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SOLSTICIOS Y CALENDARIOS CALENDARIOS INCA Primera Edición Digital Mayo 2014. Autor
República del Perú, Gran Elegido Perfecto y Sublime Masón 14° Gran Orden Egipcio del Gran Oriente de Francia 1862, Rito Antiguo y Primitivo de Memphis-Misraim, Patriarca Gran Conservador 33° del Soberano Gran Consejo. Autor y escritor de libros, artículos y monografías que se publican en diferentes medios como las Revistas Fénix News, Hiram Abiff, Retales de Masonería y Dialogo Entre Masones.
Para comunicarse: Herbert Oré Belsuzarri 051 1 968844344 051 1 965358733
[email protected]
Publicado en:
Herbert Oré Belsuzarri 33°.
Ingeniero de profesión. M:.M:. de la Gran Logia Constitucional de los AA:. LL:. y AA:. Masones de la República del Perú. Supremo Consejo Hispano Confederado del Grado XXXIII para la
SCRIBD Dialogo Entre Masones Publicaciones Masónicas Gran Biblioteca Masónica Autorizado la reproducción total o parcial, debe citar la fuente y la la autoría. Edición Digital: Mayo 2014.
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SOLSTICIOS Y CALENDARIOS INCA.
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ÍNDICE.
Introducción. Las festividades incas de solsticio y equinoccio. Las capacochas. capacochas. Antes que los incas ¿Se conocía los solsticios y equinoccios? El calendario inca. Las puertas solsticiales del inca. El atipanakuy. Bibliografía.
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INTRODUCCIÓN. La literatura sobre solsticios, equinoccios y calendarios, su interpretación científica y esotérica abunda. En este último debemos decir que son enfoques realizados desde una óptica diferente a los pueblos y culturas de América del Sur, son muy interesantes como cultura general, pero no aportan mucho para la comprensión del conocimiento ancestral de nuestro continente. Solsticio quiere decir: sol que se queda estático, el sol que se detiene. Si miramos el movimiento de la Tierra alrededor del Sol sobre el plano de la eclíptica y la inclinación del eje de rotación de la tierra sobre él, entendemos el movimiento aparente del sol sobre la tierra, pero este punto de vista privilegiado, producto de la ciencia moderna, no lo tenían los pueblos antiguos del mundo, ellos solo podían imaginar el movimiento del Sol tal como lo veían desde la tierra. Quién gira alrededor, ¿la Tierra o el Sol?, esto produjo acaloradas discusiones, la iglesia católica zanjo con su fallo Inquisitorial, que fue motivo de protestas firmes de personajes como Galileo1 Galileo1 que dijo a los curas de la Santa Inquisición: “sin embargo se mueve”, tras el juicio que le hicieron. Personajes de pensamiento muy adelantados para su época como Giordano Bruno, que decía que la Tierra solo era uno de muchos mundos habitados, pagaron en la hoguera su osadía contra el fanatismo mítico de la iglesia, por algo que aún hoy sigue siendo un tema de opiniones diversas, pero que no existe duda sobre una posibilidad científica sobre la vida extraterrestre. Hoy con todas las facilidades de material educativo e informativo, sobre diferentes materias de la ciencia, debería ser fácil conocer en detalle sobre los solsticios, equinoccios, signos zodiacales, etc. Pero ¡Oh sorpresa! Eso no es así, porque el material fue escrito en gran parte por especialistas que viven en el hemisferio norte y lo que afirman no se puede tomar como cierto al pie de la letra, debido a que en el hemisferio sur, las cosas son diferentes. Imaginemos ahora al hombre de las cavernas y las culturas antiguas, tratando de comprender su mundo para sobrevivir, porque era evidente que había cambios de clima que marcaban la abundancia o escasez de alimentos, y lo que era más fácil de comprender para ellos, eran los cambios de la luna, y con ello el cazador recolector de las cavernas regía su vida por los ciclos lunares, que le servía como calendario. Cuando el hombre se hizo sedentario (agricultor o pastor) noto que el sol salía por un punto distinto en el horizonte cada día y el ciclo solar empieza a regir sus actividades para precisar las estaciones y con él las épocas de siembra y cosecha. Conforme fueron perfeccionando sus métodos de observación de la luna (calendario lunar) y posteriormente del sol (calendario solar), de igual
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El mundo iniciático de las culturas antiguas, el mundo pagano como llama la iglesia católica, tenía la bóveda del cielo representado por el techo de las cavernas, donde transcurría la vida iniciática del hombre, y este mundo tenía dos puertas simbólicas, una de entrada y una de salida. Los umbrales de dicha puerta estaban marcados por los solsticios. La puerta de entrada a este mundo para los hombres corresponde al solsticio de verano y al signo zodiacal de cáncer, que es la entrada en la manifestación individual. La puerta de los dioses corresponde al solsticio de invierno y al sino zodiacal de capricornio, es la salida de esa misma manifestación y el paso a los estados superiores, ya que los dioses, al igual que los ángeles, representan desde el punto de vista metafísico, los estados supraindividuales del ser .
Pero en el hemisferio sur resulta que el solsticio de verano es el mes de diciembre con el signo zodiacal de capricornio y el solsticio de invierno es en junio con el signo zodiacal de cáncer, con lo que el mundo iniciático se orienta en forma diferente, ya que si el ingreso es en el solsticio de verano y es la puerta para los hombres (capricornio), la puerta de salida sería en el solsticio de invierno para los dioses (cáncer), con lo que todas las connotaciones iniciáticas del hemisferio norte no serían aplicables al hemisferio sur. Pero no solo es un tema de aspectos iniciáticos, también las estaciones climáticas son diferentes. MESES diciembre Hemisferio Norte invierno Hemisferio Sur verano Solsticios x
marzo primavera otoño
junio verano invierno x
setiembre otoño primavera
Los incas, no descartaban la ciencia antigua de los pueblos conquistados ni impusieron el suyo, por el contrario mantuvo una convivencia armoniosa y práctica, tanto en la ciencia como en la religión, así ellos tuvieron un calendario lunar para las fiestas religiosas y un calendario solar para la agricultura. La convivencia religiosa permitió por ejemplo, que en el Cuzco estuviera el gran templo del sol, y en la costa peruana, en Pachacamac estaba el gran templo de Viracocha “El Creador del Mundo”, padre del sol y la luna, este dios ancestral venía desde la cultura Caral, pasando por las diversas previas a los incas y llegando hasta la conquista española. De idéntica manera en todo el imperio los diferentes pueblos y culturas confederadas en el Tahuantinsuyo mantenían sus propias huacas para sus dioses, pero a la vez aceptaban y adoraban al dios Sol. El noveno inca Pachacutec, dispuso que se construyera templos al sol en todo el imperio, pero ningún inca dispuso que se destruyera ningún lugar de adoración de los otros dioses. Es indudable que el calendario, es el instrumento más importante creado
