FACULT ACULTAD DE INGENIER INGENIERÍA ÍA ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL
MONOGRAFÍA El IMPACTO AMBIENTAL QUE GENERA ACTUALMENTE CEMENTOS CEMENTO S PACASMAYO ACASMAYO SAA
AUTOR: JHONY FREDY FREDY PEÑA VERDE
ASESORA: Lic. VILMA ANGELICA HURTADO IBAÑEZ
TRUJILLO TRUJILLO – PERÚ
2015 1
INDICE I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
II.
CUERPO !
II.1.
ANTECEDENTES
4
II.1 II.1..1. Ant! nt!" " nt nt# N$ N$!%&n$ %&n$' '## II.1.2. II.2.
4
Ant!"nt# Int(n$!%&n$'# '#
5
DESCRIPCION ) FO FORMULACION DEL PRO*LEMA II.2 II.2..1. D#! #!(%,! %,!%-n %-n " "' ,( ,(&' &'/$ /$
+
+
II.2 II.2.2 .2.. F&(/ &(/'$ '$!% !%-n -n "' "' ,( ,(&' &'/$ /$ + II..
O*JETIO
+
II..1. O3t%& G Gn($'
+
II..2 II..2.. O3t% O3t% #,! #,!6! 6! + II.4.
7IP8TESIS
9
II.5.
ARIA*LES 9 II.5.1. In&(/$!%-n " " C C/nt P$ P$!$#/$;& SAA SAA
9
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II.5.2. In&(/$!%-n In&(/$!%-n ,(#&n$' %#$'%?$"$ %#$'%?$"$ n n C/nt P$!$#/$;& P$!$#/$;& SA A > II.@.
MARCO TE8RICO 10
[email protected]. LOS RIESGOS RIESGOS MEDIOAM*IENT MEDIOAM*IENTALES ALES EN LA INDUSTRIA INDUSTRIA DEL CEMENTO 11
[email protected].
[email protected]. EAL EALUAC UACI8N I8N DE RIESGOS MEDIOAM* MEDIOAM*IENT IENTALES ALES 1
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[email protected] .2.2 .2.. P$($ $($ ' $ $$ $ 14 II.@
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III.
CONCLUSIONES
IV. IV.
REFER EFEREN ENC CIAS IAS BI BIB BLIOG LIOGR RAFIC AFICA AS "$
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I.
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!&((!t& # t&"$ '$ !$' # $'/$!n n n #%'& " !&n!(t& & /tB'%!& ,(& %#t !%(t$ !$nt%"$" " !$' # $'/$!n$n n 7$n$(# ; t$3& $%(t& $,$(t " #$ &(/$ '$ !$' ,%(" # ,(&,%"$" #%!&/%!$ !&n ' ,$#& " ' "$# t$/%n n($ n $'t& " ($"& " !&nt$/%n$!%-n !$n"& %#tn (t# %nt '$ !$' $! '$# ,$(t!'$# " !$' %$3n n ' $%( ; !$#n ,%' %((%t$!%-n $ ' &3 " '$# ,(#&n$# # n!nt($n ,#t$# n # /&/nt&. Mn!%&n$( n H't%/$ %n#t$n!%$ '$ B(%!$ t& n$ $"%t&(%$ ,&( ,$(t "' M%n%#t(%& " A/%nt n O!t( "' 2014 n '$ !$' # "$# " $"%t&(%$ ' &(n ; ' /&'%n " !/nt& n& #t$$n &,($t% # (#t(%n%- ' %n(#& " /$t(%$ ,(%/$ ; n& & "#,$! " !$' n t&"& 10
' "$ #%n /$(& '$# &,($!%&n# # (t&/$$n n&(/$'/nt n '$ n&! !&n ' 6n " /%n%/%?$( !&n#%"($'/nt ' ($"& " !&nt$/%n$!%-n.
