Grammar And Beyond 3B..pdf

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Laurie BlaS~ Susan lannuzzl Alice Savage with Randi Reppen

Blass, L. (2012). Grammar And Beyond 3B. Estados Unidos de america: Cambridge University.

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Indirect Questions; Indirect Imperatives, Requests, and Advice

U N I T

Creative Problem Solving

1 Grammar in the Real World A

When you have to solve a problem, what strategies do you use? Read the article about brainstorming. Would you prefer traditional brainstorming or "brainwriting"?

Brainstorming as a Problem-Solving Tool There is more than one way to solve a problem . One method many people use is . brainstorming. Brainstorming is an activity designed to produce a number of ideas in a , short time. Alex Osborn invented the word in 1939. In his book Unlocking Your Creative Power, Osborn said that the word brainstorm means using the brain to solve a problem creatively. Although he said that groups should 111 brainstorm in a particular way, variations on his technique have also become popular.

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Osborn's original brainstorming method had four rules. First, he told participants not to judge other people's ideas. Second, he welcomed all ideas, even wild ideas. Osborn said that crazy ideas could get people thinking along new lines and could lead to effective solutions. Therefore, he asked participants to shout out even unusual ideas. Third, Osborn asked group members to produce a large number of ideas. He thought that the group would find a few really good ideas if many different ones were available. Finally, Osborn asked the brainstorming group if they could improve the ideas that had been suggested .

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One alternative to brainstorming is brainwriting. Brainwriting is a silent version of brainstorming. With brainwriting, participants write down their ideas instead of shouting them out. In his book Thinkertoys, creativity expert Michael Michalko suggests that brainwriting may be more productive than traditional brainstorming. This is because people often think of additional ideas as they write. He also asserts ~~ that this method is better for quieter individuals because they do not have to express their ideas out loud.

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Indirect Questions; Indirect Imperatives, Requests, and Advice

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Brainstorming and brainwriting are flexible methods. Anyone can use them because they do not require a lot of training or expensive materials. These processes are al! effective tools for creative problem solving in professional, academic, and personal situations.

B Comprehension Check

Answer the questions.

1. What are the four rules ofbrainstorming?

2. Why does Michalko believe that brainwriting may be more productive than brainstorming? 3. According to the writer, who can use brainstorming?

e Notice

Find the sentences in the article and complete them.

1. First, he told participants _ __ _ _ _ __ other people's ideas.

2. Therefore, he asked participants

even unusual ideas.

What are the forms ofthe missing verbs?

2 11ndirect Questions ~

Grammar Presentation Indirect questions tell what other people have asked. There are two kinds of indirect questions: Yes/No questions and information questions.

He asked, "Are your jobs satisfying?" He asked if our jobs were satisfying. The director asked, "Which technique do you prefer?" The director asked us which technique we preferred.

2.1 Forming Indirect Questions a. Use asked in the reporting clause and ifto introduce an indirect Yes/No question.

"Will we start attending brainstorming sessions?" Miaasked. Mia asked if we will /would start attending brainstorming sessions.

Use asked in the reporting clause and the same wh- word to introduce an indirect information question.

"When will the training begin?" our manager asked. Our manager asked when the training will /would begin.


Creative Problem Solving

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Subject Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns)

U N I T

Alternative Energy Sources

1 Grammar in the Real World_ _ _ _ _ __ A

What are sorne alternative sources of energy (other than oil or coal)? Read the article about one type of alternative energy. Is "people power" an efficient energy source? Why or why not?

' - Exercísíng for Electrícíty Much of the world's energy comes from sources like oil and coal, which cannot be replaced when used up. Renewable sources - water, wind, and ,) the sun - are better for the environment. However, these alternative sources of energy have not always been sufficiently explored for political and economic reasons. People who care lO about the environment are looking for more alternative sources that might appeal to people who make decisions about these things. One source that is becoming popular uses energy J:í that is generated by humans, sometimes called "people power."