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Gracias al calendario se podía pronosticar con cierta puntualidad a lo largo del año la sucesión de las estaciones climáticas, con sus correspondientes diferencias en cuanto a temperatura, lluvias, nevadas, sequías, etc., y con ello planificar convenientemente el desarrollo de la agricultura y ganadería, garantes de la alimentación humana y origen de los imperios en el mundo. Las primeras ideas de contar con calendarios surgen en el período neolítico -aproximadamente entre los 7,000 y 4,000 a.C.-, época en que se produjo un cambio radical en la vida del hombre, evolucionando de un sistema de recolectores nómadas de subsistencia, a los primeros asentamientos urbanos y la iniciación de una incipiente agricultura. El origen del calendario se ubica en Mesopotamia desde donde se extendieron a Egipto, Grecia y Roma. Los calendarios antiguos, al igual que los actuales, fueron basados en los desplazamientos de la Luna y el Sol. En el caso de la Luna, la principal determinación se da por el conocimiento del desarrollo y duración de sus cuatro fases sucesivas: Luna nueva, Cuarto creciente, Luna llena y Cuarto menguante. En el caso del Sol, fue la fijación del curso y desenvolvimiento del año y sus estaciones, así como de los días y sus horas de luz y oscuridad, que dependen ambos de las diferentes posiciones de elevación del Sol respecto a la Tierra, cuyas principales situaciones de cambio son los solsticios y los equinoccios. Los solsticios (del latín solstitium; sol = sol y sto = permanecer) son los dos días del año en que el Sol a mediodía parece estar parado, en el cual el Sol alcanza los extremos más al norte y al sur de la eclíptica, y que en el hemisferio norte designamos como solsticio de verano -principio de la estación veraniega- que ocurre hacia el 21 de junio, y el solsticio de invierno -inicio de la estación invernal- que ocurre hacia el 21 de diciembre. Los equinoccios (del latín aequinoctium; aequus = igual y nox = noche) son los dos días del año en que son iguales las horas de luz y de oscuridad, cuando la eclíptica del Sol cruza el ecuador terrestre camino de los solsticios de verano e invierno. En el hemisferio norte designamos al primero como equinoccio vernal o de primavera -inicio de la estación primaveral- que ocurre hacia el 21 de marzo, y al segundo, equinoccio de otoño -principio de
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oeste. Los calendarios primitivos se constituyeron como colecciones de meses, períodos en los cuales la Luna consumía el ciclo de sus cuatro fases. El concepto de año fue fijado por los astrónomos al constatar que las estaciones climáticas influían fundadamente en el desarrollo de las labores agrícolas, y que habían comprobado que las estaciones se sucedían de acuerdo con la posición del Sol y las estrellas respecto a la Tierra, y que se repetían al cabo de un número de días, en que el Sol o las estrellas volvían a situarse en un momento dado en igual disposición respecto a un punto determinado de la Tierra. Los orígenes de la agricultura se remontan a tres regiones diferentes del mundo: Mesopotamia, América del Sur y China. En Mesopotamia fue posiblemente donde se iniciaron cultivos tales como los de los trigos tiernos y compactos, el centeno, las lentejas, las habas, las arvejas y el lino, ya que todos ellos, entre otros, son originarios, de las relativamente cercanas zonas montañosas del sudeste asiático (en Afganistán, Persia y Asia Menor), cuyos cultivos ulteriormente en Babilonia mostraban una agronomía considerablemente desarrollada, gracias a la red de canales que irrigaban las producciones de cereales y hortalizas. Algunos autores basan en la agricultura, la necesidad de programar, fijar y transmitir las técnicas agrarias y delimitar las propiedades, el surgimiento de los primeros calendarios, la invención de la escritura y el inicio de la geometría. En el sur de Mesopotamia junto al Golfo Pérsico, región conocida como Sumer, residía el pueblo sumerio -cuyo origen y procedencia se desconocen- el cual conquistó la supremacía de toda la zona y desarrolló una cultura de tal importancia que puede ser considerada como la cuna de la civilización occidental, seguida por Egipto y la India. Y en América es Caral ubicado en el Perú. Todas estas culturas construyeron pirámides.
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Fueron los sumerios los que inventaron, alrededor del año 3,000 a.C., el primer sistema de escritura, que al principio fue pictográfica (escritura ideográfica con dibujos representativos del mundo que les rodeaba explicados por medio de palabras), y que posteriormente pasaría a ser logográfica con signos representativos de sílabas, la cual se ha denominado “cuneiforme” (del latín cuneos, cuña) por las señales terminadas en cuña que figuran en las tablillas de arcilla arc illa encontradas. Con la invención de la escritura por los sumerios se inicia la Historia de la Humanidad. (El alfabeto actual es de origen fenicio, transmitido a griegos, romanos y todo el Occidente). Hacia el año 2,325 a.C., los acadios, pueblo semita que habitaba al norte de Sumer en la región de Akkad, bajo el mando del rey Sargon I, pusieron pus ieron fin a la hegemonía sumeria. El primer calendario conocido data del año 2,400 a.C. y fue hallado en Nippur una ciudad estado de Sumeria, con el cual los sacerdotes regulaban el culto fijando los días festivos y los dedicados a los sacrificios. Este calendario sumerio estaba fundamentado en la observación de las fases de la Luna y contaba con un año de doce meses lunares de 30 días con un total de 360 días, lo cual estaba de acuerdo con su sistema numérico sexagesimal. Como sabemos, el actual sistema numérico decimal fue introducido en occidente por los árabes, los cuales a su vez lo importaron de la India. Posteriormente durante la supremacía de Babilonia en el segundo milenio antes de Cristo, los babilonios adoptaron el calendario lunar sumerio, con la modificación de que los años comprendían meses alternativos de 29 y 30 días, ya que entonces se conocía que la revolución sinódica de la Luna duraba aproximadamente 29 días y medio. Para acordar el año lunar de 12 meses -6 meses de 29 días y 6 de 30 días- con un total de 354 días con el año real de 365 días, los babilonios intercalaban un mes cada dos o tres años. Finalmente durante la dominación persa (539 a 332 a.C.) hacia el año 380 a.C., por influencia del ciclo metónico 2 griego, se logró una consonancia bastante correcta mediante el establecimiento del ciclo de 19 años,
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meteorológicos, pero variaban de una a otra ciudad. Sin embargo los nombres que fijaron en la ciudad de Babilonia los asirio-babilónicos fueron los que alcanzaron la mayor importancia, hasta el extremo de ser los nombres que adoptaron los judíos para su calendario al abandonar Babilonia (Salida de Abraham de Ur). Los babilonios establecieron una semana de siete días, posiblemente por los cinco planetas entonces conocidos a los que añadían el Sol y la Luna. L una. El número 7 era para ellos fatal, hasta el punto que los días 7, 14, 21 y 28 de cada mes no emprendían ninguna actividad importante. (Es posible que el sábado judío, día séptimo de su semana, se estableciera como día de descanso por corresponder con el número 7 día inactivo babilónico). bab ilónico). La división del día en 24 horas se debió al parecer a los sumerios. Sus sucesores, los babilonios, dividían el día en dos períodos de 12 horas, bien por correlación con los 12 meses lunares del año o bien por los 12 signos del Zodiaco. Para el cómputo de las horas utilizaban durante el día el reloj de sol (gnomon) y durante la noche el reloj de agua (clepsidra). Los conceptos de minuto y segundo con que hoy dividimos las horas proceden de la división sexagesimal del grado, introducida por los astrónomos de Babilonia, los cuales dividían el círculo en 360 grados, subdivididos en 12 partes de 30 grados cada una.
