NEBOSH IGC Unit IGC1
Question & Answer
1
Give the meaning of the term Hazard and an example of a hazard (4)
Hazard is something with the potential to cause harm. Example: Fire
Give the meaning of the term Risk and example of risk (4)
Risk is the likelihood that harm will occur and the severity severity of the harm. For Example: Risk of slip trip and fall
Identify sources of information that can help reduce risks to workers. (8) Internal Internal Sources: Sour ces:
External Sour Sources: ces:
Risk assessments
Inspection reports
Professional Institutions such as IOSH
World Health Organization, ILO
Accident/incident
records
Medical reports
Suppliers and Manufacturers
Maintenance reports
Consultants and Specialists
Insurance Companies and workers unions
Give meaning of the term Near miss or Incident (4)
An unwanted, unforeseen, unfor eseen, unplanned unpla nned event even t that had the potential to result in a loss, but did not.
Give meaning of the term Accident (4)
An unwanted, unforeseen, unfor eseen, unplanned unpla nned event even t which results in a loss of some kind.
Outline the reasons for having good health and safety practice? (4) The reasons for having good health and safety practice include:
Moral – Moral – duty to ensure safe workplace. Not exposing workers to harm
Legal – Legal – avoid fines and punishments.
Financial – Financial – direct and indirect costs that are related to an Accident Accident or Incident.
Identify reasons for maintaining good health and safety in an organisation? (8) Maintaining good standards will lead to
• improved staff morale • improved production Company’s reputation will be enhanced • Company’s
• reducing accidents and ill health • reduce damage caused to equipment by poorly trained staff • reduce insurance premiums • motivated staff • complaints will reduce, absenteeism, and staff turnover • reduction in fines and compensation claims
Identify the benefits of having good health and safety practice (8)
Improved production
Improved level of compliance
Improved staff morale
Improved company reputation
Reduced accidents
Reduced ill health
Reduced damage to equipment
Reduced staff complaints
Reduced staff turnover
Reduced insurance premiums
Reduced fines and compensation claims
Outline the main health & safety responsibilities of Employers (4) Provide
safe plant / equipment
Provide
adequate Information, Training, Instructions and Supervision
Provide
safe environment, premises, and safe access and egress
Provide good welfare facilities
Provide safety policy
Provide consultation with employees
Provide emergency arrangements
Outline the main health & safety responsibilities of workers/employees (4)
Not to endanger themselves and others
Co-operate with their employer
Not to interfere with anything provided for safety
Follow instructions and training given
Report
significant dangers in the workplace.
Receive
information, training and instruction offered by the employer
Identify the possible costs that an organisation may incur as a result of inadequate standards of workplace health & safety (8) Direct Costs
Damage to property – building, plant, machinery and equipment
Increased insurance premiums
Cost from legal fines
Public liability insurance claims
Sick pay for the injured person
Indirect Costs
Loss of company reputation
Production delays or stoppages
Lost time paid to supervisors, managers and others involved in investigating the accident or incident
Loss of staff morale leading to poor production and customer service.
Outline the purpose of an organisation’s health and safety policy. policy. (6) (6 ) Purpose of safety policy is to:
Demonstrate management commitment to safety
Organization and arrangements for controlling work related hazards
Protect people from injury and ill-health
Comply with legal requirements
Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis
Identify the components of a Safety Policy? (3)
Statement of Intent
Organisation
Arrangements
Policy. (3) Outline the purpose of each of the components of a Safety Policy.
Statement Statement of Intent - Demonstrates Management’s commitment to health and safety and sets the H&S aims and objectives
Organization - To identify H&S roles & responsibilities and reporting lines within the company
detail the specific specific systems systems and and procedures procedures Ar A r r ang an g emen t s - Set out in detail for implementing the safety policy
Explain why the Safety policy should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation. (2) The Safety policy should be signed s igned by the most senior person in the organisation to show s how management commitment to safety in the workplace. To give the policy authority that must be complied and the last is the person who signs the policy has the ultimate responsibility and accountability for safety in the organization.
Identify the important for organisation to set health and safety targets? (2)
Gives evidence of Management commitment
Motivates staff by giving them something to aim for.
Give 4 examples of H&S targets that an organisation could set.
Reduce accidents by 20% within 12 months
Zero prosecutions for 2017
Reduced sickness absence by 60% in 6 months
Reduction in compensation claims by 50% for 2017
Outline the key components/elements of a H&S management system? (8)
Policy: Policy : Sets the Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organization, and establishes management commitment
Organization : demonstrating a clear roles and responsibilities, to include competence, commitment and control, consultation leading to co-operation and communication
Plannin Plannin g and Implementation Implementation : Perform risk assessments to identify hazards, assess risks and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Set standards against which performance can be measured.
Measuring Performance: Performance : A means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive
Reviewing: Reviewing : Analyzing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance performance is i s adequate
Audi Au di t : Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organization's
Identify issues that are included in the o rganization section of the Policy (4) • Clear roles and responsibilities for H&S functions to be allocated ompetence – From recruitment through to staff transfers & • Competence – training ontrol – Policies, procedures, auditing, supervision & • Control – management involvement o-operation – consultation demonstrates • Consultation and Co-operation – commitment which leads to Co-operation ommunication on - Needs Needs to flow in all directio directions. ns. • Communicati
Identify the circumstances that requires a H&S policy to be reviewed. (8) • Changes in processes • Changes in materials • Changes of premises • Changes in legislation • Changes to work patterns • Risk Assessments indicate policies are not suitable or sufficient.
Prosecutions • After Prosecutions • After Enforcement Action Compensation • After Compensation Claims • After Policy Review Professional Advise • After Professional • After Accidents or Incidents.
Outline issues that are typically included in the health and safety arrangements section of a policy. (8) • Risk Assessments • Safe Systems of Work • Permits to Work • Policies & procedures • Training Programmes • Maintenance of plant & equipment • Emergency procedures • First Aid Arrangements
Outline what is meant by the terms
Active Monitoring (2) Reactive Monitoring (2) Active monitoring:
A way way of looking looking and checking before before things go wrong, it involves regular inspections and checking to ensure that standards are being implemented and management controls are working
Reactive monitoring:
Reactive monitoring is after after something something goes wrong; it involves learning from your mistakes mistakes
Identify issues that may be considered in a Safety Committee Meeting and Agenda (8)
Accident statistics
Audit reports
Inspector’s reports
Safety officer reports
Development of work safety rules and safe systems of work
Effectiveness of safety training
Health and safety communications
Explain how an organisation could reduce the risks to contractors before and during a building project. (8) Before project Select suitable contractors Identify job hazards Check health & Safety aspects of bids Provide Site rules Train employees Do risk assessments etc. Create method statements Appoint a Coordinator Arrange Pre-contract meeting
During project Progress meetings Regular inspections Safety Committee Accident/Incident reporting Client set example Safety propaganda Monitor training program
Outline the checks (or factors) that the company should make when deciding on the health and safety competence of contractors tendering for the work. (6)
Previous experience References Enforcement history Safety management system / policy Competent advice Risk assessments and method statements
Accident
record Trade / professional body membership Employee competence Selection and management of subcontractors Liaison with the client Monitoring and supervision Insurance
Identify the actions that the company should take to help insure that the health and safety of their own and the contractors employees are not put at risk. (10)
Plan the job especially the sequence of cleaning, timings (out of office hours) etc.
Establish communication channels including accident reporting
Regular inspections of the contractor’s contractor ’s method/way of working
Check that the contractors are trained and competent in carrying out their work
Check that the contractors have method statement
Cleaners re given information and instructions on restricted
Give reasons why visitors to a workplace might be at greater risk of injury than workers. (8) Visitors to workplace might be at greater risk of injury than workers for the following reasons:
Unfamiliar with the workplace environment environment – – safety exits.
Unaware of existing hazards and risks
May panic in an emergency and wonder into high risk areas
No appropriate PPE
No safety induction training
No safety policy or procedures for safety of visitors
May be no segregation of pedestrian and vehicles
No security to control unauthorized entry.
Identify the precautions that could be taken to ensure the health and safety of visitors to the workplace
Signing in
Providing identification badges
Site induction e.g. Fire precautions
Providing PPE
Escorting visitor to area of work
Remain with visitor or regular monitoring
Escorting visitor back to reception area
Signing out visitor and removing badge
Identify the functions of a safety practitioner
Advise Management
Carry out inspections
Investigate accidents
Record/Analyse accident data
Assist with Training Training
Contact with External Bodies
Liaison with Workforce
Up to date with new safety standards
Liaison with Contractors
Identify 5 types of information that can be displayed on notice boards (4)
Information for Employees – poster with site rules
Health and safety policy
Evacuation procedures
First aid arrangements
Contacts details for safety representatives
Targets for accident reduction
Identify how can we improve the effectiveness effectiveness of notice boards as a means of communication on health & safety. safety. (4)
Locate common/prominent area
Dedicated to health and safety only
Information displayed relevant and current
Keep information in a neat orderly state
Make boards boards eye catching catching by use of colour colour and graphics graphics
Outline ways in which the health and safety of an organisation might be improved. (8)
Management Management sets sets a good example - shows commitmen commitmentt to health and safety
Involve employees in risk assessments and drawing up safe systems, procedures
Involve employees in safety tours & inspections
Encourage hazard spotting and suggestion schemes
Organize training courses
Safety committee meetings
Give staff responsibilities - i.e. Mentoring young workers
Give 5 reasons why verbal communication is not effective. (4)
Inconsistent message
Hearing defects
Noise
Distance
Language (Jargon)
Lack of Knowledge
Attitude Duration/Speed
Identify factors that should be considered when developing a program of health & safety training within an organisation. (8)
What employees need to know and what they do know
Employees’ existing knowledge/experience knowledge/experience
Types of training already received
Employees’ responsibilities
Activities carried carried out
Risks associated with activities
Actions required required by employees employees
Different requirements for various staff
Numbers involved
Resources needed
Competence of trainers
Outline the various measures that might be used to assess the effectiveness of H&S training (8)
The trainers The delegates Their supervisors Accident rates Absenteeism through illness Compliance to procedures Concerns raised by employees Results of attitude surveys Quality of suggestions made
Give reasons why it is important for an employer to keep a record of the training provided to each employee. (4)
Proof of employees’ competence
Provide evidence in legal actions
Provide evidence in investigations
Identify when refresher training needed
Review effectiveness of training
Assess progress against targets
Identify reasons why a worker could require additional health and safety training during their employment (8)
Change Change in Job - Promotion Promotion or reorgan reorganisatio isation n Change in processes Change in procedures Changes in work patterns New legislation introduced Enforcement action Insurance company requirements Results of inspections/audits Result of Risk assessments Increased accidents/incidents As a result of accident investigation investigation Dangerous occurrences
Identify two main purposes of first aid treatment (2)
Preserve Preserve life li fe - minimize the consequences of serious injury;
Prevent Prevent deteri deterior ora ation ti on - reassuring the casualty and lessening the effects of medical shock; and
provide the the treatme treatment nt of minor minor Promote romo te recovery - provide injuries that do not require medical attention .