II.#. MARCO TEORICO I45,c(-+ ,49i)'(,l)+ 5-()'ci,l)+
L$# ,'$nt$# " !/nt& ,"n tn( %/,$!t $/%nt$'# ,%t% n '& # ('$!%&n$ !&n ' /$n3& " ' "#! '$ t!n&'&$ ; ' ,(&!#& #&n /; $,(&,%$" ,$($ '$ (t%'%?$!%-n & "#t(!!%-n " n$ $(%"$" " /$t(%$'# (#%"$'# %n!';n"& $'n "#,("%!% ,'%(. A#%/%#/& ' ,&'& "' &(n& n& # ," (!%!'$( n '$ ,'$nt$ #%( ,$($ t($t$( ' #' nt($'%?$( ' nt# B!%" " '$# /%n$# #t$%'%?$( ' "#! ,'%( & !&/& (''n& ,$($ ' $#$'t&. L %/,$!t $/%nt$'# n$t% " '$# &,($!%&n# " !/nt& &!((n n '$# #%%nt# B($# "' ,(&!#&: /$n3& ; $'/$!n$/%nt& " ' /$t(%$'# K,$(t!'$# /&'%n"$ K,$(t!'$# ; /%#%&n# "($nt ' n(%$/%nt& "' &(n& ; '$ #!&(%$ K,$(t!'$# & V,&'& "' &(n&V $## " !&/#t%-n !&nt%nn /&n-%"& KCO ; "%-%"& " !$(&n& KCO2 %"(&!$(( $'"" !t&n$# ; -%" " $?( ; n%t(-n&. L !&nt$/%n$nt# "(%! # n!nt($n n ' "(($/# "' /$t(%$' " $'%/nt$!%-n "' &(n& K$'t& ,7 #-'%" ##,n"%" #-'%" "%#'t ,(%n!%,$'/nt ,&t$#%& ; #'$t& ; ' $$ " n(%$/%nt& "' ,(&!#& K!$'&( (#%"$'. E' #!((%/%nt& ; ' '%"& '%%%$"& " '$# B($# " $'/$!n$/%nt& " ' /$t(%$'# ; " '%/%n$!%-n " ' "#! ," #( n$ nt " !&nt$/%n$nt# ,$($ '$# $$# #,(6!%$'# ; (Bt%!$#. E' ,&'& #,!%$'/nt '$ #'%! '%( !&n#t%t; n (%#& %/,&(t$nt ,$($ '$ #$'" " ' /,'$" " '$ ,'$nt$ !;$ ,%!%-n ,(&&!$ '$ #%'%!%#. A'n " ' %/,$!t /n!%&n$" ,"n #( %t$" !&/,'t$/nt & $tn$" /B# %t$/nt #% # #!& ' #%t%& " '$ ,'$nt$ !&n !%"$"&. 11
II.#.".
LOS RIESGOS MEDIOAMBIENTALES EN LA INDUSTRIA DEL CEMENTO
E' C/nt& # n /$t(%$' # &t%n /?!'$n"& n ,(&,&(!%&n# $"!$"$# ; /&'%n"& $ n $'t& ($"& " 6n($ /$t(%$# ,(%/$# !$'%?$# ; $(!%''$# !$'nt$"$# $#t$ n ,(%n!%,%& " #%-n K1450WC "$n '$( $' C'%n<(. E' C'%n<( #tB !&/,#t& n"$/nt$'/nt " #%'%!$t " !$'!%& (#,&n#$'# ,(%n!%,$'# n ' n"(!%/%nt& ; " &t( !&/,#t !&/& ' $'/%n$t& t(%!B'!%!& ; ' ((%t& $'/%n$t& tt($!B'!%!& n!#$(% n '$ t!n&'&$ "' !/nt& ,$($ "%#/%n%( '$ t/,($t($ " &(/$!%-n " ' #%'%!$t !B'!%!. P$# ,(&,&(!%&n# " &t( -%" KMO SO N$ 2O X 2O # n!nt($n ,(#nt# ,&( &(/$( ,$(t " '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# & "' !&/#t%' t%'%?$"&. E' !/nt& # n $'&/($nt B!%'/nt /&'"$' ; (#%#tnt n$ ? ($$"& #t$# !$($!t(#t%!$# $!n " ' n '/nt& B#%!& n '$ !&n#t(!!%-n " %n($#t(!t($#. L ,(%n!%,$'# $#,!t /"%&$/%nt$'# !$($!t(%?$n $ #t$ %n"#t(%$ #&n:
E/%#%&n# " NO SO ; ,$(t!'$# $#&!%$"$# $' n!%&n$/%nt&
"' &(n& " C'%n<(. D' /%#/& /&"& '$ "#!$(&n$t$!%-n " '$ !$'%?$ nt($nt n ' ,(&!#& n($ '$ /%#%-n " CO 2 $,&( " $$ ; &n&. A"%!%&n$'/nt # ,"n ,(&"!%( /%#%&n# " CO ; CO
"($nt '$ !&/#t%-n. L$ !$nt%"$" '%($"$ ,&( ' &(n& ",n"(B "' !&ntn%"& n /$t(%$ &(Bn%!$ "' !&/#t%' $# !&/& " '$# !&n"%!%&n# " '$ !&/#t%-n. E' nt$' #& " (#%" &(Bn%! !&/& !&/#t%'#
