UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRIÓN FACULTAD DE DERECHO Y CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS
EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DEL DERECHO COMERCIAL.
CURSO
:
DERECHO COMERCIAL.
DOCENTE
:
Abg. Eleazar MEJÍA OLIVAS
ALUMNO
:
PAREDES HINOSTROZA, Wilber Alex.
SEMESTRE
:
IV
AÑO
:
02
Cerro de Pasco, septiembre del 2012.
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Índice Índice ______________________________________________________________________ i Introducción ______________________________ _________________________________________________________________iv ___________________________________iv I.
SECCIÓN PRIMERA - ÉPOCA ANTIGUA ______________________________ _________________________________________ ___________ 1 1.1.
Derecho Comercial de civilizaciones antiguas _______________________________ 1
a) Primeros antecedentes __________________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________ 1 b) Código de Hammurabi ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 1 c) Código de Manú ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2 d) Código llamado ll amado La Mischna _______________________________________________ 3 e) Las leyes Rodias ____________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________ 3 f) Egipto, Egi pto, Fenicia y Cartago__________________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________ 4 g) Grecia ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5 1.2.
Roma ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________ 8
a) Inexistencia de un ordenamiento or denamiento del derecho comercial ________________________ 8 b) Las instituciones reguladas en Roma ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 9 II.
SECCIÓN SEGUNDA - ÉPOCA MEDIOEVAL _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 12 2.1. PRIMER PERÍODO. BAJA EDAD MEDIA. DECADENCIA DEL DERECHO COMERCIAL. PRINCIPALES DISPOSICIONES MERCANTILES VIGENTES VIGENTES ____________________________ 12 a) Código Justiniano ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 12 b) Digesto o Pandectas _______________________________ ____________________________________________________ _____________________ 12 c) Basílicas ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 12 d) Códigos: de Eurico (o de Tolosa) y de Alarico(o Breviario de Aniano) ______________ 13 2.2.
PERÍODO DE TRANSICIÓN _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 13
a) El avance de las costumbres mercantiles_______________________________ ____________________________________ _____ 13 b) El renacimiento comercial. Las ciudades. Los puertos. Las metrópolis _____________ 13 c) Ferias y mercados _________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _____________________ 15 d) Las corporaciones. co rporaciones. Los gremios ___________________________________________ 16
e c i d n
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III.
SECCIÓN TERCERA - ÉPOCA MODERNA __________________________________ _____________________________________ ___ 19
3.1.
PRINCIPALES LEYES MERCANTILES _____________________________ _______________________________________ __________ 19
a) Francia ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 19 b) España ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 21 c) La Liga Hanseática ________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________ 25 IV.
SECCIÓN CUARTA - ÉPOCA CONTEMPORÁNEA _______________________________ 27
4.1.
LEGISLACIONES Y ORDENANZAS GENERALES ______________________________ 27
a) Portugal ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 27 b) Italia ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 27 c) Austria ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 27 d) República de Venecia ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _______________ 27 e) Rusia ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____ 27 4.2.
LOS LLAMADOS CÓDIGOS ESCANDINAVOS ________________________________ 27
a) Dinamarca _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________ 28 b) Noruega ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 28 c) Suecia _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 28 4.3.
CÓDIGO PRUSIANO DE 1794 ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 29
4.4.
CÓDIGO DE COMERCIO FRANCÉS _______________________________________ 30
a) Hechos que influyeron en su sanción ___________________________________ ______________________________________ ___ 30 b) Su gestación __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 30 c) Las reglas legales proyectadas y las sancionadas ______________________________ 31 d) Sistema adoptado ________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________ 33 e) Contenido primigenio primigenio _____________________________ __________________________________________________ _____________________ 35 f) Leyes complementarias que lo actualizaron__________________________________ 35 4.5.
