UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DEL NORTE VICERRECTORADO ACADÉMICO SISTEMA NACIONAL DE NIVELACIÓN Y ADMISIÓN
TEMA: “HONGO TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM”
Plan de trabajo del del Proyeto !nte"rador !nte"rador
CARRERA: AUTOR (ES): Betancourt Ullaguari Alexander Javier Cuasquer Rodrígue Cristian !uevara "#$aquingo %evin E&ren Ol#edo 'lores aniela Este&anía as*uel Carva+al Jostin !ustavo TUTOR(A): "ng, aul Rosero
1
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"-"CE CA"TU.O "/////////////////////////////////0 "/////////////////////////////////0 1,0 .A-TEA2"E-TO E. ROB.E2A///////////////////////2 1,3 E."2"TAC"4- E. ROB.E2A (de&inici5n de varia$les de estudio) ...........3 1,6 OBJET"7OS E .A "-7EST"!AC"4-...................................................4 1,6,1 !E-ERA....................................................................................4 1,6,0 ESEC8'"COS..................................... ......................................................... .................................... ................ ..... 4 1,9 JUST"'"CAC"4-..............................................................................4 1,"-TE!RAC"4- E SABERES ...............................................................4 0,1 A!R"CU.TURA OR!A-"CA...............................................................5 2.1.1
A!R"CU.TURA OR!;-"CA DEFINICION .......................................6 .......................................6
2.1.2
B"O'ERT"."
2.1.3
B"O'U-!"C"AS.........................................................................7
0,1,3,1 >O-!OS A-TA!O-"STAS ......................................................7 0,1,3,0 .A!AS...................................... ......................................................... .......................................... ....................... 7 2.1.4
2A-EJO E .A .A!A...................................................................8
0,0 >O-!O TR"C>OER2A >AR<"A-U2 >AR<"A-U2 ................................................8 2.2.1
2ECA-"S2O E ACC"4-...........................................................10
2.2.2
'OR2AS E ACTUAC"4-..........................................................10
2.2.3
A."CAC"4- E- E. SUE.O........................................................11
0,0,3,1 0,0,3, 1 7E-TAJAS E A."CAC"O-ES .............................................11 0,3 E. 2A8<....................................... .................................................................................. ........................................... ...... 11 0,3,1 >"STOR"A E. 2A8< 2.3.2
12
7AR"AC"4- E. 2A8<...............................................................12
0,3,0,1 2A8< TRA-S!?-"CO................................................................12 0,6 El &ri+ol ..................................... ......................................................... ...................................................... .................................. 13 0,6,1 >"STOR"A E. 'R"JO......................................................................14 0,6,0 7AR"AC"4- E. 'R"JO...................................................................14 0,9 T"OS E CU.T"7OS....................................... .............................................................. ....................... ......... 14 0,9,1 CU.T"7OS TRA-S!?-"COS...............................................................14 0,9,0 CU.T"7OS >"RO4-"COS...............................................................15
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0,9,3 CU.T"7OS OR!A-O4-"CO..............................................................15 0, T"O E OR!A-"S2OS @UE AA- A .OS CU.T"7OS....................................16 0,,1 >O-!OS....................................... ..................................................................... .............................. .............. . 16 0,,0 7"RUS...................................... ........................................................................... ..................................... ............ 16 0,,3 BACTER"AS....................................... ........................................................... ...................................... .................. .... 17 0, T"OS E B"OCO-TRO.AORES ......................................................17
CA"TU.O """ 2ETOO.O!"A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 2ETOO.O!"A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 3,1 T"O E "-7EST"!AC"O- ................................................................17 3,0 2?TOO...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ................................. ............. 18 3,3 TEC-"CA..................................... .................................................................................. ............................................. ..... 18 3,3,1 E-TRE7"STA E-TRE7"STA...................................... ................................................................ .......................... ............... 18