Outline the factors to be considered when carrying out a risk assessment of first aid requirements in a workplace. (8) •
Size of organization
•
The nature and distribution of the workforce
•
Nature of the work
•
Types of hazards and risks
•
Past accident and injury types
•
Remoteness from emergency services
•
Travelling, Travelling, remote and lone workers
•
Need to train personnel in special procedures
•
Need to cover in absence of first aiders
Outline how induction training programs for new workers can help to reduce the number of accidents in the workplace. •
Quickly fit into unfamiliar and frightening workplace.
•
Perform his/her task smoothly without creating hazards for their colleagues, themselves or damaging equipment.
•
Learn terminology of the workplace or trade.
•
How to be safe during his/her first few days at work and where to ask for assistance and guidance if required.
•
Quickly identify with the employee and his/her work colleagues
Identify reasons why young people could be at greater risks
of accidents at work. (4)
Young persons are at greater risks because:
• Lack of knowledge, experience and training • Body not fully developed • More likely to take risks • More likely to respond to peer group pressure • Be over enthusiastic
Outline the control measures that could be taken to minimise risks to young workers. (4) Control measures for young persons:
Induction training
Close supervision
Mentoring
Clear lines of communication
Restrictions on type of work
Restricting the hours worked
Outline reasons for reviewing a risk assessment (3)
Changes in Processes Changes in Materials Changes in Premises Changes in Legislation Changes in work patterns Accidents/Incidents Prosecutions/Enforcemen Prosecutions/Enforcementt notices Enforcement Action Compensation Claims Policy Review Professional Advice
Explain using an example, the meaning of the term “Risk” (2) likelihood ood that harm will will occur occur and the the Risk is the likelih severity of the harm. harm. Example is risk of tripping over a cable that is lying across the walkway.
Identify the key stages of risk assessment (6)
• Identify the Hazards - Example : electricity, electricity, moving vehicle vehicle Consider in in particula particularr the • Decide who may be harmed and how - Consider special needs people i.e.; disabled, blind, deaf, pregnant women, young workers estimate the risk, and if • Evaluate risks & existing precautions – estimate existing controls are adequate, what further actions are necessary to eliminate or reduce the risk.
• Record the findings - Significant Significant hazards hazards to be be recorded, recorded, people people affected, adequacy of controls, further precautions required
• Review assessments - and revise if necessary – necessary – for example after an accident or changes to work processes.
Outline the factors to be considered when selecting individuals to assist in carrying out the required risk assessment. (4) • Competence in risk assessment with enough knowledge, ability, ability, training, experience and personal qualities • Knowledge of own limitations understanding of the processes and • A thorough understanding procedures involved • Good communication skills
Explain the criteria which must be met for the assessment to be suitable and sufficient. (4) A risk assessment is considered suitable and sufficient sufficient when if it: • • • • • •
Ensures that all aspects of work activity activi ty are reviewed Identifies all the significant hazards and risks Takes account of the way the work is organized Identifies employees and others at risk Evaluates the risks Identifies control measures 44
consider when assessing the risks to a Outline the factors to consider long distance lorry driver (8)
• • • •
The distance to travel Road condition The weather conditions The type of load – load – e.g. hazardous • Security issues e.g. valuable load
• Load properly secured • Vehicle suitable for task • Vehicle properly maintained • Ergonomic design of cab and seat • Competence of driver
Identify the factors to be considered to reduce the risks to workers workers required to work alone away from the workplace (8)
• • • • • • •
Workplace Task People – People – workers, workers, women, young people Violence Access and egress Medical conditions Additional physical or mental burden through lone working
Give the meaning of Permit to Work (2)
A Permit to Work procedure is a formal written system to control certain types of work which are potent potential ially ly hazar hazardous dous..
Identify 3 types of work that require a permit to work and give the reasons why in each case. (2)
Confi onfine ned d spa space – loose material, earth, water and toxi toxic c fume fumes s haza hazard rd..
Welding – Welding – fire and explosion hazard,
electrici icity ty hazard hazard.. Working orking with Electr lectrici icity ty – – electr
All are high risk activities that require checking, testing and controls put into place prior to entry or commencement of work to ensure that all precautionary measures are taken and all hazards are identified and controlle lled prior to commen mencement of work.
Identify the general information that should be included in permit to work (4) General information to be included in a PTW include: • The duration of the permit • Description of the task to be performed • Inherent risks • Electrical and mechanical isolations • Other precautions required • Issued by an authorised person competent person • Acceptance by the competent On completion of the work: Permit should be cleared cleared by the competent competent person person • Permit • Cancelled by the authorised person indicating that the isolations have been removed removed and and the plant plant is safe to operate operate
Identify factors that would influence the Permit To Work Wor k System System (4) Factors that may influence the effectiveness of a permit to work system are:
It should be designed as a formal document
It should be simple to use, not overly complicated
It should have the commitment from those who use it.
Outline with examples the general hierarchy that should be applied to control health and safety risks in the workplace. (6) •
Eliminate the hazard by removing totally the trailing cable on the walkway
•
Reducing the hazard by minimizing the electrical voltage from 220V to 110V
•
Isolating the hazard by providing barriers in the work at height activity
•
Engineering control by using a forklift machine in lifting heavy objects
• Administrative control by providing break time to workers during work to minimize exposure •
Providing Personal Protective Equipment such as hard hat, goggles, overall, safety shoes, and gloves
Give the meaning of the term Hierarchy of control (2) A
preferred series of measures measu res to control contro l risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline.
Identify four types of emergency that would require an organization to have an emergency procedure. Fire,
bomb, hazardous chemical spill, earthquake
Explain why visitors to a workplace should be informed of its emergency procedure. They
can act appropriately in the event of an emergency.
They
will not obstruct other employees and putting themselves and the employees at risks.
Give the meaning of the term Safe System of Work (2)
Is a system use to analyze analyze a task or process in order to identify the hazards likely to be present and details the precautions necessary to avoid or minimize the risks to the health and safety of individuals.
Identify the sources of information that could be consulted when developing a SSOW (8) Internal :
External:
Governmental organizations e.g. Enforcing Authorities
National safety organizations / Professional institutions
Various standards organizations such as
International Standards Organization such as (ISO) and
Risk assessments
Accident/incident records
Policies
Inspection reports
Medical records
Health & Safety committees
Plant registers
Safety advisors
Suppliers and manufactures
Consultants Consultants and specialists
Insurance Companies and Workers Trade Unions
British Standards Institute (BSI)
Outline the reasons why the provision of PPE should be considered only after all other control measures.
Only a barrier barrier between between the wearer wearer and the hazard - does not eliminate the hazard.
Fails to danger
May create an additional hazard for the wearer
May be worn incorrectly making it ineffective
Relies on action being taken by user
Uncomfortable
Relies on management commitment
Incompatibility with other PPE
Could become contaminated
Outline the reasons for monitoring the health and safety performance in an organization.
Identify sub-standard H & S practices
Identify Trends
Compare actual performance against targets
Useful in benchmarking
Identify effectiveness of control measures
Identify suitable control measures
Prioritise the implementation of control measures
Assess compliance with legal requirements Provide feedback to Board, Committees etc.
Identify four active means by which an organization can monitor it’s health and safety performance. (4)
Safety Safety audit aud it . It is a thorough, critical examination examination of an organization's safety management systems and procedures.
Safety Safety Sampl Sampl ing (involving the targeting of specific areas such as checking the wearing of PPE or noise level, dust level. )
Safety Safety Tou Tours rs (where unscheduled, less formal workplace inspections are carried out to check on issues such as housekeeping or the use of personal protective equipment)
Safety Safety Surveys (focusing on particular activities) may be carried out by specialists
Identify four reactive means by which an organisation can monitor it’s health and safety performance. (4)
Review number of Enforcement actions
Review Injuries or ill health records (including sickness si ckness absence)
Review complaints reports
Review damage to property, goods or equipment report
Review the dangerous occurrences data
Review the near misses data
Outline the features of a Health and safety inspection. (4)
A straightforward observation of a workplace &/or &/or the activities or equipment within it.
A safety inspection is usually carried out by a manager, manager, employee employee representative and Safety Advisor and is often aided by the use of a checklist.
It may be carried out routinely with the aim of identifying hazards & assessing the & effectiveness of control measures.
Outline the key features of a health and safety audit
It is a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organization looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the organization.
The process uses a combination of interviews, workplace inspections and reviewing of documentation
It could also be carried out internally by competent member of staff
It is a thorough, critical examination of an organization's safety management systems and procedures.
It uses a checklist to aid in the audit process.
Identify the written information that is likely to be examined during a health and safety audit.
Previous audit reports
Safety monitoring procedures
Safety policy
Details of statutory inspections
Minutes from the safety committee
Risk assessment procedures
Maintenance records
Training Training records
Health surveillance records
Accident and ill health health reports
Explain how the findings of an audit may be used to improve health and safety performance (10)
The findings could identify weakness in the management system which allows corrective actions to be implemented.
It helps to identify and confirm if H&S objectives are achieved and whether further efforts and H&S initiatives are required.
Prioritises the implementation implementation of corrective corrective action so that the most significant issues receive attention first.
It recommends effective risk controls to be implemented
Explain how the findings of an audit may be used to improve health and safety performance.(cont.)
It identifies effectiveness of training, communication and consultation programs and whether more needs to be done
It identifies if legal standards are met and what additional measures are required to meet standard.