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Como antes se dijo el mundo iniciático del mundo antiguo tenía dos puertas, en el hemisferio norte se ingresaba en el solsticio de verano, zodiaco de cáncer (puerta del hombre), y se salía en el solsticio de invierno, zodiaco de capricornio (puerta de los dioses), para muchas religiones de culturas ubicadas en el hemisferio norte está marcado con el nacimiento de sus dioses: Osiris, Horus, Tammuz, Krisna, Zaratrusta, Mitra, Buda, Dionisio, Adonis, Hermes, Baco, Prometeo, Hércules y Jesús, todos nacidos el 25 de diciembre. En América del Sur, en los pueblos y culturas previas al Imperio de los Incas, la situación era inversa, la puerta del hombre se hallaba en el solsticio de verano zodiaco de capricornio, marcado con la fiesta del Qapac Raymi la fiesta del hombre, la fiesta del huarachico, y la puerta de salida del dios ocurría en el solsticio de invierno zodiaco de cáncer, con la fiesta del Inti Raymi, la fiesta del Dios Inti. Este cambio de posición de las puertas de ingreso y salida, tienen una connotación iniciática importante, para un correcto entendimiento de las leyes herméticas y el esoterismo de las escuelas iniciáticas aplicadas a este continente, habida cuenta que el Perú (Cuzco) por los próximos dos mil años, será el Centro Magnético de la Tierra, hacia donde se ha desplazado la energía espiritual que antes estuvo en el Tíbet, dicen los iniciados en estas escuelas. Durante dos mil años el Tíbet en el Himalaya fue el Centro Magnético del Mundo. Hasta ahí se trasladaban fuerzas invisibles, vibraciones y fluidos espirituales de gran trascendencia para el mundo y que convirtieron al Tíbet en un lugar especial. Y como estaba previsto, el Centro Magnético de la Tierra se desplazó desde las altas cordilleras del Himalaya hasta el Machu Picchu en el Cusco, capital del antiguo imperio de los Incas, donde se festeja el nacimiento del dios Sol en el solsticio de invierno, el 24 de junio, por los herederos de la tradición inca de Bolivia, Perú y Ecuador, fiesta que era y es festejado en todo el territorio del Imperio del Tahuantinsuyo. En la Huaca de Chena, conocido como Pucará de Chena, un observatorio astronómico y huaca sagrada, utilizada por los incas se ha renovado el festejo del Inti Raymi. Chena está ubicada sobre la puntilla de Cucará,
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iguala esta modesta cumbre con el corazón del imperio, la ciudad sagrada del Cuzco, el centro del mundo.
Huaca Chena.
En el Ecuador el Imperio Inca construyo el Templo del Sol en Ingapirca, y es el sitio arqueológico incaico más importante ubicado al norte de Perú, el Templo del Sol está construido encima de una gran roca en la cumbre de una montaña. El edificio principal está construido al estilo inca sin mortero, pero en algunas partes sí aparece, pues usaron el mortero para estabilizar sus muros. Las piedras de los muros incas fueron cuidadosamente
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parte de sus costumbres individuales separadas. Aunque los incas eran más numerosos, no exigieron que el cañarí renunciara a su autonomía. Como en otras importantes ruinas incas, en Ingapirca se construyó también un sistema sofisticado de acueducto subterráneo para distribuir el agua por todo el complejo.
Las religiones de los incas y los cañarís eran muy diferentes: los incas eran
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LAS FESTIVIDADES INCAS DE SOLSTICIO Y EQUINOCCIO. Se puede decir que todo empezó hace cerca de 5 mil años, cuando nuestros antepasados, tan amigos de observar las estrellas, estrellas, se dieron cuenta cuenta que en determinada época del año el Sol se mueve desde una posición posición perpendicular sobre el Trópico de Capricornio, hasta una posición perpendicular sobre el trópico de Cáncer. A estos días extremos en la posición del Sol se les llamó solsticios de invierno y verano, los cuales ocurren los días diciembre 21 y junio 21 respectivamente en el hemisferio norte. Como en los mitos de las culturas antiguas, los griegos a los solsticios le llamaban “puertas” y, en parte, no les faltaba razón. La “puerta de los hombres”, según estas creencias helénicas, correspondía al solsticio de verano (del 21 al 22 de junio) a diferencia de “la puerta de los dioses” del solsticio de invierno (del 21 al a l 22 de diciembre). Este simbolismo era compartido por pueblos distantes, separados por el océano Atlántico. Es el caso de los incas en Perú. Los dos festivales primordiales del mundo incaico eran el Capac-Raymi (o Año Nuevo) que tenía lugar en diciembre y el que se celebraba cada 24 de junio, el IntiRaymi (o la fiesta del Sol) en la impresionante explanada de Sacsayhuaman. Muchas culturas celebran el equinoccio de primavera como el inicio de la temporada de crecimiento y plenitud. La celebración de Pascua en los Estados Unidos es un ejemplo de la incorporación de las tradiciones originarias del equinoccio de la primavera. ¿Alguna vez te has preguntado Jesús qué tiene que ver con conejos y huevos? Estos son símbolos de fertilidad y primavera, más específicamente de la diosa Ostara (de donde viene el nombre Easter), y originalmente correspondían a la celebración del
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de la sangre real” . Esta segunda festividad era el Qhapaq Raymi . Aparte de las cuatro festividades principales había otras “ordinarias que se hacen cada (Comentarios Reales). luna, y otras particulares” (Comentarios
Estas festividades o conmemoraciones de tipo cultural-espiritual, que fueron llamados RAYMI , tenían fundamento astronómico. Estaban basados en los solsticios y equinoccios (inicio de las cuatro estaciones), guardando plena armonía con la naturaleza y el fluir del cosmos. En los Comentarios Reales (Libro segundo, Cap. XXII), se lee que “Alcanzaron también los solsticios de verano y del invierno, los cuales dejaron escritos con señales grandes y notorios, que fueron ocho torres que labraron al oriente, y otras ocho al poniente de la ciudad del Cuzco, puestas equinoccios de primavera y otoño de cuatro en cuatro...” En cuanto a los equinoccios los Incas “También alcanzaron los equinoccios, y los solemnizaron mucho... Para verificar el equinoccio tenían columnas de piedra riquísimamente labradas, puestas en los patios y plazas que había ante los templos del sol”.
En el solsticio de verano, que generalmente se inicia el 21 de diciembre (*) se conmemoraba el QHAPAQ RAYMI . Para comprender la palabra “qhapaq” y así saber la importancia de este evento veamos lo que escribió el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega de su tío abuelo Wayna Qhapaq : “Llamaron a este príncipe Wayna Qhapaq, que según la común interpretación de los historiadores españoles, y según el sonido de las letras , quiere decir Mozo rico, y parece que es así, según el lenguaje común (***). Mas aquellos indios, en la obligación de poner nombres y sobrenombres a sus reyes, tenían otra forma, otra frase y elegancia, diferente a la del lenguaje común, que generalmente eran rememoranzas a la niñez o juventud del príncipe, especialmente a sus virtudes. Consideraban también los beneficios y
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estudios del arte de la guerra señalen el periodo en que termina su carrera preparatoria con semejantes ceremonias características”. Por características”. Por su parte Guamán Poma nos habla directamente de los Caballeros Otorongos,
o uturuncus (nombre (nombre del jaguar en quechua). Pero el Warachicuy Warachicuy era una ceremonia que se iniciaba días antes con diferentes pruebas donde los neófitos demostraban sus destrezas adquiridas para el arte de la guerra, la misma que concluía en el Qhapaq Raymi, donde al joven que aprobaba las pruebas se le perforaba las orejas con una aguja de oro, que lo conservaban hasta que la abertura fuera lo suficientemente grande para contener los enormes pendientes peculiares a su orden, y que les hicieron dar por los los españoles el nombre nombre de “orejones”. Al término de la ceremonia uno de los más nobles venerables le calzaba con sandalias que usaban los miembros de la orden y se les permitía ceñirse la faja en la cintura. Si era un príncipe inca se le colocaba en la cabeza una especie de venda con borlas de color amarillo tejida con la fina lana de vicuña. Mientras el mundo cristiano festejaba la navidad, en los sitios más apartados de los andes esta festividad pasaba desapercibida, salvo en los lugares donde existían parroquias o iglesias cristianas, situación que aún persiste. Es cierto que en los días de la navidad cristiana se respira un ambiente de paz, armonía y unidad familiar y social, pero en la época de los Incas este hecho se vivía permanentemente todos los días, era como una “navidad permanente” y que alcanzaban su máximo esplendor en los días de los cuatro Raymi s. s. Para recibirlos, se preparaban con ayunos y otras abstinencias, por ello superaba a la natividad cristiana en ese aspecto. A modo de ejemplo diremos cómo se preparaban para recibir la cuarta festividad o Situwa Raymi que se llevaba a cabo en el Equinoccio de Primavera (septiembre): “A la cuarta fiesta que los reyes Incas celebraban solemnemente en su corte la llamaban Situwa; era de mucho regocijo para
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vega, que significaba el inicio de una nueva etapa, el "tiempo circular inca" (debido a que ellos no concebían el tiempo como lineal sino como un círculo cronológico), así como el origen mítico del Inca, quien fuese enviado por el Sol (como dios ordenador de las acciones de las poblaciones del antiguo mundo). Su celebración duraba 15 días, en los cuales había danzas, ceremonias y sacrificios. El último Inti Raymi con la presencia del Inca fue realizado en 1,535. En 1,572 el virrey Francisco Álvarez de Toledo la prohibió por considerarla una ceremonia pagana y contraria a la fe católica. Se siguió realizando de manera clandestina, en protesta a la "extirpación de idolatrías", que hicieron los españoles en el virreinato del Perú contra los nativos del antiguo Imperio de los Incas, mientras que para los criollos y extranjeros se instauro la Santa Inquisición.