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With people power, people create electricity through exercise. People exercise in green gyms, which contain special treadmills. These machines convert human energy into electricity that helps run the lights and air-conditioning. People power also helps prevent air pollution. Someone who exercises for one

hour can feel good about the fact that he or she is helping prevent carbon dioxide from going into the airo Professional athletes, whose exercise routines can last for several hours, could help power a house! Exercise is not the only way people can make energy. One company has created surfaces which are powered by humans. People dance or walk on special dance floors and sidewalks. This movement generates electricity, which can light up the dance floor or power street lamps. Body heat is used for power, too. One system in Sweden gathers the body heat from


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Subject Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns)

commuters in a train station. This heat, which is sent to a nearby building, cuts the energy bill by 25 percent. 45

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People power is not perfect, though. Large gyms need a lot of energy to runo People power, which only generates a part of the total electricity needed, does not lower the gym's electric bill mucho Also, the use of this technology is moving slowly. Business leaders, who must focus on making a profit, do not always want to be the first to create new products. They are afraid to spend


money on technology which might not be successful. However, people who support green energy are confident that this technology will catch on in the near future.

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People power is not a major energy source yet, but it could be soon. Meanwhile, this "green energy" encourages people to exercise, and it makes people more aware of the environment. It is one kind of technology that helps people and the planet at the same time.

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1. What are sorne ways that people can make energy? 2. How can "people power" help the environment? 3. What are sorne problems with people power?

e Notice Find the sentences in the article and complete them. Then draw an arrow from each missing word to the word that it refers too 1. Professional athletes, ---------------- exercise routines can last for several hours,

could help power a house! 2. This heat, _______________ is sent to a nearby building, cuts the energy bill by 25 percent. 3. However, people support green energy are confident that this technology will catch on in the near future. Look at the words in bold that follow the words you wrote. What parts of speech are the words in bold?

2 11dentifying Subject Relative Clauses ~

Grammar Presentation Relative clauses modify - define, describe, identify, or give more information about nouns. In a subject relative clause, the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. An identifying relative clause gives essential information about the noun it modifies.

SUBJECT

I go to a gym. The gym crea tes its own electricity. RELATIVE PRONOUN

I go to a gym that crea tes its own electricity.


Alternatlve Energy Sources

283

Relative Clauses with Where and When; Reduced Relative Clauses

U N I T

Millennials

11Grammar in the Real World

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A

Do you know anyone born in the 1980s or 1990s? Sorne studies suggest that individuals born during these years have similar traits. such as high self-confidence. Read the article about Millennials. a terrn for these individuals. How might these people be different frorn other. older people in the workplace?

Millennials in the Workforce

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Millennials, also known as Generation v, are people born in the 19805 and 19905. There are over 70 million of them in the United States alone, where they are now the fastest growing group in the workplace. It is hard to generalize about such a large group, but these young workers often share certain positive and negative traits . This group has high opinions and expectations of themselves . Bruce Tulgan, a Generation V expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised . They were raised at a time when parents and teachers believed in a lot of praising and rewarding. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a trophy, not just members of the winning team. In the workplace, this self-confidence shows up in several ways. Millennials expect a lot of positive feedback. For example, if they do something well, they want to be praised for it. They also want their opinions to be heard and valued . In fact, they often speak out when they disagree with a boss's decision . Some employers call them challenging and demanding.


Real Conditionals: Present and Future

U N I T

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Media in the United States

1 Grammar in the Real World_ _ _ _ __ A Do aH the news sources you read (websites, magazines, newspapers, etc.) have similar viewpoints about current topies and issues? Read the article about the news media in the United States. What is the writer's view ofthe media?

......= = The Influence of Media IJP" on Public Opinion The media' provide news from a wide range of sources with a variety ofviewpoints. So me sources

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provide a more balanced look at the issues than others. These more balanced news sources offer a deeper understanding of the issues without the influence of the views of political parties. This unbiased 2 view of the news may appear to align 3 with the values of

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Amerícans, but is it, in fact, what Americans really want? Some political analysts claim that many Americans tend to read, watch, and listen to the news media that reflect

President Proposes Solution to Economic Troubles Presidential Policies Cause Economic Troubles

their own views. If people surround themselves with media that reflect only their beliefs, they may not be exposed to opposing ideas. The media, in this case, are not informing people, but reinforcing that their view of the world is right. One example of this occurs during an economic crisis. If people watch certain TV news 1'1

stations, they will hear mostly positive things about the president's solutions. lf they support the president's policies, they may also choose to read online news pages with a similar view.

These websites likely explain how the crisis was caused by politicians from the opposing party. If those people read only these websites, they might be convinced that the crisis was the ~II

fault of the opposing party. They might conclude that the president was doing a wonderful jobo On the other hand, if people mostly disagree with the president's policies, they often 'media: newspapers, magazines, television, and radio, considered as a group personal opinion 1 3align: agree with and support something or someone

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unbiased: not influenced by


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Real Conditionals: Presen t and Future

choose t o watch news shows that criticize the president. They might also visit websites and read blogs that do not support the president's policies. When they rely only on these news sources, they come to a different conclusion. They are convinced that the president is failing.