It makes recommendations for management to take action on improving the management systems and procedures and to implement the action required. The use of prioritized, timed and allocated action plans will aid the process.
Implementation of the action plan should then be monitored.
Identify the written information that is likely to be examined during a health and safety audit .
Safety policy Risk assessment procedures Safety monitoring procedures Maintenance records Accident and incident reports Health surveillance records Training Training records Inspection records Previous audit reports
Identify the limitations of a Workplace Inspection?
It is only a snapshot in time
Some hazards invisible – e.g. gas
Some hazards not always present during the inspections and may occur later in the process
Unsafe practices may not occur during the inspection if the employees know the inspection is taking place
Give the meaning of the term “ immediate cause” cause ” (2) Immediate/Direct Cause: The unsafe act or condition that results in an accident or incident
Give two examples of immediate causes of workplace accident (2) Damaged
grinder, grinder, oil spill on floor
Give the meaning of the term “ underlyin g causes causes ” (2) Root/Underlying Cause: The failure of procedures, management systems that have resulted in the unsafe act or condition Give two examples of underlying causes of workplace accident (2)
Lack of supervision, lack of maintenance, no training
Identify four reasons why accidents should be investigated (4)
To provide information to insurance companies
Provide information for any criminal or civil actions
To learn from the accident and prevent it from happening again
Find root causes and weaknesses in the management system
Outline the information that should be included in an accident investigation report (8)
The personal details of the injured party, party, time & location of the accident,
Environmental conditions, the work activity at the time of the accident,
Control measures in place,
Circumstances of the accident,
Type & extent of injury sustained,
Details of witnesses & copies of their statements where taken,
Drawings & photographs,
Immediate & root causes identified,
Possible breaches of the law, law,
Recommenda Recommendation tions s - remedial remedial actions actions required.
69
Identify four reasons why accidents should be reported and recorded. (4)
To provide information to insurance companies
To prevent an accident happening again
Provide information for any criminal or civil actions
To comply with legal requirements
Explain why an organization should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents (4) The benefits of an internal reporting system will help organizations to:
Learn from them and prevent a recurrence,
Monitor trends and analyze immediate and root causes of accidents. This may be useful in legal actions and civil claims.
It is also important as many occupational ill-health effects may take years to develop and become apparent
Good reporting can significantly reduce accidents if improvements or corrective actions are implemented.
Identify the reasons why workers might not report accidents at work (4)
Accidents may not be reported because:
Individuals ignorant of reporting procedures;
Peer pressure
Retribution by management or other staff.
Perception that they are preserving the company’s or department’s safety record (particularly when an incentive scheme is in operation).
To avoid receiving first-aid or medical treatment (for whatever reason);
Over-complicated reporting procedures.
Lack of obvious management response to earlier reported accidents
A worker has received serious injuries from being struck by a reversing reversing vehicle in a loading bay. investigated. d. (4) Identify four reasons why the accident should be investigate
Primary purpose of investigating investigating an accident is to identify the immediate immediate and root causes in order to prevent similar accidents occurring in the future.
The identification of possible weaknesses in risk assessment processes and other aspects of safety management systems. systems.
Collecting evidence to defend a civil claim, where applicable.
Demonstrating Demonstrating management commitment to occupational health and an d safety.
A worker has received serious injuries from being struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay. Outline : Four possible immediate causes (4)
Human error or failure to comply with procedures. Mechanical failure. failure. Poor visibility in the loading bay (e.g. absence of lighting). Restricted view for the driver. Environmental Environmental conditions such as high noise levels.
A worker has received serious injuries from being struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay. Outline : Four possible underlying (root) causes are: are: (4) (4)
Lack of driver and/or other employee training. Lack of supervision. Absence of site rules or procedures for the control control of reversing vehicles. Failure Failure to separate vehicular and pedestrian traffic. traffic. Lack of maintenance of vehicles and/or the workplace.
An employee has been seriously injured in an accident with a vehicle in the workplace Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken following following the accident (8) Immediate Treatment for injured personnel Make the area safe Initiate emergency plan Contact emergency services Preserve scene for investigation May have to notify enforcing authority
Longer term Decide the depth of the investigation and select team Gather evidence at the scene Interview witnesses Examine documents Appoint specialists if necessary
76
Identify the measures an employee could take in order to ensure that the drivers of internal transport are and remain competent (4)
Check licence valid Previous experience reference accident history Refresher training Practical workplace assessments Supervision and monitoring
77
Question
Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an organisation may face following a workplace accident. Identi fy EIGH EIGHT T other possible costs to an organisation when an employee has been seriously injured in such an accident. (8) An A n s w er •
Payments to injured employee
•
Loss of contracts
•
Loss of production
•
Loss of business reputation
•
Damage to equipment and materials
•
Cost of accident investigation
•
Increased insurance premiums
•
Repairs to plant and equipment
•
Legal action e.g. fines
Question Outline the main components of an health and safety management manageme nt system. (8) Answer • Policy:Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, organisation, health and safety safety objectives and management commitment
• Organising:Organising:- Clear lines of responsibility, responsibility, Competence, commitment commitment and control, control, Cooperation, Communication • Planning and Implementation:Implementation:- Identify hazards, hazards, assess risks, and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured. • Measuring performan performance:ce:- Be used as a means means of determining determining the extent extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive. • Reviewing:Reviewing:- Analysing data data gathered gathered through through monitoring monitoring to see whether whether performance performance is adequate • Audit:- Systematic Systematic critical examination examination of each stage of an organisations management management systems and procedures
Outline FOUR main components of the health and safety management system described in OHSAS 18001:1999 Occupational health and safety management systems (8) Answer • Policy:- Health and safety safety aims of the organisation, health and safety safety objectives and management commitment
• Organising:Organising:- Clear lines of responsibility, responsibility, Competence, commitment commitment and control, control, Cooperation, Communication • Planning and Implementation:Implementation:- Identify hazards, hazards, assess risks, and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured. • Measuring perform performance:ance:- Be used as a means of determining determining the extent extent to which which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive. • Reviewing:Reviewing:- Analysing data data gathered gathered through through monitoring monitoring to see whether whether performance performance is adequate • Audit:- Systematic Systematic critical examination examination of each stage of an organisations management management
Question 4 It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident the “hidden costs” (usually uninsured) greatly exceed the more obvious costs which are usually covered by insurance. Outline FOUR of these “hidden costs”, giving an example example of each (8)
An A n s w er •
Payments to injured employee •
•
Loss of production •
•
Stoppage of work due to the accident investigation
Loss of business reputation •
•
Compensation claims given to the injured worker if found out that the employer is breaching the duty of care
Media publicity of the accident that can cancel orders to clients
Legal action •
Possible of fines from the employer, and imprisonment to managers and owners
a) Ex p l ai n the difference between the objectives of a Criminal Law system and a Civil Law system (2) b ) Ou t l i n e the THREE standard conditions that are usually required to be met to prove a case of negligence against an employer. (6) c ) Ou t l i n e the typical actions that might be brought against an employer who has breached Criminal Law in relation to health and safety (6) d ) Ex p l ai n why H & S legislation might be enforced to different standards in various countries (6)
An A n s w er
(a) The criminal criminal law aims aims to punish punish the the companies companies that are are accountabl accountable e on the accidents happened such as fines and imprisonment while the civil law aims to compensate for loss or injury to the worker (b) To prove prove a case of negligence negligence the injured injured worker worker must •
Necessary to show there is a duty of care owed from the employer
•
The duty of care was breached by the employer or negligent from the employer
•
Due to the breached there is an injury, injury, loss or harm occurred to the worker
An A n s w er
c) Typical ypical acti actions ons that that might might be brou brought ght agains againstt an employ employer er •
Provide health and safety advice and guidance to rectify the breach
•
Issue legal document to the employer to make specified improvements to rectify the breach.
•
Issue legal mandate demanding that work in dangerous situations is stopped and made safe.
•
Take out a prosecution to punish the employer
d) H & S legisla legislatio tion n might might be be enforc enforced ed to differ different ent standa standards rds in vario various us countries due to different legal systems, standards of legislation and enforcement used in each countries. Different penalties for breaches imposed in each countries in terms of civil and criminal law. law. Different religious beliefs and cultural issues that may possibly control the legislation. Ability and knowledge of enforcing authorities that enforce and formulate the legislation. The degree of reporting to enforcement authorities in terms of accidents happen in the companies.
a) Outline the requirements whereby employers must prepare a written statement of their health and safety policy (2) b) Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health and safety policy document: • Statement of intent • Organisation • Arrangements
(2)
(2) (2)
c) Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements section of a health and safety policy document (12)
Answer a) If required by legislation of the country or a company policy
b) 1) The “Statement of intent” which demonstrates managements commitment to health and safety and sets goals and objectives for the organisation 2) The “Organisation” section the purpose of which is to identify health and safety responsibilities within the Company 3) The “Arrangements” section which sets out in detail the systems and procedures that show how the policy is implemented.
c) • • • • • • • • • • • •
Risk assessments Fire policy Evacuation procedures Safe systems of work Permits to work First aid policy Display screen policy Manual handling policy Hazardous chemicals policy Fork truck policy Contractor policy Noise policy
A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark its health and safety with similar organisation. Outline the health and safety management issues that could be used to benchmark with the other organisations (8)
•
Existence and quality of health and safety policy
•
Staff roles and responsibilities clearly outlined
•
Documented health and safety plans measured
•
The quality of risk assessments
•
Type of training provided
•
Level of monitoring i.e. Reactive and pro-active
a) Expl Expl ain the purpose of the statement of intent section of a health and safety policy (2) b) Outline the circumstances that would require a health and safety policy to be reviewed. (6) a)
The “Statement of intent” demonstrates managements commitment to health and safety and sets goals and objectives for the organisation
b) Accidents/incidents New equipment New staff/new technology New premises Risk assessments Changes in legislation Accident investigation Enforcement Enforcement action Periodic review
a) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities of employers of employers which are common in many countries. (4) b) Outline the key health and safety safety responsibilities and rights of employees which are common in many countries (4)
a) • • • • • • •
Provision of safe workplace Provision of safe plant and equipment Provision of information and training Provision of emergency procedures Co-operation with other employers Co-operation/communication Co-operation/communication with their employees Not charging employees for health and safety measures
b) Co-operating with their employer Reporting any dangerous situations to employer Right to receive adequate health and safety information Right to receive adequate health and safety training Right to be consulted by their employer
Identify the factors that might be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor. (8)
• • • • • • • • •
Previous experience with the type of work Reputation amongst previous or current clients Content and quality of Health and Safety policy Content and quality of risk assessments Training and qualifications of staff Accident/enforcement history Membership of approved accreditation bodies Records Records of maintenance of equipment Method statements
A company intends to use the services of an outside contractor for for office cleaning both within and outside normal working hours. An invitation to tender has been issued. a) Outline the checks that the company should make when deciding on the health and safety competence of contractors contractors tendering for the work. (6) b) Outline the duties that the company will owe to the cleaners (4) c) Identify the actions that the company should take to help insure that the health and safety of their own and the contractors contractors employees are not put at risk (10)
a)
• •
the contractors previous previous experience with the type of work; the reputation of the contractor contractor amongst previous or current cur rent clients
•
the content & quality of the contractor’s H&S policy & risk assessments
•
the level of training & qualifications of staff (including those with H&S responsibilities)
• • • •
accident/enforcement history membership of accreditation or certification bodies equipment maintenance & statutory statutory examination records the detailed proposals for the work to be carried out.