CÓDIGOS DE COMERCIO DE ESPAÑA __________________________________ _____________________________________ ___ 36
a) Los antecedentes ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 36 b) Código de Comercio de 1829 _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 36
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a) Código de Comercio Común de Alemania (Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch, ADHGB) de 1861 ______________________________ _________________________________________________________ ___________________________ 38 b) Código de Comercio alemán (Handelsgesetzbuch fur das Deutsche Reicht, HGB) de 1897 __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ 40 Conclusiones _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 43 Bibliografía _______________________________ _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 44
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Introducción El presente trabajo titulado “Evolución histórica el derecho comercial”, es un pequeño aporte
al estudio del derecho comercial, en particular, a partir de la historicidad, comprender el fenómeno jurídico dentro del ámbito del intercambio de bienes que se ha venido desarrollando desde tiempos inmemoriales y que a la vez despertó cómo no; la necesidad del hombre por buscar un bi bien en mutuo legislando esta actividad. Hemos visto por conveniente hacer el rastreo del derecho comercial, partiendo de la división universal de la historia y ubicando en cada etapa lo más saltante y como valor agregado, la influencia que a recibido la normatividad de esta actividad en la actualidad. Comenzamos tratando el derecho comercial en la edad antigua, pueblos como Grecia, Mesopotamia y haciendo una particular llamada en el derecho romano. A continuación, tocamos la edad media, luego la moderna y finalmente finalmente la época contemporánea. contemporánea. Cabe mencionar que en el desarrollo de las diferentes épocas se ha tratado de enfatizar el derecho comparado, siendo que aun existe la supremacía europea sobre la latina, como los principales forjadores de la legislación de naturaleza escrita propia del sistema jurídico germánico, canónico y romano. n ó i c c u d o r t n
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I.
SECCIÓN PRIMERA - ÉPOCA ANTIGUA
1.1. Derecho Comercial de civilizaciones antiguas a) Primeros antecedentes antecedentes
Si bien es cierto que los autores se empeñan en encontrar rastros del derecho comercial en antiguos ordenamientos. Algunos los hallan en el antiguo Código de Ur-Namú, que se remonta a 2050 antes de Cristo y es unos 300 años anterior al de Hammurabi. Hay coincidencia en que el país de cuyo derecho privado se tienen informaciones e incluso documentos de la práctica comercial y textos legales desde tiempos muy antiguos, es Babilonia, donde se han encontrado y descifrado tabletas que se refieren a diversos contratos, entre ellos, de venta, arrendamiento y de múltiples formas de sociedades. b) Código de Hammurabi
Sin embargo, el más importante de los antiguos ordenamientos legislativos ha sido el Código del rey babilónico Hammurabi, que además de un gran guerrero fue un verdadero hombre de Estado, que vivió por los años 1916-1858 a. de C. Dada su importancia consideramos algunas de sus normas. Este monumental cuerpo jurídico que está grabado en un pesado bloque de dorita fue descubierto, a finales de 1901, por una expedición científica francesa en la ciudad elamita de Susa. El hallazgo fue de un alcance incalculable, pues se trata del texto jurídico extenso más antiguo que ha llegado hasta nosotros. Consta de 282 párrafos (o artículos), aun cuando 35 de ellos se encuentran borrados y sin posibilidades ya de ser reconstruidos. Ha sido traducido en distintas ocasiones a diferentes idiomas modernos y ha sido objeto de estudio y análisis a la luz de la ciencia jurídica, y en este aspecto ha suscitado, en mayor o menor medida, la atención
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Sin embargo, en la Ley de Hammurabi existen unos cuantos artículos, formal e intrínsecamente conexos entre sí, que indudablemente se refieren al comercio. Es indudable -se ha dicho- que en los arts. 101/107, cuyo texto se ha conservado por entero, se trata la relación jurídica entre dos personas, una de las cuales entrega a la otra dinero o géneros para obtener un beneficio; dinero para comprar con él mercaderías y vender después éstas, o acaso también, para emprender operaciones bancarias; géneros, para venderlos. El art. 102 prevé el caso especial de que entre dos personas, junto con esa relación jurídica, exista una relación corriente de préstamo. El art. 100, conservado fragmentariamente, no es fácil de completar; pero tratando el artículo siguiente (art. 101) el supuesto de que no se pretenda obtener beneficio alguno con el dinero, por natural implicancia se estima que debe referirse ese art. 100 al caso contrario; y que no es la entrega o dación en préstamo de lo que se ocupaba lo prueba el precepto del art. 102 que acabamos de citar. Como resumen de lo expuesto, se pueden clasificar las normas concernientes a nuestra materia en cuatro grupos: 1º) Preceptos referentes a la entrega de dinero para la consecución de un beneficio (arts. 100 y 101); 2º) Preceptos referentes a la entrega de mercaderías para obtener un beneficio (art. 104); 3º) Los que prevén ambos casos (arts. 102, 105, 106 y 107) pero los arts. 105 y 106 sólo hablan expresamente del primer caso, mas son aplicables igualmente al otro; 4º) Un precepto especial, para el caso de dación en préstamo (art. 102). Finalmente debemos decir que el Código citado contiene algunas disposiciones relativas a la navegación interior, lo cual presupone que era instrumento de actividad mercantil, estableciendo tasa para el arrendamiento de barcos (arts. 275/277) y salarios de quienes
