
§-J(\\;i
0
t:
\,\
Lf:=o
( t t A, ~ A, Ii t:. +f ~ 1t"' f:: fJ { -") --C \ ' i -t o) 0
t:
L
,fl.:··~t:MfJ{it"'f::\ 'T-t-lJ'o V' Q
IUv
t:
I,: I:
MfJ{\d;lfA,yt\'f::\'T-t-h'o
2.
iJ•
1,:1:
3. t·' : t: \ d; If A, ff ~ f:: \ ' T-t fJ' o
t:'.'*1t: \ '~ !fA,~\ 'f::\ 'T-t-lJ'o
4.
"'
s. M~~\ 'f::\ 'T-t°h'o Id:(: ~!? 6. A,~0:>~;Tz, -::/ol~-i
A,,
7.
1,1-J:
8. 9.
Id:!:
°h'o
t. T-t
-1-11t 0:> 8'f, Mt: .; l:'t I:"; 1,:1:
-r•.:
*1*-,
f::\'T-t°h'o
1PJ(:-fJ.'1) ld:t:
1)
f:: °h'-")
°h' o
A,~:Jt:J30:>{~, MfJ{Lf::\'T-t°h'o -::1oiJ<0
F.
1,:1:
M ~ L t: < -r.n 'T-t
L J: ~I? l.i'
10.
MfJ{Lf::\'T-t°h'o
L~-i1-=>
"'
;J;,1:
1,:1:
Complete the following sentences. 1.
A,B Ii\'\ ''T..!frJ::·fJ, G, 0:-~0
-Clo"'
~~~~~~~~~~-
1i.*1 f:: °h' G, ".Ji)•
~~~~~~~~~~-
f::
<
'T-t o
t: \ 'T-t
~~~~~~~~~~-
3.
f:: \
-t-J.· \ '
T-t o
o
A.
Tell what the following people did on the weekend using +t:
Example:
1.
-)
3 ./
:
o +t:
fJ 9 G.
BI] Kl
1-11
saw temples in Kyoto, went to a museum, etc.
t. It L : went camping, went for a drive, etc.
2. ~ J:
7 .: : made sweets, played
games at home, etc.
3. A - : went to Osaka to have fun, went to eat, etc. 4. It Iv : cleaned his room, did laundry, etc. 5. o / '\'-
~ : met friends, watched movies, etc.
6. Ji '-f 7C ~ : went to a hot spring, rested, etc. '(' ;J' Ltc-tt !v-ttc'
B. Look at the pictures and make your own sentences using
C.
=t: fJ .
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use ~rc.lJ~rc.lJ97a> as in the example. Example:
3.
A
B*-TM"fLiLf::.f.l'o (: (l/v 1d:(:
I :::
Ld7l'-=>
<
4.
-Tf~(J)lfif, ;:_ l:'t I: 5
l
5.
B*-TM"f 1: lilv t,:1:
Lf::.\'T-91.i'o
Mf t,:1:
Li
M f L i -t I.I' t,:1:
L f::.l.i'o
o
7. 7 7 A. TMf
L 1" Ii\ 'It i-tt,{,h'o
8. ~Jj[(l)~*--
Mf-t6-J >d:I:
ld:i:
c.):
9.
L~01-:>
/::
Mf >d:I:
t
T-th'o
1)
-t 6 (l)n{#~ T-tn'/ ~ G \ 'T-th'o 1-
A. The following are what John has or hasn't done. Make the sentences using
B!l Kl 1-12
~L.(:1J'l(l57a:J.
0
Example:
B.
x go to Tokyo
--+
~-;~ G f~-"'l::
-r:;..,
*
Jit c? 5d
t: n{~
t:
I: ff -:J f: : t: h { ~
1)
1)
,,
i -to
i -\:[ ,.(, o
sleep in class
7.
work at a restaurant
8.
X
drive a car in Japan
x
go to Hiroshima
9. X see Japanese movies
X
write a love letter ( 7
3. 4.
5.
2.
--+
0 0
0 0 0
1.
eat tempura
eat sushi
6.
study French
7··
t- 'l - )
10.
X
climb Mt. Fuji
go to shrine
Pair Work-Make questions using ~L.C:1J'®0
8
Example:
and ask your partner.
*(1) 1-) )@ f jjz t;
I: I'!/..,
--+
:
0)
8*(1)1-))@fjjz,.(,t:·:
A:
1: ('!/..,
B:
ll\',
:
~
A : t'. -J T L e-
1)
th{~
1)
i-th'o
0)
zr,
t: h'
o
B : 1-) \ ' L h'-:) f: T-t o
7 -f f-J <
1.
y·· 1
2.
7 A. ~ T 0 ,.?,, f }TX. 6
10.
3.
*?of~;;{.6
11. :i!~lj -t
.I. "/ ~ f nc•-r:;..,
"-''
.:
4. ;;ij" i;
c
9.
t, ;:_
A. I:~ -J
13.
f ~-"' 6
o/ 00-?o.: f ,z;..,5;1 ~ 7~ -t 6
14.
~Jf~tR.1 :*6 L/..,n•;..,-tt;..,
15. JI]
0)
f~;t'6
tx...t:· 0/ ct *A.
to
8.
6
t.Po.d
7'J7:t7"1:ff< ,,
1;~0-:"<
<
12. {§(~
;j;,
6. ,), (' (blowfish) 7.
*;Fl-
8 JI1) f -?(11: 6 1: l.!/..,l)d
hL
'1>?16c-L'./..,
5.
-t 6
l- 7
Jlv-t..
1 ~ 1) -
m~-t6 1)
•P
0n' (
n•t>
""°('-J 1)
~ -
f-t 6
l- / t: It,.(, n'-t 6
~l l~ ••• 263
When you answer, use ~t->~
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. as in the example. Example:
1. t:''A.JJ.· A ;t'- '/ ~J:
< Jl;,. i
-t °h'o
2. t: . ,.C -fd.·i't~ h"*T ~ T-t fro B!vn'<
T
3. t:'' ,.{_, -fJ.' :,fj-JJ_ ~ .t?
1)
4.
1)
l < 11 ') i -t °h'
0
0 (
~ L;(
'.t I:: l;L I:'?
t:·· tC -rJ.·~-"'~~h"
1)
i -t °h' o
{,OJ
s.
t:'.c'n'<
6. ?7~ 00 I:: ff n'c'.::
<
7. ~'
,,
t: :::
-J
t'. h"
t:·;ttn"*f~ T-f°h'o
fo:n'
liC''1J?
T
t:·;tt n"*f~ T-t°h'o
~.:f-O)o/T, 1,.,,
0
I:
l_;,p~'.t?
8. 13!:{f (actors) O)o/T, n'
u-1:
i -th' o c:·· ::: T-t h' o
t:'' ,.{_, -fJ.' {1( ~ ~ JlsZ -J l \ \ i -t h'
""
9.
1)
t.:n-
..,
A. Talk about your dream for the future or what it was when you were a child. 1.
(h-fJ.· f: O)~ !iM T-t >l:!v
.PIO
Example:
;fl. Ii ;f-f bl:L
Ld
»-;
*-,
i? ~# t; I :::-fJ.· 1) n'ti t
Gt'
ff~ ,, t: \ 'T-t o 2.
-f-i~O)*O)~liMT .::/:'!,
1:5
vJ)!I)
fo:/v
L
t: °h'o
Example:
B. Class Activity-Find someone who ... 1. has seen celebrities
2. has never used chopsticks 3. wants to live in Japan in the future 4. wanted to be a star ( ;< 5' - ) as a child 5. wants to cut classes tomorrow
t: \ 'T-t
o -f L --C,
\ '.; \ '.; -fJ.· 00 I:: < 1:
C.
Class Activity-Bring
pictures of your hometown and describe it.
Example: ~1' Ii..::. ::z. - 3 - 7
(7)
NcL
~ *1.. \
dJ.· ~ zi: -
T-t o ..::.
3 - 7 (i t T
::z. -
00-\"' 1f ii -fJ.· ~ Vltr jf;-\"' t: < ~ ,{, (7) j1J :!~
.::~z!v
J: < ~
:±: jf
L~~ Liv
~
1f t~0iJ'/"
vP~oi>\'
t 7c ~ HH
(theater)
lf5td
;,. t: ') , -1&:!} "Iv L t: ')
7J ;i, ~Ji
Li L
t:
<
T t:: ~---\"'I.I' T-t o
I.I { 1:, I) i -to
o
If
J({;t.;,,.1:~
iJ'z
tj,0-'(>-t
(u
'?
T, ft.t~- t; 1:~\ 'f: \, T-t o ct
;;,
ture~t)
i>iEJJ New Year's L.1?
s lE t=I
1J'0
(New Year's) is the biggest homecoming holiday in Japan. Japanese celebrate New
GJ:?tfJ
Year's Day on January 1, unlike most other Asians, who go by the lunar calendar. Most businesses are closed on and around New Year's Day. New Year's Eve is called
*allJ El, and people
;;;; l;'f:IJ•
try to finish their seasonal chores-cleaning the
house thoroughly, writing greeting cards (~~
~* ), and so on-by this date. Dinner for New
ti.A. '/J~ l5 J:: j
Year's Eve often includes ~~
I:~;::
G -t"
ti (buckwheat
noodles), as the long noodles symbolize
the desire for longevity. When saying good-bye to someone whom you do not expect to see again until the new year, the traditional parting phrase is J: \,'
s ~1f I:~
(Have a happy New Year!). When you meet
somebody for the first time in the new year, you say iV.i
It* GTs tfJ T t ") Z.' ~- \,' * 9 (Happy
New Year!). Many people go to pies) for
~$U (Shinto shrines) and s~ (Buddhist tem01i..G~ LS
:fJJ ~!'i or the "first worship of the year," which is likely to be (j,-:>{,j"[
their only visit to shrines and temples for the year, since Japan is a largely secular society. Special dishes called
s~U~t! are eaten for New Year's. Each -tt~lJJ:j ~J
dish is said to signify a particular wish-black beans (,'!§:) for diligence and health (a pun on the word
f-) for
< "*"'(~O) * tfJ), herring roe
having many offspring, and so forth. The staple food for
New Year's is
st ts
(rice cake), which is toasted or served in tl<1t 'f?
~(New Year's soup). 1:
Children expect to receive
s ~.:E, which l:~t.'*
aunts, uncles, and even family guests.
are gifts of money from their parents, grandparents,
~ll~H•265
Useful Expressions
I n
h e
t
C I a s s
Japanese
Expressions t:'' t; G T t \ \ \ \Ti"
L: Ti"
Iii]
}; to:
o
-Both are fine. Same thing.
o
t:- \ \ t: \ \Iii] L:: -c-r
o
--More or less the same.
ti 1d:
t; J: t: :it\ \ i -9 o --A little different. t,;IJ' 1.R ;;(. i 1± ~ o Can't use it. ':J-/J' -J
t:- JI> Ti"
f
No good.
o
if--c ~
t
-t.;_· 1) 0)
J(" JI>
"C
A. (: f1'] \ \ 'l < t:- ~ \ \ o -- Ask the person sitting next to you. ()'/: "'
< t:' ~ \ \
~ 8 (;t : it T~h "' ~ 7
Please stop.
o
1)
i -9 o
That's it for today.
};
Vocabulary
fei ~ l•PUc\'
homework
< t:' ( t f::. § \ \ }J--
colloquial expression
fJ' t. \ \ § \ \ }J---
bookish expression
\'
L JI> ~ ') -- deadline
''
-/J'tc
-/J'tc
~*~
exercise
;t:~;,.
meaning
9e1t
pronunciation
)C~
grammar
f::. t: ;;(. ( ;f-----
for example
ttroi
question
( l fJ' (:
anything else
~ ::_t,;_
answer
"-'ilf-------
number ...
1'7U
example
"'"'-
page number
'l \ \ ti. \ 1-f.;_· § \ \ }J--
fL/v Lo ~
''
IJ:':JiS/v
dialect
~ 4! ~------standard
(f; ~t~!v
.;~A,1!7
[_,--:;{,Iv
fJ' "'?
}j § IHlf!v
\'
*H'
polite expression
-/J'tc
Japanese
.:
lilv
=
) (parenthesis)
"'ff
/-----
§ ----- line number
8 J:? (/)
i6
0
(i'~
x (wrong)
(correct)
-=.A_ -f'~----,;,fc IJ
. .
two people each
L
(m12~1L E ffeJ ~ Feeling Ill 0ct5
s
s
0 ./-;.
2 ;(
12)
~
g
1
N
0
Mary and Michiko are talking at school.
1;
=:
7
1) -
;( J :
1)
-
~
e
u
GI]K12-01102
/v, JC3{\.1J{;}, 1) l 1± /vt.J.o lf/v ~
7 -lvo t; J: -J t t;-t-,fh'h{*i\ \Iv Ti" o t:'' 7 L t: Iv Ti" h' o Pt:
3
h. t; : :
4 ;(
7 1) -
:
~ (!) -)
s: t:_· t;
t
/:: {,
t:' t
5 6
h. t;:
:
;;(_
2
7 7
,,
1
7
I) -
:
I) -
;},
t. Iv Ti" o t. .)~Iv~~ t:
ai,
\-r- < t:-~ \ \o
···· ·;},;},,
t''h{*i \\Iv T-t
0
~
v>t:
-2(--) Ti"h'o
(!)
~t;},
I)
tJ.-:::>
0
< ~T < t:-~ \ 7 =·· ~-- \ \ i L t:
4-B Ii~ ~jk!v T, .!f:
( t IJ
(J)
Ii \ \ ' ;}, I) h { t
Ii~
-J
t: Iv T-t
0
ii"t.J.o h'{f'T"tt.J.o
'jA.,/::''j
t:
h'
v-r:
o
h h' I) i L ~ ~ 'j
*i\ \o
7 Ii j:;-fJ.· n'n{*i
t 7 -t <" -T _::_:A (1)~1;-h{;}, 6 (!) T, L .,,,,
1: e<1v1:1',
:
-t ~-- t. Iv
1.'t::.
_:::__=. 8 , lftli L -t-J.· \ \I l 7 h{\ \ \ \ T L J: 7 o
L?
7
(!)
T-th{
*:
c'
7t;:i_,
;},;},,
l~'
J2I
8 ;(
1) -
-J
,,
GDK12-03/04
-it !v-ttc'
*:
l2I
6 ;(
:
l~'
4
s
-
*:
J2I ,,
3 ;(
1)
t:
i;l:A.,
0
;;(_o ,,,:;@c L-t-,n
@At a hospital. ;(
I:: ff
:·'AA_~~~
};{,
L/v!.fi..'
1
if A.,
7'.X.~ Ti°h'o t~I.' l.'..J: 1 .)~
: 1) -
1;(7
}~ \ \ i -t
B)E
lJ
0
\o
*-* ~ l'L/vLo1
L -t-J.· ~ ~ \ \ tt-t-J.· \\Iv
Michiko: You don't look well, Mary. Mary: Um ..
I have a little stomachache.
Michiko: What's the matter? Mary: I went out to have dinner with my friend yesterday. I think maybe I ate too much. Michiko: Are you all right? Mary: Yes. Don't worry about it. Oh, it hurts. Michiko: You had better go to a hospital.
® Mary: Doctor, I have a sore throat. I had a stomachache yesterday. Doctor: I see. You have a fever, too. It is just a cold. Mary: Well, I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though . . Doctor: You had better not exercise for a couple of days. Mary: I understand. Doctor: Take medicine and go to bed early tonight. Mary: Yes. Thank you so much. Doctor: Take care.
~E
$
PQ
a
(11 Kl2-05
2
rcfv
b
u
a
r
y
Nouns
sL
k
leg; foot
\ \ h.
~~
meaning
};--CSG\'
}; .:f:-55\:; \ \
restroom
* t:;-r.1.·n'
stomach
* n'-tf
cold
n'
t.:: J::
girlfriend
n'it
boyfriend
~};,{,
temperature (weather-not used for things)
< t
1)
cloudy weather
* Ls\'
*
match; game
/.:z.-:.Z.
juice
-th\ t.::
politics
-l±\'-I±~
grade (on a test, etc)
-1±~
cough
throat
(i (i
tooth flower
-f.,1.·
(i ft
sunny weather
,;, <
clothes
.;.~n'J:\' 7° v-1±· / ~
hangover
;t-b. :/ ·:; 7
homesickness
<1-T:.Z.
minus
t
thing (concrete object)
~~
snow
J: 7 t.::
business to take care of
l,l -
present
a d j e c t i v e s
Si\'
if\' 1ifi\\
*\'f:\' })};\
~\
\
hurt; painful \
1*\\
-Iii\\
* Words thot appear
sweet
in the dialogue
there are many , , , narrow; not spacious
inconvenient; to have a scheduling conflict bad
td:-adjective -tT~(-/i)
~~
nice
~<
to walk
U-verbs
.oh 6 < lJ'{f ~ o < ~ J: f,J..'
to catch a cold
~~n"
to be interested (in ... ) (topic I:)
< -t
* tJ.--=>
7 hn".:h 6
$.1~ ~ o <
to lose ('"'"' ~)
n" s 6
t:··n"n't:> <
~n"
to have a fever
-tt~n"tl:l6
to cough
$1] ;ft 6
to break up; to separate
to become thirsty
Ru-verbs
-tt ~ n"T6 t:> lJ' ;ft 6
(person t:) Verbs
Irregular
7-t6 * LA,if\'-t6
~1l-t6 .~llic-t 6
~,{,~J:
and
Adverbs
* 1't:·\' L 1: * If",{,~ n"fJ.· \ * t: ,;: ,{, *
* 1: ~ ,{, 1: ~ * '"'"'
to worry
Other
Expressions
1'**1:
'
7t3(\ 7J<'fJ.' ~~
-r··~ 6 t:•1t '"'"' -r· L J: 7 '""'-' t:•"
to get nervous
Get well soon. \ \
don't look well probably; maybe as much as possible probably; ...
, right?
'""'-' )!_
... degrees (temperature)
..=...:::. 8
for two to three days because . .
fJ] 61) l
for the first time very soon; in a few moments/ days
There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.
A report is an isolated description of a fact. When you are late for an appointment, you can already report in Japanese what has happened, /\'-A ~91~- i 1± Iv TL t.. This sentence, however, does not have the right apologetic tone, because it"' is not offered as an explanation for anything. If you want to mention the busses failing to run on time as an excuse for being late, you will need to use the explanation mode of speech, and say: (As it happens,) the bus didn't come.
An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the bus not coming), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late for the appointment). The sentence-final expression Iv T-f serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:
n{
I have an exam tomorrow. (a simple observation)
0
1--1 vl:1'f~f::.\'T-fo ,, r 1 t- I: ff~ t: \ ',.{, T-t ,,
0
I have an exam tomorrow. (So I can't go out tonight.) I want to go to the bathroom. (declaration of one's wish)
o
I want to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.)
Iv T-f goes after the short form of a predicate. The predicate can be either in the affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. Iv T-f itself is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms. 1 In writing, it is more common to find
nxJln{ J: <
-tJ.· \ ',.{, T-t
o
(in response to the question "Why do you look so upset?")
i:tt..'-t!-5
(As a matter of fact)
1
My grade is not good.
In casual exchanges, A, T"-t appears in its short form, A, t:·. In casual questions, We will examine these further in Lesson 15.
Iv T-t n' is replaced by
O'J.
W\.~h{~h L It;,,
'")
B
t: Iv -c-g
(explaining to a person who has caught you smiling)
o
The exam is over. (That's why I'm smiling.)
When it follows a noun or a -r,J..'-adjective,
-f,f
comes in between.
report sentences
ijj1J'c9 vr
tJ:-adjective: noun:
~~c9 1J'(
'{tl,\
explanation sentences ijj1J'1J.fu c9 vr ~~tJ:fuc9 tl<·ttv-
You can use Iv -c-t in questions to invite explications and further clarifications from the person you are talking to. It is very often used together with question words, such as t'' 7 L -C (why) and t'' 7 L t: (what has happened).
0 : r·· 7 L -C :{~ t 31J nt::. Iv T-t h'o ;N'L b;J• Why did you break up with your boyfriend? (You've got to tell me.)
A : fee -tf !v-tf !v };Ji{. g 1:: AG iJ•tL ,5, ;, lie•
1°J.'
\'Iv T-t
0
Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)
0
r·· 7 L t: Iv T-th'o What happened? (You look shattered.)
A : 1ih{7E!v t~· Iv T-t o 2 ti.:
L
My cat died. (That should explain how I look today.)
You can also use Iv T-t to provide an additional comment on what has just been said.
A : t T t \ '\ '~*4•T-ttJ.o od iJ• L~ That's a great textbook that you are using.
B
;i{_;i{_o 5fJ..(7)::k~(7)]t;j:_f.i{•\'f::./vTi"o btcl
t.'.c•i!'<
iJ•
{tA,{t\•
You bet. The professors at my university wrote it (for your information).
In the written language, you see stylistically more formal.
2
<7)
T-t instead of Iv -c-t. It has the same functions but is
A t:" 7 L f::. Iv -r·-t-lJ' question is best answered by a Iv -c-r sentence with the subject marked with the particle -IJ' rather than Ii, as in this example. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion.
Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb
-t ~-- ~, which means "too much:' or "to
excess:' -t ~-- ~ conjugates as a regular ru-verb. I got up too early. You must not eat too much.
-t ~-- ~ can also follow \ ' - and -t,,: -adjective bases (the parts which do not change in conjugations); you drop the \ ' and -t.,_· at the end of the adjectives and then add -t ~-- ~. This book is too expensive. This town is too quiet. You use -t ~-- ~ when something is beyond normal or proper, suggesting that you do not welcome it. Thus ~:W-t ~-- i -t (too kind) for example is not a straightforward compliment. L Iv-Ii:':> Use modifiers like t -C t and -t .: < if you simply want to say that something is in a high degree.
(l 7
'T-t "it is better (for you) to do .. :'is a sentence-final expression which you can use to give advice. When you suggest an activity with ( l 7 -/;<'\ '\ '-c··-t, you are giving a very -/;<'\ '\
specific piece of advice; namely, that it is advisable to do it, and if one does not follow the advice, there is a danger or a problem. ( l 7 -/;<'\ '\ '--c-t is peculiar in that it follows different tense forms, depending on whether the advice given is in the affirmative or the negative. When the advice is in the affirmative, ( l 7 -/;<'\ '\ 'T-t generally follows the past tense short form of a verb. When the advice is in the negative, however, the verb is in the present tense short form. You'd better eat more vegetables. It is better not to skip classes.
~12~•
B
.. 273
-on:
You can use (]) -c· to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the sentence. Semantically, (]) -c is just like -/J' G. Stylistically, (]) -c· sounds slightly more formal than -/J' G. (reason) O)c \ 1--:>
(situation), because (reason).
(situation),
t 8 ::$.?o-r-·~-t (]) T, 8 ::$.?o-/J" .I; .=f-1: -rJ.·
1)
i L f: a
-r My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese. 1: 1i:1v .:
1§ ~ iJ" f:
L•P
1i1':
--
< ~ Iv "
1: 1I1v
f: (}) T, --
t•?
.:
~ (}) 1 (}) R, ~ i -tr Iv T L J:J.,
ti
t: a
I did not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework. The reason part of a sentence ends in a short form predicate as above. When (]) T follows a fJ.· -adjective or a noun, fJ.· comes in between, as it did with the explanatory predicate Iv T-t.
-f(})A.( i\1 U-1:
~ G\1-t-ta
LtJ6-fJ.·(})T, =--
I do not like that person, because he is mean.
~ 8 Ii 8 Bi 8 fJ.· (})-C, $[lff !i#J,. T-t a "°''i
"·1~::.'i
1:J?J:'i1f=--
~'T
Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.
We use fJ.' t+ ;flIf\' tt i-{± Iv and fJ.· ~ '\" \ -t+ i-{± Iv 3 to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must:' The fJ.· ~ '\" variant is very colloquial and is mainly found in the spoken language, while the more formal fJ.· It ;flIf. variant is often seen in the written language.
~.~-/J""
"-Iv" d
fJ.·
lt;fl!f\
1
It i -tr !v/-fJ.·
~ 'I"\
1
It i -tr Iva
I have to study, because there will be an exam. fJ.· (
t ;flIf' and
not go";
3
fJ.·
'\"mean "if you do not do .. :' and \ ' ( t i -{±Iv roughly means "you cantt ;flIf\ -t+ i-{± Iv and fJ.· ~ '\" \ -t+ i-{± Iv therefore literally mean "you cannot fJ.· ~
There are more varieties for "must" sentences: -r,,: < t; ~\'It i -l± Iv, -td: < T Ii\' It i -l± Iv, and -td:~ \ 'It i -l± Iv. You can also substitute -td: 1) i -l± Iv for \'It i -l± Iv in the tc It ;fl If'and -td: ~ ~ combinations, like fd: It ;fl If'fd: 1) i -l± Iv, fd: ~ ~ fd: 1) i -l± Iv. In casual speech, you can also leave out \ ' It i -l± Iv and end the sentence like: it~ fd: ~ ~ o /it~ f,J.' < t; ~ 0 /it~ fJ.· \ ' t: 0 r:
t:
t:
go not doing ... "with the double negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the man-
in -f.1.· It ;tL ( ;f and -f.1.· ~ 'I" comes from the negative replace it with It ;tL ( ;f or ~ 'I" . date.
-f.1.·
verb
-f.1.· \ -.
Just drop the last \ ' and
short negative
"must"
~~1CJ:L,' to -~t)1CJ:L,' ,, L 1CJ:l' C:: : 1CJ:l'
~~1CJ:l1t11d'.'l '11*tt fv I ~~1d:E t' l '11*tt fv ~ ~ ~b1CJ:l1t11d'.'l '11*ttfv I ~b1d:E t' l '11*ttfv L1CJ:l1t11d'.'l ''1*ttfv I L1d:E t' l '11*ttfv C::::1CJ:l1t11d'.l '11*ttfv I C:: : 1CJ:E t' L, '11*ttfv
~~0 to ~5 ,,
90
<0
\,.\
l,I
You can change \ 'It i -lt Iv to \ 'It i -lt Iv -r· L t. to say you had to, and to -ti~ 'I"\ 'lt-f.1.· \ ' (the short form, present tense) in casual speech and to -f.1.· It ;tL ( ;f \ ' It -f.1.· \ ' in the written language.
It~ LL 7'atfl:~ ~ 7o (
L:
h
-t.1.·
~'<"\'It i-tl-!v TL f:o
(long form, past)
I had to get up at six this morning.
.lifB, ~!~ L-tJ.-~ 'l"\'lt-l°J.'\'!vT-t'o 1l•ICJ? iclvlA~
(short form, present)
(The truth is,) I must practice every day.
We use the sentence-final expression -r· L J: 7 (probably) when we are making a guess or a prediction. --c L J: 7 follows verbs and \ v-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative and in the negative.4 (verb)
s L f::. lif
TL J:
1o
~ G -l'J.· \ ' T L
J: -)
It will probably rain tomorrow.
o
It will probably not rain tomorrow.
(v v-adjective)
:lt~:itli*\
ll-o7'•C'/:'~
~
'TL J:
*< -l'J.·\'TL
It is probably cold in Hokkaido.
1o
J:
-70
It is probably not cold in Hokkaido.
-r· L J: 7 may also follow 1'.1.· -adjective bases and nouns. Note that T L J: 7 goes directly after these elements; we do not use x ,.__, -tJ.· --c L J: 7 , x ,.__, (J) "C L J: 7 , or x ,.__, t:· -r· L J: 7 .
4
T L J: 7 may also follow predicates in the past tense. We will, however, concentrate on the present tense examples in this lesson.
u·.J..' -adjective) ill "F 7't~ (;t ,tt!, lr'ff ~ TL J: 7 >?t
L-to-ttA,-ttc'
~!rlt
-.,-
ff~ ., t (noun) b (!)A. ( ;t ::t - ::::Z ~ 7 ~c
::t -
::::Z ~
7
1)
'('-r.f\
,-c
L J:
Professor Yamashita probably doesn't
1o
like fish.
TA.
c;,,
1)
Professor Yamashita probably likes fish.
o
-c L
TA t '('
J: 7 1-J.' \
That person is probably an Australian.
o
'T L J: 7 o
That person is probably not an
C/v
Australian.
TL J: 7 sentences can be turned into questions (,...__,TL J: 7 iJ'), which can be used to invite another person's opinion or guess.
81: i'-?o t ~OO?o z . t'' -:ii;(!) 117 h":n L \'TL Ii/,, .: ~,;,,::_ < .: (;-fl!'
J:
7 iJ'o
Which would you say is more difficult, Japanese or Korean?
The short form of T L J: 7 is analysis.
f: t t L ~ A, Ii J! ~ iJ" b 6 Cid;,.
t:·.; 7 . You can use it to cautiously phrase
t:· ;;
7 t .~ \'i Bt
a prediction or an
+,
I think Takeshi would be interested in it.
In casual exchanges, you can use -c L .J: 7 (with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as somewhat shorter T" L J: ) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said. :/
3
.>.
i:f .:OO?aiJ"hiJ'6-c < .:
t, ,, 7
L J:?
:
.tl, -g1(;A, To J:
John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?
*l ~ P :rtfu
l_,t;1>'5
r
a
t
c
c
e
A. You are in the following situations. Explain them using ~fv c9. ~J{ f.i'~
Example:
\
Mc<
''to
-
Q :
\
'-c-r t''7 L f:!v T-91.i'o
B!] K12-06
;
~~~
~ (2) 7° v-t':,; ~ ~
t ~ \' i L f:
(4) ~
0)
7
(i
(6)
0)
t''f.i'~\ 'T-t \,'f::.
~~ BT'Lt: tclvtd
(7)
1f
/.l'-tf ~ U ~ i L
t:
(8)
1:JJ1f ~ t: < L i L f: ~ ->
(9) cf:>
L t. 7 ;;z ~ f.i'
•)>
cf:> ')
i
-r
B. Respond to the comments using ~ fv c9.
G!] Kl 2-01
Example:
(l)
~fl\ \fJ.':ft-C-Tho l~>d:
(2)
~Jf L \ '~t--t-tho <0
McG
I received them from my friend.
Italian ones ( 1 5' 1) 7)
I made it.
(5)
It was cheap.
kind
.,
.e '
C.
Pair Work-Your
partner has said something
nice about what you have.
