REVIEWER IN IMMUNO (VMCB 124)
It does not have to be 100% contact
CONTENTS:
I.
TERMS
II.
THREE LAYERS OF DEFENSES
III.
PROCESSES
I.
TERMS
A. Lecture 1
Immunology – deals with immunity and
the immune system Immunity – this is related to DEFENSES Thumping – this is due to bronchopneumonia and is characterized by consolidated/hard lungs Phagocytosis – “eating” bacteria Characteristics Characteristics of defenses:
a characteristic of bodily Non-specific – Non-specific – a defenses which means “active against DIFFERENT microbes” Specific – Specific – a a characteristic of bodily defenses which means “antibody specific to bacteria”
With memory – memory – if if same microbe
Without memory – memory – not not same microbe
B. Lecture 2
Sentinel cells – protector/guide;
recognizes and responds to invading organisms Found in highest concentration below the body (most likely to enter) Others: epithelial cells & endothelial cells, fibroblasts Major sentinel cells: - A) macrophages innate mechanism for Inflammation – Inflammation – innate concentrating defensive cells characterized by redness due to more blood going to the site of infection to deliver more cells to attack the pathogen(s)
Two types of signals that trigger innate defenses of the body: 1. Microbial PAMPs – Pathogen-Associated
Molecular Patterns Can be inside the invader or on the surface Molecules produced by invading microorganisms microorganisms (exogenous signal 2. DAMPs – Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns or Alarmins From the dead/dying/damaged (endogenous signals) Page 1 of 3 //Krista
eventually
leads to inflammation IMPORTANT CHARACTERI STICS:
II.
provides immediate protection but short-lived no memory or increase in response controls infection until adaptive response is induced
THREE LAYERS OF DEFENSES
antigens located outside of the cell neutralizes
pathogens 2. Cellmediated immunity (CMI) protection
provided by effector cells Cytotoxic lymphocyt es (CTL) NK cells Activated macropha ges act mainly against abnormal cells Virusinfected cells Tumor cells Foreign cells - Aged cells
Memory Aid: PIA Physical Barriers first line of defense A. ANATOMIC BARRIERS: skin,
nasal
mucosa, mucosal epithelium (enterocytes if in GIT) B.PHYSIOLOG I- CAL BARRIERS self-
cleansing mechanisms: coughing, vomiting, mucociliary escalator, diarrhea, urine flow, tears, acidic pH, commensal bacteria in skin
Innate Defenses AKA natural/nonspecific minutes to hours cells & molecules cells: dendritic, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells molecules: cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6), complement proteins - Complem ent proteins
– form the membran e attack complexe s (MAC); held antibodie s
Adaptive Defenses AKA acquired/spec ific days to weeks T and B cells (lymphocytes) has memory response:
recognizes and destroys invaders and learns from the process provides ultimate defense of the body COMPONENTS: 1. Humoral or antibodymediated protection
provided by antibodies, produced by plasma cells, which act mainly
against
III.
PROCESSES
1. Mucociliary escalator
this is observed in the respiratory tract and this mechanism occurs in order to keep the bronchi unblocked the goblet cells produce mucus to protect the epithelial cells (anatomic barrier) the cilia pushes mucus upward like an escalator to replenish the surface so when an animal: inhales pathogens pathogens will be trapped in the mucus cilia will push the mucus out pathogen will be gone Other info: Q: What destroys the cilia and can -
cause inflammation? A: microplasmas, Bordetella bronchiseptica (BL), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV), Canine Influenza Virus (CIV), CDV, CHV, Pasteurella, etc.
2. How do sentinel cells recognize invaders and what are the consequences?
Using molecules Example: virus sentinel cells will detect that it is not normal in the body so it’s foreign PAMP (pathogenassociated molecular patterns) Page 2 of 3
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produced by the virus (invading microorganism) will interact with the PRR (TLR) which is also knows as the pathogen recognition receptor (toll-like receptors) once they interact, sentinel cell will produce molecules (proteins) such as: pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF- α, IL-6), chemokines, vasoactive molecules, and antimicrobial molecules attract other cells such as neutrophils and macrophages inflammation more blood will go to the site of infection deliver more cells to attack the pathogen(s)
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