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Dharma-C’Pástra, contiene disposiciones relativas a la navegación, especialmente al préstamo marítimo y al arrendamiento de buques. Sin embargo, el Libro I, nro. 90, trajo una disposición que en la India favoreció el ejercicio y la prosperidad del comercio, pues la circunstancia de pertenecer los comerciantes a una de las castas privilegiadas: la de los Vaicias. Esa regla legal disponía que "Cuidar de los animales, dar limosna, sacrificar, estudiar los libros santos, ejercer el comercio, prestar con interés, labrar la tierra, son las funciones señaladas al Vaicia". A ello se le debe añadir la riqueza natural del suelo, la abundancia de medios de comunicación y las peregrinaciones a los lugares santos, pues todo ello facilitó el nacimiento de ferias y mercados, haciendo que el comercio interior de la India fuese próspero. d) Código llamado La Mischna
Si bien el historiador Josef Flavio ha negado, por razones no científicas, que el comercio fuera conocido en el pueblo hebreo, al afirmar que "Nosotros habitamos lugares lejos del mar, no gustamos del comercio y desconociendo el tráfico, no tenemos ningún género de relaciones con otros pueblos de la Tierra", se le ha replicado que es poco creíble lo manifestado, pues de las Sagradas Escrituras surge que ese pueblo mantenía relaciones comerciales con los fenicios, los egipcios y los habitantes de Sophala, frente a la isla de Madagascar. Los investigadores dan cuenta que un siglo después de la conquista romana, Rabbi-Jeudá, redactó un Código denominado La Mischna, que fue aceptado por todas las comunidades judías tanto del Imperio romano y como las de Persia, dando origen a los dos Thalmud, uno de ellos redactado en Palestina a fines del siglo IV y el otro en Babilonia en los primeros años del siglo V. En ellos se hallan disposiciones concernientes al fletamento, la echazón -que es un alije imprevisto de la carga de un buque- y contribución de averías. e) Las leyes Rodias
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Este grupo de leyes formaba un cuerpo legal no muy extenso que reglamentó algunas instituciones, pero como se dijo supra, principalmente la avería gruesa. Hay que señalar que existe entredicho, de un lado, sobre si fueron verdaderas y propias leyes existentes y que regían en la isla de Rodas, como opina Pardessus, o si se trata de costumbres marítimas que paulatinamente fueron recogiéndose y acrecentándose, como sostiene Meyer. Nos parece que es preferible la primera opinión, pues hay evidencias de que tales normas tuvieron existencia real como leyes en la isla de Rodas y que extendieron paulatinamente su autoridad a otros lugares, del mismo modo como frecuentemente ocurrió con algunas otras compilaciones. De otro lado, se debe evitar la confusión de considerar entre el antiguo cuerpo de leyes Rodias, al que nos hemos referido en los parágrafo anteriores, con una compilación que fue titulada de ese modo y descubierta en el siglo XVI -aunque los manuscritos más antiguos que la integran datan del siglo XI- a la cual le niegan autenticidad autores de gran nivel y seriedad como Antonio Agustín Heinecio, Gravina, Azuni y Pardessus. Sin embargo, es posible que las leyes que integran esta compilación respondan a una tradición antigua e incluyan reminiscencias de lo que fue en otro tiempo el derecho marítimo de la isla de Rodas. f) Egipto, Fenicia y Cartago
Los estudiosos del tema, en general sostienen que estos pueblos en la Antigüedad tuvieron un próspero y desarrollado comercio -interno e internacional-, enfatizando que Egipto sobresalió principalmente por la agricultura, cultivo que se vio favorecido por las periódicas inundaciones del Nilo. También tuvo su industria fabril, y en cuanto al comercio, adquirió singular desenvolvimiento durante el reinado de Psammético, merced a la protección dispensada a los extranjeros, de igual modo a lo que ocurrió durante la dinastía de los Ptolomeos. Sin embargo, Fenicia y su colonia Cartago fueron los pueblos que en la Antigüedad se distinguieron por su excepcional aptitud comercial, llegando los fenicios en sus expediciones