CA"TU.O "7 2ARCO A2"-"STRAT A2"-"STRAT"7O,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 "7O,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 6,1CRO-O!RA2A E ACT"7"AE S.....................................................19 4.2
RECURSOS...................................... ....................................................................... ................................. ........... 22
CA"TU.O 7, ROUESTA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00 ROUESTA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00 5.1. DESARROLLO DESARROLLO DE LA PROPUESTA...................................... PROPUESTA...................................... ......... 22 5.2. RESUL RES ULT TADOS DE LA
ROUESTA.................................................22
CA"TU.O 7", CO-C.US"O-ES = RECO2E-AC"O-ES,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00 RECO2E-AC"O-ES,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00 6.1 CONCLUSIONES...... CONCLUSIONES.......................... ........................................ ................................................. ............................. 22 6.2
RECO2E-AC"O-ES....................................................................22
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CAPÍTULO 1 1 EL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACION 1.1. 1.1. Antecede Antecedentes ntes El uso excesivo de &ungicidas &ungicidas quí#icos quí#icos en los cultivos cultivos de #aí D &ri+ol destinados destinados al consu#o u#anoF es causa de en&er#edades en los agricultoresF consu#idores D los cultivos *or lo que es i#*ortante el uso de sustancias naturales que tienen los #is#os e&ectos que los quí#icos en el co#$ate de *lagas D en&er#edades en las *lantas de #aí D &ri+olF *ero que no a&ectan a las salud de las *ersonas, El uso de los &ungicidas quí#icos data desde #ediados del siglo G"G D los inicios del siglo GGF con el uso del ioduro *otHsicoF #Hs tarde en las dIcadas 6 D 9F a*arecen los *ri#eros trata#ientos t5*icos con acciones ex&olianteF queratolíticaF D anti&Klgica, agrícolas en este caso el #aí D el &ri+ol, .os &ungicidas naturales a $ase de extractos de *lantas D el novedoso uso de ongos co#o el tricoder#a arianu# son conocidos *ero an sido a*artados durante #uco tie#*o *or los &ungicidas convencionales asta que aora vuelven cada ve con #Hs &uera, >oD en día se conocen #e+or los usos D dosis de los &ungicidas naturalesF a la ve que son &Hciles de #ane+ar D que #ucas de estas *lantas las *ode#os cultivar o recolectar &Hcil#ente,
1.2 Planteament! del "#!$lema
El usar usar *est *estic icid idas as quí# quí#ic icos os
en la tierr tierraa gen gener eraa ca#$i ca#$ios os a#$ie a#$ient ntal ales es D &utura &uturass
alteracionesL alteracionesL es un *ro$le#a *ro$le#a que a&ecta a diversos ti*os de suelos Da que con la utiliaci5n utiliaci5n de quí#icos quí#icos se erosiona erosiona el suelo suelo *erdiendo *erdiendo así sus nutrient nutrientes es D se deteriora deteriora el *roducto, *roducto, Esto se *uede evidenciar co#o la *laga de gorgo+o que existe en el cultivo de d e #aí, Con un #al control co ntrol de *esticidas el cultivo se *ierde *ierde D *rovoca una a$undante *erdida del *roducto lo que conlleva a que *osean #enor valor nutritivo,
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.a toxicidad toxicidad de un *laguicida *laguicida de*endiendo de*endiendo de su &unci5nF &unci5nF *uede *uede desarrollar desarrollar *ro$le#as *ro$le#as de salud Da sea *or co#erlo (ingesti5n) res*irarlo (inalaci5n) o *or contacto con la *iel o los o+os lo cual son consideraciones #uD i#*ortantes *ara la salud de los consu#idores D agricultores, .a *ro$a$ilidad de ex*eri#entar algKn e&ecto adverso a la salud co#o resultado de un *roducto es conocido co#o contraer el Mriesgo de un *laguicidaN Da que aca$a con la *laga o daa el cultivo, e$ido al uso incesa$le de *roductos quí#icos *ara co#$atir con las *lagas en los cultivos de *a*aF a*arecen nuevas se*as se* as de agentes *at5genos resistentes a los t5xicos que *er#anecen en los ali#entos co#o $acteriasF #ooF *arHsitos D toxinas algales, Ta#$iIn las sustancias toxicas naturales de los ali#entos se ven alteradas D se vuelven *er+udiciales *ara la salud de los consu#idores, El uso de *esticidas e insecticidas (quí#icos) an resultado o$tener *roductos en un corto tie#*o tie#*oFF o$teni o$teniendo endo gan gananci ancias as *ara *ara aqu aquell ellos os *roduct *roductores ores *ero *ero nosotr nosotros os co#o con consu#i su#idore doress estaría#os estaría#os co#iendo #Hs $ien no ali#entHndo ali#entHndonos nos causando así en&er#edades *or co#*onentes co#*onentes t5xicos D dainos a cortoF #edio D largo *laoF en *leno siglo 01 las #uertes an au#entado *or causa de estos *roductos que no $ene&ician a nuestro organis#o D lo #atan lenta#ente *or causa de varias en&er#edades que a causado,
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1.% Delmtac&n del P#!$lema
(e&inici5n de varia$les de estudio) Ta$la Ta$la nP 1 varia$les D características
Va#a$les
Ca#acte#'stcas
N( est)dantes A)senca*"#esenca t)t!#
9 integrantes
T"! de n+est,ac&n
Cientí&ica
Tem"! de n+est,ac&n
6 #eses
N( de "lantas
6
T"! de clma
CHlidoQK#edo
T"! de s)el!