Respond using =-]» c9.
B : -t T ~ -t-J.'*~t-r·-t iflo
Example:
I: ih'
A : 7§..t:· t 1: t G '") t: Iv T-t
o
I: t
D. Pair Work-Make up dialogues asking for reasons. Example:
I went to Tokyo last week. -
A : 7t; ~
Jlil
*
-t!"!vL•>'il:?od
B :
I: ff ~ i L
* ''
r:·· 7 L T Jlil l:-? ~
J:
1
t:
o
I: ff '") t. Iv T-t fJ'
o
I,'
1. I am very tired. 2. I have no money. 3. It is not convenient today. (~-@--h{~' ') -:) .::· 7
;,;:,
4. I want to marry my boyfriend/girlfriend. 5. I am going to Japan to study. 6. He speaks Chinese very well. ~~ ~<~-h{,i.. tT-t) o~?~
~
d7
'
7. I don't want to watch that movie.
A. Describe the following pictures using ~-g~·7a). Use "verb+ 9~'-Q" for (1) through (4) and "adjective+ 9~'-Q" for (5) through (10). EID K12.os Example:
-
fi: 1J -t ~-· i L t: o -:)
(
-
:::: 0)
:g~ g Ii -l± i -t ~-· i -t o =: '(>
~12~•»279
(3)
(1)
(6)
(4)
B.
(7)
(10)
(9)
(8)
8
Look at the verbs below. Think about the results of over doing these things and make sentences as in the example. Example:
i<:"" 6 t:
___.
~""-t ~-- t. i.J' t:
G,
;i:;-to1.· i.l'f.l{nfi ~'A, »>t:
-c-r
o
7. ~
~ t:
5. 3. / ~ '/ :::7 /
'f 1!-) "CJ~'
6.
7-.::.. 'A 'f -t 6
i:h '4~ 'f i<:"" 6 t:
'(,O)
8.
'f ~-) ~ t:
~~-t 6 C
A.
Using the cues below, give advice to a friend who has a headache. Decide if you should use the affirmative or the negative. Kl 2-09
BJ
Example:
~ <-j-lJ
"fj}:t'
ml h{~\ '£ T-9 o
B :
---+
Mei
0)
v>t:
A : ~ "fjk£t:-ll 7 h{\ '\ 'T-9 J: o < tiJ
1.
,l;y-f
B.
3. 1h'i•'lv m~1=ff,, < 4. 1±:f. "f {*t; L .: I:: <'T
-!f. < !Jl 6 1;1:v
2. 1Ql
0)
o I:: fr < \,\
5.
7
6.
:!l~-t 6 ? Iv I::'?
-t;1::~6 iJ'}._
Pair Work-Give advice to your partner in the following situations, using ~1~ 5 f.J\l., )l.,).
B*-?on{_t-t-1::-rJ.· ') f:.\,
Example:
L'.I? T
I: li/v .:
---+
8 *-?oh{ L.-t-1:: 1-J.·
B
1:111v::.·
A : 8
*A.
1)
L'.1?-f
<7)
1: li!vL/v
s: t:- -t; "f 11= l::t
-::>(
T~ 6 t:-1t~?o"f~i?~ 1. 2.
!i~
,i \..' .:
f:. \ ""?
t. 11 7
4.
-\"'-tt t: \
5.
nX.*-lh{~ \\ -ttc '-It°' jo.t,
6.
-=-am\'t:J:
I:: t
t-;~h{-fJ.'\ \ iJ•
3. Zz_ t :· -t; t It £ h' L
t:
h « \ ' \ ' T-t
cL /
-rJ.·\ '117 h{\ '\ 'T-9 lo
* - t.. / ''/ ;; t:\
'£ T-t o
7.
!ih{~\ \ Ii
l'tc
_,,-:) il'
C. Pair Work-You are a health counselor. Someone who hasn't been feeling well is at your office. Ask the following questions. Complete this form first, then give your advice using ~1~51.J'll.,)l.,).
a.
l < :!!~ L i -t h, o
( ;t \ \
b.
J: <
( ;t \ \
C.
J: < Jf~ "f~" i -t'h'o
I ;t \ '
? Iv I::'?
{,O)
v "''
i -t'h'o l < t-; )YJj "f j}: h i -9 h' o
d. ~
e. f.
=-·~ "f ~"
t:
t:
IJ:/v
C< It
f:. I ;f :::
h.
"f '?& \ ' i -t h 'o -t
L fi'lv
t''£-1°J.'#JJ"fJ: 01? l < j;,.t, ~ ~ i -t h'
I ;t \ '
FJifM
----Lfi'/v
<~"i-t'h'o
ij
i.
I ;t \ '
0)
g. MFJifM<"G\'!Jli-th'o t.:!v
I ;t \ '
~ 0
I ;t \ '
A. Connect the two sentences using Example:
\ '\
1
-cre. G!] K12-10
~'A T-t /ft:&Li -t s ): If \ 1 \ 1 ~'Ar ...· (7) "l\ ft:&- L i -to
-C Iv ~
--+
-C!v
~
':
I. !Ji;\ 1 --r--t /Jl\ 1 i -t n·
v-t
2.
;t (7)8*@! Ii}) t L.; ;t \,,' tJ{
3.
~~Ii
4.
.::1vL~?
·tt
c•fn'
ffl'A TL
1};-j ~
<
r...· \ 1 --c-t / Jl t: Jj.
t: -r-·-t /1-Btitt T \ f:/t~~ ~1;f\.h i L t: t>J>"'d '(,_, L h' ".)
0tr
1
1£-kli\ \-:) t*'lt;rc-t / A.'An'1.> 'J i-t n•O)t~ l1v-tt0 1:1v ~
6.
~5~1: ~~h'1.> -It\• t "d J;.
7. ;t L
s. 9.
(7)
i -1± ,.C/*frflif9
t: -r A 1-- n' ;t 1 J
l/".;;1v
r...· \ 1 T-t
i -t
5.
1)
<
~Melt. i -tLC J:
i -t / ~ 1~ L i -t
t:''h'h'h ~ i L f://
"'-!v"d
1-
7.h'i.Xh 0)
:&- ~ -t ~-- i L f:/ ~h'~\ s, l. c-t:
1
t: \ 'T-t
T-t
B. Make sentences using the cues below as reasons, according to the example. Example:
h'-l:f ~ U ~ i L t.
1. })
4.
Jfj:f-h'1.> 1) i -t
2.
5.
lj!'?o
6.
1-Btitt i L t. 0n•
1th' ;t 1) i -1± ,.(_, "'*" })r ...·n'h'-9\ 1T\1 i -t
3. ;t-1.,, ~ "/ 7 T-t
J:
7 t
tc!v C:
''
J;.
C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. 1 T, t:f 00 I: ff~ ,, t. \ T-t o t•H.::"<
1.
(7)
2.
(7) T,
3.
(7)
T, h'-l:f ~ U ~ i L f:
4.
(7)
T, $iJ ;tt i L
5.
(7)
6.
(7)
7.
(!) T,
A.'Ah'1.> 1:1v ~
bn·
T,
1)
-t
0
t: o
8 '-Fl:1ih 1: l'!!v
i-t
t: <
rJ.·\
T, :1£~1J L i L t: t, .; <
~7<\'ii"o ~!vtd
'T-t o
A.
The following
is your schedule for tomorrow. Make sentences according to the
example.
G!] K12-11
Example:
7:00
A.M. /~
6
~
};
Ex.
7:00
A.M.
~~6 };
1.
8:00
A.M.
7 t; ft±l6
2.
9:00
A.M.
~~~1::t:e6 t:>J>,.d
3.
1:00
P.M.
4.
2:00
P.M.
~?of~;{.6
5.
3:00
P.M.
~t:jf; I:: 1t ,, -:i T, /.f.f{{t7),
6.
5:00
P.M.
71;1::~6 7),;i.
7.
6:00
P.M.
;t;;zr7T~
8.
8:00
P.M.
W~f-96
9.
9:00
P.M.
/ 1' '7-f5B-l/6 ,.,
10.
10:00
P.M.
~ fj)zt'
11.
11:00
P.M.
*~I:: i:~i; f n'lt 6 7), i'( -c Iv b
-c
-c
iLr7t~1=%7 ;J;,
'(>J' L.tc
,;{_ ~'
.:
}; I..
I: I.. J: 7)'/v
1)
6
li/v
1) - t Bjt :··~ f ~"' 6 li/v
Ll/v
t:
L•1
(tlJ
(])
B. Answer the following questions. 1. B /.f.?oO)~~ ~TM f L f"-· t+ fl (;f\ \It i -tt A,n'o I: li/v
2.
n'
-:i
C:
:
l:>J>~d
J:: <
fJ.' 1)
T,:I:
t: \\A,
4.
;J;,-t-
M f 7J:!:
L f"-· t+ fl(;f\
-t+ i
-tt A,n'o
o Mf L t"-·ltfl!J\ \It i-tt A,n'o
3. ~t:·-t;n"1~H/1::*-i-t I: t
T-t o
!>
r.:1:
r T-t
T 0) -r·l;l I.:
o Mf L r.:1:
t: t+ fl
(;f\
-t+ i
-tt A, n'o
C. Using the cues in A, tell your friend what you must do tomorrow. Example:
7:00
A.M. /~ };
~
6
G!] K12-12
D.
Pair Work-Invite
the partner to do the following things together on a specific
time. Turn down the invitation and give explanation Example:
using ~ta:-Q' t> l )1)1d:l '·
play tennis --+
A : 1:i L
7- .::. A ~ L i -tL{, n' o
t: <7) iflL -*fLJ: I: "1)~
l'-::i
B : -t.;,,. i -tLto t; J:
t $-@--n{,~ \'A., T-t o -=-·~ bo
'?
-::i
A.
1. do homework
4. study in the library
2. eat lunch
5. go to karaoke
3. drink coffee
6. travel
Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (~~:Y~&). Look at the map and play the ZA. ;;; J: I:!~ role of a meteorologist and tell the weather forecasts for each city. BJ Kl 2-13 4. Rome~ " (Warm/20°C) ~3. Moscow :fj_: ( Cold/-10°C) ~
'J-Ex. Tokyo Is (Cold/-2°C)
0
~
Ob~
,
./2. Sydney :Q: r(Hot/30°C)
~ ~
0
1. Cairo (Cool/l8°C)
Example:
Tokyo
--+
JR Jj( t~5d
5. Los Angeles (Warm/25°C)
Ii 1:i L
J
t: op~~ T
L J: 7
o
-* \ ' -c L J: '51;
~51fil.li< 1-t A:=_Jt. (' G \'TL ~ Blv
1:
t·
1. Cairo ( iJ 1 rz )
4. Rome (0-7)
2. Sydney ( / F.::::.. - )
5. Los Angles ( o
3. Moscow (-=t :Z. ;J 7)
.ff
J:
7
/-\DJ.;
o
x)
7
o
:Q:
B.
Pair Work-Play
the role of a meteorologist.
Predict
the weather
for your
favorite city. The other person fills in the blanks. Switch roles and do the same thing.
weather
city
temperature
A. Using Dialogue I as a model, make skits in the following situations. -Your friend looks sad. -Your friend looks happy.
B. Pair Work-A and B are deciding when they can play tennis together. Play the role of A and B. Discuss your schedules and find the day on which both of you are available. Refer to the next page for B's schedule. Example: B :
*- i! O:> Ji Bl 8 (;t t; J: -;) t Gc'L~'i
lf-::>J:'.>
\ \ l t-t"'· \
1f
\ ,.{, T-t
o
~~1h~ \ \ ,.{, T'-t -::> C_.'.> Jol.>
8 Bl 8 ( ;t ~"
l:'SJ:'.>
1f
A's schedule Sunday
go shopping
Monday Tuesday
read books
Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
meet friends
7
T-t
n'
o
o
~?a~~ ;t -t"'· ~ i.\':::: BL
'<"
~12~•
.. 285
C. Role Play-Visiting a Doctor's Office Using Dialogue II as a model, act the role of a doctor or a patient. Doctor-Fill out the medical report below and give advice to the patient. Patient-Describe the symptoms you have and answer the doctor's questions.
Name:
Age:
Symptoms:
Pair Work
@ B.
Example:
A:
D Sore throat D Headache D Stomachache D Any other pain
D Cough D Fever D Allergy D Others
(/ t- 1i,-t:·-)
============================================================================================
(---+ p. 284)
*-~(l)yjEJIB 1::-~1::7.::.:;z ~ L i-tt,.\.,f.l'o !f-:)J:. -j rf
l?Pl1:ti?
B : *-~
(7)
G1>L~-i
Bl Br.f lf-:>J:-j yj
\ 'tt-tJ.' \',.(,Ti'
\..'"?
L J:
(;J: t; J: -,
-:>
o
-z-·-r
t: ~~I.I{,~\',.(, .::·-j
101.>
B Bl B (;J: t:.. 7 Ti'
f.l'o
1:-!; J: -j r.f
B's schedule Sunday Monday
teach English
Tuesday Wednesday
clean rooms, do laundry, etc.
Thursday Friday Saturday
practice karate (~
T)
o
~?o ~~ ~ t: ~ \" ;<_1,:::: ;t;L
The Japanese Climate The seasons in Japan can be very different depending on where you go. Naha
Tokyo
Sapporo
Mid-January
Late March
Early May
Rainy season starts
Early May
Mid-June
No rainy season
First snowfall
No snow
January
October
January temperatures
High:19.1 Low: 14.3
High: 9.8 Low: 2.1
High: -0.9 Low:-7.7
August temperatures
High: 30.9 Low: 26.1
High: 30.8 Low: 24.2
High: 26.1 Low: 18.5
Annual precipitation
2036.?mm
1466.8mm
1127.6mm
Cherry trees blossom
Winter is sunny and dry on the Pacific coast, but cloudy and snowy on the Sea of Japan coast. Spring is rather short because daily temperatures rise quickly and the season is cut short by the arrival of the rainy season (#Hri), which lasts for about a month and a half. Summer in -0
iW
most parts of Japan is hot and very humid, and almost tropical in some places. Typhoons ('§i 00.) make occasional landfalls t~l.'h?
B*~ (: 'l'
in summer and early fall.
A IJ'C'
(Sea of Japan)
c
F 110-
- -40
::t: SfL5f:
100-
(Pacific Ocean)
80-
f.:l.'"'1,'J::?
90-
-
-30
7060-
-20 -
4030-
-
50- -10 "
oJ
o.
-o
~~~t-10
-20
-10
Temperature, including body temperature, is measured in Celsius. Here is a conversion scale for those of you who are more used to the Fahrenheit system.
Useful Expressions
a n d
Health
Illness
At the Reception of the Clinic
-t.z,,. i -tt £ o
Patient:
f7J /rl) IH'.
<: -rJ.· £
--c-r fJ "o
Excuse me. This is my first visit.
1*.~filE f Jt-l±T < t:·~ \ 'o Ii lt/vL.t? ;,.
Receptionist: Ii\',
Okay. Please show me your health insurance certificate.
.; V')~~l:ij #J" t {iPJf f .\ \ ( < f:' ~ \ 'o ~,;,_
to: i X.
IA 'l L ~
~,
Please fill in your name and address on this paper. *
*
*
: tlliMV')~ T-9/J'o
Patient:
( tiJ
fo:lv
What kind of medicine are these? Receptionist: ~.Z,,.J.i:t:
~{~l:jk.£T<
L; ( .:
/:.'
t:·~\'o
(!)
These are painkillers. Please take one after meals. Patient: I see. Receptionist:
}; **-I: tee' t
o
Please take care. Expressions for Illness (fJ1(J~) and Injuries (111J') (f;? I! 1'$ii T-9 o -------------1 have diarrhea. If
I}
1~~~ T-9 o -------------1 amconstipated.
5f.J! T-9 o -------------1 havemyperiod.
-lt\'
1)
1tf;J 1if T-to ------------1 havehayfever. ~' ,),/vL.t 'l (""' 1:) 7 l> Jv .:f-fJ" S ') i ;I.; J'.iN fJ" ~ ') i -9 o
t; L If
<
L ~ .Z,,. fJ"ili i -c
+,
-----1 haveanallergyto... I havea bad tooth.
-to ---------1 sneeze.
-*-71<-/J"ili i -9 o ------------1havea runny nose. Llfo:J;i' "(
'l"-9 o ---------Mybackitches.
ifi:ff.J{f.J'tP\ -tt r.:n'
}e~f.J{ ch ') 1 -9 o -----------I haverashes. 1;1:., Liv
&>'>
1 \ 'f.J{ L 1 -9 o ----------I feel dizzy.
t!±. ~ 1 L t: o
I threwup.
l;I:
'A!'< .;:1v 7.]'-f.J{
'-C-9
~ \
bJ.>
I amnot feelingwell.
o
~ lt t:·· f L 1 L f::. o ---------I burnedmyself.
Jf.. 0) it f {fr ;J;,L
liio
I) 1
L
B
ltf.l{ f L 1 L
t:
o
t:
I broke myleg.
o
----------I hurt myself.
Vocabulary •~~(Doctor's \,\ L.,~
office)
i*J f+
physician
£11 f+ o .s. ,,,,
dermatologist
J~t+ n'
surgeon
jf-Mf A.f+ '5!v ,;, t!v ,,,,
obstetrician andgynecologist
1\Ht~J~f+ If ,,,, §~f+ 1J'!v ,,,,
orthopedic surgeon
li*4 L ,,,, JI=t 1f n'
dentist
f..:l' iJ'
If
-lt\'IT\'
•r+
• -t'O)ftBto
ophthalmologist
otorhinolaryngologist; ENTdoctor
(Miscellaneous)
:J:;t~~~jt
antibiotic
t- / ~ 'l /
X-ray
,,:. ")-t!"L '.)~-? l.."'.:J
,~-~1 ·111•J
. ------operation
L
5i# ------injection t•P"i L"'
1*-5J.H t..:L';f)/v!tt.'
-----thermometer
Reading
!ill } O!l! lll
0- 51Jlt;J.
2 O!l! 1J 5' tJj-
lll30!l!
!ill
lll60!l!
Section
Katakana-------------294 Daily Life---------298
-C:- fuO) G ~ 3 a:;::i
5 O!l! Oct L. 3
Writing
Hiragana------------- 290
a:;l,,IL:!>O)ttl,'D':J
!ill 4 O!l! ..)( )7 lj
and
Mary's Weekend-----
Travel--------------
fb0)9~tc:J:[.;:::Z.t'-5::J
302 306
My Favorite Restaurant-----312
btd.1
m 70!l! !ill
.)()71J-cfuO)Y.1Jl()-J
8 O!l! E3 ;:$:0):~H±~ !<:
lll90!l!
liJA,
Mary's Letter-------318
Japanese Office Workers------323
1J1L\l.,'1,'>L\A,
:A-C:-/uO)E3~c
Sue's Diary----------328
IC::>~
llllOO!l!
1J'cl>r3
The Folktale Kasajizo ---------334
lllllO!l!
~tC.!>~~
Looking forFriends ---------340
Cti
llll20!l!
t
ftt,f.
!if Gti15
-$' Tanabata Festival ------------346 ltn:
E
s
S
0
N······························ll
Hiragana G)Hiragana Practice A.
Choose the correct hiragana. 1. yo
i
l
4.
SU
2. ho
I ;;t
ll
5.
ki
3. me
~
~
6. chi
t;
-t
7. ta
f:
1:
~
~
-
8. ro
~
~
~
i;
9. e
;{_
Iv
'-
'-
B. Match the words. Person's name 1.
t: fJ.' I; . .
2. ~
• Sakuma
6.
< i t t:
•Tanaka
7.
t;-1;-..~;i
• Morikawa
8.
t
.
• Takahashi
9.
l :: Iii
-IJ"h •
• Yamamoto
10.
i t t:
3.
~ < i
4.
t: -IJ"li L
5.
t
1)
Place name
.
.
• Morioka
.
• Yokohama
1) t; -1;-.. •
h. t:
.
• Mito • Okayama • Kumamoto
C. What's wrong with the hiragana below? Rewrite the correct hiragana. 1.
2.
3.
t
4.
5.
J
D.
Write as many hiragana as possible which contain the following parts. 1.
-----
3.
2.
7 4.
E.
5.
'
Pay attention to the pronunciation and add diacritical marks ,, and priate hiragana. G!lvo1-1 ichigo (strawberry)
4.
t. Jv ::::
dango (dumpling)
5. f::.
zabuton (cushon)
6.
3. ~ ,),
t Iv
< L Iv
IJ' \ \ ::::
1. \ \ -/; ::::
2.
F.
'
Jv ( l ( l
0
to appro-
gaikokujin (foreigner) tanpopo (dandelion)
IJ' fvA.. . ~
ganpeki (cliff)
Pay attention to the pronunciation of each word, and mark with 0 for the correct one. G!lvo1.2
.
1. shashin (photograph)
(
L~Llv
2. dokusho (reading)
(
t'' < L
3. kyori (distance)
(
~ J: 1)
4. hiyasu (to chill)
(
U:
5. chairo (brown)
(
-/; J(' \ \ 7:J
6. onna no hito (woman)
(
t.; Iv -tJ.·(1)
ut
7. kitte (stamp)
(
~ -r
~--J"Z
8. motto (more)
(
t~t
J:
J(' -t
LJ('Ltv
)
t'' < L J:
)
~ J:
1)
)
u~-r
)
-/;~\\;
t
)
t.; ) --J
t
)
--J
-tJ.· (1)
ut
)
G.
Read the following pairs paying attention to the long vowels. 1.
t? If'~ Iv
t? I r .:h ~ Iv
-
(aunt)
2.
(grandmother)
t:;L\\~lv
5.
(landlord)
1± \ \ ~
1±~
(century)
(seat)
(uncle)
L ~ L Iv (husband)
j:.) j:.) ~
-
(parent)
t?L~lv
-
(grandfather)
3.
j:.) ~
4.
@I YOl-3
L~-J L Iv (prisoner)
H. Put the hiragana in the right order to make sense. Example:
f ': t: t f;
---+
_r_ ~
f :_· j2._
i
1.
hfv-r·
------
4.
;;{_ -tJ.·
2.
=·· \ \ ; {_
------
5.
lv-l:t-l:t\\
--------
3.
Iv 111:
------
6.
fJ{t:'\ \ <
--------
------
®Reading Practice Read the following people's self-introduction and answer the questions. Refer to vacabulary list on p. 41. @] YOl-4 1.
r.:..: IJ' t'P 7 :: T-t o IJ'\'
L 'l"\'lvT-to
Ii Gt:·
7 T-t o t:· \ \ fJ{ < -1± \ \ -r---r1)
J:
0
-1± Iv :: 7 Ii 3.
;ft~
LT-to
IJ' t: 7 J('-f 1? T-t o
f:·\\fJ{< \\A.,,-\:t\\-t'-t"o -t±!v:71i
(t\
,~--\'Ti"" o
2.
4.
t> t: L
:: 7 :: 7
t:·
~i
t:·\
-t-J.·
V')
V')
i ;t Ii ~ t. V') U;; h. T-t ::
i :: t T-t
,.{.,tJ.,.{.,-th 1T-t
o
o
5. o
< -th 1 T-t o -ct,.{.,:: 7 (l 1::: (l,.{., ::·'-c-t fr;;
1
0
1. Who is an office worker? 2. Whose major is Japanese? 3. Who is a high school student? 4. What is Harada's major?
@)Writing Practice You received a letter from a Japanese friend. Read it and write a letter introducing yourself.
ix t &0 i L !:
(l ,.{_,
-r,
i ;t n'h
i;
-t; : : : -c-t o
l ,.{_, -r· -t o
h f: L ( i
t': \ \ n { < (}) \ \ -t; tJ. ,.<_, 1± \ \ -r· -t
1± ,.{_, .; 7 ( i ;Z \ \ .: -r· -t o
l 7:> L <
;t; tJ. -Q{\
\
Li
+,
o
r~~~ tJ5'tJ)
E
l
CD Katakana A.
s
S
0
N····· ························21
Katakana Practice
Choose the correct katakana. 1.
0
~
7
4. shi
~
''/
7. ru
v
~
~
5. ku
'7
7
8. ho
.:c:-
T
47-
7
£,,
9. yu
..I.
2. nu 3. sa
6. ma
J {.;
*
::L
B. Match the following words and pictures. 1. (
)
:t v/:/:/ .:i.-:A
7. (
)
4f / F 1
2. (
)
771 Fif-Tr
8. (
)
3. (
)
9. (
)
4. (
)
7-.:t47-7 If
A7-.:tA I { l-f ''/ j- 1
(
)
t -+f
5. (
)
1- 3':Jv-"1!\7
11. (
)
" - :A l-
6. (
)
':J-t-
12.
)
v-1:-/7-1-
(a)
10. .I.
(
0
(b) (d)
0 (f)
(e)
(g) (h) ~
~
U)
CO ~
(k) ~~
''J
(1)
I
f
1-
C. Match each country with its capital city. Capital cities
Countries
·:t'/9
i.
· 9://
l- /DC
3.
:t 7 / '!'' 7 ,J 1) tJ
• -=..
.:z. -
7' I) -
4.
x.:; 7° l-
· 7
/,.A
j- Ji,;
2.
1)
7.
:t- A l- 7 A 7 .r, -7'/ 1 / F
8.
7Jl,,-1±'/1-
/
9.
tJ-T f
s. 6.
7/ 7
7 ·
f
L,.
JI,, / 7°- JI,,
· 7''x. /A
11 t- A
. 4- -r /"'7 • tJ 1 D l- "/ 7 ;t
· A
Ji,;/,.
D. Word Search-Find the following country names in the box of katakana. Example:
/ /fl
1-
..-,;:
r -t L...
;F'- J[., (Singapore) '::I
(Czech)
I,;(
1)
fJ (America)
7- r/'
I
-
.I.
I
(Vietnam)
.:T' /
(Sweden)
7 I F /L (Ecuador)
,;( ;\=- /
'::I
(Mexico)
f 7 :/ /L (Brazil) 7-
""1 /
(Spain)
:;t 7 / '/.(Holland)
1 / F ;f, /I (Indonesia) fJ -t f (Canada) 1
JP7 / 1f (Rwanda)
'1 1 (Thailand) :;t- 7-
r7
1)
I (Australia)
1
/
F ;f, :/
7
1
JI,,
9
/
'!''
:J
7 -t- 1) 7'' 7
D
7
7
1-
:J
1)
7
.I.
1
.> 7
,J
*
:J
4- :/
:J
;(
::::
7
7
r -r
.I.
,J
JI,,
t
1)
;f, 7:.'
'!'' 4-
I
7
-r-,
Ji,,
tJ
-r
f
7
"'r
tJ -t-
T
/
t:' A
-r-,
1
/
7
+
9
:/
/
7]'' ~
-
Ji,,
/\
/
'!''
'!
1 ·:f 1) 7
.I.
7 7
F
JI,,
:t -
A
7
'!
/
;(
_,,
' ,,
' ,,
0
,,-..... "
/,.
'-' ,J
E.
Put the katakana in the right order to make sense.
Example:
4- T -
--.
i.
"/-
3 . ..::..
2.
/~
4.
::L ,,;( -
/:)-A.'
®Name Tags Write your name' in the box below and make your own name tag.
Example:
,,;( 1
J - • / \-
1
i--
,,;(
7
') I /
\
I
"
1
Your name in Japanese Japanese have only one given name and one surname, which is placed first, as in: t: -tJ.·-IJ' t: lt L [last-first] Foreign names are normally written in katakana and in its native order. A dot " · " or a space is often used between first name and last name. Mary Hart -+ ,;( 7 I} • J \r or ,;( 7 1) - J ,_ l- [first-last] East Asian names such as Korean or Chinese, can be written in kanji. Yao Ming -+ 3 7 ,;( 1 or -l!jt BJl [last-first]
~2~··•297
@Reading Practice Mary wrote about the things below. Find out which item she wrote about. @!] voz 1. (
)
:
*1 Li t:> t: L (7) Lf 7 L L:: ~
-t -r
/-
~ /v(7)
If 7 L
-c-r
f:: n'\
r 7 1J
L::
'(7)
-r 1v L ~ -c-r 0
'T-t o
) :;tt(;t
L::LJ:T-90
~/.I.Ji,t~/v(7)
:A"°"' 1 / :·· (7) L:: L l L:: ~ 7
4. (
o
) .; ;ft I ;t t:> t. L (7) L:: T Iv L ~ T-t o
:t- :A
3. (
'T-t o
lf7LT-to
~i-3-?~/.:f--:A(l) 2. (
-r.J.· \
7 /:A :··(7)
) :;tt(;t
/-r?'//~/v(7) 1)
7 (7) < -::> L:: ~
7
1)
fJ (7) < -::> T-t 0
-f.J.· \ \
(b)
(a)
'T-t o
L:: L l T-t o
1 'l ,J
-r.J.· \
<-::>T-90 T-t 0
(c)
(d)
g) (f)
(e)
¥50,000
(g)
¥8,000
~
(h)
®
~
@Writing Practice Write about the things you or your classmates own. Use Mary's sentences in ill as a model.
(~ 3 ~I
s s 0 \(L !)O)ttl \b\~ Daily Life
*l 001
-002
003
004
---
---£9
005
£,_ 006
~
J ..