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Ese día, el soberano y sus parientes esperaban descalzos la salida del sol en la plaza. Puestos en cuclillas (los incas no se ponían de rodillas), con los brazos abiertos y dando besos al aire, recibían al astro rey. Entonces el inca, con dos vasos de madera (keros de madera, no de oro, porque ellos asimilaron este vaso ceremonial de la cultura Tiahuanaco), brindaba la chicha de jora: del vaso que mantenía en la mano izquierda bebían sus parientes; el de la derecha era derramado y vertido en un tinajón de oro. Después todos iban al Coricancha y adoraban al sol. Los curacas entregaban las ofrendas que habían traído de sus tierras y luego el cortejo volvía a la plaza, donde se realizaba el masivo sacrificio de ganado ante el fuego nuevo que se encendía utilizando como espejo el brazalete de oro del sacerdote principal. La carne de los animales era repartida entre todos los presentes, así como una gran cantidad de chicha, con la que los festejos continuaban durante los siguientes días.
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Inti Raymi en el solsticio de invierno, la gran fiesta del sol en el Cuzco que incluía el entierro de ofrendas “capacocha” 3, luego de tal festividad se hacía una especie de censo o inventario de la población y de los recursos alimenticios que tenía cada familia para su sustento. Otra visita similar se hacía en diciembre con la finalidad que ninguno padeciera hambre o necesidad. Coya Raymi en el equinoccio primaveral, era la gran fiesta de la luna, esposa del sol, era la fiesta y pascua de la luna, donde festejaban a las mujeres principales del reino. También el inca disponía una limpieza y desinfección general de las calles y casas en todo el imperio. El Sol Cenital era observado por los incas en Machu Picchu, este fenómeno consiste en que el los rayos del sol caen en forma vertical en un lugar determinado, y los incas con esta finalidad entre otras habían construido el intihuatana de Machu Picchu, donde este fenómeno se puede observar en horas del mediodía del 22 de diciembre, marcando de esta manera el solsticio de verano.
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El solsticio de invierno (junio) era determinado por el ingreso de los rayos del sol a determinadas construcciones de Machu Picchu, donde se tenía pequeños dispositivos que permitían ver con claridad este fenómeno solar.
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LAS CAPACOCHAS. Los cronistas hacen referencias a las capacochas en las fiestas solsticiales y equinocciales de los incas, pero que eran y para que se realizaban. Las producciones textiles fueron, y siguen siendo, un elemento importante en la mayoría de las las culturas. Estos cumplieron diversas funciones, entre las cuales la más importante fue la de vestimenta y de cobertor. Sin Sin embargo, también fueron un vehículo para transmitir ideas, memorias, mensajes. Los textiles en el mundo mundo andino no no fueron una una excepción. Desde
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son de suma importancia para entender las complejas relaciones de reciprocidad que se daban tanto a nivel humano como sobrenatural. Estos sitios de altura con evidencia de la ceremonia de la capacocha fueron estudiados y excavados por diversos investigadores. Entre ellos tenemos a Grete Mostny, quien investigó el santuario del cerro El Plomo en Santiago de Chile. En Perú, Johan Reinhard y José Antonio Chávez excavaron en el Pichu Pichu, Sara Sara y Ampato, en Arequipa. Finalmente, en Argentina, Juan Schobinger y María Constanza Ceruti son los precursores de la arqueología de alta montaña y han excavado los santuarios de altura del
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Andes prehispánicos se realizaron estos rituales de sacrificio -tanto de animales como de seres humanos- seguramente para dichos d ichos fines. Los primeros hallazgos de sacrificios humanos los tenemos en Aspero, 3,000 años a.C. -que pudo ser una ofrenda dedicada a la arquitectura sagrada- y en La Paloma, aproximadamente en la misma época, ambas pertenecen a la cultura Caral. Estos fueron sacrificios de infantes asociados a estructuras sagradas. En épocas posteriores (de 700 a 250 a.C.), en el Alto Huallaga y Ancón, también se hallaron restos de sacrificios de niños asociados a estructuras de carácter sagrado. Estos fueron posiblemente
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relacionarían con la vegetación y la fertilidad. Entre los incas se sacrificaban animales domesticados como las llamas. Este animal fue comúnmente sacrificado en muchas culturas a lo largo de los Andes, como se evidencia en Tiahuanaco, Chan Chan, Túcume, Chiribaya, entre otros. Entre los incas, la sangre y la grasa de estos animales eran conservadas en vasijas de cerámica con sus representaciones y colocadas en los campos para asegurar la fertilidad del rebaño, asimismo, el Spondylus o conchas de mullu fueron, desde épocas muy tempranas, un elemento de prestigio sagrado. Estas eran objeto de un activo intercambio entre la costa y la sierra y estaban estrechamente asociadas con los sacrificios.
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En los santuarios de altura que se encuentran mayoritariamente en la zona sur del Tahuantinsuyo, es decir, en los territorios que ocupan actualmente el sur de Perú, Chile y Argentina; pocos son los hallados en la zona centro y norte del Perú y en el Ecuador, esto puede ser debido a que en el Chinchaysuyo, por ejemplo, siguiendo las trayectorias de las líneas imaginarias o ceques, éstas desembocan en el Pacífico. Por los datos históricos las capacochas debían llegar hasta los extremos de los suyus, entonces, si el extremo del Chinchaysuyo era el mar, es allí
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En el Aconcagua se encontró un infante de sexo masculino de unos 7 a 8
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Los textiles fueron considerados un bien preciado para ofrendar a las
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solemnes en el Cuzco, las delegaciones regresaban a sus provincias
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ANTES QUE LOS INCAS ¿SE CONOCÍA CONOCÍA LOS SOLSTICIO SOLSTICIOS SY
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Un grupo de 13 torres de piedra que coronan la ladera de una montaña
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Ayrihua Quilla Quilla, Luna de las espigas gemelas, abril, mes de cosecha y descanso.
p ara ser almacenado Aymoray Quilla Quilla, Luna de la cosecha, mayo, el maíz se seca para
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Haucai Cusqui Quilla, junio, cosecha de papa y descanso, roturación del suelo.
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Chacra Yapuy Quilla , Luna de siembra, agosto, mes de sembrar las tierras.
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Uma Raymi Quilla , Luna de la fiesta de la provincia de Oma, octubre, tiempo de espantar a los pájaros
de los campos recién cultivados.