Te#*lado Te#*lado seco#editerrHneo seco #editerrHneo
L),a#
"$arra
T"! de -!n,!
Re&erencias:autoría
resencia
tricoder#a arianu#
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1. O$/et+!s de la n+est,ac&n 1..1 Gene#al Realiar un &ungicida natural a $ase del ongo tricoder#a arianu# *ara una *roducci5n agro*ecuaria saluda$le D sosteni$le,
1..2 Es"ec'0c!s
"nvest "nvestiga igarr un $ioco $iocontro ntrolad lador or *ara *ara #e+or #e+orar ar el cult cultivo ivo de de la *lan *lanta ta Re*ro Re*roduc ducir ir el ongo ongo tricode tricoder#a r#a ari arianu anu# # de #odo natura naturall *ara $ene&i $ene&icia ciarr al #edio #edio
a#$iente D a los agricultores Ela$orar Ela$orar un un &ungicid &ungicidaa a $ase $ase del del ongo ongo que le *er#ita *er#ita a la *lanta *lanta ser ser &uerte &uerte D salud saluda$le a$le 7eri&icar ri&icar D docu#en docu#entar tar resulta resultados dos *ara *ara la o$servac o$servaci5n i5n de #e+oras #e+oras en la *lanta, *lanta,
1. )st0cac&n
.a $Ksqueda de nuevas alternativas naturalesF *er#iten incre#entar la *roducci5n de los cultivos legu#inosos a $ase del ongo tricoder#a arianu#F donde es tratado D re*roducido natural#ente $rindHndonos un control e&ica de en&er#edades co#unes en las *lantas de #aí D &re+ol, El ongo tricoder#a arianu#F *ro*orciona a estas *lantas nutrientes tan e&icientesF tanto que su raí D sus *elos a$sor$entes se desarrollan de #e+or #anera *ara su *ro*ia nutrici5nF #e+orando la a$sorci5n de aguaF eli#inando así la de*endencia de quí#icos *ara #e+ora los cultivos sin causar causar dao a los seres vivos,
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Relacionar el te#a con cada una de las unidades de anHlisis estudiadas,
Ica4 nt#!d)cc&n al c!n!cment! acad5mc! Ica nos *er#iti5 en&ocarnos en en un te#a de nuestro interIsF acerca acerca de la carrera a seguir seguir donde *oda#os conocer conocer que c un conoci#iento conoci#iento logra#os sintetiar *ro$le#as acerca acerca de nuestro nuestro te#a 2e+orar las a$ilidades de escritura D lecturaF *ara redactar clara#ente los ca*ítulos del *roDecto, 2arco te5rico
C"+4 c)dadan'a 6 "#!6ect! de +da C"+ nos aDud5 a conocernos #HsF $uscando valoresF creDendo en nosotros #is#os *ara *odernos de&ender de&ender en un #undo #undo cada día #Hs #Hs co#*etitivo D así así generando una con&iana #aDor #aDor D *oder realiar el el *roDecto con la #otivaci5n adecuada, adecuada,
D-"4 desa##!ll! de -a$ldades de "ensament!s D-" *od *ode# e#os os desar desarroll rollar ar nue nuevas vas tIcnic tIcnicas as de estudi estudioo una #aDor #aDor agilid agilidad ad *ara *ara resolv resolver er *ro$le#as no solo #ate#Hticos sino ta#$iIn del diario vivir tal es el caso *ara la realiaci5n del *roDecto de aula con &luide D de la #e+or #anera *ara que los resultados o$tenidos sean claros
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2.1 A,#c)lt)#a !#,8nca
