INDIA AND THE WORLD History Timeline
WORLD CIVILIZATIONS AND CULTURES 2014-2015 IITGN Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Ancient Indian Maritime
The earliest known civilization in India: Induas Valley (3300 BCE-1900 BCE) The Indus Valley civilization of ancient India was one of the earliest civilizations in world history. It was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Over 400 distinct symbols have been recovered from th sites of Indus Valley cities, on seals, small tablets, or ceramic pots, and on over a dozen other materials. This compares with many thousands of texts from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt; and typical inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length, most of which are tiny. Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing seals, beads and other objects. it was once widely accepted that Indus Valley cities were the victims of assaults by Aryan (Indo-European) nomadic invaders from central Asia. References: www.sewerhistory.org http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
3000 BCE
Drainage system, Lothal
Queen of Egypt, possibly the 5th ruler of the 1st Dynasty, ruling from sometime around 3000 BCE. There are no accounts to the length of her reign. Merneith is believed to have become ruler upon the death of Djet. The title she held, however, is debated. It is possible that her son Den was too young to rule when Djet died, so she may have ruled as regent until Den was old enough to be the king in his own right. Merneith’s name appears on a seal found in the tomb of her son, Den. The seal includes Merneith on a list of the first dynasty kings. Merneith's name was the only name of a woman included on the list. At Abydos, the tomb belonging to Merneith was found in an area associated with other pharaohs of the first dynasty, Umm elQa'ab. Two stelae made of stone, identifying the tomb as hers, were found at the site.
www.sewerhistory.org http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press Curtin, Philip DeArmond (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press Chakravarti, P. C. (1930), "Naval Warfare in ancient India", The Indian Historical Quarterly
Qa’a
(About 3000 BCE)
A schematic of Lothal Dock and the products which were traded.
2901 BCE
Merneith
References
Ancient Indian Maritime began during the 3rd millennium. BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia and its evidences are often found in Ancient Roman History. The main imports from the India were spices, silk and hardwoods. Some of the luxurious things included, carnelian, ivory, lapis lazuli etc. Almost all of the trade was done from ancient Harrapan cities located in district of Kutchh, Gujarat. Evidences shows that around 2900 BCE, the Indus civilization achieved optimum conditions for long distance voyages. Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build docks, as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime engineering. The dock of Lothal was the earliest known dock found in the world. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary.
Tomb stela of Merneith from the Umm el-Qa'ab.
Qa'a was the last king (Pharaoh) of the First dynasty of Egypt. He is believed to be Predecessor of Semerkhet. Qa'a is believed to have ruled Egypt around 2916 BCE. Several stone vessel inscriptions mention a second Sed festival (first festival was usually not celebrated before 30 years of reign, and subsequent festivals could be repeated every third year) for Qa'a, which points to at least 33 years of reign. The numerous ivory tags dating to his reign also mention only typical arrangements, such as depicting and counting burial offerings and personal possessions of the king. Those indicated that he was very prosperous king. Qa'a had a fairly large tomb in Abydos. This tomb was excavated by German archaeologists in 1993 and it contained 26 sacrificial burials. 'Hotepsekhemwy' is believed to be his successor. Clay seals of Hotepsekhemwy found in Qa'a's tomb suggest that he restored the tomb or buried Qa'a, maybe in an attempt to legitimize his rule. Peter Clayton: Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson Ltd Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/ New York
Restored Tomb stele of Qa’a
Pyramid of Djoser-The first pyramid of Egypt The Pyramid of Djoser (also called step pyramid) is an archeological construction of the Pharaoh (traditional term for kings in ancient Egypt) Djoser in the Saqqara, Egypt, northwest of the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis. The step pyramid was constructed in between 2667–2648 BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by Imhotep. This was the first pyramid structure constructed by Egyptians and it consists of six mastabas (rectangular tomb with sloping sides and a flat roof) of decreasing size built over one another. The pyramid stands 62 meters tall, with a base of 109 m×125 m. The Step Pyramid complex included a wellenclosed giant 10-meter walls inside which
THE HARAPPAN (INDUS VALLEY) CIVILIZATION
there were temples, courtyards, chapels Step pyramid of Djoser-The first pyramidal construction by ancient covering nearly 40 acres (16 hectares), Egyptians which was sufficient to provide livelihood for an average city then. This was initially planned to be a traditional, flat-roofed single floored mastaba. But by the end of his 19-years reign as a king, in 2611 B.C., it was reconstructed into a six stepped pyramidal structure which stood 62 meters high, which was the biggest standing structure then. REFERENCES:http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/djoser.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser
2700 B.C.
2600 B.C.
Expansion of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro civilization.
The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) was one of three early civilizations of the ancient World; these civilizations flourished on the banks of the Indus River, (now dried up Sarasvati River). In the middle 2700b.c. the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro communities grew into major civilizations that are going to mark a significant impression over the future civilizations. These grew into a group of 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of north western part of India which includes Pakistan and large parts of Afghanistan. They covered an aggregate approximate area of one million square miles, which was larger than the then existing civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and it was also a step ahead in terms of the technology available ,superior urban planning, and sewage systems. REFERENCES:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history#27th_century_BC Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro’s civilization
It is without a doubt that this civilization is one of the most important in the world of archeology.Harappa was a city which was rise during this period in the Indus civilization . The Harappans used the same size bricks and standardized weight as were used in other Indus cities like Mohenjo Daro and Dholavira. These cities are well planne wide streets, public and private wells, drains, bathing platforms etc., There is some proofs which tell us that during this time period a another river Saraswati-GhaggarHakra which ran parallel and east of the Indus. Many type of objects manufactured in the Indus region have been found at sites of Mesopotamia. So, at that time trade is exists between these two civilizations. Also, an ancient Mesopotamia texts tells about this trading and they called this civilization as Meluhha. This trade was include financial sophistication which could involve ton off copper. REFERENCES: 1. Pole: Webster's Timeline History, 2600 - 2501 BC - 1989 by by Icon Group International 2. http://www.harappa.com/har/indus-saraswati.html
Fig.-"Priest King“ of Mohenjo Daro, Sindh, Pakisthan
Fig.-Art of Indus Civilization
Fig.-This is an artist's reconstruction of Mohenjo-Daro. Image credit: University of Minnesota
KHUFU AND HIS GREAT PYRAMID Kufu was an Egyptian King who built the grate pyramid at Giza and ruled as the second king of the fourth dynasty. He was famous by his Greek name, Cheops. His great pyramid at Giza was largest built at that time. It is the last remaining of the ancient seven wonder of the World. It stand with two other pyramids and the Great Sphinx in a cluster at Giza. It is also best in quality of construction. It’s base area is 13.1 acres. when it was built, it’s height was 481.4(~147 meter) feet but now 31 feet of this are missing. The main entrance is at height of about 55 feet. According to the Greek historian Herodotus that 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to complete the Great Pyramid. They chose this place which is on the west side of the Nile river because they believed that the home of the dead was towards the setting of sun. The burial chambers were placed at the centre of the pyramid
Fig.-The Great Sphinx, at Giza, Egypt, it has the facial features of a man but the body of a recumbent lion
REFERENCES: 1. khufus wisdom, by Naguib Mahfouz,Amercain University in Cairo Prees, 2003 2. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Khufu.aspx 3. http://www.ancient.eu/giza/ 4. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317046/Khufu Dimensions ratio of Great Pyramid of Giza match to ratio of radius of Earth and Moon.
LOTHAL
Menkaure Menkaure , was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom. According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidences he rather was the successor of king Khafre. Menkaure became famous for his pyramid tomb at Giza and his beautiful statue triads, showing the king together with goddesses and his wife Khamerernebty. Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was called Netjer-erMenkaure which means "Menkaure is Divine". Though information on Menkaure is lacking, we do know of several members of his court, including the viziers Iunmin and Nebemakhet. Sekhemkare, another sibling, is said to have served under no fewer than five pharaohs. Traditional legend provides that Menkaure's reign was both benevolent and prosperous. Herodotus, who is our primary source of information on Menkaure, tells us that "...of all the kings who ruled Egypt, he had the greatest reputation for justice and for this the Egyptians give him higher Greywacke statue of Menkaure, Egyptian praise than any other monarch." Museum, Cairo. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure
2500
2400
http://www.timemaps.com/history/world-2500bc http://www.timemaps.com/history/south-asia-2500bc
Lotha- archeological site
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica
2400
2301
URUKAGINA
Harappan Civilization During this period Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization was present in India. The Harappan culture spread over the whole of Sind, Baluchistan, almost the whole of Punjab, northern Rajasthan, Kathiawar and Gujarat. Over the past thousand years, towns and cities have appeared in the floodplain of the Indus river valley, covering a vast area of northern India. Some of these cities are amongst the largest in the world at this time. The history of this ancient civilization is very obscure, but it shows signs of having spread from a single centre, perhaps near the delta of the river Indus, across much of modern-day Pakistan and north-western India. The towns and cities show a high degree of uniformity of layout and design. The cities contain what are thought to have been granaries, public baths – perhaps for ritual purposes – and the earliest known sewage and drainage systems. In several of the cities the streets are laid out along a grid pattern – apparently the first case of town planning in history.
Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. It is located in Bhal region of Gujarat state and is dated 2400 BCE. A coastal route existed linking sites such as Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast which tells about the status of trade in lothal. A flood destroyed village foundations and settlements. Harappans based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the lines of greater cities in the Indus valley. Lothal planners engaged themselves to protect the area from consistent floods. Archaeological evidence shows that the site continued to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population devoid of urban influences. The few people who returned to Lothal could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly continued to stay and preserved religious traditions, living in poorly built houses and reed huts.
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo daro, with the Great Bath in the front.
Urukagina was a ruler of the city-state Lagash in Mesopotamia. He assumed the title of king, claiming to have been divinely appointed, upon the downfall of his corrupt predecessor, Lugalanda. He is reigned around 2400 BCE. He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which is sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history. Although the actual text has not been discovered, much of its content may be surmised from other references to it that have been found. In it, he exempted widows and orphans from taxes, compelled the city to pay funeral expenses and decreed that the rich must use silver when purchasing from the poor, and if the poor does not wish to sell, the powerful man cannot force him to do so. He seems to have abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with rocks upon which her crime is written.
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukagina
First example of legal code in history
Akkadian mesoptamia HARAPPAN 3B PERIOD 23rd century B.C. was part of the peak period of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). The Harappan 3B period extended from 2450 - 2200 B.C. and was part of the integration era of IVC. It was the period when large cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira etc. emerged and flourished. Farming was the main occupation as the land around the Indus River was extremely fertile and a surplus of wheat, barley and peas were grown. This surplus along with cotton and bronze seals and artifacts were used in trading internally as well as with the Mesopotamian civilization. Cattle, goats and sheep were domesticated and bullock-carts similar to what we see today were used. The cities of IVC such as Rakhigarhi etc. had the world’s first known urban sanitation systems which apparently were even better than what you would find in many areas of modern day India and Pakistan. Many inscriptions pertaining to this period have been found but the language as yet hasn’t been deciphered which means that little is known about the religion and political system of the civilization.
I
Mature Harappan period
http://www.localhistories.org/india.html http://history-world.org/india1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization#/media/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization,_Mature_Phase
2300 B.C.
2200 B.C.
Sargon of Akkad also known as ‘Sargon the great’ was a very influential figure of the 23rd century. So much so that some texts refer to this period as the time of Sargon of Akkad. He was the founder of the Akkadian Empire which is regarded by many texts as the first empire in history. Its capital Akkad, which was supposedly built under Sargon’s reign, became the largest city of the world in 2240 B.C. surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt.
http://history-world.org/sargon_the_great.htm http://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_of_Akkad/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Sargon_of_Akkad.jpg
MAGE high res
1- [2] Piotr Michalowski, Oriental Institute Seminars 4, pp. 33–45, The Oriental Institute, 2008, ISBN 1-885923-55-4 2. http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/iraq02-03enl.html 3. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Akkadian_Empire
2200
2101
Indus valley India art
SARGON OF AKKAD
He was the son of a gardener but through his efforts attained the post of cup-bearer of ruler of Kish. From there he went on to defeat King Lugalzaggisi of Uruk who ruled over South Mesopotamia. After crowning himself as the ‘Rightful King’, Sargon embarked on a quest to conquer the whole of Mesopotamia and more. At the time of his death, Akkadian Empire included parts of modern day Iraq, Iran, Asia Minor, and Syria. Sargon was regarded as a model by Mesopotamian kings for two millennia after his death.
The earliest Mesopotamia divine ruler was Naram-Sin (22542218), the fourth king of the dynasty of Agade(2331-2154B.C) Naram-Sin’s short time as a god on earth was singular and was neither inheritable nor contagious. His son and successor Sharkalisharri(2217-2193B.C) did not Aspire to divine status so no divine classifiers but broken passages where it had been restored by modern editors. The Kingdom of Akkad fell soon after his reign but reunited under third dynasty of Ur who ruled in between 2112-2004. He established his new capital in the city of Ur. Empire of Akkad collapsed in 2154 BC. (First intermediate period of Ancient Egyptian old kingdom). Empire collapsed due to invasions of Gutians. Ur have driven out the last of guitans. The mythological explanation was Hubris, the pride of Naram’s sin which drew the wrath of gods. At the same time there is fall in pharaoh reign called first intermediate period in Egypt. Ur Nammu’s son Shulgi introduced sweeping administrative reforms that greatly stabilized the state. He built the famous Ziggurat. After the fall Caption perforated relief of Ur nammu of Ur owing to Elamite invasion, Meopotamia passed foreign influence. This period is called Old Babylonian.
Bronze head believed to be of Sargon
Mature Harappan falls in between 2600-1900BCE. In this age early hardpan communities had been turned into large centres which include Dholavira, Kalbangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and lothal in modern day India and Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro located on banks of the Indus and Ravi in modern day Pakistan. These houses were solidly built of rocks and many were multi stored. The high quality of the pottery and silver founded at those sites, tells us about the accumulation of great wealth. Excavations found in Mesopotamia tells us that trade between Mesopotamian and Indus had flourished. There were no great inequities and democratic society was prevailed. The best-known artifacts of the Indus civilization are a number of small seals, generally made of steatite, which are distinctive in kind and unique in quality, depicting a wide variety of animals, both real—such as elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, and antelopes
Caption Priest king statue
IMAGE high res
REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286837/Indus-civilization REFERENCES - https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Ancient/Indus.html REFERENCES - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438243.1997.9980377#preview
Statue of an Offering Bearer
DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION The decline of Indus valley civilization began around BCE 2000. The decline was at its pick around 1700 BCE. There are many theories explaining the process. Following are some explanations: Aryan Invasion: After observing some skeletons in MohenjoDaro which includes some passages from veda’s this theory was proposed. Ecological Changes: This led to decline of land and agriculture which are lifeline of any civilization and gradually led to fall of civilization. Flood: Due to change in river flow pattern the flood damaged the agriculture area. This theory has less bases.
Ruins of Indus Valley Civilizations explaining the greatness of civilizations
Although the Indus Valley civilization did not disappear suddenly. There are many traits of it which are found in its successors.
http://www.davidrumsey.com/amica/amico1256734-105377.html https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3224/3059624010_4fe89fda60_z.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7ZWROukyUQ
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Indus_Valley_Civilization#/Collapse_and_Late_Harappan http://reference.indianetzone.com/1/decline.htm http://www.quora.com/What-caused-the-destruction-of-Indus-Valley-Civilization
2100 BC
This masterpiece of Egyptian wood carving was discovered near royal chief steward Meketre’s tomb, who used to work under King Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II of Dynasty 11 and kept on serving all the kings until the beginning of Dynasty 12. With her left leg stepping forward, carries a basket full of cut meat on her head and a duck held with its wings which is alive. The figure's iconography is well known from reliefs of the Old Kingdom in which rows of offering bearers were depicted. The women is beautified with her rich look brought to her by the jewelry and a dress decorated with a pattern of feathers, with such an attire she pretty much looks like a goddess. Thus, this figure and its companion in Cairo may also be associated with the funerary goddesses Isis and Nephthys who are often depicted at the foot and head of coffins, protecting the deceased.
2001 BC
2000
1901
UR-NAMMU
DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILICATION
Ur-Nammu (2047-2030 BCE) was the pioneer of the Sumerian third dynasty of Ur. Southmont region of ancient Mesopotamia (Now Iraq-Kuwait) was known as Sumer. His ruling period is known as Ur-III which is also called as Sumerian Renaissance. Ur-Nammu is credited as first law code creator in the world. It is known as code of Ur-Nammu and it is the oldest of its type surviving today. It is written in Sumerian language on tablets. One the prime achievement of his includes the construction of Great Ziggurat of Ur, which rises over the ruins The famous historian quoted in his book The A to Z of Mesopotamia that: “Ur-Nammu did much to enhance the economic and military security of the country. For such efforts he was lauded in a Sumerian hymn that also extols his dedication to the god Enlil of Nippur. Ur Nammu was also the subject of other literary works, such as a text in which he visits the Netherworld”
The Harappans were in a very good shape with the wellknown public great bath and residential buildings that housed around 5000 citizens. They were technologically advanced rich enough to have weapons of copper and bronze rather than iron. They were over powered with super military power and the Aryans couldn’t lay a hand on them. Evidence suggests that Mohenjo-Daro was destroyed and rebuilt seven times. This was because of the damage caused by severe floods and the river changing its course. The entire city was wiped out. All the cities fell one by one, weakened already by constant floods and rebuilding. Harappans, who were termed ‘Dasyus’ by the Aryans, either joined the lower sections of the Aryan community or fled south. The fall of Mohenjo-Daro is a typical example of the decay of this great culture. Archeologists built the evidence of fall of Harappan civilization by looking at the remains of Mohenjo-Daro. It took another thousand years before a city as well-planned was built again.
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ur-Nammu http://www.ancient.eu/Ur-Nammu/ Leick, G. The A to Z of Mesopotamia. Scarecrow Press, 2010.
Inscription: “Ur-Nammu, the mighty hero, king of Ur; Ḫašḫamer, patesi of Iškun-Sin, his servant.”
http://mocomi.com/harappan-civilization/ http://files.abovetopsecret.com/files/img/mc54a15c2c.jpg http://www.mohenjodaro.net/indusdecline.html
Plot of great bath and residential buildings
Khakeperre Senusret II
Decline of Indus Valley Civilization
He was the fourth king of Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (Reigned 1897-1878 BCE). He was son of Amenemhat II, named Senusret meaning ‘Man of Goddess Wosret’. His pyramid was constructed near Fayyũm oasis at El-Lahun. His Pyramid definitely established a new tradition in pyramid building, since the location of the door was less important from a religious than from security standpoint, so rather being on the North side of the structure, it was hidden in the pavement of the South side. Following the established practice of his dynasty, Senusret spent three years as his father’s coregent. Senusret II reign was considered to a peaceful one, with more diplomacy with many neighbours than warfare. He began to work on an extensive irrigation system from Bahr Yussef (Canal which connects Nile River with Fayyũm in Egypt) through to Lake Moeris (Lake in Northwest of Fayyum oasis) through the construction of Dike at El-Lahun and addition of network of drainage canals. The main purpose of his projects was to increase the amount of cultivable land in that area.
Statue usurped by Ramesses II portraying Senusret II
2. ENCYLOPEDIA OF BRITANNICA Pyramid of Senusret II at El-Lahun
Beginning of Cemetery H culture It was named after Cemetery found in “area H” in Harappa (Archaeological site in Punjab). It is considered to be part of late harappan civilization phase. The culture reflected the changes in harappan society possibly due to depletion of economic resources, increase in population and may be invasion of outsiders. Mature harappan period had weakened during this culture but not completely destroyed!
Geography of Rigveda, Extent of Cemetery H culture indicated
Cremation in India is first attested in Cemetery H culture, which is coincidentally referred to in Vedas (Rigveda) also. Bones were stored in painted pottery burial urns which was completely different from Indus Civilization where they used wooden coffins. Pottery was reddish, painted in black with antelopes, peacocks, etc., sun or stars motifs on it. Rice became the major crop in this culture. References:
1.’the decline of Indus civilization and Late harappan Period in the Indus Valley’ by Dr. M. Rafique Mughal 2. ‘Pastoral-Agricultural tribes of Pakistan in Post Indus Period’ by A.H. Dani
obtained from wiki)
1800 BC
1. ‘History of Egypt’ by JAMES HENRY BREASTED 3. www.touregypt.net
Ruins of archaeological site in Harappa (image
REFERENCES – 1. The Lost River: On the Trails of Saraswati by Michel Danino, Published 2010 by Penguin Books India. 2. General Studies: For Civil Services Preliminary Examination Paper-1, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2012
With the death of Senusret II, the entire Nubian gold mines, that was source of wealth to royal house of Egyptians, was ripped off through conquest of 200 miles of Nile valley. References:
Around 1800 BC, Indus valley civilization came to an end. The settlements in outline region slowly de-urbanized. There are several explanation put forth by historians. These ranges from climatic change, deforestation, excessive floods, the shifting and drying up of river beds etc. But none is considered to be the sole reason for the decline of civilization, as there is no consensus among researchers. Some say that during this time Aryans invasion took place and thus resulted in decline of civilization. And theory of invasion of Aryans is also debatable. Another solid reason as to why this decline would have occurred is given by Michael Danino as the drying up of Saraswati River (around 1900 BC) could have had major impact on the fall of civilization. Evidence for decline of civilization is characterized by disappearance of seals, distinctive beads and pottery, shift from standardized weight system to local weights. Civilization did not collapse or disappeared suddenly but was gradually transformed in to rural culture with no big structures.
Painted Motifs on Cemetery H pottery from site.
1701 BC
THE CODE OF HAMMURABI Hammurabi was the sixth king who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. He ruled the city from 1795 BC-1750 BC. This code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This stone was found in the year 1901 by Egyptologist Gustave Jéquier, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph. The code begins and ends with addresses to the gods. In his time even a law code was regarded as a subject for prayer. All the heavier crimes were made punishable with death. Even if a builder builds a house badly, and it falls and kills the owner, the builder is to be slain. If the owner's son was killed, then the builder's son is slain. Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, archeologist have found several traces of them. The decision given was embodied in writing, sealed and witnessed by the judges, the elders, witnesses and scribe etc. a copy of judgment was kept in archives for the records.
Stone where code is written (Image obtained from wiki)
(Zoomed view)
REFERENCES – 1. Babylonia Law—The Code of Hammurabi, By the Rev.Claude Hermann Walter Johns,M.A. Litt.D. from the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910-1911 2. The code of Hammurabi by Charles F. Horne translated by L.W.King (Republished in 2007 by forgotten books).
Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization. Late Harappan Phase began around 1700 BCE. The Indus civilization is known to have comprised two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and more than 100 towns and villages, often of relatively small size. Life in MohenjoDaro was obviously highly civilized and ordered although most of the people of the Indus Valley civilization were farmers outside the towns. The farmers used bronze tools. They grew wheat, barley and peas. They also raised cattle, goats and sheep. Water buffalo were used to pull carts. The people spun cotton and they traded with other cultures such as modern day Iraq. Some of the people of the Indus Valley began to live in towns. The two largest were at Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa.The Indus Valley civilization had a form of writing but unfortunately it has not been deciphered so nothing is known of their political system or their religion.
INDO-EUROPEAN INTERACTION Indo-Aryans invade India from the west and expelled Dravidians. Indo-European speakers migrated into India. Religious Texts were written in Vedic, an Indo- European language.
Street of Harappan Civilization
http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html A Dictionary of Archaeology, edited by Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson
Late Harappan period, Ochre Colored Pottery culture flourished. By about 1500 BCE an important change began to occur in the northern half of the Indian subcontinent. The Indus civilization had declined by about 2000 BCE or perhaps as late as 1750 BCE, and the stage was being set for a second and more lasting urbanization in the Ganges valley. References- “The Horse, Wheel, and Language” by David W Anthony
Priest King from Indus Valley Civilization
1601
1700
The Hyksos
EBERS PAPYRUS
The Hyksos was the word which refers the group of Asiatic people from western Asia who took over the whole nile delta in Egypt. At that time there was decline of 12th dynasty. They formed a independent realm of eastern nile delta. Based on itjtawy the Canaanite rulres of delta regrouped and formed 14th dynasty. But due to plague the control of 13th and 14th dynasty gradually decreased. The Hyksos are in Egypt for almost a century. The Hyksos captured Memphis about 1674 B.C. By that time the Hyksos were in control of most of Egypt, and dynasties 15th and 16th consisted of Hyksos kings. But eventually a powerful family he emerged in Thebes. The Theban dynasty, known as 17th, made itself independent. In the south, a Theban family served as vassal rulers for the Hyksos.
The Ebers Papyrus is an Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to 1550 BC. Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, it was purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873–74 by Georg Ebers. It is currently kept at the library of the University of Leipzig, in Germany.
The Hyksos http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Egypt_2a.htm The Culture of War: Invention and Early Development, By Richard A. Gabriel
1600 BCE ____________________1500 BCE
Mercury has been discovered from Egyptian tombs dating from this decade. Egypt started to conquer Nubia and the Levant. Traces of Maya civilization were developing in Belize. Legendry king of Athens Cecrops I died in 1506 BCE after a reign of 50 years. Shang Dynasty of China established 1556 BCE. King Cheng Tang of Shang of China, first ruler of Shang Dynasty, ruled China for 29 years since 1600 BC. Hatshepsut became the first female Pharaoh which was a common title of kings of Egypt. Referenceshttp://oilib.uchicago.edu/books/bryan_the_papyrus_ebers_1930.pdf
Ebers Papyrus 1500 BCE from ancient Egypt
MITTANI KINGDOM
Vedic Age: Indo- Aryan Migration The fair skinned, Aryans were the people from central Asia. They spoke Indo- European languages. In the early Vedic period(1500- 1000 BC) Aryans were settled in India. All their culture and language spread into northwest India. They were the first people in India who know the use of iron and brought horses with them. They established themselves in India by defeating Dasas and Dasyus, who do not obey the commandments of God. According to social historical theory, they came up with social divisions in India. The caste system began with their arrival in India. They organized themselves in three groups: Kshatria, Brahmins and Vaisia. After this they came up with Shudras: the labourers, menial workers. There were also people who were not regarded as part of society and considered as “Untouchables”. Also they brought up with them the religion worshiping many gods and goddesses. All their hymns were written in Vedas after many years of Vedic age.
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Aryans settling in India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory http://www.ancient.eu/Mitanni/
1401
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Then she came into power. Her right to rule was direct descent from her father. She is considered as great woman of history. She devised a prenomen for herself: Maatkare (The proper manifestation of sun’s life force) which is equivalent of coronation name. In later years of her regency, there are evidences which shows that she replaces her female image with the male one. Her reign was much longer and prosperous than any other woman of Egyptian dynasty. In 1458 BC, she died at the age of 50. According to medical evidences, she might have died because of bone cancer.
1400 BCE-----------------------------------1301 BCE TUTANKHAMUN
Hatshepsut Hatshepsut, the 5th pharaoh of 18th dynasty of Egypt came into throne in 1478 BC. She was born in 1508 BC. After the death of Thutmose I (her father), Thutmose II took the throne. He was both her half-brother and husband. He dies unexpectedly leaving behind throne on his small son and Hatshepsut.
The historian Leick writes, "The population of Mitanni was predominantly Hurrian, but the ruling elites were Indo-European warriors who worshipped deities with Vedic names such as Indar, Uruwana, and the collective Devas" Philological and linguistic evidence indicate that the Rig-Veda was composed in the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, most likely between 1500–1200 BCE, which means primarily in the 14th Century. The language of the Rig-Veda, the earliest stratum of Vedic Sanskrit, is also assigned to about 1500–1200 BC.
http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-the-vedic-age http://adaniel.tripod.com/origin.htm Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India: ISBN 0-415-32920-5 (pbk). Chapter 1
1500
The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves, belonging to the 2nd and 3rd stage of the Indo-European migrations. The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration into the Levant, founding the Mittani kingdom in northern Syria and the migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India (14th Century BCE). About 1350 BCE Mitanni was powerful enough to be included in the 'Great Powers Club' along with Egypt, the Kingdom of the Hatti, Babylonia and Assyria.
Statue of Hatshepsut, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, ed. Catherine Roehrig, The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, Yale University Press, 2005 . p.87-88 Wilford, John Noble (27 June 2007). "Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery.". New York Times.
Born in 1341 B.C.E., Tutankhamun (also known as King Tut) is the most famous and recognizable Pharaoh in the modern world. King Tut was the 12th pharaoh of the 18th Egyptian dynasty, in power from 1332 B.C.E. to 1323 B.C.E, is famously known for his intact tomb discovered in the Egypt's Valley of the Kings by the archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922. His golden sarcophagus is now a symbol almost synonymous with Egypt. About mid-14th Century BCE, ancient Egypt was going through great social and political upheaval. Tutankhamen’s father, Akhenaten had forbidden the worship of many gods and in favor of worshiping one, Aten, the sun disk (Amarna Revolution). After his father's death in the midst of the continuing chaos, he ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, under the guidance of powerful advisors. Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign and brought back order. The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten and King Tut succeeded in strengthening diplomatic relations with other kingdoms particularly with the Mitanni. Because he had no children and died at the age of 19, ancient Egypt again witnessed turmoil until his advisor Ay succeeded him. http://www.biography.com/people/king-tut-9512446 http://www.ancient.eu/Tutankhamun/
RIGVEDA
Black and Red Ware Culture & Beginning of Iron Age (1300 BCE & 1200 BCE)
The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent is after the Late Harappan civilizations after the end of bronze age, also known as the last phase of the Indus valley civilizations. The main Iron Age archaeological cultures of India were black and red ware cultures and black polished ware (700-200 BCE). The black and red ware culture is associated with the postRigvedic civilization and with Late Harappan pottery The characteristic features are the black color inside and near the rim on the outside, and red color over the rest of the body. This color combination was produced by inverted heating the ware. Reference:
Red and black urn dating to early Iron Age
http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06115/29
Pic reference- The Hindu
The Rigveda is the oldest from the four collection of Vedas. It's consider the earliest literary record of indo aryan civilization and the most sacred books of India. The term "VEDA" means wisdom knowledge and vision. The Rigveda is mainly dedicated to Agni. The god of fire) and the holy priest. Rigveda is a group of poems and each poem is dedicated to god like Agni , the sky god Varuna ,the sun god surya ,the supreme god indra and many other gods. The Rigveda has written in sanskrit. The rigveda has told about the first god (prajapati) who created the world. In Ridgeda has 1028 mantras praising them for human to the god or natural forces and achive many benefits sach as wealth, long live life, protection and victory in life and battle rules. Mantras are easy way to communication with the god and the mantras contain both blessing and curses as well. The Ridveda also describe the basics idea for India castes system like that upper classes Brahmans or priests middle classes the merchant and farmer down classes was sudra who were slaves and servants REFERENCES - http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Pr-Sa/Rig-Veda.html
http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-rigveda http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-rig-veda-penguin-classics/#gsc.tab=0
Agrawal,D.P.and J.S.Kharakwal.2003.Bronze and Iron Ages in South Asia;Aryan Books Publication,NewDelhi.