$'t(n$t% ,&"($ $,&(t$( n (%#& $"%!%&n$' !&/& # '$ ,%' n($!%-n " /%#%&n# " "%&%n$# ; ($n $#&!%$"$# $ '$ ,(#n!%$ " !'&(& ; !&/,#t &(Bn%! "($nt '$ !&/#t%-n. E/%#%&n# " ,$(t!'$# "($nt '$# &,($!%&n# " /$n%,'$!%-n t($n#,&(t ; $'/$!n$/%nt& " /$t(%$# ,(%/$# ; !&/#t%'# #-'%". 12
E/%#%&n# " /t$'# ; ## !&/,#t ,(#nt# t$nt& n '$#
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n& ,"$n #( (!%(!'$"$#. R#%" &(%%n$" n '$ %n#t$'$!%-n !&/& !&n#!n!%$ "'
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" $## ; n(%$/%nt&. Gn($'/nt #t (%" # n $tn$" !&n '$ t%'%?$!%-n " !(($/%nt " /$t(%$'# $#&(nt# ; $((($# $!H#t%!$#. C&nt$/%n$!%-n " $$# ,'%$'# ,&( $(($#t( " ' !&/#t%'# K!$(-n !& ; !%(t $"%t% n&(/$'/nt $!/'$" n $!&,% t(%&(# %!$" $ '$ %nt/,(%.
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.#.. EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGOS MEDIOAMBIENTALES .#.." PARA EL AIRE
L$# /%#%&n# '%($"$# $ '$ $t/-#($ #&n ' ,(%n!%,$' (%#& " '$ %n"#t(%$ !/nt($. 1
L$# /%#%&n# /B# #%n%6!$t%$# #tBn $#&!%$"$# $' n!%&n$/%nt& "' &(n& t%'%?$"& ,$($ '$ $(%!$!%-n " C'%n<(. L ,(%n!%,$'# !&nt$/%n$nt# n($" #&n -%" " n%t(-n& KNO ; NO2 "%-%"& " $?( KSO2 ; ,$(t!'$#. A"%!%&n$'/nt # /%tn t$/%n ,$(t!'$# $' /"%& " &(/$ "%#$ "($nt '$# '$&(# " t($!!%-n t($n#,&(t /$n%,'$!%-n ; $'/$!n$/%nt& " /$t(%$# ,(%/$#. En ' H't%/ $ # $n !&/n?$"& $ t%'%?$( !&/#t%'# $'t(n$t% $ ' !&nn!%&n$'# !&/& (#%" !&n ,&"( !$'&(6!& $"!$"&. En #t !$# ,"n n($(# /%#%&n# " &t( !&nt$/%n$nt# !&/& "%&%n$# ($n /t$'# ,#$" 7F ; 7C'. En '$# &,($!%&n# # ,"n !&n#%"($( ,(&,%$/nt !&/& ,$(t "' ,(&!#& " $(%!$!%-n " !/nt& # ,%' "%#t%n%( ' #%%nt# (%# /"%&$/%nt$'#: Q E/%#%&n# " ,$(t!'$# !&/& !&n#!n!%$ " '$# ($!!%&n# " t($n#&(/$!%-n " '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# n ' &(n& ; "' n!%&n$/%nt& " ' n(%$"&(# " C'%n<(. Q E/%#%&n# " -%" " n%t(-n& KNO 2 ; NO $#&!%$"$# $ '$# $'t$# t/,($t($# (%#t($"$# n ' &(n&. É#t !&/,#t # n($n $ ,$(t%( " '$ ($!!%-n !&n &n& t$nt& "' N 2 "' $%( !&/& "' ,(#nt n ' !&/#t%'. Q E/%#%&n# " SO 2 n($"$# $ ,$(t%( "' $?( nt($ n ' ,(&!#& &(/$n"& ,$(t " /$t(%$# ,(%/$# ; !&/#t%'#. D ''$# #-'& n 0 " '$# $,&(t$"$# ,&( '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# #(B '%($"$ $ '$ $t/-#($ /%nt($# ' (#t& #(B (tn%"& n ' C'%n<( ($!%$# $ '$# $'t$# t/,($t($# ; t%/,& " (#%"n!%$. Q E/%#%-n " CO 2 ,(&!"nt " '$ "#!$(&n$t$!%-n " '$ !$'%?$ ; n /n&( /"%"$ " '$ !&/#t%-n. P"n &(%%n$(# $#%/%#/& /%#%&n# " CO ('$!%&n$"$# !&n n $'t& !&ntn%"& n /$t(%$ &(Bn%!$ & !&n n$ !&/#t%-n %n!&/,'t$. Q E/%#%-n " CO "($nt '$# ,(%/($# $## " '$ !&/#t%-n "%"& $ '$ &'$t%'%?$!%-n " '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# $' nt($( n !&nt$!t& !&n ' $## !$'%nt#.