.os #Itod #Itodos os orgHni orgHnico coss en la agricu agricultu ltura ra #odern #odernaa tra+er tra+eron on a*are a*are+ad +ados os au#ent au#entos os signi&icativos en la *roductividad, Se *ueden *roducir grandes cantidades de ali#entos si se *oseen insu#osF conoci#ientos D a$ilidad, Sin e#$argoF la #aDoría de los agricultores de los *aíses en vías de desarrollo son *o$res D estHn #arginados de los #ercados de insu#os D *roductos, Co#o consecuenciaF consecuenciaF surge un cuestiona#iento cuestiona#iento i#*ortante acerca de asta quI *unto *unto los agricultores *ueden #e+orar la *roducci5n do#Istica de ali#entos *or #edio de tecnologías e insu#os $aratosF de $a+o costo D que estIn dis*oni$les local#ente, Otro te#a adicional es asta quI *unto lo *ueden llevar a ca$o con #Itodos que no e#*eoren el dao a#$iental Da causado *or la agricultura, BE-<"-!F a, (01), ( 01), El o$+eti o$+etivo vo de la agricu agricultu ltura ra orgHni orgHnicaF caF ta#$iI ta#$iInn conoc conocida ida co#o co#o agricu agricultu ltura ra ecol5g ecol5gica ica o $iol5gicaF es crear crear siste#as agrícolas agrícolas via$les tantos a#$ientales co#o econ5#ica#ente, econ5#ica#ente, .a agricultura ecol5gica se $asa en una serie de o$+etivos D *rinci*iosF así co#o En *rHcticas co#unes diseadas *ara#iar el i#*acto u#ano en el #edio a#$ienteF #ientras se asegura que el siste#a agrícola &uncione de la &or#a #Hs natural *osi$le, (EUROAF 016)
#$%$% De0nc&n Ex*one que la agricultura organia es una &or#a de *roducir que no daa la tierraF el aguaF el aire D la salud de la *ersonas, *ersonas, Busca #antener los cultivos cultivos $ien nutridosF Da que una *lanta $ien ali#entada se se en&er#a #enos, #enos,
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.os #icroorganis#os son un co#*onente i#*ortante *ara la salud de los suelosL un #ane+o inad inadec ecua uado do de los los *roc *roces esos os agrí agríco cola lass así así co#o co#o de los los recu recurs rsos os vege vegeta tale lesF sF a&ec a&ecta tand ndoo directa#ente el co#*onente #icro$iano tanto en su diversidad co#o en la densidad de sus *o$lacionesF dando co#o resultado inicial#ente la *erdida de la &ertilidad de los suelo D *osterior#ente la *rogresiva *rogresiva eli#inaci5n de toda la vida #icroo$ial, #icroo$ial, .as .as soste sosteni$ ni$ili ilidad dad de un agroe agroecos cosist iste# e#aa ta#$iI ta#$iInn tienen tienen que ver con su #enor #enor desentendencia en los agroquí#icos, or tal ra5n son i#*ortantes los $io&ertiliantes D los $iocontroladoresF *ues ellos &avorecen la nutrici5n de las *lantas *or #edios $iol5gicos e intensi&ican los recursos #icro$iol5gicos del suelo, e esta &or#a se au#entan la *roductividad de los cultivosF se reducen la &ertiliaci5n quí#ica D ace #Hs e&iciente la nutrici5nL ade#Hs de $a+ar los costos de *roducci5n D de reducir la conta#inaci5n de los suelos D las aguas su$terrHneas *or causa de agroquí#icos, Un $io&ertilianteF es un *roducto 1 $iol5gicoF eco a $ase de #icroorganis#os, Un e+e#*lo de $io&ertiliante es el *roducto conocido co#o ongo tricoder#a arianu#, En sus $ene&icios se *uede citar: Esti#ula el creci#iento radical er#ite reducir el uso de agroquí#icosF en es*ecial &ungicidas Au#enta la resistencia contra en&er#edades Existen varios #icroorganis#os que *ueden reducir las *o$laciones de otros organis#os co#o co#o *or e+e#*l e+e#*loo los anaer5 anaer5$ic $icos os entre entre los cuales cuales se encue encuentr ntraa el on ongo go trico tricoder der#a #a arianu#. (CavarrinaF 0)