1300 BCE
1201 BCE
Rameres II
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Celebration of Holi and Diwali in Rigveda
1200
1101
GEMPEI WAR
(1303 BC-1213 BC)
The Gempei war of 1180-1185 was fought between Taira and Minamoto during the late Heian period of Japan. In this war Taira clan defeated by Minamoto. The Gempei war was fought in southern and western Japan. It is well
Rameses II, son of Seti I was of the 19th dynasty of Egypt, He was thirty years old when he became king of Egypt and then was on the throne for a time period of 67 years. He had many wives, and was the father of about 111 sons and 51 daughters. Ramses II had a great legacy that at least nine later pharaohs were named after him. Ramses II helped to secure Egypt's borders from foreign invaders and pirates along the Mediterranean and in Libya people of Egypt worshiped Rameres II as god and Egyptian empire fell a century and a half after his death.
remembered today in japan for the gallant and often violent battles between the countries emerging samurai warrior caste and for the wars, penultimate battle, the legendary battle of dan no aura which was fought in March of 1185.
In the Gempei war, the Minamoto clan forced the imperial court and the Taira to abandon the capital and over time chased them all the way to the western end on Honshu (the main island). The final battle of the 5 year conflict resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Taira clan and the death of the reigning emperor
Ramses II has been identified with at least two figures in the Bible, including Shishaq and the pharaoh of Exodus
Caption Painting of the Gempei War
Ramesses II References:
Pic reference - www.bbc.co.uk
http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ramses-II.html http://discoveringegypt.com/ancient-egyptian-kings-queens/rameses-ii/ Hasel, Michael G. 1998. Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300-1185 B.C.
REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/228147/Gempei-War
http://www.kobejournal.com/Japan%20history/1185%20genpei%20kassen.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpei_War
KING DAVID
Rig-veda
According to biblical history, late 10th B.C. century was the time of David, he was the second king of United Kingdom of Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king, although not without fault, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and great poet. The history depicts his life conflicted between ruthless ambitions and his desire to serve the god. City of David was situated on the southern slope of Mount Moriah, outside today's Old City wall of Jerusalem. He was warrior from the very childhood. Once Philistines sent their champion warrior goliath against shepherd boy David (10 to 12 year old), but David killed goliath with a single shot from his sling. Here are some best lines from David’s poem “How amazing are your thoughts concerning me”, Search me, O God, and know my heart! Try me and know my thoughts! And see if there be any grievous way in me, And lead me in the way everlasting!
Most of the Hindu thinks that the Rig Veda is an ancient scripture that forms the foundation of the Hindu religion but now this is not true. The Rig-veda is an ancient Indian dedicated collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It was composed it the north-west region of India in most likely between 1400- 900 BCE. The Rig veda is a combination of over many hymns that praise Vedic Gods( Indra, Agni, Varuna, Surya, Yama, etc). The Rig Veda hymns were framed by a family of seers or Rishis. The members of these families spread different generations and so did their composites. Painting of David, Slaying Goliath by Peter Paul
th
19 century Rigveda script in Devanagari
Rubens. At a Sotheby's auction on 10 July
2002, Rubens's newly discovered painting
Dick, Michael B (2004), "The History of "David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Apologies" Massacre Succession of the Innocents sold for £49.5 http://www.crystalinks.com/kingsofisrael.html million ($76.2 million) to Lord Thomson. It is a https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+139 current record for an Old Master painting
1100 BC
1000 BC
RIG VEDA
“Rigveda: A historic Analysis” (2000), Talageri & Shrikant G. http://hinduism.about.com/cs/vedasvedanta/a/aa120103a_2.htm http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Pr-Sa/Rig-Veda.html
1000
901
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Rig Veda, one of the earliest religious text of the ancient India having extant collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns was composed early Vedic period in 1000 BC. In Sanskrit RigVeda as a compound of the roots "Reg" means praise and "Veda" means knowledge. It is one of the oldest extant texts in any Indo-European language. Rig-Vedic samhita consists of 1,017 hymns or suktas, covering a set of around 10,000 stanzas, divided into 8 astakas each having 8 adhayayas. The hymns and mantras are the work mainly of Saints. Mantras of Rig-Veda are hymns to god, praising them for their blessings and support in victory in battles. Originally mantras are meant to be chanted as religious rites and were a primary way of people to communicate with the god. One of the famous Rig-Veda mantra is, Oṃ bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ tát savitúr váreṇ(i)yaṃ bhárgo devásya dhīmahi dhíyo yó naḥ pracodáyāt
REFERENCES - https://rigvedaanalysis.wordpress.com/the-rig-veda-a-historical-perspective/ In this link describe the whole rig veda in a historical perspective. REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda
As we all know that, Egypt was a boundless civilization. It was the vastest empire on The Earth during its time in power. Egyptian had effectively far and wide around the known world but finally it came to an End. The Third Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt begins with the death of Phoraoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC. Before this about 200 years problwms for Egypt began during the reign of Ramses II. Around 1000 B.C. the whole Egyptian Empire was already in decline in the New Kingdom era.
Third intermediate period of Egypt
Rig-Veda (padapatha) manuscript in Devanagari
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt REFERENCES - http://amazingbibletimeline.com/blog/egypt-decays-around-1000-bc/
Upanishads PARSHVANATH
Upanishads are books related to Hindu religion. Upanishads are mainly part of Vedas large religious books called Vedas. These texts were written in India around 800 BCE. Mainly these Upanishads are not like a chapter in a book but they are complete in themselves. These books contain philosophical thoughts and spiritual ancient Indian figures. They mainly highlight Figure 1manuscript of isha upanishad some of basic principles of life like Karma, Dharma, Moksha etc. So the 800 BCE was the time when Iron age India (Late Harappan Culture or Last phase of Indus valley civilization.) to Vedic age when people started aware of spiritual figures and religion kind of thing came into people mind, and those Upanishad had written during those days one of them was Chandogya Upanishad. These books played important role during modern period for shaping culture and religion in India. So even today these books are regarded higher hierarchy in ancient Indian text.
He was the 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism. Born in 877 BC in Kashi. His father was Aswasen And mother was Vamadevi. He married to Prabhavati but led a simple life. Then he decided to Live ascetic life and after all he becomes ascetic. He was also known as the lord of” nagas” (means lord of snakes ) and in his sculpture nowadays we can see that sculptures of lots of sankes above his head. He was the earliest jain thirthankar. For About 70 years he travel different regions to spread the knowledge. He gave the rules to follow religion,the principles Right Thinking, taking right actions. He speaks to follow truth and non-violence. After Completing his life he got nirvana (died) at Sammet Shikhara in 777 BC. nirvana Guru Gobind Singh has Written his life story named Pranath avatar. Encyclopedia of Hinduism By Constance Jones, James D. Ryan
http://jaijinendraa.tripod.com/imain.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha
900 BC
801 BC
Phoenicians Founded Carthage
“Hannibal Barraca (247-182) BCE Carthaginian general considered as one of greatest military leaders of World History”
Carthage (Tunisia, North Africa) was the largest city Founded by Queen Elissa the Phoenician in 814 BC. It was known as Kart-hadasht (new city). Many tyrians from the city of trye escaped and settled in carthage and bring their all money and resources It was Became the Great trade centre for Phoenicians. Religion followed by people was Punic and the Languages spoken by people were Punic, Berber, and Phoenician. Carthage was richest and wealthiest in Mediterranean. Carthage and Greece where fighting for getting dominance in Sicily. The city was destroyed 3 times during wars with Italian city and state of Rome known as Punic wars. Julies Caesar proposed a plan to rebuild the Carthage. Carthage lost all military and political Power after second Punic war. The city was know under the Rome (Byzantine empire). Muslims conquered Carthage from Byzantine Empire and re-established the city as made city as a centre of trade and governance. They named the city “Tunis” which is now a days known as Tunisia.
Romans (Enhanced Ebook): By Tim McNeese The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume A: To 1200 By Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley
http://www.ancient.eu/carthage/
References:1. http://www.hindunet.org/upanishads/ (The Hindu Universe). 2. http://hinduism.about.com/od/scripturesepics/a/upanishads.htm (The Upanishads ) 3. The Timeline history of India Dilip Hiro ISBN(13) - 978-0760779767 4. http://www.indicethos.org/Archives/manuscripts/isaUpanishad1.gif (image)
800BCE
701 BCE
Olympia (First Ancient Olympic games Greece 776BCE) The ancient city Olympia witnesses the first Olympic Games in honor of Zeus. There are written records that first Olympic Games held at 776BCE at Olympia. Initially these games were competition between different ancient cities of Olympia mainly focused on athletics events. According to legends and folks it was Heracles who first called it “Olympic” and established the custom such that these events took place in every four years interval. These events continued till 12 centuries after Figure 2The Parthenon Athens, Greece once started and ended at period of Theodosius who banned such events at 393AD. These ancient Olympic Games were linked to one of religious festivals cult of Zeus. Obviously one of the key reasons to initiate such event was to encourage good relationship between different cities of Greece. During that time winners decided by Hellanodikis (Greek judge) they tied red ribbon on head of winner. References:1. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Olympos.jpg (Image) 2. http://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games (Ancient Olympic Games)
MANAVA
CYRUS THE GREAT
Manava was a mathematician born in 750 BCE, He was the author of Indian geometric text Manava Sulbasutra which postdates the Baudhayana sulbasutra. He was a man of very considerable learning but was mainly interested in using mathematics for religious purposes. The mathematics given in the text enables to construction of altars needed for sacrifice. The practice of construction of circles from rectangles, squares from circle can be thought of as giving approximate value of mathematical constant pi (π). Essentially every construction involving circle lead to a different such approximation, e.g. 11.14 and 11.15 of Manava’s work give pi = 25/8 = 3.125. It is clear from his writings that He was a priest as well as a skilled craftsmen. Manava died around 690 BCE. Manava (upper) and Sulbasutra method of “Circling the square”(lower)
R C Gupta, New Indian values of pi from the Manava sulba sutra, Centaurus 31 (2) (1988), 114-125.
700
601
"King of the Four Corners of the World"
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/cyrus/cyrus.php#sthash.mUt5kpW9.dpuf http://www.cyrusthegreat.net/
600BCE
501BCE FOUNDATION OF BUDDHISM
ZOROASTER Zoroaster, also called Zarathustra, was an ancient Persian prophet who founded the first world religion- Zoroastrianism. He was born in 628 BC. Khordad Sal (6th day of Parsi month) is the birth aniversary of Zoroatser and it is celebrated around the world with vigour by Zoroastrians. The Persain religion is based upon his teachings as a philospher mainly centered on honesty, community, charity and nobility. His key tenets is that which relates to free will. According to him the man has been given power to choose between good and evil and the end of world would come when the force of light would triumph and the saved souls rejoice in victory. Alexander the great conquered Persia Zoroastrianism began to die out in persia but survived in India where it became the basis of Parsi religion.
Cyrus the Great (ca.600 - 529 BCE) was a great figure in the history of mankind. As the "Father of the Iranian nation", he was the first world leader to be referred to as "The Great" also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus founded the first world empire and the second Iranian dynastic empire, after defeating the Median dynasty and uniting the Medes with the other major Iranian tribe, the Persians. Upon his victory over the Medes, he founded a government for his new kingdom, incorporating both Median and Persian nobles as civilian officials. The conquest of Asia Minor completed, he led his armies to the eastern frontiers. Hyrcania and Parthia were already part of the Median Kingdom. Further east, he conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Margiana and Bactria. After crossing the Oxus, he reached the Jaxartes, where he built fortified towns with the object of defending the farthest frontier of his kingdom against nomadic tribes of Central Asia. The reign of Cyrus the Great between 559–530 BC (30 years). Cyrus was killed near the Aral Sea in December 530BCE during a campaign.
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http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons1_n2/zoroaster.html http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31606.In_Search_of_Zarathustra https://colleenday.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/tumblr_lsu0mddvqu1qlziglo1_400.jpg
A Portrait of Zoroaster
The second religion was Buddhism, whose founder, Siddhartha, was born about 563 B.C. in Nepal into the Gautama family of the Shakaya clan. His father, Suddhodana, was the ruler of the Sakya people and Siddhartha grew up living the extravagant life of a young prince. After marriage his father had ordered that he live a life of total seclusion, but one day Siddhartha ventured out into the world and was confronted with the reality of the inevitable suffering of life. The next day, at the age of twenty-nine, he left his kingdom and newborn son to lead an ascetic life and determine a way to relieve universal suffering. For six years, Siddhartha submitted himself to rigorous ascetic practices, studying and following different methods of meditation with various religious teachers. But he was never fully satisfied. Siddhartha then decided to meditate ("under a Bodhi tree where he sat facing east") until the absolute truth would lie clearly in front of him. At the age of 35, on the night of a full moon, Siddhartha is said to have reached enlightenment and became an "enlightened one" means a Buddha (527 BC). From then on, he encouraged people to follow a path of balance rather than extremism. He called this The Middle Way. http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/buddha.htm http://ldmark.com/India.htm
Gautama Buddha
GAUTAMA BUDDHA Siddhartha Gautama, known as “Buddha” was born in the year 563 BCE, in what is now called as modern Nepal. His father Suddhodhana was the ruler of Sakya dynasty and Siddhartha grew up living a lavish and luxurious life as a young prince. As per the tradition in his dynasty, he married at a tender age of 16 to a girl named Yashodhara. His father strongly insisted him to live a life of total alienation, but one day Siddhartha ventured out into the world. He confronted the harsh realities of life and realized that it was full of inevitable suffering. The very next day after this encounter, at the age of 29, he left his kingdom and family to lead an ascetic life and figure out a way to relieve universal suffering. For 6 years he offered himself to rigorous spiritual practices, following and adopting different methods of meditation and self-control, but he was never fully contented. One day, he ultimately realized that bearing physical austerities is not the right way to achieve liberation of mind, body and soul. From then on he persuaded people to follow a balanced path rather than practicing extremism. That night, he sat under a Bodhi tree, meditated until dawn, purified his mind of all thoughts and attained enlightenment (Nirvana) at the age of 35, thus earning the title of Buddha. For the rest of his lifetime, he preached “Dharma” to his disciples in an effort to help them attain enlightenment. He died in the year 483 BCE.
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
A statue of Buddha from Sarnath, 4th Century CE.
REFERENCES: 1. The Gospel of Buddha, Compiled From Ancient Records (Chicago and London: Open Court), ed. by Paul Carus, illust. by O. Kopetzky, 1917. 2. The Life of Buddha, According to the Legends of Ancient India, by A.-Ferdinand Herold, trans. by Paul C. Blum ,1927.
500
401
Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda dynasty and founded the Maurya empire in 322 BCE. The empire had its capital at Pataliputra(modern day Patna). Chandragupta rapidly expanded his power across central and western India, taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers in the wake of withdrawal westwards by Alexander’s Hellenic armies. Conquering the satraps left by Alexander, the Mauryan had almost the whole of Northwestern India under him by 316 BCE. In about 304 BCE, Seleucus I, a Macedonian general from Alexander’s army, invaded India. Chandragupta defeated him and a treaty was signed. By the terms of the treaty, Seleucus ceded to Chandragupta the satrapies of Kandahar, Kabul, together with Herat and Baluchistan. Thus Chandragupta was able to extend his empire beyond the frontiers of India upto the borders of Persia. Chandragupta on his part cemented the alliance by presenting Seleucus with 500 war-elephants. He also married Helen, the daughter of Seleucus.
Silver coin of Seleucus I NIcator
Radhakumud Mookerji(1966), Chandragupta Maurya and his times http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire#cite_note-11 http://indiansaga.com/history/magadha_seleucus.html
400BCE
301BCE
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR The Peloponnesian war was fought between the two leading citystates in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta (who led the Peloponnesian League comprising of Thebans, Corinth and Sparta). The war was divided into 3 phases:The Archidamian war, The Sicilian war and the Ionian or Decelean war. The war commenced in 431 BCE, when the Thebans waged a surprise attack on Platea, an ally of Athens. It ended in 404 BCE when Athens finally surrendered. This war reshaped the entire nation of Greece in a devastating manner. The Athenian empire which was a stronger side prior to the war reduced to a mere slave of Sparta. The war destroyed the economy and brought poverty and suffering to the citizens. The main reason behind the war was Spartans’ dissent towards the growing prosperity of Athens. After they became the leader of Delian league, they nearly drove out Persians from their regions and occupied control over a large no. of territories. Their naval power was also growing exponentially frightening the neighboring states. One reason led to another and two wars were waged in succession against Athens in Peloponnesia. As a result of this, the Greek warfare which was originally only a limited form of conflict transformed into a ceaseless struggle between its city-states. The war marked a dramatic end to the golden age of Greece.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT Born in Pella in 356 BCE, Alexander III of Macedon was a king of the Ancient Greek city of Macedon. He was commonly known as ‘Alexander the Great’. During his youth, Aristotle, the great philosopher, was the tutor of Alexander. At the age of twenty, Alexander succeeded his father Phillip II to the throne. Undefeated in battle, he is considered one of history’s most successful commanders. He spent most of his ruling years in military campaigns to Asia and northeast Africa. By the age of only thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest India. Seeking to reach the ends ‘ends of
The final sea battle in the Great Harbor at Syracuse, 413 BCE
REFERENCES: 1. The Landmark Thucydides : A comprehensive guide to the Peloponnesian war, ed. by Robert Strassler, contributor-Victor Hanson, Free Press, 1998, ISBN- 0684827905, 9780684827902. 2. The Republic of Plato , by Plato (author), Allan Bloom (translator), 1968 (1st Ed.)
Caption
the world and the Great Outer Sea’, he invaded India in 326 BCE. But he was forced to return back on the demand of his soldiers. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE, the city he Empire of Alexander the Great – 323BCE planned to establish as his capital.
Jacob Ebbott(1902), Alexander the Great, Harper and Brothers Publishers http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-87049 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
DECLINE OF MAURYA EMPIRE
ASHOKA Ashoka was a great emperor and also known as “Ashoka The Great”. He was Chandragupta’s (The first Mauryan emperor) grandson and a ferocious warrior of Mauryan Empire. Upon the death of his father in 272 BCE, leads to conflict and wars among him and his brothers and sisters in order to seize control of the Mauryan Empire. He conquered many battles and ruled almost the entire Indian subcontinent. His life changing event was the conquest of Kalinga (262–261 BCE). In that war, about 100,00 soldiers and civilians of Kalinga forces were killed, including over 10,000 of his own men and many people were affected. His witness of that devastation changes his feelings and he felt great remorse at the suffering he caused. So he stopped the war forever and became a preacher of Buddhism. The rest of his life he practice Ahinsa and to Dharma. He banned hunting, all animal sacrifices and violent sports activity. During his lifetime, he had contributed to influence the Buddhism by making Ashoka Pillar (also known as Ashoktambha) throughout the Northern Indian Continent. He died around 232 BCE.
The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 320 BCE, with help from Chanakya, a Brahmin teacher at Takshashila, after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty. The Maurya Empire was one of the world's largest empires in its time and surely India’s too. Its boundaries stretched Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and India, with an approx. of 1,930,511 sq. mi. The Mauryan Empire was divided into four provinces and a head of the provincial administration. The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times.Morever, this dynasty’s importance is marked by the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath that has been made the national emblem of India.
A portrait of Ashoka
The Empire was ruled by great “Samraats” like Bindusara, Ashoka until it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Sunga Dynasty in Magadha, marked by stepping down of Brihadratha Maurya.
The Mauryan Empire as on 200 BCE
http://www.iloveindia.com/history/ancient-india/maurya-dynasty http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370216/Mauryan-empire http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/maur/hd_maur.htm http://www.importantindia.com/8487/brihadratha/
http://www.mrdowling.com/612-ashoka.html http://www.burmese-art.com/blog/ashoka-the-great-emperor Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India by Vincent Arthur Smith
300 BCE
201 BCE
FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR
http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia1.html http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_first_macedonian.html Handbook of Ancient Geography and History by Wilhelm Pütz
101
INVENTION OF PAPER
The first Macedonian War was fought because of the decision of Philip V of Macedonia to form an alliance with Hannibal in the aftermath of his series of great victories against Rome in Italy. It was fought in three phases. At first between 214 BCE and 212 BCE, Romans alone fought against Philip but by 212 BCE the situation on the Illyrian coast became so serious that they allied with the Aetolian League, Attalus I of Pergamon, and the Messenians, who had been illtreated by the Macedonian king. So in second phase between 212 BCE and 208BCE, the Romans, Aetolian League and their allies fought against Philip. At the final stage of the war, Romans support decreases and this made Aetolians to made peace with Philip by themselves and in 205 BCE a treaty was drawn up at Phoenice, the so-called "Peace of Phoenice" which formally ended the First Macedonian War.
200 Thousands of years back, on the Asian continent, the Han Chinese people of the Yellow River valley invented a method for reeling silk from silkworm cocoons. Since silk became precious, bamboo or wood strips came to picture instead. Waste fibers left over from this process led to the important discovery in the 180 BCE that the waste fibers from hemp, a cheaper and more easily available clothing material in those days, could be similarly processed into a strong paper.
Roman-vs-Macedonians
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste at Fangmatan in Gansu. Since its discovery, paper spread slowly to the west via the Silk Road. The rapid expansion of European paper production was truly enhanced by the invention of the printing press and the beginning of the Printing Revolution in the 15th century.
Picture depicting steps used for papermaking in 100 BCE by Han Dynasty
https://lediarunnels27221219.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/the-discovery-of-paper/ http://www.chinatourselect.com/travel-china-guide/china-information/china/culture/china's-four-great-inventions.html http://www.paperdiscoverycenter.org/cailun/
Jesus Christ
VIKRAM ERA Vikram Era (Vikram Samwat, Bikram Samvat) is the calendar based on lunar months, established in 57 BCE. Authentic facts are not available regarding the origin and founder of Vikram era, yet traditionally it is said that a powerful king named Vikramaditya of Ujjaini founded the calendar to commemorate his victory over the Shaks. The calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar. Vikramaditya is legendary and features in fables of ‘Vikram and Vetala’. Bhavishya Puran describes Vikramaditya in around 40 chapters, thus providing a link towards his existence. Also, there was a gold coin found that dated to time of his reign. Kalidasa, the greatest literary figure of his time, was one of the nine gems of king Vikram’s court. The dates that he mentioned in ‘Jyotirvidarbharnam’ also synchronize with King Vikram’s reign. Also, 57 BCE marked the transition between Nakshatras – Aswini to Revati which corresponds to the transition between signs – Aries and Pisces.
Gold Coin from reign of King Vikramaditya
Bhaviṣyapurāna, Pratisargaparvan. Bombay: Venkateshwar Press. 1959 http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/vikramaditya-steps-out-of-fables-into-history/article1-1043005.aspx http://www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/articles/52_the_dynasties_of.htm http://www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/VIKRAM/VIKRAM_V7.htm
100 BCE
1 BCE LEX JULIA
Lex Julia (or Lex lulia) refers to Roman law introduced by Julian family member. Often these refer to the moral legislation put by Caesar Augustus in 18-17 BCE. Extravagance and adultery were widespread at that time. Among the upper class, marriage was infrequent and many couples failed to produce offspring. In order to elevate morals and number of upper classes in Rome, Augustus encouraged population expansion and established adultery as a crime. He instituted the “Law of the three sons”, thus highly regarding those whose who produced three male children. There were prizes for marriage and childbearing. Adultery became a crime punishable by exile. Fathers were permitted to kill daughters and their partners. Even husbands could kill their partners under certain conditions. Augustus himself had to invoke the rule against his own daughter, Julia and send her to island of Pandateria. There were several other rules such as penalizing bribery on acquisition of political offices.
“The Julian marriage laws”. Unrv.com. Retrieved 2010-11-29 “A Short History of Roman Law", Olga Tellegen-Couperus pp. 19–20. http://www.unrv.com/government/index-of-roman-laws.php
Jesus founded Christianity, one of the world’s most influential religions. His teachings and life are recorded in the Bible’s New Testament and emulated by Christians all over the world. Jesus Christ was born around 6 B.C in Bethlehem and he was raised in Nazareth. In his thirties, Jesus began his public teaching and display of recorded miracles. Jesus' key messages included: God loves you and is with you, Love one another, Immense value of each person, Good news: kingdom of God has come to earth, Reality of judgment to heaven or hell, God forgives those who ask. In each of several official trials, the Romans found that he was not guilty of breaking any Roman law. Therefore the religious leaders asked the Roman government to execute him Jesus was brutally tortured and then hung by his hands, which were nailed to a horizontal wooden beam (cross) However, according to more than 500 witnesses, Jesus returned from the dead three days later, and over the next 40 days journeyed in both the Jesus founded Christianity, southern and northern provinces of Israel. To many, this was one of the world’s most influential conclusive proof that Jesus' claims to be God were real religions. His teachings and life are REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus recorded in the Bible’s New REFERENCES - http://www.biography.com/people/jesus-christ-9354382 Testament and emulated by REFERENCES - http://www.jesuscentral.com/ji/historical-jesus/jesus-life.php Christians all over the world. Jesus Christ was born around 6 B.C in Bethlehem and he was raised in Nazareth. In his thirties, Jesus began his public teaching and display of recorded miracles. Jesus' key messages included: God loves you and is with you, Love one another, Immense value of each person, Good news: kingdom of God has come to earth, Reality of judgment to heaven or hell, God forgives those who ask. In each of The Indo-Parthian rulers belong to Gondopharid dynasty, several official trials, the Romans who were a group of ancient kings from Central Asia, who found that he was not guilty of ruled parts of present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and breaking any Roman law. Therefore northwestern India during or slightly before the 1st century the religious leaders asked the AD . Most of the kings from this kingdom held texila(present Roman government to execute him Punjab province of Pakistan) but during their last few years Jesus was brutally tortured and then of existence the capital shifted between Kabul and hung by his hands, which were Peshawar. Gondophares - Ɩ was the founder of this kingdom. nailed to a horizontal wooden beam Around 20–10 BCE, he made conquests in the former Indo- (cross) However, according to more Scythian kingdom. Gondophares became the ruler of areas than 500 witnesses, Jesus returned comprising Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul fromPortrait of Gondophares the dead three days later, and valley. Gondophares called himself "King of Kings”. over the next 40 days journeyed in Religions followed during this time were Zoroastrianism, both the southern and northern Buddhism, Hinduism, Ancient Greek religion. Languages provinces of Israel. To many, this used were Aramaic Greek (Greek alphabet) , Pali was conclusive proof that Jesus' (Kharoshthi script), Sanskrit, Prakrit (Brahmi script), Parthian claims to be God were real (Parthian script)
0
24
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Caesar Augustus The statue known as the Augustus of Prima Porta
Jesus Christ REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom REFERENCES- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history
RISE OF KUSHAN EMPIRE Kushan Empire was originally formed in early 1st century CE. The Kushan Kingdom controlled parts of Iran and Afganistan in India. Kushan kingdom was famous for trade. Kanishka was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. Kujula Kadphises ruled from 30 to 80 CE.Kujula succedd to trade in IndoParthians then kujula moved to Gandhara (northeast Afghanistan and northern Pakistan). Kushanas were master traders in their time. In 48 CE Kujula Kadphises crossed the Hindu Kush. Then he formed an alliance with the last Greek king in the region, Hermaeus, in the Kabul Valley After that kujula’s son vima attack on Scythians in northen india.Then His son started a new Empire. Kushanas made a new era called Shaka in CE 78 and their calendar was recognized by India in 1957 is still in use for civil purposes. Kanishka established a kingdom, which was centered on Kashgar. kanishka also taking control of Khotan and Yarkand, khotan and yarkand were Chinese dependencies in the Tarim Basin or modern Xinjiang. Kushanas introduced the Brahmi script concept.
Fa-Hsien’s account of city of Mathura
Kanishka I (From 78 CE- 98 CE)
REFERENCES – http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/kushans/essay.html REFERENCES - http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history.htm REFERENCES- http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-08enl.html
Fa-Hsien was a Buddhist monk who travelled out of China to India around 2nd century to get Buddhist literature. He wrote his interesting experience of his stay in Mathura in his travel memoirs Project Gutenberg. According to him, the people lived happily without any worries. There were no strict rules, no corporal punishment. They cultivated their own land and survived with content. People did not indulge in activities like killing or drinking liquor, etc. Food and medicine was provided to the needy people. People were rich and prosperous and were willing to learn from each other’s virtues. Buying and selling commodities was done by means of cowries. There were numerous charitable institutions to provide the necessary support. He doubted that such hospitality existed in any part of the world at that time. Fa-Hsien observations suggest that India was pretty well organized and governed during the time of Guptas. India was the most happiest and civilized region- when Roman empire was declining and China was under similar circumstances.