»
007
"
-t: 008
L
E
~\ d;
\
~
t>Ut
one -* (v>-1? t.) one o'clock - ~ j:. ( v' i? ;/d. /v-tt v') first-year student
-(ltdj)
--:) W i:: 0)
one minute
-*7"-(v'0~/v)
one
(one)
(1)-
~1: [>,),f:
.=.o:) two .=..* O: t.) two o'clock .=.~j:_ (I: ;/d./v-li"v') second-year student .=.. 8 M (h.01,pi,p/v) two days
(two)
(2)
~~,(_,
..:=. ( ~ Iv) three
[>;,.. ~
..:=.~j:_ ( ~ !v;fd.!v-li"v') third-year student ..:=. Jj ( ~ Iv iJ{0) March ..:=. -:) ( J:;. 0 0) three
(three)
(3)
~L
E'.9 ( J:: Iv) four E'.9* (J:: t.) four o'clock e:g~j:_ ( J:: :b./v-li"v') fourth-year student E'.9 Jj ( L iJ{0) April E'.9-J (J:: 00) four
t>J: ,(_, J: ~
J:
.=.. -J (b
--
-
--
-
n
..:=.* (~Iv L) three o'clock
---
zs
(four)
(5) l
~:'' [>\\-:)
Ji ( .::) fiv~ Ji* ( .: t.) five o'clock Ji Jj ( .::'iJ{0) May Ji~ ( .: ~ v') five years Ji-J (v,00) five
(five)
(4)
~.; < [>
.;~
-
VI
T
~(6 <)six
11
1711
~*(6
<
t.) six o'clock
six hundred
~ -J ( LM 0)
~-)J-(0 0 ~Iv) six minutes
_,_
1
old
Ji
~ Ef ( 0 0 'CJ~ < )
t' ~
_,_
_,_
/
/'
six
(six)
(4)
~Li;
--!:: ( L i? /id: id:) seven ** ( t. i? t.) seven o'clock --!:: Jj ( L t:i iJ{0) July --!:: -:) ( id: id: 0) seven --!:: A. ( ~ ~ t: Iv/ Li? t: Iv) seven people
[>
-fj_' -fj_·
[>-\'"' ~
--!::
(2)-
(seven)
~(;ti;
J -,
\
(;t ~
J \..(Iii?) J \..
(2)
eight
J \..*(Iii?
Ef (ti 0 'CJ~ < )
J\..~
(eight)
31
N··········
J
('i
L) eight o'clock
eight hundred
0 ~ v') eight years old J\..
1\..-J (~00)
eight
t.:0) two
~3~•••299
009
7L 010
011
-t 8
012
013
+
..,~tP-J
<
t>::(})
")L-:> (.::.::
Pl 015
t> t j:; (ten)
.., (}~ < (}o~ < rJ~ <
-r:
(6)-
(hundred)
-tf ,{,
(thousand)
.., i ,{,
T
n
Ff 8
f- ( 1tIv) thousand .:=_ f- ( ~ Iv-If Iv) 1'-. f- (Ii -::i -tl" Iv) eight thousand f- F9 (-it Iv k. Iv) one thousand yen (3) / f-
three thousand
/
- 7j ( v' i_:, i Iv) ten thousand
+ 7j ( t. ~ -) i Ef 7j
('(}-?
Iv) one hundred thousand Iv) one million
(ten thousand)
(3)-
.., ;;(_ ,{,
B F9 ( '(}-? < k. Iv) one hundred yen F9 ( k. Iv) circle F9 ~ ( k. Iv tb'.P) strong yen
l> i 6
J
f9\
\(;i7.>v')
I
7j
round
n m
F9
(yen; circle)
(4)
_.,L
-a'f(v>i_:, L) one o'clock
t> t ~
-f-1~ (}) a'f (.:: c: ii 0) c ~) aifk
~
nine
0)0)
+(t~"J) ten +B'f (t~ -J L) ten o'clock L-:> + Jj ( t ~ -) 1)>0) October +'jj, ( t ~ -::i ~ v'/t-::i ~ v') ten years old + U: ;Jo) ten (2)+ B ( '(}-? < ) hundred .:=_ B ( ~ Iv U'-? < ) three hundred 7'8 ( 0 -::i U-? <)six hundred 1'-. B (li-::i U '(O <)eight hundred
..,ttP-J L tP -:)
..,1± ,{,
(time)
nine years old
1L
(2))
(nine)
7j 014
1L ( ~ ~ -) ) nine 1L B'f ( < t-) nine o'clock 1L Jj ( < 1)>0) September ")L'jj, ( ~ ~ -) ~ v-)
(10) I
(c ~
n
in one's childhood
t-· ~ ) sometimes A
8
a-
aif~f (c ft\,\) a+
IF
watch
a:!=
~
*
( _., indicates the on-yomi [pronunciation originally borrowed from Chinese] and t> indicates the kun-yomi [native Japanese reading].)
(D~!¥0)*l~ tNu
:tlfu i.,~5
L.;
(Kanji Practice)
A. Read the price of the following items in kanji and write it in numbers. Example: 1-
3
=1
l> - l-
l./\/f;.:f
D
.
~
8 .E.--t-P1
7' 8 .E.
( ¥ 150 )
3. ~
t
2.
4. j-
~
+P1
+"'-aP1
)
(¥
-tLt--t
(¥
t- t'
)
5.\\;{_
I•
oO
/
<::»
E
+ =- 7j.:::. + F9 )
(¥
)
B. Write the following prices in kanji. Example: ¥5,420 1.
¥30
-+
6. ¥42,500
2. ¥140
7. ¥168,000
3. ¥251
8. ¥3,200,000
4. ¥6,070
9. ¥57,000,000
5. ¥8,190
)
A student writes about his daily routine. Read the passage and find out about his
BJ
schedule and fill in the blanks below.
t: ""i -t h
~ J:
-to 7 t; TS ~ ::·· Ii ,{, f f: ;\..* 1: t:'\ \ "h{ < ""\ \ ~ i -t :IL* 1: 1: (l ,{, =-- f "",.{_, 7 L i +, +=. .:f. I: t:· \ \ "h { < -c U 7;;, ::··Ii ,{, f t.-: i -to L Ii i \ \ I:
t; -1::
*
0
t ~ t'' ~ ~ - t - f
-t
hi
*
Yo3
0
7'* =--.;
+=-* =-- .;
ti i
-t
0)
I: ;h ~ i
0
Ii Iv
h i
+,
7 t; """h' ~
1)
v.:i
i
*
-t
0
! : t L J: "h' ,{, T ll ,{, f .l:
+* 1:
j-
l> t' f hi
0
7:00
(
)
go to the university
)
eat lunch
(
)
watch TV
(
)
9:00
( 4:00 6:00
@~<**~ b'
:tlfu L,~5
(Writing Practice)
Write about your daily routine. Use the above passage as a model.
-t
0
(~ 4 ~ I L
017
018
(:: : i;
* A
019
021
7j( 022
023
*
Mary's Weekend
(day; sun)
(4) I
~ (l/v
*OVv) book
r:> t t:
8
n
A
*-?a (I: ii Iv.::·) Japanese language
~ tlv
I::::
Iv
r:> o t:
b
t ~ Iv)
;if
I
(5)-
(book; basis)
8 8 *(l::lilv) Japan
Ji* ~ /v ( ~ i
*
Mr./Ms. Yamamoto *
8 *-A.U::lilv t.lv) Japanese people - A.""(" W
t ~ l:')
:: (!) A. (.::
alone
0)
V- t
)
this person
_:=.A ( ~ Iv I: Iv) three people (2)}
(person)
A.
r:>~~
J3 Bi 8 Of-:::> J: -? [}') Monday - J3 (v>i?i,J~-:::>) ~ J3 (.:: Iv ~f-=>) this month J3 (-=>~)moon -IJ'J3 (v'0il'~f'0) one month
(moon; month)
(4) )
~ IJ' r:> (}
k Bi
f;<:~
~
k
N························ ·····4)
vu o
I:::: -J
~If'~
020
0
8 *-(l::a/v) Japan 8 Bi 8 ( 1:: i? J: -? cl) Sunday 4iJ: 8 Ci v' I: i?) every day ./J): (!) 8 Ui Ii 0) V-) Mother's Day 8 ~[.(I:-=> ~ ) diary _:=. 8 ( Jj- 0 iJ') three days
~ (::::
8
s
fvO)l_;~3*-:J
,)(]71j-~ 016
s
E
u:
n
fj
J3
8 ( iJ' J: -? (}') Tuesday Ji (il'~··;v) volcano j( W) fire j(
»:
£ ( iJ>-tt v') '/
:{tj( (Ii
tj cf) fireworks
Mars
:)/
j(
(fire)
(4)
~i"\ \
:rJ<.Bi 8 (Tv' J:-? cf) Wednesday ;tJ<. ( Jj- -f) water :rJ<.571<..(Tv'X.'-"l swimming :rj<.:i@: (Tv' c~-?) water supply :rj<.~ (Jj--f ~··) bathing suit
[>;,,.
f
'
January
:tj<.
(water)
(4)
~t<
*-Bi 8 (ti
r:>~
*(~)tree
(tree)
(4) -
~~Iv
~Bi 8 (~Iv J: -? (}') Friday
[> fJ' ti.
;h~(BiJ>;Q) money
J
:tJ
:rt
< J: -? r.n Thursday *-:ft ~ /v ( ~ ts G ~Iv) Mr./Ms. Kimura
+
;;if
*
ff~ ( ~
J:
-? ~ Iv) charge
;h ~# i; ( .:B iJ' ~d. ti 'ti) rich person
~ (gold; money)
(8) /
A
A
b
4-
~
i'-
~
~4~··•303
024
025
± Bl
026
~ t:''
8 ( c: J: -) rf')
±Bl
t:
[>-Ji;
±(-:::ii:,)
soil
(soil)
(3) -
+
~ .J: -)
8 BJ 8 (I: i::i J: -) lf) Sunday BJ 8 ( J: -J '(J') day of the week
(weekday)
(18) I
~ L J: -J
.I; ( -) X.) top; above .l; ,:f- fd-· ( L J: -) -f 7'j) good at
n
R
±:J:i!)(C: -J:,) land
B
B'
.L
(up)
(3)
r
~I.I' I> L t:
r (Lt:::) under
(J)(f
029
B" B" B"' lF" IF' W'
&_t (.B < t
J: -) ) rooftop
< t:
I
I-
.I;
:!:i3r~(i::iil''l-=>) subway "F .:f- -f.J_' (
7'j) poor at
(down)
(3)-
~ t; r)) -) L rJJ -J [>-f.j_' I.I'
i:f ( 7'j ii') inside i:f 00 ( i::i ~ -5 .: < ) China i:f ~ (-J:, ~ -) ii'< ) junior high school -~ i:f (v' i::i ti.Iv t ~-)) all year around (4) " 0 i:f
(middle)
~(;t,{,
T
r
I
.::_ *-=¥- ( ~ Iv L Ii Iv) half past three #7}-Uilv~lv) half
~
Bf' Bf' ~ atf llff 1' 81
.I; 6 (OJll'J.i) to go up
027
o/
;f6 ± (ti. Iv C:') clay
±
I> -) ;{_
028
Saturday
#~Ui!vC: L) half a year
f ~ Ui!v ii' < ) half price (half)
(5)
'
-c
;»
',
v ,»
f
( ~ indicates the on-yomi and [> indicates the kun-yomi.)
0~!¥0)~*~ b'fv
A.
tlfv
t_;
(Kanji Practice)
l.,tj>-3
Match the kanji with the English equivalents.
t. 7J(BI B ·
·Sunday
2.
i:-111 B .
·Monday
3.
BBIB·
• Tuesday
4.
~Bl B .
·Wednesday
5.
±BIB .
·Thursday
6. *-BIB · 7.
• Friday
-*.BIB·
· Saturday
B. Look at the picture and choose the appropriate kanji for the blanks.
(building)
2.
B *~~t((;t
t- /\ l- 7 /if)
.: -/Jf-?::...?
;f.. "J' IJ-~
fuld:d51J'®~ ful;:::;f.. ti?:1J'~* ut.::a
Read the memo and answer the questions.
T-t
a
0
0
;h' 1J \ J) -:: ~ :!( J: ~
r-:
-7 1 1t t ( t? t I
r~· \, , .
n \' < --( f-' Iv !: I l 1 9 , -j t;-( l i'/-v~\ 1 .: ~ t : A. i ft i; /LB~ t : :_·'~ f.J\Z 19 j:
e
1)
0
3.
Miff:· ·.; n' t.t A,
;t
'J i -t n'o
-t~::--r-8
Read the following
~Bi
passage about Mary's weekend. B]vo4
8 I : 8 '-1-'- /;
A, -r-- t
t:- 1;
t
0)
t
t t:- 1;
7
t :
;t A, I : \ \ ~ i
t I ;;J:fJ.· L i L f: o -'C ;fl f.r G ,
L t: o t: < ~ A, f: -: i L t: o ±Bi 8 Ii - AT }; l G """'\ \ ~ i L L
t: o
t:
0
f:
L t: o
:
7
t- :::z
r7/
< ~
A, h. -tt f; '{ ch I)
;t
""'- \ \ ~ i i
t tt> 7 f fJ' \ \ i L f: o B Bi 8 Ii }; -'C < }; ~ i L f: fJ' ch ~ A, t };-'C < }; ~ i L t. h.-tt T}; i A,
o
};
o
hf: L lich ~ 7 t- t:' f h. i L f:o -'C;flfJ' G, };fJ--ch ~A, t U7:J :-- Ii A,
s t:«
i L f: o
:-- :--
Ii 8 '-1-'-~ f ""'-A,~
7 L i L f: '-1-'-
J:
o
t J: h. i L t: o h.-!± shop; store }:; 1 Iv L:: l'P -J sweet bun }:; ..Z-
<
(do something) late
Answer the following activities in the order Mary did.
(
)
-
)
-
(
)
-
(
)
-
(
(a) studied Japanese
(b) went to a restaurant
(d) bought sweet buns
( e) watched TV
®~<**§! b'
(
n1v
L,i;,5
) (c) went to a park
(Writing Practice)
A. You are going out. Write a memo to someone in your house, telling when you will be back and whether you will have dinner at home.
B.
Write about your weekend.
(m5~1
L
IJ~L.3 030
031
(mountain)
(3)
h"b
034
h" ,.(,
~If,(, I> t t
.L Jl] ~ ,.(, (-? i
Jl
*h A
;oj>;b
· SI
~Iv) Mr./Ms. Yamakawa
~Iv) Mr.!Ms. Ogawa
Jl]
:7t ~ 1',( ( ~ :J"/v ~ Id: ) fine :7t 8 ( ;oj{ Iv t 0) the first day of the year :J:-fu:7t ( t
- r
i:i t) local
(4) -
~~
:7t ~ 1'J..· (ff' Iv ~ Id:) fine T... ~ (-C Iv~) weather i: ~ ( ·c Iv ~ ) electricity ~ # -/; ( ~ i:i t;, ) feeling A~ ( i: Iv ~ ) popularity
(spirit)
(6) /
~ -r ,.(,
T... ~ (-C Iv~ ) weather :R.. 00 (-C Iv 2:' < ) heaven
,,._
--
:7t
.c:
:R..:t (-C Iv~ v')
035
..
t.L
(origin)
~
036
J_
Jlj (;oj>;b) river
(3) )
033
'A
I
1J\Jl] ~ ,.(, (iJ;oj{;b
(river)
7C
N··························
t>~i
Jl] ...-
0
t.L (-? i ) mountain t.LJ!J ~ ,.(,(-?in':b~lv) Mr./Ms. Yamakawa ~±t.L (b t ~Iv) Mt. Fuji
[>-Q~b
032
s
Travel
~ ~ ,.(,
Ji
s
E
~
~
~
:R..£ (-C /vO) 0)
Japanese emperor
genius
:;=
(heaven)
(4) -
~L
(I; private)
5ft. (:bt.: L) I 5ft.J'I.:;k ~ ( L ~ 0 t:3. v' ;?{ < ) private university 5ft.~ ( L "(0) private railroad ~ (7) .... f f 5f 5fJ. 5ft.
~: ,.(,
~(v'i)
l>bf.: L
-r
[>\\
m
t>f~
i
~ 8 (~
now
~Bjt(.:: /vfi'lv) tonight
~~(.:: c L) (4) /
(now)
037
:R..
t:
(rice field)
A
J:
0 ) today
~ }3 (.:: /vf:f'0) this month
this year A
~
EE i:f ~ /v (t.: Id:;?>~ Iv) Mr./Ms. Tanaka t.L EE ~ ,.(, (-? i t:3. ~Iv) Mr./Ms. Yamada EE,.(, ( f ( t.: Iv Lf) rice field (5) 1
n rn
Ffl
EE
038
'"k 039
-!J::(!) A. (J3/v~(J)(}
~ L.:: J: [> };
1
(woman)
~(!)A. (J3 c:: tiU.:lv-i±-v>)
[>};t:
041
042
man
man ~ (!)
rrr
n
(7)
~It /.v [>;,,.
Jl~ (h.G) to see Jl~W (It /v~--J) sightseeing ;'t Jl (Ht Iv) opinion
(to see)
(7)
:
~--
-)
- J: 7
[> \ \
(to go)
[>
J:
'
<
t:
~
l
n
l
FFI
fl
:Jtzff ( ~
J: :: -) ) travel
(6) /
j
§
-ff
r
1
1==-
A
A
A-
Al--
(9) /
~\\fv
j.k t' ( (!) tr) to drink ik h. (!) h- t (!)) drink j.k)@:if~ (v>/v L 19'-) lv-C
[> (!)
(to drink)
~
J3
h-) flower viewing
Jl
§ ( v' -G ~-- J:
-)
&')) first line
1T
it"'~ (t:::.~G) to eat it""~w (t:::.~ t (!) l food it '.i' ( L J: < c' -) ) cafeteria it*- ( L J: < t,) meal i13 ~ ( -G J: -) L J: < ) breakfast
(to eat) 043
EE1
J
::ft Jl (Ii~
Fl
ff < (v> <) to go ~~.ff (i~t Iv.:: -) ) bank
-f- ( J3 c :: (!) :: ) boy
male student
EE1
(man)
~L
jk
c)
~ -f- ~ :i_ ( t! Iv L 7.1' < ·th')
~
~t
(!) (}
~1
~
Ji
woman
-k ti ( l: J: -1±-v') woman -9:: (!) .:r- ( J3 Iv ~ (!) :: ) girl -&'it: (-!:, J: -) t. J:) the eldest daughter (3) t; !J, -9::
/.v -fJ.·
~ t~' /.v
040
c)
~
~
~
~
~w (
(12) /
/'
A-
A;
4;
Iv) drunken driving
1
p
( ~ indicates the on-yomi and
j I>
j'
jh
jy
jk
indicates the kun-yomi.i
0~!¥0)**~ IJ'fv
A.
(Kanji Practice)
tlfv L/03
L.;
Using the parts below, make up the correct kanji.
§
Example: 1.
&
2.X B.
Jt
--+
7J
3. ~
5.
4.-
~ 6. ~
7.A
9. ,;(
m
10.
8. ~
Match the following sentences with the pictures. 1. (
) ;{. \ ' f.r'· ~ Jl i -t a
5. (
) J.i t Jlj -IJ{;f)
2. (
) :::7-t-~jj\_J,..i-fo
6. (
) ~8 Ii\'\'~~
3. (
) /\//"\'-fl-~~""" i-t
4. (
) )JJ
-o: ''
(a)
'
-9;
0
a
~/Iv::..?
'i -ta
(b)
I
i -t
T-t ) }~{tl:fi·~ l-f o
7. (
0
1)
(d)
(c)~
~ (f)
C.
(g)
Match the kanji with the reading. 1. (
) -8
2. (
)
3. (
)
(a) \
V)
4. (
) !!38
7. (
) -CB
10. (
-=-a
5.
)
.z a
8. (
) ;\.. 8
11. (
-=.a
6. (
9.
) iLB
fJ'
(g) ,), -::) fJ'
(
(b) .; :
(!)
(h) ,7,..
fJ'
-J
) ~8
(
fJ' (c) -:)\ 'f: t; (d) t }; fJ' (e) (i)
t;\ \fJ'
(j)
J: 7
fJ'
(k)
fJ.'
J:
-J
fJ'
(f) Ii
+a ) -=-+ 8 )
-J
fJ'
~35~•••309
A.
Match the following katakana words with the English equivalents. 1. :J-t-
• cake
-If - l-
2. :J / 3.
7
4.
7J 7
5. 7 6.
B.
· coffee
1 -/
· cafe · classical music
.I.
7 ~ "/ 7 .
· concert
7--t
·Vienna
ct 3 <: ~ fvld:CJF5 <: ~ fv!<::ld:1J'~~1J'~* Gtca Read the postcard below. Write O for the things she did or does and write x for the things she didn't or doesn't do in Vienna. B!]yos-1 1. (
) see an old castle
4. (
) drink beer at the caf e
2. (
) go to see a ballet
5. (
) enjoy sweets
3. (
) take pictures
6. (
) eat at McDonald's
I ~~
Jt~=~l" fG~·{f iJ',, ~~,.fyi?.-1-/L':: 1J:Jo 22ti /;~., t ~t; I.. l-t'fo 1'.7.-1- /Lit tt ~ 1!H1G: 1..
i1>-c1'
-=f 3oS' -
0
~ n? L;t 1' l;J;, t)t l ~l:o ,},1J1J'? 1: 1''--f h\, t -rt &J!u 1-(Lt:o t:< ~A; L~ ~A;t t i L. f:o J:'~ ti-?? :J,~ 9 '7) J :;1- ~~: ~1 & i l;f::o l1J'? 1:1 -fo
--;
ofr36
< vJ.''1° ili o/ ~2-S-
1)
i1 } 1\ 'J+ ~ ( 1 ~
11
"").{-:; re i~ IJ1,;. /i"-'t-:.<~l.J ;ti, 9 ii
0
:1.1 L:~ /rJ:r. -f'::J-t.-t-'!tJ+~-fo 1-\-D ~"'i fo -t:'( ~l
l
1J:. 8:$- -r" ;¥, l l l
~.r:
L.L r(fo
?
no
Japan
e9 8t:-b'L1J ~io
,. . ., ~ i
Mr./Ms. (used in letter writing) ,....., -IJ{
..
, but
l 6
night
J; L ~
castle
t:
again
i
c.
DJ\- r-~1utict>rc-s1<::1a:t.J''Q'~1.J''Q'*L,t.::o Read the postcard below and answer the following questions in Japanese. @JY05-2
2.
r·· A.J ~Ji. -r· -t h, o
3.
s » 7 Ii
4.
~B Ii -rJ.·1::: f Li L f:h'o
e.:
-rJ.·1::: f Li L f:h'o
t:·;t-u:::
c
Li L f::.h'o
rul9J l9J ~
[i] ~ )I
I
·-....._\-
cp
(
--
L;
tJ -,
->--
rp
})'
<)
[!3
A
0
cp
t
~
7
'-
1
fu ,E1
0 I\"
I
I-
<:.'' ;h' l.'' t 5- L
·/:_ ~ i /\,.
0)
B 7- ~'--$ Jt a,
r: t::. A. ~ 0 711 ~ Iv t (!) c
fu V;t' 8 (!:,' Jt. I= T(,
t'
<1)
$;
-t
i
(,.1
L JJ
i:::
t-.
~· ts t d)
t:
t
A.. ... A.
<::" fl'
l, I
'--
o
~
t
{_,
-:t
t: i)
./
J
J,
lI
;<
t: \ \ A... Iv u-. . )
0)
/,-
1x
.:\-
1 1 ~
i:.
rs
fJ '\' :n A.
t tJ) l t-: L.LI t
0
'
v
t"
tough
::J
~
"-:)
l
I
h'
·t' l :t
J:
t
:\'"
t
'--
q
t r: L
1) f: t C>
~
~ I
El I!
l
7
0)
-t :/
'
)
~
'.)
J:
L::
o{ ' l l
l I
ft._ J==
~
t'
r
0
fJ\
~1 B
l}
:;\-
~
--"<.
r:d.
Iv
h
h'
t.; \,I
"--
'
zr, J:=
Xii i l:'' 9c 9 -..,
-
'-
i ;t
i'.)\ o
/~ 7,
Ji
mountain
--c1;L ;h7t~ -r·
Take care.
Mexico
@~<~~§! D'
(Writing Practice)
tllv l~5
The following are your Japanese friends' addresses in your pocket notebook. Copy their addresses on the postcards and write about your vacation.
.s "'
_,_,,_
ti
fllJ
Li.
p)f
l>P-l
~i:p f1);,.
'T753-0041
=
1.'i~i.J'
_tm-~
-i x_ t: n'i' Joi
112-0002
Ji 0 ~Ji
0
rPt. U'n'L-?i *- Ji
* *
-?i <'-t;lt/v-?J'
*-
l.t
/: -J ~ d
(t,
36-8
$)( 1R1J\,fi JI] 7-7 /: ,;'./v~ d < .; l'Ln'lo
Japanese addresses Japanese addresses start with the postal code followed by the prefecture, city, and neighborhoods as follows: ol (3)
=r ( l 2
753- 004 1
J.io ~
(4)
-?i (t,lt/v (7) ~ 1, \
i:p rp ;,.
£ -J:t-j;1
( 1) postal symbol (2) postal code (3) prefecture
Ji o
**
rr
-?i <'t, t, (8)
(s)
}RJ.i
(6)
36- 8
U'n'L-?J'
-yr
( 4) city, village, etc. (7) name (8) "Mr.!Ms." (5) neighborhoods (6) block number and house number
Note that, like all Japanese texts, addresses can be written vertically as well as horizontally.
C~6~JL
s
E
s
0
61
N
~b0)9~tc:JlJ7'~-.::;'_/ My Favorite Restaurant 044
~t7
*-
C> U~{L
JRjf- ( c -J JR).f. ( c -J
~
(8) -
(east) 045
047
m ;t
048
0 049
050
tB 7o
J:
I
A
A
§
jfi
€f1
*
C>l: L (west)
(6) -
~ fJ.' ,.{,
C> h- 1-J.' h-
i¥j ( J7. id:#) south i¥j t:J ( J7. id: J7. (' t) south exit i¥j )R (id: Iv c -J ) southeast i¥j ;f..~ (id: Iv 2' J: < ) Antarctica JR f-lij 7 :./ 7 ( c -) IJ: Iv 7 :J 7) Southeast Asia
(south)
(9) -
~~
~(l < C> ~ f.:
( l -:i
\
+
rt-
~=7
.~E~i:J( 2' i: ('t) < t;
n
(3) '
~Lr)l-:i Lr))-:)
it!i:.·{> ( "t' J., )
~7
C>:6 ~'- -
::Jt.
A t:J ( t s : -J )
to exit
ti:: t:J ( "t' <" t
t:.'
tl::-f (t!-9) to take something ~ti:: ( ~ L- ~ -J) export (5) l + +' ::J: ti::
~7
:;f;(J7.2'")
population
out
) exit
ti:: ff{; ( L- ~
-? -tl: 2' ) attendance
right
::fJ ;}fr ( -J -tl:-J) ::f; .f (# e.··-c)
right turn right hand
r
~~
E: (U' t! f) ) left
C> (lf:_' 1)
ii ;}fr ( ~ -tl:-J) ii5f'lj ~ (U't!
r
ii::fJ ( ~ ~ -J) ::f; {~IJ
right and left
( Jj. 2'"1.l'b)
right side
T :f7 ;;5
(5)}
(5) -
J: <) North Pole
t:J
(right)
(left)
i¥i
t:J /A. t:J (v> f) <"t) entrance
(mouth)
(to exit)
F-i
~
north exit
t:J ( < t) mouth
A. IJ
C>T
n n n
)-'
J,
-l
Kansai area
iffi
J,l::.( 2' t.::) north J.t'O (2' t: ('t) nortKexit )RJ,t. ( c -) 'i < ) Tohoku area ::Jt:f..~ ( 'i-? 2' J,t.)i&::it (ti-? 1.l'v' t··-)) Hokkaido (5) -
C> {' t;
vq
iF1
n
I
(north)
051
ii_
-J) Tokyo -J ) the East
2' J:
iffi O: L-) west iffi t:J O: L- (' t) west exit ::Jtiffi (ti< -tl:V') northwest ~ iffi ( 1.1' Iv ~ v-) iffi).f. (-tl:v> J:-)) the West
~-th\ ~
046
JR t:J ( U' 1.1' L- (' t) east exit ~JR ( 1.1' Iv c -) ) Kan to area
(U' 7.1q_,) east
left turn
:£ .f Wt! f) -C)
f) 2' 2') left-handed
;/=
fr
ii
left hand
052
7t 053
.
),,(.,
.)~,{.,
,;:,{.,
t>tJ (minute; to divide)
(4) /
•1± ,{.,
7t;:i_ (-tt lv-ttv>) teacher
t> ~ ~
7t; ~ ( -tt Iv L 19> -) ) last week 7t; I::: ( ~ ~I:) ahead 7t; fl ( -tt Iv If 0) last month 7t;]t(-ttlvliv') senior member ,_ (6) I * d=.. 1- 7t;
(ahead)
•1±\ \
L J: 7
~
(5)
(birth)
056
•t:\ \
* = ~
057
?'~ 058
fj
f:\ \
t> t? t?
/'...
~ :i_ (;6{ :i_ i -:i_
t> 7
055
five minutes
-f-~Ct 19>-::> £Iv/ t-::> £/v) ten minutes § ~( t~lv) oneself ~"-It 6 (hit .Q) to divide
~ 054
.Ji~ ( :'::: .s, Iv)
J
~
< -ttv>)
student
*16 ( -J i
1:::-J.t
~
tL.Q) to be born
(v'-::> L J:-) l::vd:, t:) once in a life time
1-
J--
7t; :i_ ( -tt lv-tt v-) teacher
J:f:
:i_
:k ~:i_ (t.:'.v'n' < 1.tV>) college student :k ~ \ '(Jo.to~ :k.~1",J..' (t:v'"-lvt:J:) tough :k.J... (Jot-/;]:) adult
v-) big
:k{~_jog(t:v' Li.Plv) embassy (3)-
(big)
•n" < t> i
7] {-;)
-tJ.·
f-
*
:k ~ (t.::'.v>;6{ <)
university
~te. (;6{-::>.:.-))
school
~.g:~ (;6' < ~) department; "'
"
,'''
~:i_ (;6' < 1.tv>) student ~.;:(it:J:~) to study faculty µ..
i'¥>
i'¥>
(learning)
(8) '
• n~\ '
:9~ ]j (;6{v'.:. <) foreign country :9~ ]j A (;6>v>.:. < t.lv) foreigner :9~ ( -t" t) outside ~ :9H n'"' ;6' v') (5) I :9 :9] :9~ lJ
t> .2(- t (outside)
•:< :··< t> < I:::
:9~ ]j (;6{v'.:. < )
~ ]j
(ip Iv.:.
i'¥>
:er-
overseas
9=1 ]j ( t> 19> -) :'::: <) China
foreign country
]j ( < I::) country
J
< ) South Korea
]j~(.:.-::>n'v') the Diet (country)
(8)
I
n
Fl
IT]
['fl
1£1
~
]j
( • indicates the on-yomi and l> indicates the kun-yomi.i
0~~!¥0)**~ tJ'lv
L
:t1fu L,e;1>3
(Kanji Practice)
A. Combine the following kanji and make compound same kanji more than once.
J'~ +
Example:
00
--+
words. You can use the
7'~ 00
8 B. Indicate where each place is located on the map. )
1. (
VA ~7/.