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*roductos que corres*onden a un nK#ero si#ilar de e#*resas, En este nicoF existen *or lo #enos #enos seis seis ce*as ce*as de on ongos gos D $acter $acterias iasFF entre entre las cuales cuales so$res so$resale alenn el $acillu $acilluss su$till su$tillisF isF stre*to#Dces D tricoder#a, SegKn alvareF , osterior#enteF los $ioinsecticidas derivados de *roductos naturales co#enaron ta#$iIn a des*untar de$ido a la necesidad de co#*le#entar las estrategias de #ane+o integradoF con lo cualF creci5 aKn #Hs el arsenal de *roductos $iol5gicos, Ca$e #encionar que los $ioinsecticidas derivados de $acillus turigiensis ($ts) a*arecieron en realidad ace un *oco #Hs de veinte aosF *ero la gran #aDoría derivaron en *roductos sintIticos que no entran en la categoría de $iol5gicos, >oD #is#oF los $ts estHn Da en un *roceso evolutivoF con a*licaciones que se concentran #aDor#ente en los &orestales D cultivos de ortalias, entro de este #ercadoF los $ts se co#*le#entan con un $uen nK#ero de insecticidas naturales co#o los derivados del nee#F el a+oF la +o+o$a o las l as se#illas de toron+a,
2.1.%.1 :!n,!s anta,!nstas
En la la natu natural ralea ea los #icroo #icroorg rgani anis#o s#oss no viven viven aisl aislado adoss unos unos de de otros otrosFF si no que se encuentran en distintas relaciones de ti*o si#$i5tico o antagonista, esde los tra$a+os *ioneros en 130 de endingF tricoder#a s**, >a sido el agente de $iocontrol #Hs extensa#ente estudiado (&reen#anF 11), El control $iol5gico se *uede de&inir co#o la acci5n de los *arHsitos *redadores D *at5genos *ara #antener la densidad de otro organis#o en valor #Hs $a+o que el que se *odría *resentar *resentar en su ausencia, ausencia, RousossF RousossF s, (1)
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.as *lagas son una a#enaa *er#anente *ara la *roducci5n agrícola #undial D la #aDoría de los *aíses realian grandes es&ueros *ara co#$atirlas *or #edio de *rogra#as o ca#*aas &itosanitarias *ara su control D erradicaci5n, Se an identi&icado 9 eta*as en el lla#ado Msíndro#e de los *laguicidasN que se #encionaran a continuaci5n:
'ase de su$sist su$sistencia encia (sin uso uso de *laguicid *laguicidas), as), .os .os *laguici *laguicidas das no no se usan usan *or *or raones raones de carHcter culturalF *olítico o socioecon5#icoL situaci5n que caracteria a la agricultura de su$sistencia, su$sistencia,
'ase 'ase de ca#$io ca#$io incre#e incre#enta ntall (e#*leo (e#*leo equili$ equili$rad radoo de *lagui *laguicid cidas) as),, .os *laguic *laguicida idass se e#*lean de acurdo con la necesidadF *ero ciertas li#itantes li #itantes restringen su uso,
'ase 'ase de ex*l ex*lot otac aci5 i5nn (uso (uso exce excesi sivo vo de *lag *laguic uicid idas as), ), .os .os *lag *lagui uici cida dass cons constit tituD uDen en el instru#ento clave *ara el control de las *lagas,
'ase 'ase de crisis crisis (de los *lag *laguic uicida idas), s), .a de*en de*enden dencia cia de los los *laguic *laguicida idass es co#*let co#*letaL aL la resistencia de algunas *lagas a insecticidas es nota$le,
'ase 'ase de desast desastre re (&raca (&racaso so de los *lagui *laguicid cidas as), ), El e#*leo e#*leo de *laguici *laguicidas das incre incre#e #enta nta los los costos de *roducci5n asta el *unto en que se a$andona el cultivo si no aD ca#$ios radicales en el #ane+o de las *lagas,