A temple in Mathura
http://www.ariseindiaforum.org/india-2nd-century-ce/REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms – by fa Hsien
75 CE
99CE
100
124
TITUS- THE EMPEROR OF ROME
HADRIAN’S WALL
Titus was born in 39 CE in Rome. He was the eldest son and heir of Vespasian. Titus was the member of Flavian dynasty. Titus was the first roman emperor who became king after his own biological father. Vespasian died in 79 CE. Many Romans feared that next king would be a Nero. But Titus immediately wear the throne of the king. But in starting the all people of his dynasty were disliking him but he behave softly with the peoples and make a very kind image among peoples he became a very nice king and loved by the population. He made Colosseum in Public works. Colosseum’s work completed in 80 CE. In their rule people once faced the great natural disaster but on that time Titus came out and help everyone. In 81 CE Titus died because of fever. Although Titus had ruled over Roman Empire for just 2 year but he did many great works.
Hadrian Wall is the most popular tourist attraction site in Northern England. This wall was made in 122 AD in Britannia as a defensive fortification under the rule of Emperor Hadrian. It runs for 73 miles (118 km) stretching from Wallsend on the River Tyne in the east to Bowness in the west on the Solway Firth. Its purpose was to control movement across the frontier and to counter low-intensity threats. Another possible explanation for the construction of this wall is the amount of control it would have provided over immigration, and illegal activities like smuggling and customs. This wall has a stone base and a stone wall. Milecastles with Section of the wall along the route two turrets are found in between. There is a fort at a distance of every 5 miles. In 1987, UNESCO World Heritage site designated Hadrian Wall as a world heritage site. Over the years, many sections of the wall have been damaged but the remaining site still attracts the tourists from throughout the world.
res
Bust of Emperor Titus (From 39CE To 81 CE)
REFERENCES - http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191735448.timeline.0001 REFERENCES - http://www.unrv.com/empire/timeline-of-first-century.php REFERENCES - http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/titus.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall#SummaryREFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251254/Hadrians-Wall Hadrian’s wall – A novel of Roman England by William Dietrich
Huvishka KUSHAN EMPIRE: GOLD DINAR OF VASUDEVA I Huvishka, son of Kanishka, was considered one of the most important ruler for the Kushan Empire as his reign was a golden period of retrenchment and consolidation of the empire. Huvishka tried to gain control over the city of Mathura, being the extent of his reign over the Indian subcontinent. He also patronized both Buddhist and Brahmin Institutions all over his kingdom.
Vasudeva I was last of the “Great Kushans” and he was the first Kushan king to be named after an Indian god. He must have taken the throne sometime between 189 and 195 CE. He is the last Kushan ruler to be mentioned in Chinese resources.1
Unlike of his father Kanishka, Huvishka did not much rely on Iranian deities rather followed Indian gods like Shiva, etc. The coinage in his rule saw a massive devaluation which led to a major financial crisis as people tried to imitate the new coins. Although, Kushan Empire rule lead a huge amount of trade between India and Rome. www.ancient.eu/india/
Coin samples from Huvishka’s rule in India
http://coinindia.com/Huvishka-G266-353.50.jpg Image courtesy: Wikipedia
150CE
175CE
Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
Vasudev issued coins in gold (dinars & quarter dinars) and copper (single denomination declining in weight over time). His coins usually bear Shiva with Bull Nandi motif depicting the increasing assimilation of the Kushans with the local Indian society and their adoption of Shiva, the popular deity of Hindu pantheon.[2] He discontinued the wide pantheon of deities (Iranian, Egyptian, Greek), restricting himself to featuring only Shiva (except for a few rare coin types featuring other deities like Mao and Nana). Even his name, real, adopted or titular, suggests the broad local influence and integration.[3] He replaced the spear held by the kings in the coins of Kanishka & Huviska with that of a trident, to pay homage and devotion to Shiva. In the coins, Vasudev always shows himself nimbate, something Kanishka almost never did.
“India. Kushans. Vasudeva I, c. 164200 AD. Gold Dinar (8.02 g). Reverse: Shiva stands, holding trident, Nandi bull behind. Obverse: King Vasudev standing facing, holding trident in the left hand.” [2]
[1] Glory of the Kushans: Recent Discoveries and Interpretations / ed. by Vidula Jayaswal. - New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 2012. - Xvi, 456 S.: Ill., Kt. [2] http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=21435.0 [3] http://coinindia.com/galleries-vasudeva.html
175
199
COMMODUS The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 also called the Parthian War of Lucius Verus was fought between the two mighty empires of Rome and Parthian over Armenia and upper Mesopotamia. The war concluded in 166 after the Romans made successfully conquered into the lower Mesopotamia. The war started with the betrayal of the Antoninus Poius by state and foreign kings. Majorly the war kicked off with Vologases IV of Parthia entering in to Armenia and forcefully expelling the king and replacing him by King Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself.
Roman and Parthian empires in battle
King Lucius Verus was awarded with a Triumph with his counterattack after a five year long war in which included the death of his co-emperor Marcus Aurelius (Considered Last of the five good emperors), leading to the conquest of Armenia and lower Mesopotamia.
www.ancient.eu /Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166 Image_Courtesy:http://www.iranpoliticsclub.net/maps/images/069%20Roman-Parthian%20Wars%2066%20BC217%20AD%203%20Map.jpg
Commodus was roman emperor from 180-192. He also ruled as a co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 to his father’s death in 180. In 182 CE, a conspiracy was initiated by his older sister Lucilla and a number of senators. However, the assassination was bungled. According to most historians, Commodus was not only debauched & corrupt but also a megalomaniac, seeing himself as the reincarnation of the Greek god Hercules. Herodian wrote, “First he discarded his family name and issued orders that he was to be called not Commodus, son of Marcus, but Hercules, son of Zeus. Abandoning the Roman and imperial mode of dress, he donned the lion skin, and carried the club of Hercules. He erected statues of himself throughout the city, for he wished even his statues to inspire fear of him.”[2] In 191 CE, a fire destroyed much of the city, he seized the opportunity to completely rebuild Rome & renamed Rome Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana. In 192 CE, his mistress gave poisoned wine but it didn’t work. Later, Narcissus (a wrestler) choked him to death.
A marble bust of Roman emperor Commodus, r. 180-192 CE. (The Vatican Museums, Rome). [3]
[1] Donald L. Wasson. “Commodus,” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified August 29, 2013. [2] http://www.ancient.eu /commodus/. [3] http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/1392.jpg?v=1376915420
VASUDEVA I Vasudeva 1, the great grandson of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, and the last of the great Kushans, reigned from at least 191 CE to 225 CE. He was the first Kushan emperor to be named after an Indian god and presumably, the son of Huvishka to an Indian mother.
NAGARJUNA
Vasudeva may have been the king who returned the relics of Apostle St. Thomas from Mylapore, India in 232 CE which were transferred to the Mesopotamian town of Edessa. The Kushans had become affluent through the trade of spices, gold and silk with the Romans and the Greeks, as evident by their vast issues of Gold Coins, putting India on the map of global business. The Kushans were patrons of art and exhibited great religious tolerance. This was indeed “the happiest time in the history of the world” as the historian Edward Gibbon put it.
Jayaswal, Vidula, Glory of the Kushans, Aryan Books, New Delhi, 2012 Brown, CJ, Coins of India, Oxford University Press, 1922.
200
Gold Coins of Vasudeva I. Obverse: The king standing, holding a trident and sacrificing at the fire altar. Reverse: Shiva (Oesho) with Nandi Bull.
224
Nagarjuna, also known as “The Second Buddha” by Tibetians, is one of the most original and influential thinkers in the history of Indian philosophers after Gautama Buddha. Nagarjuna was born in 150 CE into a Brahmin family in Vidarbha in Maharashtra and later become Buddhist. He along with his disciple Aryadeva, is considered to be the founder of the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism. Nagarjuna developed the philosophy of the Prajnaparamita sutras. He dedicated his life to the correct transmission of the Buddha’s teaching. He was known for reversing the argument to make the teachings more transparent and evident to understand to common people. Nagarjuna was believed an advisor to a king of the Satavahana dynasty. Also scholars believe that he written several treatises on rasayana and served as the head of Nalanda. The essence Nagarjuna’s thoughts are described in the 27th chapter of his work, “Mūlamadhyamakakārikā”. He died in 250 CE in India. True Buddhism (book) By Sylvain Chamberlain-Nyudo http://www.iep.utm.edu/nagarjun/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/
Golden statue of Nagarjuna at Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland.
225 CE
249 CE
RISE OF SASANIAN EMPIRE
BATHS OF CARACALLA Completed in 216 CE during the reign of Emperor Caracalla, the Baths of Caracalla were the second largest public baths in Rome, free and open to all, built as a piece of political propaganda to create a lasting monument of the emperor’s generosity . A majority of the Roman citizens lived in crowded tenements, without running water or sanitary facilities; communal baths were essential. Moreover, they offered people a place to socialize. The baths spread over 25 hectares, with a capacity to house over 1600 bathers at a time, including libraries, gymnasia, shops, restaurants, concert halls and vast gardens were a testimony to the level of Roman skills in architecture and engineering. Ruins of the Baths of Caracalla and a Recreation. solarhousehistory.com Langmead, Donald, Garnaut, Christine, Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats, ABC-CLIO, 2001
Sasanian Empire or Neo-Persian Empire is the last Iranian empire before the rise of Islam. It is also called by Ērānshahr i.e. Empire of Aryan. The dynasty was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian king, Artabanus IV Ardavan. It was composed of today’s Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, eastern parts of Turkey, and some parts of Syria, Pakistan, Central Asia and Arabia. Ardashir I, in 224 CE overthrew of the Parthian Empire, ruling the Sasanian Empire until his death in 242 CE. Zoroastrianism was revived as official religion in Sasanian territory and ideology was based on the principle of divinely granted and indisputable authority. The Sassanids built fire temples under royal direction. Iranian territory saw very prosperous time under the Sasanian Empire also known as Golden eras. The Sassanid’s struggles with the Roman Empire (in 229–232, War with Rome) which is one factor in the result of Crisis of the Third Century initiated by death of Roman King Alexander Severus. Although the campaigns against Rome was little successful in the time of Ardashir I, he did more impact on the history of Iran more than what Parthian did in many decades, and established a stable and powerful platform for his son Shapur I. Sassanid Empire by Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster http://www.victoriaazad.com/pdf/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.pdf http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-ancient-history/sassanid-empire-map.html http://www.crystalinks.com/Sassanid_Empire.html
Map of Sasanian Empire showing Sasanian Dynasty and trades routes used.
es
FOUNDATION OF VAKATAKA DYNASTY
The Vakataka Dynasty, founded by Vindhyasakti, were contemporaries to the Guptas & successors to the Satavahanas. It originated in the Deccan & was bounded by Malwa along with Gujarat (North) & Tungabhadra (South) with the horizontal spread from Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal. It has been suggested that Vindhyasakti must have ruled from 255 CE upto 275 CE from the evidences of Vakataka Charters and the known date of Prabhavati-gupta, who was a daughter of Chandragupta-II(Gupta Emperor: 375-414 CE) and the queen of Rudrasena-II (Vakataka King: 385-390 CE). Vindhyasakti is mentioned as a ruler of Vidisa & early capital of Purika (central Deccan) in the Puranas. The ancestors of Vindhyasakti were probably incharge of the local offices in Berar under the Satavahana Empire. They continued the administration of their assigned territories even after the rule of Satavahanas stopped. He extended his kingdom across the Vindhya range including Malwa. Unlike his son Pravarasena-I (275-335 CE) who succeeded him, he did not assume any noble title or any formal coronation.
Vakataka Kingdom Map - Around 400CE
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Anant Sadashiv Altekar, Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1986, ISBN: 8120800265, 9788120800267 Ajay Mitra Shastri, Great Ages of Indian History: Vakatakas - Sources and History, Aryan Books International, 1997, ISBN: 8173051232, 9788173051234 http://www.ensyklopedia.com/vakataka-empire-rulers-of-the-deccan-builders-of-anjanta-caves-250-ce-500-ce/
250 CE
274 CE
ZENOBIA Zenobia (born 240 CE) was the ancient queen of Palmyra who strategically rebelled against the authority of Rome. In 258 CE, she was married to Lucius Septimus Odaenthus, king of Syria which was under Roman control. After assasination of Odaenthus in 266/267 CE, Zenobia became the Regent in Palmyra. Zenobia took advantage of the ongoing civil war of Rome, conquered Roman Egypt & by 271 CE, expanded her empire to include Asia Minor, Syria & northern Mesopotamia with the help of diplomatic negotiations. When Aurelian (270275 CE) became the Roman Emperor, he led his entire army against the Palmyrene Empire. He destroyed every city in Asia Minor loyal to Zenobia till he reached Tyana, which along with other cities surrendered to him without any opposition. Before the campaign started, When Aurelian sent a letter demanding her surrender, she responded by saying that like Cleopatra, she would rather commit suicide than surrender and had Persians as her allies. Aurelian won the battle in Syria by pretending to flee and then attacking once the Palmyra forces were exhausted from chase. Zenobia tried to flee but was captured, brought back in chains of gold & paraded through the Roman streets.
Marble sculpture of Queen Zenobia by Harriet Goodhue Hosmer, 1859 CE, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA
Pat Southern, Empress Zenobia: Palmyras Rebel Queen, A&C Black, 2008,ISBN:1847250343, 9781847250346 http://www.ancient.eu/zenobia/ http://www.exovedate.com/ancient_timeline_six.html
Constantius II Constantius II was the one of the greatest empire Of the ancient Rome .His Roman name is Flavius Claudius constantius. He was one of the powerfull Caesar. The word ‘’Caesar ’’ was originally the name of the famous aristocratic patrician family of ancient rome . he was born in Arles in 316AD. He was the youngest empire in ancient Rome history which was killed while fighting over territory with his brother in age of 24 . constantius was responsible for the slaughter of his cousin and uncles , of Theodora’s line during the great massacre of 337AD. And now the Constantius is remember as : “ The emperors who was killed fighting over territory with his brother …..”
Origin of Varman Dynasty (350 CE – 600 CE) The Varman Dynasty was established by Pushya Varman in 350 CE, who was the first ruler of Kamarupa Kingdom in Assam. They became the vassals of Gupta Empire. Pushya varman’s grandson Bala Varman whose strength (Bala) and armour (Varma) were never separated and whose soldiers were always forward against his enemies. It appears from some inscriptions that SamudraGupta and Samudra Varman married in the same family. Samudra Gupta was compelled, inspite of this relation, to fight with Bala Varman according to the rules of Asvamedha sacrifice. Perhaps this invasion of Samudra Gupta limited the power of the kings of Kamarupa for a time. References:
http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-emperors/constantine-ii.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II
The Social History of Kamarupa Vol. I by Nagendra Nath Vasu (Chapter II) http://www.indianetzone.com/50/kingdoms_assam.htm
350 CE Establishment of the Pallava Empire Pallava gained prominence after the eclipse of the Satavahana dynasty . Whom pallavas served as Feudatories . North tamil nadu and south andhar pradesh Were under the rule and control of the pallavas. The Pallavas and chalukas of badami were seen struggling for a long period of time for supremacy in peninsular India soon after the kalabhra upheaval . The pallavas Capital , kanchi was a city of temples and vedic learning . They were dedicated for help the people . Villagers were granted free of taxes to the brahmanas by them . http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/pallava-dynasty.html
Cultural contribution of Kamarupa Kingdom (Varman Dynasty)
374 CE
St. Augustine of Hippo (13 November 354 CE – 28 August 430 CE) Augustine was intellectually brilliant and a gifted writer, he is known primarily as one of the great figures of Christian late antiquity. He was baptized, became a priest, a bishop, a famous Catholic writer, Founder of religious priests, and one of the greatest saints that ever lived. This famous son of St. Monica was born in Africa and spent many years of his life in wicked living and in false beliefs. Through the prayers of his holy mother and the marvelous preaching of St. Ambrose, Augustine finally became convinced that Christianity was the one true religion. He saw the human being as a perfect unity of two substances: soul and body. Augustine is probably best known for his Confessions, which is a personal account of his earlier life. His On the Trinity, in which he developed what has become known as the 'psychological analogy' of the Trinity, is also among his masterpieces, and arguably one of the greatest theological works of all time. References
http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/pallavadynasty.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO: A Biography by Peter Robert and Lamont Brown http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=418
Saint Augustine painting by Antonio Rodriguez
CHANDRAGUPTA II (380-415AD) Chandragupta II (Chandragupta vikramaditya) was great and powerful monarch of Gupta empire. He vastly extended the Gupta Empire by his conquests with judicious combination of diplomacy policy and warfare. He used matrimonial policy against Nagas and Vakatakas by marrying with Kuveranaga (Naga princess) and his daughter Prabhavati married with Rudrasena II (Vakataka prince). He used it to extend the authority and constitute formidable opposition against Sakas. He extends Gupta Empire from the Bay of Bengal in east and Arabian Sea in west. His major conquests were against Malwa, Gujarat and Kathiawar from western Sakas straps.
KALIDASA
He flourished the Art and Culture in his Empire which reflected by his own court by employing the scholars and artisans of several vocations. He established cabinet of nine gems, Kalidasa (Sanskrit scholar) and Varahamihira (astronomer and mathematician) well known. The famous Fahien’s visited India during his reign and spent six year in Gupta Empire. The annexation of western provinces provides him control over commerce with Egypt and Europe.
Portrait of Chandragupta II
(1)http://historiarex.com/e/en/219-chandra-gupta-ii-reign-ca-380-415 (2) http://holisticthought.com/chandragupta-ii-380-415-a-d/ (3) http://www.indianetzone.com/22/chandragupta_ii_a_conqueror.htm
399
The poet Kalidasa
400 424
GOTHIC WAR (376AD-382AD)
(1) http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Gothic_War_(376-382).html (2) http://www.balkanhistory.com/goths.htm (3) http://www.ancient.eu/visigoth/
Master Indian poet and artist. Circumstantial evidence proves that Kalidasa lived in the early 400s C.E, adorning the court of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya of Ujjaini, as of the nine ‘gems’. Though numerous works have been attributed to his name, seven have been identified as genuine, including Abhijnanasakuntala and Malavikagnimitra. His poems suggest he was a Brahmin, who was a worshipper of Lord Shiva. The date and works of Kalidasa have been one of the most perplexing questions in history, however conceived lacking certainty. It is to be regretted that India has not been able to preserve the history of her greatest poet and drama.
V. V. Mirashi, N. R. Navlekar (1969), Kalidasa: Date, Life and Works Bhattacharya Shastri Gaurinath (1943), A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature.
375
Gothic War refers to warfare between Eastern Roman Empire and Goths (Eastern Germanic tribes) in Balkans in several periods. In the summer and autumn of 376, tens of thousands Godos and other tribes arrive the Roman Empire from Danube and appealing to Roman Emperor Valens for settlement in south Danube. Emperor Valens permits this but later following a famine due to lack of production food, Goths and Thracians rebelled and Gothic War took place. At winter end of 377, the war in serious began and going 382. Goths moved to Marcianopolis and near Adrianopolis where the entrance is denied by the military trimming. In 378 Valens moved to the north of Constantinople and defeated in Batalla de Adrianopolis. The beginning of sacking foods happened in Danube (376-377) and later moved Vagando (378), northwest in Dacia (379). In 380 they divide into Terving and Greuthung moved to Pannonia and Macedonia. In 381 western Empire force lead return Goths to Thrace and finally 382 La Paz was done.
THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET
Caption
Armenian works had originally been written in Cuneiform script, but this was considered unfit, as it had been utilised for pagan purposes, for the religious works of Christianity. In late 4th century, King Vramshapuh commissioned the setup of a new script, in order to translate the Bible. The alphabet, consisting of 36 letters, were formed with the o ne letter for one sound basis, following the most advanced language of the time, Greek, and is dated to 405 C.E. Most of the letters in Armenian also denote numerical values. The letters which were created were deemed so perfect that changes have never rarely been made to them. The new script precedented a literary boom, leading the 5th century to be known as the ‘Golden Age of Armenian Literature’.
Armenian Alphabets
Sack of Rome by Visigoths
Maksoudian, Krikor H. (1978), The Origins of Armenian Alphabet and Literature Daniels, Peter & Bright, William (1996), The World’s Writing Systems
Kumargupta I
THE AJANTA CAVES
Kumaragupta I was a famous emperor of Gupta Empire who ruled during 415-455 CE. He was the son of emperor Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II). The Gupta Empire attained its zenith during his time. He has been said to be almost equal to Indra in a statement of Tumain inscription. His empire was very vast, extending from Bengal to Kathiawar and from the Himalayas to the Narmada in the south. During his reign, there were very less number of invasions in the state, but in the last times of Kumaragupta I, Gupta Empire started to decline. It is said that he had performed Ashvamedha after defeating the invasions. He had also issued different gold and silver coins.
The Ajanta Caves are described as “the finest surviving examples of Indian art, particularly painting”, by ASI. This is a Buddhist Cave and include mainly paintings and sculptures. The caves were built in two phases with first phase starting around 2nd century BCE and the second group of caves built in a brief period of 460 to 480 CE according to the recent proposal of Walter M. Spink. The site is a protected monument of ASI and been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983. The earliest group of caves are believe to get constructed during the 2nd century BCE, during the ruling period of Satavahana dynasty. The second phase of construction of cave begun in 5th century and most of the work took place over the very brief period from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of Harishena of the Vakataka dynesty. Padmpani Mural, Ajanta Cave No. 1 After the fall of Harishena Ajanta Caves were abandoned and gradually forgotten during the Gupta dynesty and but it was rediscovered again in 1819 by John Smith.
He is said to a peace loving emperor and he promoted Hinduism. In Borobudur, Java, many temples were built in the same style like Guptas.
IMAGE
Ganguly, Dilip Kumar, The Imperial Guptas and Their Times, 1987, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi Agrawal, Ashvini, Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, 1989, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Delhi http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/53/Gold_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg
425 CE
449 CE
Rajesh Kumar Singh (2012). An Introduction to the Ajanta Caves. Hari Sena Press Pvt. Ltd. Walter M. Spink (2005). Ajanta: The end of the Golden Age. BRILL.
450
Conquest of Carthage by Vandals
SACK OF 455
Carthage is a city in Tunisia and earlier it was the centre of ancient Carthagian civilization. In Greek language its meaning
The sack of 455 was the second of three sacks of Rome, it was conducted by Vandals. The sack of 455 is considered as being more thorough than the previous sack, because the Vandals looted and plundered Rome for fourteen days whereas previously the city was plundered for only three days.
is “new city”. Vandals were East Germanic tribe or group of tribes. In 439 CE, king of Vandals Gaiseric defeated the Roman general Bonifacius easily because of disaffection of African Christians and then Gaiseric made the city his capital. But after some decades war started and the Eastern Roman Empire subdued the Vandals in the Vandalic war 533-534 CE. Gaiseric had recalibrated the state calander, declaring the occupation of the city in 439 to be the “year of Carthage”- i.e,
Invasion of the roman empire
‘year one’ of his reign, and of the kingdom as a whole.
474
The most controversial and amazing thing about the sack of 455 is that the sack was relatively non-violent and clean. Very few people got killed and Vandals did not destroy or burn the city but many Romans were taken back to Africa as slaves. The words of St. Jerome “The city which had taken the whole
Looting by Vandals in Rome
IMAGE high res
to recapture the richest lands of their former empire.
world was itself taken”, written after sack of 410 could easily have been used to describe the sack of 455 and this time more efficiently. Just 21 years after this incident, the last western Roman emperor was deposed.
Merrilis Andrew & Miles Richard, The Vandals, November 2013, Wiley-Blackwell Jaques Tony, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : A-E, 2007, Greenwood Publishing Group http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png
Peter Heather (2005). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press. Peter Heather (2010). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History. Pan Macmillan. REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica
Gaiseric looted the coast of Eastern and Western empires for 35 year but after Attila the Hun’s death, Roman’s turned back
Julius Nepos
ARYABHATA
Julius Nepos(430-480AD) ruled on western empire and Roman Dalmatia(468-480AD). He was son of Nepotianus, master of soldiers and nephew of Marcellinius. He started his career as the governer of provenance of Dalitlama. His wife was niece of Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, his name Nepos was given by Leo I in 474 AD in order to end the reign of Glycerius.
Aryabhata was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He lived in Pataliputra, Patna. A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda university as well.
As an emperor he tried to merge the Western roman emperor with Italy and Illyria. He also settled a peace settlement with Visigoths and their king Euric. Overall Julius Nepos was one of the most capable emperors of Western Roman Empire, but Roman Senate always hated him because of his relation with Eastern roman emperor. In 475 AD he appointed the Orestes as Magitier Millitium , by whom Nepos got cheated . Orestes took over the governance of western empire and made his son Romulus Augustus as emperor. But Odoacer killed the Orestes and gave back empire to Nepos on the statement of Eastern emperor Zeno. In 480AD, Nepos was assassinated by his own soldier.
In 511 AD, he gave the concept of mathematical equations for describing the rotation of earth on its own axis. This discovery was one of his remarkable ones and is very much accurate also. He said that the earth revolves around the sun and the moon rotates around the earth. He discovered the positions of nine planets and stated that these planets also revolve around the sun. He discovered scientific reasons for both solar and lunar eclipses, claiming that the shadow cast by the earth and the moon cause the eclipses. He also stated the correct number of days in a year are 365.
Tremissis of Julius Neops
Shalu Sharma (2014). Life and Works of Aryabhata.Createspace Independent Publishing http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37461/Aryabhata http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata http://www.famous-mathematicians.com/aryabhata/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nepos Late Roman Warlords by MAC George ISBN no:0-19-925244-0 http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-emperors/julius-nepos.htm
475
499
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata
500 CE
525 CE
Mausoleum of Theodoric
Aryabhata Aryabhata (476-550AD) was first great mathematician astronomer from Indian Classical age. We do not have his birth place, but He was firstly mentioned by Bhaskra I as Asamkiya, one who belong to Asmaka country. He went to Kusumpura for higher education; Kusumpura is indentified to be Modern Patna. He was head of institution Kulapa there. He had also set up an observatory at Sun temple Bihar. He is well remembered for his famous contribution to Indian mathematics and Astronomy called Aryabhatiya. The another major work, Arya-siddhanta is lost work but it is known through the writings of Varahmihara, Bhaskara I and Brahamgupta. He introduced the number system in Aryabhatiya which hs been used from many centuries, value of Pie and Knowledge of Zero. In his system of astronomy, called audKya, in which he mentioned about the elliptic orbit of planet. His works influenced other culture and mathematics.
Statue of Aryabhata in IUCAA, Pune
The Ostrogothic (eastern German people) ruler Theodoric the Great built the ancient monument, Mausoleum of Theodoric as his future tomb in Ravenna (Italy). It was built in 520 AD as his burial place.
Statue of Aryabhatta at IUCAA, Pune
Its structure consists of two decagons, placed one over the other. The upper decagon is roofed by a big monolithic dome. In contrast to other monuments, the Mausoleum of Theodoric is made of carved stones instead of bricks or stone blocks. The stones were imported from Istria, including the solid circular stone that forms the roof of the building. This roof stone is 11 m in diameter and around a meter thick. It remains unclear how this 230-ton stone was transported from Istria or lifted onto the top of the building.
Mausoleum of Theodoric http://www.turismo.ra.it/eng/Discover-the-area/Art-and-culture/Unesco-world-heritage/Mausoleum-of-Theoderic http://www.european-traveler.com/italy/the-mausoleum-of-theodoric-in-ravenna/
VISHNUGUPTA Vishnugupta was the last known major ruler of the Gupta Dynasty, the death of whom in 550 AD marked the end of the Gupta rule and the golden age of the country. Less is known about him. By the excavations in Nalanda, some copper coins suggest his given reign and that he was the son of Kumargupta III and grandson of Narsimhagupta Baladitya. The excavations also suggest that his rule extended from Magadh up to Nothern Bengal. Some records suggest that Isanavarman (suggested in records to be the son of the sister of Vishnugupta) took the title of maharaja in 551-552 AD just after the death of Vishnugupta. His attacks have been evident from before by the inscriptions obtained which are dated 554 AD. Some text also regard Narsimhagupta, the grandfather of Vishnugupta as the last king of the Gupta Empire. No such development in terms of arts, literature, and architecture is evident in his period. His time period of rule was only of 10 years which are anyways less for any ruler to do such activities. The end of Gupta Empire thus brought in the rule of another great ruler, Harshvarshan.
Prasanna (525 – 550 CE): After Narendra (previous king of Sarabhapuriya), Prasanna became the king of Sarabhapuriya dynasty. The name of the dynasty is known as Sarabhapuriyas because their earliest grants were issued from Sarabhapura town. He was the son of Jayaraja and grandson of Sudevaraja. His full name was Prasannamatra which is found on his coin. He is the only Sarabhapuriya king whose gold coins have been discovered. His coins are found in many regions like Kalahandi in Orissa, Chanda in Maharashtra and Chattisgarh area. These coins are divided into two halves. Upper part has the figure of Garuda with spread out wings in centre and a conch and a chakra on either side. The lower portion has the legend SriPrasannamatra in box-headed character. This also suggests that Vaishnava character of the Sarabhapuriya Kings. The issue of coins by him seems to indicate that He was a powerful king. Later he founded a city named Prasannapura on the river Nidila. Later it became the capital of the Amararya-kula. He ruled about 25 years.
Gold coin of Prasannamatra
The ruins of Nalanda, from where the excavations helped discovering the king.
Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir.450-1200 AD;B P Sinha;ISBN- 8170170591; Pg. No. 92 Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas; Ashvini Agrawal; ISBN-8120805925 ; pg. no. 239
INSCRIPTION OF THE SARBHAPURIYAS, PANDUVAMSINS AND SOMAVAMSINS part 1 by Ajay Mitra Shastri http://puratattva.in/2011/08/04/the-sarabhapuriyas-800
525 CE
549 CE
Battle of Camlann (537 CE): The Battle of Camlann was the final battle of King Arthur with his enemy Mordred (Medraut). King Arthur was the legendary king of British who led the defence of Britain against many invaders in early 6th century. The battle was caused by King Arthur's return to Camelot, after his quest to hunt down Sir Lancelot. King Arthur had learned of Guenevere and Sir Lancelot's affair, so Sir Lancelot fled to France. Arthur wanted to take revenge from him; but his enemy, Mordred, took over Britain. When Arthur returned and tried to take back his kingdom, Mordred refused. A battle erupted, and Arthur was severely wounded. Arthur was mortally wounded at the battle. In the End, Arthur became victorious. Merlin, the king's enchanter (an incarnation of the Doctor) placed his body and the sword Excalibur in an inter dimensional spaceship and hid it at the bottom of Lake Vortigern. An entry in Annales Cambriae:
550
574
AVLOKITESHWARA(GUANYIN) IDOL
How Mordred was Slain by Arthur
"Gueith camlann inqua arthur & medraut corruerunt et mortalitas in brittannia et in hibernia fuit."