Ayamarca Raymi Raymi Quilla, Luna de la fiesta de la provincia de Ayamarca, noviembre, tiempo de regar los
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1. Capac Inti Raymi Quilla (diciembre). Comienzan a caer las grandes lluvias y en las chacras se inicia la siembra de papas, ocas y quinua. Durante este mes tenía lugar la fiesta del Huarachicuy. 2. Capac Raymi Camay Quilla (enero). Era el mes de lluvia abundante, cuando los campos de cultivo se limpiaban. Durante este tiempo abundaban las enfermedades, por lo que se realizaba la fiesta llamada Camay. 3. Paucar Huarey Hatun Pocoy Quilla (febrero). Se protegen los maizales y se empiezan a barbechar los campos. En este mes se realizaba la fiesta del Hatun Pocoy. 4. Pacha Pocoy Quilla (marzo). Disminuyen las lluvias y los sembríos empiezan a madurar. Se realizaba la fiesta del Pacha Pucoy. 5. Inca Raymi Camay Quilla (abril). Época en la que los campos se cubren de flores y los cultivos han madurado. En este mes se realizaba la fiesta del Atihuaquis. 6. Hatun Cusqui Aymoray Quilla (mayo). En este mes tenía lugar la cosecha del maíz y se realizaba la fiesta del Aymoray. 7. Huacay Cusqui Quilla (junio). Período de la cosecha y de la limpieza de las acequias. En este mes se realizaba el Inti Raymi, fiesta principal en homenaje al Sol. 8. Chajra Conapuy Quilla (julio). Era el momento del reparto de las tierras y del abono de las chacras. 9. Chajra Yapuy Quilla (agosto). En este mes se iniciaba la siembra del maíz en un ambiente de fiesta. 10. Coya Raymi Quilla (setiembre). Termina la siembra del maíz y se trillan los granos. Durante este mes se realizaba el Coya Raymi, fiesta en honor de la Luna y la coya. También la Citua, ceremonia para espantar a los malos espíritus y a las enfermedades. 11. Uma Raymi (octubre). Se protegía las sementeras de las aves y se recolectaba paja y leña. Se realizaban ceremonias para invocar las lluvias. 12. Ayamarcay Quilla (noviembre). El último mes del año, cuando se empezaban a regar los campos. Se rendía culto a los muertos. Los ruegos y sacrificios pidiendo lluvias eran mayores.
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LAS PUERTAS SOLSTICIALES DEL INCA. Antes de la llegada de los europeos a Sudamérica, las culturas y pueblos que vivían en él se desarrollaron libres de cualquier injerencia exógena, así las diferentes culturas que darán origen posterior al imperio de los incas vivían su propia realidad, ideología y religión. Todas ellas aportaron lo mejor de sí, en una amalgama socio cultural producto de sus conflictos internos cuyo foco civilizatorio más antiguo es Caral (3,000 a.C), seguido de otras culturas como: Chavín (2,000 a.C.), Tiahuanaco (1,500 a.C.), Paracas (400 a.C.), Nazca (100 d.C.), Moche (100 d.C.), Wari (600 d.C.), Sican (700 d.C.), Chimú (1,200 d.C.), y paralelo a este desarrollo se fue difundiendo la religión de la deidad más importante de esta parte del continente: Viracocha, el creador del mundo, creador del Sol y la Luna. Viracocha era conocido con distintos nombres así tenemos: Wiracocha, Kon Ticsi Wiracocha, Pachayachachi, Qon Raya Wiracochan y Pachacamac. Los españoles le denominaban: Padre del Sol, Verdadero Sol, Nombre Honroso del Sol y Fuerza Vital. Los incas absorbieron todo lo mejor de sus antecesores y lo mejoraron más aún, no prohibieron el culto de los dioses de las diferentes culturas del imperio, pero antepusieron al dios Viracocha y el Sol de quienes decían ser descendientes. Y en verdad ninguna de estas culturas puso mayor resistencia al dios Viracocha que ya lo conocían desde Caral, así como tampoco al dios Sol que era el hijo de Viracocha. De manera tal que si adoraban al Sol también lo hacían a Viracocha y de manera inversa si adoraban a Viracocha lo hacían también al Sol, y en ambos casos por la fuerza o por medios pacíficos aceptaban la divinidad del Inca. El prestigio de este imperio era tal, que llegaron a él los guaranís en busca de “ la tierra sin ”, esperanzados de encontrar la tierra prometida en el centro del mal ”, imperio, en el ombligo del mundo el Cuzco. Era asombroso como un imperio tan vasto podía administrar sus recursos eficientemente (no había hambre, ni pobreza en el imperio), el imperio en verdad era una especie de paraíso, y así es como lo conocieron a su llegada los españoles.
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Dentro de los soldados europeos que llegaron en la conquista, había “masones operativos” 7, quienes pudieron observar que los incas tenían sus propios “masones operativos”, y que en este imperio había ritos iniciáticos asociados como en otras partes del mundo, a la religión que practicaban, muchos de ellos eran realizados en forma pública y otros en forma reservada. Las más notorias festividades eran las cuatro fiestas del Raymi, dos de ellas coincidían con los solsticios y dos con los equinoccios, igual al que ellos practicaban en Europa, e intentaron comprender las fiestas solsticiales e equinocciales del nuevo mundo que los europeos practicaban, como una herencia ancestral del paganismo cuyos orígenes se perdía en la noche del tiempo. En Europa y el Oriente se conocían las Puertas Solsticiales, como las dos puertas zodiacales que son respectivamente la entrada y la salida de la “caverna cósmica” que algunas tradiciones designan como “la puerta de los hombres” y “la puerta de los dioses” y que corresponden a los dos solsticios. Debemos precisar que la primera corresponde al solsticio de verano, es decir, al signo de Cáncer, y la segunda al solsticio de invierno, es decir, al signo de Capricornio para el hemisferio norte del globo g lobo terráqueo. Rene Guenón, matemático, filósofo y esoterista francés, iniciado en la masonería nos dice: Para comprender la razón, es menester referirse a la división del ciclo anual en dos mitades, una “ascendente” y otra “descendente”: la primera es el período del curso del sol hacia el norte (uttaràyana), que va del solsticio de invierno al de verano; la segunda es la del curso del sol hacia el sur (dakshinàyana), que va del solsticio de verano al de invierno. En la tradición hindú, la fase “ascendente” está puesta en relación con eldeva-yâna [“vía de los dioses”], y la fase descendente con el pitr-yâna [“vía de los padres (o antepasados)”], lo que coincide exactamente con las designaciones de las dos puertas que acabamos de recordar: la “ puerta puerta de los hombres” es la que da acceso al pitr-yâna, y la “ puerta puerta de los dioses” es la que da acceso al deva-yâna; deben, pues, situarse respectivamente en el inicio de las dos fases correspondientes, o sea la primera en el solsticio de verano y la segunda en el solsticio de invierno. El eje solsticial del Zodíaco, relativamente vertical con respecto al eje de los equinoccios, debe considerarse como la proyección, en el ciclo solar anual,
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del eje polar norte-sur; según la correspondencia del simbolismo temporal con el simbolismo espacial de los puntos cardinales, el solsticio de invierno es en cierto modo el polo norte del año y el solsticio de verano su polo sur, mientras que los dos equinoccios, el de primavera y el de otoño, corresponden respectivamente, y de modo análogo, al este y al oeste. De acuerdo con el simbolismo cristiano, el nacimiento del (Mesías) Avatâra ocurre no solamente en el solsticio de invierno, sino también tamb ién a medianoche; está así, pues, en doble correspondencia con la “ puerta de los dioses”.