;t~O)i:fl:::;tl)
}Jl,;j-''/-j-:
;t~O)*-oftl::-c
i-to fflOO)lfi< T-to ti!•
i--:J-t('li.~'-('G\' . .C-90
2. (
) a1-r1kt-T1L.-:
3. (
) J.i T 1t :£ 0) 7 t; : :H~. o f tl:: -r_ :;fl "'- +-)1- <"' G \ ' T-t o
4. (
) :-) ;t!v: it§of i--:J-t<"+li-)1-('G\'ff--:J(
5. (
) *-#- :
Jt of t±l 't . ic"'-+71'" <". G \ '1T--:J
< t:·~\'o
-r < t:· ~ \ 'o station to exit
b a
f
straight
N
~
®c fv2fvld.'fv
(Bulletin Board)
Look at the bulletin board on the next page and answer the questions. 1. If you want to buy a bicycle, who are you going to contact? 2. Where will the party be held? Are you going to bring anything? 3. How do you get to the concert hall? 4. What can you do for the winter break (from December to January)?
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o
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t t:.· -t; t -:) ;ft --C
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11 F.l 12 El (3li) 6: 30~
1---71\-J[; (iffi.;<_;! ~R 3 t±:l D ~ tl:fL" 1r: ""- 3 51)
[§:::J ::;-t:)-
Chiaki writes about her favorite restaurant. Read the passage and answer the
B!] Y06
questions.
-
.l(
A,
t
iJ'
G
0
~ (
-
\
\
0
-
/_,.
t
~
j:;
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A,
T '
1t ~
i
\
7
\
L \
/
r
\
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A.
0
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A,
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-c
i
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\
f::.
<
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-t -t 0
\
\
h. T -fJ.'
0
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\
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t t:
-t <
""-ti 0
7
1
/, ..
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,..
/'
7
T
/
?
/'
1
7 ')
/ ~
ix
©
A.
(
\
i¥i
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7
-tJ.·
""' :t T 3i
/'
r -
7
-
-t
7;'-
.; T
~
G T Ii'
(/)
t -
j:;
t
L
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A,
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0
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t-
/
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(!)
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(/)
r
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(/)
'
(
,•'
t-
A.
,.. r
A
I 7 i- /
~
7 /
Ii \ \ -t .I. \ \ -t 7 T t A. 1 I ( T 7 Ii -t ;{_ 'J ') i- t ~ -t / 1
•"
,..
0
0
0
1:::
r
t;
j:;
0
7
Italy
l::'·!f
pizza
1) J: -) 1)
cooking; dish
~'-:>t
always
~:r.. 7
chef
J.;. fJ.· ~ A,
everyone
171 /
wine
1 'l
A. Where is the restaurant?
ill
\
A,
1) J: 7 1)
<
I t-
A. I
J:
t-
.l(
0
~
t:7 ~
\
:t 7
0
T
-
I) J: 7 I)
\ .l(
to -t T -- A, (/) 00 i L ·lf -t :t.l( Ii 7 A. -t \ \ ~ 7 t / ?'~
t:·< t .l(
.l(
A,
1)
'J
(/)
7
B.
Circle the food or drink the writer has at the restaurant.
t -!f
"A1~lf','/T1
0
17 1 /
t:' -
JI,,
117-71)-L>. "A 7 - 4-
C. Choose the correct answer.
2.
®~<~~§! IJ'
n1v r,~:;
I
f:IJ'\'
~-t\ \
!-c-ro
(Writing Practice)
A. You are organizing a party. Write a flyer about the party. Be sure to include: what kind of party it is, what time it starts, where it is held, what to bring, how to get there, and so on.
B. Write about your favorite restaurant.
(m
7 ~I
L
>(]71j-~ 059
>-
;~ 060
061
.,,, ~ J:
s
o
Mary's Letter
JR :ff: ( C: ~
}f:-J-(~ J: ~.::)Kyoko
i
:ff:$(~
~ J: ~) Tokyo
J: ~ C:) Kyoto
.L. :ff: -9 6 ( l'.- J: ~ ~ J: ~ T lai) to go to the capital
.
__,_
__,_
t3"
-#
(8)
-r-
., , L
-T t'' t ( .:: C:' {, ) child
~:
3(-0:>-J- (;B Iv 1j: 0).::) girl
(child)
(3)
,J,
.,,, L .t i
1J\ ~ \ \ (i? "' ~ v>)
~ t;\ \
J
(small)
1J\ ~ :i_ ( L J: -? iJ> < -\tit>) (3) J 1J 1J\
.,,, IJ'\ \
~7
~s
~f±~
~
064
)( 065
-BJ,_
1::>
T6J
.,,,L~
l: ~
s.
}f:-J-(~ J:-? .::) Kyoko ~ 0)
-T ( ;B C: .:: 0) .::) boy
-T small
J \ ~ {3( ( L J: ~ iJ> 0
'I>
A
A
elementary school student
~:;f± (iJ'v' L-'\>) company
(i.b-?) to meet
(iJ'v' L
-? ) elementary school
.::
v>/v) office worker
(iJ'v' ~") meeting
~~(~ J: ~'/J'v') church
b
~
~
~f± ('/J> "' L-?) company .:f1¥f± ( l'.- Iv l'.--'\>) shrine :;f±~(L-?iJ'v') Af±
__,_
5' ff
(-C Iv L l'.- L J: ) electronic dictionary
J
-r
(6) /
(to meet)
l±
I
'i:-T~•
~-
063
N········ .. ············ ·······71
fuO)Lb\CfJ
(capital)
062
066
s
E
n= ~ ~ L-'\>) 7
t
society
entry to a company
t
t- t+
(company)
(7) '
.,,, ,),
X ( t i?) father ;I? X ~ ,.{,(;BC: ~ ~Iv) father X £f (b,;t) father and mother ;fJI.)( (-(- .s.) grandfather
~t; t;
ti
(father)
(4) /
.,,,If
£f
,, ...
"/
Oili) mother
x ;I?£} ~ ,.{, ( ;B iJ' i.b ~ Iv) mother
;fJi£J: (-(- 'i) grandmother
-HJ:tf; ( 'i
.::') mother tongue
(mother)
(5) 1-._
[J
., ,:7 ~ t: IJ'
~ \ \ (t::.iJ>v•) expensive; high
~(;t(;t
(high)
IJ'S
CJ.
t±
CJ.
-HJ:
~tx (.:: ~ .: ~) high school
~ ;fj(:i_ (.:: ~ .:: ~ -It v-) high school student
jl ~ ( ~ v'.:: ~ ) the best _,_ ,.....
(10)
"'
-&-
-&l
f?j
_,_
_,_
if1
~
-&-
fi5J
067
~:1
(school) 068
!/q: 069
~:n i:JO 070
9,
072
-) ) junior high school
(every)
(6) /
~:-·
8
;f.?o (I:
1'J.
(language)
v' .:::·) honorific expressions ::~ ~ ~;; ~
(14) '
~.;:,.<.,
)(~(£/vi.l~\)
(sentence)
11' )( ( ;':' \ £Iv) composition )( 1t (£/vi.l') culture )()t; _,_ (4) 7 )(
n' ;t
(to return)
[>(l\'
(to enter)
"""
I
i7
;;
~T 0
~1i 0
iii 0
iii Ol
iii on
iii 00
literature
)( ~ ( b t) letter; character (£/v~;J'.'-)) grammar
l
~~
')
Iv) every night
.Hf
1Jj_
(word)
\
v u
~iIv.:.") Japanese (language)
;9.t ?a Cz v >.:::') English
\
;f"
It> i: t,) every day
t:
~?o (It
[>
t-'- tr
t'
"' L 11>-)) every week 4iJ: BJE ( i Hi' .Hf.s:i=-(iv'tllv/iv>c L) everyyear ,.._
~l::rp-)
A
-)-ltv') high school student
!OJ: 8 ( i !OJ:~ ( i
~i \\
)C 071
school
~u:i. (.:.-).:.
t:f ~U ( t, 11> -) i.i' -::i.:. (10) t t t
~
~ U (.:. -) .:. -) ) high school
~;f,3((7.i~-::i.:.-))
\
\
9, 6 (i.i' .:Z. ~) to return 9, §I ( ~ .:. \ ) going home 9, ~ ( ~ i: < ) returning home 9, 1) (i.i'.:Z. fJ) return (10) I f' f" 9"" 9·"" 9,si. 1)f'- ~ 9' 9 A 6 Oiv> ~) to enter A') tJ /A tJ (v> fJ ('t,) entrance A*1. 6 (v>hl.>) to put something in ~A(~~:11>-)) import (2) / A ( ~ indicates the on-yomi and [> indicates the kun-yomi.)
A.
Fill in the blanks
;>¥>
1. B/.js;.
B.
li7'8'f I:})~ i-t !Lt
*-
)(
t £}:
)C
h/v
8,
3. B/.js;.
kanji.
.:=_Sf-j:_
~
'*
2.
4.
with the appropriate
< }),;,.;
1:fr~ i L
f::o
1:
~.. . .;: t
liJ- !/ii;-
0
') i -t (7)
~
0
Ii
IJ'-') t. T-t
A
A.
_,_
_,_ ~
s.
o
Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below? Example: 1.
3
.I
-+
-+
ti.. 2.
_;f',
-+
3.
L.,. -+
4.
a
-+
C. Word Search-Find seven kanji compounds from this lesson and six review compounds. Example:
7'[;j:_
9t
)( )C
= Ji ~
_i-
1t
~
r-gJ
~
~
~
tB
0
-1-
7o
*± -BJ-l=f 7G
~~
00 A. '£
/~
~
~
~
Y;
m
*
8
** -
~
~..._,
~.li PO ~
~7~•»321
t 8
)Z
7 l) I /\
-9 :::: L
a little
h. ~
1",f
all
"' fr
G <
from ...
L::
tj)
cram school
I
)(: ilf:
~
t 6 to take (a class) ("' f ) f:
literature
to look forward (to)
iJ' Gt:· 1:: ~ f
-J
t+ 6
to take care of oneself
Summarize what Mary wrote about the following topics in Japanese. 1. Japan:
2. Hertown: 3. Father: 4. Mother: 5. Sister: 6. Brother: 7. School:
A. Write about the following topics. 1.
8 *(i/1'1.,0) 00 (;!
_
2. *J.,O) ii;(;!
_
3.
fr7C· < (;!
_
4.
t: t t:'i;
(;!
_
B. Write a letter to a Japanese friend. Describe your town, host family, friends, and so on.
~8~··•323
(~ 8 ~I L
s
E
s
0
B*O)~t±~ Japanese
073
j{ 074
075
*JT lifl
076
11= 077
\
\
~:f±Jl (°i?'v'
/...,
078
*
Iv) store clerk
,lR_ jil ( ,Z ~ v'
Iv) station staff
,....,
=
n
= I
member
., L ;.,_,
t> t: G
*fr L \ '(~t: G Lv') new *frr:ifl ( L!v~/v) *fr##-* ( L /v;Nv-1t Iv) Bullet Train
(new)
(13) '
., ';:
t
19
§i
~
+-
J..
Tr
~
SJ.
¥
*
[> ~
&9 < ( ~ \ ) to listen *frr:ifl ( L/v~/v) &9 ::: ;:{_ 6 ( ~ .:: X. J.,) can be heard
(to listen)
(14)
., ~ < [>~ <
fl= 6 ( 0 < J.,)
r r r r1 r1 r1 r9
l
M Wl r;i rJJ
11= !fu ( ~ <
composition
1fo-
1t
11'
•c.::
C) thing )(*Cir t.) fire 1!*-("-lv t.) reply
U Iv) artistic piece
~·(L
J:
<
(thing)
(8)-
., -r-;.,_,
'i:,t (-c' Iv L '?) train 'i: Ji. (-C· !v ~ ) electricity 'i:~(-c'/v;b) telephone 'i: 51!!, ( 'Z" Iv -t:, ) battery
'F>
'i:-T#f:
<5'
'§f
~
-3-
;=.
o
Fr
., L-\"
,t(< 7.>i) car 'i: ,t ('{."Iv t. .>('> ) train § ~$( t.-C Iv L'?) bicycle $ \ '-9 ,ti_,t:t~ (-t:, f9> (7)
-
*
""' ""' ""'1
(13) -
(car)
t.) meal
('Z" Iv Lt. L J:) electronic dictionary r:
(electricity)
t><6i
&9
11=
1±*-(LZ:'C) job
::: t:
~
author
., l: t:
*f *f *fr
newspaper
(to serve)
[> :::··
*/
*
1±*- ( L t: c) job 1± 1! L ( L °i?' X. L) revenge 1± ;:{_ 6 ( "':) n' ;{_ J.,) to serve; to work under (5) J 1 1- 1+ 1±
[>~/.I'
Jl
to make
11= )( ( ~ < ~Iv) 11=-;ff ( ~ < L '?) (7) J 1 f
(to make)
ffe
newspaper
*fr~f. -tJ.' ( L Iv-it Iv Id:) fresh
/...,
~
*
L'?v'lv) office worker ~ j{ (°i?'v'v'lv)
J;5 Jil (-C Iv v' (10)
~
080
Office Workers
(member)
., L
1± 079
.,
N······························81
'
~
L '? t.
n
A
$
(<
J: ~) parking lot §
§.
.t
J.,
~
~
~
'i:
i v>T) wheel chair
081
082
.,, ~ t1J
1* --.......
0
083
~':!:
6?C
084
a:1
085
'~ ""'h
IA
1* t; (~f'@t; be absent;to'"rest 1*7,. (~fl,)~holiday; absence
l>~iJ
ft 8 ( 2' 19> ) l>:::>) holiday (6) I 1 1- 1t 1t
(to rest)
.,, lf'A., [> \ \
: t
ft
§ 7 (v>)) to say § "?o ~ Uf Iv .::'iJ{ < ) linguistics
g ;t (.::. t
-
7J § Oi)
-=-
~
-=- -=-;=; -=-6
(7)
.,, t'' < [> J:
·~;t~t; J::~I ~/t· ( c' < L J:) reading books ~ft: .l,. ~~ ( J: J;. b 0)) reading matter
(to read)
(14) '
.,, L
.~ 7
l>~:S;
:f ,~·~/J.'(b
.;,.
'"'
;
I
'
'"';;
.;,.+
6
6
-""* -""* 6
""
~~ ~
"
n
"'
-""* 67C
m
ff1
to recall; to remember
(to think)
(9)
.,, L::
;j( ( "':::> &') next ;j( t t. J: ) second daughter 13 ;j( ( b < t) table of contents
tEI
tEI
I
tEI
''--
tEI
1-.::..
tEI
'~
*(
[>-J ~-~
(6) -,
(next)
(what)
.;,.-
L 2''';/j) mysterious
,~ \ \ lli-t" (i:> b v>t±-9)
[>i'°J.'I::
;;
to think
(;13
1
lf!v) dialect
l;f) word; language
-"'-
(to say)
086
M
7
·1~,. A.,
,'
,-r
fi?J(;!jl.:) what
,•h ,; M~ (;!j Iv t) •b
;j(@] ( tiJ'v')
next time
•b
IA what time
1PJ A. ( 7'j Iv 1.: Iv) how many people 1PJ IJ' ( ;/j 1.: iJ>) something (7) I 1 1 11 1r' 1P M (.,, indicates the on-yomi and [> indicates the kun-yomi.)
~8~··•325
A.
Using the parts below, make up as many kanji as possible.
"
Example: 1.
""-
-+
/"' --".
~ A
§
8
3.
4.
m
1
5.
6.
0
B. Match the following phrases with an appropriate verb. L
2. -'!}~ B lvn' < 3. 1±• 4.
t
· 116 . {;f. ;t;
t
. Mt ;t;
*Mii9 t
B*-~Lij:.)t
5. /\'.//\'-fl-
L.;\q~
·-t6
t .
. ·~ 7
'E0 '
< • <7) 6
6. ~lf_ 1:::
• F:ifl
7. 777.."f-·
A.
1m*~O)r::'.J7'-1C- lvld:?Y7- 1'~1'F-::i ""C, E3::$:AO)~U~l;:::lifl~~
IJ1i1>?
L.,tco
Read the following questionnaire.
l/'T-~ 1.
1±.
v"Al.i{~
1)
i-t°l.i'o
DJ:<-t6
r
7 / 7 -
D-tl'' ~ -tl'' ~ L -rj.- \ '
A
r vA
3.
1±*<7)1~, Mt L i -t l.i'o ib I:
~~
4.
1:f.J,..!it~\'1°\'-fPJ"f-
"' (7) 1&.
L i-t°l.i'o
questionnaire stress
( ~-· 1.._, ~-· J: 7)
("'
(7)
z)
overtime work after ...
B.
How would you answer the above questions?
C.
':'.77'1-Cfvl3:7Y7-
HL:-::::>l,)-CLnn-
I--~~~* ~ico IJ•
Read the report below and answer the questions.
B *-A.
t: \ \ l
<7) %t-± ~
I r. it~
-t
\ \ h. A, f.;.· ~ "C \ \ i ~
:fAll/ / 7-
<7)
r f 11--:> "l,
t:f -r-,
0
t ~ t'' ~
G!] vos
77'1 . 7<-Jl--
*fr~,
h. A, f.;.· t l t ~ ;tL l \ \ 6 t ~~
%t-±~ -TA.I::: Bf]~ i L
i-f, 11±*-<7) :;z r t- ::Z 7J{;h
-t 77 \ ~ \ \ i -t
f ~'it£ 't:\ \ i
1)
i-tn'J
* *~
t Bf]~
0
f:o
i L
f:o
1LA.li Iii
\ \J z ~ ;{_ i L f: 11± 7) { tc\'"-lv T' 1* h.7) { ;h i I) f.;.· \ \ J t § "'.) l ::_ t: \ \ i L t: o ;jz I::: , Il < ~ ~ f L i -t 77, J t Bf1 ~ i L f: o .=:.A. Ii Il C!lv!id 0
<~~ f ~··/v':J;;.1
-t 6 J
t § "'.)
-r \ \ i
L f: o li.A. Ii
It
~ t'' ~~ ~ f ~·'!vt:/l~
-r \ \ i L t. o Ji.13t I::: I 1* h. Ii t: \ \ -r \ \ M f L i .: ~i ~ i L f: o -l- A. 1 i I~ tL -r \ \ 6 77' G , I::: \ \ 6 J t § "'.)
7" I::: ff < J
t § "'.)
*
~\,\
-t 77, J
t
-r \ \ i
L f:o
-::) IJ'
8 *-<7)%f±~ Ii
n' G ' t
-t 6 J
t. < ~ £1±*- f
1* h. ( l M t L i -tt A,
0
I.\
L "l,
::Z
,Z
r t- ::Z t
J / T - l- f L l'
8
;h
*
1)
i
-to t:-
<7) %t-± ~
Il
-r t ::k~ t:- t ~ \ \ i L t: o t: I.'-""- /v
~;ft."l\'6
i f
(--:>n';ft."l\'6)
tobetired
;jz I:
first of all
~ 1Jt I:
to answer
secondly ( ~ \ ' .: I:)
lastly
~8~H>327
(a)
1±*0)
A ~ l> A
-h{ cf:, 6 o
(c)
.l: < ~ ~ ~ -r 6 '5'!v!!H t "5 r:·· "5 ~ ~ ~ -f 6 o
(d)
1±*0)-f~,
(b)
0
---
---
-:! Iv~·;;. 0
~t
___
___
j:;)@~jjztJo
)... ).._ ).._
)...
'51t
(e) 1*.l,i.O) B littl°h'(ti".J:~
'o
---
).._
Make a questionnaire and ask several people the questions. Then, write a report based on the result.
[m9~_~JL
E
S
A-~ fvO) E3 PC IL:-::J 087
~
~ 088
{~ 089
'l..
H1J
(noon)
Cf {f (;:;: ::::') P.M.; in the afternoon A.M. Cf WJ :=f7 ( r: -tl' Iv ti ~ -? ) in the morning iE. Cf ( L J: -? ::·) noon !:::(4) / Cf
~:··
Sf-{,((t: ::·)
[>
j:;'t
,)-
-? L
093
094
•
P.M.;
1f 1~(Ji) t "t')
in the a:(t~[Noon
-;;:;ff)1f \<{! ~ t )
lastly
1~
1~
(after)
(9) _,
~-lf'A_, [> ;f ;t
i¥f ( i
k.) before; front Cf i¥f (;:;: -tl' ,4,) A.M. .ij.W](~ ;!; k.) name i¥f ijG 1) ( i k.-? ~) advance sale
(before)
(9)
~&'}\ \
;t
[> fJ.'
~q:;
,,
'
1'
1
j
Wf{ ~ i
~
~ I
~ I]
~
n
X.) n~me
1",j.'(~-?
~v>~) famous
K.ij ( L~v>) ;:7
full name
B \ ' ( L 0 v') white B ~~ (ti < L) blank sheet B ( L 0) B ;~ Oi < ti J: -? ) /
(white)
(5)
~7
•m(~~)
(rain)
(8) -
~ L J:
• ( (iJ• <) to write
n
rfj
t, L J:) dictionary
Em•~og(t _,
~
rain
m :AA (-? ~ ) rainy season
#. (
-=>-
~ijlj
" "'
name card
white color
swan
[>(ta!)
t>r~;v
~
n Fl 8
(
l
1~
.s
~!;;I:<
-f
~
1~
;l:'\3.ij (ti~ v') place name
(6) /
j1
{t-
;t~ij(~v>L)
(name)
[>
;fl&.
m
m ( ') ~) rainy season f,fj
m m
~f+. ( ~
J:
-? i.P L J: ) textbook
L J: -/p!v) library
---
-§"'
-]It
1t
••
(to write)
(10)
~t1)7 [> t: t
1ff... f~- 1; ( t b t.=ti) friend ~iff... ( L Iv~ -? ) best friend iff...J...(~-? tlv) friend iff...'1'1f ( ~-? t, J: -? ) friendship
(friend)
(4)-
~
after,,L,;
{f J'.> ( -? L 0) back; behind
later
~{ff:: (~v'::·t:)
091
Tm)'
Sue's Diary
er: ~fk."-tl' Iv)
-··
'-·
~
092
N······························9J
0
~
090
B
S
r -Ji s:
j§t
~
~rn~ ••• 329
095
ra~
096
;:> >
*
..,77,,.<.,
098
099
1'" t!1
100
~p
(between)
(12)
... 77'
*(v>X.) house *~ (;6>-'f. <) family
[> \ \ ;(.
~~ -t l;IJ,f L
r1
r
,..,_.
r1
Iv) human being
",
r,
ri
rn,
rAi
M
* (-) i?) house; home 1'f * ( ~ -::i ;6>) author
my wife
,.
... h
.!=>
>}:>
~
~
~
w
*
~ (Ii 7J: L) talk; story
(Ii 7J: T) to speak
~~(l."lvb) telephone
4;;~~(;6>v>;b) conversation
-
-"
-
..;:.-> ;;
-==~ i4;; p
'MPl
(to speak)
(13) '
_., L J: 7
[>,),6
1' L ( -9 .::. L) little 1' -f,n ' ( T < 7'j: v') few 1'k (Lt -) L J: -) ) a little 1'3{ ( L J: -) t. J: ) girl 1'~ ( L J: -) ti. Iv) boy /] /]' (4) J 1' t!J\ '(k~v>) old(forthings) i:f t!J ( i? ~ -) .::. ) secondhand !5' 1~ (.::. t!v>) ancient times
(old)
(5)-
... t;
~P6 (L~) to know
t> L
~PA(i? !.:Iv) acquaintance
t>-t:
-t <
(little)
... .;
+ T
~P IJ (8)
_., G \,
*
i*J ( ;6> 7'j: H
(10)
[> (;t'f'.J.'
r r
I
(house)
(to know) 101
M ( i:: t.: -/J> Iv) two hours
M (il;v>t!) between A.M (l::lvlf -~M(v>-::i L~-J-/J>/v) one week
~
~t
*
[>;})\\f:'
* 097
.=..
M ( t.::0,1v) time
[>
<
~
""
-@-\ '(L
J
J-
* < ~) *~( 6 (
*-fJ.'\
I
* j
~
~l
(to come)
(7) -
~~
~
~p
i T) to come
nottocome
G v> L ~ -J) next week .,-
~
t!1
* i '"t ( ~ *8 (
to come
'(.::.;/j:v>)
'"';;
acquaintance
~ii;\,') !=
ii
...,
SL
-'f-
*
G H:: i?) visit to Japan
*
( ... indicates the on-yomi and [> indicates the kun-yomi.)
A.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate 1.
= (})
\ i
-17 '/
(;;tli.
F9 TL f::.o
~\\7-.:t-1-
2.
L~~ i L f::.o
r-7°1-
3. -Wj 4.
T ::,,,
8/.f.
kanji.
1-
~ i L f::.o Li-to
B. Choose the most appropriate word for each blank. 1.
(;;t L i L To ;fJ-(})
2. 4ij. 8
t: \
3. :. (}) IJ' ~
1
T\
£WT
(;;t.f-L-T-to
-1:-wt =··.;
1
l;;ttt-\ 1 n' G,
j? ~
i -t
~1~
0
IJ' ~ 1- IJ' \ \ i -t
~WT ~WT
0
*~ \ \ 4.
-s a 1;;t \
t-:.· '? t:
1 \ 1
1:> L t: l;;t
Tt,
0
I
5. ,;
7
1)
-t--
]=]
.::.-t- li
-(J)j?)( ~ /....,
1-
B (±)
i-t°IJ'o
0
~'A
8
~ ".) -r
Tm)
~p ".)
-r
m
~ a ii ~,p," h, G m h-;-.;, -') -r \ \ t.
* M (' G \ \ 1t ~ ~ a < -r , * ~ \ \ * t:· -') l ' -
IJ{.),6 t .~-)
Jt'A
\1
ffr L \ \
H~~<
t:.
0
!if] \ \ ,1
0
t:
1
tiPt ii :R t:· t; 1 :: ;( -
~
0
)Et. :·· .; ,J U6
1
J-
0)
7 I) -
0)
;t :A l- 7 , ~
'i,, ~
--«: \ \
* ""'1t -') t: 'J *~
0
0)
i.L
'<'"' {, t
,.<..,1:::~-.>f:.o aJE
li A,
;h)(~£1i-tt7){~<
=--~ f ~""' t:.
r Mt
;h-IV ~ ,.c 1i
0
l;l /"
~-tl"T\\~.A.t:'-.>f:.o
T,
;h 'J i-tt
,.c n{J
t § -.>
~Ct
-r \ \ t: n"-
< J:.;j=-f_:' t ~Jo BJE =--~O):f~, \ \,.; \ \ ,;-tJ.·~~ f L T , ~ kl \ \ -tJ.· ~~ i~ f t G -.> f:. o ;h -IV ~ ,.<.., Ii 1'" L t5" \ \ t t
~ ,.{_, li~Jf-7){-f .: IJ ;')
L
f:. o --C-
IJ
t,d
Ii A,
-j'
l;l A,
0)
-t :--
§-.> T\ \f:.n\ t T
\t:-o ,J 7
<~kt,\
-0);-tA.
1)
l- 71
~ ')-Ii
t L ,.<. , -tt --? T ~ L 7J' -.> t: o t: 0)
8g[,
(I:
-:i
~)
~Wio/ ( =·· {f',{, t;
tj) ·))
~ (U6)
~/\ r 7
7 ~
1)-
=·· i;-f 1 A.
u·.d
diary
\ , .-s \ , .-s
in the morning
g~f-t6
to have a talk
noon
-f LT
and then
host family
~A~ 0
excellent food
t (!))
various
kimono; Japanese traditional dress
Put the following pictures in the right order according to Sue's diary. (
)
-
(
)
-
(
)
-
(b)
(e)
(
)
--+
(
)
B.
Mark
0 if the following statements are true. Mark x if not true.
1. (
t G-:> f:o
) :A-~ ,.{.,(;ti!;\'~~~~ "'
< < -r_ {PJ t -t,;:n'-:> t: o
2. (
) -hX ~ ,.{.,(i-tl-n"U
3. (
) BJE =--~(;t lilv
l~k
{,QJ
'60
-\"'{i-""[\
4.
(
) :A-~ ,.{.,(;t};~~ ,.(.,<7)*4-J!n"*J-~ t:·o
5.
(
)
1);1
6. (
~5n. n" J: <
-t
I}
-r.;: n'-:> t: o
) _;<')1}-~,.(.,<7),-t:A
~71~1)-<7),-:gitJ(iJ.imt:·o
C. :::Z-c!fu!d:)<71J-c!fuO)i1CZ I'7r ~ 1)-[;:::)<-Ji.;~~E* ~t.:o Read the following mail. B!] Y09-2
c.· -J t ~v J tf t -J z: "25' l \ 1 l tc.
~ 0)
-J
t
t tc. (!) L, tJ) J i: -C 9
T
(i
-J -c (i ~ 1 v J B s £1 ~ Iv 0) v J J: -J v J v J c1:
* (i
0
a
0) v J c1:
-J
vJ ~
1tA:'. 1 -tt Iv ti,
t T t s l \ L, tJ) J tc. -C 9 a v J ti t -J t: "25\ \ 1 L, tc. a
n tJ) G -, ~ t 0) ~ ~ t T t ~n l \t;r ~ t 0) -C 9 td.a
f
tJ)fvZ..
< (:t~{tf'(:*T < f(:_'~
f.l (i
rJ Jv 0) s t
'/
L,
l\o
0 l \ t Z.. 0 ~~OJ Tl\ 1 9 fJ) G,
c'.t'.>fvf;rl\ L,19o
[email protected]
1) l
7
;}; Iv tc \ 'i" 6
dormitory to show someone around
~9~··•333
A. What did you do yesterday? Write a journal.
8. Write a thank-you letter to someone.
Useful Expressions: \ ' ;; \ ' ;; J:; 1± b I::: -tJ.· ') i L
1* I::: ~ ~
-::>
It T
li'Glo
J:;~\ 'T ~ 6
<
f :· ~ \ '
0
r J:
-)
o
(Thank you for everything.)
(Please take care of yourself.)