(The strife of Camlann in which Arthur and Medraut perished, and there was plague in Britain and Ireland) http://tardis.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann https://www.google.co.in/search?tbm=isch&q=battle+of+camlann+high+resolution+pictures&ei=YxcYVer2CY3V8gWFr4Bo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann http://www.camlann.org/battle_of_camlann.htm
A sculpture of a bodhisattva made of sandstone and pigment, dated 550-560AD in the Northern Qi Dynasty, China. A Bodhisattva is an enlightened being in Buddhism who does not pursue nirvana but enlightens himself living in the world. A possible way to differentiate idols of them with ne of Buddha is to see that they are usually heavily adorned. The bodhisattva found in the remains of the Northern Qi dynasty in China, presently in the Metropolitan Museum of Arts, New York is stated as Avlokiteshwara (or Guanyin), the bodhisattva of compassion. The hugeness of the sculpture and the quality of adornment points towards the growing devotion in Guanyin in Chinese culture and standardization of Chinese Buddhist art. A similar idol is present in the British Museum as well. The artistic touch in the sculptures in the time of Northern Qi dynasty is more than in the counterpart’s in other dynasties. Apart from Buddha, whose sculptures depict simple clothing, these sculptures specifically attribute to the fact of them residing on earth. China, A history, John Keay, ISBN 978-0-00-722178-3; Pg. no.256,216-239 Chinese Sculpture; Anjela Falco Howard, ISBN-9780300100655, Pg No. 274
Sculpture of Bodhisattva, probably Avlokiteshwara, Northern Qi Dynasty,550-77
SHASHANKA
Pope Gregory I
Shashanka was the first independent ruler of Bengal (Gauda) from 600 CE to 625 CE. His capital was Karnasuvarna (Murshidabad)[1]. His kingdom spread to Magadha, Orrisa, Kongoda, Vanga and Kannauj. He was contemporary of Harshavardhana. Shanshaka was a very powerful monarch and defeated Rajyavardhan, Grahavarman and Harshavardhana. Shashanka was referred to as“The lord of the earth, Mahimpati girdled by the four oceans” in inscriptions on copper plates of Midnapur and Ganjam[3]. He followed Shaivism and suppressed Buddhism. According to Hiuen Tsang, Shashanka cut down the Bodhi tree, the tree where Buddha got his enlightment and tried to efface the footprint of Buddha on a stone[2]. But it is also said that he built many monasteries and supported Raktamrittika Vihara. Architecture in his time include Rajbaridanga which contained several stupas and rooms[1]. It was because of Shashanka that Bengal was brought into competition with other states to control rest of India. He died of a foul disease[3].
St. Gregory, born at Rome about the year 540, was the son of Gordianus, a wealthy senator, who later renounced the world and became one of the seven deacons of Rome. After he had acquired the usual thorough education, Emperor Justin the Younger appointed him, in 574, Chief Magistrate of Rome, though he was only thirty-four years of age. After the death of Pelagius, St. Gregory was chosen Pope by the unanimous consent of priests and people. Now began those labors which merited for him the title of Great. His zeal extended over the entire known world, he was in contact with all the Churches of Christendom and, in spite of his bodily sufferings, and innumerable labors, he found time to compose a great number of works. He is known above all for his magnificent contributions to the Liturgy of the Mass and Office. He is one of the four great Doctors of the Latin Church.
Pope Gregory 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245549/Saint-Gregory-I http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06780a.htm
575 CE
599 CE
Gold coins during Shashanka’s rule[1]
http://www.indianetzone.com/69/shashanka.htm V.K Agnihotri(1981), Indian History, Allied Publishers George E. Somers(1977), Dynastic History of Magadha, Abhinav Publications
600
624
HORYU-JI TEMPLE
Simhavishnu Simhavishnu reigned around AD 550 (a reign of thirty-plus years), beginning the Pallava revival. He recreated a strong Pallava kingdom by subduing many kings in the south (such as the Kalabhras, Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras, and the king of Ceylon). His kingdom soon extended beyond Kanchi (as far as the River Kaveri). Through his naval expeditions he subdued Malaya (Indo-China) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Simhavishnu also patronised literature and poetry. He was said to be a patron of the great Sanskrit poet, Bharavi, and was himself a Vaishnavite Hindu by religion. Simhavishnu is known to have been the patron of the Sanskrit poet Bharavi, who wrote of the duel between Siva and Arjuna known as Kirata Arjuneeya, after which Lord Shiva blessed Arjuna with the divine 'Pasupata' missile. The structure of Bharavi's play suggests that it was written for koodiyattam plays for worship in temples during festivals. Kirata Arjuneeya is used as a subject http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhavishnu http://www.historyindia.org/
Stone Carving of king Simhavishnu
Horyu-ji ("Temple of the Flourishing Law") is the oldest surviving Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan, and is one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world[1]. It was founded in 607 by Prince Shotoku Taishi, an early convert to Buddhism, as a dedication to Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of healing[2]. It features a five-tiered pagoda housing symbolic relics of the Buddha, a monumental gateway, a lecture hall (kodo) and an image hall (kondo) among the many structures in the complex. The pagoda, which stands 106.5ft tall, is constructed around a single wooden column that raises the interior height of the building and the eaves of the pagoda are supported by cantilevered cloud pattern bracket arms, indicating Asuka style of architecture[3]. It is believed that the base of the pagoda is enshrined with a fragment of one of Buddhas bones. The temple contains several famous statues like Kudara Kannon, that of Yakushi Nyorai and Yumedono Kannon as well as murals containing the paintings of Shaka, Amida, Miroku and Yakushi The pagoda of Horyu-ji temple[3]. Nyorai Bhuddas.
IMAGE high res
Christopher E.M. Pearson (2014). 1000 Monuments of Genius. Parkstone International. Beth Reiber (2012). Frommers Japan. John Wiley & Sons. Marian Moffett, Michael W. Fazio, Lawrence Wodehouse(2003). A World History of Architecture. Laurence King Publishing
Bhaskara I
NARASIMHAVARMAN I
Bhaskara was a seventh century Indian mathematician, who writes the numbers in Hindu decimal system with a circle for the zero. He was a famous scholar Aryabhata’s astronomical school. He wrote two books, the Mahabhaskariya, this is called the greet book of Bhaskara and the Laghubhaskariya ,this is called small book of Bhaskara. He also wrote commentaries on the work of Aryabhatta I. In the Mahabhaskariya there are eight chapters all are about mathematical astronomy. He gives a formula which is used to calculate maximum error of less than one percent and the formula is:
sin 𝑥𝑥 ≈
16x π − x 𝜋𝜋 , 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ − 4𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋 − 𝑥𝑥 2
5𝜋𝜋 2
Bhaskara I
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:7th-century_Indian_people http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.in/2009/07/bhaskara-was-indian-mathematician-of.html
Narasimhavarman I was a Tamil King who belongs to Pallava dynasty. He ruled the south India from 630 AD- 668 AD. He was the successor of Mahendraverman I. He completed the work started by Mahendraverman in Mahabalipuram. He also avenged his father’s death at the hands of Chalukya King, Pulakesin II in 642 AD. He was also known as Mamallan and the place called Mahabalipuram is named after him. It was during his kingship that Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang visited Kanchipuram. He gives an interesting description of Pallavas and their people. He was a great devotee of Shiva. He was succeeded by his son Mahendravarman in year 668 AD. He was the greatest ruler of the Pallavas. People were happy under his monarchy and there was an abundance of agricultural products. Narasimhavarman has a great influence on Srilankan politics. The Sinhalese prince lived at his court. The prince helped him to crush his enemy Pulakesin II. Narasimha supplied Manavarma with twice an army to invade Srilanka and in the second attempt, Manavarma occupied Sril Lanka.
India and South Asia between 650-675 CE
http://www.timemaps.com/history/south-asia-500ad Sastri, K A N (2008). A History of South India (4th ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-pallavas-kingdom-origin-and-life-under-the-pallavas/2535
625
649
Conquest of Persia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Jq0damMgUU
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-pallavas-kingdom-origin-and-life-under-the-pallavas/2535
650
674
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-pallavas-kingdom-origin-and-life-under-the-pallavas/2535Sikh
Missionary Society
Within the one year of Muhammad’s death in 632, Arabia was secure enough to allow his heir, Abu Bakr, who was the first caliph, to begin the campaign against the Sassanid Empires. Arabia first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633, which was the political and economic center of the Sassanid state. Abu Bakr defeated the Byzantine army at Damascus in 635 and then began his conquest of Persia. Arab forces occupied the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon in 637 and than in 641-642 thet defeated the Sassanid army at Nahavand. After that, Persia lay open to the attackers. Than the Muslims offered relative religions Islamic attack in Persia tolerance and fair treatment of population that accepted Islamic rule without any resistance.
Sikh Missionary Society
FIRST ISLAMIC WAR Sikh Missionary Society
In 656 Medina (Yathrib), the 3rd caliph, i.e. Successor of
Mohammad Sikh Missionary wasSociety murdered. He had appointed members of
Islamic attack in Persia
his own family as regional governors and caused bitter jealousy among other families. This caused an angry mob of 500 to murder him. This gave Ali an opportunity to claim power. Some claim that Ali plotted Uthman’s murder. The civil war broke out which continued to nearly 4 years. In 1661, an assassination attempt has been made on Ali ibn Abu Talib, the son in law of Mohammad, and he dies of his wounds, aggravating a split between his supporters, called Shia Muslims. The Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (602-680), long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War. Muawija became caliph. He moved the capital from Medina to Damascus. His followers were called the Umayyads. Muawija was one of the soldiers who helped capture Damascus and for 25 years he had served as governor of Syria. Muawija began the practice of appointing his own son as the next caliph, and so the Umayyads ruled for the next 90 years.
Part of the Islamic Civil War
Islam: An Illustrated History By Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart Christopher Munro-Hay Pg-40 http://timelines.ws/0600AD_999AD.HTML http://www.fsmitha.com/time/ce07.htm
Sangameswara Temple
BATTLE OF KARBALA The Battle of Karbala was a military engagement that took place on 10th of October, 680 in Karbala (present day Iraq) between the Prophets of Islam led by Husayn Ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and forces of Yazid I, the second Ummayad caliph. It is the battle which separated Sunni and Shi’a Islam. The battle was a defining moment in Islamic history. It has been described as “indescribably tragic” and as “casting its shadow over all subsequent Muslim history” (Bennett 1998, 149). In Shi’a Islam, Ashurah is the annual commemoration of Husayn’s martyrdom. Yazid becomes the epitome of evil. The battle is viewed differently by Shi’a and Sunni. Both regard it as deeply tragic but for Shi’a it marks the departure from Sunni Islam. Shi’a Muslims mourn the death of Husayn on Ashurah and on this day, speeches emphasize the values for which Husayn sacrificed himself and his family and followers. Resisting oppression and speaking out against tyranny have become values that are readily associated with the Shi’a culture.
Sangameshwara temple in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, was built around 696 to 733 AD. This temple is known to be one of the oldest and beautiful temples built in Chalukya Dynasty.
IMAGE Battle of Karbala
REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312214/Battle-of-Karbala REFERENCES - http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Battle_of_Karbala REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala
675
Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. They say that when Pandavas wanted to pray Lord Shiva, they felt this place as sacred place as it is situated at the confluence of Bhavanasi and Krishna rivers. They say that Nivruthi Sangameswaram has great spiritual significance because of its antiquity
Sangameshwara temple: By Vijayaditya SatyashrayA, a great Chalukya King http://indierovers.blogspot.in/2014/05/ir2-state-of-our-ruins.html
Reference:- Temples of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh". Indianetzone. Jupiter Infomedia. 2008
699
700
PAPANATHA TEMPLE
Pepin the Short: Frankish Kingdom
Papanath temple is built in the vesara style which is dated back to 680. The temple which was started in nagara style was later changed to a more balanced Dravidian style. Scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharata are depicted in the sculptures here. The temple has a portico, a main hall, sanctum with an encircled pathway and an antechamber. The main hall has 16 pillars. The pillars have fine figures of couples and carved figures of females. A royal court is depicted on the north western wall. The ceiling has impressive figures of Shiva-Parvathi along with Vishnu and the Gandharvas. External walls have figures of lion and elephant riders and also Ramayana scenes. The temple is built in various stages and has many similarities with the Navabrahma temples in Alampur, Andhra Pradesh which were also built by the Badami Chalukyas.
Dates: Birth 717 to 768, September, AD
IMAGE
Papanatha temple at Pattadakal
724
The first Carolingian King of the Franks. (Now known as France) Pepin the Short played an integral role in establishing holy Roman Empire. He began the work of subduing the Saxons, which was Finished by his son, Charlemagne. One of the influential factors to claim superiority of Catholic Church over Constantionople. For the recognition from Pope, he defended Rome against the Lombards. Donation of Pepin: Land given by Pepin to Pontiff and the Catholic Church, after known as Roman Catholic Church, from Byzantine Christian Exarch of Ravenna. Also recorded as one of the most evil people due to forgeries he created Pepin The King: Ruler of Nustria, Burgundy and Provence
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadakal REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty
References:– ONE-EVIL.org, Organization for the unified understanding, revelation and truth of Evil. The Original Catholic Encyclopedia
Vikramaditya-II
Cordoba
Vikramaditya-II(reigned 733 CE-744 CE) was the son of King Vijayaditya. After the death of his father, he ascended the badami chalukya throne. At that time, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram was their enemy. As a prince, Vikramaditya has conducted military campaigns against Pallavas. Capture of Kanchipuram on three occasions were his important achievements, first time as a prince, second time as an emperor and third time under leadership of his son Kirtivarman-II. He invaded the Pallava kingdom after 735. After victory, he ensured that beautiful monuments were not destroyed and the residents were not harmed. Many donations were made to Brahmins and weak citizens. He transformed himself into a humble devotee of god in the temple of Kanchipuram. In Virupaksha temple, Kailasanatha temple and many other temples, the inscriptions about benevolent acts of Vikramaditya-II were recorded. The victories against Chera, Chola and Pandyas were also written in his inscription.
Vikramaditya-II
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90201/Chalukya-dynasty www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chalukya_dynasty
Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba
REF: http://www.spainthenandnow.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba
725
749
BATTLE OF TOURS The Battle of Tours was fought on 10th October, 732 in an area between Tours and Poitiers, in north-central France. So, this battle is often called Battle of Poitiers. It was fought between forces under Frankish leader Charles Martel and Islamic leader Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. During the battle, Islamic army was defeated by the Franks. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed. Charles Martel extended his authority in south. The outcome of this battle was interpreted as divine judgment in favour of Charles by some historians. Charles Martel was given a nickname Martellus which means Hammer. Charles was also called the champion of Christianity. After the battle, Ummayad army retreated south over the Pyrenees and in the subsequent years Charles continued to drive the Ummayad forces from France. According to historian, this battle was characterized as a turning point in the struggle against Islam. After the battle, Christianity as a religion was preserved in Europe.
Cordoba is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, capital of the province of Cordoba. This city was the capital of the province of Baetica under the rule of the Roman Emperor Augustus. The city’s greatest glory started in 756 as it became the capital of al-Andalus(Islamic Spain), when Christian Hispania(Spain and Portugal) empire was conquered by the Muslims. During this period the Great Mosque of Cordobaalso known as La Mezquita was rebuilt. This MosqueCathedral was originally a Catholic church, which was built on the ruins of the Roman temple of Janus and when Muslims conquered Spain the church was divided into Muslim and Christian halves, it was after demolishing this that the Great Mosque of Cordoba was built. It again became a Catholic church in the 13th century. The city grew even bigger in the next centuries under the Islamic empire until it came to the downfall in 1031A.D. The city dazzled with multicultural activity, with Muslims, Jews and Christians mingling at different levels. Cordoba had a booming economy, had well organised communities and was a centre of learning in Europe.
750
774
Dharmapala
Charles Martel(mounted) facing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi(right)
Gibbon, Edward The Battle of Tours, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Watson, William E., "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited" Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). Decisive Battles of the World. Simon Publications
Dharmapala was the second ruler of the Pala Empire. He took over the throne from his father Gopala, who established the Pala Empire in the Bengal and Bihar region of Indian subcontinent in 770A.D. and ruled it until 810A.D. He expanded the boundaries of the Pala Empire and made it a dominant power in north-east India. He defeated king Indraraja of Guraja-Pratiharas of Kanauj. But later he was defeated by Vastraraja of Pratiharas and King Dhruva of Rashtrakutas, who also defeated Vastraraja. Then Dhruva left for Deccan, the defeat did not affect Dharmapala much but Pratiharas were badly mauled and Dharmapala availed this opportunity and made himself Lord of North India (Uttarapathasvamin). He was a patron of Buddhism, built Somapura Mahavihara-greatest Buddhist Vihara which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. He revived the Nalanda University and founded the Vikramshila University. He remained a dominant ruler in North India till the end of his life. He was succeeded by his son Devapala.
Vikrmashila University
REF: http://www.hawaiilibrary.net/article/whebn0005579182/dharmapala%20(emperor) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor) http://www.snipview.com/q/Dharmapala%20(emperor)
AMOGHAVARSHA NRUPATUNGA
GURJARA PRATIHARA DYNASTY: The Gurjara Pratihara was an imperial dynasty that rules much of Northern India from mid-7th to the 11th century. It is also known as Pratihara Empire. There are many rulers how rule on Gurjara Pratihara in between 7th to 11th century. Vatsaraja is one of the great ruler how rule in (780 CE-800 CE). He was grand-nephew of Nagabhata, he also rule(750 CE-780CE) Gurjara Pratihara, his mother was queen Bhuyikadevi. Gwalior inscription tells that Vatsaraja conquered parts of central Rajasthan after defeating the Bhandi clan and also defeat Indrayudh of Kannauj and Dharampala of Bengal. Reference:
Amoghavarsha Nrupatunga was one of the greatest kings that India has seen. He is known to be the greatest of Rashtrakuta Kings, a dynasty that ruled the large part of India between 6th and 10th century C.E. Amoghavarsha was born in 800 C.E. He was on his throne in the year 814 C.E at an early age of 14. He waged wars against many of the contemporaries like the Chalukyas and won them. He reign lasted for more than 60 years. Amoghavarsha Nrupatunga was a patron of Jains and Kannada literature. Both of these flourished under him. The king himself and his court author Sri Vijaya wrote the Kavirajamarga. It is the earliest available work on poetic, rhetoric and grammar in Kannada language. An Arab visitor, Sulaiman (851 C.E) has addressed him with the title ‘King of Kings’ apart from the numerous indigenous titles.
Pratihara avatar)
coin
(boar-headed
Vishnu
IMAGE
The extent of Rashtrakuta Empire (800CE - 915 CE)
REFERENCES - https://ithihas.wordpress.com/2013/04/02/amoghavarsha-nripatunga-the-king-of-kings/ http://www.gktoday.in/rastrakuta-empire/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/491822/Rashtrakuta-dynasty
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249669/Gurjara-Pratihara-dynasty History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 228
775 CE
799 CE
HARUN UR RASHID 786 CE: Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. He born in 763 CE, and he was the sun of AlMahdi and Al-Khayzuran. He ruled in Baghdad from 786 to 809 CE during the peak of Islamic Golden Age. He was 22 years
800
824
VIKINGS Around 800 C.E vast number of Scandinavians left their properties and went seafaring in search of better fortune. They were primarily people from the current day Denmark, Norway and Sweden looking for riches but have been often regarded as pirates or raiders. The word ‘Vikings’ originates from the Scandinavian word ‘Vikingr’ that means pirates.
old at the time of his accession to power and at that time his father Al-Mahadi he had been the governor of the western provinces and he led military campaigns against the Byzantines. His full name is Harun al-Rashid ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi. He established the ancient library Bayt alHikma in Baghdab in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to develop as a centre of knowledge, culture and trade. During the reign of the Harun al-Rashid (city Baghadad began to develop) Reference: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WBodU7eS5dUC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=Harun+ur+Rashid+786+CEs source=bl&ots=0OI9Nvbl2z&sig=aE9k_SFqGmT5IlhSzHEB_KS4KMg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q30ZVaeWNszHuAT6go DADg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Harun%20ur%20Rashid%20786%20CE&f=false
At the very beginning of the 9th century C.E, they made their mark by raiding the monastery of St. Philibert’s on Noirmoutier, near the estuary of the Loire River. This was the first Viking attack in continental Europe. Thereafter, they have made attacks and settlements along many coastal and inland cities of European countries like Britain, France, Russia, Scottish Islands and others. They have invaded the British Islands of Iona twice during 802 and 805.
Caption The Viking Ships of 9th Century
REFERENCES - http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab86
SAMRAAT MIHIRA BHOJA- I WISDOWISDOMPLACE THING
Seuna (Yadava) Dynasty
Mihira Bhoja-I (836-885 CE) was a ruler of Gurjar Pratihara dynasty. He succeeded his father Ramabhadra and was succeeded by his son Mahender Pal-I. During his reign, his empire extended over large areas from the foot of Himalayas up to the river Narmada. The territories were rich and prosperous and also rich in natural resources. Bhoja was a great devotee of Lord Vishnu and adopted the title of Adivaraha. His coins have an inscription of Adivaraha. Many temples made by him still survive, one of which includes Teli Mandir, near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, marks the presence of Vishnu on earth. The architecture and design feature an outstanding fusion of architectural styles: the roof resembling Dravidian while the decoration resembles the art of North India. Statue of Gurjar Samraat Mihira Bhoja-I
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64156/Mihira-Bhoja http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja_I Image Courtesy: Wikipedia
825
Ancient Indian History and Civilization http://iyadav.com/history/yadavs-of-devgiri/
849
THE HOUSE OF WISDOM
850
874
Viking Age
The House of wisdom was founded by Caliph Harun alRashid and culminated under his son al-Mamun. It was a major intellectual center during the Islamic golden age. Under the reign of al mamun, the economic support of the house of wisdom increased and the society appreciated the value of knowledge. Al mamun is credited with bringing well known scholars to the house of wisdom for sharing new ideas and information. The house of wisdom attracted most
The Seuna, or Yadavas of Devagiri (850 - 1334 CE), was an Indian dynasty, sometimes believed to be of descendent of a mythical king Yadu. They a kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to Narmada rivers, with capital at Devagiri (present day Daulatabad in modern Maharashtra). Initially Yadavas were feudatory rulers of Western Chalukyas, after the decline of Chalukya Empire they declared their independence and established rule that ended in 13 century after the decline of Singhana II. There are many stories and evidences of Seuna’s origin, one of which suggest that they were the descents from the Devagiri – the capital of Yadavas Chandravanshi (Yaduvanshis) to which belonged the legendary Mahabharata hero Krishna. They were originally from Mathura and later moved to Dwarka. Other stories suggested that they were Maratha or Old Kannada descents. The founder of Seuna Dynasty was Dridhaprahara, the son of Subahu, he founded the city of Chandradityapura, and the modern Chandor as it headquarter. ‘Seuna Chandra’ the son of Dridhaprahara helped Rashtrakutas in their war against Pratiharas (835-860 CE).
Scholars discussing at house of wisdom
of the Arab and Persian minds. The house was also a center for the research, astronomical observation and humanities. It was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. They destroyed all the books. Indeed the house of wisdom was much more than a library, it had laid the foundation of research work. http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/abbasids%E2%80%99-house-wisdom-baghdad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom Jonathan Lyons (2009).The house of wisdom: How the Arabs transformed western civilization. Bloomsbury publishing Image courtesy: Wikipedia
The Great Britain faced the barbaric invasion by Viking in the 9th century as the Viking Age continued from the previous century. The raid was uneven until 840’s CE, but in 850’s the Viking armies began to assemble in large groups by intension of conquering the England and by the end of 867 CE they took over York and the southern part of Northumbria. Under the leadership of Ragnar Hairy-Breeks and his son Ivarr the Boneless they destroyed the fortress of British Kings of Strathclyde and also killed King of Northumbria and East Angles. Later under the control of Viking leader, Halfdan The Black, the Vikings had conquered Mercia in 874 CE. Under his control the Vikings had conquered almost whole of England.
Oseberg Ship @ Viking Ship Museum, Osla, Norway ‘The burial ship of Queen Asa, mother of Halfdan The Black’
Moreover Vikings were considered as raider and warriors, but majority of them were traders and explorers and their trade network was so extensive that it covered all of modern Europe, Russia, Northern India, & China The Oxford Illustrated history of the Vikings edited by Peter Sawyer (Oxford University Press, 1997) Britain in the First Millennium by Edward James (Edward Arnold, 2001) http://www.pointsandtravel.com/viking-queen-viking-ship-museum-in-oslo-norway/
Rise of the Chudasama Dynasty 875 CE marks the beginning of the Chudasama Dynasty. The Chudasama Dynasty was established in Junagadh, which is in the Saurashtra region in the state of Gujarat. An important ruler of the Chudasama Dynasty during 875 to 899 CE was Chandra Chuda.The Dynasty was also expanded in the districts of Kacchh and Jamnagar. It is believed that the Chudasama dynasty allied with the Ahir community so as to regain power in the province of Junagadh.Chudasama are known to be the Bhanjas (nephews) of the Ahir community.The Chudasama Dynasty rulers mostly have their origin in the Yadu clan. The Chudasama Dynasty had been attacked by Begarha during several occasions. It also had small alliance with small royal clan of the Rajputs. The last of the rulers were cruelly forced to change their religion to Islam. The rulers of this kingdom were addressed with the prefix "Ra”. The Chudasama Dynasty was considered to be a brave dynasty because of its rulers who had shown great bravery and valour during invasions.
King Indra III King Indra III(914-929 CE) was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Krishna II and became the ruler of the empire after the early demise of his father Jagattunga. Immediately after coming to power, Indra III had to fight a Paramara ruler, a feudatory of Gurjara Prathihara and routed him out of Govardhana near Nasik. Thereafter the Paramaras became feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. The Gurjara Pratihara ruler Mahendrapala I was experiencing some family feuds and this gave Indra III an opportunity to attack Kannauj in the Ganges Yamuna doab. Kannauj at this time was under the control of the Pratihara empire. For several years it was believed that Indore was founded in 18th century by the Holkars. But according to recent development by historians and archaeologists Indore city's foundation was laid nearly 1100 years ago. Rashtrakuta king Indra III, while returning to his capital Mayankheta after conquering Kannauj camped with his army at a site, which gradually took the shape of current day Indore.
Chudasama’s Logo
https://harshad30.wordpress.com/2014/11/03/today-at-uperkot-fort-junagadh/ https://raol1810pr.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/raizada-rajput-clan-in-gujarat/ Junagadh by K. V. Soundra Rajan
875
899
Reu, Pandit Bisheshwar Nath (1997) [1933]. History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas). Jaipur: Publication scheme. http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNIND193
External links[edit]
900
Huang Chao Rebellion
Cluny Abbey
The Tang Dynasty suffered a lot of cruelty in the end of the ninth century. The common man had to suffer a lot. Huang Chao came forward as a supporter of the public and initiated a rebellion. The Tang Dynasty had to go through a rebellion under the leadership of Huang Chao. The rebellion took place for ten years starting from 874 CE to 884 CE. The rebellion had a lot of crucial stages. The rebellion was a turning point in the history of the Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao had alliance with Wang Xianzhi. The rebellion initiated with very few people. During the rebellion, Huang Chao became the emperor of Qi. One of the reasons of Huang Chao of not able to conquer the Tang Dynasty was that he was not able to convince many generals about his capability and even refused to accept certain conditions. The Huang Chao rebellion is also known as the Huang Chao uprising. Huang Chao was considered to be a great ruler in support of the people and thus a great rebellion. Huang Chao was killed by his own nephew.
Cluny Abbey dedicated to St. Peter, is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny France. It was built in the Romanesque style, with three churches built in succession from the 10th to the early 12th centuries. Founded in 910, it was the center of a monastic reform movement that would spread throughout Europe. The abbey was built on a forested hunting preserve donated by William I the Pious, duke of Aquitaine and count of Auvergne. At Cluny the liturgy was extensive and beautiful in inspiring surroundings, reflecting the new personally-felt wave of piety of the 11th century. Another uniqueness of Cluny was in its administration. Before Cluny, most monasteries were autonomous and associated with others only informally. But when new monasteries were founded in the Cluniac tradition, these were designated.
http://totallyhistory.com/huang-chao-rebellion/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Chao#Rebellion
Huang Chao Rebellion
Ending an Era: The Huang Chao Rebellion of the Late Tang, by Adam Fong
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Indreshwar temple built by Indra III which led to people settling around it and was the foundation stone for the city of Indore.
924
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Painting of Cluny Abbey before it was mostly destroyed.
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/cluny-abbey Conant, Kenneth J. (1968). Cluny. Les églises et la maison du chef d'Ordre
QUEEN DIDDA OF KASHMIR:
Athelstan: The King of All Britain Athelstan was the eldest, but illegitimate, son of King Edward the Elder born to his common-law wife, Egwina, in AD 895. He was brought up by his aunt at the Royal Court of Mercia and was, thus, very popular in the Midlands and the North. After the death of the King in 924, legitimate son Elfweard took on the throne but just in 15 day’s he was murdered by Aethelstan. In 925 Athelstan became king of Wessex and Mercia. In 926 to help consolidate his links to the North, Athelstan married his sister to Sihtric, the Norse King of York. At the age of 32 Athelstan became overlord king of England. In 937 Athelstan defeats alliance of Scots, Celts, Danes, and Vikings, and takes the title of King of all Britain. Athelstan was a religious man who patronized a number of Wessex monasteries. He founded Muchelney Abbey in Somerset, for example. His generosity to the Church was well-known, not just in terms of money, but books and other holy treasures. He died on 27th October AD 939 and was buried, not in the family mausoleum in Winchester, but at his favorite abbey at Malmesbury. A medieval tomb bearing his effigy can still be seen there today. Athelstan was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund.