b) contractors of companies safety rules and • Inform contractors procedures contractor of hazards of their operations • Inform contractor contractors • Ensure employees activities do not endanger contractors
c) • Ensure contractor competent by checking their experience, training, safety policy, • Inform contractor of hazards contractors work • Inform employees of contractors contractors • Ensure employees activities do not endanger contractors contractors activities do not no t endanger employees em ployees • Ensure contractors contractors activities do not no t endanger public • Ensure contractors
• Co ordinate activities • Monitor contractors activities • Appoint coordinator
motivation (2) a) Explain Expl ain the meaning of the term motivation b) Descr Describ ibe e the motivating factors that could lead to improved health and safety in the workplace (6) a) The driving force a person has to achieve a goal b) • Training & information, improving employee’s knowledge of the consequences of not working safely. resources & a safe • Commitment of the organisation to safety by providing resources working environment, Involving employees in H&S decisions by consultation & team meetings, • Involving • recognising & rewarding achievement
a) Identify the criteria that should be used in assessing a persons competence to carry out a task (4)
organisational factors that may cause b) Outline the personal and organisational a person to work unsafely unsafely even though they are competent (4)
a) • • • • b) • • • •
• • •
knowledge based on appropriate qualifications & training, the skills, experience & personal qualities to apply the knowledge in a given situation, &, importantly, importantly, a clear recognition of his or her limitations.
management or peer group pressure, a poor safety culture in the organisation, a lack of resources or equipment, a lack of clarity in roles & responsibilities, inadequate supervision poor working conditions Age, Medical condition, Attitude, Motivation
Outline the ways in which employers may motivate motivate their employees to comply with health and safety procedures (8) •
Improving, by training & the provision of information, information, employee’s employee’s knowledge of the consequences of not working safely
•
Showing the commitment of the organisation to safety by providing resources & a safe working environment
•
Involving Involving employees in H&S decisions by consultation & team meetings
•
Recognising & rewarding achievement
Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with health and safety procedures (8)
• • • • • • • • • •
Lack of motivation Unrealistic working procedures Lack of management commitment commitment Over familiarisation familiarisation Repetitive Repetitive work leading to boredom Peer group pressure Inadequate supervision Fatigue and stress Lack of information, training and consultation Job insecurity
a) Explain xp lain the meaning of the term perception
(2)
b) Expl Explain ain how an understanding of perception can help to improve health and safety performance (6) a) Perception:- The way that people interpret interpret and make sense of presented presented information b) Make the nature of the hazards clear Warnings of hazards Training Suitable PPE Give confidence in others ability Select suitable personal
a) Ident Identif ify y the factors that place young persons at greater risk of accidents at work (4) b) Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk to young persons (4)
a)
•
lack of perception of risk or avoidance of risk (because of limited knowledge, experience &/or lack of training),
• •
the individual’s stage of physical development, The tendency of young persons to take risks & to respond to peer group pressure.
b)
• • • • •
Risk assessments for young persons induction programmes, careful supervision Mentoring by an experienced older co-worker, clear lines of communication, limits on the number of hours worked.
a) Exp Explain lain using examples, the meaning of EACH of the following terms: i. Motivation (3) ii. Perception (3) iii. Attitude (3 (3) b) Outline the ways of of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace (11)
i) Motivation is the driving force behind the that that someone strives to achieve a goal or objective (e.g. to work safely). ii) Perception is the way that people interpret and make sense of presented information iii) Attitude is the tendency to respond in a particular way in a given situation
b) • the use of skilled, competent & properly trained employees & ensuring that they are well motivated • avoiding monotonous work processes & arranging breaks to counter fatigue • designing clear roles & lines of communication with the workforce workforce & ensuring adequate adequate levels of supervision • establishing good lines of communication with the workforce & ensuring the clarity of instructions & information information passed on to them • implementing policies on alcohol & drugs (prescribed & otherwise) • addressing the workplace environmental environmental issues such as noise, light & heat • designing the workplace & work equipment to reduce the opportunity for error error (e.g (e.g automation,unambiguous automation,unambiguous controls/informa controls/information, tion, monitoring & confirmation confirmation of actions
a) Explain the meaning of the term perception (2) b) Outline the factors that may influence a persons perception of risk in the workplace (6) a) The way that people interpret & make sense of presented information – information – for instance, in relation to their surroundings. b) immediate or delayed • the nature of the hazard (e.g. obvious or hidden, immediate effects, etc) • a person’s previous experience & familiarity with the situation • the level & nature of training • peer group influences • confidence in others’ abilities & judgements • & a number of other personal characteristics such as age, attitude &
11) Outline FOUR advantages & FOUR disadvantages of using ‘propaganda’ posters posters to communicate communicate health & safety inform i nformation ation to the workforce (8) Advantages Advantages of posters posters include:
•
their relatively relatively low cost, (allowing them to be displayed in the lost apposite positions)
• • • •
their brevity (allowing messages to be easily understood), their use in reinforcing reinforcing verbal instructions or information, Providing a constant reminder of important health & safety issues, Potential Potential to allow employees to become involved in their selection & hence in the message being conveyed.
11) cont
• • • • • • •
Disadvantages Disadvantages include: the need to change posters on a regular basis if they are to be noticed, the fact that they may become soiled, defaced & out-of-date, & the possibility that they might be seen to trivialise serious matters. additionally they might actually alienate people if inappropriate stereotypes (e.g. of the ‘stupid worker) are used, they provide no direct way of assessing whether the message has been understood, & they may be perceived by unscrupulous employers as an easy, if not particularly effective, effective, way of discharging their responsibility to provide health & safety information, information, & even of shifting the responsibility onto the workforce workforce for any accidents that may occur.
Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to communicate health & safety information in the workplace. (8)
• people respond differently to different stimuli, & that variety prevents over-familiarisation over-familiarisation with one method & helps to reinforce a message the need to overcome language barriers & the inability of some employees to read
• the need to motivate, stimulate interest & gain involvement & feedback different types of information require • the acceptance that different different different methods of communication.
Outline the various methods for communicating health and and safety information to the workforce (8) •
Health and safety committee meetings/minutes
•
Team briefings br iefings
•
Toolbox talks
•
Formal training
•
Safety signs/posters
•
Newsletters
•
Safety reports/memo/e-mail
•
Verbal instruction
•
Written procedures/permit to work
•
Visual-video/computer Visual-video/computer programmes programmes
Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda of a safety committee meeting. (8)
• • • • •
a review of recent accidents/incidents, a review of proactive monitoring strategies such as safety inspections & audits, reports following visits by enforcement authorities, The effects of the company of new or impending H&S legislation. possible amendments to the company’s H&S policy & risk assessments,
•
the extent & effectiveness of any H&S training given to employees,
•
the introduction of new equipment & processes.