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actividad comercial, pues si bien, como derecho positivo de Egipto, se mencionan ocho libros de Tahut que forman el Código Egipciano, no se hallan en esas leyes citadas por los historiadores ninguna referente al comercio y si, como se ha reconocido, hubo establecimientos destinados a facilitar el funcionamientos de las empresas u organizaciones comerciales, debieron existir necesariamente algunas disposiciones o leyes positivas que rigieran la especie. Pero la realidad -dice Pardessus - es que sólo siguiendo a Herodoto se puede consignar que un faraón autorizó a los mercaderes griegos, que llegaban en expediciones, a ser juzgados en las contestaciones que surgieran entre ellos por sus propios jueces, como una suerte de jurisdicción corporativa para los comerciantes. Respecto de Fenicia hay reconocer que su derecho positivo nos es desconocido; pero es indudable que hubieron de existir reglas jurídicas para regular los actos comerciales en un pueblo como éste, tan eminentemente mercantil. Empero sólo se puede mencionar que los historiadores hablan de la sabiduría de sus leyes, y el profeta Ezequiel alaba la ciencia de los magistrados de Tiro y sus instituciones mercantiles. En cuanto a los cartagineses, parece imposible que no tuvieran normas marítimas que rigieran su actividad exterior, sin embargo también ellas nos son desconocidas; sólo queda para intentar explicar, en los dos últimos casos, la falta de verdaderos cuerpos legales, hacer uso de las agudas e inteligentes palabras Pardessus, quien ha dicho sobre el tema: "Como los primeros (los fenicios) no eran conocidos en la época en que Roma comenzó a tener historiadores, y como, por otra parte esta república no se creyó en seguridad en tanto que el nombre y los muros de Cartago subsistiesen, resultó natural que ni se dignara, ni quiso conservar la legislación marítima de estos pueblos. Aunque pudo suceder también -agrega Pardessus- que los romanos más ocupados en perjudicar a sus enemigos que en estudiar sus instituciones y sus leyes, no hayan tenido realmente ningún conocimiento de las que Cartago había recibido de sus fundadores o redactado según su propia experiencia".
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que ejerció la legislación de Rodas en la de Atenas, como en la de los demás pueblos griegos, y la íntima relación que existe entre las leyes rodias y los progresos que inmortalizaron al pueblo griego. A partir del siglo IV a. de C., el gran centro comercial del Mediterráneo, dada su estratégica ubicación geográfica, fue Atenas y aunque su comercio y su marina se las debió a los fenicios, la decadencia de éstos, su riqueza y la política liberal basada en la libertad de comercio y en la libertad personal que allí se profesaba favorecieron el crecimiento y expansión de los griegos, siendo además otro elemento positivo haber permitido a los extranjeros ejercer el comercio y formar asociaciones y sociedades con esa finalidad, tanto en el orden interno como internacional. Empero, del mismo modo que en otros casos ya considerados, poco se sabe del derecho positivo que regía las actividades y negocios comerciales, pues no han llegado hasta nosotros ni textos de leyes, ni tampoco una literatura jurídica que los explique, sin que las disposiciones (o leyes) existentes en la ciudad de Gortyna hayan representado una regulación de la materia comercial. Sin embargo existen dos fuentes de esa época que sirven para conocer, aunque más no sea indirectamente, normas y reglas que hacen a la materia que nos ocupa. Una de ellas son los diversos documentos de la época concernientes a contratos privados, y la otra son los conocidos discursos de Demóstenes, de las cuales surge que hubo contratos de índole
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agente suyo para que realizara el viaje acompañando al prestatario, y con frecuencia era él mismo quien hacía el viaje. Los atenienses también conocieron ciertas operaciones de banca que tuvieron por finalidad permitir el curso internacional de las monedas, como así también evitar el transporte material del dinero, impactando en esos negocios las reformas de Solón que permitieron la libertad en lo relativo al tipo de interés en los préstamos, lo que facilitó el comercio del dinero a través de instituciones bancarias que recibían depósitos, realizaban pagos por cuentas de sus clientes, cambiaban monedas, realizaban préstamos y llevaban una forma rústica, pero ordenada, de asientos contables para cada uno de sus clientes. Es decir que en Grecia se perfeccionó la técnica bancaria de los antiguos pueblos de Oriente, tanto es así que las sociedades con mayor difusión y éxito en Grecia fueron las de banca. En cuanto al tema de las sociedades, hay que señalar que se difundieron extraordinariamente en Grecia al amparo del principio imperante de la libertad de asociación, sin que hubiera una distinción entre sociedades civiles y comerciales, ni tampoco existía valor jurídico distinto entre sociedad y asociación. asociación. También parece que existieron existieron diversos tipos de sociedades: sociedades universales comprendiendo todos los bienes de los socios, sociedades para asuntos determinados - como se dijo supra- especialmente para operaciones de banca y para negocios marítimos, algunas de las cuales adoptaban una forma semejante a la sociedad en comandita.