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Este ongo &ue descrito *or *ri#era ve ace 0 aos *or los #ic5logos co#o un gastero#iceto D solo un siglo des*uIs se reali5 el anHlisis de su estructura D características *ara ser clasi&icado co#o gInero entre los ongos &ila#entososF & ila#entososF con *ro*iedades D actividades $iol5gicas cada ve #Hs #Hs usadas en la agricultura actual, Su a$ilidad co#o co#o antagonista solo &ue descu$ierta ace 9 aos D gran cantidad de artículos tIcnicos se an escrito descri$iendo sus $ondades en en el #ane+o $iol5gico $iol5gico de los cultivos agrícolas, agrícolas, 2or&ol5gica#enteF es un ongo que *osee estructuras del ti*o de conidias ialinas uniceluladasF ovoide ovo ide en con conidi idio&o o&oro ro ialino ialino largo largo no vertic verticila iladoF doF nace nace en centr centros os *eque *equeos os,, Tiene Tiene la ca*acidad de *roducir cla#idos*oras en sustratos naturalesF estructuras de vital i#*ortancia *ara la so$revivencia del gInero en el suelo $a+o condiciones adversas, Es sa*ro&ito del suelo D de la #adera D el creci#iento en el suelo es #uD rH*ido, MSte&anovaF #,F sandovalF i,N (19) >a$itad, la alta *resencia de u#edad D el el riego #e+ora las condiciones condiciones de vida de #ucos #icroo #icroorga rganis nis#o #oss entre entre ellos ellos tricod tricoder# er#aF aF *asand *asandoo de un estado estado latent latentee a uno activ activoo D desarrollHndose 5*ti#a#ente asta en un de *lena ca*acidad del suelo de retenci5n de u#edad, En suelos con te#*eratura que oscilan entre los 1 W D 19W c D $a+a dis*oni$ilidad de nutrientes esenciales no crece D se a&ecta la actividad $enI&ica, El #odo de acci5n acci5n de tricoder#a estH estH asociado asociado a la desco#*osici5n desco#*osici5n de de la #ateria orgHnica orgHnica
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1F sid a#ed et al, 0F sid a#ed et al, 03) D *arasitis#o directo de deter#inadas es*ecies de tricoder#a so$re los ongos &ito*at5genos (Dedidia et al, 1F eiDDani et al, 03), .a *roducci5n D co#ercialiaci5n de *roductos co#erciales a $ase de Trichoderm Trichoderm *ara
uso en agricultura es #uD i#*ortante en la actualidad, >aD que tener en
cuenta varios as*ectos #uD i#*ortantes *ara o$tener la e&icacia que necesita el agricultor *ara un excelente resultado de ca#*o: la *rocedencia del *roductoF la ex*eriencia D con&ia$ilidad de la e#*resa que lo *roduceF el res*aldo tIcnicoF la &eca de venci#ientoF la *resentaci5n D las características es*ecí&icas del *roducto co#o es*ecie de
!richodermF concentraci5nF via$ilidadF
es*eci&icidadF dosi&icaci5n dosi&icaci5n D &or#a & or#a de a*licaci5nF que garanticen su e&icacia D e&ectividad,
2.2.1 Mecansm! de acc&n .as *lantas *lantas dis*onen dis*onen de varias varias vías D #ecanis#o #ecanis#oss *ara resistir resistir el ataque ataque de diversos diversos *at5genos, Aunqu Aunquee algunas veces el *at5geno su*era la *ro*ia de&ensa vegetalF *roduciendo una in&ecci5n #uD di&ícil de co#$atirF es *osi$le au#entar las de&ensas de la *lanta &rente a dicos agentes *at5genos,
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del interior del ongo uIs*ed, Al &inal el #icelio del ongo *arasitado queda vacío D con *er&oracionesF *rovocadas *rovocadas *or la inserci5n de las estructuras es*ecialiadas es*ecialiadas de tricoder#a, Así co#o co#o e+e#*l e+e#*loF oF se *uede *uede ex* ex*lic licar ar el ciclo ciclo $iol5g $iol5gico ico de trico tricoder der#a #a &rente &rente a rioc riocton toniaF iaF *at5geno de raíces de to#ateF #ediante #icro *arasitis#o en un cultivo, Una ve que tricoder#a se a enrollado alrededor de las i&as del *at5genoF li$era una $atería de eni#as idrolíticas