Outline the reasons that may prevent a verbal instruction being clearly understood by an employee (8)
•
Hearing/speech defects defects
•
Noise
•
Distance from receiver
•
Poor environment (light/temperature); Language/jargon Language/j argon
•
Distractions
•
lack of knowledge/experience
•
Attitude of person to communication
•
Duration/speed
Question a) Explain the circumstances under which an employer should form a health and safety committee (2)
safety committee may may be ineffective ineffective (6) b) Give reasons why a safety
Answer a) If there is a legal requirement or when requested by the safety representative
Answer b)
• a lack of management commitment m inutes or notes of the • no agenda or remit &/or no minutes meetings being produced • an uneven balance between management & employee representatives • poor chairmanship • no access to the decision-making processes • infrequent meetings • inappropriate topics • no access to H&S expertise
Question Give reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by an employee at work (8)
Answer • the way that verbal information is given like complex, jargonistic, ambiguous, not in the usual language of the receiver • distorted by the means of communication such as telephone • inconsistent with body language environmentt (e.g noisy) or or due to some limitation limitation on the • due to the environmen part of the receiver (e.g. mental or physical difficulty)
• Inattention • lack of knowledge knowledge or experience experience • restricted by PPE
Question Outline the factors to be considered when preparing and presenting a health and safety safety training session
Answer • • • • • • • • •
Identify training needs Selection of training provider Duration of training; Research topic Learning outcome; Verification of learning outcome/test Experience of persons; Type of person Method of presentation presentation Appropriate venue Resource materials/equipment materials/equipment
(8)
Question Outline the various circumstances that may create create a need for a revi review ew of heal health th & saf safet ety y tra train inin ing g wit withi hin n an an org organ anis isat atio ion. n. (8) (8)
Answer •
the introduction of new technology or a new item of work equipment or process
• • • • • • •
a job change for one or a group of individuals accident incidence data or the findings of an accident investigation investigation the results of risk assessments or review new legislation or guidance as a result of enforcement enforcement action new employees with special needs (e.g. young or disabled workers) workers) requirements requirements imposed by the employer’s insurance company
Question Explain how induction training programmes for new employees can help to reduce the numbers of accidents in the workplace (8)
Answer • • • • • • • •
Establishes safety culture Shows management commitment Identified responsibilities Identifies hazard and precautions Employee is aware of hazards Imparts knowledge Employee recognises/reports hazards Sets scene for future performance
Question An investigation investigation has identified the two key underlying causes of a workplace accident as ineffective ineffective verbal communication between employees and shortcomings in the quality of health and safety training. a) Identify the barriers to effective effective communication that may have existed (8) b) Outline the measures by which verbal communication could be improved (6)
t rainer could use to c) Describe the variety of training methods a trainer improve the effectiveness effectiveness of employee training in health and safety (6)
Answer a)
• • • • • • • •
Hearing/speech defects Noise Distance from receiver Poor environment environment (light/temperature); (light/temperature); Language/jargon Distractions lack of knowledge/experience knowledge/experience Attitude Attitude of person to communication Duration/speed
Question (a) Outline the events that may create a need for additional health and safety training within an organisation organisation (10) (b) Outline the factors to be considered when preparing and presenting a training session on health and safety (10)
Answer a) • Job change • Promotion • Restructuring/Reorganisation • Change of process or equipment • New legislation • As a result of a risk assessment • Inspection or audit • Accidents/incidents, ill-health • Enforcement action New buildings/acquisitions
Answer b)
• • • • • • • • • •
Identify the training needs Identify the training t raining objectives The target audience, knowledge, skills etc. Training methods, lecture, video etc. How to evaluate effectiveness of training Number of trainees Time available available Training aids required Suitability of training facilities, room size etc. Course rules and administration administration
Question a) Explain the meaning of the term Competent Person Person (4) b) Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a persons competence (4)
Answer a) A person shall be regarded as competent where he has sufficient training and experience or knowledge and other qualities to enable him to carry out the measures required of him b) • • • •
Evidence of qualifications Level of training Membership of professional organisation Undertaking written or practical assessments References or recommendations
Question Outline the main health & safety issues to be included in an induction training programme for new employees. ( 8)
Answer • the organisation’s H&S policy • emergency procedures • hazards specific to the workplace & the need to comply with H&S requirements
• • • •
Health & safety responsibilities & lines of communication accident & first-aid arrangements welfare provision health surveillance & consultation procedure procedure
Question Identify the factors that could be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor contractor (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • •
Experience Experience of the type of work and industry Suitable references Enforcement record Safety management such as Policy, risk assessments etc. Accident and ill-health data Membership of trade/professional bodies Competence and training of employees Arrangements for selection of sub-contractors Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients
Question hea lth and safety culture of Outline the methods by which the health an organisation organisation may be improved (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • •
the commitment & leadership of senior management the competence & training of the workforce a clear policy with health & safety being given obvious equal priority p riority to other business objectives (production, quality, quality, etc) the setting of realistic & achievable targets the provision of a good working environment proactive monitoring of health & safety standards effective effective communication channels a ‘no‘no-blame’ culture Consultation with, & the involvement of, the workforce
Question Due to increasing sales a manufacturing company is about to recruit new staff in both production and administrative departments. a) Identify the main issues to be addressed in a general health and safety induction programme for the new employees (6) b) Outline the factors that will determine the level of supervision each new employee should receive during their initial period with the company (8) c)
training of some or all of the Identify the reasons why additional training employees may be required at a latter stage of their employment (6)
Answer a)
• • • • • • •
the organisation’s H&S policy, emergency procedures, hazards specific to the workplace & the need to comply with H&S requirements, Health & safety responsibilities responsibilities & lines of communication, accident & first-aid arrangements, & welfare provision. More able candidates referred referred to health surveillance & consultation procedures.
Answer • the age of the employee, as well as his/her experience of work in general & of the task to be performed per formed in particular • the nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks • the person’s skills & qualifications for the work • his/her attitude & aptitude • the systems of work & any specific safety requirements applying to the task employee’s communication skills & any special needs • the employee’s that he/she may have
Answer c)
• • • •
the introduction of new processes, equipment & methods of work as a result of a job change involving different different health & safety requirements requirements &/or the allocation of additional responsibilities following the introduction of new legislation where risk assessments or staff appraisals indicate that additional training is necessary
•
where refresher refresher training is required such as that required for for-lift truck operators & first-aid personnel
• •
following an accident, enforcement action or insurance impositions to counteract the possibility of employees becoming complacent & lax in following established established procedures for health & safety
Question Accidents are often attributed to human error which can be categorised into different types Outline FOUR types of human error, error, giving a workplace example in each case (8)
Answer • • • •
Slips Lapses of attention attention Mistakes Violations
Question Outline the personal factors that might place an individual at a greater risk of harm while at work (8)
Answer • a generally poor attitude to work, authority &/or risk often coupled with low motivation • issues relating to physical capabilities or development (such as lack of stature, strength &/or stamina) & to mental capabilities (such as poor reasoning skills) • poor perception of risk, perhaps influenced by alcohol or drugs • age-related behavioural factors associated with immaturity • medical conditions affecting physical or mental capacity • the levels of training & experience of the individual
Question Give reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by an employee. (8)
Answer •
the way that verbal verbal information is given given (e.g complex, jargonistic, jargonistic, ambiguous, not in the usual language of the receiver, receiver, in a heavy dialect;
• • • •
distorted by the means of communication such as telephone or tannoy;
• • •
inconsistent with body language due to the enviro environmen nmentt (e.g noisy) noisy) due to some limitation on the th e part of the receiver (e.g. mental or physical difficulty) Inattention lack of knowledge or experience restricted restricted by PPE
Question Outline the practical control measures by which a manager could involve involve employees in the t he improvement of health & safety in the workplace. (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • •
involving employees in risk assessments accident investigations & the development of safe systems & procedures encouraging hazard-spotting & the reporting of defects setting up suggestion schemes organising training courses & information programmes supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings being accompanied by employees or their representatives on safety tours & inspections & giving employees responsibilities for mentoring young & inexperienced workers
Question Outline the factors that may determine the level of supervision an employee should receive during their initial period of employment wi within a company. (8)
Answer • • • • • •
the age of the employee, as well as his/her experience of work in general & of the task to be performed in particular the nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks the person’s person’s skills & qualifications for the work his/her attitude & aptitude the systems systems of work & any specific safety requirements requirements applying to the task the employee’s employee’s communication skills & any special needs that he/she may have
Question (a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘motivation’. (2) (b) (b) Othe Otherr tha than n the the lac lack k of of mot motiv ivat atio ion, n, outline SIX reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety procedures at work. (6)
Answer a) The driving force behind the that that someone strives to achieve a goal or objective (e.g. to work safely). (b)
• lack of management commitment • over familiarisation with the tasks to be performed • repetitive work, leading to boredom & lack of concentration • peer group pressure • wilful disregard of laid-down procedures coupled with inadequate or ineffective supervision • fatigue & stress • lack of communication, training & consultation
Question Outline the factors which might contribute towards a positive safety culture within an organisation (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • •
effective communication; No blame culture; Good leadership & commitment at senior level; monitoring workplace and implementing remedial action; consultation & employee involvement; a good goo d working environment; Training Clear objectives Communication
Question Outline reasons why an employee might require additional health & safety safety training at a later stage of employment within an organisation. (8)
Answer • • • •
the introduction of new processes, equipment & methods of work; as a result of a job change involving different different health & safety requirements requirements or additional responsibilities; following the introduction of new legislation; where risk assessments or staff appraisals indicate that additional training is necessary;
•
where refresher refresher training is required such as that required for for-lift truck operators & first-aid personnel;
• •
following an accident, enforcement action or insurance impositions; & to counteract the possibility of employees becoming complacent & lax in following established procedures for health & safety.
Question person’. a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘competent person’.
(2)
b) Outline the organisational organisational factors factors that may may cause a person to work unsafely even though they are competent. (6)
Answer a) Competent person should have enough knowledge, appropriate qualifications & training, the skills to implement the learnings. Experience & personal qualities to apply the knowledge in a given situation, & importantly, a clear recognition of his or her limitations. b) • • • • • • •
management or peer group pressure a poor safety culture in the organisation a lack of resources resources or equipment equipment a lack of clarity in roles & responsibilities responsibilities inadequate inadequate supervision poor working conditions Age, Medical condition, Attitude, Motivation
Question (a) Outline ways ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace. (8) (b) Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be underestimated by someone exposed to it. (4) (c) Outline ways ways in which managers can motivate employees to work safely safely. (8)
Answer
Answer a) • the use of skilled, trained & competent staff (including preemployment screening issues); • motivation of the workforce; • task variety to prevent monotony & the provision of frequent breaks to avoid work overload; • addressing workplace environmental issues such as noise, light & heat; automation; • mechanisation & automation; • ensuring that controls on machinery are clearly marked; • implementation of a drug & alcohol policy; • Providing competent supervision of employees.
Answer b)
• over familiarity & complacency; • lack of instruction, information & training; • lack of experience, particularly where young persons are involved; • the fact that some hazards (e.g. airborne contaminants or radiation) may be invisible &/or intangible; • sensory impairment; involvement in routine, repetitive tasks that can lead to lack • & involvement of attention.
Answer c)
• The recognition of good health & safety performance is important in this respect. • Disciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working procedures involving employees, for instance, in carrying out risk assessments & • involving drawing up safe systems of work;
• improving the company’s health & safety culture & demonstrating a high level of management commitment; • ensuring a good working environment; • & providing training & ensuring good communication.
Question factors relating to the individual that might (a) Identi Identify fy FOUR FOUR factors increase the ri risk of of ac accidents at wo work. (4) (b) Give reasons why maintenance operations may pose particular risks to those undertaking them. (4)
Answer a)
•
psychological factors such as attitude & motivation.
•
lack of skill or experience,
•
lack of familiarity (or possibly over familiarity) with the workplace, high stress levels,
•
& health problems,
•
medical conditions or physical disability/incapacity (including that brought about by alcohol & drugs).
b) • the existence of new or different hazards, • the lack of familiarity or experience with the tasks or equipment involved, • the likelihood that the events leading to the need for maintenance & their hazards would be unpredictable, • the possibility that the maintenance operations would have to be carried out in confined spaces or other poor work environments, • pressure on maintenance staff to complete the work in as short a time as possible in order to return to normal production.