A picture of Athelstan from Athelstan Museum Malmesbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
950
950 CE
974CE
RISE OF SONG DYNASTY:
Kingdom of Tondo Tondo was a fortified Philippine kingdom whose capital was located north of the Pasig River which flows into the Manila Bay on the archipelago’s largest island of Luzon. It is one of the older settlements mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which dates back to 900 AD. Tondo was an ‘Indianized’ kingdom in the 10th century. It was based essentially on Hindu and Buddhist cultural and economic influences that permeated most of Southeast Asia at the time. Despite being culturally akin to Hindu cultures, kingdoms like Tondo were truly indigenous and independent of India but they nevertheless enthusiastically adopted elements of ‘raja-dharma’ (Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, codes and court practices) to legitimate their own rule and constructed cities. According to the earliest known written document found in the Philippines Laguna Copperplate Inscription the Ruler or Senapati of the Kingdom Tondo is mentioned as Jaydewa, who gave a pardon for a debt to a person Namwaran and his family. The writing system used is the Kawi Script, while the language is a variety of Old Malay, and contains numerous loanwords from Sanskrit. The plate is cited as the evidence of cultural links between Asian civilization (The Srivijaya Kingdome and Middle Kingdoms of India) and Classical Tagalog People.
India, Kashmir, Queen Didda Rani (Sole Reign), AD 979-1003, AE Panchi or Stater
Eminent Personalities of Kashmir by Krishan Lal Kalia (books.google.co.in) http://www.streeshakti.com/bookD.aspx?author=6 http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=12167.0
REFERENCES The Age of Athelstan: Britain's Forgotten History by Paul Hill http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelstan.html British Empire: A very short introduction by Jackson and Ashley
925
Queen Didda (958 CE-1003 CE) was one of the most influential rulers in the history of Kashmir. She was the daughter of Simharaja, Lord of Lohara and grand-daughter of Bhima Sahi, ruler of Gandhara. She was married to Ksemagupta, son of Parvagupta, ruler of Kashmir. Ksemagupta came into rule in 950 CE after his father’s death. But Ksemagupta was always pre-occupied with drinking, debauchery and gambling. Therefore, Queen Didda was welcomed in to the administration of the Kingdom. She did not take much time to make her mark and soon took full control on the administration so much that the coins were issued in both their names together. When Ksemagupta died, his son Abhimanyu was instilled on the throne, under the guidance of her mother, Didda. Didda followed nepotism but at the same time killed her followers ruthlessly if she found them to be disloyal. She lived till 1003 CE and before she died she appointed her brother’s son Sangramarala of Lahore as her heir.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 CE) A thin copper plate measuring 8×12 inches in size and inscribed with small writing that had been hammered into its surface.
REFERENCES https://sites.google.com/site/truelakandula/kingdomoftondo https://thebulwaganfoundation.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/the-kingdom-of-tondo/ History of the Philippines before European Colonization: Kingdom of Tondo, Models of Migration to the Philippines,
The song dynasty was culturally well developed in the Chinese history. In the year 960 CE, the Emperor Taizu found this dynasty. The song dynasty was divided into northern song (960-1127) and southern song (1127-1279). The Emperor Taizu ruled for over 16 years (960-976). His capital was in Kaifeng. He set the policy that most of the government officials should be Confucian literati who passed the imperial exam. This policy made sure that all the officials are intelligent, loyal and literate. Many academies were established from where the great scientists of their time evolved. Many great achievements in literature, technology and arts were known. One of the most important artistic expression of Chinese civilization is landscape painting. During the Song dynasty, there were many great inventions in China. Gun powder was one of the great inventions of that time. Initially, they used it for fireworks and later for cannons and firearms. The invention of paper and ink, typography and the magnetic compass were other great achievements. http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/china-history/the-song-dynasty.htm http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm https://sites.google.com/site/sungdynastydmd/inventions http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/song-dynasty.html
This detail of a Song Dynasty painting called An Elegant Party shows a small banquet hosted by the emperor for scholar-officials
Mahmud of Ghazni Invasions
RAJA RAJA CHOLA-1 Also known as Raja Kesari Verman Raja Raja Devar [1] and peruvudaiyar. Raja Raja literally means king of kings. He ruled Chola Empire from 985 to 1014 C.E. It was during his reign he chola dynasty expanded its empire and he is harbinger of chola dynasty. By conquering seven kingdoms in India he expanded Chola Empire till Sri Lanka in the south and Kalinga (Orissa) in the North-East. He is a great conqueror,an able administrator And a great builder [2].
Mahmud of Ghazni was the most important ruler of Ghaznavid empire. He was the eldest son of Abu Mansur Subuktigin and was born in 971 AD. He died in 1030 AD. He was the first ruler to get the title of Sultan. He succeeded his father in 997 AD at the age of 27. He was an ambitious ruler. Between 1000AD to 1027AD he is believed to have raided India 17 times. At the time of his conquests Rajput power had declined. India during that period of time was of the richest countries of the world. Politically India was unstable at that time. To accumulate this wealth of India, spread Islam and to make Ghazni, his capital city, centre of power in Central Asia, he decided to attack India. He raided many temples of India because of the enormous wealth they had. During the period he also raided the famous Somnath Temple of India. Because of these attacks, India became weak both politically and economically and became more prone to foreign attacks.
He was a great patron of Tamil literature. During his reign the poems of famous Tamil poets like Appar,Sambandar and Sundarar are collected and edited into a single book called Thirumurai He built a temple called Brihadeeshwara temple which is one of the largest and tallest temples in India Caption 1.
http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article432582.ece
2.
A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana) by Chandra Mauli Mani p.51
975
999
Early Civilization- Greenland inGREENLAND Europeans are aware of existence of an island
called Greenland in early 10 century. According to some stories a person called Eric the Red is exiled from his country for a murder for 3 years during those 3 years he sailed to Greenland and explored its coastline and then claimed that it belongs to him. Later in 980 he persuaded some people to join him at Greenland and settle at Greenland [1]. Thus they are first settlers in Greenland. Later in the year 1000 Eric’s son explored the surroundings of Greenland and found another island called Vinland (Which is now Newfoundland) th
25 ships left Iceland for Greenland in 985 but only 14 Caption reached Greenland successfully there were about 500 men and women who started living on Greenland[2] They survived for about 500 years and why they disappeared is a mystery till today
Invasions of Mahmud Ghazni
REFERENCES - http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/battles/mahmud-ghazni-invasions-of-india.html http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mahmud_of_Ghazni http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/history/mahumud-ghazni.html
1019 IMAGE high res
1000 Stephen I of Hungary King Stephen I also known as the Saint Stephen was the first king of Hungary. His year of birth is not known with certainty. His birth name was Vajk, a Pagan name. He is considered to be the founder of Hungarian state, and thus is one of the important figure in the history of Hungary. It is widely believed that he was crowned on Christmas Day in 1000 AD by the famous Pope Sylvester II. He believed in German Model of rule, and even organized his kingdom on that model. He also succeeded in keeping his kingdom safe from German and Byzantine conquests. He organized the army, promoted agriculture and did a lot of other things in his kingdom. He believed in the authority of Church and thus was into a lot of missionary work. Because of his contribution to Christianity, he was granted the title “Apostolic King” by the Pope. He died in the year 1038.
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1. http://www.greenland-guide.gl/leif2000/history.htm 2. http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/
REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565415/Stephen-I http://stephenchurch.org/life.htm
Stephen I of Hungary
Raja Bhoj
CHENNAKESAVA TEMPLE
Hoysala dynasty is a south Indian dynasty which mainly ruled over modern day Karnataka and was very famous for its architecture. It was established in 1110 AD and ruled till 1326 AD. The dynasty was founded by a tribal chief Nripa Kama. They build a new and unique style of temple architecture. There were more than 100 temples, out of these 3 of them are very famous, Chennakeshava temple at Belur, Hoysaleswara temple at Halebid and Kesava temple at Somanathapur. They build the Belur temple also known as Chennakeshava temple in 1117 AD to celebrate the victory against Cholas. However some sources also say that Vishnuvardhana built this temple when he embraced Vaishnavism as told by his Guru. The Belur temple has very beautiful ornamental Gopuram (Monumental tower at the entrance). This Temple has two drawbacks one of them is that the shrine has lost the tower. There are many pillars and they show a large variety in design. The Hoysala dynasty administration was inherited from Chalukyas. Chalukyas started the Vesara style of building temple which however came into complete application during the time of Hoysala.
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Chennakesava Temple, Belur
REFERENCES - http://www.karnataka.com/belur/about-belur/ , http://templenet.com/Karnataka/beluarti.html REFERENCES - http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/books/11/std11-hist-em.pdf REFERENCES-A Complete Guide to Hoysalas Temple by Gerard Foekema
1020
1039
MAGE high res
http://www.destinationinfinity.org/2010/12/19/king-bhoja-paramara-dynasty-11th-century-ad/ https://www.jatland.com/home/Raja_Bhoj
1040
1059
Kaifeng Iron Pagoda
Conrad II Conrad II, the first Franconian Emperor was born in 990 AD and died on 4th June 1039AD. He was the son of Count Henry of Speyer. He was the founder of Salian dynasty. He has ruled more than one Empire. He has served as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (102739), King of Germany and King of Italy. In the year 1027 he was crowned emperor of the Roman Empire, it was mentioned that he could travel 150km in 24hrs on horseback. In the year 1033, during the chilly winter he rode across the breadth of Germany to burgundy to save his inheritance there. After the death of Henry II on 13 July 1024 without any successor left behind he became the king of Germany. The reign of the Conrad II is noticeable for the acquisition of the Empire of the Burgundy and ruled it from 1033 AD. His successor was his son Henry III under whom the empire rose to its peak.
Raja Bhoj ruled the Malwa region from the beginning of 11th century to 1055 A.D. He belonged to Parmara dynasty. He founded the city Bhojpur. In addition to being a King, he was a great scholar, great poet, great critic, great builder, great virtuoso, great experimenter, great thinker and great giver. He had strong alliance with the powerful king of South- Rajendra Chola and had even helped the Shahi Kings to resist the attacks of Mohammad of Ghazni. Raja Bhoj wrote many books during his life which cover philosophy, poetry, phonetics and archery etc. He together with the solanki king Bhimdev rebuilt the Somnath temple after it was sacked by Mahmud of Gajni. He constructed several spectacular temples like Bhojeswara,shiva temple in Bhojpur. He built Bhoja lake which was built by daming and channelizing the Betwa river. The great Jain Scholar Dhanapala convinced Bhoj to give the practice of sacrificing animals for propitaion of god. Bhoja was caught in the Pincer Grip and while fighting his two enemies he was shot down by Raja Bhoj Statue at Bhopal M.P and arrow on the battle field.
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Conrad II
REFERENCES - Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of three Kingdom REFERENCES - The Holy Roman Empire by James Bryce. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44101/44101-h/44101-h.htm#Page_150 REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/133162/Conrad-II
Iron Pagoda is a Buddhist Chinese Pagoda built in 1049. It was built by the ruler of northern Song dynasty. It is located in the Iron Pagoda Park, northeast corner of Kaifeng City. Pagoda was built in the first year during the reign of Huangyou (1049A.D.). The pagoda is a 13-storeyed octagonal building as high as 55.88 meters. It is also called Kaibao Temple Pagoda due to its location. There was a wooden pagoda which was struck down by lightening and burnt down. Later Ruler ordered to build another pagoda at same location. This time it was built with fire-resistant glazed bricks. It is elaborately designed in traditional Chinese wooden structure, with dozens of patterns decorated on the tiles, such as the flying kylin, dance performance, etc. The tiles are skillfully arranged and tightly built.
http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Scenery88bye361.html http://www.china.org.cn/english/TR-e/43300.htm
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Iron Pagoda,Kaifeng
VIKRAMADITYA VI
Late Classical Period
Vikramaditya VI rule began from 1076 AD.He became the chalukya king after defeating his brother Somesvara II. His reign marks the start of Chalukya-Vikram era and is known to have ruled for the longest period. He was also attributed with the title ‘Tribhuvanamalla’. He reigned over a vast empire stretching from Kaveri River in Southern India to the Narmada River in Central India.He is also renowned for his love for art and learning. Kannada and Sanskrit were the mainlanguages of his interest. As a prince he invaded Bengal some time before 1068 CE and defeated the kings of Gauda and Kamarupa. The records of Vikramaditya also refer to other military expeditions against Bengal under him. He invaded Malwa thrice in 1077, 1087 and 1097. He conquered the southern territories of Narmada and even erected a victory pillar at Dhar. His rule was a glorious era in the literary history of Kannada.
‘Tribhuvanamalla
The 12th century in India saw a transition from a classical period to beginning of European exploration. During this period the main dynasties in India were Chalukyas , Hoysalas , Kakatiyas , cheras , pandyas and the most powerful dnasty at that time was the Cholas which covered almost the whole land of south india. Also during this period people started to come from European countries in search of spices which led to increase trade with the European countries. During and after this period of time the introduction of islam in india increased and there was a rise of a mixed culture in india along with islam. People started to come to india from north as they knew about the wealth that india had .Also the Islamic rulers were interested in indian spices and indian gold which lead to increased influence by Islamic dynasties in india during this period.
(lord of three worlds)’ Vikramaditya VI http://www.indianetzone.com/50/vikramaditya_vi.htm http://www.preservearticles.com/2011091913557/short-notes-on-vikramaditya-vi.html image courtesy: yousigma.com
1060
http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-classical-india http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/South_India_in_AD_1100.jpg
1079
1100
BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE
BATTLE OF TINCHEBRAY
The battle of Stamford bridge took place at the village of Stamford bridge in September 1066. Viking king Harald Hardrada was the challenger to English throne. At this time English king Harold was most vulnerable against Hardrada. He chose to move north to fight Hardrada and finally after a brutal battle Harold emerged victorious. So the Stamford battle ended the long Viking threat to England.
The war of Tinchebray took place in the year 1106 at Tinchebray between the king of England Henry1 and his older brother Robert Curthose who was supported by Edgar Aetheling. Henry1 and Robert Curthose both were son of William the conqueror But after the death of William rufus henry tookover England but as Robert was older then henry1 Robert wanted the England land under his control along with the Normandy land. The dispute of land led to the war of Tinchebray . The war of Tincheray is one of the shortest war fought of all time the war did not last more then a hour and in the end of the war henry1 came out as a true winner. The knights of England were too much for the Roberts army. After the defeat robet along with his son and Edgar were taken to prison were they lived rest of there life. Henry1 then continued as duke of England his rule over England till 1135 before his death due to illness.
This victory was decisive for the English king proving him to be an able commander. The exact location of the main battlefield at Stamford Bridge is however difficult to determine, given the lack of landscape description in the sources. The area called ‘Battle Flats’ to the south-east of the town is generally accepted as the correct location. A greater part of the battle flats remain as agricultural land, so a significant part of battlefield may survive. Two monuments to the battle have been erected in and around the village of Stamford Bridge.
Painting of battle of Stamford Bridge
http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/viking/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=41 image courtesy: Wikipedia
Distribution of south Indian land during early 12th century.
1119
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinch ebray#/media/File:Tinchebray.jpg
Henry’s Knights fighting with Robert’s Henry1:King of England and Duke ofNormandy. Army. englishhistorytimeline.com/Medieval/Contents/1100-1199. academia.edu/439596/Henry I Count Helias of Maine and the Battle of Tinchebray.
Basavanna Guru Basavanna was born to a traditional Brahmin family in the small town of Bagevadi in Karnataka, Lakkanna Dandesh said, Basavanna was born at mid-night on Monday, Kartik Shudda Purnime of Hindu year, This Hindu year coincides 1131 A.D. Researchers have concluded that Basavanna was born during 1131 in Bagevadi. Every year, ‘Bssava Jayanti’ is celebrated on Vaishaka Shudda Tritiya, in Rohini Nakshatra. He belonged to Kamme Brahmin community. Kamme Brahmins are also called Aradhyas and Smartha Brahmins. They are half Brahmins and half Veerashaivas The boy Basavanna grew in the company of his elder sister Nagamma all the time she was first guru of Basavanna. After age of 8 year his parents send him to his guru for study. Basavanna spent ten years with his Guru in Kudala Sangama. He was a youth of 18 years age. He had completed study of Vedas, Puranas, Shastras etc. He had thorough knowledge of Sanskrit and Kannada languages. Now he could see the society he Shaw there were many problem in there like Division of the society on the base of caste. Basavanna decided to reform the society to bring an end of thinking of like that. He had several such ideas in his mind. To achieve his goal he had decided to remain bachelor. Eeshanya Guru thought that if Basavanna marry with a politician doughter the then his goal will be easier so Basavanna marry with Gangambike, daughter of the ministe Basavanna was a harbinger of social reformation who tried to establish a casteless and classless society in the 12th century.
Rajaraja Chola II
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108 feet Basava statue at Basavakalyan
1139
Stephen King of England Stephen was the third son of Count Stephen of Blois. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in middle France, his father, Count StephenHenry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother. He became king of England in 1135 and he was king of England from 1135 to 1154. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. But In 1138 King David I of Scotland, Matilda's uncle, launched an attack on England, though defeated at the Battle of the Standard in August, he remained a rallying point for the opposition. In 1139 Stephen arrested the heads of the royal administration Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, his son, and his two nephews. The Church was upset by the incident. Historians believe that the king was already ill and preparing to settle his family affairs. He adopted Henry as his "son and heir," Stephen fell ill with a stomach disorder so Stephen died on Oct. 25, 1154, and Henry took peaceful possession of England (as Henry II). REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565388/Stephen REFERENCES - http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=stephen
Statue of Rajaraja chola II
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Raja_Raja_Chola_I The Cholas: mathematics reconstructions the chronology By N. Sethuraman
REFERENCES - http://salimathss.blogspot.in/2012/11/life-history-of-basavanna.html
1120
Rajaraja chola II became the king of chola dynasty around 1150 CE. He was the later chola king. But the inscriptions of that time started to appear from 1146 CE. So this shows that he had his influence on chola dynasty since 1146 CE. At this time chola empire started to show weakness related to control on empire and effective administration. But Rajaraja chola II controlled the dynasty well. During his time there is not much violence. He had control on provinces like Kalinga, Vengi, padndya and Chera territories. He ruled the chola dynesty about 26 years. He said to be weak king of that time but he enjoyed peaceful time. He also constructed a famous temple called “Airavateswarar”. This temple was a piece of marvel architecture work. He also made many such grants to temples at Kanchi, Tiruchy, Srirangam, and Madurai. He was a good ruler who was loyal to his ministers and commanders and the people lived in his rule.
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1140
1159
Pope Lucius II Pope Lucius II was also known as Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso. He was the pope of Roman Catholic Church from 9 march 1144 to 15 of fabruary1145 CE till his death. He was born in bologna. It is a village in modern Italy. After becoming the pope he presented to church a Gospels. It was plated with gold from the outside and two chased silver gilt from outside. He worked also as librarian of library named Diocese of Rome. His pontificate was described by a revolutionary republic at Rome which sought to deprive the pope of temporal power, and by the recognition of papal suzerainty over Portugal. After his rule pope Eugenius III became the pope. He also fought a battle during 1145 CE. It is described that in that war he was seriously injured and did not recovered and died on 15 February 1145 CE.
Stephen King of England
Pope Lucius II http://www.nndb.com/people/016/000097722/ Thomas, P.C., A compact History of the Popes, St Pauls BYB, 2007
Battle of Thurles
Battles of Tarain
The Battle of Thurles was held in the year 1174 between the Norman invaders, led by Robert Fitzstephen, and King Henry II of England. It basically started in 1169 when invaders invaded Ireland. King Henry fears of the invaders of creating a norman state, hence he invaded Ireland with a massive host and was successful in securing the loyalty. After this, Norman’s continue to conquest till 1173. The Irish came in open rebellion and defeated the invaders severely with mostly being surrendered. The battle lasted for around 18 months. This followed with a huge losses to this Irish country and countrymen.
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Norwich Castle captured by Hugh Bigod with a force of over 800 soldiers in july 1174.
Vincent Byrne; The Hidden Annals: A Thousand Years of the Kingdom of Connaught 366-1385; Universal Publishers; ISBN 9781581125689 Tai-Wan-Titlarks Volume 24; Austrian National Library 1842 http://www.faminemuseum.com/thurles-history/the-battle-of-thurles-1174/ REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica
1160
1179
Ballal Sena
2
nd
Battle of Tarain
http://holisticthought.com/the-battle-of-tarain-muhammad-ghori-and-his-invasion-on-india/ http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Profile/History/Wars/Battle-of-Tarain Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan – Raghuvir Singh Rajput, Studied summary
1180
1199
Philip II of France
Ballal Sen or Vallallasena was the second (hindu) ruler of Sen dynasty of Bengal. He was the one who made vigorous efforts so as to annihilate the Buddhism which was popular at that time and popularised and establised the Hinduism. His reign consists of 1160-1179 AD. He was the one who reintroduced the concept of caste system i.e. the practise of Kulinism among Brahmans, Baidyas and Kayasths by which the nobility of birth and purity of blood remains protected. He was also an author as he wrote Danasagra in 1168. He also started writing Adbhutasagara but couldn’t complete it.
The Battles of Tarain, or Battles of Taraori, were fought in the years 1191 and 1192 near the town of Tarain present-day Haryana, , between Mu'izz al-Din’s army (a Ghurid army ) and army led by Prithviraj Chauhan (Chauhan Rajputs). The first battle:- In the year 1191, Mu'izz al-Din raided and captivated the fortress of Bhatinda in East Punjab which was under the control of Prithiviraj Chauhan's . The Ghurid army started battle by attacking via ranged cavalry at Rajput center. Prithviraj was successful in ceasing the Ghurid advance towards Hindustan. The army surrendered and Muhammad was made prisoner. The Second Battle:- In 1192, Mu'izz al-Din Ghori made preparations to avenge his defeat. Ghori attacks the Rajput army before dawn. Muhammad divided his huge troop into 5 parts. The Rajput army was eventually defeated; Prithviraj was taken prisoner and then executed. About hundred thousand Rajput soldiers died in the battle. Muhammad and his successors made Islamic empire.
Sculpture of Sena Dynasty
http://deepak-indianhistory.blogspot.in/2011/08/sena-dynasty-of-bengal.html Proceedings of Asatic Society of Bengal; University of California 1891 Manohar Laxman Varadpande; History of Indian Theatre: Classical Theatre; Abhinav publications 2005; ISBN 9788170174301 Vincent A. Smith; The Early History of India; Atlantic Publishers and Dist. 1999; ISBN 9788171566181 Samaren Roy; The Bengalees:Glimpses of History and Culture; Allied publishers 1999; ISBN 9788170239819 http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/Ballal_Sen
Phillip Augustus was a capetian king of france. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and took their goods. The main source for Philip's army was from the royal demesne. During wars and rebellions, he had the power bring up 200 horse sergeants, knights, 100 crossbowmen (on foot and cavalry) thousands of foot sergeants, and 300 mercenaries. He actively built a French navy.War with Vassals - In 1181, Philip began a war with Philip1 of Alsace, Count of Flanders, over the Vermandois, which King Philip claimed as his wife's dowry. Count of Flanders had invaded france.Phillip broke alliance with Henry 1, which forced the count to surrender in peace. Third Crusade (1189-1192): - Philip went on the Third Crusade with Richard I of England (The Lionheart) and Frederick I Barbarossa (the roman emperor). Philip was ailing severely with dysentery, which reduced his Enthusiasm and power. The decision to get back was also driven by the comprehension that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English assets in France would be subjected for attack. War would happen in those territories. Philip Augustus – King of France by Jim Bradbury http://www.templiers.org/chronique-eng.php http://www.timelines.ws/1100_1199.HTML
Phillip 2- crusader king
GENGHIS KHAN
Mallikarjuna temple, Basaralu
Genghis Khan was the founder of Mongol empire and ruled from 1206 to 1227. He conquered more than twice than any other men in the history. Temujin is his original name and he is also called as Chinggis Khan. In 1206, in a tribal meeting when he was proclaimed as the leader of Mongol empire he was named as Genghis Khan. Even though he was brought up in the world of excessive tribal violence, he was very wise.
The Mallikarjuna temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva is located in Basaralu, a small town in the Mandya district, Karnataka state, India. Basaralu is located close to Nagamangala and about 65 km from the culturally important city of Mysore. The temple was built by Harihara Dhannayaka around 1234 A.D. during the rule of the Hoysala Empire King Vira Narasimha II. This temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.
World population was decreased by 11 percent due to Mongol attacks and he was responsible for nearly 40 million deaths. He gave freedom for the people in choosing their religion as their wish. Still it’s unknown to anyone how he died or where he is buried. In remembrance of him his name was kept to the airport in the city of Ulan Bator and his portrait is even available on Mongolian currency. One of the famous quote of Genghis khan is “If you are afraid- don’t do it, -if you’re doing it- don’t be afraid”
Portrait of Genghis Khan on Mongol currency
Genghis khan and the making of the modern world, Crown Publishers, New York http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-genghis-khan
1200
1219
References http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/john.shtml http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/king_john.htm wikipedia
http://templesofkarnataka.com http://shastri-s.blogspot.in/2012/12/mallikarjun-temple-basaralumandya.html
1220
1239
The Battle of the Kalka River
John King of England King John is one of the controversial monarch of medieval England. He is also called as John Lackland. He got this name as his father didn’t give any land when he died. After the death of his brother Richard he became King of England. In 1206, he lost Normandy, Maine, Anjou and parts of Poitou. Which effected his prestige and he became determines to win them back. He was force to sign the Magna Carta (Latin Word meaning “the great charter” which limited his royal powers. It was the first formal document stating that monarch should behave under the law of people and the rights of the individuals should be against the wishes of sovereign.
There are seven varieties of pillars in this temple made of soapstones. An universe of Gods being carved attractively on the walls. The walls seem like the great hill (Meru giri) full of sculptures depicting Puranic stories and episodes of Ramayana- Mahabharata and Bhagavatha. The base of the Historical Pride: Mallikarjuna temple 1234 AD in Mandya district temple has pattikas in the ascending order, of Elephants,Horse riders, Hoysala symbol, sculptures of Puranic episodes, crocodiles and swans.
This battle was took place on May 31, 1223, between the Mongol Empire (led by Jebe and Subutai ) and several Rus' principalities and the Cumans, under the command of Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev. The battle was fought on the banks of the Kalka River (in present-day Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine) and ended in a Mongol victory.
King John signing Magna Carta
Historian Leo de Hartog gives the size of the Rus' army as 30,000, and the size of the Mongol army as 20,000. The battle was a very costly defeat for the Rus' princes, with Richard Gabriel claiming that they lost 50,000 men, while the Mongol losses were minimal. Following this victory, the Mongols turned east and met Genghis Khan and the rest of the Mongol army in the steppes to the east of the Syr Darya River. Genghis Khan showed great appreciation for his general's achievements and heaped praise on Jebe and Subutai.
Mongol horse archers
Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia By David Nicolle, Victor Korolkov http://www.britannica.com http://burnpit.us/2012/05/battle-kalka-river-mongols-raiders-defeat-russians
KALACHAKRA
UNSTABILITY OF MAMLUK RULE This time period did not went well for Delhi Sultanate. At this period of time Mamluks were holding throne of Delhi. In 1240 AD, Razia Sultan, the female ruler of Delhi was assassinated. After Razia, Bahram Shah, third son of Iltutmish was put on the throne by powerful Turkish council Chalisa. He was considered as a rightful King. While in fact, Naib-emamlakat was the ruler. He lost his life in 1242 AD after failed attempt to assert his authority to the thorne. In 1242, Masud Shah was declared the ruler but removed when mother of Nasiruddin Mahamud, Malika-e-Jehan brought him down and made her son the new sultan in 1246 AD. Nasiruddin Mahamud became Sultan in 1246 AD was also a son of Iltutmish. He was also known as Darvesi King because of his nobelity. He led a stable rule for almost 20 years until he died.
This fresco from the Alchi Monastery in Ladakh represents Tibetian Buddhist painting tradition, which is different from other Indian art styles. It depicts the deity Kalachakra, which literally means time wheel. The mural depicts Kalachakra and his consort admist flames, which is one of the most striking motifs in the art of the region. Sexual union is its main focus.
Tomb of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, Father of Nasiruddin Mahamud.
Chandra, Satish, History of medieval India; Orient Blackswan Publishing, Hyderabad. http://www.facts-about-india.com/the-slave-dynasty.php http://www.historytoday.com/james-waterson/mamluks IMAGE - http://pixshark.com/tomb-of-iltutmish.htm
1240
The format depicts a protagonist surrounded by smaller figures in a formulaic and stylized manner and painted in natural and mineral pigments in the freeze. As per Mahayana Buddhism, prajna or wisdom is represented by female. She must be combined with upaya or the means which is personified by her male partner to achieve shunyata or nothingness- a pre requisite for enlightenmen. The wall painting is a visualization of this metaphysical ideal of sexual union that Kalachakra principle.
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Kalachakra fresco in situ at Lhakhang Soma, Alchi Monastery, Ladakh, India
-5000 Years of Indian Art, by Sushma K Bahl, Lusture Press, Roli Books -http://lotuswithingallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/thka44.jpg
1259
1260
SIEGE OF BAGHDAD
PSALTER WORLD MAP
The Mongols were a tribe of nomads from central/north Asia. They arrived in 1258. With over 150000 soldiers. This city was just a shadow of the greatest capital of Muslim world in 800s. The attack began in mid-January and after two weeks, on 10th February, 1258, Mongols entered the city. Caliph Mustasim became caliph in 1242, was overconfident about the power of his house. He did not worried about Mongol army in November, 1257 when rumours were that they were approaching Baghdad. Caliph sent an army to stop them from west and repulsed them. But in next encounter, Mongols betrayed them all. Although Baghdad was also sieged before this in ninth and twelfth century, Baghdad was not less than a capital in Islamic historic world. It is estimated that between 200000 to 1000000 people died in destruction.