que degradan la *ared celular del *at5geno, El *arasitis#o directo no es el Knico #Itodo que tiene tricoder#a *ara *arasitar a otros ongos, Ta#$iIn *roduce anti$i5ticos que le *er#iten ini$ir el desarrollo de otros ongos o $acteriasF que co#*iten *or nutrientes nutrientes D es*acio, ero este ongo tiene ta#$iIn una serie de e&ectos secundarios en el suelo, E#ite vita#inas que a$sor$e la raíF con lo que la *lanta crece #Hs rH*ido D e#ite ta#$iIn gran cantidad de eni#asF que ace que la raí se ali#ente #e+or, Este ongo se ali#enta de nitr5genoF &5s&oroF *otasio D #icro ele#entosF en caso de que no tenga ningKn ongo *ara ali#entarseF D #e+ora ta#$iIn la estructura del suelo, Estos e&ectos secundarios del ongo en suelo D raícesF raícesF se *roducen de &or#a si#ultHnea con el ataque del ongo al *at5geno, Con este ongo se solu$ilian ta#$iIn #e+or los a$onos de la
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2.2.%.1 Ve Venta/as nta/as de )na a"lcac&n.
O&rec O&recee un cont control rol e&ic e&ica a de de en&er en&er#ed #edade adess de *lan *lantas tas,,
ose oseee un un a#* a#*li lioo ran rango go de acci acci5n 5n,,
Elev Elevad adaa *ro* *ro*ag agac aci5 i5nn en el suel sueloF oF au#e au#ent ntan ando do sus sus *o$l *o$lac acio ione ness D e+er e+erci cien endo do cont contro roll duradero en el tie#*o so$re ongos &ito *at5genos,
ADuda a desco#* desco#*one onerr #ateri #ateriaa orgHnic orgHnicaF aF aciend aciendoo que los nutrie nutriente ntess se con convie vierta rtann en &or#as dis*oni$les *ara la *lantaF *or lo tanto tiene un e&ecto indirecto en la nutrici5n del cultivo,
Esti#u Esti#ula la el creci#i creci#ient entoo de los cultivos cultivos *orqu *orquee *osee *osee #eta$ol #eta$olito itoss que *ro#uev *ro#ueven en los *rocesos de desarrollo en las *lantas, *lantas,
'avo 'avore rece ce la *rol *roli& i&er erac aci5 i5nn de organ organis is#o #oss $enI $enI&ic &icos os en el suel sueloF oF co#o co#o otros otros ong ongos os antag5nicos,
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'igura 1 #aí Re&erencia: (AngelF 06) SegKn (AngelF 06) #ani&iesta que es una *lanta gra#ínea legu#inosa que es #uD *o*ular D a$undante en todo el #undo D estH co#*uesto *rinci*al#ente en tres *artes: la cascarilla el
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#aí desde 3 aos ac, El desarrollo de la agricultura &ue *osteriorF constituDendo un &actor i#*ortante de la #is#aF #Hs tarde extendiIndose a lo largo de la costa del *aci&ico,
2.%.2 Va#ac&n del ma'9 2.3.2.1 Maíz transgénico
Su li$ro ex*one que existen existen dos dos ti*os de #aí #aí transgInicos transgInicos D que varían varían segKn segKn a la necesidad necesidad del *roductor: aquellos que son resistentes a insectos que a&ectan al cultivo &inal conocidos co#o cultivos $t D los que tienen resistencia a er$icidas, En la actu actual alid idad ad exis existe tenn un sin sin nK#e nK#ero ro de varie varieda dade dess de se#i se#illa llass de #aí #aí alte altera rado doss genItica#ente que sirven *ara #e+orar la *roducci5n en un tie#*o corto *ara sacar #aDor
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!onHle RodrígueF .e5nides Castellanos !onHleF 2aría Ra#os 'ernHndeF !risell IreF 09)
2..1 -st!#a DEL ;RIOL Es uno de los ali#entos #Hs antiguos conocido del o#$re Da a &or#ado *arte i#*ortante de la dieta u#ana desde tie#*os re#otos el &ri+ol co#Kn e#*e5 a cultivarse se ace a*roxi#ada#ente a*roxi#ada#ente aos ac, En el *erKF en el sur de #Ixico D guate#ala (JorgeF 09)