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If predictions of increased Internet use are correct, people willl ikely become even more isolated in their beliefs. This is because links in blogs and web pages will connect people with information that supports only their views. How might this affect politics in the future? If we don't address this issue today, could the isolation of beliefs beco me problematic in our political future?



1. How do sorne political analysts describe the behavior of Americans toward media? 2. What is an example of how media sources reinforce someone's political views? 3. Why might people become even more isolated in their beliefs in the future?

e Notice

Read the sentences from the article. Which sentence describes a present situation? Which sentence describes a future situation? 1. On the other hand, if people mostly disagree with the president's policies, they often

choose to watch news shows that criticize the president. 2. If predictions of increased Internet use are correct, people willlikely become even more isolated in their beliefs.

21Present Real Conditionals ~

Grammar Presentation Present real conditionals describe situations that are possible now and their results. They describe general truths, facts, and ha bits.

If people share beliefs, they often get along better. I usually believe something when I read it in a good newspaper.

2.1 Forming Present Real Conditionals a. Use an ir clause to describe a possible situation. The ir clause is the condition. The main clause describes the result. It expresses what happens when the condition exists. Use the simple present in the if clause and in the main clause.

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAl N CLAUSE (RESULT)

If llike a reporter, I read her articles.

If I have time in the morning, I read the newspaper.


Media in the United States

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Connecting Information with Prepositions and Transitions

U N! T

Technology in Entertainment

1 Grammar in the Real World A How are video games today different from the games of 5 or 10 years ago? Read the web article about a kind of animation technology that is being used in games today. How has it changed the look ofvideo games?

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Computer animation was first introduced in the late 19705; however, today's animation is much more realistic than it was then. While the first animated video game characters moved in only two directions, today's animated game he roes can jump, kick, and spin. The use of sensors 1 to record these movements is called motion capture, or "mocap."

Because of the realism that mocap gives its animated figures, a common use for mocap is in video games. Video game creators use rea l people to help create their characters. With sports video games, for example, famous athletes are used instead of actors. Consequently, the games can feature each athlete's unique moves. How does it work? First, the athlete puts on a tight suit that has special markers2 all over it. Next, he or she performs a sequence of actions. Video cameras record these movements using the markers. Finally, digital information is collected from the markers and the video. This information is used to create the movements of the video character. Another common use of mocap is in movies. Avatar, an epic fantasy adventure movie, used mocap to create its human-like characters. It also featured a computer-generated 3D world. Despite Avatar's success, not all movie studios want to use mocap. Besides being very expensive, mocap cannot copy every motion. As a result, studios must add other forms of animation.

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'sensor: a device that discovers and reacts to changes in such things as movement, heat, and light 'marker: a small, reflective dot that is taped to a figure


378

Connecting Information with Prepositions and Transitions

In addition to these uses, motion capture technology is used in medicine. For instance, doctors have patients in mocap suits walk on treadmills. The mocap inforrnation helps doctors diagnose problems such as weak bones. Furthermore, 2;)

mocap can be used in training for jobs such as firefighting. New firefighters can use mocap games to practice moving through virtuaP house fires. Instead of taking risks in a real setting, they can practice in a virtual reality.

Despite the expense, mocap technology is becoming more popular in many different areas. Due to its success so far, who knows what it will be used :w for next? ' virtual: created by a computer



1. What is "mocap"? 2. In what are as is mocap used? 3. Why isn't mocap used more often in movies and video games?

e Notice Match the words in bold with their meaning.. 1. Because of the realism that mocap gives its

a. introduces additional information

animated figures. a common use for mocap is in video games. _ _ 2. Furthermore. mocap can be used in training for jobs su eh as firefighting. _ _

b. introduces a reason c. introduces contrasting information

3. Despite the expense, mocap technology is becoming more popular in many different areas. _ _

21Connecting Information with

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

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Grammar Presentation Sorne prepositions and prepositional phrases can connect information to an independent clause. Like subordinators, these prepositions can be used to add information, give reasons, show contrasts, present alternatives, or give exceptions.

Video games look realistic today beca use of improvements in computer animation.

Despite the popularity of animation, most people prefer to watch Iive-action movies.


Technology in Entertainrnent

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Grammar And Beyond 3B..pdf

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