This map is named after the Psalter world map because it was found in a psalter (a volume that includes the biblical book of psalms) from the medieval ages, at an estimated year of about 1265 CE. It tells much about the 13th century English men and women’s knowledge of the world around them, about their understanding of the place within it. The map displays both geographical and historical aspects of the perceived world map from a Christian dominated Europe. For example, Jesus is placed above the map, both blessing and guiding the world. The top part of the world would be considered the Eastern part of the world today. Many Christian maps from the middle ages place the East at the top of the map.
Baghdad city was destroyed by Mongols
Hart-Davis, Adam, History : the definitive visual guide from the dawn of civilization to the present day; Dorling Kindersley, London. http://lostislamichistory.com/mongols/ http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/invaders-3 IMAGE - http://www.museumofthecity.org/the-rise-of-cities-3
1279
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The Psalter World map now held in the British Library in London
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Psalter_World_Map,_c.1265.jpg http:/ /www.englobe-itn.net/cms/front_content.php?idcat=116&lang=1 http://www.englobe-itn.net/cms/front_content.php?idcat=116&lang=1
Jalal-ud-din Khilji Malik Firoz or Jalal-ud-din Khilji was the founder of the Khilji Empire in India. The Khiljis were of Turkic descent but had been living in Afghanistan for long periods. Jalal-ud-din Khilji ascended the throne on 3rd June 1290 after killing 17 year old successor of the Mamluk dynasty who were having internal conflicts. The pre-dominant Turkish Muslim community of Delhi did not react favorably to this act. He however quickly won over his subject with is kindness and generosity. He retained several ministers of the previous reign. He didn't believe in severe punishments. He dealt with thugs and robbers in a unique way. He often gave them a preaching on evils of stealing. Once he put all the thieves in a boat and sent them to Bengal. His short reign ended in 1296 and he was succeeded on the throne by his nephew and son-in-law Allaudin Khilji who expanded the Khilji Empire.
The Great European Famine The Great European Famine began with the wet Spring of 1315 and marked the start of the downfall of the Europe. It affected a very large amount of population across Europe. The wet spring season of 1315 caused rotting of seed grains, lack of straw and fodder for cattle and hampered the crop growth discouraging the farmers and hence reducing food supply. Although the famine lasted for two years it lead to lasting consequences such as social violence, weaker population and was followed by the onset of Black Death.
The Khilji Empire founded by Jalal-ud-din Khilji at its peak power extended from the present day Afghanistan to the Bangladesh
http://historypak.com/jalaluddin-khilji/ Image source: http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/btn_GeographyMaps/AD1290KarlukKhiljiSultanate.gif
1280
1299
“When the god saw the world was so overproud, He sent a death on earth, and made it full hard. A bushel of wheat was at four shillings or more,Of which men would have a quarter before... And then they turned pale who had laughed so loud,And they become all docile who before were so proud. A man's heart might bleed for to hear the cry Of poor men who called out,’Alas! For hunger I Die..!’ “
From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, Plague, War and Death In the Later Middle Ages, By John Aberth, Routledge 2000 http://www.halinaking.co.uk/Location/Yorkshire/Frames/History/1315%20Great%20Famine/Great%20Famine.htm
1300
The Model Parliament
Fall of Kakatiya Dynasty
The English King Edward I summoned a talk of representatives in 1295. This was known as the Model Parliament of 1295. The Parliament of 1295, known as the Model Parliament was famous as it was can be said as the first representative Parliament.
The fall of the Kakatiya Dynasty was initiated by the Turkish or the Mulsim invasion of 1303 commanded by Mailk Juna and Jhaju of Kara. However the Kakatiya managed victorious thus hurting the Turkish pride. This led to the second Turkish Invasion on the Kaktiya Empire in 1309 during which the Turks reached south till Warangal. During this course of war time the Kakatiyan king Prataparudra ignored the Delhi sultanate and refused him tribute. Hence the then Muslim ruler in Delhi, Ghiyasuddin Tughluq invaded the Kakatiya kingdom. His first invasion led by his son Ulugh Khan was suppressed yet again by the Kakatiya king. However the Khan marched once again with a bigger army and the already tired Kaktiyan army gave up and could not stop the Khan. The Kakatiyan dynasty fell apart with the kidnapping and the conseqeuntial suicidal death of Prataparuda, the last ruler of Kakatiya dynasty.
For the first time in British history the ruler invited the lower clergy to be a part of the Parliament. Apart from the lower clergy there were two knights from each county, two burgesses from every borough as well as two residents from each city. Historians and scholars refer to this Parliament as the Model Parliament as it laid foundation to the structure of Parliaments to come and has inspired the Parliament houses existing today.
King Edward I who summoned the Parliament in 1295 to discuss tax law as well as English expansion in France.
The World of Medieval Knight by Charles Phillips http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Britishpoliticalsystem.html http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/medieval/magna-carta/index.php?page=source/6/3
The Famine left many people weak and sick
The fall of Kakatiyan Dynasty led to the unification of Telugu clans who recovered Warangal from the Muslims later on.
1319
Caption
Expanse and geography of the Kakatiya empire
http://historum.com/blogs/civfanatic/5412-kakatiyas-part-iv-zenith-fall-under-prataparudra-1289-1323.html http://mudiraja.weebly.com/kakatiya-kingdom.html
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Muhammad bin Tughluq Muhammad bin Tughlau was the Turkic sultan of Delhi through 1324 to 1351. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq sends his son to the Deccan to capture Warangal, ruled by Raja Praatapa Rudra, and nearby Bidar. Prince Muhammad users the Devagiri fort as his base and triumphs. His territories nominally include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Panjab, Sind, Gujrat, Malwa, and parts of the Deccan, including Malabar. Muhammad bin Tughluq was a scholar of logic, philosophy, matrhematics, astronomy, physical science and calligraphy. The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, visiting Delhi, describes it as “one of the gratest cities of the universe,” and “the most magnificent city in the Muslim world”, His first administrative measure was to enhance land tax in the doab that led to wide spread discontent as it was introduced at a time when the entire region in the grip of a severe famine due to failurs to rain. He built hospitals and almshouses and his generosity to Muslim scholars was legendary. He did not take into account geographically transportation problems.
Muhammad bin Tughluq
DILIP HIRO (2002) The Timeline History Of India, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc http://www.historydiscussion.net/politics/foundations-of-tughlaq-dynasty-in-india-history-of-india/591 http://holisticthought.com/the-tughlaq-dynasty-1320-1414/
1320 CE
1339 CE
Polish-Teutonic War (1326-32) 113War(13232321332) Polish-Teutonic war was between the kingdom of Poland
and the state of the Teutonic order over Pomerelia fought from 132632. In 1326 the forces of king wladysalw with Lithuanian support devastated the Neumark region and the next year turned against the Teutonic order, while south king John the Blind marched against krakow. After the indecisive Battle of Plowce in 1331, the Order gained the upper hand retook Kuyavian and Dobrzyn Land. The Teutonic knights supported King John. Taking advantage of the weak field of Poland due to internal fragmentation, the Teutonic knights pillaged and conqured the polish kuyavian and the dobrzyn land. The first war between them occurred from 1326 to1333 and demonstrated the seriousness of threat and Poland vulnerability. Wldayslaw chafing under this defeat, unsuccessfully sued the Teutonic Order at the Roman Curia. Took Teutonic Knights to Papal court for not fulfilling their duty and won. Through was argued by King Charles Of Hungary to retreat he vassalized many of the Duchies Silesia.
The full name of Bahman Shah was Abu’l Muzaffer Ala-udDin Bahman Shah. His original name was Hasan Gangu. Early historian believes that Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah was descended from king Bahman (King of Persian) who was the son of Isfandiyar. Historian believes that it was too obscure to trace his origin. Adult Ala-ud-Din started his career as general serving under sultan Mohammad Bin Tughluq. He got the title of Zafar khan after becoming the governor. In 1347 he got the post of commander of an army in Daulatabad. On 3 august 1347 he set up the Bahmani kingdom after Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah abdicated in his favor. The head quarter of Bahmani Kingdom was Ahsanabad. The name of Bahmani kingdom was derived after Brahmin cast of Ala-ud-Din Bahman shah. Ala-ud-Din fought his first war against Warangal & defeated the king of Warangal Kapaya Nayaka. He won the fort of Kaulas (the fort of Warrangal). His kingdom was divided into four parts & he appointed four governors for Coin of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah those four parts. He fought many wars before his death in 1358. REFERENCES - Bhattacharya. Indian History. REFERENCES - Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan REFERENCES - Mahajan, V.D. (1991). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand
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1340 The Hundred Years’ War
1359
The Hundred Years war was a series of war between England and France. This war occurred from 1337 to 1453, so more accurately we can call this war “The 116 Years
Battle of Polish-Teutonic
DILIP HIRO (2002) The Timeline History Of India, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic+War+in+1326+32&oq=pol&aqs=chrome.2.69i59j69i57j69i59l2j69i61j69i60.5381j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8# http://netlibrary.net/articles/Polish-Teutonic_War_%281326%E2%80%931332%29 REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica
War”. There were two main reason of this war. First one was the status of Duchy people of Guyenne, although it belonged to the kings of England, but it remained the Estate of French and kings of England wanted independent Authority. The King of England claimed the crown of France; this was the second reason of The Hundred Years War. King Edward III was provoked by France attacks on the land owned by him, and then he declared himself as the king of France. This war marked the end of English attempts to control continental territory and the beginning of its emphasis upon maritime supremacy. There were great advances in military technology and science during this period, and the military value of the feudal knight was thoroughly discredited.
The Hundred Years War
REFERENCES - http://www.ehistory.com REFERENCES - http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/hundred_years_war.htm REFERENCES - http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/hundred_years_war.html
Firuz Shah Tughlaq
Firuz Shah Tughlaq Firuz Shah was the son of Malik Rajab and a Hindu princess. He learnt the lessons of nobility, gratitude and great traditions of Aryan policy from his mother and he greatly profited by his uncle Mohammad Tughlaq in the affairs of state and by his education according to the strictest canons of Islam. 1 The Muslims regarded Firoz Shah as an ideal ruler who tried to rule strictly according to the Quran. He was the ruler of Delhibased Tughlaq dynasty, deeply interested in architecture. He was famous for his enlightened public works. It is considered that he constructed around 845 public works. He also repaired the Qutub Minar (1368) which had got damaged previously in an earthquake. 2 Firoz Shah Tughlaq paid great attention towards the domestic affairs of his state. He is remembered in history for abolishing about twenty four types of taxes on people. Even land tax was reduced. He only collected four taxes sanctioned in Quran. He won the support of the nobles by giving them land grants. He also reduced the Trade tariffs 3 1. 2. 3.
4.
Turkic Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty4
History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D., By Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, p67 Alfieri, Bianca Maria. 2000. Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. London: Laurence King Publishing, 43. History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D., By Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, p6870 historypak.com, oil on canvas, accessed 2012
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1. 2. 3. 4.
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/notes-on-the-personality-of-firoz-shah-tughlaq-897-words/4490/ http://www.importantindia.com/12839/firuz-shah-tughlaq-2/ http://www.historydiscussion.net/articles/bright-and-dark-sides-of-the-rule-of-firoz-shah-tughlaq/2688 http://www.indianetzone.com/26/firuz_shah_tughluq_ruler.htm Image courtesy: Google images
1380
1399
Peasants Revolt
THE BLACK PRINCE Edward, the Black Prince, was the eldest son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was born at the royal manor of Woodstock. He was called "Edward of Woodstock" in his early life, after his birthplace, and since the 16th century has been popularly known as the Black Prince.1 He was the first Duke of Cornwall (from 1337), the Prince of Wales (from 1343) and the Prince of Aquitaine (1362–72). These titles were given by his father.2 There is no record of his name ‘The Black Prince’ being used during his lifetime. To capture John, the French King, he used his superior tactics the Battle of Poitiers in 1355. This was his most important achievement. The Black Prince organised the construction of the Chantry Chapel at Canterbury Cathedral and he expressed the wish to be buried there. Edward died at Westminster Palace and was buried at his requested place. Richard, the son of Edward the Black Prince, became king on 23 June, 1377.3
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1309-1388), cousin brother of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq ascended the throne after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq. Firuz Shah was the son of Malik Rajab and a Hindu princess. Firoz Tughlaq came to the throne in 1351 A.D. and ruled Delhi Sultanate for about 37 years up to 1388 A.D. The Muslims regarded Firoz Shah as an ideal ruler who tried to rule strictly according to the Quran. He paid great attention in improving the domestic affairs and administrative policy of the state. Firoz Shah abolished all those oppressive taxes which were a great burden on poor people. The land revenue was greatly reduced to relieve the peasants. He established school to improve Islamic education. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a very intolerant and fanatic ruler. He hated the Hindus like anything and debarred them from any responsible posts. He pulled down various Hindu temples and built mosques in their places. The last days of Firoz Shah were very painful. His elder son died in 1374 AD. Soon after this tragedy his second son Zafar Khan also died. The third son Muhammad Khan was the next choice but no formal nomination was made in his case. Firoz Shah died on September 20, 1388.
Portrait of Edward (THE BLACK PRINCE) by Benjamin Burnell, c.1820. 4
Barber, Richard (1978). Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: a biography of the Black Prince. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 713908610. Hubert Cole, The Black Prince, 1976, 0 246 10778 2 Michael Senior, The Life and Times of Richard II, 1981 Benjamin Burnell (Artist), c.1820
Causes: Socio-economic and political tensions in Europe generated by the Black Death (1348-1351). There was a labour shortage and food was scarce. Wages had not risen as fast, so the peasants suffered from hunger and shortages. In 1377, John of Gaunt imposed a new tax, the Poll (head) Tax, that was to cover the cost of the England’s Hundred Years of war. This triggered the revolt. War: The Peasants Revolt started in Essex on 30 May 1381. The rebels coordinated their tactics by letter. An army of peasants from Kent and Essex marched on London, where they destroyed the houses of government ministers. The war was leadered by Wat Tyler. Demands: The rebels wanted reduction in taxation, less harsh laws, money for the poor, freedom and equality. Result: The revolt was defeated and execution of rebel leaders, but its demands became part of our democracy in the long term.
King Richard II meeting with the rebels of the Peasants' Revolt after killing Wat Tyler
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peasants_revolt.htm https://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/middle_ages/peasants_revolt/revision/2/ http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/XM10047192/King-Richard-II-and-the-Peasants-Revolt
KHIZR KHAN He was the first ruler of Delhi from Sayyid (c. 1414-1421) He and his three succesors had the occupation of raiding and inspection to collect revenue. Being the founder of Sayyid dynasty,he was the most efficient of all the sayyid ruler .When he became the king,various authorities at the capital jostled for power and changed their positions very fast depending on situation.He assumed various important offices.He did not take any royal title and was satisfied with his title of Raya-i-Ala and other notable honours. Khizar Khan died on his way to Delhi from Gwaliar During his reign, coins were imprinted with the name of Amir Timur.He was succeeded and throned up by his son Mubarak Khan.He is known to have defeated Daulat Khan Lodi after which he established his control on Delhi.He attacked the Raja Of Etawah four times in seven years.He also crushed the Rajput Etawah to defeat and forced him to submit to the Delhi Government. The rebellions of Mewat were defeated in 1421, and the ruler of Gwaliar was forced to pay the grant. He also won over the rebellions of Khar Sakit tribes, Kambila dynasty in 1414 A.D.. After his death his son Mubarak Khan ascended the throne of Delhi.
HUSSITE WAR: It was also called as the Bohemian wars, were fought between the hussites and various monarchs who sought to enforce the roman catholic chruch against the hussites, these wars lasted from 1419 to 1434 A.D. The Hussite community had included most of the czech population, and then they formed a major military power. They have defeated the five crusades proclaimed against them by the pope.
KHIZR KHAN IN 1416 AD AFTER HE DEFEATED KHAR
Mahajan, V. D. (2007) [1991],History of Medieval India, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.237-9 Image courtesy :
historypak.com
1400 AD
1400 CE
CONQUEST OF LANZAROTE
1419 AD
1419 CE
In 1402, Norman adventurer Jean de Bethencourt went on a expedition after selling his house in Paris devlated on 1st May from La Rochelle and reached the Canary Islands also called Lanzarote Islands on 30th June. With the authority of King Guardafia, the native ruler of the area, here they commenced the the construction of a fort called Rubicon. Jean went back to Spain for acquiring the Lord-ship of the Canary Islands to be conferred upon him. But his generals and lieutenants got involved in a strife that broke into a battle on 25th June,1402 resulted in Fort Rubicon being invaded and sacked and a number of native Guanches being captured. On 10 Jan 1403 Bethencourt was solemnly given the financial regime by Henry III, King of Castile, with the government of the Canary Islands. In 1405,the conquest of Lanzarote ended .The common masses of Guanches was also conquered .They were harassed and exploited and treated as slaves.The state of Hierro was divided,shared and granted to Normans and Castilians. Fort Rubicon became seat of episcopacy and served as an early capital. References: The history of the discovery and conquest of the Canary Islands: by Abreu de Galindo, Juan de; Glas, George, 17251765, tr Published 1764
Suarez,J.,Conquista y Colonización. Ed. Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1988. ISBN 84404-1251-7 Image courtesy : www.webtenerife.co.uk
Reference 2: wikipedia
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DEVARAYA II: Deva Raya II Was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Dynasty(1424-1446 C.E). He was one of the greatest son of the sangama dynasty rulers. After when he came to the throne, a traveller namely Nicolo Conti visited his kingdom who was an Italian he travelled inland and reached the Raya’s capital, Vijayanagar, which he calls ”Bizenegalia. The writings about the king were not written by Nicolo directly his stories about Vijayanagara Dynasty were written by Poggio Bracciolini who was secretary of pope. These writings look a bit exaggerated when we compare to actual contest. Devaraya II invaded the island of Lanka and Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim and became overlord of the kings of Burma.
JEAN WITH HIS ARMY TRAVELLING FROM LA ROCHELLE TO LANZAROTE
Hussite war
Reference1: The effects of the king Sigismund’s Hussite wars on the art of the war, vol 9, No.2 (2010) 285- 289, miklos zirnyi National defence university, Budapest, Hungary
References: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammedan Period By Henry M. Elliot
The Hussite members had members from all rungs of Bhoeiman society. Because of the Hus’ early death, Hussitism soon splittered into factions. From these the main groups were the moderate calixtines and the radical taborites. After the death of this commander, his followers the orphans established an independent and had modern political party. Finally the Hussite armies were defeated not by the weapons of the crusaders but by the diplomacy of the King Sigismund, Which was based on the internal frictions of the movement.
References:The Project Gutenberg Etext ofA Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagara India,Robert Sewell
Krishna Deva Raya
; A Contribution to the History of
SANT KABIR DAS (KABIRA) Kabira was a 15th Century Indian mystical saint and poet (born 1440, Benaras (modern day Varanasi)) whose work was highly influential in the Bhakti movement, a religious Hindu movement promoting the belief that moksh could be attained by all. Kabir's early life story is presented in contradictory forms from both Hindu and Muslim origins, although because of the fact that his name has an Islamic etymology, he is said to be either the actual or the adopted child of a Muslim weaver based in Varanasi. Kabir's most influential works are his songs and the dohe couplets or two liners. Even till date, his dohe are used by parents and teachers in India to imbibe virtues to children and teach them the lessons of life. Adi Granth is one text that contains songs by Kabir in various ragas like Gauri (primarily a Sikh raga). Due to the claim that Kabir possessed mystic or divine powers, he was banished from Varanasi to live in exile.
Bahlul Khan Lodi
A portrait of Kabir with one of his most famous dohe, in Devnagri script
Image of Bahlul Khan Lodi References: 1. http://historypak.com/bahlul-lodhi/ 2. Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot, India before Europe, p.116.
REFERENCES -IMAGE: http://aboutfestivalsofindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/kabir-doha1.jpg Songs of Kabir from the Adi Granth /translation and introduction by Nirmal Dass http://hinduism.about.com/od/gurussaintsofthepast/a/Kabir.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movement http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir
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CASTLE OF ISCHIA
REFERENCES -IMAGE: http://www.myachtpositano.it/web/tour/ischia/ Pompeii, Capri, Ischia & the Bay of Naples by Marina Carter http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/4500.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Castle http://www.albergoilmonastero.it/aragonese-castle-ischia&lang=en
1460
1479
Catholic Monarchs onarchs
The castle of Ischia (or the Aragonese Castle, named after its most popular occupants) is an impressive historical site in Ischia, to the North of the Gulf of Naples, Italy, was originally built by Hiero I of Sycracuse in 474 BC, on a volcanic rock. The 722 feet long wooden bridge connecting the castle to the island of Naples was later renovated to stone by Alfonso V of Aragon in 1441. After his triumphant battle of Naples, and during his reign there starting from 1441, Alfonso V was responsible for most of the castle's architecture as seen today, including fortification of its walls to safeguard the castle's occupants from pirate raids. The castle's architecture, both internal and external gives indications that the Middle Ages or the Renaissance coterie have had a lasting influence on the construction of this magnificent castle.
Bahlul Lodi, chief of Pashtun Lodi tribe was the founder of Lodi dynasty in Delhi sultanate. Bahlul Lodi took early steps to consolidate his position and reassert the authority of Delhi. He overthrew Wazhir, Hamid Khan whose influence might have endangered his position. He was very patient with his tribesmen, and tried to run the government as a tribal chief. He was energetic, ambitious and vigilant, never overlooked any opportunity to extend his dominion. Bahlul Khan defeated Sharqi dynasty at janupur. He successfully subdued rebellions and uprising in his territories and expanded his kingdom Gwalior, Janupur and upper Uttar Pradesh. Bahlul Khan died after a long rein in 1489. He was forced to spend most of the time in fighting wars establishing firm central power and consequently there was hardly any time left for administration.
A beautiful view of the Aragonese Castle with its connecting bridge made of stone
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile got married on October 18th, 1469 in Valladolid and began cooperative reign which united all the dominions of Spain and elevated the nation to become a dominant world power. In 1474, they with support of Castellan and Aragon military defeated Joanna la Beltraneja supported by Portugal and France in the war of castellan succession and signed an agreement which gave Isabelle more authority than her husband to rule over unified Spain. Later, Ferdinand and Isabella incorporated a number of independent Spanish dominions into their kingdom and in 1478 introduced the Spanish Inquisition, a powerful and brutal force of homogenization in Spanish society. Together, Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were known as Catholic Monarchs (Ios Reyes Catolicos), a title bestowed by Pope Alexander IV.
References: 1. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ferdinand-and-isabella-marry 2. Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold, p. 21.
Caption
Ferdinand and Isabelle, Catholic Monarchs
THE BATTLE OF DIU
RAO BIKA Scion of the Rathore clan of Rajputs, Rao Bika (born 1465), provoked by a stray comment by his father Rao Jodha (founder of Jodhpur) left Jodhpur to establish his own kingdom under the guidas of Uncle Khandal. Rao Bika took advantage of the internal rivalry of the Jats of Jangladesh (north eastern and northwestern Rajasthan) and built a small fort called Rati Ghati as mark of his territory in 1485. According to Cunningham, the area was originally called Bagardesh – the land of bagris/warriors. Most ost influential clan of the Jats, voluntarily accepted sovereignty of Bika, on conditions such as tika of inauguration will be received by successors of Bika from the descendants of clan. Bika had started building of the city itself in 1488. The land selected as the capital of this kingdom belonged to Nehra Jat as his birth right. He gave this land on a condition that his name would be associated with the capital. al. His name was Nera, which on adding to Bika gave – Bikaner. To silence wars with the neighbouring Bhatis, he with the help of Karni Mata - married the daughter of the chief of bhatis. Bika died in 1 1504.
The Battle of Diu(3rd february,1509), also referred as the Second battle of Chaul, was a naval battle fought between the Portuguese empire and the combined forces of Gujarat, Egypt, Calicut, Ottomans, Republic of Venice and the republic of Ragusa. Diu held a critical position in order to establish Portuguese rule over the spice-trade from India. Apart from this strategic purpose the battle also had to do with the personal vengeance of viceroy Francisco de Almeida for the death of his son. The Portuguese held upper hand in terms of technology and experience. The Dhows and Galleys stood no chance against the state-of-the-art Portuguese Carracks and Caravels. Mataof Rao Bikaji Hand-made painting
V.N Misra (2007) Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early historic foundations. Aryan books International. Page 334 James Tod (2013) Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajput States of India Volume 2. Forgotten Books http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/bikaner#pictures
The victory played a critical role in setting Portuguese dominance until it was taken by the British East India Company in 1612. This also marked the beginning of the The decisive Battles of world history European colonialism in India. References : 1. “The decisive battles of world history” by professor Gregory S. Aldrete (book) 2. Youtube.com : The Ottoman Battle of Diu 3. http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?34857-The-Battle-of-Diu-(1509)
1500 Michelangelo’s “David”
THE WARS OF ROSES The Wars of Roses were a series of civil wars fought for the throne of England (1455 1455 to 1487 1487) Wars were fought between descendants of Edward III. The conflict arose as an aftermath of the social and financial issues following the Hundred Years war and the weak rule of Henry VI. The fighting houses were the House of York and the House of Lancaster. Their embl emblems were a white rose and a red rose respec respectively thus the name. The names of the houses are derived from names of cities they have hardly anything to do with the cities. Many historians consider the Battle of Bosworth field (1485) 1485) as the llast war of the series leading to the accession of Henry VII. Other historians believe that the Battle of Stoke was the final conflict - Henry VII defeated Lincoln (renamed as heir of Richard III of the yorkists) yorkists).
“David”(1504), one of the finest of works of arts made by the Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet, Michelangelo was a masterpiece of renaissance sculpture. It is a 4.34 meter, nude statue of the biblical hero, David, who took on the Philistine giant Goliath on behalf of Israel with the help of just his sling-shot.
Tudor Tudo rose – white rose plus red rose
Symbolizing the end of war, Henry VII (Henry Tudor) create created d the Tudor rose – a combination of white and red rose. Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York, uniting the two houses. http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/waroftheroses.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses#cite_ref http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses#cite_ref-3
1509
It initially was to be placed atop the grand cathedral in the city of Florence along with eleven other statues of the old testament-heroes but was ultimately placed outside the Palazzo della Signoria. This transformed the entire interpretation of the statue, making it the symbol of the new formed republican government and the independent city of Florence. The placement changed every aspect of it from religious to a political significance.
“David” in Galleria dell’Accademia
It was moved to Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence in 1873 and a replica was placed at the original location. References : 1. http://www.florencedailynews.com/2014/03/14/michelangelos-david-rifle-taken-circulation/ 2. TED-Ed : The many meanings of Michelangelo’s Statue of David – James Earl 3. Khanacademy : Michelangelo, David, Marlbe,1501-1504
DEMISE OF SAINT KABIR
First Battle of Panipat
Kabir Das, a mystical poet and great Saint of India, was born in the year 1440 and died in the year 1518. According to the Islam the meaning of the Kabir is The Great. Kabir Panth is the huge religious community which identifies the Kabir as the originator of the Sant Mat sects. It is considered that he got all his spiritual training from his Guru named, Ramananda, in his early childhood. One day, he became a well-known disciple of the Guru Ramananda. The house of the Kabir Das has accommodated students and scholars for living and studying his great works. Kabir's poetry is a reflection of his philosophy about life. His writings were mainly based on the concept of reincarnation and karma. Kabir's philosophy about life was very clear-cut. He believed in living life in a very simplistic manner. He advocated the notion of Koi bole Ram Ram Koi Khudai.... The basic idea was to spread the message that whether you chant the name of Hindu God or Muslim God, the fact is that there is only one Image : www.columbia.edu God who is the creator of this beautiful world. More…
On 21 April 1526 at the Battlefield of Panipat, Babur, leading 12,000 soldiers, faces Ibrahim Lodi’s force of 100,000 troops and 1000 elephants. To safeguard his frontline, he lashes together 700 carts, among which are positioned his matchlock-shooters. Babur holds in reserve additional flying columns. When battle commences, these columns swing around their foes, flanks and foes from the rear, thus depriving them of any room for maneuver [1]. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder, firearms and field artillery [2]. Babur guns prove decisive in battle because Lodi lacked any field artillery and also the sound of the canons frightened the Lodi’s elephant, causing them to trample Lodi’s own men [3]. About 3hours of battle with the death of Ibrahim Lodi and 15,000 of his followers battle ended. Babur marches on Delhi to found the Mughal dynasty [4]. Battle between the armies of Babur and
References 1. Anonymous. (n.d.). Kabir. Retrieved from http://www.thecolorsofindia.com: http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/kabir/ 2. (Anonymous, Kabir, n.d.)
[1] & [4] DILIP HIRO. ; Timeline History of India; ISBN 0-7607-7976-7 [2] Butalia, Romesh C. The Evolution of the Artillery in India (Allied publishing limited, 1998) [3] Watts, Tim J. “Battles of panipat”. In Mekaberidze, Alexander (ed.) Conflict and conquest in the Islamic world. A Historical Encyclopedia, (ABC-CLIO, 2011). P.707.
IMAGE
1510
1519
DANCING PLAGUE OF 1518 The Dancing Plague (or Dance Epidemic) of 1518 was a case of dancing mania that occurred in Strasbourg, Alsace in July 1518. Sometime in mid-July 1518, in the city of Strasbourg, a woman stepped into the street and started to dance in the streets of the city of Strasbourg, France. There was no music and her face betrayed no expression of joy. Around 400 people took to dancing for days without rest, and, over the period of about one month, Medical and civic authorities were called in because some of the dancers began dying from heart attacks, exhaustion or strokes. Modern researchers pore over those notes to develop theories: 1. The dancers were the victims of mass hysteria: when person believe they are distressed by an identical disorder. 2. A second theory is in the realm of agriculture. When grains Engraving of Hendrik Hondius portrays of rye are attacked by a specific mold. three women affected by the plague. 3. Some believe it as a kind of religious ecstasy caused by (Image:Wikipedia) veneration of Saint Vitus, the patron saint of epilepsy. References 1. COLUMNIST, G. (2015, 1 15). What was the Dancing Plague of 1518? Retrieved from mother nature network: http://www.mnn.com/home-blog/guest-columnist/blogs/what-was-the-dancingplague-of-1518 2. "Dancing death" by John Waller. BBC News. 12 September 2008. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Plague_of_1518.