Question Outline the factors that may determine the level of supervision an employee should receive during their initial period within a company. (8)
Answer •
the age of the employee, as well as his/her experience of work in general g eneral & of the task to be performed in particular
• • • • •
the nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks the person’s person’s skills & qualifications for the work his/her attitude & aptitude the systems of work & any specific safety requirements applying to the task the employee’s employee’s communication skills & any special needs that he/she may have
Question Outline the factors that might cause the safety culture within an organisation to decline (8)
Answer • lack of effective effective communication • the perception of a growing blame culture • lack of leadership & commitment at senior level failure to implement remedial action • lack of monitoring or a failure • lack of consultation & employee involvement • a generally a poor working environment • a high staff turnover leading to lack of continuity • external influences such as downturn in the economy, leading to job insecurity
Question Outline the various circumstances that may create a need for a review of health & safety training within an organisation. organisation. (8)
Answer • the introduction of new technology or a new item of work equipment or process • a job change for one or a group of individuals; accident incidence data or the findings of an accident investigation • the results of risk assessments or review • new legislation or guidance • as a result of enforcement action • new employees with special needs (e.g. young or disabled workers) • requirements imposed by the employer’s insurance company
Question ways in which employers may motivate their employees Outline ways to comply with health & safety procedures. (8)
Answer • improving by giving training employee’s knowledge of the • provision of information, employee’s conseq consequen uences ces of not not working working safely safely
• showing the commitment of the organisation to safety by providing resources & a safe working environment • involving employees in H&S decisions by consultation & team meetings • recognising & rewarding achievement
Question Outline the main health & safety issues to be included in an induction training programme for new employees. (8)
Answer • • • • • • •
the organisation’s H&S policy emergency procedures hazards specific to the workplace & the need to comply with H&S requirements Health & safety responsibilities responsibilities & lines of communication accident & first-aid arrangements welfare provision health surveillance & consultation procedures
Question (a) Explain the meaning of the term “perception”.
(2)
(b) Outline the factors that may influence a persons perception of risk in the workplace. (6)
Answer a) Perception is the way that people interpret & make sense of presented information – information – for instance, in relation to their surroundings. b)
• • • • • •
the nature of the hazard like obvious/hidden, immediate or delayed effects a person’s person’s previous experience & familiarity with the situation the level & nature of training peer group influences confidence in others’ abilities & judgements number of other personal characteristics such as age, attitude & sensory
Question Outline the factors that might cause the safety culture within an organisation to de decline (8)
Answer • • • • • • •
lack of effective communication the perception of a growing blame culture lack of leadership & commitment at senior level lack of monitoring or a failure to implement remedial action lack of consultation & employee involvement a generally a poor working environment a high staff turnover leading to lack of continuity & loss of momentum in making safety improvements • external influences such as downturn in the economy, leading to job insecurity with the possibility of of H&S being seen as a less of a priority
Question Most occupational accidents can be attributed in part to human error. Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace. (8)
Answer •
the use of skilled, competent & properly trained employees & ensuring that they are well motivated
•
avoiding monotonous work processes & arranging breaks to counter fatigue
•
designing clear roles & lines of communication with the workforce & ensuring adequate levels of supervision
•
establishing good lines of communication with the workforce & ensuring the clarity of instructions & information passed on to them
•
implementing policies on alcohol & drugs (prescribed & otherwise)
•
addressing the workplace environmental issues such as noise, light & heat
•
designing the workplace & work equipment to reduce the opportunity for error
•
take into account previous incidents & the results of accident investigation and put control measures
Question Outline the factors that might contribute to a positive health and safety culture within an organisation. (8) ( 8)
Answer • Senior management commitment • Ownership of H & S at every level • Effective communication and consultation Training for all level employees • Training • A shared perception of risks • Acceptable standards of behaviour • Learning from experience by monitoring and review • A balance between H & S and production • External factors e.g. financial, Regulatory • The provision of a good working environment • Setting realistic and achievable targets • No blame culture
Question a) Outl Outl ine in e the factors to be considered when developing a safe system of work (8) b) Outline the sources of information that could be consulted when developing a safe system of work (6) c) Explain the actions an enforcement officer could take when an organisation has failed to provide a safe system of work (6)
Answer a)
• • • • •
Select the task to be studied Identify the hazards Develop the safe system Implement system Monitor the system
Answer b) Internal Risk assessments Policies Inspection reports Medical records Health and safety committees Plant registers Safety advisors
External Government bodies National safety organisations Suppliers and manufacturers International standards Consultants and specialists Insurance companies
Answer c)
• Informal – Verbal and / or written • Formal – Prosecution with the intent of punishment • fines, orders to rectify, imprisonment – Legal mandate: • to stop dangerous activity act ivity,, e.g. e. g. Prohibition Notice • to comply with the law, e.g. Improvement Notice – Caution
Question Outline the sources of information that could be consulted when developing a safe system of work (8)
Answer Internal Risk assessments Policies Inspection reports Medical records Health and safety committees Plant registers Safety advisors
External Government Government bodies National safety organisations Suppliers and manufacturers manufacturers International standards Consultants and specialists Insurance companies
Question Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment (8)
Answer •
Identify the task being assessed and identify the hazards e.g. Chemical, Physical etc.
•
Identify the people who might be harmed and how. how. This includes own workers and vulnerable employees employees such as pregnant women, and others such as the Public, Contractors, etc.
•
Evaluate the risk by considering the likelihood of the harm occurring and the severity of harm. Identifying the existing controls and decide if further controls are needed
•
Significant findings are recorded
reviewed regularly if there is a changes of premises, • Assessment reviewed process, or equipment’s. Considerations also if accidents happen
Question a) Explain the meaning of the term hazard (2) b) Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building (6)
Answer a) Something with the potential to cause harm
b) • • • • •
• • • • •
Struck by falling debris, masonry Premature Premature collapse of building Falls from height or same level Underground and overhead services Explosion and fire – fire – Use of explosives Chemical and biological contamination contamination Asbestos Manual handling Plant – Plant – Collisions and toppling over Noise
Question (2) a) Define the term ‘Permit to Work System’ b) Explain the operation of a permit to work system for entry into a confined space (6)
Answer a) Permit to Work is a formal written procedure requiring written confirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or control risks before before a specific high risk activity is carried out
Answer b)
• • • • • • • • •
Identify the task (Where and when) Identify the hazards List the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazards Additional precautions Time limits Issue by competent person Receipt by person in charge of work Completion Cancellation
Question a) Explain the meaning of the term hazard
(2)
b) Outline techniques for identifying hazards in the workplace (6)
Answer a) Something that has the potential to cause harm b)
• • • • •
Task observation Accident, ill-health or near miss data Workplace inspections Job safety analysis Legal standards
Question Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent slip and trip hazards hazards in an office (8)
Answer • • • • • • •
No cables in walkways Suitable storage for materials Suitable storage for personal belongings Removal Removal of materials from floor Closure of cabinets Clearly marked walkways Cleaning of floors out of office hours
Question a) Outline the steps that should be used in carrying out a risk assessment, identifying the issues that would need to be considered at EACH stage (10) b) Outline the factors that the employer should take into account when selecting individuals to carry out risk assessments (6) c) Identify FOUR criteria which need to be fulfilled to ensure that a risk assessment is suitable and sufficient (4)
Answer a) •
Identify the task being assessed and identify the hazards e.g. Chemical, Physical etc.
•
Identify the people who might be harmed and how. how. This includes own workers and vulnerable employees employees such as pregnant women, and others such as the Public, Contractors, etc.
•
Evaluate the risk by considering the likelihood of the harm occurring and the severity of harm
•
Significant findings are recorded
reviewed regularly if there is a changes of premises, • Assessment reviewed process, or equipment’s. Considerations also if accidents happen
Answer b) identification and • Level of experience or training in hazard identification risk assessment process • Familiarity with process being assessed • Ability to interpret legislation and guidance control measures • Ability to provide realistic control • Technical knowledge of plant involved workers in process • Ability to lead and engage workers • Communication and report writing skills
Answer c)
• • • • • • • • •
Staff have sufficient knowledge and experience All significant hazards addressed All aspects of workplace considered Non-routine operations considered Work organisation is considered Risks to other parties considered Systematic Systematic process used Short and long term control measures identified Recommended control measures prioritised
Question a) Ident Identify ify the factors that may place young persons at a greater risk of accidents at work (4) b) Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risks to young persons (4)
Answer a) • • • •
•
Lack of experience / training Body not fully developed More likely to take risks Respond to peer group pressure Be over enthusiastic
b) • Their physical condition • The workplace • Physical, Biological and chemical hazards • The work equipment • The organisation of work and processes • Health and safety training
Question Outline the factors that may increase risks to pregnant employees (8)
Answer • • • • • • • •
Exposure to chemicals e.g. Lead, Pesticides Biological hazards e.g. Hepatitis Physical agents e.g. radiation Extremes of temperature Manual handling Ergonomic issues Stress Personal Protective Equipment
Question a) Identify the key stages of a workplace risk assessment
(5)
circumstances that might require a risk assessment b) Outline THREE circumstances to be reviewed (3)
Answer a)
• the identification of hazards • the identification of all persons at risk • an evaluation of risks arising from the hazards, a review of the existing precautions, precautions, setting out proposals for methods to eliminate or control the risks t he assessment & setting a • making a record of the findings of the timescale for its review
Answer b)
• • • • • •
the nature of the method of work if new plant is introduced or existing plant modified following following an accident change in the legislation if improved control methods become available available review time reaches
Question Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health & safety of persons who are required to work on their own away from the workplace. (8)
Answer • • • • • • • •
The type of work to be done The hazards & risks The equipment to be used The work environment The control measures in place The competence & suitability of the t he persons involved The methods of communication with the home base The emergency & first-aid procedures
Question An organisation has introduced a new work process for which a risk assessment is required. a) Outline the steps that should be used in carrying out a risk assessment, identifying the issues that would need to be considered at each stage (8) b) Explain the criteria that must be met for the assessment to be deemed suitable and sufficient (4) c) Identify the various circumstances that might require a review of the risk assessment (8)
Answer a) •
Identify the task being assessed and identify the hazards e.g. Chemical, Physical etc.
•
Identify the people who might be harmed and how. how. This includes own workers and vulnerable employees employees such as pregnant women, and others such as the Public, Contractors, etc.