2..2 VARIACI7N DEL 0#/!l
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El Hrea de ingeniería genItica de #aDor ex*ansi5n es la agricultura el uso de cultivos genItica#ente #odi&icados *er#ite acelerar el #e+ora#iento genItico tradicional au#entar los rendi#ientos agrícolas reducir la a*licaci5n de *esticidas D desarrollar nuevas variedades de cultivos, Estos ca#$ios en las *rHcticas agrícolas tienen co#o &inalidad au#entar la *roductividad D renta$ilidad al #is#o tie#*o Da q dis#inuDe las su*er&icies cultivadas, En el &uturo la industria de la ali#entaci5n ta#$iIn se $ene&iciara de los cultivos transgInicos tr ansgInicos #ediante vegetales en las q #e+ora #e+oraran ran la calida calidadd ali#en ali#entic ticia ia (Da sea sea *orque *orque #e+ora #e+ora su con conten tenido ido nutric nutricion ionalF alF las características del *roceso o al#acena#iento de cultivo) o la *osi$ilidad de utiliar *lantas *ara *roducir #olIculas #olIculas de interIs econ5#ico, econ5#ico, (i$id)
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*ueden ser diversas e#*leHndose desde los distintos ti*os de estiIrcol asta los residuos de *rocesos de $ene&icio de las cosecas cosecas de cultivos, .os organo*5nico se destinan a la *roducci5n de vegetales co#esti$les *lantas #edicinales D condi#entadas, .a *ala$ra viene de una ada*taci5n del ter#ino ter#ino idro*5nico (siste#a de cultivo sin suelo en el que so$re sustratos de diversos ti*osF co#o so*orte se le da a la *lanta una soluci5n liquida con todos los nutrientes requeridos), El cultivo 5rgano *5nico es una #odalidad de agricultura Ktil *ara las condiciones D que no se dis*one de un suelo cultiva$le &Irtil D se quiere utiliar este es*acio *ara la *roducci5n vegetal de &or#a intensiva $a+o *rinci*ios de *roducci5n orgHnico, (i$id) Cultivos tradicionales
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Son tan *equeos que no se *ueden ver a si#*le vista, En algunos casos se *ueden ver co#o un *olvo o #anca en la *lanta, >acen dao a la *lanta *orque cu*an los +ugos de las *lantas D la de$ilitanF de$ilitanF *or eso Da Da no crecen D no es igual su *roducci5n, *roducci5n, Cuando la *lanta es ataca *or ongos los &rutos tienen #ancas oscuras D secasF la raí se secaF los tallos D o+as se secan D tienen #ancas con *untitos, (SanceF 0) 2.6.2 irus
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a*licar los di&erentes #Itodos de una #anera correcta se asegurara que los resultados o$tenidos sean verídicos D con&ia$les, El #Itodo utiliado dentro de este *roDecto es: educ ed ucci5 ci5n, n, orque orque *arti# *arti#os os de ecos ecos gen genera erales lesFF so$re so$re los $en $ene&i e&icio cioss del on ongo go tricoder#a arianu# *ara co#*ro$ar D analiar analiar los $ene&icios $iol5gicos $iol5gicos que *osee D los
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.a i#*ortancia de su a*licaci5n es *orque de&iende a las *lantas de en&er#edades que *ueden causar su #uerte D de consecuencia consecuencia la *erdida de la coseca, 3, Xc5#o se desarrolla la #ateria antes del *roceso de *roducci5nY .a #ateria se desarrolla en un lugar K#edo lo cual es lo ideal *ara la vida del ongo tricoder#a arianu#
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