Según el simbolismo masónico, el trabajo iniciático se cumple “de mediodía a medianoche”, lo que no es menos exacto si se considera el trabajo como una marcha efectuada de la “ puerta puerta de los hombres” a la “ puerta puerta de los
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Tal simbolismo se encuentra igualmente entre los griegos. También entre los romanos, donde está esencialmente vinculado con el simbolismo de Jano. Jano, en el aspecto de que ahora se trata, es apropiadamente el ianitor (“portero”) que abre y cierra las puertas (ianuae) del ciclo anual, con las llaves que son uno de sus principales atributos; y recordaremos a este respecto que la llave es un símbolo “axial”. En efecto, Jano (Ianus) ha dado su nombre al mes de enero (ianuarius), que es el primero, aquel por el cual se abre el año cuando comienza, normalmente, en el solsticio de invierno; además, cosa aún más neta, la fiesta de Jano, en Roma, era celebrada en los dos solsticios por los Collegia Fabrorum. Como las puertas solsticiales dan acceso a las dos mitades, ascendente y descendente, del ciclo zodiacal, que en ellas tienen sus puntos de partida respectivos, Jano, a quien hemos visto aparecer como el “ Señor del triple tiempo” (designación que se aplica también a Çiva en la tradición hindú), es también, por lo dicho, el “Señor de las dos vías”, esas dos vías, de derecha y de izquierda, que los pitagóricos representaban con la letra Y, y que son, en el fondo, idénticas al deva-yána y al pitr-yâna respectivamente. Por lo demás, Jano presidía los Collegia Fabrorum, depositarios de las iniciaciones que, como en todas las civilizaciones tradicionales, estaban vinculadas con el ejercicio de las artesanías; y es muy notable que esto, lejos de desaparecer con la antigua civilización romana, se haya continuado sin interrupción en el propio cristianismo, y que de ello, por extraño que parezca a quienes ignoran ciertas “transmisiones”, pueden aún encontrarse vestigios en nuestros mismos días. En el cristianismo, las fiestas solsticiales paganas de Jano se han convertido en las de los dos San Juan, y éstas se celebran siempre en las mismas épocas, es decir en los alrededores inmediatos de los solsticios de invierno y verano. Señalemos aún, de paso y a título de curiosidad, que la expresión popular francesa “Jean qui pleure et Jean qui rit” (“Juan que ríe y Juan que llora”) es en realidad una reminiscencia de los dos rostros opuestos de Jano. Y es también muy significativo que el aspecto esotérico de la tradición cristiana haya sido considerado siempre como “johannita”, lo cual confiere a ese hecho un sentido que sobrepasa netamente, cualesquiera fueren las apariencias exteriores, el dominio simplemente religioso y exotérico. La sucesión de los antiguos Collegia Fabrorum, por lo demás, se transmitió
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en lo que concierne a la altura de la Logia, que, según la tradición islámica, el sitio donde se levanta una mezquita se considera consagrado no solamente en la superficie de la tierra, sino desde ésta hasta el “séptimo cielo”. Por otra parte, se dice que “en la Logia de San Juan se elevan templos a la virtud y se cavan mazmorras para el vicio ”; estas dos ideas de “elevar ” y “excavar ” se refieren a las dos “dimensiones” verticales, altura y profundidad, que se cuentan según las mitades de un mismo eje que va “del cenit al nadir ”, ”, es decir, a las dos tendencias del ser, hacia los Cielos (el templo) y hacia los Infiernos (la mazmorra), tendencias que están aquí más bien “alegorizadas” que simbolizadas en sentido estricto, por las nociones de “virtud ” y “vicio” . En el simbolismo masónico, dos tangentes paralelas a un circulo se consideran, entre otras significaciones diversas, como representación de los dos San Juan; si se ve al Círculo como una figura del ciclo anual, los puntos de contacto de las dos tangentes, diametralmente opuestos entre sí, corresponden entonces a los dos puntos solsticiales. La masonería operativa y especulativa, ha conservado siempre, como uno de los testimonios más explícitos de su origen, las fiestas solsticiales, consagradas a los dos San Juan después de haberlo estado a los dos rostros de Jano; y así la doctrina tradicional de las dos puertas solsticiales, con sus conexiones iniciáticas, se ha mantenido viva aún, por mucho que sea generalmente incomprendida, hasta en el mundo occidental actual. La Puerta de los Hombres, que cruzamos conscientemente en el Solsticio de Verano, nos ha permitido el viaje interior, el descenso desc enso a la caverna cósmica, lugar donde el Ser se manifiesta en su Totalidad. Ese viaje iniciático, los pitagóricos consideran que se realiza de la Puerta de los Hombres (solsticio de cáncer) a la Puerta de los Dioses (solsticio de Capricornio) develando nuestra verdadera imagen desde el centro del mismo Cosmos. Los cambios interiores se han reflejado en el cielo haciéndonos comprender que la realidad relativa de lo manifestado (forma-materia) es un reflejo de la Realidad Absoluta de lo inmanifestado (Espíritu). Mientras
dirigimos al solsticio de Capricornio,
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propósito, que como potente corriente energética ha impactado en nuestra mente, insinuándonos que la perfección, cuando se pretende se consigue. Iluminando nuestros estados mentales somos capaces de iluminar la materia y regirla como parte del todo indivisible del que formamos parte. Los meses (Signos zodiacales) y sus energías nos han mostrado desde el interior de la caverna cósmica la triplicidad humana y universal, este conocimiento ilumina la triple función planetaria de todos los hombres: “El Camino, La Verdad y la Vida” en su vehículo materia y su cualidad en su vehículo emocional “lo Bueno, lo Verdadero y lo Bello.” Mediante la meditación en los plenilunios, aprendemos a utilizar las energías y a derramarlas para que el propósito sea cumplido en armonía por y para todos. Durante el Festival de Géminis iniciamos el descenso hacia el autoconocimiento verdadero “La Puerta de los Hombres”. El plenilunio de Cáncer nos nutre con las energías necesarias para que los nuevos descubrimientos sobre la completa e indivisible Entidad que encarnamos fuesen anexionados y empezásemos a trabajar en perfecta sintonía y síntesis con el vehículo físico y el etérico. Entendemos que son partes indivisibles del Ser Humano y fuentes de sabiduría de nuestro Ser. Construimos así “una casa iluminada donde morar ”. ”. Leo desde el centro etérico de nuestro Ser (la casa iluminada o vehículos vibraciones etéricos), nos hace reconocer y percibir que somos Materia y Espíritu. Aceptamos y celebramos que “Yo soy aquello y aquello soy Yo”.