14
Q E/%#%-n " 7 ; T' !&ntn%" n /$t(%$# ,(%/$# & !&/#t%' "%"& $ # '$"$ &'$t%'%"$" $! "%!%' # 63$!%-n $' C'%n<(. Q E/%#%&n# " "%&%n$# ; ($n $n n& # !&/Hn ,&"($n &(%%n$(# !$n"& ' !&/#t%'# & '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# ,n n $'t& !&ntn%"& n /$t(%$ &(Bn%!$ ; # n $ #t !& '$ ,(#n!%$ " !'&(&. Q E/%#%-n " 7C' ; 7F $#&!%$"$ $' #& " !&/#t%'# &(Bn%!. En ' !$#& " t($t$/%nt& " (#%" ' !&nt(&' " #t !&nt$/%n$nt# 3nt& !&n ' " "%&%n$# ($n ; /t$'# $($nt%?$ ' n n!%&n$/%nt& "' &(n&. Q E/%#%&n# " ,&'& ; ,$(t!'$# !&/& !&n#!n!%$ " '$&(# " /&'%n"$ /$n%,'$!%-n ; t($t$/%nt& " /$t(%$# ,(%/$#. Q E/%#%&n# " ,$(t!'$# n($"$# "($nt '$ '%/%n$!%-n " (#%" %n(t#. Q R%"& $#&!%$"& $ '$&(# " t($!!%-n " /$t(%$# ,(%/$# K,(&($!%&n# &'$"($# !$$!%&n#. Q R%"& ,(&&!$"& ,&( ' /&'%n " /$t(%$# ,(%/$# ; C'%n<( "%"& $ '$ (%!!%-n " #-'%" n # %nt(%&(. Q R%"& ,(&&!$"& ,&( '$# !&n"!!%&n# " $## ; ,&( ' #%#t/$# " n(%$/%nt& " C'%n<( Knt%'$"&(#. .#... PARA EL AGUA t%nn n$ /n&( ('$n!%$ n ' ,(&!#& " $(%!$!%-n " !/nt&. En #t t%,& " %n"#t(%$# n& # ,(&"!n (t%" " $$ " ,(&!#&. E#t& # "%"& $ '$ Hn%!$ %n!&(,&($!%-n " $$ # ,(&"! 3nt& !&n '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# n ' ,(&!# " $'n$# %n"#t(%$# K$ #/%#!$ #/%H/"$ ; H/"$. En !$'%($ " ' !$# $nt(%&(# ' $$ %n!&(,&($"$ $' !("& #(B '%/%n$"$ ,&( $,&($!%-n $ # ,$#& ,&( ' ,(!$'!%n$"&( & ,&( ' &(n& " C'%n<(. P# $ n& # n($n nt# (#%"$'# '%" $#&!%$" $ '$ ,(&"!!%-n "nt(& " '$# %n#t$'$!%&n# # $n $ n($( &t( nt# (#%"$'# $; tn( n !nt$ #t #&n ' #%%nt#: 15
Q A$# #$n%t$(%$# $#&!%$"$# $ #t$(% ; #(%!% " '$# %n#t$'$!%&n#. Q A$# ,'%$'# !&nt$/%n$"$#: ' $'/$!n$/%nt& " !&/#t%' n $!&,% %!$" $ '$ %nt/,(% #,&nn n (%#& " !&nt$/%n$!%-n " '$# $$# ,'%$'# "%"& $ '$ ,%%'%"$" " $(($#t( " /$t(%$'# $#t$ '$ (" " "(n$3 ,H'%!$ & $ ?&n$# #%n ,$%/nt$( $&(?!$n # %n6't($!%-n $' #'&. Q A$# " (%& " $'/$!n$/%nt " !&/#t%': n &!$#%&n# !$n"& ' $!