L h-1::: LT\' i -t
"'"' J:; II) T t -) ( :·· ~-· \ ' i -t) ( J:;) f::. Iv
t:
o
U: J:; II) T t -)
0
(I am looking forward to seeing you.)
(Congratulations on ... o
(Happy Birthday)
)
rm 10,~, L 1J'~lJ~3 102
1i 103
iE
[>
iE. L \
t: r:
1BJ 108
109
* it
-? i){-::>}
J;
iE. ~ ( L .i; -? -::·)
(t:.t:!. Lv') right
..::.lf-:£ (~ !v;b.!v-tt"v>) third-year student ~lf- ( .:: t L) ·*lf-(;v>~a!v) nextyear ;lf-( t L) year ,_ ~ (6) , ;:::.. lf1==
[>
1
7
T
i=
(to sell)
(7) -
~If\ l>
.Ji{ 7
n~
c'-? lilvli'v' ~
~-t;J:7 [> i -t;
lllJ(i
lllJ ft ( t
J; -)
(town)
(7) I
n
~i;J:7
-&\
t)
(long)
(8)
~ t''-J
it ( l;. t)
l
J;
t
J; -) )
rn
(12)
=
~
'JC
1G Jl ( Lfv'li'v')
n
= l
Ff J;
-? )
~
Bl
,,
§'
YI Yl
Kitayama town
long the eldest son company president _g_
F
F
t'-? ) -:::i
Wf
lllJ
-f
~
*
l.'.- VJ>-?
c'-J)
way; road
(Li
selling and buying
mayor of a town
lll
-? Id: Iv) J; -? )
r'
:f ~ ( L .i; )t }iit~
(way)
~
'r
)t Ji lllJ ( ~ t.:"V' it
town
(~i,){1;>)
ft 31} ( t
TTT7
:f± ft ( L ~ t
h -t;
~)vending machine
p,
I
,,._,
,._,
(12) \
[>
stall
Yl \ 1 i~ ( i?' v "t 0)) shopping
1
this year
(i?'-)) to buy
(to buy)
[> f.;_· -4{
t,
~
+
noon
iE
if
1G 6 ( -) Q ) to sell 1G ;;!,; OJv' -C Iv) stand; § ~AA.1G~(
1
1
New Year
~fl,.(,
~~
107
1
(5) -
~If\
10
r r-
(right)
L
·.:·.·.~···
The Folktale Kasajizo
J:; iE. f3 (;l3 L
(year)
Jt
N
~ L J: 7
~
106
o
(to live)
t>-t
t> t
':I=
s
1i t; (-ttJ) to live 1i PJT ( t. VJ> -? L J; ) address #1i-f" 6 (v' t, VJ>-? T Q) to immigrate (7) I 1t N= 1i 1
~trJJ7
104
105
s
E
calligraphy
i?' It'
c'-? )
ss:
¥-
~~(
judo
Hokkaido ¥-
I
l'l
~
11'
it 'it ~it ~
110
~-1±-::>
~>
9 111
JI_ 112
§
~(~~)snow
l> rJ) ~
*fr~ (
(snow)
(11) -
~ ')-:) l> t:
JI.-::> ( i: 0) to stand Jj JI.*.~ (.::. < I'.) --:it! \i' iJ{ < ) national university ~.l.Jl. ~ ;f'X ( L I'.) --:i.::. -) .::. -) ) private high school
(to stand)
(5)
~t
§ -)t( t~lv) oneself § f}J ~ ( t. /::'-) L ~) automobile § t~-)) freedom
1
~ t.~J;;>
L /v-tt--:i) new snow
I
-
r
-'-
rp
t'
~
i
Tr
n A
(6)
~~
~ ( J:: ~) night
l> J:
~
J:
'
(
(self)
!$>
im-
im-r
snowman
im=l
~
JI. § ~ ~ ( r. -C Iv L ~) bicycle
m(
113
i ( ~ ~ t! ~ i)
§
¢'!
~ t:j:1 ( J:: ~iJ') midnight
~~(.::.Iv~)
tonight
~ BA(t ( J:: il0 ft) dawn ~ 114
$,ij 115
#
'
_,_
r:
1
(night)
(8)
~i;J:7
~ ( il0 ~) morning
t>S~
~"ft ( i::i J: -)
(morning)
(12) -
~t
tf-:> ( ~ -o) to hold #
l>
t
(to hold)
+
L
t
J:
;(!
;&
~
~ ~ (It~)
this morning
< ) breakfast :OJ:~ ( i ;!;
;!;
;!;
-? ""(
~ il0 ~ ) every morning
It'
< ~ (~ * ~
PJT# Ji:r ( L J: t V- Iv) belongings 'A# t. ( ~ b i::i) feeling (9) t t t- t+ flo ¥
0
~ -C
~
if]
~
< ~) to bring
# #
( ~ indicates the on-yorni and l> indicates the kun-yorni.)
A.
Add strokes to the kanji below and turn them into new kanji from this lesson.
-
Example:
8.
JI.
--+
1.
.l;
--+
3.
m
--+
5.
a
--+
7. ~
2.
m
--+
4.
,Fl
--+
6.
±
--+
8.
'
§
--+ --+
Write each antonym in kanji.
4. ~
C.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate kanji from the list, and add hiragana where necessary.
I.
lllJ T ------
~ L i L
t:
o
shopping have 3.
::$.¥T! i;$.~ -?
---
(\\ii"o
(are) sell(ing) snow was long live was standing
A.
Answer the following
questions.
2. (Picture 1) : fl (;i 1? L:: -2('" 7 -:: /....,Ti" o Mt:· t .~ \ ' i i" IJ' o
3. (Picture 2) :
T-t
1?
(J)
L:: \ ' -:: /...., t
r·· /. . , fJ.' A t:· t
0
1? I ;Lt -:: /...., IJ { :
.~ \ \ i -t IJ'
0
(J)
r·· /. . , -fJ.· ~ 511 ~
~i5 (J) .£A..~ l•Pt/v;::'j L
-r \ \ 6 t
(main characters) .~ \ \ i -t IJ
'0
iJ'0
2
B.
"1J'c L;.Z:5"
Read the Japanese folktale
on pp. 338-9.
Efily10
C. Put the following pictures in the right order. (
)
(a)~
-+
..
(
.·.·.~
{]. '/..,
.
)
G) .
-
-+
(
)
-+
(
)
(b)1&~-
%'?
~
;;.-" !lf'',
-+
(
)
(c)
-+
(
)
t'-h' L t'-h' L °h' ~
once upon a time
New Year's
~
year
t:J t t; .JG 6
rice cake
-h'
-fJ..· L
0
Ii
t "C
-'f 7 ~ ,.(, guardian deity of children
6
L
t: 0
t 1-J L L::
s ~\ h 1± L
snow
°h'.}:{t
fJ.·
A. i
mountain road
~
to put (a hat) on a person's head
T
t
~)
L
§ 71"
oneself
f: If'
t: 6
to take off
\ '\ ' ::: t:
good deed
/E ( ::: ;{_)
voice
p ( t:)
door
<
0 L_
>(
(person I: a hat
0
1-J
-c
'
s
Iv Ii
1-J
t t;
-f 6 to be surprised L tJ 1± ( -rJ..·) happy
(J ...,
I)
~
f:
< D. Mark 0 if the following statements are true. Mark x if not true. L (
) }J
L \ '~ A, t: }J (;f .:h ~ A, (i }J ~# t; ti-. ~·IJ
t:, tL t
}J
L \ ' ~ A,(}) fr~ f ~ tYr.J.· h'-:)
2. (
)
3. (
) }J
4. (
) ~ (}) o/ T }J
s. (
)
6. (
) t; ( J .:h
7. (
) }J
}J
) }J
t:
t:
o
o
L \ ' ~ A, ( i }J L ..z::· 7 ~ A, I:: h' ~ f 1G-:) f: o L \ ' ~ A, ( i }J L ..z::· 7 ~ A, f 7'-J Jt t: o
L \ ' ~ A, Ii *1f L \ ' h, ~ f 7'-J # -:) T \ ' t: o
~ A, ( i
}J
L \ ' ~ A,(}) ~3 f fll'1 \ '
L-f:'.-) ~ ,{,(i}J~f ~·IJ
8. (
-/J'
')
sad
L::
(!)
L ~ t: 1:
J.ilt (~;t;,,.t;) l>f' 7 / })
0
""' 13 i (!)
to sell \'
L f:
~ iE
bamboo hat
t:J .iE ~
i --,
Iv 1-J
t: < ~
-r ,
h, -r.J.· L Ct.J.· -:)
,{,#-:) l ~f:o
L \ ' ~ A, t: }J ( J .:h ~ A,(}) }J .iE fl ( i t: -r t J: h, -:) f: o
t.
o
--, .){
._
\
( j:
.){
._
Iv
\
( j:
§
-:::>
Ji
-
\
-:::>
-:::>
T
'
Iv
L -'
(/) .){
._
f
V1
1'
-:::>
I)
i
.){
( j:
f
Iv
.){
._
-:::>
~
L_
....1-
\
-Ii- Iv Iv '
-:::>
f::.
._
(/)
Iv
J:.
._
IJ"
T
t:
-t
._
IJ"
f
~
IJ',,.
-Ii-
~
f::.
L
L
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._
T
.){
._
j:;
J3
r t;
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\
IJ" -t 0
fJ..·
\
IJ'
L t; Iv .){
._
t
IJ'
Jt-
t; G IJ" '
~
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(/)
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\
0
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t
.z· I
# f
~~ j:;
f::.
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L
fr
f::.
L ~ < i ~ fJ..· L IJ" ')
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Iv i Iv -r IJ' *fr t IJ' ( j: -Ii- ll L j:; L j:; \ Iv If' t: IJ' ft
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t ~-t
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i
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ll IJ'
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\
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t: L f L f ~~T 0
i:p
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j:; Ji 0
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i
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t
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t
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t
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j:;
ff- f::.0 -:::> IJ'
j:; t'' j:; j:; a t J t L (/)
iffi>
j:; IJ'
t
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0
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f::. 0
L T f::. 0
t
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0
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j:;
i
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i
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0
f::. j:; ~ 0
t:·
-
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1'
t
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IJ' Iv t L t; T f t t. t t 11= j:; If'
T
ll
If' L
\
\
f::.
i
.){
I j: L
Iv
j:;
f::.
~ ._
0
Choose one topic from the list below and write what you do/did on these days.
7
1)
A. 7 A. (Christmas)
~ :i.8 (Birthday)
/ \'
tcA, I: d rJ
7
f
/(Ramadan)
7· 1
-
r; -
7
1) -
(Diwali)
/ ' o 7 1 - / (Halloween)
v/
9 1 / 7·- (St Valentaine's Day)
/' :X
fJ- (Chanukkah) Others
(m 11 ~I L E s s o ~/C.!5~~ Looking for Friends
N····· ·····················ll~
ra;· 1_,~5
116
-t117
~ L rp l> T
-t-(--C)
119
120
*
lJi BA
121
ffl
~L
-t-~(--Ci.lrh.) letter ~~ ( i.l•h.) paper
-t-
;fo~~(;b L) Japanese paper
J:-? L) front cover
(paper)
(10)
~
~:7
'9:J- ~
:if>
l>-t
l
-fJ.· ( T
~
~
2- iJ:) to like
-95-;t. ( ::. -) It')
good will
~
*
~
'9:J- ~
~--
~(
-fJ.· ( t!"' T
'9:J- .7,.. ( ::. (!) h.)
~f
~~
2- iJ:) to love
liking; taste
'95-~~ (::. -) £"'."J) favorite food (favorite; to like)
i; fJ'
[>
~
-9:
f'
-95-
-9:J
.»
(near)
BJ] 6 \ '(~i.1-~ v•) cheerful; bright BJ] 8 ( ~ Lt.:) tomorrow ID?, BJ] ( -\t"'."J 66 It') explanation §f;-B}] (fi"J 66 It>) invention )C BJ] (£Iv 66 It') civilization
~6"}\\
[>
(6) (
:ilt < ( i:i i.l• < ) near; nearby :ilt.PJT ( 2- Iv r. J: ) neighborhood ~:ilt ( ~ v' 2- Iv) recently tf :iltJR ( i:i 19> -) 2- Iv c -) ) the Middle and Near East (7) f f n- ·n- :i!T :ilt
~ ~ ,.{,
sfJ'
~7/J:
n
(8) I
(bright)
7
(ill; sick) ~\
123
3!=-
*:~~(Li'
122
Bt 8*
~
(4) ~
~~
singer
iJ:) good at
(hand)
fJ'.7,..
19>)
-t- ~ ( L 19> b) sign language
hand
.L-t- -fJ.· ( L J: -? f
[>I.I'~ .7,..
l l8
~ -t-(i.l• L
-t- ~~ ( ""( i.l'h.) letter
\,.{,
A
B
Bf]
BJ
BJ]
B}j
m
m~ ]! m (
'A ( rl J: -? 2- ) illness J: -? It' Iv) hospital t::, 19> -? tr J: -7 ) serious illness ~ ffl ( 2- 19> -7 r.F J: -? ) sudden illness (lf
(10)
'
_,_
J
r-
s':
r
t= #1
m
ffl
~
~
~~(U'J:-? v•!v) hospital *~~(t!1t i.1r< v>!v) graduate school ~ ~ ~ (U' J: -? It' Iv) beauty parlor 1
(institution)
(10) ~
~'';;{
a;Jc@J (X. v~i.l')
[>
\
\
7 -J
(to reflect)
3
F
f
?'
r r r:
movie
B!k:i®~'B ( X. lt•i.Jri.J'lv) movie theater B!k: 6 ( -? ":J ~ ) to be reflected en B• (9) I B n R
BP
Bji
B!k:
124
~'<
~~{'
@)
8*.@i(.:Z.1t>7.J>) movie
*-
@i (7.1'7.i') painter ~f@i (lt1t'7.I' <)plan 5f@i ( i /.,7.J{) comic
n
1
ifi
(picture)
(8) -
~~' I> 7
~ 7 ( -? t::. -) ) to sing
125
l¥J ~ (.::.
t:
0
iti
lB
@i
@_
·~ -t-- ( 7.1• L 19' ) singer
·~ (-) t::.) song
~~1~
7.1') national anthem
(7.1'~ ~) Kabuki
~~6] (7.1' L) lyrics
~ 126
rP 127
(to sing)
(14) -
~L
Jl] 0$
128
$
L .J:
.J:
(place)
~-"'A.,
t:
~ (to make efforts) 129
'~
~
~
~
w
f' ~ ~
(7.J>;b ('"t L) Kawaguchi City
1~?ff ( L {' <
L J: ) city hall
\ \ .; \ \ .; fJ.·
?ff ( t
$-ft ( L "t J: -) ) mayor
$
.::. 0) various places
=··7
h
(10) /
trr
{'
{(,
{h
i.. 1rz
f3
~
(strong)
~rp 7
~ ij
I> cl)
~;ft ( v9J -)
7
I>-:) J::
t: (v9J-) /61.t>;J:)
(to exist)
(6) /
~ 1) .J:
~ff
I> t:
u:
(travel)
tJ) -)
(j; i5) to exist
id:) talented
~
(I'.) J: .::. -? ) travel
Qt{j'g"( (10) '
~6
r- :f"" ::ff :ff
J: .).
- A.Qt{ ( V- t
inn
I'.) J: 7.)>/v)
Qt(~ ( I'.) ~
famous
I'.) J: -) ) toll; fee
~ ~~ fJ.· ( v9J -)
~ l3l
ff
~7~-f" 6 ("'-Iv~ J: -)t"i5) to study 7~ \ \ ("J J: v-) strong 7~ 'If fJ.· ( .:::·-) t. J: -) id:) obstinate 7~~(.:::'-) t-)) robbery 7~ '/] fJ.· ( ~ J: -) I'.) J: < id:) powerful (11) .., "' 7 7.,_ r 7t 7f;; 7~ 7$ ~ 7~
~~ .J:
130
:er
PT
ilt?ff ( ~ Iv t. J: ) neighborhood ~?ff (t! It' c'.::. 0) kitchen 1ififf ( t. 19' -? L J: ) address __, 1 3 (8) p p pf pf ?ff ~7~-t" 6 ("'-Iv~ J: -?t"i5) to study ~ &I:> 6 ( ".'.) t 16 i5 ) to try hard fh~ fJ.· ( ~ !v""-lvid:) diligent
1>t::.; t:'':.;
[>-J
p
"
$:!:~(It' "t ii') market __,_ __,_ __,_ (5) ' I n
(city)
~t
P)f
t
I>\\
r
I'.)
t: '()") traveling alone
It Iv) passport .).
J
~
7j
7J
JjJ"
*
fr
Qt(
( ~ indicates the on-yomi and [> indicates the kun-yomi.i
Combine the parts below to form the new kanji from this lesson.
A.
8
B.
Put one kanji in each box to make compounds. (2)11<1
(3)
lJ[J
~
~ro%:::~X. ""C
A.
2. 1J:..
t': t; f .. ~
'o
11rr _,,_ 1
L T \ \ 6 A I::: ,)(' -
Ii., ~
.:f=- ~~ f ...\ \ t. : t f;' ~ I) i -t f;'
1itt'!> Ii:: tel: ::> "C < tc ~ L\
~•
:kcf:..:=.~1:. T-t cf: T-t o 7Z ;f- -
5$-JX!i 7 7 / ;z :)(
4tf±~ T-t
fJ'.:k# ~ T, {:th.
7 7
'/
-tt Iv.:: -j
r
o
JI]
-c:ili<
f L t: ') L T \ ' i -t o tJ 7 ;;t 7 I::: t
:7~ 00 (7) i.L I::: O){f ~
J:
-ct ,.C fJ' o
J:
1:::~U ifJf-
C1rp l:::fi.,.C
0
T\ 'i -to
F 7 fJ'ff ~ --c_ Vf.h. (7) 8 Ii ii'!
(7) 8 I ::: I i ' T .::_ A f L t. I) ' .fj- "/ tJ -
i
00-----
(Answer the following questions.)
If L~-j
o
(4)~
(7)i.L~Jl]l:::ff~ i-to 1)
f: \ ' t .~
;jq*-!i
Ldl?\' '?
T \' i
"\ :> l,, d; l~J t:I ~'i¥> 20
~-IJ' G 25 ~ (' G \ \ --c, B}i 6
lite-to
C< t'
< -c
< --c_ f: If' :::: ~ '?& h -t.i- \ , A. T ~-IJ"-&:\ 'An"ff ~ --c-r rr < li~m ~ :S L
o
o
0
-:>I:
F 71 7'' t
7 -IJ"ff ~
-1'.i'-k
(1)-J-""(''-t
0
;f 7 -
< (1)-IJ"ff ~ T, ;J-'1 *-IHJX-=f:-1: -t.i· t: \ ' t }~~""( \ ' i -t o :f.t. t \ ' ~
~U
LdGt'
I)
i!'J'i.
1:f/Jtlt) T \' i -ta ~~!i
"/
t> ~tt fu'IJ'
L J: 1:/
~-~~1J
i-l±/v-lJ'o -ttl
L '' J'i.
-IJ' G ~ / -lf - ~ t \ ' ~ L J: I: ff~ i
I'![,,
"'~~ (If L rp -5) -9; ( }; ,.(, 1°.J_' )
77
r
F7
~ (t?t=)
(18~/k)
161
looking for , . ,
1~-k (f.l'O)LJ:)
girlfriend
woman
B}j ~ \'
cheerful
outdoor activities
~'*
man
/\/
(L rp/,<)
F
hobby band
i. The person who is 18 years old
(
2, The person who is a college student
(
3, The person who likes movies
(
) :s Iv ) :s Iv ) :s Iv
4, The person who likes climbing mountains
(
) ~Iv
5. The person who is looking for a girlfriend
(
) :s Iv
L
fB.-J:S Iv !i t''!v-t.J-' oj)-j ::
2.
fB.-J:S /v(l)~:r5(tiMT-t-lJ'o oj)-j :: -ttlv::-3
:A~ - ''/ ~
Li -t-lJ'o
ll L&'>i L-Zo lftt:'-t;~~J If
\' i
-r ,
iti?}f T-t tla ;fhll ,;(
1::*-iLf:o
r
~'
OJ
If
0
8 * T I l , i t=- ct i I) *it -J
t
I)
+ :/ :7 AO) m ~~Ti" ') ~ 1
t. 1),-:)
*it t tr ~ T-t ?'~IE I l , 7 ,;( <
Ll:o :fhtJIJtT$'1::{i.,.CT
a - J11:: 8 *-
B*-?o~B*-X.1tf$f!z7~L(\\i-fo ,;; 1v n'
F7-/J{::ktf~ T, Jil::~-::i
p}f I :: it
f Jli
L~ 1
1)
1) f L
;fht77
t: 'J-f60)-/J{tf~ Ti"a
h ~~IE I:: it n'lv::.. <
L ( \ \ i -1± ,.{_, fJ \
t. = t: fJ { ct I) i -t = *"- fJ' G \ \ .; \ \ .; fJ_'
-::>
0
-z-- -f a t5" \ ' }; ~ ~;ftp :f± f Jl f: \ ' t: }~ -::i ( \ ' i -f a -CG
tlvl>e
1) t Jlf: \ 'T-t a A ;t'- '/ 11-lf "/ i'J-fJ{tf ~ T-t a 8 *O)if i; fJ.-~ ;!'-::>
B*-AO)ftf:'-t;ff:
< ~,.{_,,f'~-::i(, B*-t~T\,_;\,_;fJ.·:
t: f~i5
L f: \ 't: ~ -::i -Z \ 'i -ta l -/J' -::if: G, ;!:;~$< t:· ~\'a
:ilii'lf
neighborhood
)C 1t
(.;: ,\; iJ') : ;fl TJ' G
culture
: t'.
things; matters
h
reply
~* ( h ""- ,\; L::)
from now on
L
E
S
S
0
N···························12J
Tanabata Festival 132
-M
1f (fr il' L)
l>tJ°h'L
(ancient times)
133
134
~' Jf-
.:!±..
.:!±..
.:!±.. A
*
l
*
h
rp (.:. ") '"'- L)
;flf p
(God)
(9) '
~.z
.!f-\ \ Oi-?v>)
7
:flflt± ( t. A.- t. "'(> )
shrine
j
i
Kobe City ;f
;fl
;fn
ffl
*3 *¥
early
..!f-~ ~ -9 6 Ui-? ;13 ~ T J.:>) to get up early ..!f-~ ( f- ") i? J: ") ) early morning n e A .§. (6) \ ..!f~ ~ 6 (;13 ~ J.:>) to get up ~: -9 (;13.:. "t) to wake someone up ~Jr.-9 6 (~VJ 0-t J.:>) to stand up
[>(;;!:~
(early)
7
I> 7 L (cow)
~L [>-J
t: (v> 0 "' 0 ;J:) various
k
l>°h'h.
~ ~-- rp
~k
;flf 1t (LA, C: ")) Shinto religion
:7
(to get up)
1~ fh
( C: ~ C:' ~ ) sometimes
;flP ~ l (il'lJ. ~ i) God
L£
~
138
mr k ~t,.<_,
~~
4
w C: cf' u people
(3) I
I>})
137
A.k (symbol of repetition of a kanji)
136
139
+r
+-
(8) -
(;t:Ll3 fr il' L) ancient times
{} k (fril' Lfril' L) once upon a time
k 135
* {}
old times
{f~i;-(fril' Uf;J: L) old tale
°h'
+
(10) -
;:!:
f
4(-7 L) cow 4~L( ~--~")~=~"))milk -3-4 ( .:. ") L) calf; veal ~ (4) / !::=-. 4 ~. 7 (0il'j) to use
*1:>1!\1! (
-t
jl=
1
1- 1'
1n
1a 1!Y
~~··7
fh < OH: I? <) to work ~fh ~ ( C: b ti't: G ~) both husband
(to work)
7Jfh (0 (13) I
"Occupied"
r r r
~
~
1!
and wife working
") C:' ")) labor
1
~
errand
(8)
l>lif: G !if: G
~
1iffl t:f ( L J: ") i? ~ -? )
(to use)
J
%:
4 ~ ( ~-- ~ ") ~= \ ) beef
t: v' L) ambassador \(;1307,)'v')
~
~
,
1f
J f7 fh
140
1! 141
$1J 142
oc
143
$ 144
145
-t
~;ft,.{,
:it ;It T l}t
[> "J
®J:it(.::.
6 (-::::> h -C ii' X. J.i)
< h!v)
:itf;f..(h!v ~ ~
-
to bring (a person) back
United Nations
-J) consecutive holidays
I
A
Fl
·w.
!
1!
(to link)
(10)
~......;::--:)
r>hn'
$1J ;It 6 ( ;b ii' h J.i ) to separate $1] I::: (,..Z-::::>v:) not in particular $1J -f,f ( c < ,..,Z-:::> 7J:) special ft $1J ( 2' ,..Z-::::>) discrimination $1Jh I::: (,..z0,..,z0v:) separately
(to separate)
(7)
~~--
-It. (v'-/::, c') once ~ Jt. (.::. Iv c') near future
§.
§
t~
r7
I
)Jfil.Jt. (;13
0
0
$
]
$1
$1J
.:::. +z (~Iv
!v c') temperature
t. ~ -J c') 30 degrees
(time; degrees)
~lt_(t.::v'c'') _,_ (9)
~-tt~ l>Sn'
-$ (;j;yil') red color -$ \ \ (;j;yil'v') red -$ f; ~ ,.{_, (;j;yil'-/::, ~Iv) baby -$~ (-\!" ~ t·'-J)
i/t--T* (7)
(red)
t"
J
.:l=-
-ft (;f;y;S) blue color
[>;.f)j:?
-'ff ~(-t!"V>tl.!v)
-ft 1§ ~ (8)
(blue)
[>\ \..;
L .t
<
(color)
re=
~
It. the equator
T- 1t w-- -$ -ft\\ (;f;y;Sv>) blue
youth
-'ff '.1: ( ;j;y 1> {'' G)
blue sky
=F
.=E-
-r-
11 11 -ft
~(v>0) color
~h
-f,f
(v'0 v'0 IJ:) various
t~ ~ ( c <
~
J#=
( {f;y 1> L Iv.::."-? ) green light +
-
r
(-\!" ~ t. ~-? t.) the Red Cross +
-
attitude
~{t\ \
~L~
:it
(6) /
h
L J:
~ ~ ( ~t
L ~) scenery
< ) characteristic a,
Lf,
LJ,
~
( ~ indicates the on-yomi and [> indicates the kun-yomi.)
A.
Match the reading, kanji, and translation.
i:Jn'
Example:
L
1. Ii~(\') 2.
t?(~ 6)
3.
-:) n'
4.
hn'(*1-6)
· ~ ·
5.
ctn'
· -$ ·
c-n
·
·
6. (tj?
\..;
7.
\
8.
-J
· to use
~~·it .
L
.
cow
11-~togetup 4 · ·early ·color ancient times
·~·
· to separate
• $1J •
·blue
· 1!.
·red
B. Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below? 1.
C.
7
2.
-+
;z,
-+
3.
7J
-+
4. ~
-+
Which new kanji from this lesson shares the same component as each pair of kanji below? Example: 1.
~
ti 1±
lW
-+
1t .:¥-
2. ~
3.
7j
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the heavens; the sky
~ 6
ff~ i
God
:Itn T ')W 6
(t;-f"&')) iL&')(fJ.·)
daughter
):tr.
serious; sober; diligent
~'h \ \ -'(- 7 (fJ.·)
(if.: ~ ~ 6 ( j:; 6)
to weave
-.5f- I: - ;t".
once a year
;f,i 6"-'
one ...
'""i Tl:
by . . wish
*
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<
(fJ.·
to get angry to bring (a person) back
<)
to cry pitiful
*.A. ( j:; t'. -fJ.·)
adult
~\'
)t--:Jlt6
to find
~' -f.J:
7
'R.o:>Jll (;¥,ii q)~{;b)
the Milky Way
:f(L.J.:
i; (hf.: L f.: i;)
foJ= 7 (t;= 7)
the other side; over there
'"" -rJ.·
r··
4
cow
t: 1v~·· <
strip of fancy paper
farm
A.k
people
t: It)
1111 (Ii
3.
(.Z,,.--:Jlt6)
t·· -J L T # ~ i L:t ~ 'J i L };
s.
t·· -) L T ~t. f: t; Ii
.:
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(tl~'°\ ')
to be realized we
and so forth
o
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c
3 lJ -C -t'O)~l, l>ll'
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lJ tct»: I-'El3 (reason) ti~ '! l\b?
a:;-:J
tJ1fu
Appendix
c2" ( l., Vu l (2" <, l., )/,,;
Japanese-English
352
2 English-Japanese
365
B'-t±fu~ IO IJ/,, '5
Map of Japan
378
9-
~
Numbers
380
b'O-
~'j!i,Efj~ 1Jl:J~5t)J:j
Conjugation
Chart
382
s h
Japanese-Eng
(Conversation and Grammar section)
®
~- .... ·~jedj~~ri
®~
(Reading and Writing section) (V.jl, ){!-:::>(Greetings)
G
(e)
ro~~m~
7 -{ :::Z? 1) SL \tc M ® 5 it 7 7r:J t---i-:7
L;
BJl ~ \
*}(
®~
::> "(
~ L6
~L3
the day after tomorrow
~ L4(e), ~LS
~L6
sr.::r.::1J'L\ 8*.iJ'\ I warm ~L10 St.:* li~ head ~L7(e) sr.:*1J'L\L\ iijli)<'\ 11 I bright; smart; clever
*JT L 1
1
~L7
~L5
new
l,\l,\ good ~L3 L \I, \x No.; Not at all. !,\!,\(:
® l_, ~ leg; foot ~ L7(e), ~ L 12 7:>'71:tfu~~5 7:/7:!iif1E Asianstudies ~L1 ® l_, t: B}l B tomorrow ~ L3, ~ L4(e) ® t <: over there ~ L2 ®t13\ JQ!,;: to play; to spend time pleasantly [u]
®t.::S L,L\
®::>L\ AA\1 hot(thing) ~L5 ®::>L\ ~11 hot(weather) ~L5 (-O))®c {ft after(anevent) ~LS-II,~L11
\
{ft-r· lateron ~L6 ®tJ.t.: you ~ L4 ®~ :i(iji (my) older sister ~
7H-
I'--
toshow(someone)around
(over there)
~ L2
~L1 apartment
L7
~L7
111-J-
~G ~L9
good child
l,\l,\(:c gooddeed ~L10-II L\5 '§-) tosay[u] ~LS L \x home; house ~ L3
*-
-L \~
~it~
bound for. . .