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La Esencia como energía integradora (Alma) manifestará los escenarios perfectos para la Ascensión y su Presencia de Amor nos permitirá plasmar el Todo tríadico tríadico y unitario que creará un Nuevo Movimiento. Ese Nuevo Movimiento abstracto, vibrante y sensible, permitirá la Existencia en un plano espacio-tiempo totalmente distinto al a l que hemos percibido hasta el momento. Todo lo oculto, será revelado y la verdad nos hará libres de existir en una Tierra Nueva. Esta filosofía, producto del estudio de la ciencia en un espacio y tiempo, cuyas evidencias más remotas están escritas en las tablillas sumerias y de allí difundidas por el mundo antiguo a través de las escuelas de misterios o sociedades iniciáticas, que guardaron celosamente todo entre sus adeptos. De él, trasciende a otras culturas, así los egipcios, hindúes, griegos y romanos en su tiempo, también lo fueron difundiendo en un secretismo iniciático entre los constructores, más conocidos como masones y lo mantuvieron hasta llegar a nuestros días. Sin embargo en el nuevo mundo y a partir de Caral, conocimientos similares se usaban entre los iniciados de esta parte del mundo en un conocimiento iniciático, que resume todo ello en un concepto: PACHA. En nuestro libro “Los Dioses Incas” 8 decíamos que “ para para entender la historia mítica o legendaria del mundo andino (período de hechos heroicos, donde los humanos, dioses y demonios conviven en el mismo mundo), es necesario entender su concepto de espacio-tiempo, que es definido como “PACHA”, que es “tiempo” en su connotación andina. PACHA, según la traducción de los lingüistas, hace referencia a tiempo y espacio, pero para el andino más bien, esta palabra va más allá del tiempo y el espacio, implica superar el tiempo y el espacio; una forma de vida, una forma de
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Los caralinos con su “espiral representaban la noción del “tiempo” como la unión de lo cíclico con lo infinito”. Los incas hablaban de la Pacha, como concepto de tiempo en tres ciclos: NAYRA PACHA el pasado. JICHHA PACHA el presente, ahora y aquí. QHIPA PACHA el futuro. Pero la Pacha como concepto de espacio también dividía en tres el universo: Hanan Pacha Kay Pacha Uku Pacha
: El mundo de arriba (Cielo) : Nuestro mundo (Tierra) : El inframundo (El infierno)
El Imperio Inca se halla ubicado en el hemisferio sur del globo terráqueo, y el mundo iniciático inca, al igual que las otras culturas antiguas del mundo tenía una puerta de ingreso para el hombre, que se apertura en el solsticio de verano zodiaco de capricornio, marcado con la fiesta del Qapac Raymi, la fiesta del hombre, la fiesta del huarachico. Y la puerta de salida, por donde emergían los dioses se habría en el solsticio de invierno, zodiaco de cáncer, con la fiesta del Inti Raymi, la fiesta del Dios Inti. El Capac Raymi (Qapac Raymi) fue documentado por Guillermo Prescott, quién compara esta festividad al rito iniciático de los caballeros medievales europeos, orden militar que fue muy connotada en Europa, siendo el más célebre la Orden de los Caballeros Templarios. Otro de los cronistas españoles que recabo información de primera mano es el Bernabé Cobo, quién narra aún con mayor detalle este rito de iniciación
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insignia de nobleza a otros. Donde principalmente y con más concurso y aparato se hacia esta fiesta y ceremonia, era en la ciudad del Cuzco; porque el número de los que se armaban caballeros era grande. Hacianla también al mismo tiempo todos los gobernadores de la sangre real que estaban en el gobierno de las provincias, cada uno donde se hallaba, armando caballeros a sus hijos y demás mancebos nobles de su generación. Recibían este grado y orden de caballeros los muchachos de edad de doce a quince años, y las ceremonias sustanciales con que se les daba eran horadarles las orejas y ponerles las guaras y panetes que usaban por zaragüelles o calzones. Empezabanse a hacer mucho antes grandes prevenciones de vestidos, galas y lo demás necesario para tan solemne fiesta. Ante todas cosas cogían un buen número de doncellas nobles desde doce hasta trece o catorce años, que, vestidas ricamente, sirviesen en ella; las cuales, algunos días antes, se estaban en el cerro de Chacaguanacauri hilando el hilo para los rapacejos de las guaras que se habían de poner los muchachos que se armaban orejones o caballeros; y ellos también iban al dicho cerro por cierta paja que habían de llevar en los bordones; y la que sobraba de la que traían, repartían sus parientes entre sí; y todo el tiempo que las dichas doncellas gastaban en esta ocupación en aquel cerro, estaba puesta en el la guaca o ídolo de Guanacauri. Lo demás que para esta solemnidad era menester prevenían los padres y parientes de los mancebos, como era el sacrificio que habían de ofrecer, los dones que les habían de presentar, la chicha para los bailes y regocijos, y los vestidos e insignias con que habían de salir, que eran desta suerte; por calzado unas ojotas hechas de cierta paja muy delgada y de color de oro, llamada coya; las camisetas eran cortas, de lana leonada fina, con rapacejos negros, largos palmo y medio, de lana también, que parecía seda; mantas blancas de dos palmas de ancho y largas hasta las espinillas; estas ataban al cuello
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asimismo a la dicha plaza todos los cuerpos embalsamados de los señores muertos los que los tenían a cargo; y esto de poner en público los dichos ídolos y cuerpos embalsamados hacían todos los días solemnes así deste como de los otros meses. El fin para que sacaban estos cuerpos muertos, era para beber con ellos sus descendientes como si estuvieran vivos; y en esta ocasión particularmente, para que los que se armaban caballeros les pidiesen que los hiciesen tan valientes y venturosos como ellos habían sido. sido. Hecho esto, salía el Inca de su casa muy acompañado, y llegando adonde las estatuas estaban, se asentaba junto a la del sol y cerca de los grandes señores y caballeros que se hallaban en la corte, puestos en rueda y muy cerrados. Luego traían con gran solemnidad cien carneros grandes escogidos entre todos los que se habían recogido aquel año, que fuesen sanos y sin lesión alguna y tuviesen la lana larga y las colas muy empinadas y derechas. Levantabase a este tiempo el sacerdote principal del sol, y haciendo reverencia primero al Viracocha y luego a las demás estatuas, hacia dar con los carneros cuatro vueltas alrededor de ellas, y tras esto, los ofrecía de parte del sol al Viracocha, y ofrecidos, los entregaba a treinta indios que estaban diputados para esto, y cada día sacrificaban tres; de manera que al cabo del mes se venían a consumir todos, sacrificando algunos días a cuatro; y hacianse el sacrificio desta manera: encendían una gran hoguera de leña de quínoa, muy limpia y labrada, y partido el carnero en cuatro cuartos, sin perderse nada de la sangre ni de otra cosa, lo echaban en el fuego y esperaban a que se quemase muy bien; los huesos que quedaban por quemar los molían muy bien y tomaba cada uno un poco de aquel polvo y lo soplaba diciendo ciertas palabras, y lo que sobraba lo llevaban a un buhio, que estaba en el barrio de Pomachupa, donde estaba el deposito desto muchos anos guardado con gran veneración; y al tiempo que se quemaba el dicho carnero, echaban en el fuego maíz blanco, ají
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este nunca lo mataban, antes, cuando se moría, lo enteraban con solemnidad. Y junto con este carnero iban los aporucos. Cada uno de los mancebos llevaba en la mano izquierda una honda de las que habían prevenido, y en la derecha, una vedija de cabuya, que era su cáñamo. Dormían aquel día al pie del cerro, y el siguiente, al salir del sol, subían a lo alto, donde estaba el templo y guaca, a cuyos ministros entregaban las hondas, los cuales se las volvían otro día, diciéndoles que la guaca se las daba, con que peleasen; y luego sangraban aquellos aporucos de cierta vena que está arriba del brazo derecho, y sin tocar la mano, paraban los muchachos al rostro y untabanse con aquella sangre; y cuando todos lo habían hecho, cerraban las heridas a los carneros y vestianlos con camisetas y orejeras. Quemaban la ropa y demás cosas que se habían llevado para el sacrificio, juntamente con seis corderos que llevaban del ganado del sol y otros que los muchachos llevaban para este efecto. No mataban luego estos seis corderos, sino sangrabanlos de cierta vena y dejabanlos desangrar, trayendolos alrededor del cerro; y donde caían muertos, allí los quemaban; y antes de matarlos, arrancaban los sacerdotes una poca de lana de cada uno, y repartianla entre los mozos que se armaban caballeros y los