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1.2. Roma La legislación romana merece un tratamiento detallado por sus características, tanto de sus normas legales como consuetudinarias, que se referían a situaciones concernientes al comercio. a) Inexistencia de un ordenamiento del derecho comercial
Es aceptado, en general, que los romanos no tuvieron un derecho comercial sistematizado como una rama especial del ordenamiento jurídico, sin perjuicio de reconocer que hubo normas positivas que regularon ciertas actividades de esa índole. Si bien se han expuesto diversas opiniones para fundamentar esa inexistencia, lo que debe quedar claro es que no puede hacérselo en las carencias o estrechez del tráfico comercial, que lo hubo y muy desarrollado, sino que más bien se debe atribuir, por un lado a la tendencia unificadora del carácter jurídico romano, contrario a la existencia de un derecho particularista, y de otro, a la admirable flexibilidad del derecho privado general, que se adaptó fácilmente a las necesidades mercantiles, permitiendo hallar solución adecuada a las necesidades de cada caso y satisfaciendo así las exigencias del tráfico negocial, es decir, del sistema jurídico de los romanos, donde cumplió relevante actuación el "pretor peregrino" (siglo III a. de C.) como magistrado para los procesos entre extranjeros y entre éstos y los ciudadanos romanos. Hay que recordar que el proceso de creación del jus gentium debió tener en cuenta a los
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relaciones entre extranjeros o entre romanos y extranjeros. De esta manera se enriqueció el ordenamiento jurídico general, especialmente en la parte relativa a obligaciones y contratos. b) Las instituciones reguladas en Roma
Con las aclaraciones efectuadas supra hay que decir que las principales normas positivas que rigieron al pueblo romano, así como algunas disposiciones concernientes al procedimiento y jurisdicción que atendía los relativos al tráfico mercantil mercantil y marítimo, fueron: I. El edicto del pretor Tít. 9, del mismo libro: De incendio, ruina, naufragio, rate, nave expugnata. II. Código Teodosiano Especialmente Libro XIII, Tít. 5, De naviculaiis, Tít. 6, De proeiis naviculariorum, Tít. 7, De navibus non excusandis, Tít. 8, Ne quid oneri publico imponatur, y Tít. 9, De naufraii. La jurisdicción mercantil estaba a cargo de los magistrii officiarum, que entendían en las causas relativas a las corporaciones mercantiles, pero como las actividades del comercio se encontraban en manos de esclavos y extranjeros se concedió el derecho a estos últimos, de contar con jurisdicciones especiales a cargo de los recuperatores, que constituían -según el autor francés Escarrá- un órgano de arbitraje de las cuestiones comerciales de carácter
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En Roma la sociedad fue un contrato, y esta concepción contractual ha persistido a través de los tiempos, adoptándosela bajo diversas formas, utilizándola sin distinguir entre sociedades civiles y comerciales. Uno de los tipos de sociedad romana, la sosiegas publicanorum, denominada también sosiegas vectigalium, reunía grandes capitales y gozaba de personalidad jurídica, y aunque algunos autores, como Marquard y Deloume, han visto en ella un antecedente de la moderna sociedad por acciones, no parece que ello sea así. Había también dos figuras de sociedad, la sosiegas bonorum, en la cual los socios aportaban la totalidad de sus patrimonios (bienes presentes y futuros), y la sosiegas alicuius negotium, en la cual los aportes se realizaban para una sola operación o una serie determinada de negocios. VI. Corporaciones, asociaciones y estructuras asociativas Por otro lado, se ha considerado probado que en Roma existieron las corporaciones y asociaciones de mercaderes y navieros, esencialmente privadas, pero protegidas por el Estado. Debiendo agregarse la existencia estructuras asociativas, como la sodalitas, el collegium, la universitas y el corpus; en ellas aparece una noción aproximada de personalidad. VII. Sobre la existencia ex istencia de otras instituciones