Ibrahim Lodi (1526)
1520 CE
1529 CE
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was ruler of Holy Roman Empire from 1519. He struggled to hold his empire together against the growing forces of Protestantism, increasing Turkish and French Pressure, and even hostility from the pope [1]. After becoming Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria, his empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East and the Americas [2]. In 1525 Charles defeated Francis I of France; two years later Rome was sacked and the pope imprisoned, but now new dangers emerged from the East when the Turks laid siege to Vienna (1529). Eventually, the pope, Francis, and Charles agreed to a truce, but Charles’s league with the pope drove the Protestants to rebellion [3]. Once the abdication had become a fact, St. Ignatius of Loyola had this to say: The emperor gave a rare example to his successors… in so doing, he proved himself to be a true Christian prince… may the lord in all his goodness now grant the emperor freedom.[4] [1] & [4]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/107009/Charles-V [2]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370486/Maximilian-I [3]. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons6_n2/charles.html
Charles V Holy Roman Emperor
HUMAYUN
SHER SHAH SURI
One of most distressful period in history of Mughal dynasty was the death of Babur in 1530. Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun succeeded Babur in December 1530 at the age of 23. He followed the legacy and divided the Mughal Empire among three brothers. Humayun also defeated Muhamad Lodi in war of Daurah in 1532. He also laid a siege to Chunar in 1532 but he was not able to conquer it.
Sher shah suri (also known as Sher Khan), founded the Sur dynasty in Northern India on 17th May, 1540 AD. He defeated Humayun in the battle Kannauj in 1540. Though Sur empire was short lived (1540-1545), Sher khan proved to be a remarkably able ruler, in statecraft, administrative skills and military leadership. In these 5 years of Sher shah’s reign, he built up a highly efficient administrative machine and introduced a revenue system. He was a brave and courageous soldier, and knew to strike at the right moment. He believed in equality and treated all his subjects alike and did not persecute anyone because of his religious belief. He was a well educated person and had proficiency both in Arabic and Persian.
He lost the empire setup by his father to Afghan ruler Sher Shah in the battle of Chausa, he was sent to exile in Iran for fifteen years (1540 - 1555). After the collapse of Sher Shah’s empire Humayun restored power of Mughal Empire in 1555. Humayun Buid a new city in Delhi which was named as Dinpanah.
Mughal Emperor Humayun
www.historydiscussion.net/empires/mughal-empire-the-foundation-of-the-mughal-empire-in-india/585
books.google.co.in/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=indian+history+15301539&source=bl&ots=wPyFKNCF6N&sig=QcsI2bDgPuHpMEdNx_FwwBG7gOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H3AYVcyNAsmNuASt5 IGgDw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=indian%20history%201530-1539&f=false http://www.historydiscussion.net/empires/mughal-empire-the-foundation-of-the-mughal-empire-in-india/585
1530
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns towards the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, about 168 Spanish soldiers under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro and their allies managed to capture the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in year 1532, in the Battle of Cajamarca. It was considered as the first step in a long campaign after decades of fighting it ended up ended in victory of Spanish and region was colonized as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire led to creation of independent campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia as well as military expeditions towards the Amazon Basin. In less than a century the Inca empire under Spanish rule expanded from 4,00,000 km to 18,00,000 km.
An artistic impression of Sher Shah Suri by an Afghan artist
H.J. Kissling, F.R.C. Bagley, B. Spuler, N. Barbour, J.S. Trimingham, H. Braun (1969); The Last Great Muslim Empires; E.J Brill, Leiden Publications, Netherlands Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002); History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.; Atlantic publishers
1539
THE CONQUEST INCA EMPIRE BY SPANISH
His statesmanship was significant since it was a precious legacy to the Mughal emperors and proved himself to be the worthy forerunner of the best of Mughal emperors. In 1545, he was accidently killed. After his death, Sur dynasty fell to pieces under unworthy successors. Humayun defeated the Suri forces in January 1556 which marked the end of Sur dynasty.
THE LAST JUDJEMENT The Last Judgement is an Italian fresco painted on the altar wall of Sistine chapel by Michelangelo. The painting by Michelangelo took four years for completion from the year 1536 to 1541.
Caption
The Inca-Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1500s/yr30/spanishconquestInca1532.htm
It is centered around the dominant figure of Christ, captured in the moment preceding when the verdict of the Last judjement is uttered. The effect of entire fresco is like a cyclone – with the dead rising in the lower section in the Christ’s right side, launching themselves towards the heaven, swirling over the top, and the damned battling angels and demons on Christ’s left hand, sinking violently to the River Styx and the boat of Charon, who ferries the damned to eternal punishment. Michelangelo’s critics complained the portrayal of nudity in this fresco, but they did not notice that he had encoded in the painting an ideas that would change the world. “The Last Judgement” by Michelangelo
James A. Connor (2009); The Last Judgment: Michelangelo and the Death of the Renaissance; Palgrave macmillan publishers ISBN: 978-0-230-60573-2 http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/CSNs/CSNs_G_Giud.html
Islam Shah Suri Islam Shah Suri who reigned 1545–1554 was the second ruler of the Sur dynasty which ruled central part of India in the mid of 16th century. His initially kept name was Jalal Khan and he was the second son of Sher Shah Suri. Islam Suri is not that famous as his father Sher Shah Suri although he was considered to be a worthy successor. The main reason for this was that his successors were not worthy enough to carry forward his name. Sher Shah Suri’s tomb is best known to the country as magnificent mausoleum. The tomb of Islam Suri is still incomplete and ruined as Mughals took over Sur dynasty after successors of Islam Suri could not continue to reign. Islam Shah was endowed with high imagination. He was a good student of literature and he also studied canon law and theology. He tried to give uniformity to the law and the legal procedure in the Empire.. He also tired to discourage the Jagir system. He also added to the defence of the Empire by building 5 more fortresses, they are Shergarh, Islamgarh, Firozgarh, Rashidgarh, and Mankot. Islam Shah not only maintained the Empire of his father but also added to it.
Restoration of Mughal Empire Sher Shah Suri with the help of Afghans overthrew Mughal rule completely and established Suri dynasty by defeating Humayun, the successor of Babur at the Battle of Kanauj in 1540.
Silver coin termed as Rupaiya during the reign of Islam Suri
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012031025991/biography-of-islam-shah-the-successor-of-sher-shah.html http://thespeakingarch.com/islam_shah_tomb/
1545
http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1990/issue28/2842.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/council-of-trent.htm http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Council+of+Trent
Painting of Humayun (reign 1530-1540/ 1555-1556)
John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press ,p.12 ISBN 0-521-56603-7 http://www.historydiscussion.net/empires/mughal-empire-the-foundation-of-the-mughal-empire-inindia/585#Humayun_1530-40_AD_1555-56_AD http://collections.lacma.org/node/172754
1549
Council of Trent Paul III (1534–1549), the pope appointed a commission to examine the state of the church. The commission’s report was about concern of the reform of the Church. It pointed out that Popes and cardinals had become too worldly, taking bribes to gain church office was spread widely, discipline of monasteries had lost and to sell the indulgences was abused widely. Thus, the Council of Trent was called upon by Paul Ill who was pope from 1534 to 1549 and it first started in Dec,1545. The Council of Trent was the council of the Roman Catholic Church that had met between 1545 and 1563 at trent to react against the protestants. It also affirmatively assured traditional Catholic beliefs and formulated the ideals of the counter reformation. The three sessions of council were held to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther King and John Calvin and other protestant reformers. It also redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various abuses and strengthened the papacy
After the death of Sher Shah in 1554, the Suri dynasty became weak and Humayun led his army from Kabul back to the northern Indian plain in late 1554. The Mughals met little resistance until Sikandar Shah Sur, the ruler of Punjab, assembled a large Afghan army at the town of Sirhind. A hard fought battle ended with Mughal victory. Sikandar Shah Sur fled the battlefield and with him went any hope of further Afghan resistance. Humayun entered Delhi and restored Babur’s monarchy by mid 1555. The Mughal restoration was complete.
1550
1559
The Last Italian war The Italian war of 1551(1551-1559), sometimes known as Habsburg-Valois war and the Last Italian War began when Henry II of France, the successor of Francis I to the throne, declared a war against Charles I of Spain with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French domination of European affairs. An early offensive against Lorraine was successful, but the attempt to invade Tuscany by the French in 1553 was defeated at the Battle of Marciano. Charles’ abdication in 1556 witnessed the splitting of Habsburg empire between Philip II of Spain and Ferdinand I. The Council of trent meeting at Santa Maria Church in Trent
Battle of Marciano at Tuscany where the French were defeated
Focus of the war was shifted to Flanders, where Philip in conjunction with Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy defeated the French at St. Quentin. England’s entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of Calais and the French army plundered Spanish possessions in the Low Countries .But Henry was nonetheless forced to accept the peace of Cateau-Cambresis in which he renounced any further claims to Italy.
William Miller, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors,1801-1927 Routledge, 1966 ISBN 0-7146-1974-4
http://www.slitherine.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=92&t=41995
http://www.scannagallo.com/storia2agosto.htm http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_italian_wars.html
Sid Saiyyad Mosque
BATTLE OF TALIKOTA
Built in 1573 and situated in Ahmedabad, this mosque is also
This watershed battle was fought between the Vijayanagara empire and the four Muslim sultans of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmadnagar and Golconda in the Indian Deccan .It was fought at talikota which is situated in northern Karnataka, about 80 km to the southeast of the city of Bijapur. It marked the fall of the perhaps the last great medieval Hindu empire, Vijayanagara empire. The combined armies of the Deccan sultanates gave a disastrous defeat to Vijayanagara in January 1565 .According to some scholars this battle was actually fought at a place that lied somewhere between Rakshasi and Tangadi, so this also called as RakshasiTangadi battle. After the war Rama Raya was put to death and the victorious troops destroyed the beautiful and prosperous city, Vijayanagar.
known as “Sidi Saiyyad ni Jali” ( ). It was built by Sidi Saiyyad, a learned African-origin slave of Gujarat Sultanate. It was built during the last year of the Sultanate before Akbar annexed Gujarat in his empire.
Forces of the Adil Shah dynasty on marchOne of the Deccan Sultanate REFERENCE 1- Radhey Shyam Chaurasia. History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D ,Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 2002.. ISBN 8126901233, 9788126901234 REFERENCE 2- Wikipedia
1569
References: Ahmedabad Next: Towards a World Heritage City, published by Bennett, Coleman &Co. Ltd., Accession No.:012608 http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/religious-places/sidi-sayed-jhali.html
1570
1579
The Battle of Nagashino
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, popularly considered as the greatest writer in the English literature and the world's foremost dramatist. He is usually called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" which means poet of Avon. He was born in Stratfordupon-Avon, baptized at Holy Trinity in April 1564 and buried there 52 years later. Some of words created by Shakespeare include "swagger," "bedroom," "champion," "gossip," and "fashionable". There does not survive a written contemporay discription of Shakespeare's physical appearance and neither does any evidences of him commissioning portrait exist. So there is huge possibility that Shakespeare portraits are fake, as well as mis-attributions of portraits of other people. It’s worthy to mention a couple of line etched on his tomb-“Blessed be the man that spares these stones/ And cursed be he who moves my bones.”
One of the semi-circular windows with stone-carved design of a tree with branches- The inspiration for logo of IIM-Ahmedabad
Image: "Mosque of Sidi Sayed Jaali" by Vrajesh jani - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Sidi_Sayed_Jaali.JPG#/media/File:Mosque_of _Sidi_Sayed_Jaali.JPG
REFERENCE 3- Encyclopedia Britannica
1560
Sidi Saiyyad Mosque is situated in the heart of the city, near Lal Darwaja. It has 10 semi circular windows, beautifully carved from stones. On the rear wall, beside this squaredesigned windows, are two semi-circular windows with intricately carved design of tree sprouting and spreading its branches and leaves (shown on the right), often known as ‘tree of life’. This particular Jali (mesh) artwork is the reason why the mosque is referred to as “Sidi Saiyyad ni Jali”. The logo of Indian Institute of Management (IIM) – Ahmedabad was derived from this design. This piece of artwork brings thousands of visitors to Ahmedabad from all around the world.
The battle of Nagashino took place near Nagashino Castle in 1575 in Japan. Historically, this battle is believed to be a major turning point in Japanese warfare because of use of firearms on large scale. Many scholars cite it as the first ‘modern’ Japanese battle.
The Tomb of William Shakespeare
REFERENCE- J. O. Adams,A life of William Shakespeare, Wildside Press LLC, 2007,ISBN 1434483541, 9781434483546 REFERENCE - BBC News (28 May 2008). "Bard's 'cursed' tomb is revamped". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 April 2010. REFERENCE - Wikipedia
Takeda Katsuyori had besieged the Nagashino castle, which belonged to Tokugawa government. Tokugawa Ieyasu was trying to retrieve the castle with the help of his ally Oda Nobunaga. Nobunaga was an innovator with firearms and war-tactics. He effectively used the match-block guns given by Portuguese. This became a decisive factor in their victory against Takeda army who had a powerful and so-farsuccessful tactic called “Cavalry” on their side. Before the Portuguese introduced firearms, the Samurai warriors used only bows, arrows and spears. The success of the firearms in this battle changed the history of Japanese warfare.
A picture depicting clever use of obstacle positions and firearms by Nobunaga army
References: Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades: http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xFaCvUTWEI0C http://www.samurai-archives.com/ban.html Image source: http://www.willamette.edu/~rloftus/jfilm/nagashino.html
Akbar’s invasions in 1590-1599 CE:
Revolt of 1583 - Cuncolim Revolt
Revolt of Kshatriya (Hindus) in Cuncolim (Goa) who massacred the Christian priests and civilians who were trying to uproot the Hindu Religion. The very First protest by local population against Portuguese administration. This protest was even prior to Revolt of 1857, and is important mark against Foreign Rule in India. Demand of “Swaraj and Swadharma”. The religious discontent were basic reasons for these revolts: It shows a trend of unity among people and opposition to Christianity imposed by the foreign rule. 5 Jesuit priests, 1 European & some local Christians got killed. But this event has gone un-noticed in the History of Indian Independence and not been highlighted. This incidence is of wide popularity in the localities and is narrated as story of the valor of the brave Chieftains of Cuncolim Some of these missionaries were later in 1893 beatified by the Catholic Church as Martyrs of Cuncolim.
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Painting representation of the killing of 5 Jesuit priests
“Insurgent Sepoys: Europe Views the Revolt of 1857” - Shaswati Mazumdar “Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links” -Charles J. Borges, Helmut Feldmann “1583 Revolt of Cuncolim” -Pandurang Nagwekar http://www.vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/GoaInquisition.htm
1580
1589
Drake`s Circumnavigation of the earth:
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1599AD
Japanese – Korean Wars (1592-1598) CE:
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Circumnavigation Path followed by Francis Drake during voyage (1577-1580)
(Stow, Annales , p. 807) Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577-1580 :-By:Norman Joseph William Thrower http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/ http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/catalog/drake/drake-4-famousvoy.html [A]
AKBAR’S PAINTING Source: Google images
Refrences: Journal of the Asiatic society of Britain and Ireland- Cambridge University.(1) A history of India- Romila Thapur. (2) A history of India- Rout Ledge.(3) History of Odisha – Govt of Odisha. (4)
1590AD
In 1580, the circumnavigation of entire world in a single expedition was successfully completed by Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth I had sent Drake to start an expedition in 1577, with the squadron consisting of five vessels. Only one ship, The Golden Hind, completed the entire voyage, returning on 26 September 1580, "very richly fraught with gold, silver, pearls and precious stones"[A] There was a huge 4600 % Profit earned by the voyage, (I.e. £47 for each £1 invested), and Drake had quietly informed Queen & the investors about it without creating public anxiety. This enormous treasure was kept safeguarded in Plymouth. On 4 April, 1581, Drake was knighted by Elizabeth I.
After completing his conquest of Gujarat, Bihar, Bengal Akbar concentrated on Orissa, the mission was held under the supervision of his governer of Bihar, the ruler of orissa Nisar khan surrendered initially. Later he revolted against the emperor and captured Puri and jagannath(1). Then Raja Man singh defeated and expelled Nasir Khan from Orissa, later Orissa was merged in Mughal empire in 1592CE(2). After annexation of Bihar, Bengal Akbar made Abdur Rahim as the representative of Multan in 1591 and handed the responsibility of conquering Sindh. In the consecutive wars of Sindh the ruler of Sindh was dethroned and the kingdom was merged in Mughal Empire. Akbar oppionted Mir Masum to lead the mission to annex Baluchistan in1595 CE(3). The mission was completed successfully by defeating chiefs of Sindh. Akbar had a desire to conquer South India. He passed messages to Khandesh, Ahmednagar and Golkonda rulers to annex their kingdoms. Only Khandesh ruler accepted the proposal to pay annual tax. The mission lead by Abdur Rahim deputed by Prince Murad occupied Ahmed Nagar in 1600 CE(4). Mughals occupied Daultabad in 1599 CE. Khandesh ruler’s successor refused to pay tribute to Mughals, so Akbar attacked and captured Khandesh.
The Japanese invasions of Korea contain two different operations. An initial invasion of 1592AD and a brief armistice in 1596AD and 2nd invasion in 1597AD (1). The conflict ended by 1598AD with an agreement and the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Korea. All these invasions were headed by Toyotoms Hideyshi with the intention of conquering Joseon dynasty in Korea and Ming dynasty in China(2). At the beginning Japan very quickly succeded in occupying the territories of Korea but the joint forces of Korea and China which is very large in number made Japan in a withdrawal towards coastal areas and a military stalemate. When Toyotomi passed away in 1598AD Japanese forces in Korea were called back by the new governing council of five elders. Finally peace negotiation between the countries followed and continued for long years (3). References: The naval campaign in the Korean war of Hideyoshi (1592-98) – Sadler. (1),(2) A history of Japan- Sansom George (3)
Japanese – Korean Wars Source: Google Images
THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
The Thirty Years War(16181648)
st
4500 miles away from Kathmandu, in London on the 31 of December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a Royal Charter allowing a group of British merchants to form the “Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies” which was later famously know as “The East India Company” It gave them a 15 year monopoly to trade with countries in South and South East Asia. This move ultimately resulted in the British conquering India and, 214 years after the signing of that fateful charter that brought the British into direct conflict with Nepal. Such exclusive companies, therefore, are nuisances in every respect; always more or less inconvenient to the countries in which they are established, and destructive to those which have the misfortune to fall under their government -Adam Smith, The wealth of Nations 1776 The East India Company is founded by Elizabeth I through Royal Charter DILIP HIRO (2002) The Timeline History Of India, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc https://indiaexplored.wordpress.com/pax-britannica/ http://www.ayo-gorkhali.org/index.php/en/timeline/mythic-beginnings/1600-east-india-company-established
1600
1610
The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy by Peter H. Wilson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years'_War
THE BATTLE OF KINSALE The Battle of Kinsale was one the most momentous battles in the Irish History. It finally brought success to England in its fight to conquer Gaelic Ireland. The battle was fought in the early hours of Christmas Eve 1601, in a small unknown port of Kinsale. This historic tale, where the Battle of Kinsale was pivotal in the Ireland’s Nine Years War, began when two patriotic forces, Hugh O’Neill and Red Hugh O’Donnell, united to drive the British invaders out of their land in 1601. The events that took place was to be described as illjudged on O’Neill’s part, as the battle lasted only an hour, 1200 Irish soldiers were lost whereas the English merely lost 20. To conclude, the Irish Army was illequipped, deficiently skilled for open-field fighting and was no match against the experienced and intense ammunition of English Army.
Thirty years war possess a very important position in history of Europe.The War began when Roman Ruler Ferdinand II (Bohemia) attempted to diminish religious activities of his subjects,which provoked rebellion among Protestants. In this war major part of Europe was involved, with Sweden, France and all others waging campaigns primarily on German soil. As mercenary soldiers showed extreme cruelty the war was ended with a series of pacts that made up the Peace of Westphalia. This incident changed the map of central Europe as it was one of the longest and most destructive and expensive war of that time started as in between protestants and catholics The battle of Racori(Part of the war) of Roman Empire but later involved all Europe in it.
Rise of the East India Company
Post-stamp depicting a Soldier in Nine Years War at Kinsale harbour
http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/10447-Soldier_in_Kinsale_Harbour-Battle_of_Kinsale-Ireland http://www.yourirish.com/battle-of-kinsale http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/history-of-ireland
In 1612 East India company made a commercial treaty for trade from Mughal emperor Jahangir by their agent sir Thomas Roe. In this commercial treaty company was also given rights to stay and build factories in Surat.Later in 1615 sir Thomas Roe was appointed as the ambassador in the court(Darbaar) of Mughal emperor Jahangir from the court of king of the England. After this incident
TAJ MAHAL Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor built the famous monument of Taj Mahal, in 1632-1654 as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. ‘The Taj’ located in Agra is one of the primary Mughal architecture in India. It is perfect combination of Indian, Persian, Islamic and Ottoman Turkish. While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone, Shah Jahan used white marble ornamented with semi-precious stones. The marble was brought from Makrana, Rajasthan while Jasper from Punjab, Jade and crystals from China, Tibet; blue Lapis-Lazuli from Hindu Kush; sapphire and chalcedony from Sri Lanka; and carnelian from Arabia. In total 28 types of precious and semiprecious stones were studded into the white marble. In words of The Emperor himself: ‘The sight of this mansion creates sorrowing sighs; and the sun and the moon shed tears from their eyes. In the world this edifice is made; to display thereby creator’s glory.’
Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana Widely known as Rahim, was brought up by Akbar.He was one of the important dewan in Akbar’s court. He was renowned for his Hindi couplets (‘doha’). He wrote dohas on various topics including life, love, occupations of urban women, etc. Apart from dohas, he has also written two popular books on astrology, namely, Kheta Kautukama and Dwawishd Yogavali. He also translated Muhammad Babur’s autobiography to Persian language which was originally written in Chagatai language. He was also a commandor, a politician and a skilled soldier of Mughal Empire. He was so famous that the village of ‘Khankhana’ was named after him. He died in 1627. His tomb is situated in Nizamuddin East on Mathura road in New Delhi.
The Taj Mahal.
Refrences:
Satish Chandra(2012)History Of Medieval India. Orient Blackswan Satish Chandra(2013) Medieval India Part-II. Har-Anand Eugenia Vanina(2012) Medieval Indian Mindscapes Primus Books Image courtesy: https://kitchensofhistory.wordpress.com/tag/khan-i-khana/
Painting of Abdul Rahim Khan
Lesley A. DuTemple, "The Taj Mahal", Lerner Publishing Group (March 2003) SouLSteer, Taj Mahal HP Roychoudhury (2013). My Journey & Sovereign United Bengal. http://www.taj-mahal.net Image courtesy: http://www.artoflegendindia.com
1630 17th Century Copper Crucifix
THE TRIAL OF GALILEO
It was found among the building debris associated with the construction of a huge stone residence built for George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, in Ferryland, Newfoundland, Canada by a student of Memorial University in 2014. It belongs to 1620s. It has width of 2.8 cm and is made of copper. On its front side Christ is depicted and on its back it has Mary and Christ child. It is thought to belong to worker, governor or possibly to George Calvert. It is an evidence of the practice of Christianity during its time of belonging. Refrences: 1.
2.
1639
Front and back view of Crucifix
http://www.colonyofavalon.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=358:17th-century-crucifixfound&catid=42:news-a-events&Itemid=83 http://news.nationalpost.com/news/tiny-copper-crucifix-from-1620s-settlement-unearthed-in-newfoundland/
In 1611, Galileo came to the attention of Inquisition for the first time for his Copernican views of Heliocentrism. In 1630 he completed the book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in which he discussed the Ptolemaic and Copernican views and conditionally published. The book was printed in 1632 but the Pope Urban VIII stopped its distribution and referred to the Inquisition and Galileo was summoned to Rome despite of his infirmities. In 1633, Galileo was formally interrogated for 18 days and on April 30 he confessed his mistake but the pope decided to imprison him indefinitely with a formal threat of torture. 6 out of 10 inquisitors signed on the sentence of prison and religious penances. Galileo rejects errors in a formal ceremony at the church of Santa Maria Sofia Minerva. Galileo remained under house arrest, despite many medical problems and deteriorating state of health, until his death in 1642. The church finally accepted that Galileo might be right in 1983.
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Galileo's Inquisition Trial, 1633
The Trail of Galileo, 1612-1633, Thomas F. Mayer, University of Toronto Press, 2012. physics.ucr.edu Image courtesy: http://www.greatkat.com/03/galileo.html
Red Fort Red Fort is also known as LAL QILA.It is known as red fort because the whole fort is made of red stones. The Mughal King in 1638 decided to shift his capital in Delhi from Agra and thus the construction of red fort was started at the banks of Yamuna River in the northeastern side of newly founded city of shahjanabad in present day is known as Old Delhi. The fort was completed in the year of 1648. The red fort is originally known as ‘Qila-I-Mubarak’ because it was the Residence of the royal family. The fort has two and a half kilometer perimeter with tallest structure of 33 meters. The fort has numerous sections according to specific functions. ‘Deewan-e-Aam’ is a hall for public interaction with the emperor. Deewan-e-khas is another hall made for privately held meetings for emperor. ’Rang Mahal’ is a special place for wives of emperor. It has a huge pool spot with beautiful crafted ceiling, having gold covered towers and a number of mirrors in arrangement.’Naqqar Khana is a place were musicians play music specific to particular time of the day. REFERENCES- http://www.redfortdelhi.co.in/history.htm http://historicaltimeofindia.blogspot.com/2013/06/history-behind-red-fort.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Fort,_Delhi_India.jpg
Thomas Hobbes A Political Scientist, Historian, Philosopher, Academic and Journalist- Thomas Hobbes, born in Westport, England, on April 5, 1588, was known for his vision of the world which is strikingly original and still relevant to contemporary politics. His main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict. On 29 Dec 1651, he returns to England after 10 years in exile. His exile was related to the civil wars of the time. His 1651 book “Leviathan” established social contract theory, the foundation for most of the later western political philosophy. "The universe is corporeal; all that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." --The Leviathan
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Red Fort (New Delhi)
1640
1649
English Civil War
http://www.biography.com/people/thomas-hobbes-9340461 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg
1650--------------------------------------------------------1659 Madangopal Jiu Temple
The English Civil War started in 1642 when Charles I raised his royal standard in Nottingham. The split between Charles and Parliament Took because both were willing to back down over the principles that they held .The war was only solution so that all problems could be solved. The country was split into two groups i) those who supported the king. ii) Those who supported parliament. This was the classic ingredients for a civil war. There were only three major battles in the English Civil War – Edge Hill (1642), Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645).In first battle both sides claimed success, there was no decisive result from this battle. In 1644, Charles lost control of the north of England as a result of a major defeat at the Battle of Marston Moor. The combined armies of Parliament and the Scots heavily defeated the Charles I. In June 1645, Cromwell’s New Model Army caused a fatal blow to the king’s army at the Battle of Naseby. Charles did not recover from this defeat and was lost. In 1646, Charles surrendered to the Scots rather than to Parliament. Monarchy rule started declining was the long term cause of the war.
Portrait of Thomas Hobbles
Madangopal Jiu temple, also called as ‘Gopaler Mandir’ is situated in Mellock, near Samta in the state of West Bengal. Gopaler Mandir literally means that the temple of Gopala, that is Krishna. Whereas, 'Mandangopal' is a combination of two words. 'Madan' means, the lord of love and 'Gopal', which means one who plays with the cowherds. The main deity in the temple is of Radha Krishna to whom the temple is dedicated. The temple was built in 1651 CE by Mukundaprasad Roychoudhury, а descent of the Roychowdhury Zamindars or of Mellock and who was also a famous wrestler in this region during those times. The Mandir was situated on the banks of the river Rupnarayan, now the river changed its course and has now moved further away.
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English Civil War battle scene from the children of the new forest
REFERENCES - http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/civil_war_england.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/english_civil-war.htm http://www.historyonthenet.com/chronology/timelinecivilwar.htm http://www.magnoliabox.com/art/213361/english-civil-war-battle-scene-from-the-children-of-the-new
The temple is terracotta ornamented and has ‘aatchala’ which means it has roof with 8 slopes. The main entrance of this temple has three arches. The temple faces to south. The temple has number of sculptures and designs on it. The Janmastami and Holi are celebrated in this temple. Due to negligence of Archaeology department of India, The temple in present conditions is in ruins like many other temples in India and there is need of reconstruction of the temple as soon as possible.
Aatchala-Roof with 8 slopes
http://www.tirthatanay.com/tag/madan-gopal-jiu-temple/ http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples/info/10749 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madan_Gopal_Jiu_temple,_Mellock.jpg
BATTLE OF PAWANKHIND
CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI Shivaji Bhonsle was the founder of the Maratha Empire. Born in 1630 to a Maratha general under the Delhi Sultanate, Shivaji’s reign was characterised by sudden guerrilla attacks on enemy and an efficient administration system. This laid the basis for a strong Maratha empire which was to be a stiff resistance to the Mughals and the British till 1818. Prior to 1674, Shivaji had led Maratha armies to several successful attacks, most famously the ones on Afzal Khan, and the conquests of forts like Rajgarh, Torna and Kondana.