~ L 1 O(e)
-{~l):::Z Britain ~L1, ~L2 L \ <, :ft < to go [ u] ~ L3 l,\( 5 how much ~L2 l,\l_,f.> ~-1f doctor ~L1, ~L10 l,\l.;;bQ (1(/:) ;t:l:i!l,~ mean-spirited ~L9 l,\g chair ~L2(e), ~L4 L \t1JI l_,l, \ ·l't L \ 1 busy (people/days) ~ L5 l,\t(' ~< . tohurry[u] ~L6 L\t.::L\
L \ tt: tt: ~
®cc
® 0) that SO) um
~~LS-II
questionnaire ~H9-II
[irr.]
to open (something) [ru]
® ~ Jf,IJ morning ~ L3 ®~c:ld:fu Jf,IJ :··~ breakfast
®~
~L4 ~ L2
~G
~ L 10
fall
!lfl It~
®l:t Q
G
~~ L 11-II
cheerful
1
~LS
~ LS
part-time job
®fu1CJ;l,\gQ ~P'l-t~
~L9, ~L9(e)
red
~ L3
not much
~LS
that one (over there)
7/7-1'--
~L9, ~L9(e)
blue 1
sn
~ L4
~~L11-II
outdoor activities
1
®1J'Q l, \
7)vl\-{ !'--
to meet; to see (a person) [u]
1f1 ®1J'L\ i/f.1 ®([)!,\
~ L3
~ L4
between
~ftl12-II
® o 1J'c 5 C:~'L\*9 Thank you. (polite) SQ there is [u] ~L4 SQone ~~L12-II ®QL\"C ~11-r onfoot ~L10 SQ( ~ < to walk [u] ~L12
[irr.] irregular verb
ice cream
rain
® 5 5 5JG 7 to wash [ u] ® fJ 1)\ C 5 Thank you. ~
(number of exercise in the Reading and Writing section) [ru] ru-verb
negative
f,fu
®~1J'131Q f,fuiJ<'ili}~ it rains [u] 7 ;;{ 1) 7J U.S.A. ~ L 1 , ~ L2
useful Expressions I · Il · Ill ...... (~~#~~ii)
[u] u-verb
* * fJ +
L \ tr I 1 sweet ~ L 12 ®*0)1)\b J::.(l)Jlj theMilkyWay
® ~ ...... ~~3' >z:i~*i
'Jiti1
*9 1
-{ 9 1) 7
Italy
L Y!)1)\::>
- fl
1.,\'!5c:5 L,t-> L \'!) t.;; -1*
hurt;painful
~L12
Thank you for the meal. (before eating) ~~ L6- III ~ L4(e)
January
--'5-.if-
CarNo. l
one o'clock
l,\'!)l.;;1J'fu -1*M
~L10(e)
~ L 1, ~ L 1 (e)
onehour
~L4
~
l,Y!);Qfvttl, \ -~:i. first-year student ~ L 1 L \!)tlful<:L \!)c -~ 1:-m'. once a year ~L 12-II l,Y!51ct'fu -'li- best ~L10 l,\!)l(t'fu51_,o -'li-{~ . .; lastcar;tailend ~L10(e) LY!51ct'fviJ;x -'li-ilrr firstcar;frontend ~L10(e) l, \:) when ~ L3 L \:)fJ' .Ji 8 the fifth day of a month ~ L4(e) l,\::>c!l,\ -JW. oneyearold ~L1(e) l, \ ::> L ~I<: -kif I: together ~ L5 l, \:):) s. -:J five ~ L9 L \ ::> "C ~ iJ; 9 I'll go and come back. ~ G l, \::>"CS::> !_, f.> l, \ Please go and come back. ~ G l, \ ::> 13\fu -ft one minute ~ L 1 (e) l,\:)t, always ~L6-III, ~L8 l, \/1J :*.. dog ~ L4 l,\iJ; ~ now ~L1
it~
L \dj.
l,\t,5c
meaning
~ L 11 (e), ~ L12
(C:.fu) ~(~Iv)
younger sister ~L1, ~L7
l, \ S ::> !_, f.> l, \iJ;tt Welcome (to our store). ~ L2 l, \ I) '!5 Ao entrance ~ L 10(e) l, \:Q (a person) is in ... ; stays at ... [ru] ~ L4 l, \Q to need [u] ~ L8 l,\o ~ color ~L9 l, \ol, \o (tJ:) various ~ L9-II
<·
~ L 11
)iii: 1[:6
sea
uh-huh; yes
~L10-II
~L8
5Iv "C Iv 9 Q if~-t 6 5 Iv c.' 5 9 Q iftb-t 6 [irr.]
~L9
xl,\fJ\ X l, \ C
ll;l(@J ~
t!
movie
xfufY::>
~F9
...
f,l-jjf
~)'i;L6-I, ~L10 yen
~L2
pencil
~L2, ~L2(e)
Sl, \ L l, \ delicious ~ L2 S5131<. ft.1l roundtrip ~L10(e) SSl, \ 'ffe \ ' there are many. . . ~ L 12 SS~L\ :k ~ \ 1 large ~L5 :::f-::::Z i"-51)7 Australia ~L1, ~L11 SfJ'®c!fu })~~Iv mother ~L1, ~L2 SfJ'xl) (tJ:C:.L\) Welcome home. ~G Sb'!_, }) ~ -T snack; sweets ~ L 11
*
SfJ'G t? money ~ L6 S~Gti'!5 t?*#~ ri~p~oo ~L10 S~:Q ~~ 6 to getup [ru] ~L3 S<::Q ~6 togetangry[u] ~L12-II Sc! l:t t? 5@ sake; alcohol ~ L3 S l)l, \(!Iv grandfather; old man ~ L7 S !_, X Q ~ ;:(. 6 to teach; to instruct [ ru] ~ L6 S lJ i:" 5 C:. Iv guardian deity of children ~ L 1 0-II SL,~5fJ\:) t?.iE.!1 New Year's ~)'i;L10-II, ~L11 Sl_,I)
buttocks
SGo
}):I}#.
~L7(e)
castle
~L5-II
~L1, ~L7 ~ L 11
~L5
tosell[u]
-xiv
* (~
~L7
5 '!5 home; house; my place ~ L3 5 '!5 Ill> 5 0 <: 5 !_, 1' 'i!H!Hr± astronaut 5:Q 5fv
~L1
!I\ station
*-
51_, 4- cow ~L12-II 5 Go 1~.; back ~L4 5 t1 <. to tell a lie [u]
5#
yes
Stl, \ :ill\ ' slow; late ~ L 10 St<. :ill < (do something) late ~)'[; L4- III, ~ L6 St<. tJ::Q :ill< 1".i.· 6 to be late [u] ~ L8 Sicl,\l)I<: t?:k.l: Getwellsoon. ~L12 S '!5 f.> t? green tea ~ L3 S"Cili.5 S L \ t?-t-57\'; \ ' restroom ~ L 12 S"C S t? ~ temple ~ L4 SC 5 c! Iv t? X ~ Iv father ~ L1 , ~ L2 SC 5 C ( C:. Iv) Iv) younger brother
5 5fv uh-uh; no ~L8 5x ...t on ~L4
5tc. ~ song ~L7 5tc.5 ~ 7 to sing [u]
XX X~
.. ~353
to drive [irr.J
~ L8
to do physical exercises
~L3
English language
~ L1
SC <: 515 man ~ L 11 - II Sc<:O)<: 515 (1)-f- boy ~L 11 Sc<:O)Oc 515(1)A mm ~U SC Cl,\ the day before yesterday ~ L4(e) Sc C L the year before last ~ L4(e) SctJ: :k.A adult ~L12-II Sc:Q Jlffl 6 to dance [u] ~L9 SfJ:fJ' stomach ~ L7(e), ~ L 12 S1J:fJ'fJ'9 <, to become hungry [u] ~ L 11 Sl<:l, \(!Iv }))L ~ Iv older brother ~ L 1, ~ L7 SGx-C:.fu }):1($~ Iv older sister ~L1, ~L7
Stl1J'l,'G*9 (~~) ... , please. ~L2 Slcf®C: fu grandmother; old woman ~L7
Sl1310 ;!:;,@,Us bath ~L6 S131ol;:l;l:l,'7a) ;l:J)i{,g 1::A.6 to take a bath [u] ~L6
S"-fu L:; S"-fuC.
;!:;~:$"-
5
reply
;!:;-#-~
~ L11-II
boxed lunch
~L9
Sl~XQ '.lt ;;{_ 6 to memorize [ru] ~ L9 if.>*:) t) ;!:;~ ') festival ~ L 11 S* fu L:; ~ 5 sweet bun ~~ L4-III S#~lj' ;!:;±Ji souvenir ~L4 Sti 5 ,~ ") to think [u] ~LS if.) ti G 3 l,' iID 8 \ ' interesting; funny ~ L5 S ti '5 rice cake ~~ L 1 0-II S ti '5 t-> toy ~ L 11 S~9# (1(1:C,"l, ') Good night. ~G SJ::<· ],')(.(' toswim[u] ~L5 if.) t) Q !lit 1) 6 to get off [ru] ~ L6 Sb7a> ~h6 (something) ends [u] ~L9 Sfu1)\( 11~ music ~L3 S fu tt fu )lfu~ spa; hot spring ~ L 11 Sfutcl: -9:: woman ~~L11-II Sfutci:ax:. -9;(7)-J- girl ~ L 11 SfutJ.(l)"()c -j;;(l)J..... woman ~L7
-1)1-1)\
or
~L10
... , but
~L5-II,
1Ji=t£ C.ifJ .-m registered mail ~ L5(e) 1)1 < :l < to write [u] ~ L4 1)\ < til,' # :i. student ~ L 1 1)\ <, b o #~PJ student discount ~ L 1 O(e) -1J11f':) ~ i.l' fl for ... months ~ L 10 1Jllj"7a) (.s!)t.Jltl~) to put on (glasses) [ru] ~L7 1)1 C: bamboo hat ~~ L 1 0-II 1)1 C: lit umbrella ~ L2 1)1 G :ijt-J- snack; sweets ~ L 11 1)1 G ~ ~ "f-- singer ~ L 11 1Jitf Ji!,~~ cold ~ L 12 1)1tf~"()( )i{,~~"fU< tocatchacold[u] ~L12 1)1;;f < ~:b*. family ~ L 7 1J1tc. Fci shoulder ~ L7(e) 1Jitc.l, 'l, 'l, '1J1tc. i.l' t: \ ''§ \ '7f bookish expression ~L11(e)
1J1tc.d-J.'5 Jt:!t oneway ~L10(e) 1)1-:J L: parenthesis ~ L 11 (e) 1)1-:J C:: l, 'l,' good-looking ~ L5 1)\-:J C:: 5 #i'X school ~ L3 1J1 fll corner ~L6(e) 1)1tJ.5 to be realized [u] ~~L12-II tJitJ.Gl,' ;!§ L 1' sad ~~L10-II 1J1G ~ money ~ L6 1JIG ti '5 ~# i:, rich person ~ L 10 1)1(1) L:; J:: 1&'.-9:: girlfriend ~~ L 11-II, ~ L 12 1)1lcffu bag ~L2, ~L2(e) 1)1,3\'f!!; ~n15<. Kabuki; traditional Japanese
c
theatrical art ~L7
1J-7'Y curtain ~L2(e) 1)\l,' L: <, :9~ ® foreign country ~ L 11 1)1t, 'C,":) a~L gate ~ L 10(e) 1)1l,,Gt-> %-:f± company ~L7 1)1l,' Gt-> l, V\J -%-1± ~ office worker ~ L 1 , ~LS 1)1l,,9511fu @]~~ coupons ~L10(e) 1J1l, 'tcfu f'i!i'fe~ stairs ~ L 10(e) 1)1l,,ti(J) YJ'.1 '4W shopping ~L4 1)15 Yi'.") to buy [u] ~L4 1)15 ffel") toown(apet)[u] ~L11 1)1 X 9 ~ i' to return (a thing) [ u] ~ L6 1Jix7a) ~i\';6 to go back; to return [u] ~L3 1)1if.) AA face ~L7(e), ~L10 1)1if.)1)\(V.jif.)l,' AA i.1'1f 1' to look pale ~ L9(e) 1)11)\ < H# science ~ L 1 1)11)17a) to take (amount of time/money) [u] ~ L 10
1Jl13\tt.7a>
~ L9
to put (a hat) on a person's head [ru] ~H10-II
1)1,3\7a) to put on (a hat) [u] ~ L7 1Jid-J. ~ hair ~L7, ~L7(e) 1)1#C:* #1* God ~~L12-II 1J ;;l. 5 camera ~ LS 1)1J:: 5 V: :k.818 Tuesday ~ L4, ~ L4(e) -1)1 S because . . . ~ L6 -1)15 from... ~L7-II, ~L9 1J 5 ;t ?- karaoke ~ LS 1J1StC.I;: 'f!!;~:)lj" Q 1;js;. I::~ "f-:> It 6 to take of oneself [ru]
~L7-II
1)1t)7a) 11§-') 6 toborrow[ru] ~L6 1J1tl 1&'. boyfriend ~ L 12 1J1b JIJ river ~ L 11 1Jipt, 'l,' cute ~ L7 1)1t)l,Vf5 (tJ.) pitiful ~~L12-II
care
HlH4 ophthalmologist ~ L 12(e) D'fuL.( ~00 Korea ~L1,~L2 D'fu'C.l_; ~~!liji nurse ~L11 D' fu I:, ~ '.f'. kanji; Chinese character ~ D'futc.fu(t.J..) ilii~ easy;simple ~L10 D'fulcf'.'L,' 'Yr:.tf Cheers! (a toast) ~LS
~ fu "5 J:; 3 g Q
tifufJ'
~L12 L6
<, fJ\:)
~re.
}t. north
(I:, ~ L 12
'.?E'A
~~Q ~=!:JO)
*&':>6
~*1
L3
(:)
~ L9
dress
,;: 1)
(Q3;
JI!
~ L 12
cloudy weather
green
'*-6
~ L7
~ L7(e)
neck
~ L4
~ L9(e)
tocome[irr.] car
measurement)
~L3
~L7
'.'.ii.;- gray ~L9(e) ?I.IV''.:! !'--:t.J-t.:: credit card ~L10 (01.,' f!!,1' black ~L9, ~L9(e)
~L12
L5
t;J6
tocut[u]
~ 6
to put on (clothes above your waist) [ ru J
~LS ~L7
~tlL,' (t.J.,) beautiful; clean ~ L5 ~fuL,'0 ~~ gold ~L9(e) ~'fuL,'0 ~~ silver ~L9(e) ~ fu7...fu I_; 't> ~;J:tJ!! nonsmoking car ~'fuL. 3 $[lff bank ~L2 ~ fu I:, J:; ilii51f neighborhood ~~ L11-II
country; place of origin
- <:·SI.,' about (approximate ?57.. class ~L4 (Q
~H-:e:
-~· J:; 3 ~ ~rr El line number. ~L11(e) ~ J:; ;fdfu .t;~ last year ~ L4(e), ~ L9 ~SI.,' ( t.J.,) ~ \ ' disgusted with; to dislike ~
~L7, ~L7(e) ~L2
shoes
~;f I) - ::.;
~L10
kimono; Japanese traditional
L9
~ L2
Please give me.
mouth
¥11:
(tit)
~l'GL9-II
~Q ~Q
~ L4(e) ~L1(e)
~ L 11 (e)
( ~~)
(I<: 00 <, "{j §
:l=- "\' ::.r::t camp ~ L11 ~ 1¢> 3 L. 3 .~ff express ~ L 10(e) ~ 1¢> 3 (5.L,' ::h..1#;. nine years old ~ L 1 (e) ~'1¢>31<:1¢>3 4-:fL milk ~L10 ~ 1¢> 3131fu ::h..-B- nine minutes ~ L 1 (e) ~ J:; 3 1- 8 today ~ L3, ~ L4(e) ~ J:; 3 D' I_; J:; textbook ~ L6 ~ J:; 3 tel,' )[.~ brothers and sisters ~ L7 ~J:;3Ji.fJ\C!5Q ~o;f.l.l"S6 tobeinterested(in) [u]
~L8
medicine
expression
<, tc'5.L,' ( "5 o
~ L4, ~ L4(e)
todecide[ru]
~L4, ~L4(e)
~ ~ f e.JU:; to take medicine [ u] ~ <, r.:11rc.1., '1., 'D'tc. < t.:· t+ t: § 1'1i colloquial
~L6(e)
yesterday
~
~ L9(e)
< 9 o ~ 0) iD
~L10(e)
3 a'f 8
air
1L .F.l September ::h..~ nineo'clock
(gt)
:f :9- guitar ~ L9 ~'? 15.7:. fu ~~r,5 cafe ~L2 ~ -:J 7:. t;] :f- postal stamps ~ L5, ~ L5(e) ~ -:J 131 t;Jf
to get nervous [irr.J
~ ful(t'.:) ~~ blonde hair ~fu,£.3?.J ~BIB Friday
<, 3~
~L,,01.,' ]it~\' yellow ~L9(e) ~a:)fu 'A5.ili\. temperature (weather) ~( r:tfl < to ask [u] ~L5 ~ <, r:tfl < to listen; to hear [u] ~ ~tt:) '$W season ~ L10
~7ffe:i"" 6
~ L 1 O(e)
111.,' ~·1.,' f/&51t economics ~ L 1 , ~ L2 111.,,(5.:)fJ'fu If*'§ policeofficer ~L11 7-:l=cake ~L10 'f-b. game ~L7 111J' injury ~ L 12(e) lffJ' ?'H4 surgeon ~ L 12(e) 1115. 1-trl this morning ~LS 11V::1'b. 5j/j L -:J.. f.,, eraser ~L2(e) 119 5i1l'i"" toturnoff;toerase[u] ~L6 11-:J L. 3 c9 ~~ ( i"" That would be fine.; wouldn't be necessary.
That
~ L6
11-:JL.fugQ ~~l}-t"6 togetmarried[irr.J ~L7 If:),£. 3 U: .F.l Bi 8 Monday ~ L4, ~ L4(e) 11 fufJ'g Q to have a fight; to quarrel [irr.] ~ L 11 lffu~ (tel:) :it'A healthy; energetic ~ L5 l:ffu~fJ\1Ci:L,' :it'Al.l<'fJ.·\' don'tlookwell ~L12
-<:::: ~i,Jt in ... time; after... ~ L 10 -- L: ~Po- ... language ~ L 1 C:: 3xfu ~00 park ~L4 C:: 3 <, 3 U]» !ID'i.~f~ airmail ~L5(e) C:: 3 C:: 3 ~t( high school ~ L 1 C:: 3 C:: 3 ttl., \ ~t(:i. high school student ~ L 1 C:: 3 itl., \131-::> L., ::> :J'fe:i.~~ antibiotic ~ L 12(e) C:: x "? voice ~re L 10- II
I::: :f-J[J r: :J -
coffee gold
c"5 -t 3 eating)
c* Cc 1.., rd
1--
concert
..
~L1,~L1(e)
yearsold
~L1
cfJ'ts.
,(!!,
Thank you for the meal. (after
c < 13\A, c If
c-::>1J1
~L2
fish
f'FX
5@
essay; composition
sake; alcohol
11*-
ij" 'Y t.J-
~L11
writer
soccer
~ L1 0
tt~
ij"iftQ
to cut (classes) [u]
-c* cul,\
magazine
~ L \'
~**
*\
c J: 3 ts S
~ L3 ~L9
lonely
~ L 11 ~L5-II
Mr./Ms ....
~L5
cold (weather)
1
~ L9
~ L3
(!"-::> L., cr.JL.,l.,\
Good-bye.
~ G
c Sl., \11'::> ~*fj the month afternext c S L \ L., ~ 3 ~*-11! the week after next ~*--9=-
cSl.,\t.}A,
-cfu
Mr./Ms ....
theyearafternext
~ L9
~ L4(e) ~ L4(e)
~L4(e)
~L1
cfufJ\::> .:=.,F1 March ~L4(e) (!'A,7!£' ,I:. 3 ~~ overtime work ~re LS-II A, cl,\ .:=.W;. three years old ~ L 1 (e)
c
cful.J .:=.ff!f threeo'clock ~L1(e) c Ai l.J-::> 13\fu I c Ai l.J ~ -::> 13\fu .:::. +7J'" minutes
thirty
~ L 1 (e)
(!'A,t.)A, (c9t.))
~~ (T-9 ;t:J.)
That's too bad. ~LS
&-kW A.#
c A,131 L:I fufJ'
~ L 12(e)
gynecologist
c A,13\A, cful3:'9Q
obstetrician and
.:=. 7;'-
three minutes
l&~-9 6
~ L 1 (e)
to take a walk [irr.]
~L3
C::bl.,\ •11fi\' frightening ~L5 C::fufJl-::>75:. ~~:)!lj thissemester ~L11 C:: A,11"::> ~ f1 this month ~ L4(e), ~LS :J ::Jij"-
~WJ.
c 1;:
~L7 ~ L5
surfing
cl, \131
~G
at about...
club activity
« :::;
international relations
C:: "5 S this person (polite) ~ L 11 C:: :5::># +-8 parcel ~ L5(e) C:: c things; matters ~re L 11- II C:: c L., ~-9'- this year ~ L4(e), ~ L 10 C:: c '5 -Ti~ child ~ L4 C:: (J) this . . . ~ L2 C:: (J) C 0 these days ~ L 1 0 L::lcl:A, -::.'~ rice; meal ~L4 L::131A, li.0- five minutes ~ L 1 (e) c61)A,tJ:cl., \ I'm sorry. ~ L4 C::tl thisone ~L2 C:: tlfJ' S from now on ~ L 11- II
-co
i:t-? )[.,
:~:i,Jt I: lastly ~LS- II Jt;t;{jl wallet ~ L2
~ L9-II
excellent food
~ L7 ~ L 1, ~ L2
computer
=============!@~!=========== cl.,\
~ L4(e)
oo~r;!Jt~
convenience store
:J:::; I::'. .:i. -:$7-
-cl,\
~L9(e)
C:: <, l;J"A, ~iK blackboard ~ L2(e), ~LS C:: C:: here ~ L2 <:::: <:::: "f i,Jt P.M. ~ L1 C:: C:: (J)fJ\ iL B the ninth day of a month ~ L4(e) C:: C:: (})::> fL-:; nine ~ L9 eel,\ li-;i;. five years old ~ L 1 (e) L::l.J liff!f fiveo'clock ~L1(e) Ctffu "filfr A.M. ~L1 ctfA,"5~3 "filfro/ inthemorning ~reL9-II C::tcx ~ answer ~L11(e) C::tt:XQ ~~ 6 to answer[ru] ~re LS-II
<:::"St 3
:J:::; i:::·=
ij"- 7
~ L3
cfJ>::> 1i f1 May c::
C:: A, L., ~ 3 ~11! this week ~ L4(e), ~ L6 C::A,c ~&.. nearfuture ~L9 C:: A, 1;: "5 lcl: Good afternoon. ~ G C:: A,l;J"A, ~a)E tonight ~ L3 C::ful;J'fulcl: Good evening. ~G
~!fif o'clock ~L1 L.,(V.)l.,\ ~#- match; game L.,®:t:Jtt(tJ:) '¥-tt happy
-LJ
~L 12 ~L10-II
~L9
[_,
CD (Y-7-1-)
:J-:J"X. VI 7
CD
jeans chef
GD' i'!t#
':&L6
:&L2
+*
~~ L6- III dentist
:& L 12(e)
G 1J'::> E9 fl April :& L4(e) -l.J1J'fv hours ':&L4 G l:t Iv ~~ exam ':& L9 G C: C: 1±*- job; work; occupation ':& L 1, ':&LS l.J G J; #1i' dictionary ':& L2, ':& L2(e) G 9"1J1 (tJ:) 'M>'7' quiet ':& L5 l.J ~ 5 guardian deity of children ~ L 1 0- II
~*M ...
G tt:
r
under
to die [u]
71'.,N';i
month
':&L6
l.J Id:::> ;jz§e departing second ':& L 1 O(e) l.J '(j1J1 l'F .:1$.# otorhinolaryngologist; ENT doctor ':&L12(e)
l.Ji3\fv G#fv'(JJ;
§7]-
oneself
3\,'/v
~L10-II
$~#£Bt
municipal hospital ':&L6
G~~IJ l{tji61)t.J} 1) deadline ':&L11(e) G~Q M 61) 6 to close (something) [ru] ':& L6 l.J ~ d5 then ... ; if that is the case, . . . ':& L2 :Ji' -7 I) :A f-. journalist ':& L 11 G ~ G Iv ~ ll picture; photograph ':& L4 G ~ !) J; 5 :f± {t president of a company ':& L 11 Vi' 'Y shirt :& L 10 Vi' 'J- shower ':& L6 Vi''J-~d5'(JQ ~~ry-~~Y6 ~~~a shower [ru]
':&L6
l.J ~ 5 \, '!)1J\::> l.J~3\,,!;L, l.J ~ 5 \,'!>Ii:!> month
+-fl November +-* eleveno'clock +- 8
:& L4(e) ':&L1(e)
the eleventh day of a
:& L4(e)
l.J ~ 5 \,' ::> {!\,' +-Pl&: eleven years old ':& L 1 (e) l.J ~ 5\,'::>131/v +-7t eleven minutes :& L 1 (e) l.J ~ 51JI::> October ':& L4(e) -G~51J1/v ~~M for ... weeks ':&L10 lJ ~ 5~ ~ 3131/v +7L71" nineteen minutes ':&L 1 (e)
+fl
eighteen minutes
':& L 1 (e)
G ~ 5 * ::> 1J!;R weekend :& L3 l.J ~ 5~::>1)1 +1'9 8 the fourteenth
:& L4
G'!51JI::> -C fl July :&L4(e) G!>l.J -C* seveno'clock ':&L1(e) l.J ::> {!\,' +Pl&: ten years old ':& L 1 (e) G::>"C\,'*9 ~...,-r1,t-t Iknow :&L7 l.J ::> i!,l/v +71" ten minutes ':& L 1 (e) G ::>=Eifv 'it Fa~ question :& L 11 (e) G "(\, 'tt~ :f!f'.itlf{; reserved seat ':& L 1 O(e) l.J -C Iv G ~ § ~.J!i. bicycle :& L2 G~
l.J ~ 5C:131/v +.Ji)]'- fifteen minutes :& L 1 (e) l.J ~ 5 c! fv131/v + ..=. 71" thirteen minutes :& L 1 (e) l.J ~ 5 l.J ten o'clock :& L 1 (e) lJ ~ 3tt~ § re If{; general admission seat :&L 1 O(e) G ~ 5 c Iv ~'it last train :& L 10(e) lJ ~ 3 tJ.tJ.131/v +-C71" seventeen minutes :&L 1 (e) l.J~51i:1J\::> +.::.fl December ':&L4(e) l.J ~ 5 Ii: l.J +.::.%' twelve o'clock :& L 1 (e) l.J ~ 5 li:131/v + .::.7)- twelve minutes ':& L 1 (e) l.J ~ 5 ld:!>131/v/ l.J ~ 5Id:::>131/v +;\.7)-
day of a
:& L4(e)
l.J ~ 5 ~fv131/v +1'97)- fourteen minutes ':&L 1 (e) l.J ~ 50::>131/v +"'7t sixteen minutes :& L 1 (e) l.J~~·J;5 ~~~ class :&L11 l.J ~ < ~ cram school ~L7-II G~ <, tcU tel~ homework :&L5, ':&L11(e) G~l.J~::> -t-UJ operation ':&L 12(e) l.J ~ ::> (! \,) +Pl&: ten years old :&L1(e) G~::>G/v tl:l~ coming from :& L 11 l.J ~ ::> '3\fv +7t ten minutes ':& L 1 (e) G ~ 131 3:.~w housewife :& L 1 G ~ # ~p;j;. hobby ~ L 11-II :J.:z.-:A
juice
':&L12
L J; 3 f.J'\, ,g- 7a> ~11'-t 6 to introduce [irr.J :&L 11 G J; 51J'::> iE fl New Year's ~ L10-II, :& L 11 lJ J; 3 l_, t-> If l» *.J!l.o# (boarding) ticket :&L 1 O(e) l.J J; 5 9" ( tJ:) J:.-'f- skillful; good at . . . ':& LS G J; 51~5 G 5Jll~;?7± firefighter ':& L 11 G&:3S\,' future :&L11 G J; < C. 5 ~'.¥'.'. cafeteria; dining commons ':& L7 l.J J; ~ 5 ·~di: actress :& L 11 G fJ buttocks :& L7(e) GIJ*ttfv ~IJ ;;!:{±-,.(, Idonotknow ':&L7 GQ ~6 to getto know [u] ':&L7
:¥1'*
V)[;J\silver :&L9{e) G 0 3JlJ., castle ~ L5-II Ga\,' 81' white :&L9, :&L9(e)
G 0 <, 0
B~
black and white
LJ~LJ~#:Q L:>SL.;Jl6 -I.Jiu ~A. ... people
G/v1J1/vttfv
~JT~~
':& L9(e)
tostare(at)[ru]
':&L8
:&L 1 Shinkansen; "Bullet Train" ':&L10
GfvC:5
1-§%
trafficlight
':&L6(e)
#:H shrine J':i' L 11 L.,A.,tt::> (1CJ:) tfl.t,7] kind J':i'L7 L., fulcl'.l, \9 ;Q ,-:.;~c-t 6 to worry [irr.] J':i' L 12 L.,A.,13\A., '*!Tr.fl newspaper J':i'L2 L:; A.,;Q l, \1)\ <, A.!ffl !'¥' anthropology J':i' L 1 L:; A., L:; ti
ttfulcl'.::>
7\:;§e
departing first
-t 5 L:; 9:@ :fflfJ!;J;-t 6 -t5c9 That'sright.
J':i'L 10(e)
to clean [irr.]