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decir, sustituir la prestación adeudada por un valor pecuniario. En una apretada síntesis la secuencia institucional en el derecho romano, fue: A) Ejecución sobre la persona, B) Evolución hacia la ejecución sobre el patrimonio y C) Cumplimiento por equivalente: 1) Ejecución individual. 2) Ejecución colectiva. A su vez la ejecución sobre la persona tuvo dos manifestaciones: a) Manus iniectio; b)Pignoris capio. El segundo aspecto enunciado, v.gr., la evolución hacia la ejecución sobre el patrimonio, tuvo como manifestaciones: a) Missio in possessionem; b) Bonorum venditio; c) Cessio bonorum. En lo concerniente al mencionado cumplimiento por equivalente, se debe distinguir: a) Ejecución individual. 1) Pignoris in causa iudicati captum; 2) Ejecución colectiva. Bonorum distractio.
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II. 2.1.
SECCIÓN SEGUNDA - ÉPOCA MEDIOEVAL
PRIMER PERÍODO. BAJA EDAD MEDIA. DECADENCIA DEL DERECHO
COMERCIAL. PRINCIPALES DISPOSICIONES MERCANTILES VIGENTES El comercio en Roma quedó prácticamente paralizado, en principio con la invasión de los bárbaros y ulteriormente con la caída del Imperio Romano. En la segunda mitad del siglo V decayó aún más, originando un verdadero agravamiento de la situación del tráfico mercantil, con justicia corresponde calificar a un extenso lapso de la Edad Media como de la decadencia del derecho comercial. Aclarado ello corresponde estudiar el acaecimiento de los antecedentes históricos respecto del derecho comercial, a la luz de los cuerpos legales que incluían normas mercantiles positivas y vigentes, las que se pueden localizar prioritariamente en tres cuerpos legales, sin perjuicio de citar algunos otros de menor importancia. Ellos son: a) Código Justiniano
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menos directamente los intereses del comercio, y se deben tener presentes al estudiar el derecho mercantil marítimo. d) Códigos: de Eurico (o de Tolosa) y de Alarico(o Breviario de Aniano)
Producida en España la invasión de los godos, la política seguida por las tribus bárbaras fue respetar las legislaciones de los vencidos. Siguiendo ese criterio, la llamada monarquía gótica publicó en España dos códigos, el de Eurico (o de Tolosa) destinado a los vencedores, y el de Alarico (o Breviario de Aniano) para los vencidos. Mientras en el primero no hay disposición alguna acerca del derecho mercantil, puesto que los godos se dedicaban a consolidar sus conquistas; en el segundo se pueden señalar sólo dos normas referentes al derecho marítimo: I) una relativa a la echazón con el objeto de salvar a la nave y II) Otra referente a la pecunia trayecticia o préstamo a la gruesa. Queda por decir que también en el Liber Iudiciorum, que fue llamado Fuero Juzgo en la versión
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ordenamiento autónomo, es decir, como rama especial dentro del ordenamiento jurídico todo, hay que situarlo en la Edad Media. Por lo que, hay que poner en evidencia tanto las circunstancias socioeconómicas como las jurídicas, que rodean la aparición del derecho mercantil medieval. Y en este sentido, lo primero que importa tener en cuenta es que la aparición del derecho mercantil constituye una porción de un fenómeno más amplio, de extraordinaria trascendencia para la Europa occidental, que, iniciado hacia el siglo XI, ha sido calificado como "Revolución comercial" o como "Renacimiento medieval". En efecto, en la última parte de la Edad Media -después del año 1000- ocurrió una serie de cambios en la vida de Europa. Tales cambios vinculados el renacimiento del comercio y de las ciudades también se los ha relacionado con la formación de la burguesía, la crisis del feudalismo, la creación de las primeras universidades, la renovación de los estudios jurídicos y
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que existe durante la Edad Media entre el comercio puramente local y el gran comercio de exportación, basados ambos en principios no sólo distintos, sino incluso contrapuestos. c) Ferias y mercados
Lo expuesto supra permite distinguir entre el comercio puramente local cuya manifestación central es lo que se ha designado mercado, que está sometido a una rígida reglamentación y tiene por objeto fundamental la protección de los consumidores, es decir, de los burgueses, siendo dirigido esencialmente a la satisfacción de las necesidades tradicionales de los pobladores de la ciudad, sometido a una rígida policía de mercado y sujeto a normas estrictas sobre calidades, medidas, pesos y precios. Por otra parte esa reglamentación del comercio local tiende a menudo a evitar la competencia de los mercaderes extranjeros, prohibiéndoles vender directamente dentro de la c iudad.