Balttle of Pawan Khind, a periodic last stand, fought between the Adilshahi forces and the Marathas took place on the rainy night of July 13, 1660 bear Kolhapur in Maharashtra. The battle was completely unmatched, the forces was vastly outnumbered, around 12,000 huge military infantry of Adilshahi forces led by Siddi Masud on one side and around 300 Maratha soldiers on the other side. The battle was named Pawankhind in reference with a sacred pass through which Baji Prabhu Deshpande along with his military troops was speeding towards his strategic positions in Ghodkhind, escaping from his Panhala siege, until Shivaji along with his other military troops reached Vishalgarh through another secret pass. The sacrifices made by the Bajiprabhu Deshpande (commander in chief of the battle) and Shiva Kashid (who disguised himself as the king Shivaji in order to mislead Adilshahi forces) and a sword of honor were given to them. .
Wounded Baji Prabhu in Battle of Pawankhind
Pra. La. Sasavadakara (1978). “Baji Prabhu Deshpande, the hero of Pawankhind.” Veer Ratna Baji Prabhu Deshpande Smarak Samiti Frederic P. Miller, John Mc Brewster (2009). “Shivaji”. VDM Publishing. ISBN: 9786130077419.
1660
1669
THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON
An artist’s rendering of the Coronation of
REFERENCES
Shivaji as the ‘Chhatrapati’ in 1674
‘Chhatrapati Shivaji’ by BHAWAN SINGH RANA https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/Shivaji.html Image reference: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/marathas/raigarh/raigarh.html
1670
1679
FRANCO-DUTCH WAR
The great fire of London was a major inferno in the London’s history. Started on 2nd sep., 1666 in Thomas Farriner’s Bakey on pudding lane, the fire travelled a long distance in London. This disturbed about one third of London. By 6th Sep, 1666, the fire was out of city. This destroyed a big part of London and consumed 13,200 houses, 87 churches, 52 Guild Halls and about 1, 00,000 people were made homeless. It took about 51 years to restrengthen the prosperity of the city. But this fire had resulted into the decrement of the plague to a great extent due to the death of a large no. of plague carrying rats which had enraptured the whole London since 1665. Remains of ruined churches, archaeological discoveries and many things related to great fire are secured in the museum of London which still makes us to remember that terrible conflagration.
He was crowned on the 6th of June, 1674 at his fort in Raigarh thus officially laying the foundation of a strong Maratha Empire. The ceremony was a grand one and Shivaji was conferred the title of 'Chhatrapati' (the Emperor or 'Maharaja'). A second Tantrik coronation was held on 24th September 1674. Shivaji followed up his coronation with further conquests in the Deccan. He died at the close of the decade (in 1680) and the Maratha empire continued to expand after his death even after the constant struggle with the Mughals (the War of 27 years commenced soon after his death).
A seventeenth century painting showing the Great Fire Of London by an anonymous artist
Neil Wallington (2005).” In case Of Fire”. Jeremy Mills publishing. ISBN 978-0-9546484-6-6. Porter, Stephen (2006). “The Great fire of London”. Oxford University Press Hanson, Neil (2002). “The Great Fire Of London: In That Apocalyptic Year, 1666”. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley
The French under Louis XIV along with England as it allies invaded the Dutch Republic to seize the Spanish Netherlands in the May 1672. The year 1672 is referred to as the year of disaster or the Het Rampjaar in Dutch because of the outbreak of Franco Dutch War and the Third Anglo Dutch War collectively called the Dutch War. England withdrew from the war in 1674 for trade reasons on seeing Dutch's growing naval strength. At the same time, Spain joined the battle against French. 1676-1678 was dominated by siege activities as a result of which France broke the opponent's coalition and besieged two important cities of Ghent and Ypres to be in a strong bargaining position at the peace talks. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen by the Dutch and the French who won the Franche-Comte and other Spanish Netherlands cities under its control. The war was significant as it marked the emergence of France as a great military power in contrast to the Dutch who were at their peak before the start of the war. REFERENCES http://www.emersonkent.com/wars_and_battles_in_history/dutch_war.htm http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire/Anglo-Dutch_Wars Image Courtesy: http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/SK-A-486
The Storming of Coevorden, 30 December 1672 by the Dutch recapturing Coevorden after the Rampjaar.
Sambhaji and Aurangzeb
SAMBHAJI Sambhaji Bhosale was the eldest son of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of Maratha Empire. He succeeded his father, Shivaji, in 1680. As a prince, he proved his bravery and military brilliance on more than one occasion. He led and won his first war at Ramnagar at the age of 16. During 1675-76, he led successful campaigns in Goa and Karnataka. One day when he was enjoying himself in his pleasure house, he was surprised and captured by the Mughal officer Muqurrab Khan. He was brought to Aurangzeb’s military camp at Bahadurgarh and tortured to death in March 1689. The Emperor burnt out his eyes with a red-hot iron, cut out the tongue which had blasphemed the Prophet, and struck off his head. He was a scholar of Sanskrit language. He kept Aurangzeb away from North India for 27 years. Hindus must learn how to sacrifice for Dharma from him.
Sambhaji Maharaj Samadhi (Shaktisthal) in Vadhu, Pune, Maharashtra
Sir William Wilson Hunter (1886). The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. J.L. Mehta (1997). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
1680
The demise of Chhatrapati Shivaji was followed by period of confusion and turmoil. Sambhaji’s foster brother Raja Rai was placed on the throne. Sambhaji being the rightful heir however took possession of the throne by marching on the capital with an army of more than twenty thousand. Peace still eluded the Maratha kingdom as Aurangzeb fourth son Akbar, an aspirant of the Mughal throne revolted against Aurangzeb and sought the refuge of Sambhaji. This prompted the Mughal Emperor to launch an extensive campaign in the Deccan to curb the rising Marathas. The states of Bijapur and Golconda were annexed within three years of Aurangzeb’s arrival in the Deccan. The Marathas launched attacks on the Portuguese in Goa as well as the State of Mysore in vain. The battle of Wai(1687) proved to be the final nail in the coffin for Sambhaji’s regime as they suffered a thrashing defeat against the Mughals. This weakened his forces tremendously. His positions were spied by the Shirke Clan Marathas. He was captured along with his twenty advisors on February 1689 and tortured to death.
1689
Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta The Marathas 1600-1818 By Stewart Gordon
1680
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
The revolution of 1688, traditionally referred to as the “Glorious revolution”, is generally seen as marking the emergence of Parliament as the supreme power in the land, displacing the monarch from that role, and putting an end to “divine right” kingship in England. The king, no longer the agent or deputy of God on earth, now drives his power from “the people”, or from the “representatives” of the people embodied in the Parliament.
The northern New Mexico was conquered by the Spanish at the turn of the Seventeenth century. The indigenous people who had lived and worshipped independently for centuries were forced to accept Christianity. Their long established places of worship (Kivas) and sacred objects (Kachinas) were demolished. After three decades of oppression, in the spring of 1680 the Indians finally rose against the Spaniards. Headed by one of their religious leaders Pope (sometimes referred to as PoPay). On the night of August 10, 1680, the natives attacked the Spanish establishment in more twenty four areas. A force of 2500 Indians ransacked the colonial headquarters at Santa Fe. More than 400 foreigners were massacred. The people formed their own government which lasted till 1692 and although the imperial rule was imposed then the Spanish were forced to allow the Natives to practice their own religion.
This revolution ended the reign of James II and ushered in the reign of Wiliam III and Mary II. The chronic dislocation of the English Civil War was remembered by many people as the relative stability of the reign of Charles II. No one was willing to tolerate more years of uncertainity or the possibility of the country being pushed once more into military conflict. The revolution marked a considerable triumph for Whig views. It permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England. John Miller (1983). The Glorious Revolution David Lovejoy (1972). The Glorious Revolution in America Maurice Ashley (1966). The Glorious Revolution of 1688
IMAGE high res Depiction of William of Orange as he arrives in England, 1688
Sambhaji Maharaj
1689
The Statue of Pope in US Capitol Building
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/one/pueblo.htm http://international.loc.gov/intldl/eshtml/es-1/es-1-3-5.html
Hijack of Ganj-i-Sawai In 1965 the history’s largest Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai was taken captive by Henry Avery, possibly the greatest and the wealthiest pirate who ever lived. In September of 1965, the Ganj-i-Sawai along with 25 other Mughal ships set sail from the port of Mocha, Laden with gold and money and was on its voyage home to the port of Surat, the most important port in the Western India. It was carrying around 52 lacs of rupees in gold coins. Despite having four hundred muskets and eighty cannons in its arsenal, it was seized by the pirates. This incident had a strong impact on the relationship between the East India Company and the Mughals. A huge reward for declared for his capture but he could never be tracked down. The emperor at that time, Aurangzeb retaliated by imprisoning English traders and threatened to siege Bombay.
AURANGZEB DIED (1707 CE)
Captain Avery’s troop capture Ganj-i-Sawai
http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/asian-and-african/2013/03/the-highjacking-of-the-ganj-i-sawa%CA%BCi.html# http://dotconnector.quora.com/The-Worlds-Greatest-Pirate-and-his-connection-to-India http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/45/4529/VWKBG00Z/posters/captain-avery-s-sloops-captureganj-i-sawai.jpg
1690
1699
Battle of the Boyne On the 1st of July (Julian Calender) in 1690 two British armies faced watch other across the River Boyne. The Battle of the Boyne was a conflict between William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant who was recently crowned the King of Britain and James II, the deposed Catholic King, who lost his throne to William a year before. The two commanders were related by blood. William of Orange had married the daughter of James II, Mary II, and was also a nephew of James. This was the largest number of troops ever deployed in Irish fields with William commanding 36,000 men and James, 25,000. The British Throne French Dominance in Europe and Religious power in Ireland was at stake. The battle ended with King James retreating his army across the River Nanny at Duleek.
The Mughals, suffering mighty losses against the Sikh fighting force, killed two of Guru Gobind Singh's elder sons at the battle. Guru Gobind Singh sent Aurangzeb an eloquent yet defiant letter entitled the Zafarnama, written in beautiful Arabic, accusing the emperor of treachery, and claiming a moral victory. On receipt of this letter, Aurangzeb is said to have invited Guru Gobind Singh to meet, but Aurangzeb died before Guru Gobind Singh arrived. Some Sikhs still believe that it was the shock upon reading the letter that lead to the King's death. Even when ill and dying, Aurangzeb made sure that the populace knew he was still alive by giving strong Islamic Fig.: Aurangzeb’s open air Tomb in Khuldabad views. He died in Ahmednagar on 3rd March, 1707 at the age of 88. His modest open-air grave in Khuldabad near Daulatabad expresses his deep devotion to his Islamic beliefs. According to his wish, the tomb is a plain block of plastered masonry on an open platform with no canopy. 1. 2.
The Timeline History of India by Dilip Hiro pp. 194-195, ISBN: 0760779767 https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070916212956AA6ACoO
1700CE CE-----------------------------------1709 1709 CE CE 1700 1850 WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (1701-14 CE) The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the death of childless Charles II, the last King of Spain. In the autumn of 1700, Charles II made a will bequeathing the throne to Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV of France. The English, the Dutch and the Austrians formally declared war in May 1702. An anti-French alliance was formed (1701 CE) by England, the Dutch Republic, and the emperor Leopold. The war started with a surprising Austrian offense by Prince Eugen in Italy in 1701 and an Anglo Dutch offense on the lower Rhine under
Battle of the Boyne
http://www.battleoftheboyne.ie/TheBattleBeyond http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/battle_of_the_boyne http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg
Marlborough in 1702. Bavaria then joined France in Fig: The Battle of Blenheim, 13 August 1704. A Grand Alliance and a French-Bavarian army September 1702 and Savoy and Portugal joined the Alliance. In 1704, France seemed well on its way to victory, but the Franco Bavarians were crushed in the Battle of Blenheim and the alliance took Gibraltar. In 1706, Marlborough was victorious again, in the Battle of Ramillies. The battle of Malplaquet, in September 1709, was a victory for Marlborough in strategic terms. Treaties of Utrecht and Baden: 1713-1714, marked the end of the war. 1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558207/War-of-the-Spanish-Succession 2. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad06
DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE After the death of Aurangzeb in March, 1707, the Mughal Empire started losing control of its empire and so began its decline. There were oppositions in major states like Awadh and Bengal and the colonists began to strengthen their hold on the country. In 1714, almost all the Rajput chiefs in Awadh were in revolt. Without Aurangzeb, the Nawabs of Bengal became independent and the control of the Mughal Empire dwindled. The custom duties in Bengal were waived for the British East India Company in 1717 by Farrukhsiyar and it eventually took control of both the states.
PESHWA BAJIRAO I Balajirao Ballal Bhat (known as Peshwa Bajirao I) was a famous general in the Maratha empire. He served as the Prime Minister during the rule of Chhatrapati Shahu Raje Bhosale, from 1720 till his death in 1740. He was renowned for his strategies and leadership during the military campaigns he led. He expanded the Maratha Empire outside Maharashtra during his tenure as Peshwa. It is believed that he fought over 41 battles without losing a single one.
The Maratha Empire had been in conflict with the Mughal Empire since its invasion by Aurangzeb in 1681. After Aurangzeb’s death, the Marathas constantly plundered the Ahmadnagar area and the suburbs of Behrampur where they killed the Mughal governor in 1711. Previously, in 1710, the Marathas had defeated the Mughal governor of Aurangabad Farrukhsiyar: Mughal Emperor 1713-1719 and plundered the city. Lee, Jin Hyuck, India in the 18th century, Term Paper- AP History Class Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907) Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 3, London, J. Murray
1710
Peshwa Bajirao: An expert swordsman and rider, master strategist and leader by example.
http://www.importantindia.com/5351/baji-rao-peshwa-1/ http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/peshwa/ http://www.ibtl.in/news/vande-matru-sanskriti/1895/bajirao-peshwa--a-greatest-indian-warrior/
1719 SOUTH SEA BUBBLE
THE TUSCARORA WAR The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina between the British, Dutch and German settlers and the Iroquoianspeaking Tuscarora Native Americans. It began on Sept 22, 1711, when fed up with social and financial exploitations and encroachment upon their land by the settlers, the Tuscaroras along with other allied tribes, led by Chief Hancock attacked and killed 130 settlers. Accounts tell that even the women and children were not spared. The settlers led by Governor Edward Hyde responded by raising a militia composed of settlers and 500 Yamsee Indians led by Col. John Barnwell. This led to a temporary state of peace in 1712 which soon erupted into war again.
The Battle of Palkhed, which Bajirao fought and won in 1728 against the Nizam of Hyderabad, was described as a masterpiece of strategic mobility. The Nizam’s army had attacked Pune and was waiting for the Peshwa’s army there. But the Peshwa attacked and plundered the Nizam’s territories instead. This forced the Nizam to leave Pune with less artillery and resources (as it reduced his mobility). At Palkhed, the Nizam was cornered by Bajirao and could not escape.
The Tuscarora attack on Sept 22, 1711
Finally, in Dec 1712, Col. James Moore led an army of more than 1000 Indians and defeated the Tuscarora. More than 900 Indian warriors were killed. The remaining Tuscaroras emigrated to New York joining the Iroquois there. David La Vere. The Tuscarora War: Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013 Jim Shamlin (1992), The Tuscarora War, North Carolina Literary Review Herbert R. Paschal Jr. (1955), A History of Colonial Bath, Edwards & Broughton
The South Sea Bubble (1720) was the first financial global bubble. It involved the shares of the South Sea Company, a British international trading company that was promised monopoly in trade with Spanish colonies in South America by the House of Lords, in return for £7 million to fund England’s war against France. Investors put money into SSC and similar trading companies, and company shares rose way above their original value due to a speculative craze for them among all classes of the society. There was so much demand for IPOs that fraud and lunatic companies were launched and even their stocks were purchased. Which stock prices were increasing, the company’s profitability was poor. Finally, the stock crashed. Huge losses were incurred and the general public was ruined. The help of the British Empire and the government prevented a complete crash. Investigations revealed corruption among the Cabinet members.
People were bankrupt and on the streets due to the financial crisis.
http://som.yale.edu/faculty-research/our-centers-initiatives/international-centerfinance/data/historical-southseasbubble http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/south-sea-bubble/ http://www.thebubblebubble.com/south-sea-bubble/
Silesia
The Kolkata Cyclone/Earthquake of 1737 CE Cyclone and Earthquake of 1737 CE in Kolkata, India, both occurring at the same time is the 2nd Deadliest Tropical Cyclones in World History. The calamity occurred on 7th October 1737 at the end of Hooghly River in the Bay of Bengal. Also, it was the first catastrophe after the settlement of English in India. The whole deltaic region of lower Bengal was affected. Cyclone and Earthquake together destroyed the 24 building of the East India Company, many bridges and river banks were vanished because of which there was no place for people to satisfy their immediate need for grain and other food elements. In Ganges region water level increased forty feet higher than usual condition. Around 20,000 Ships, Canoes, Sloops, Barks, Boats including one British port were vanished and 3, 00,000 people were dead. The storming condition caused a great loss of biodiversity comprising cattle, tigers, rhinoceroses, crocodile, bird’s etc. Loss of 3, 00,000 people when the world population was one-tenth of today was of deep concern for recovery of the place.
First Silesian war begins in 1740. While Austria was coping with the First Silesian War, Saxony decided to invade Bohemia in 1741.Bavarian soldiers marched into Upper Austria as Frederick II invaded Silesia in 1741. Bohemia fell in the next year, and Charles Albert crowned himself King of Bohemia. Charles Albert further strengthened his position by secretively securing French and Spanish aid against Austria. French troops began arriving in Bohemia. First Silesian War ends in 1742. Hannoverian troops combined forces with
Calcutta-Cyclone-1737 CE
Austrian and English forces against the Franco-Bavarians at Dettingen in June 1743. This war was expanding rapidly.
Image : First Silesian War
Weather, Volume 49 by A. K. Sensarma, 1994 Royal Meteorological Society. Bilham, The 1737 Calcutta Earthquake and Cyclone Evaluated, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 84(5), 1650-1657, 1994. Natural Disaster, New Edition, 2008 by Lee Davis, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
1730
1739
Nader Shah Afshar Nader Shah Afshar, great emperor of Persia, was born on 22 October 1688 CE in Kobhan, Safavid, Iran. He was the son of a poor peasant. His family primarily lived in Khurasan. His father died when he was at his early age. Then they were carried off as slaves but soon Nader ran away. He became soldier under Turkish Afshar Tribe, which was loyal to the then ruler of Persia Safavid Shah. After that he made his rebellion army becoming its leader. He helped the ruler Safavid Shah Tahmasp II to regain his throne from the Afghan’s ruler Mahmud Ghilzai, who attacked and annexed Persian Throne in 1722. Nader fought against Afghan Army and expelled out Afghans from Khurasan. In 1729 Nader made Tahmasp II back to throne. After Gaining much authority Nader became Shah, ascending the throne to himself in 1737. Soon his quest to take control over India raised. Captured Kandahar and Kabul. He won Battle of Karnal against Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1739. He looted the magnificent Peacock throne, which was built for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Kohinoor Diamond. He gave the name Koh-inoor to the diamond meaning “Mountain of Light”. He got the
IMAGE high res
REFERENCES - https://armchaircapitalist.wordpress.com/2011/05/27/war-of-the-austrian-succession-silesian-andbavarian-phases/
1740
1749 Parvati Mandir
Legend has it that Peshwa Nana Saheb aka Balaji Bajirao’s mother - Rani Kashibai was suffering from a severe foot ailment. She went to a temple in the south of Pune which was famous for its miraculous healing power. Kashibai prayed for her recovery and vowed she would build a larger temple there if she got cured. Her wish was fulfilled and her son built a temple on the hill in the year 1749 A.D. This is the famous Parvati Temple. The main temple Devdeveshwar (Shiva-Parvati) is built as per the ‘Panchaytan’ style (idols of the deities of Shiva, Nader Shah Afshar (became Shah in 1737 CE)
name “Napoleon of Persia” as he was great conqueror. He died in June 1747 CE, Fathabad, Iran. The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah by Michael Axworthy. I.B.Tauris, 2010, ISBN-0857733478. The History of Nadir Shah: Formerly Called Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present. By James Fraser. W. Strahan, 1742. Oxford University. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401451/Nadir-Shah
Vishnu, Shakti, Ganapati and Surya are worshipped
IMAGE high res
Image: Parvati Mandir in Pune
separately but in the same premises). REFERENCES - http://puneheritage.blogspot.in/2010/05/parvati-aka-parvata-aai.html
Mirza Muha SirajSiraj ud-Daulah
THIRD BATTLE OF PANIPAT
He was more commonly known as Siraj ud-Daulah. He became the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the early age of 23. Siraj ud-Daulah is considered as a freedom fighter in Bangladesh, Pakistan and modern India because of his strong opposition to the British annexation but many historians report that he was cruel and his opposition to British was not out of any patriotism but an expression of of his desire to strengthen his own power. Some sources say that his main fault was weakness, which caused him to be fickle and indecisive. The Nawab had an unhappy ending. In early 1757, Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta, and a few months later; the encounter between Clive and Siraj ud-Daulah moved to a decisive close. Betrayed by his own granduncle, Mir Zafar and deserted by his army, he lost the Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757.
Siraj ud-Daulah entering battlefield of Plassey on an elephant
http://www.indianetzone.com/43/siraj-ud-daulah.htm https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/Siraj.html http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Siraj_ud-Daulah http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah
1759
1760
1769
THE TREATY OF PARIS-1763
Germans in Pennsylvania
These servants got their name from the indenture or contract they signed. Gottlieb Mittelberger had also travelled with these servants but he was not a servant and he worked as a school master and organist for 3 years before returning back to Germany. And all the above data was compiled by him in his record Journey to Pennsylvania.
Ahmed Shah Abdali and Sadashiv Rao Bhau during Battle of Panipat.
http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Profile/History/Wars/Battle-of-Panipat.html http://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/14-january-1761-the-third-battle-of-panipat-took-place Book- A History of the Sikhs, volume 1(1466-1839),Khushwant Singh
1750 In 17th and 18th centuries, many immigrants to British American colonies entered as indentured servants and were bound to serve them usually for 7 years, before receiving freedom. Between 1749 and 1754, over 30,000 Germans came to Pennsylvania i.e. about 1/3rd of the colony’s population. Immigrants came to America and left their own country for many reasons. There were many religious, political and economic reasons involved such as not having religious freedom, political violence and economic downfalls etc.
The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas under the leadership of Peshwas and the forces of the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali on January 14, 1761. The defeat of the Marathas and the decline of the Mughal empire led to the new beginning of the colonial rule in India. The battle was virtually lost by Marathas before it actually began. The Marathas were estimated to have lost most of its army: 28,000 were killed and 22,000 were taken as prisoners. Among the dead were the commanders Bhao and Vishwas Rao, eldest son of Peshwa Balaji Rao. The main reason for the defeat of the Marathas was the lack of allies due to their brutal behaviour towards the important rulers including Sikhs, Jats, Kingdom of Awadh, Rajputs . It could be said that the Battle of Panipat which was fought between the Marathas and the Afghans and was really won by the Sikhs.
Female indentured servants arriving in new world
http://b-womeninamericanhistory18.blogspot.in/2013/06/1754-indentured-servants-germans-in.html http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5713
The treaty of Paris of 1763 was signed by Britain, France and Spain on February 10, 1763 which led to the end of the war between Great Britain and France. In this treaty France had to give up all its territories in North America to Britain. France did not give except Saint Pierre and Miquelon France to Britain. It also ended any foreign threat to the British colonies. The British forces not only conquered French Canada but also many territories in India and captured French island colonies in the Caribbean. All French and Spanish territory east of Mississippi is ceded to Britain. The experience of the war did not bring the British and the Americans closer. The Americans were considered as crude and lacking culture. The American colonies did not feel together. Nationalism’s first sign was seen when the settlers from different colonies lay down their lives in the battle. The Americans proved that they could would together. Also the treaty led to the age of English colonies which had established over a century. http://www.ushistory.org/us/8d.asp https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris http://worldtimeline.info/wor1760.htm BOOK: An Outline of American History.
Boundaries after Treaty of Paris
The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780CE - 1784CE )
The First Anglo-Maratha War
The treaty of 1769 between Hyder Ali and the English company proved more in the nature of a truce and Hyder Ali accused the company of not observing the terms of the defensive treaty by refusing to help him when the Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771. Haider found the French more helpful than the English. Further in 1778 English in India seized the French settlements including Mahe a port which was very crucial for Haider Ali for the entry of supplies. Haider Ali tried to take Mahe port but in vain. He arranged a joint front with the Nizam and the Marathas against the common enemy -the English East India Company. The war lasted from 17801784. But he died in 1782 and was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.
The first Anglo – Maratha war took place between 1775 and 1782. It began with the Treaty of Surat, signed by Raghunath Rao, handing over the territories of Salsette and Bassien (Now Vasai) as well as revenue from the Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, he got twenty-five hundred soldiers with whom he wished to rebel against Nana Phadnavis who ruled as regent to the newborn infant peshwa Sawai Madhavrao. The war was initiated with the battle of Wadgaon where the Maratha general Mahadji Shinde prevailed over the British and won back all territories conquered by the British since 1775 as part of the treaty of Wadgaon. Warren Hastings however, rejected the treaty of Wadgaon and sent armies after Mahadji Shinde, eventually defeating him at Sipri. The war ended with the treaty of Salbhai in 1982, which recognized Sawai Madhavrao as the Peshwa and Raghunathrao as the pensioner. The treaty also guaranteed peace between the two oppositions for twenty years.
http://www.indianetzone.com/15/first_anglo_maratha_war.htm www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anglo-Maratha_Wars
1770
Tipu continued the war for another year but absolute success eluded both the sides. Tired of war the two sides concluded peace Treaty of Mangalore. By this Treaty it was decided that English would return Srirangapatnam to Tipu and Tipu would handover Fort of Badnur to English. Nana Phadnavis by Gopal’ http://www.artoflegendindia.com/balajijanardan-bhanu-p-6015.html
1779
Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea party, known simply as the destruction of tea till mid-nineteenth century, took place on December 16,1773.It involved the dumping of almost a milliondollar’s worth of tea in the Boston Harbor by Samuel Adams and the Sons of liberty in protest of the Tea act. The act imposed the three pence Townshend duty on Tea imported from Great Britain.The Colonies objected to this tax by claiming it was a violation of the British Constiution, as British subjects could not be taxed without representation. As the colonists didn’t elect the members of the parliament, they shouldn’t have needed to pay taxes to Great Britain. When Dartmouth, the ship carrying the consignment of tea to Boston docked in the harbor, a group of almost a hundred protesters, some disguised in Mohawk costumes, boarded the Dartmouth and tossed out all 342 chests of tea. The tax on tea was removed with the taxation of colonies act 1778.
The Boston Tea Party: The Foundations of Revolution, James M. Volo. www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party www.boston-tea-party.org
Treaty of Manglore 11th March,1784
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361870/Treaty-of-Mangalore http://www.gktoday.in/second-anglo-mysore-war/ http://www.historytuition.com/mysore_wars/the_second_anglo_mysore_war%20(1780-1784).html
1780
1789
Battle of Saintes (9th April – 12th April, 1782CE) Battle of the Saintes (April 9-12,1782),in the American Revolution, major British naval victory in the West Indies, ending the French threat to British possessions in that area. Setting out from Martinique on April 8, a French fleet of 35 warships and 150 merchantmen under the comte de Grasse intended to descend upon Jamaica with Spanish help. They were intercepted at the Saintes Passage, between the islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, by a British fleet of 36 ships commanded by Admiral Sir George Rodney. After preliminary skirmishing, the main action took place on April 12, when a shift in the wind altered the course of two French ships, causing gaps in their line of battle that were quickly entered by the British. The Sons of Liberty tossing Tea chests off Dartmouth http://www.cr-cath.pvt.k12.ia.us/
The French fleet was thus scattered and the ensuing British victory at the Saintes helped restore Britain’s naval prestige. As a result, in the Treaty of Paris (September 3, 1783) Britain regained most of its islands in the West Indies. http://www.historicnavalfiction.com/general-hnf-info/fleet-actions/saintes http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518469/Battle-of-the-Saintes http://www.xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/assess01.htm
Battle of Saintes on 12th April, 1782
3/30/2015
DEATH OF TIPU SULTAN(1799) Tipu Sultan also Known as tiger of Mysore was the ruler of Indian kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799 after the death of his father Hyder Ali. He was a soldier, poet and scholar. He expanded the iron cased mysorean rockets and wrote a military manual which is considered as pioneer in field of rocket artillery. British East India Company had shown the intention to threaten Mysore after Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1798 as French settlers in India and Tipu were allies. It was the start for the final clash between British army and Tipu known as Fourth Anglo-Mysore battle in 1799.Three armed forces one from Bombay, and two British which also included Arthur Wellesley (Future 1st duke of wellington) attacked Mysore and besieged Srirangapatnam, the capital. Tipu fought bravely however, on May 4, 1799, the armies broke through the defending walls and he was killed during war. To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live for a Portrait of Tipu Sultan(now in British Library) hundred years like a jackal. - Tipu Sultan Roddam Narasimha (1985). Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan http://imagesonline.bl.uk/?service=asset&action=show_zoom_window_popup&language=en&asset=1074&location=gri
1790
1799
IITGN Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution (1789-1799) is influential period social and political changes in France such as end of Monarchy and some very successful conquests for one of the best military general ever Napoleon Bonaparte. On September 1792 France was declared as Republic and in 1793 the King Louis was executed. In the same year, the national convention committee took over France starting the reign of terror till 1795, until Directory took over from them. However it also didn’t last for much as victorious General Napoleon overthrew the French directory, replacing it with French consulate in 1799, became first consul of the new French Government and thus ended French revolution. Previously Napoleon had very successful campaigns after becoming the army general in 1795.He wins Battle of Lodi, Battle of Arcle, Battle of Rivoli, and later went on to win Battle of Pyramids against Mamulekas (Egypt) 1798 before becoming the First Emperor of France(1804). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/napoleon/timeline.html http://www.histoire-image.org/photo/zoom/vers16_bouchot_001f.jpg
WORLD CIVILIZATIONS AND CULTURES 2014-2015
Napoleon in Coup of 18 Brumaire.