•
Evaluate the risk by considering the likelihood of the harm occurring and the severity of harm. Identifying existing controls and decide if further controls needed
•
Significant findings are recorded
reviewed regularly • Assessment reviewed
Answer b) • Staff have sufficient knowledge and experience • All significant hazards addressed • All aspects of workplace considered • Non-routine operations considered • Work organisation is considered • Risks to other parties considered • Systematic process used i dentified • Short and long term control measures identified • Recommended control measures prioritised
Answer c)
• • • • • • • •
After an accident/incident New equipment Changes to equipment, plant, process Changes in personnel Changes in legislation Result of monitoring or audit Action by enforcing authority New information becomes available available
Question Outline the specific factors that should be considered when assessing the risks to employees on night shifts (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • •
the need for shift rostering the effects of fatigue the need to control temperature temperature & lighting to maintain alertness the precautions needed in the employment of pregnant or young workers workers the review of existing risk assessments the provision of first-aid f irst-aid the emergency arrangements arrangements for the night shift the level of supervision & access to specialist advice the travel arrangements for the workers
Question Outline the factors of the physical environment that may cause a person to feel stressed at work (8)
Answer • cramped conditions • dirty or untidy working conditions layout resulting in a lack of privacy or • workplace layout security • Poor lighting • problems with glare • extremes of temperature &/or humidity • inadequate ventilation resulting in stale air • exposure to noise & vibration • inadequate welfare facilities
Question considered to ensure the health and Identify the factors to be considered safety of persons who have to work away from their own workplace (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • •
Work location Type of work The equipment Manual handling Sex of the worker Emergency facilities Training requirement Lack of Supervision Communication
Question Outline the measures an employer might consider to minimise the risk of violence against against employees (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • • • •
Security Barriers, screens Suitable environment No cash on premises Queue management Design of the job Communication No Lone working Reporting and recording incidents Training Communication
Question a) Outline specific hazards associated with working in confined spaces (6) b) Describe the precautions that may be needed when an emptied solvent degreasing tank is to be cleaned including the removal of the sludge from the bottom of the tank (14)
Answer a) • • • • • • • • • •
Chemicals – Chemicals – toxic/corrosive Lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) (asphyxiation) Flammable vapours Oxygen enrichment (fire/explosion) Biological hazards Leptospirosis/Legionaires Leptospirosis/Legionaires Access/egress Access/egress causing slips/trips/falls slips/trips/falls Flooding (liquid/solid) Structural collapse Non isolation of services Poor lighting
Answer b) • • • • • • • • •
Permit to work system Pre-task assessment/method statement statement Isolation/Lock off Procedure Pre-clean/purging/ventilating Atmosphere testing Safe access/egress PPE – PPE –Harness/eye Harness/eye pr0tection/RPE/Bump cap Suitable lighting and tools (non spark) Competent/trained persons and provide good supervision • Communication (signals/radio) • Emergency Procedures
Question a) Explain with examples, the meaning of the term confined space b) The inside of a large underground tank is to be cleaned manually before before it is brought back into service. i) Outline the factors that should be taken into account when assessing the risks to employees undertaking the cleaning of the vessel ii) Outline the elements of a safe system system of work for the cleaning operation
Answer a) Confined Space is any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury from hazardous substances or conditions within the space. Examples is Tanks, Sewers,
Answer b) i) • Fire or explosion • Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature • Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation • Drowning • Asphyxiation due to free flowing solids • Lack of oxygen • Access and egress
Answer b) ii) • Permit to work system statement • Pre-task assessment/method statement • Isolation/Lock off Procedure • Pre-clean/purging/ventilating • Atmosphere testing • Safe access/egress PPE –Harness/eye Harness/eye protection/RPE/Bump cap • PPE – • Suitable lighting and tools (non spark) • Competent/trained persons and provide good supervision • Communication (signals/radio) • Emergency Procedures
Question Describe the practical measures that must be taken to ensure maintenance work is undertaken safely in an underground storage storage vessel (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • • •
Permit to work system Pre-task assessment/method statement statement Isolation/Lock off Procedure Pre-clean/purging/ventilating Atmosphere testing Safe access/egress PPE – PPE –Harness/eye Harness/eye protection/RPE/Bump cap Suitable lighting and tools (non spark) Competent/trained persons and provide good supervision Communication (signals/radio) Emergency Procedures
Question Outline the factors to be considered in the selection of eye protection for use at work (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • • • •
Identify the hazard Type of equipment (Goggles, Face shields etc.) Made to standards Comfort Compatibility Cost Training needs Replacement Hygiene problems Supervision Storage
Question Outline the factors to be considered in the correct selection of respiratory respiratory protection equipment for use at work (8)
Answer • • • • • • • • • • •
Identify the hazard Type of equipment (Respirator, B.A.) Made to standards Comfort Compatibility Cost Training needs Replacement Hygiene problems Supervision Storage
Question Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safe system of work (8)
Answer • • • • •
Select the task to be studied Identify the hazards Develop the safe system Implement system Monitor the system
Question An office building is about to be occupied by new owners. (i) Identify the factors that should be considered by the new owners when assessing the suitability of lighting within the building. (8) (ii) ii) Ot Othe herr than than ligh lighti ting ng,, outline FOUR factors factors associated with the physical workin working g environment that may affect the health & safety of employees. (4) (iii) Outline the requirements with respect to the welfare welfare facilities that should be provided in the building. (8)
Answer (i)
• • • • • • • •
the tasks to be carry out the equipment to be used the availability of natural light the adequacy of the existing lighting the appropriateness of the particular type of artificial lighting possible glare created on computer screens & workstations the provision of local lighting for specific tasks the availability & adequacy of emergency lighting
Answer (ii)
• Noise that can cause stress and lack of focus during work temperature, humidity, humidity, air quality/ventilation quality/ventilation that produced in • temperature, the workplace elevation • the condition of the floors that can be slippery or elevation change workers that cause difficulty of mobility • space constraints for workers workstation design that t hat may lead to work-related upper • Poor workstation limb disorder
Answer (iii) ventilated & lit sanitary • Provide adequate number of well ventilated conveniences conveniences in relation to the numbers of male & female employees facilities with hot & cold running water & • Provide washing facilities means of drying • Provide a suitable source of drinking water and clearly marked • facilities for taking rest & refreshment away from working areas • accommodation for clothing not worn during working hours • Provide adequate first-aid facilities for injured workers • Provide rest facilities for pregnant women & nursing mothers • Protection for non-smokers from the effects of smoke
Question a) Identify the TWO main functions of first aid
(2)
b) Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of first-aid provision in the workplace (6)
Answer a) Preserve life, prevent deterioration b) • Nature of work size of organisation • • Types of accidents Type of workforce • • Nearness of emergency services Travelling • Lone workers •
Question Identify EIGHT design features and or safe practices intended to reduce the risk of accidents on staircases used as internal pedestrian routes within work premises (8)
Answer • • • • • • • •
Stairs suitable angle Suitable width of step Suitable height of step Non slip surfaces Handrails must be held when on the stairs stairs Lighting Regular inspection and cleaning No carrying of loads
Question a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘Safe System of Work’ Work’
(2)
b) Describe the enforcement action that could be taken by an enforcing enforcing authority when a safe system system of work has not been implemented (6)
Answer a) A step by step procedure taking in to account hazards, controls, essential equipment, PPE to the job safely b) Provide health and safety advice and guidance to employer to rectify the breach. Issue legal mandates for the employer to make specified improvements Issue legal mandates demanding work be stopped. Taking out legal action against
Question a) Identify THREE work situations that would be require the use of personal eye protection (3) b) Outline the range of issues that should be addressed when training employees in the use of personal eye protection (5)
Answer a) Flying particles, dusts, molten metals, chemicals, Radiation, R adiation, Ultra Violet light b) The legal and organisational requirements Consequences of not wearing it Level of protection and limitations Compatibility with other PPE Correct way to wear equipment Method of keeping clean Correct storage Replacement procedure
Question An employee has been seriously injured in an accident at work: a) Outline the immediate immediate actions to be taken following the accident
(6)
b) Outline the reasons why the accident should be investigate investigated d by the employer (6) c) Identify FOUR parties other than the employer who may want to investigate the accident giving reasons in EACH case (8)
Answer a) • • • •
• •
Treatment for injured personnel Make the area safe Initiate emergency plan Contact emergency services Preserve scene for investigation May have to notify enforcing authority
Answer b) • • • • • • • •
Prevent Prevent future accidents by identifying and eliminating the causes Demonstrate Demonstrate concern about peoples health and safety Improve worker morale Identify weaknesses in management time Prevent Prevent business loses Collate accident and ill-health data and identify trends Defend criminal cases Defend claims for compensation
c) • • • • •
Enforcing authority Insurance company Employee representative Employee legal advisor Manufacturer of equipment
Question Giving reasons in EACH case, Identify FOUR categories of persons who may be considered a useful member of an a n internal accident investigation team (8)
Answer • • • • • •
Supervisors and line managers from department where accident occurred A senior manager from another department Health and Safety professionals professionals Specialists e.g. Engineers Representative of workers Employee experienced in the work activity.
Question shou ld be taken following a Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should serious accident at work ( 8)
Answer Immediate • Treatment for injured personnel • Make the area safe and initiate emergency plan • Contact emergency services • Preserve scene for investigation • May have to notify enforcing authority Longer Term • Decide the depth of the investigation investigation and select team • Gather evidence at the scene • Interview witnesses • Examine documents
Question Outline the information that should be included in an accident investigation report (8)
Answer •
Who is injured person
•
Where the accident happened
•
When it happened
•
What happened
•
Why it happened
•
Documentation
•
Evidence
•
Recommendations
Question Outline the key points that should be covered covered in a training session for employees on the reporting of accidents/ incidents (8)
Answer • • • • • • • •
To prevent happening again To improve health and safety performance Requirement to report to enforcing authority For use in accident data How to report Who to report accident to There will be a no blame culture Explain the information required on form The benefits of near miss reports
Question Outline reasons why employers should keep records of accidents at work and cases of occupational disease (8)
Answer •
To prevent a recurrence
•
Monitoring purposes
•
Legal reasons
•
Occupational ill-health may take years to occur
•
Civil claims
•
Criminal actions
Question Outline the reasons for reporting accidents at work
(8)
Answer •
Prevent Prevent future accidents by identifying and eliminating the causes
•
Demonstrate Demonstrate concern about peoples health and safety
•
Improve worker morale
•
Identify weaknesses in management time
•
Prevent business loses
•
Collate accident and ill-health data and identify trends
•
Defend criminal cases
•
Defend claims for compensation
Question a) Explain the differences between immediate causes and the root (underlying) causes of an accident (4) b) With reference to an accident involving an operator who comes into contact with a dangerous part of a machine describe: i.