J':i' L8
J':i'L1
-=f 5 (:g1J'
=======================1@1===1======================== 9l, \~:HJ
7.]<.Bi B
:::Z?I-7::.t
Sweden
Wednesday
J':i' L4, J':i' L4(e)
J':i'L1 J':i'L4
:A-/\.supermarket 9rr (tJ:) ff~ fond of; to like J':i' L5 :A:fski J':i'L9 9 <:· right away J':i' L6 9 C < extremely J':i' L5 9L: L., '.'.}' L a little ~7GL7-II 9 L., sushi J':i' L 1 0 99" L., l, \ j)j\ L \ ' cool (weather) J':i' L 10 9-Crr (tJ) -$"~ nice J':i'L12 9-C;Q :f~T6 tothrowaway[ru] J':i'L8 :A 1-- Lt:A stress ~ L8-II :A ift- ~ sports J':i' L3 9#a::ttfu Excuse me.; I'm sorry. J':i'G gt) 1.it' tolive[u] J':i'L7 9;Q to do [irr.J J':i'L3 gp;Q It 6 to sit down [u] J':i'L6
ttt, \1)\:) :i-5~ life; living J':i' L 10 itl, \jj"l, \lj''1)\ ~%:9H4- orthopedic surgeon J':i'L 12(e) ttt, \ L:; il5c5il politics J':i' L1, J':i' L 12 ttt,\ttrr Jil -tl" ~ 7) 7\:; ~ last month J':i' L4(e), J':i' L9 ttfuL: 5 major J':i'L1 tt A., L., ~ 5 7\:;~ last week J':i' L4, :ft L4(e) tt A.,ttl, \ 7\:;:i. teacher; Professor. . . J':i' L 1 if A., if A., + negative ~~ not at all J':i' L3 1tfute<.97a> 57t:.l-V-6 todolaundry[irr.] J':i'L8
•:13t
I see.; Is that so? J':i' L 1 -t 5 c9~ That's right.; Let me see. J':i' L3 -t <, te::> :i!l! special delivery :ft L5(e) -=f L: there J':i' L2 -t L., L and then ~7G L9-II, J':i' L 11 -=fO) that... J':i' L2 -ttl that one J':i' L2 -ttlb'S and then J':i'L5
1--9:@ togoonadiet[irr.] J':i'L11 tel,\;J=JA.,l:Tl,\ 1;!;.5.iWitt thermometer J':i'L12(e) tel,\ 1)\ <, *-. !'¥' college; university :ft L 1 tcL\1)\ ( l,\A,ttL \ *-. !'f'Bt:i. graduate student J':i' L 1 tel,\1)\ <, ttt, \ *-. !'f':i. college student J':i' L 1, J':i' L8 $7'-{Iy
**\'
tel,\rrSl,\ (tcJ:) tel,\ L:; J; 5131 *-.}:;/<;.
to hate J':i'L5 It's okay.; Not to worry.,
Everything is under control. J':i' L5 tet,\9rr(1CJ:) *-.%~ veryfondof;tolove J':i'L5 tel, \-Cl,\ usually J':i' L3 tcL \(:: 5 b J:: 5 *-.Mt~Ji president of a country J':i'L 11 tcL \1'A, (tJ.) *-.~ tough (situation) ~7G L5-II, J':i' L6 te1J'l,\ iWi \' expensive; high J':i' L2 te1J' S so; therefore J':i' L4 te <.Cs. A., many; a lot J':i' L4 -tel:t just ... ;only . J':i'L11 tetet,\a:; I'mhome. J':i'G te::> ti: -:J to stand up [u] J':i' L6 tec~lct' {71j;;(_(f forexample J':i'L11(e) teO)L.,l,\ ~ L \' fun J':i'L5 teO)l.,#IL:9:@(<€)
~Lhi:::-V-6
~7GL7-II t~if.:~%1..-)
tolook
forward (to) [irr.]
telct'L:1ct95 te13\A., ?}fl
probably;maybe
tosmoke[u]
J':i'L12
teA:tiO) ~"'tb food J':r L5 teA:;Q ~,-..;:6 toeat[ru] J':i'L3 tetl who J':i'L2 ti: A., C: ~ ~ word; vocabulary J':i' L9 tefut!.'<. strip of fancy paper ~L 12-II tefu L:; J: 5 {} ~:i. B birthday J':i' L5
J':i'L6
~(l,\fvl
4'-#~
"'[fJ\"Jj
c 'i!' Q tc l:t !5L,~L' 1J,::1' small ~LS !5 tr < l1i < near; nearby ~ L4 !51J'"'L-:> :ti3r~ subway ~ L 10 !5 t: < 9 Q :ilf$;JJ-t6 to be late (for an )(
(my) father
*
~ L4
letter
~ L 12
as much as possible
:±lo
~L10(e)
exit
~ C !J J:; 3 probably; ... , right' 'TA. t-- test ~LS
L:-:>tc 3
:r=:::z
~ L 11
appointment) [irr.] !)!)
c(·!)
4'-17i -J
~ L 12 ~ L6
to help [u]
~L3
tennis
clcl:, Sl:ffu'i!'c
~L?
!5 ti green tea ~ L3 !lt>L'~L' brown ~L9(e) !51i1>3C( t:f:'OO China ~L1, ~L2 !5 til> 3 !J t> 5.ih C: a little ~ L3
•H359
;J:;:Jt'A T
Tli,
Take care.
~HS-II
*~\'
7-'J \- 1--
department store
L 131 < ~ 4'-~ c=l:i LS CQ
gloves
but
~L3
4f
temple
:±l 6
~ L4
~ L 10
~ L4
to appear; to attend; to exit [ru]
~H6-I; ~L9
-:>L 'tc.!5 - 8 the first day of a month ~ L4(e) -:>1J'3 ~-) to use [u] ~L6 -:>1J't1 "LL 'Q t&:n T 1 '6 to be tired ~re L8-II -:>1J't1Q t&:n 6 to get tired [ru] ~ L 11 -:>~· ;jz next ~ L6 -:>~'!;::: ;jz1: secondly ~L8-II -:>~'lcl:~ ;jzj;t~ next(stop),. ~L10(e) -:> < Q 1'f 6 to make [u] ~ L8 -:>l:t Q to turn on [ru] ~ L6 -:>c3fJ\t.)Ql,' $~1.1{,~\' inconvenient; to have a scheduling conflict
~ L 12
:i!n T <
6
»:
LA,
to bring (a person) [irr.] ~L6
the heavens; the sky ~ ,.?,,
... points
L A,'Q'
~'A '!['A
weather
c A,'Q'
T "'../ i7 'Y
T-shirt
"LLV~l:tfu Jt:)tlj~ "'LL':tdL,tJ:L'L'fJ'tc.
7- I-cfJ'l:tQ
DVD
~L7
commuter'spass T
1 't.11
d,i:-§1
~L10(e)
'1J
~ L 11 (e)
date (romantic, not calendar) ilil.l'lt6
~ L1 O
~ L2
DVD (5""-1-::i"-171'-)
expression
with (a tool)
togoout[ru)
~ L3
~LS
polite
electricity
~ L 12-Il
~ L 11 ~LS ~ L2(e); ~ L6
"'Lfu~J:I~ 3 ~'A f"~ weather forecast ~L8 !J ti '/[~ train ~ L6 "'Lfui3\S ~.;: i, tempura ~L10 C fub 'l[gi!; telephone ~ L 1 cfut.)gQ '1[~-t6 tocall[irr.) ~L8 cfub~fJ'l:tQ 'l[gi!;~l.l'lt6 tomakeaphone
CA,
~L6
C: p door ~re L 10-II ~ C: together with (a person) ~ L4 ~C. ~It. ... degrees (temperature) toilet, restroom
j-.-( [.;
~ L 12
~L2(e)
door
~ L2
C.3 !J "'L why ~L4 C. 3T' Please.; Here it is. ~ L2 3 c91J' How about ... ?; How is . . < ~ L3 C 3 =l:i Thank you. ~ L2 C.3 ~-::> L how; by what means ~L 10 C:S + ten ~L9 C: Sb' + 8 the tenth day of a month ~ L4(e) C: 'i!' when . . ; at the time of. . . ~ L4 C: 'i!' C. 'i!' k sometimes ~ L3 C: l:t l,' watch; clock ~ L2 C. t: where ~ L2 C: t: ~ "*-& barber's ~ L 10
c "'L 4'- hand; arm ~L?(e) ~ C by (means of transportation);
~ L3
~LA,
1'7
~L12-II
-:>t1 "'L < Q
TV
call [ru]
-:>C:~Q f/]&?6 to work for [ru] ~L7 -:>*StJ:L' boring ~LS -:>~tc.L' P?-t~\' cold(things/people) ~L10 -:> t) fishing ~ L 11 -:>t1"L1J':~.Q :f!;h T~6 to bring (a person) back [u]
7 [.; I:::'
*
*
*H
360•··~*
cL:o r!T place ftL8 CL: 0 ""C by the way ft L9 C L., Jf. year ~J'G L 1 0- II cl,,J:.'/J'fv !2ilil'tt library ftl2 C:"!:i S which ft L 10 C::>~~5 #~ superexpress ftL10(e) C: ::> "!:> which ft L 1 0 c"'Cti very ftL5 cts. 1J FJ\t next ft L4 C: (}) which . . . ft L2 C: (}) <:· S l, \ how much; how long ~ L 1 0 I-- 7< 1-- tomato ft L8 58 i 6
C *:@
to stay (at a hotel, etc.) [u]
c ti ti: "!:>
"ff_ Ct;
friend
C:J:5lJ
±818
Saturday
t-: 5
drive
-{"::;I"
c:Q c:Q
ll: ~'-f.>'/)1 (tJ) lively ft L5 I<:( ~ meat ftL2 ll:~l,\ .::.~ twoyearsold ftL1(e) ll: ~Iv ll: "!:> .::..:::_ 8 for two to three days ft L 12 ll: L., 11§ west ~ L6(e) ll: lJ .::.lfif two o'clock ~ L 1 (e) I<: lJ ::> 13\fv .::.-t)J- twenty minutes ft L 1 (e) ll: LJl(tfv .=.!fif-'f. half past two ftL 1 i<:L.,~5'/J'fv*x =~Miltr twoweeksago ftL4(e)
ll: lJ ~ 5 J: ::> '/J' .::.-t-1'3
ft L 1 ~L3; ftL4(e)
ft L 11 ftL4
:Jll6
totake(apicture)[u]
:l[X.6
to take (a class); to get (a grade) [u] ~H7-II, ftL11
c:Q to take off [u] ~L 10-II C: fl which one ft L2 cfu'/J'--::J porkcutlet ~L2 cfuf(J. what kind of... ft LS
the twenty-fourth day of
~ L4(e)
a month ft L 10
8
ll: lJ ~ ::> 13\fv .::.-t)J- twenty minutes ft L 1 (e) 1<:"!5J:5lJ 8818 Sunday ftL3,ftL4(e) -ll:--::Jl, \"'C about ... ; concerning... ft L8 ll: ::> ~ 8 tC. diary ~ L9-II ll:131fv .::.)]- two minutes ft L 1 (e) ll:l~fv 8;;js;. Japan ~L1 ll: l~fvC: 8 ;;js;.?o Japanese language ft L 1 ll:l~fvlJfv 8;;js;.A. [apanese people ftL1 1;:: ti--:> .J\/Hw baggage ft L6 -ll:fv ~A. [counterforpeople] ftL7 l<:fv~'/)\
============~@)==! ============ l*Jf+
tJ;l,\'/)1
physician
;fd'/)\l,\
ft L 12(e)
;fdL:
ts::
-;fdfv
-tJ:c
summer andsoforth
~l'i:L12-II
wish
11il cat ft L4 ;fd--::>tJ'®:Q $7)<;f, 6
tJ:'/J' i:f inside ft L4 tJ;'/)\l,\ -&_1' long ftL7 ts. ( 51r. < to cry [u] ~H 12-II t;J.( g to lose [u] ftL12 .:l_
ljj1'
;fdct)l,\ ;fd:@
ft L8
§~ \ '
~ 6
-;fdfvttl,
~l'i:L12-Il
-C~ sevenyearsold ftL1(e) tsu:: -C-:> seven ft L9 t;J.tJ:131fv -C)J- seven minutes ft L 1 (e) fif.ll:'/J' M7i' something ftL8 fiJ.l<:ti + negative Mt not ... anything ftL7 f(J.(J)'/J' -C 8 the seventh day of a month ft L4(e)
to have a fever [u]
to sleep; to go to sleep [ ru]
~;p
..
\
~Jf.:i-
ftL 12
ft L 10
sleepy years
...
ft L3
ft L 10 year student
ft L 1
t;J.tJ;~l,\
*
fiJ. X i; iltr name ft L 1 fif.S5 51fi-) tolearn[u] ftL11 t;J.:Q tobecome[u] ftL10 t;J.fv/fiJ.I<: M what ftL1
ll:'/J'11"--::>*x l<:tJ\--::> .::.~
.::.7),~ilfr February
twomonthsago ftL4(e)
.) - 1--
notebook
-(})""C
because . . .
©c throat (J)ctJ'tJ'b <
ft L2 ft L 12
ft L 12 (!)
r·"1Vi~
<
to become thirsty [u] ftL 12
©Ii:@
ftL4(e)
it6
toclimb[u]
ftL11
©#ti© ~h.iw drink ft L5 (})ct) jk t' to drink [ u] ft L3 (}) 1J '/J' X 1) :!fk: ;;(_ transfer ft
L 1 O(e)
(}):@
ft L5
*
*
6
to ride; to board [ u]
~
Id: 1'E" tooth ft L7(e), ft L 12 H-7-
ld:r.::l:t i1ll farm ~l'CL12-II ld:r.:'5 .::::.+Jt: twentyyearsold ftL1(e) ld:r.:S<. ~< towork[u] ftL11 ld:r.:~(13:@ !if: f~6 to weave [u] ~L12-II ld:'5f.J\:) 1\.)1 August ftL4(e) ld:'5 lJ /\.1* eight o'clock ft L 1 (e) ld:'5131fv /\.'1]'- eightminutes ftL1(e) Ii':) x (wrong) ft L 11 (e) l(l::)(l=Jfv Je;:g- pronunciation ftL11(e) ld::)fJ' .::::.+ 8 the twentieth day of a month ftL4(e) Id::::> (!l,' /\.)t: eight years old ft L 1 (e) Id::::> 13\fv 1\.0'- eight minutes ft L 1 (e) ld:U .J;_ nose ftL?(e) ld:U it flower ft L 12 lcJ:tJL.,~g:@ ~fi"6 tohaveatalk[irr.J ~l'CL9-II ld:1J:9 ~-t to speak; to talk [u] ft L3 ld:ld: -II}- (my)mother ftL7 ld:~l,' .!j!-1' early ftL3 1!1 \ fast ftL7 ld:~l,' (do something) early; fast ftL10 ld:f-> <. .!f-<11!< ld:S5 :J'ld to pay [u] ftL10 ld::Q ~ spring ftl10 ld:tl EJt;t't. sunny weather ftL12 ld:fv lf- half ftL1 }(/
-li'fv
bread
~:flf.
ft L4 number ...
ftL11(e)
li'fvL::5 :flf.-'5- number ftl1 Ii' Iv L:: Id: Iv IJ)t. ::· ~ dinner ft L3 -li'fvttfv ~:i-K>JR tracknumber ... }(/'Y pants ftL10 J\/ r: band ~L11-II J\/J\-jj'hamburger
~7 .,/
piano
t:::'-J[;
beer
01)\ (_,
0 <.
.lit 5!\! <
H>361
ftL10(e)
ftL3
ft L9 ftL11 ft L6(e)
east
to play (a string instrument or piano) [u] ftL9
OL: 5~ ~1T~ airplane ft LS ~"if· pizza ~L6-III, ftL9 o~ l.,131 b :z L .;~ IJ it has been a long time t:::':J+"A business ftL1, ftl2 lJ ~ :)f.Jlfv ~Vllftt art museum ft L11 Ore fJ ii.. left ft L4 fJ t.J't> ir..-OlU left side ft L6(e) rJ:::> <. fJ g:@ to be surprised [irr.] ~ L 10-II
ftL 11
a
ore. Oc
A.
Oc:)
0 C: :)/1)
ftL4
person one
--:>
--:> §
Ocrfc A.k
ftL9 first
people
ft L6(e) ~L12-II
OC:fJ
-A. oneperson ftL7 OcfJC' -A. z-· alone ftL4
01311J1 011; (tJ)
Bi:./l# B~
dermatologist
ftl12(e)
not busy; to have a lot of free time
ft LS
0: J:: 5 l, 'Iv ~?§:.~ beauty parlor ft L 10 {Jj:; 5l,'fv ~~ hospital ftL4 0: J:; 5 ~ ~ 3n. illness; sickness ft L9, ft L 12(e) Oc1;SlJ11>fvi:' ~~~ standardJapanese ftL11(e) O:Q 1f: noon ~L9-II 0 Q L:: Id: Iv 1f: ::· ~ lunch ft L3 0: Iv f~ flight ft L 10 ~/? pink ftL9(e)
================!@~1============= 131 <. Ril clothes ft L 12 131r.::) .::::.-:> two ftL9 131r.::)/1) .::::.-:> § second ft L6(e) 131r.: o z.): two people ft L7 131r.: fJ 9-':) z.); -f'-:> two people each 130 5 ~ii local (train) ft L 10(e) 131:)1J' .::::. 8 the second day of a month
ft L 11 (e) ft L4(e)
362
···~*
131:J1J1J:;l,) .::..a~\' hangover 131(: :J -Cl, '*9 :k-, Z \ 't -t
ftl12 to be on the heavy
ftL7
side
131(:Q :k~ togainweight[u] ftL7 1311;J.?JA, !&'.i1~ surface mail ft L5(e) 131:fd !&'.} ship; boat ft L10 1311'il> ~ winter ftLS 131Ql,) \!;"\' old(thing) ftL5 :::fL.r!Z':::; l- present ft L 12 1310 ,ij,\g bath ftL6 1310li:lcl:l,)Q ..@.\g l::A.~ to take a bath 13\A,1)1 ::>z: 1t culture ~re L 11-II 13\fut.)'i(. ::)(:'#- literature ftL 1, ~reL7-II 13\A,1£3 ::)(:)! grammar ftL11(e)
ftL6
[u]
==============16)~1=========~
ft LS in particular
ftL7 "'-:;} -"'-:;}
~~
ftL6
page
'liBJ.i
pagenumber. room
ftL11(e)
ftL5
'°':::; ftL2, ftL2(e) '°'"'~ ~ 39Q ~5$-t ~ pen
to study [irr.]
ftL3
"'fuel., -#-ill!± lawyer ftL1 ~A, t; 11&$'- reply ~ L11-II
'°'"' (: 3 "'fu
I'.) (t;J.)
-#- 113 1~5f1J
boxed lunch convenient
ft L9 ft L7
=====================!(@!:=1====================== la: 3 If A, 7)-§ dialect ft L 11 (e) 1a;· 3 L., '11~ -T hat; cap ft L2 -la:3~fu ~7Joo serving ... areas ftL10(e) Jt\-.li. platform ft L 1 O(e) it\- .Li. :V 'Y? homesickness ft L 12 m-.li.7... 7-1' homestay; living with a local family ft LS
la:t.JllL: anything else ft L 11 (e) 1a;· <. 1~ I (used by men) ft L5 la: 11 A, 1*~ insurance ft L5(e) -1a:· L., ~ 3 ~ --~ looking for .. . ~re L 11- II Jt\7... l- 7 7.::: 1)- host family ~re L9-II, ft L 11 it\7 Jv hotel ft L4 la:fu ;$:. book ft L2, ft L2(e) la:fu (: 3 c91J1 ;$:. 113 T-t ii' Really? ft L6 la:fu~ ;$:.l.i bookstore ft L4
*®*® okay; so-so ftL 11 -a;l,\ ~;j'5( [counterforflatobjects] ftL5 a;l,)L.,~3 4it~ everyweek ftLS '7?-1'77... minus ftL12 a;l, )Ii:!) 4it 8 every day ft L3 a;l, )ld'.fu 4it!J)E every night ft L3 a;~ WT front ftL4 a;t.)'iQ ff!ltl" ~ to turn (right/left) [u] ft L6(e) a; t; ~ ( tJ:) serious; sober; diligent ~re L 12-II a; g. first of all ~re LS- II a; ti: again ~re L5- II a; iC. + negative not ... yet ft LS a;!) my town; city ftL4 a;:J f~-:i to wait [u] ft L4 a;:J9(' straight ftL6(e), ~reL6-I a;:) I'.) ~ I) festival ft L 11 ~3;c
to (a place); as far as (a place); till (a time)
ft L5
-a;cli: by (time/date) ~ L 12-Il a;C: ~ window ftL2(e), ftL6 a;C:<.:'!5 ~o counter ftL5(e) a; Q 0 (correct) ft L 11 (e) a; A, 1J'i1J1 51: @J cartoonist ft L 11 a; A, t; ~ 3 sweet bun ~re L4-III
*
#~· ;:{; right ft L4 #75:'1.)'ib ;{;{llij right side ft L6(e) dj t; 1.)ll,) 9& \ ' short (length) ft L7 dj 9" 1.}( water ft L3 di- 9"l, )0 7.}( ~ light blue ft L9(e) di- 9" 5 di- );l;fJ lake ft L 11 di- tt J;S shop; store ~re L4-III dj :J 1)1 :=_ 8 the third day of a month ft L4(e) #:Jl:lQ Jl-:ilt~ tofind[ru] ~H12-II dj :J :J :=_ -:i three ft L9 di- C I'.) *tR green ft L9( e) djtJ:C:. A, 1& ~Iv everyone ~reL6-Ill #tJ:# iil'i south ft L6(e) djdj !f ear ft L?(e) #~If ±it souvenir ftL4 di- Q Yl ~ to see; to look at; to watch [ ru] ft L3 #futJ: all ~L7-II, ftL9 djfutJ:c all(ofthepeople)together ftLS
('c
to do; to perform [u]
f.)Q QJ\, )'/JI
7' 8
the sixth day of a month
1
6b
El
)<-)[;
~ L?(e)
breast
Jji1i)
VS~~
'%:
purple
~L9(e)
6b fJI~ ~&_jJ/; glasses ~ L 7 )< ::f.:; :J Mexico ~)'G L5- II .><=.:::i.- menu ~L2
~b1::>tc.S
ti 3 already ~ L9 ti 3g (· very soon; in a few moments/days ~ L 12 ti <, ~ 3 7.J :t.Bi 8 Thursday ~ L4, ~ L4(e) ti Lti L Hello? (used on the phone) ~L7 ti '5 rice cake ~ L 1 0-II ti'50fu ofcourse ~L7 ti :J tf-:> to carry; to hold [ u J ~ L6 totake(athing)[u]
tf .-, -Z < ~ to bring (a thing) [irr.] ti:::> C: more ~ L 11 ti(]) if~ thing (concrete object) ~ L 12 ti S 3 to get (from somebody) [u] ~ L9 ti::>""[< 7al
~a'f ~
to quit [ru]
~L 11
four o'clock 8
Mt t'
~Q
four
~ L4(e)
~L9
to read (u]
f" ff8 ~
~ L 1 (e)
the fourth day of a month
~-:>
~ f-> <
~L7
~ L3
~ L3 ~ L 10
reservation
~H5-II, ~L6
night
l: .i, L O?m.J!1 Li -t
~0 L(iJ)~1Jll,\L*9 Nice to meet you.
1
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fouryearsold
~L1(e)
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four minutes
~ L 1 (e)
~ L6
*-1=.Jtll nextsemester ~L10 *-fl next month ~L4(e), ~LS Sl, \ L t;!l 3 *-11! next week ~ L4(e), ~ L6 Sl,\~A, *--¥ next year ~L4(e), ~L6 Sl,\fJI::>~ Sl,\lf:J
======~~==l@f=! ~~~ L 11
b t;!l 3 tJI <, g Q
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to study abroad [irr.] ~L11
tlt;1J31Jl(itl,\
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if you like
~ L.:;
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lff*
business to take care of
often; much
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the eighth day of a month
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~ 3 tr ;\. 8 ~ 3 lJ ffl "*"
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~ L5 totravel[irr.]
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[.;::.; !--?"/
X-ray
~ L 12(e)
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to understand [u]
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June
~ L4(e)
six years old
~ L 1 (e)
six o'clock ~L1(e) six minutes ~ L 1 (e)
~L4
bfJ':tlQ $1Jfl.6 tobreakup;toseparate[ru] ~L12 bg:tlQ ~ft..6 to forget; to leave behind [ru] ~L6 btc L ;fL. I ~L 1
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~H12-II
btc:Q
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to cross [u]
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(number of exercise in the Reading and Writing section) [u] u-verb
[ru] ru-verb
[irr.] irregular verb
*
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apple IJfvc ftL10 April L,1J'-::> E9 Fl ft L4(e) arm "L ~ ftL7(e) art museum (JLJ1~i-::>1J1fv ~UT~ ftL11 as far as (a place) ~a':c ft L5 as much as possible c~.Qtcl:t ft L 12 Asian studies :P:/:Pl:tfv~lll>3 /;/7,;Jf'J'E ftL1 ask ~< f,/l < [u] ftL5 astronaut 315 ll!> 3 0L. 3 L, "J''ilHltit± ft L 11 at about. . . ~co ftL3 at the time of.. . C:~ ftL4 attend c .Q tB 6 [ru] ft L9 August 1;3;151J'-::> 1\.fl ft L4(e) Australia :;;t-:::Z i'5'J:P ftL1, ftL11
ftL11
again 'iHc. ~L5-II air < 3~ ~J\. ft LS airmail L.3(3(Jfv M:~1~ ftL5(e) airplane 0 L. 3 ~ 91Ht~ ft L5 alcohol CS) Nt (J?) llli ftL3 all OifvtJ. ~L7-II, ftL9 all (of the people) together OifvtJ.c ft LS alone OC:IJc -A. -r ftL4 already ti3 ftL9 always l,Oti ~L6-III, ft LS A.M. L:.·iffv "f-ilir ftL1 and so forth ~tJ.c ~L12-n and then -'f L, "L ~ L9-II, ft L 11 and then -'f::t1.1J1 S ft L5 (get)angry SL..Q "156[u] ~H12-II answer L.tc.X. ~ ftL11(e) answer L.tc.X..Q ~;t. 6 [ru] ~J'GLS-II anthropology l.Jfv.Ql,)1J'< A.~~ ftL1 antibiotic L.3ttl,)13bL,-::> #L:i.*11( ftL12(e) anything else 13:1Jll: ft L 11 (e) apartment ? J\- I' ft L7 appear c.Q tB6 [rul ftL9
================:::=(@)=1 =============== back 3 uo :i~;; ftL4 back (body) ttta::1J1 '!f.P ft L7(e) bad b.Ql,) ~\' ftL 12 bag b'l"J.fv ftL2, ftL2(e) baggage 1:ti-::i f.lJ~w ftL6 bamboo hat 1J1~ ~J'G L1 o-n band JI./ r: ~L11-II bank 'f'±"fvL. 3 ~it ftl2 barbecue J \--"'::\=- .:::i. - ft LS barber's C: L. ti 1*.~ ft L 10 baseball ti~ Ill> 3 ff:f>i<. ft L 1 o baseball player ti~lll>3ttfvL.,l\I> ffl'5Jl.ilH ftL11 bath (S) 1310 CJ?) )il.g ftL6 beautiful ~::11.t,) (ta::) ftL5 beauty parlor (JJ::3t,)fv ~'.\S'.Pff. ftL10 because . . . ~1J1S ftL6 because . . . ~O)c ft L 12 become ta::.Q[u] ftL10 beer ~--Jl.i ftL11 begin l;:l;l.J/;l).Q :Mllt:>6 [ru] ftLS (something) begins l;:l;l.Ja':.Q kH 6 [ul ftL9 best t, )!Jld'."fv -#- ft L 1 o between ®t, )tc iVl ft L4 bicycle LJ"Lfvu'P §~.if. ftL2 birthday tc.fv LJ Jo; 3 a ~:i. a ft Ls black (ol,) "!!!,\' ftL9,ftL9(e) black and white uo ~~ ftL9(e)
366
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c
blue ®d:ll) 1f1' ftL9, ftL9(e) board 0)0 *6 [u] ftL5 boarding ticket l5J::5Lti11fv **% ftL 10(e) boat 131tl Ji!'d ft L 1 o book 13:fv ft L2, ft L2(e) bookish expression b1t.::l)l)l)b't.:: +t.1 '°§1' 1J ftL11(e) bookstore 13:fvt> ::¢;.'-¥. ft L4 boring '.J*51a;l) ftL5 borrow b'IJ0 f.i-1J6[nil ftL6 bound for . . . =-L )t ~:ft~ ft L 1 O(e) boxed lunch Cd5)~fvc:':::5 (1?)#~ ftL9 boy d:lc:':::L:O)L: }15(!)-'f- ftL11 boyfriend M"l 1Jt ft L 12 bread J \:.1 ft L4 breakup bb1tl.0 8iJ;f1.6[ru] ftL12 breakfast i!Dc ftL9 bywhatmeans C:5t>::i"L ftL10
*
cafe t-::i
camp =t't1::.J7 ftL11 cap 1a:· 5 L ~lH ft L2 car <, 0* Ji'. ftL? Car No. 1 l)!>L:5 Lt> -25-.JI'. ftL10(e) carry ti'.J #-:i [u] ft L6 cartoonist *fvb'b' 5ilw~ ftL11 castle (<15) LC> ( 1?) ~ ~ L5-II cat tit: fili ft L4 catch a cold b'1f~D-< J!B.~~f U < [u] ftl12 CD ':..1-7-'-1CD ftL6 celebrity ~ 5 (l:!)l' l5fv '1l'";f,./. ft L 10 chair l )9 ft L2(e), ft L4 cheap (thing) t>9l) ~1' ftL5 cheerful d5b'0l) BJl61' ~~L11-II Cheers! (a toast) b'fvlcfl' fc:.:ff ft LB chef ':..!I 7 ~H6-III child L: C:ti -t-1¥< ft L4 China '.51\tl5L:< o/00 ftL1, ftL2 Chinese character b1fvl5 ftL6 chopsticks Id: L ft LB city *!> 1llJ ft L4 class ?5:::Z ftL4 class l51\tl~·J::5 t~1t ftL11 clean t-tl.l' (tJ) ft L5 clean -'f 5 l5 9 0 ~~-t 6 [irr.J ft L8 clever ®t.::*b'l'l' MIJ'1 '\' ftL? climb 0)12f'0 1f6 [u] ftl11 clock c:':::l1l' *~t ftL2 close (something) L6:!)0 flf!'1'>6 [ml ftL6 clothes 131 < m~. ft L 12 cloudy weather
~*
**
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2" <, L, Vv2 • • • 367 C
D
E
concerning... -lt:::Jl,\-C ~LS concert ::::i ::J-lf- l- ~ L9 convenience store ::::i::;t::·= ~L7 convenient "'-fv tJ (tJ:) f~;f1J ~ L7 cook fJ J; 5 fJ 9 0 #J!:t 6 [irr.J ~ L8 cooking tJ J; 5 tJ ~Ti: L6-III cool (weather) 99" l_,L, \ 5Ji( L \' ~ L1 o
mt
corner 1N:~- fiJ ~ L6(e) correct ( 0) 3::0 ~L11(e) cough
tt~
~L12
cough tt~1J'C'0 -\:t~n'tl::6 [ruJ ~L12 counter a::c:<:·-s ;1Eo ~L5(e) (counter for flat objects) -3:;L,\ ~it ~L5 (counter for people) country coupons
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die
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d ifficu It diligent
YE&':l [u]
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diningcommons LJ;
mt
dish tJ J; 5 tJ ~Ti: L6- m dislike ~SL,\ (tJ:) ~\' ~L5 do 9 0 [irr.] ~ L3 do "f->0 [u] do laundry
~L5 ttfv/c <, 9 0
do physical exercises [irr.] ~L9 doctor L, \ L-r-i ~:{;'dog L, \l>G ft.. ~ L4
57t:.5'/t-t 6 [irr.J
~ L 1, ~ L 1
lffv~1J't;J.L,\
don'tlookwell
door C: -P ~H 1 o-u door t.::7' ~ L2(e) dormitory tJ J; 5 ~
cross b/c:Q 5/t 6 [u] ~ L6(e) cry t;J.< i:ft< [u] ~T.:L12-II
dream i\ll
i"5\fv1J' x ft. ~Ti: L 1 HI /J-7-::J ~ L2(e) ~0 -l:J76 [u] ~LS
cut cut (classes) -lflt(:Q [uJ cute 1J1bL,\L,\ ~L7
~ L 11
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~6 [uJ ~L9 :;-·- t-- ~ L3
t->9 d7-
day off
-{;!;.;,
~ L5
deadline L-l:J7'J ~L11(e) December LJ/9> 51t:1J'::i -t.::.Jl ~L4(e) decide ~ 6 [ruJ ~ L10 ... degrees (temperature) ~Jt.. ~L12 delicious ct.)L,\L,L,\ ~L2
-c.·
dentist L 1J' 1\N# ~ L 12(e) departing first ttfvld'.::i 7\';#; ~ L 10(e) departing second lJ ld;::J ;t_fe ~ L 10(e) department store
l-
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dermatologist \.H"511J' .Bt~# ~ L 12(e) desk ::i <, ~ ~JL ~ L2(e), ~ L4 dialect la: 511'fv -;?§ ~ L 11 (e) diary
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dictionary
ase LJ L J;
~l'i:L9-II
#1f
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drive
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drive DVD
t.::5-1-:: :i"
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===============~@~1 =============== ear ## lf early ld;"f->L,\
~ L7(e) .!f-\' ~L3
(do something) early
daughter QJ9<1b 1tR ~H 12-II day after tomorrow, the ®2"-::ff ~L4(e), ~LS day before yesterday, the d3 C: C: L, \ ~ L4(e)
o
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cow 5L 4 ~H12-II cram school LJl9>< ~ ~T.:L7-II credit card ?L/:Y'.Y t--J:J- r: ~L10
culture curtain
~ L8
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5 fvc 5 9 0
east easy
D1J' L Jlt 1J1fv/cfv(t;J.)