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ojotas dichas de la paja llamada coya. También daba el sacerdote del sol otro vestido colorado y blanco a cada una de las doncellas señaladas para servir en esta fiesta; y toda esta ropa que se debe a los unos y a los otros era de la que se hacía de tributo para la Religión, y por eso la repartía el sacerdote en nombre del sol. Vestidos desta librea los mancebos, tomaban en las manos unos bordones de palma llamados yauri, que en lo alto tenían unas cuchillas de cobre, y algunos de oro, a manera de hacha, de los cuales colgaba una poca de lana, las guaracas o hondas y la paja que arriba dijimos; y teniéndolos derechos como pica, hacían adoración a las guacas y el acatamiento acostumbrado al Inca, y se partían con sus parcialidades y deudos al cerro de Anaguarque, que está cerca del de Guanacauri. En este acompañamiento iban las doncellas que habían recebido los vestidos, cargadas de unos cantarillos pequeños de chicha, para dar de beber a la gente del, y las insignias reales sobredichas del sunturpaucar y carero vestido, con otros seis oporucos como los de arriba, y hacían con ellos lo mismo, y otros seis corderos pequeños que sacrificaban como en Guanacauri. La razón por que iban a este cerro y adoratorio, era porque se habían de probar en correr, y hacían aquí esta ceremonia, porque contaban que esta guaca quedo tan ligera desde el tiempo del Diluvio, que corría
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dicha. Ya que era hora de recogerse, se iba el Inca a su palacio acompañado de la gente cortesana, y los caballeros mancebos, con el mismo acompañamiento que antes, se partían para el cerro de Yavira, que está en derecho de Carmenga, donde ofrecían el sacrificio que en los otros y recebian las guaras, que eran sus zaraguelles o panetes, los cuales no se podían poner hasta aquel tiempo y con aquellas ceremonias. Ponianles también ciertas celadas en las cabezas, y de parte del Inca les daban unas orejeras de oro, que se ataban a las orejas, diademas de pluma y patenas de plata y de oro, que se colgaban del cuello; lo cual acabado, hacían otra vez el baile dicho y azotaban a los mancebos; con que daban la vuelta para el Cuzco, y entrando en la plaza, hacían la reverencia acostumbrada a los guacas. Después de todas las ceremonias dichas, iban estos caballeros a bañarse a una fuente llamada Calispuquiu, que está detrás de la fortaleza, casi una milla de la ciudad, y vueltos a la plaza, les ofrecían dones sus parientes, comenzando el tío más principal, que daba a su sobrino una rodela, una honda y una maza con que pelease en la guerra, y tras él le iban ofreciendo los demás parientes; con que siempre venía a quedar remediado y rico el que se armaba caballero. Dabale cada uno de los que ofrecían un azote, y le
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Hacían el son con cuatro tambores grandes del sol, y cada tambor tocaban cuatro indios principales vestidos de muy particular librea, con camisetas coloradas hasta los pies con rapacejos blancos y colorados; encima se ponían unas pieles de leones desollados enteros y las cabezas vacías, en las cuales les tenían puestas unas patenas, zarcillos en las orejas, y en lugar de sus dientes naturales, otros del mismo tamaño y forma, con alforjas en las manos, lo cual todo era de oro. Ponianselas de manera que la cabeza y cuello del león les sobrepujaban sobre sus cabezas, y el cuerpo les caía en las espaldas; y estos, para empezar el baile, sacrificaban dos corderos, entregándolos a cuatro viejos deputados para esto, que los ofrecían con mil ceremonias. Esto concluido, traían del ganado del Inca treinta carneros, y repartianlos en los que tenían cargo de los sacrificios; a los cuales mandaba el Inca que los sacrificasen en su nombre a todas las guacas del Cuzco; y así se repartían entre ellos con treinta piezas de ropa. Allende lo cual tomaban treinta haces de leña labrada y, vestidos como hombres y mujeres, los quemaban y ofrecían al sol, por la fuerza de los que se habían horadado las orejas y porque viesen muchos días como aquellos.
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Los orejones preferían morir en las batallas antes que rendirse, por el compromiso juramentado que habían contraído con el dios supremo Viracocha, el creador del mundo, padre del sol y la luna, cuyos hijos, los incas gobernaban en su representación al imperio. Esta ceremonia prolongada impregnaba en el subconsciente del iniciado, el convencimiento de que era un hombre diferente y superior al común de los hombres, la misma que se expresaba en forma simbólica e iniciática por las camisetas coloradas que vestían hasta los pies con rapacejos blancos y colorados; encima del cual se ponían pieles de leones (Uturuncu) desollados enteros y las cabezas vacías, en las cuales les tenían puestas unas patenas, zarcillos en las orejas, y en lugar de sus dientes naturales, otros del mismo tamaño y forma, con alforjas en las manos, lo cual todo era de oro. Los vestían de tal manera que la cabeza y cuello del león les sobrepujaban sobre sus cabezas, y el cuerpo les caía en las espaldas
Estos iniciados vivían su esoterismo en un mundo iniciático, al que ingresaban en el solsticio de verano (Diciembre) y salían por la puerta por donde salen los dioses renacidos, cuyo umbral se hallaba en el solsticio de invierno (Junio). Este ingreso y salida lo hacían en forma simbólica cada vez que se reunían.
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simbólica el dios Sol, en el hemisferio sur, mientras en el hemisferio norte los dioses nacían el 25 de diciembre. Para los iniciados Incas lo que que era la la puerta de salida en el hemisferio hemisferio norte, era la puerta de entrada. Y lo que era la puerta de entrada en el hemisferio norte, era la puerta de salida.
Hace muchos años, escuche a mi abuelo decir con mucho orgullo: Los conquistadores europeos que llegaron a América son los descendientes de Adán y Eva, aquellos que fueron expulsados del Jardín del Edén. Nosotros somos descendientes directos de Viracocha y de sus hijos El Sol y la Luna. A
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errantes sin alegría. Un lugar donde hay tormentos, gobernado por un “ente” castigador, que administra ese lugar lúgubre hasta más no poder. Así le pusieron diversos nombres a este castigador: Satanás, lucifer, diablo, el ángel caído, y un largo etc. "Los incas creían en la resurrección universal sin imaginar penas ni gloria, sino una vida similar a la que tenemos aquí, porque su espíritu no se elevaba más allá de esta vida presente”. Para ellos, la descendencia equivale prácticamente a la inmortalidad 11: los muertos viven en los que continúan en la vida amándolos y alimentándose
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decir el eterno nacer y morir del dios Sol, es semejanza al nacer y morir del hombre. El Sol permanece ausente del Hanan Pacha, que es velada por su esposa la Luna, mientras su existencia transcurre en un mundo que no era tenebroso, donde están todos los muertos, que renacerán conforme a los designios de sus dioses. Su permanencia en el inframundo estaba regido por el Supay y la Pacha mama (madre tierra) necesita de la ayuda del dios Inti (Sol), Quilla (Luna), Lluvia (Kon) y otros para lograr el milagro de la vida y su desarrollo cíclico del mundo, todo ello supeditado a la voluntad de de Viracocha el creador del mundo y su hijo el Sol, quienes gobernaban el mundo a través del Inca que vivía en el ombligo del mundo el Cuzco. Por esta razón todos estos dioses vivían en armonía, y los hombres imitándolos
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los confundieron, así los incas consideraban que era el retorno de Viracocha 12 y los aztecas el retorno de Quetzalcóatl13. Ni aztecas ni incas comprendieron en un principio, la distancia insalvable con los españoles, ni pudieron entender que los conquistadores eran a la vez soldados y misioneros de una fe religiosa, de una religión que los hacía, incluso a ellos mismos, pecadores por el solo hecho de haber nacido (pecado original por ser descendientes de Adán y Eva). Eso fue y es aún difícil de comprender, no había salvación terrena o divina fuera de la Iglesia Católica. Todos los habitantes de América estaban en las filas de los enemigos de Dios, por el solo hecho de haber nacido o vivido antes de la
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solicitar que se recibiera una información probando su ascendencia real y ". las conquistas de Tupac Yupanqui ".
Estos nobles habían asumido su condición de soberanos en desgracia y reclamaban, al menos, parte de las ventajas que se otorgaban a los nobles de España en situaciones parecidas. Para hacerlo debió descartar su propio universo religioso, por lo menos en lo que se refiere a la vida pública, y dar muestras de ser buenos cristianos. Esto significaba dar importantes donativos a las iglesias locales e inclusive retratos suyos y de su familia adorando al dios español.
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Luego de la Conquista, ser curaca era invariablemente el resultado de una
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absurdo para algunos católicos, por igual en esta se encuentra a los
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Los danzantes de tijeras descienden de los "tusuq laykas" que eran
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