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d) Las corporaciones. Los gremios
Con el renacimiento de las ciudades aparece como factor importante el fenómeno corporativo y gremial. Es decir que los comerciantes y artesanos se unen en corporaciones y gremios, los cuales, por lo general, empiezan a cobrar importancia después de que la ciudad ha llegado a obtener su autonomía. Sin embargo hay que tener en cuenta que este tipo de instituciones (gremios y corporaciones) no existieron en todas las ciudades, aunque hay que distinguir, a los fines de esta exposición, los simples gremios, de las corporaciones de los grandes
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concreto por los encargados de administrar justicia, se aplicaban a los sucesivos casos que pudieran ocurrir. Los estatutos, que hacían las veces de ley y de jurisprudencia, y los nuevos usos que se originaban de la activa vida mercantil que en esta época se desarrolla, pueden ser considerados como las fuentes del derecho mercantil en este período. Los destinatarios primarios de los cuerpos legales -estatutos y compilaciones- fueron los cónsules que estaban encargados de la administración de justicia en los asuntos de comercio, y
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2.4.
OTROS PAÍSES
Queda por decir, antes de concluir esta breve reseña, que en Francia, si bien en Arles y Montpellier, sobre las costas del mar Mediterráneo y Burdeos, Troya y otras ciudades del norte y del poniente, se realizaban actividades comerciales y contaban con disposiciones que regulaban esa materia, fue la ciudad-puerto de Marsella el asiento importante que rivalizó, de un lado, con las ciudades italianas, y de otro lado, con la cercana Barcelona, contando Marsella también con un importante estatuto, cuyo primer libro data de 1253, y que constituyó en la
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III. 3.1.
SECCIÓN TERCERA - ÉPOCA MODERNA
PRINCIPALES LEYES MERCANTILES MERCANTILES
En la época que designamos moderna, además de otras recopilaciones y códigos dictados en distintos Estados, sobresalen las reglas legislativas dictadas en Francia, Alemania y Suecia. a) Francia
Si bien corresponde citar algunos antecedentes orgánicos vinculados a nuestra materia que se
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separaciones de bienes"; 9º, "De los plazos a los deudores y las moratorias (Des défenses et lettres de répi)"; 10, "De las cesiones de bienes"; 11, "De las quiebras y de las bancarrotas"; 12, "De la jurisdicción de los cónsules". Hay que tener en cuenta que la Ordenanza para el Comercio Terrestre de 1673 sirvió de base al Código francés de 1807, y ello importó la continuación de la tradición legislativa medieval. Esto es: 1. Mantuvo la autonomía del derecho comercial. 2. El sistema de las corporaciones. 3.
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buques"; Libro 3º, "De los contratos marítimos"; Libro 4º, "De la policía de los puertos"; Libro
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H) Disposiciones dictadas por el rey Felipe V: 1. Sobre contratos mercantiles (1737); 2.
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A) Ordenanzas de Burgos
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atribuciones de los cónsules en lo concerniente a las averías, a los seguros, a los fletes y a los
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hecha de las plazas mercantiles de la antigua corona de Aragón, que, en lo referente al
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