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eat /c"'-0 i::-'"' 6 [ru] ~ L3 economics l:tL, ,~-L, \ 11&5tf ~ L 1, ~ L2 eight t->-::i::i A-, ~L9 eight minutes eight o'clock eight years old
ld;-::i 13\fv/ icJ;-Si)1fv 1\.£"ld;'.5 LJ 1\.~ ~ L 1 (e) ld;-::i 2"L, \
1\.~
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eighteen minutes LJl9>51d;-::i13\fv/ fv --j-J\.£"- ~ L 1 (e) eighth day of a month, the
J::. 51J'
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L 1 (e) LJl9>51d;'.5131 1\.
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electricity C'fv~ \itm ~L2(e), ~L6 eleven minutes LJ/9>5L,\-::i13\fv +-£-- ~L1(e) eleven o'clock LJ/9>5L,\'.JLJ ~L1(e) eleven years old LJ/9>5L,\-::i~L,\ eleventh day of a month, the
+-a
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e-mail .)(-J[; ~L4 (something) ends Sb0 ~ti 6 [u] ~ L9 energetic lf'fvi! (ta;) ft.~ ~ L5 English (language) ~l, \L': ~?a ~ L 1 ENTdoctor Glf1J' It-*-# ~L12(e) enter ld:l\0 A.6 [u] ~L6 entrance l, \ fJ <:·-s A. o ~ L 10(e) erase 119 il!J-t [u] ~L6 eraser 11u::::lb 5l!JL:::it.. ~L2(e) essay t:: < 13\fv 1t::Z ~ L9 everyday a';l,\IL:'.5 .;9fa ~L3 every night a';l, \lcl'.'fv 4ifaJt ~ L3 every week a';l, \ t_, ~ 3 4if~ ~LS everyone #tJ.t:: fv 11§'-:: ,{, ~ L6-III Everything is under control. n:l \ c; J; 313\ ~ ~L5 exam t_, 11 fv $\~ ~ L9 example ru. \ ~u ~ L 11 (e) excellent food L:'.5.Z-3 ~l\;L9-II Excuse me. 9#a';i±fv ~G exercise nfv t_, ~ 3 **'1§1 ~ L 11 (e) exit c <:·-s t:l:l o ~ L 10(e) exit c:Q t:l:l 6 [ru] ~H6-I, ~L9 expensive tcb'l \ iWi \ ' ~ L2 ~pra~ 1!~3L:3 Aft ~L1~~ extremely 9 L: < ~ L5 eye lsb 13 ~L7, ~L7(e)
:f\.-}::_
=====::::=====::::=====:::::::::=(®)==::!=====::::=====::::=====:::: face b'iD llJl ~L7(e),~L10 fall ®1! *k ~L10 family b1f:( ~L7 famous ~31sbl\ (ta;) :;Jf;t:; ~LS farm ld:tcl1 ~ ~H12-II fast lcl:t>l,\ l!\' ~L7 (do something) fast lcl:t>< .!f- < 1 l! < ~L 10 father ( ~L7 February 1<=1J'-:::> .=.JJ ~ L4(e) festival (iD) ;:l';-:::>fJ (-.h) fk '! ~L11 fifteen minutes L:;~3L:131fv -tll7J'- ~L1(e) fifth day of a month, the l, Db' 1l a ~ L4(e) find #-:::>110 Jt.,--JIH ~H12-II finger ~LJ t~ ~L7(e) firefighter uJ;31~'3L, il!J~± ~L11 first U-C::-:::>lsb -"J El ~L6(e) first car l,\°Slcl'.'fva';.::t -tl}.ilfi ~L10(e) first day of a month, the '.::>l\tc'.5 -a ~L4(e)
*~
first of all ;:!';]" ~LS-II first-year student l, \'.5tlfvi±l \ -:¥!£ ~ L 1 fish t::b1tJ. ,f!/, ~ L2 fishing -:::>fJ ~L11 five l,O-:::> ll"J ~L9 five minutes L:131fv llft ~L1(e) five o'clock L: LJ ll* ~ L 1 (e) five years old L:t::l \ ll:il&: ~ L 1 (e) flight lffv i~ ~L10 flower lcl:i'6 :it ~ L 12 fondof 91!-(tJ.) ff-2< ~L5 food tc-"tiO) -ft:"'iW ~ L5 foot ®L, Ji:. ~L7(e), ~L12 for example rcc~lcl'.' f?!J;tlf ~ L 11 (e) for ... months ~b'lf'-:::> ~n'Jl ~L10 forthefirsttime lcl:Glsb-C *7).!0( ~L12 fortwotothreedays IL:t::fvl<:'.5 .::..=.a ~L12 for ... weeks ~t_,~31J1fv ~~M ~L10 foreign country 1J>l,\L:( ?'~00 ~L11 forget b9:t10 ~tt.6 [ru] ~L6 four J:: ::i-:::> r:s--J ~ L9 four minutes J::fv13\fv r:sf]- ~ L 1 (e) four o'clock J:: lJ r:s* ~ L 1 (e) four years old J::fvt::l\ r:s;M&: ~L1(e) fourteen minutes lJ ~ 3 J::fv13\fv -tr:s7J" ~ L 1 (e) fourteenth day of a month, the c; ~ 3J::::i1J'
+zs a
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fourth day of a month, the J::::i1J1 r:sa ~L4(e) Friday 1! fvJ:: 3 lf ~818 ~ L4, ~ L4(e) friend e: =src:-s 'ii.t: t; ~ L 1 frightening L:bl,\ ·JI$\' ~L5 from... ~1J1S ~L7-II, ~L9 from now on L::t11J'S ~L11-II front ilfi ~L4 front end l,\-Slcl'.'fva';~ -tl}.ilfi ~L10(e) fun tcO)L,l,\ ~L1' ~L5 funny L,ol,\ i!iia1' ~L5 future uJ;3Sl\ ~L11
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***
=====::::=====::::=====::::==={@)=:1 ==================== gain weight 131C::0 :k6 [ul ~L7 game lf-L ~L7 game L,®l,\ $\ii" ~L12 gate b'l \t::-:::> &.~L ~ L 1 O(e) general admission seat LJ~3i±i!
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get (a grade) C::0 l!R6 [u] ~L 11 get (from somebody) t>S3 [ul ~L9
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H
get angry cot::@ ~6 [ul ~li:L12-II get off cotJ:@ ~1J 6 [ru] ~L6 get to know L0 ~6 [u] ~L7 getup co~:@ ~~6[ru] '3:L3 Get well soon. coteL,\lJI;::: 1?*-*-1: ~L12 girl cofvtrJ.O)t: -kO)"f '3: L11 girlfriend tso: lJ J; 1£-k ~li: L11-II, ~ L 12 g I asses 69 b't;i §!Ht ~ L 7 gloves -C131<0 'f-~ ~L10 go L,\< 1'r < [ul ~L3 go back b1;{_:@ IJW6 [u] ~L3 go on a diet 51'-1I'Y t--90 [irr.] ~L11 go out cb'l:t:@ tl:l1Ht6 [ru] ~LS go to sleep t;i:Q ~6 [ru] ~L3 God b'#~'J:. *l'tl ~L12-II gold ~fvL,\0 it~ '3:L9(e) gold ::::J'-J[, r: ~L9(e) good L,\L,\ ~L3 Good afternoon. t:fvl;:::!Jld: ~G goodat ... lJJ;59"(trJ.) J:'f- ~LS good child L,\L,\t: 1 '\ 'T ~L9 good deed L,\L,\U:: ~L10-II Good evening. t:fvld:'fvld: ~G Good morning. cold:J:5/cold:J:5c9# (tci:~L, \) ~G Good-bye. ~ J: 5 trJ. 5 ~ G good-looking b':)i:l,\L,\ ~LS grade (on a test, etc.) tl:L, \it~ .oX.*il ~ L 12 graduate student tel, \b' < L, \fvtl:L,\ **Bt:i. ~L1
grammar 13\fvla:'5 )C)t; ~ L 11 (e) grandfather colJL,\l!fv ~L7 grandmother cold:'®c!fv ~L7 gray '.'.7'1./- ~L9(e) gray ld:L, \L, \0 9<. ~ ~ L9(e) green ~:f IJ-:; ~ L9(e) green #c tJ ~ ~ L9(e) green tea (co)!> t> (};) ~ ~ L3 guardian deity of children LJ'i''3 I co LJ-F5 ~ fv ~li:L 10-II
guitar
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have a talk lcl:trJ.L~90 ~f-t 6 [irr] ~L9-II head ®tc'J:. @: ~L7(e) healthy l:f'fv~ (trJ.) :it~ ~LS hear ~< fli'l < [u] ~L3 heavens, the -C fv T.. ~ L 12-II Hello? (used on the phone) ti Vt> L ~ L7 help -C:Jte5 -'t-1~ 7 [ul ~L6 here t:t: ~L2 Here it is. c.5-r· ~L2 high tcb'L,\ ~L,\ ~L2 high school <:5<:5 ~:!X ~L1 high school student t:5t:5tl:L,\ ~:!X:i. ~L1 history tl~L ~~ ~L1, ~L2 hobby L~# J!ll!9# 1*h ~LS home L, \;{_ '3: L3 home 5 !> ~ L3 homesickness m- b.:; 'Y '.J ~ L 12 homestay Jti-b.:::Z:T-1 ~LS homework L ~ ~ L3 housewife L~131 3'.~ '3:L1 how c5t->:)-C ~L10 How about ... ? c5c9b' ~L3 How do you do? Id: LJ6!:>3:. L-C ~G How is ... ? c5c9b' ~L3 how long c(!)<:'SL,\ ~L10 how much L,\< 5 ~L2 how much c(J)<:·SL,\ ~Lrn (become) hungry cotrJ.b'b'9 < [ul ~ L 11
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later on ® C:: c ik T ft L6 lawyer -"fuc·G #"Aft± ftL1 learn tJ.53 5¥17 [u] ftL11 leave behind b9;f'1.Q ~*1..6 [ruJ ftL6 left o-rcfJ tr_ ftL4 left side trt: fJ b'b tr._jJliJ ft L6(e) leg ®G A:.. ftL7(e), ftL12 leisurely ~ ::i <, fJ ft L6 Let me see. -E3c9td ftL3 letter C::b'Oi of-~$; ft L4 library C:: G c1; b1fu !]Jiftg ft L2 life ttt, vtr:: 1:.5i5- ft L1 o light blue Oi9"t, \0 ,j( ~ ft L9(e) like 9~ (trJ.) JiJ-~ ftL5 line number ... ~~·c1;3/:/J ~11'§ ftL11(e) listen ~< r:i!l < [u] ftL3 literature 13\fub'< ftL1, ~L7-II little, a 9<:: G jr L ~H7-II
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month after next, the C:Sl\lf'"J ~*-tl ~L4(e) more =tn C: ~LI 1 morning ao:#'.5 i.L;t ~l'i:LIO-II mouth <, '.5 o ~L7, ~L7(e) movie ~L,\t.J' 8*@1 ~L3 Mr./Ms. . . . ~c:a;: ~t!R ~)'j; L5-II Mr./Ms.... ~C:fv ~LI much J::< ~L3 municipal hospital L.,#fvlJJ; 3l\fv 11ll"SfflBt ~L6
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one minute l\:J13\fv -"d ftL1(e) one o'clock l \'.5 LJ -1* ft L 1, ft L 1 (e) one person 0-clJ -A. ftL? one way 1J1bh'.5 Jtit ftL10(e) one year old l\:Jc'::l\ -~ ftL1(e) oneself LJ13\fv §171'" ~L10-II only ... -rci:r ftL11 open (something) ®110 rill It -5 [ruJ ft L6 operation L., 1gJ lJ 1gJ -:J 'f-j;jlj- ft L 12(e) ophthalmologist 1J'fv1J' ~&# ft L 12(e) or -1J1ftL 10 orthopedic surgeon ttl \l:Tl \l:f1J1 !i\<%:9~f+ ftL12(e) other side, the tlL. 5 li>J:: 7 ~n L 12-II otorhinolaryngologist LJU'1J' :ff~# ftL12(e) outdoor activities 'P ') 1-- r:Y L 11-II over there ®-t:-L. ftl2 over there tlL.5 li>J: 7 ~L12-II overtime work Ci.'fv'i'£' J: 5 ~"l: ~LS-II own (a pet) 1J'5 ffel7 [uJ ftL11
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n*-
ftL9
traffic light l_.,fv25 1§~ ftL6(e) train cfvl_.,t-> 11!:.J!l. ftL6 1) transfer (!) fJ 1J1;{ :J!lut ft L1 O(e) travel fJ J; L. 5 *it ft L5 travel fJ J; L. 5 9 0 *1t-t 6 [irr.J ft L 10 T-shirt T :;'17'.Y ftl2 Tuesday 1J1J::.5lJ kBIB ftL4, ftL4(e) turn (right/left) *1J'0 i!Hf.i< 6 [u] ft L6(e) turn off 119 5iH [u] ftL6 turn on "Jl:t0 [ru] ftL6 TV :TLtt:' ftL3 twelve minutes lJ1W51:131fv -t-=-'JJ- ftL1(e) twelve o'clock lJ!W51:LJ -t-=-* ftL1(e) twentieth day of a month, the ld:-:::>1J1 =--t- B
*
ftL4(e)
twenty minutes -'n'"
1:LJ1W:i13\fv/l:LJ:i13\fv
=--t-
ftL1(e)
twenty years old lcl:t.:5 .::.-t-,!l ft L 1 (e) twenty-fourth day of a month, the 1: LJ !W 5 J::. :i
tJ1 =--t-e9
8
ft L4(e)
two 131tc-:::> .::.--:i ftL9 two minutes 1:131/-v .::.-;,'- ft L1 (e) two months ago t:tJllj'-:::>*;{ .=.n'f1WT ftL4(e) two o'clock 1: lJ =-* ft L 1 (e) two people 131tc fJ z.i: ft L7 two people each 131tc fJ 9'·-:::> z.); -f--:i ftL 11 (e) two weeks ago 1:1_.,1W51J1fv*;{ =-~Mwr ftL4(e)
two years old
1:~1,,' =-tl
uh-huh 5fv ftLS uh-uh 55/-v ftLS um . . . i!B(l) ft L 1 umbrella 1J1~ ftl2 under 1_.,rc r ftL4 understand b1J10 [u] ftL4 unhurriedly IW :i < fJ ft L6
*
ft L1 (e)
U
V
W
*'*
university rc.1,,'tJ'< ftL1 U.S.A. 7'.)('J/J ftL1, ftl2 use -:::>1J15 ~ 7 [u] ftL6 usually tci,,YL"i,,\ ftL3
~~~===1(J)E=1~~========= various i,,\ol,,\o (tJ.) ~L9-II vegetable t'~i,,' Jf~ ft L2 very C:L'ti ftL5 very fond of rc.1,,,97'£ (ta:) *-lif~ ftL5 very soon ti39(' ftL12 vocabulary tcfvc Jl!w ftL9 voice L. ;{ 1J ~)'G L 1 0- II
~~~===1@E=1==================~ wait *-:::> ffl--:i [u] ftL4 walk ®0< ~ < [u] ftL12 wallet ~ 1,, ,,3, Jtt:iil ft L2 warm ®tctc1J11,,' B!f.l'\' ft L 1 o wash ®55 57\';-j [u] ftLS watch C:l:Ti,,\ *tt ftL2 watch #0 JL6 [ru] ftL3 water #9' 7.)<. ftL3 we bkl_.,k"S ~~~ ~L12~ weather L' fv't: ~YI. ft L5 weather forecast L' fv't:J::.la; 5 ~YI. -f'* ft LS weave ld:t.:%<50 llto ~~6 [u] ~7'GL12-II Wednesday 91,, \J::. 3 lJ 7.)<.81 B ft L4, ft L4(e) week after next, the ~ 51,,' t_, !W 5 .Jlt:JR~ ftL4(e) weekend t_, !W 5 *-:::> ft L3 Welcome (to our store). 1,,' 5:it_,t->1,, ft L2 Welcome home. <51J1;{fJ (tJ.~i,,\) ftG west 1: t_, iffi ft L6(e) what tJfv/tJI: M ftL1 what kind of . . . C.fvtJ. ft L5 when 1,,0 ftL3 when . . . C: 't: ft L4 where C. L. ft L2 which C.-S 5 I C. :i 5 ft L 1 o which . . . eo: ft L2 which one c.n ft L2 white t_,C,i,,\ 81' ftL9, ftL9(e) who rc.n ft L2 why C.51_., L' ftL4 window * C. %S ft L2(e), ft L6 wine '7-1::; ~)'G L6-III winter 1311W ~ ft LS wish td1J'i,,' Ill\, ~7'GL12-II
~*
*
'*ii
w with (a tool) ~c :l?i:L10 woman Sfvt;J. -k ~l'CL11-II woman SfvtJ.OX.Yc -!;;(!) J.. 2?i: L7 word tc.fv 2 .lfl."IB 2?i: L9 work Lc'C f±$ :l?i:L1, :l?i:LS work ld:tc. 5 < 1t& < [u] 2?i: L 11 work for -:::>c 2?i: L 11 (e)
=========~®F' ========= X-ray
LO l--7'Y
2?i: L 12(e)
==========i:(J))=:::1 ========= year
cL
~
~L 10-II
~*~
x
y
year after next, the C!. 5l );fdfv 2?i: L4(e) year before last, the Sc c L 2?i: L4(e) ... year student ~;fdfvttl) ~~:i. :l?i:L1 . , . years ~;fdfv ~~ :l?i:L10 ... years old ~C!.l) ~11;. :l?i:L1,:l?i:L1(e) yellow ~l)0l,) ft~1' :l?i:L9(e) ... yen ~~Iv ~P'J :l?i:L2 yes 5fv :l?i:LS yes ~~ :Z?i:L1 yes lcj:l,) :l?i:L1 yesterday ~0)5 B'fB :l?i:L4, :Z?i:L4(e) you ®tJ.tc. :l?i:L4 young b1J'l' :Z?i:L9 younger brother Sc5c (C!.fv) #>(-'.'!Iv) :l?i:L1, :l?i:L7 younger sister l)ti5c (C!.fv) ~(-'.'!Iv) :l?i:L 1, :l?i:L7
*1'
0
0
f
J
a p a n
[email protected] 'f5:fv
5 133
~
~;~1{1* L
!J< It,\,
~=-~1* h. .Z ~t/v
*[email protected]
C:513<. .,, 135
0
81t~1* t 8*kffl1* t: O~-t-1* 0Ji1t~1* 0'8'~1* );'(' ~· ltk 3;i;
I) It,\,
3; ~
It,\,
V>t::> '"( It Iv
(]
'(' j' i)
O#fr5~1* 1:,'n'tcltk fi);f¥~ .,;~ <
1*
L ;tit A.,
~*itH1.J
D'ivc5
5 135
0~.~1* @tl.5*-1* I: ltk m£~1* H!G ~ @:J;~ .:E.1* i.•t..: i !t (' k
j'
t,
~·
It,\,
W*~lff ~d t .;.. ~ffi-Jll1* It Wio~Ji1* !&:
I.'.;,
b
Ir 'I' j' It,\,
A..
~A1*1* U-.d t: it A.,
~!EitH1.J
S~52<.
5 135
~.~JfX.1* t: t -:::i
I) It Iv
~~*~1* LJ' I> ltk ~~Ji1* i;n•~j' It,\, ~ft~1* U".> L j' It,\,
~Jio1*
~>j' ('t,lt/v
lt/v
Iv
'::!-
ImL !EitH1.J <:<. 5 135
©**~
~wJ1J 1*
m+~1* ©#ffi-JI] 1*
~1~~1* /: ( L ;I It,\,
I:.; !li
I:
t;)
Lf It Iv
"/)•
1J: t.ittJ!t /..,
tr 7;t:btt /..,
~~:!111* ~~~01* ::_ °! ;_ (}//)It,\,
t, It,\,
11. #[email protected] ~~3Lt11J "5 13 3 8 J1t (*~~'8') 1:0.:.? t-JLl:·)('-J
~i¥1tliJ1* 6Htlf1* ~H~:~1* @:*~'-1* It A' (;;!J,lt k
©ff~1* Li'iill'lt ,\, ®'£'Ji1* I: 'l'iltk
Wk:! JI] 1* v~i¥#1* .s, ( Li.P1?1t
\,>
Iv
lt/v
~
!JI ltk
~iJ{~~ltA..
.t:;.t:>v•t..:
/v
380
···~*
~Numbers l:J'9'
regular
h-» p
h-» p/b
1
\ \ t;
\ \ "? p
\ \ "? p
2
1:
3
~ ,.<_,
p
b
4
J:
,.<_,
~
6
.; <
7
fJ_' fJ_'
8
(it;
9
~ r)J -)
how many
J:
J:
(\\-_,)
\ \ "?
p
-;«
5
10
L
k
p
t
Lt;
<
yen
,,,
(ti"? p)
(i "? p
( (i "?)
(i "?
"? p "? p
r)J
t
p ,-._,fl
month
I:
"'*
o'clock I: -/)',\,
"'*M hours
il,\,
.\.,\,
,-._,-¥
,-._,7t
year
minute
'""""'"" "'-¥M years IC,\,
,-._, ;;jX_
,-..,).._
sheets
people
t"
.; "?
t
1)t?
,-._, p:j
(.; -..,)
<
fJ_' ,.<_,
;._;,.,
.; "? p
Lt;
r)J -)
"' F it,. dollars
.; "? p
},,,\,-/)'/"
"'7tM
minutes
t
"? p "? p
r)J
t
"'* ,-._,#
,-._,;-f:,;f pounds
sticks tr v-
cups oe.
,-._, Il1 animals l}.o;>
;j',(,
r-._,7j
ten thousand
t
page
,-._,~'fl
months ,-._,~
"'
lesson t'\'
r-._,@)
times
<
"'B
ten
"? "?
r)J
lf-o
"'""'-:)
hundred
19J ~)
t
t
(i/v
degrees t
"? "?
r)J
b
,-._, ]jt
"'T
t
,-._,~
small items
~· .. 381
This chart shows how sounds in numbers (1-10) and counters change according to their combination. 1. Hiragana indicate the sound changes in numbers, and alphabets show the changes in the initial consonant of counters. 2. ( ) means that the change is optional. 3. An empty box means no sound change occurs.
k-+g \
\
-:)
s-+z
s \
\
\
-:)
g
.;
\
-:)
special vacabulary for numbers
t \
\
-:)
z
-:)
I ;J: -::i
I ;J: -::i
li-::i
I ;J: -::i
lj'(.-J
"')
l: rp -::i L-::i
l: rp -::i l: -::i
g
z
I;'\\
"'~~
"'-1: /
floor
cents
It/"
l: rp -::i L-::i
L~'i 1;•/v
1--
""< "'~ shoes ·tl:/v
,),-Ji.I'
h. -::i -J
h.-::i I.I'
J: -:) "')
J: -:) I.I'
\
\''Ji.I'
\ "')
"')
t; -:) "')
t; \ \I.I'
fJ..' fJ..' "')
fJ..' tJ)
-\"'
-:)
"-'ii letters td"'
"-'f-
"'T §
houses
weeks
thousand
street address
books
~,,
"'Jk.
years of age
t};
,;, f::. ')
2
..': ..':
I.I'
I.I'
~
small items years of age
cf. Ii f: t, cf. Ltj)-JJ:...,77' (14) (20 years old) ti'"Jn' (20)
1:LtjJ-)J:...,7J' (24)
-t.:,.<.,1:t, (how many)
4
6 7
~
8
~
9
~
/
10 how many
~ date
3
5
0-j
"'~M "'1llt
t};
1
~
I.I'
.; .; tJ)
lj '(_I)
~
J: -) I.I'
"')
\\<"')
"-'ff
~-'.)
t: -t;
.i- f::. "')
:::: :::: tJ) "')
l: rp -::i L -::i
\ I
people l:k
cf. "'A. (three or more people)
382
···~* u g a t
verb types
long forms
te-forms
(masu) (L.3)
short past
short present neg.
short past neg.
(L.6)
(L.9)
(L.8)
(L.9)
-96
L i-9
L
-r
L f:
LfJ.·,,
L fJ.· iJ, -> t:
< 6
~ i-9
~ -r
~ t.
=fJ.'\\
= fJ.· i;'
ru
f:""" -6
'"'-' i-9
'"'-' -r
'"'-' t:
""'fJ.'\ \
'"'-' fJ.· iJ' -:) t:
u
iJ' - 7
"'''ii"
'"'-' -:) -r
'"'-' -:) t:
'"'-'hfJ.'\ \
'"'-' ;b fJ.·iJ'-:>
u
;t-:>
'"'-'i;i-9
'"'-' -:>
-r
'"'-' -:>
t:
'"'-' t: fJ.· \ \
'"'-' t: fJ.·iJ'-:> t:
u
t:
6
'"'-' ') i-9
'"'-' -:>
-r
'"'-' -:>
t:
""'GfJ.·,,
""' G fJ.·iJ'
-:i
u
'"'-' ') i-9
'"'-' -:>
-r
'"'-' -:>
t.
*fJ.'\\
* fJ.·iJ'
t:
u
.J:
'"'-'h-i-9
"'Iv T
'"'-'Iv t:·
'"'-'ifJ.'\\
'"'-' i fJ.· iJ'-:> t.
'"'-'rli-9
"'Iv T
'"'-'Iv t:
'"'-'(f'fJ.'\ \
""'I :ffJ.· iJ'-> t.
=s;:
'"'-'Iv t:·
""'fJ.·fJ.'\\
'"'-' fJ.· fJ.· i;'
-:>
f:
-:>
t.
irr. irr.
dictionary forms
C h a r t
o n
--
--
-
-
-
;t;
t:
-:)
-:>
t:
t:
u
u
L -&'J
"'I:
u
iJ' - <
'"'-'~ii"
'"'-' \ \ -r
'"'-' \ \ t:
'"'-'iJ'fJ.'\ \
'"'-' iJ' fJ.· iJ'
u
\ \-<
'"'-'~ii"
*'"'-'-:i"Z
* '"'-' -:) f:
'"'-'iJ'fJ.'\\
'"'-' iJ' fJ.· iJ'-:> t.
u
\\-f('
'"'-'~·':t-9
'"'-'
""("
'"'-'\ \ t:·
'"'-'fJ{fJ.'\\
'"'-' i;{fJ.· iJ'-:> T:
u
(;!: fJ.·-9
""'Li-9
""'L
-r
""'L t.
'"'-'~fJ.'\\
'"'-' ~ fJ.· iJ'-:> t.
-
The forms with
-
* are exceptions.
i-9
\
\