The possi ssible immed mediate causes
(4)
ii. ii.
The The poss possib ible le root root (und (under erly lyin ing) g) caus causes es
(12) (12)
Answer a) Immediate Immediate - Direct result result of unsafe acts/unsafe acts/unsafe conditions conditions leading leading to accident. Root - Indirect effe effects cts causing unsafe acts/unsafe acts/unsafe conditions. conditions. b) Immediate Causes Root /underlying Causes No safety devices Poor design Loose clothing Lack of training training Safety device failure No Maintenance programme Operator error No safe system of work Poor operator attitude No management commitment Poor operator selection No risk assessment No defect reporting system Lack of supervision
Question Explain why not all accidents/incidents may be reported
Answer • • • • • • • •
Person not aware of procedure Complicated reporting procedure Trivial (minor) nature of injury Considers management may not take any any action Blame culture within the organisation Peer pressure Preserve accident record To avoid first aid treatment
(8)
Question a) Explain the principle of the Domino Theory in conducting accident accide nt investigation (3) b) Outline a more pro-active approach to preventing accidents (5)
Answer a) The domino theory suggests that the events leading to an accident are like a row of dominoes and it starts at Domino A Management control and if this is established there is less likelihood of an accident occurring at domino D
Answer b) • safety audit is a systematic critical examination of companies health and safety management system and procedures • safety surveys which generally focus on a particular procedure or activity, activity, such as the introduction of new equipment f ormal • safety tours which are unscheduled, less formal inspections to check on general workplace standards • safety sampling which is an organised system of checking defined areas of the workplace, & often particular health & safety issues, on a regular basis
Question a) Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents (6) b) Give TWO Reasons why one department may have more reported accidents than another department over a specified period (2)
Answer a) To prevent a recurrence Monitoring purposes Legal reasons Occupational ill-health may take years to occur Civil claims Criminal actions b) More accurate reporting Lack of management commitment commitment Lack of supervision
Question a) Give FOUR reasons why an organisation should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents (4) b) Outline the factors that may discourage employees from reporting accidents at work (4)
Answer a)
• • • • • •
To prevent a recurrence Monitoring purposes Legal reasons Occupational ill-health may take years to occur Civil claims Criminal actions
Answer b)
• • • • • • •
ignorance of the reporting procedures peer pressure possible retribution by management to preserve the company’s or department’s safety record to avoid receiving first-aid or medical treatment over-complicated reporting procedures lack of obvious management response to earlier reported accidents
Question A driver of a fork lift truck has been seriously injured after the vehicle overturned. a) Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in terms of BOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the conditions of the workplace and work equipment (4) b) Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the unsafe acts or conditions identified in a) (4)
Answer a) • • • • • • • •
Driver Cornering to fast Hitting obstructions Driving on uneven ground Condition of workplace and work equipment Potholes Defective brakes Mechanical failure
b) • • • • •
Poor perception of risk Unfamiliarity with workplace Poor vehicle selection Inadequate driver training Poor employee selection procedures
Question An employee has been seriously injured after after being struck struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay. a) Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated by the persons employer (4) b) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation report (8) c) Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible underlying root causes of the accident (8)
Answer a)
• identify the immediate & root causes in order to prevent similar accidents occurring in the future. o ther • possible weaknesses in risk assessment processes & other aspects of safety management systems. systems.
• collecting evidence to defend a civil claim, • determining economic loss • demonstrating management commitment to occupational health & safety.
Answer b) party, time & location of the • the personal details of the injured party, accident • the work activity at the time of the accident a ccident • the control measures in place at the time of accident • the precise situations of the accident • the type & extent of injury sustained statements where taken • details of witnesses & copies of their statements gathered in the scene • drawings & photographs gathered t he datas • immediate & root causes identified in analysing the • accident possible breaches of the law investigation team in relation to • the recommendations of the investigation remedial action required
Answer
c) Immediate causes • human error • failure to comply with procedures • restricted view for the driver environmental conditions such as high noise levels • environmental Underlying causes could have included • lack of driver / other employee training • lack of supervision during the activity reversing • absence of site rules / procedures for the control of reversing vehicles • failure to separate vehicular & pedestrian traffic • a lack of maintenance of vehicles / the workplace
Question a) Explain how accident data can be used to improve improve health and safety performance within an organisation organisation (4) b) Outline TWO proactive monitoring monitoring methods that can be used when assessing an organisation’s health and safety performance (4)
Answer a) Sho Shows pat pattern terns s and and trend rends s Identifies weaknesses in policies and procedures Prioritises safety measures Identifies areas for improvements Sets targets for reduction a) b) c) d)
Audit Inspection Safety tours Safety sampling
Question a) Identify FOUR reasons why accidents should be reported and recorded within a workplace (4) b) Outline the factors that may discourage employees from reporting workplace accidents (4)
Answer a) To prev preven entt a rec recur urre renc nce e To meet the requirements of legislation To show management commitment To find underlying causes b)
Person not aware of procedure Trivial (minor) nature of injury Considers management may not take any action Blame culture within the organisation Peer pressure Preserve accident record
Question Outline the reasons why an organisation organisation should monitor its health and safety performance (8)
Answer •
To identify substandard practices
•
To identify trends in accidents and incidents
•
To compare actual performance with previous targets
•
To benchmark against that of similar organisations
•
Identify whether control measure are in use
•
Make decisions on remedial actions
•
Set priorities and establish realistic targets
• Assess compliance with legal requirements
Provide management with relevant information
Question Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used in assessing the health and safety performance of an organisation organisation (8)
Answer • safety audit is a systematic critical examination of companies health and safety management system and procedures • safety surveys which generally focus on a particular procedure or activity, such as the introduction of new equipment • safety tours which are unscheduled, less formal inspections to check on general workplace standards • safety sampling which is an organised system of checking defined areas of the workplace, & often particular health & safety issues, on a regular basis
Question Explain how the following may be used to improve safety performance within an organisation: organisation: a) Accident data (4) b) Safety inspections (4)
Answer a) Accident data • Shows trends and patterns. • Identifies weaknesses in procedures and policies. • Priorities safety measures. • identifies areas for improvements. • Sets targets for reduction.
b) Safety inspections • Identifies workplace hazards. • Introduce control measures. • Consultation with employees. • Benchmark improvements. Covers all aspects of workplace • Covers
Question Identify EIGHT measures that can be used to monitor an organisations organisations health and safety safety performance (8)
Answer •
Rates of accidents/incidents
• Actions taken by enforcement authorities
•
Number of compensation claims
•
Results of inspections
•
Results of environmental monitoring
•
Outcomes of safety audits
•
Results of tours, sampling and surveys
•
Compliance with procedures Number of staff trained in health and safety
Question Explain the main features of:
a) A saf safety ety insp inspec ecti tion on
(4)
b) A safety audit
(4)
Answer a) A safety inspection involves involves the straightforward straightforward observation of a workplace &/or the activities or equipment within it. A safety inspection, usually carried out by a manager ma nager or employee representative representative & often aided by the use of a checklist, may be carried out routinely & has the aim of identifying hazards & assessing the use & effectiveness effectiveness of control measures
Answer b) A safety audit, is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s safety management systems & procedures. It is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, auditor, often someone from outside the organisation. It is a structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an organisation organisation by supplying answers answers to to a series of questions, & often involves a scoring system system such that improvements can be made
Question A production manager intends to implement a programme of regular workplace inspections. a) Outline the factors that should be considered when planning the inspection programme (6) b) Identify the main health and safety issues that may be included on the inspection checklist (8)
c) Othe Otherr than than inspe nspect ctio ions ns Outline THREE proactive methods of monitoring health and safety performance (6)
Answer a) • • • • •
the nature of the hazards in the workplace the composition & competence of the inspection team the areas to be inspected & the routes to follow the timing & frequency of the inspections the relevant legislation & standards against which the results of the inspection would be judged • the preparation & provision of checklists • the action that should follow the inspections • the means of notifying & consulting with relevant staff prior to the inspection
Answer b) • • • • • • • • •
machinery safety the storage of hazardous substances fire prevention & the evacuation procedure ergonomic issues electricity work workplace housekeeping welfare provision observation of workers’ workers’ behaviour work environment
Answer
c) safety audit is a systematic systematic critical examination examination of companies • safety health and safety management system system and procedures • safety surveys which generally focus on a particular procedure or activity, activity, such as the introduction of new equipment safety tours which are unscheduled, less formal inspections to • safety check on general workplace standards organised system of checking • safety sampling which is an organised defined areas of the workplace, & often particular part icular health & safety issues, on a regular basis
Question An employer intends to implement a programme of regular workplace inspections following a workplace accident. a) Outline the factors that should be considered when planning such inspections (6) b) Identify THREE additional proactive methods that could be used in the monitoring of health and safety performance (6) c) Identify the possible costs to the organisation as a result of the accident (8)
Answer a) • • • • •
the nature of the hazards in the workplace the composition & competence of the inspection team the areas to be inspected & the routes to follow follow the timing & frequency of the inspections the relevant legislation & standards against which the results of the inspection would be judged • the preparation & provision of checklists • the action that should follow the inspections • the means of notifying & consulting with relevant staff prior to the inspection
Answer b) • • • •
safety audits safety surveys safety safety samplings safety tours
Answer c) • the cost of loss production involved in the accident • time lost by the employees involved
• clean-up costs • cost for repair of damaged plant & equipment • cost in increase in insurance premiums • cost of legal representation in any subsequent proceedings & the legal fines • cost from compensation payments • intangible costs lost of company reputation • cost from the lost of morale of the workforce
Question a) Outlin Outline e the the fact factor orss that that shou should ld be be cons conside idere red d when when planning an inspection of a workplace (10) b) Ident Identify ify inf informa ormatio tion n that that should should be be includ included ed in a report report of a workplace inspection. Explain how the information should be presented in order to increase the likelihood likelihood of action being taken (10)