&,% " !&/#t%' & /$t(%$# ,(%/$# '& (%(n # n!#$(%& n (%& " #t ,$($ %t$( n$ $!!%-n (%$ "' %nt&. L$# $$# t%'%?$"$# n #t ,(&!#& !&nt%nn n$ !$($ !&nt$/%n$nt ,&( '& "n #( n%$"$# $ n "(n$3 %n",n"%nt " $' " '$# $$# ,'%$'# ,$($ # ,t(%&( t($t$/%nt&. .#... PARA EL SUELO L$ %n"#t(%$ !/nt($ ,(&"! !&/& Hn%!& (#%"& " # ,(&!#& n$ $3$ !$nt%"$" " /$t(%$'# #&n "#!$" " '$# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# "($nt # ,(,$($!%-n. E#t !& n%"& $ '$ #!$#$ t%'%?$!%-n " $$ n '$ %n#t$'$!%-n $! '$# ,%'# $!!%&n# "(%$"$# "' ,(&!#& %n"#t(%$' $' #'& n& #$n n (%#& #%n%6!$t%&. S%n /$(& ,"n %#t%( (%# $#&!%$" $ '$ #t%-n %n$"!$"$ " (#%" ,'%( ; $ #%t$!%&n# " $ $!!%"nt$' " '(%!$nt t%'%?$"& n '$# %n#t$'$!%&n# nt( ' # "%#t%nn: Q R%#& " !&nt$/%n$!%-n "' #'& $#&!%$"& $ (#%": Q A!%t# #$" Q G($#$# #$"$# Q L%" ,(&!"nt# " ' t($n#&(/$"&(# '!t(%! Q M$t(%$' %/,(n$"& n %"(&!$(( K6't( !$t$(($... Q *$t($# Q R%# $#&!%$" $ n /$' $'/$!n$/%nt& "' !&/#t%': L !&/#t%'# t%'%?$" n ' ,(&!#& ,"n #( /; "%(# $n n '$ $!t$'%"$" ' /B# !&/Hn/nt #$" #&n ' !& 1@
" ,t(-'& ; ' !$(-n. É#t $!t$'/nt # #tBn ##t%t;n"& ,$(!%$'/nt ,&( (#%" !&/& !&/#t%'# $'t(n$t%. A"%!%&n$'/nt # #' "%#,&n( " ' ,$($ '$# &,($!%&n# " ,#t$ n n!%&n$/%nt& "' &(n&. Un$ /$'$ #t%-n n ' ",-#%t " $'/$!n$/%nt& $# !&/& n '$# &,($!%&n# " !$($ ; "#!$($ ,"n #( !$#$ " !&nt$/%n$!%-n "' #'& ,&( "%#,(#%-n " /$t(%$'# ,'('nt. En ' !$#& " !&/#t%'# '%" K' & (#%" ##t%tt% K,%nt($# "%#&'nt# $!%t# #$" $(n%!# # $'/$!n$/%nt& !&n''$ n (%#& $#&!%$"& " !&nt$/%n$!%-n "' #'&. E#t$# $!!%&n# ,"n #( &(%%n$"$# ,&( "(($/# & $# " '$# !&n"!!%&n# $'%/nt$n ' &(n& & n &,($!%&n# " t($n#,&(t $'t(n$t%& " ' /%#/. III. CONCLUSIONES 1. En !&n!'#%-n $Hn %#t ,(&!,$!%-n ,&( ,$(t " '$ ,&'$!%-n $'
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(#,!t& "' %/,$!t& n$t%& #&( ' /"%& $/%nt ;$ '$ !&/n%!$!%-n ; '$# /"%"$# " ,(n!%-n ; /%t%$!%-n n& #&n #6!%nt# ,$($ %t$( '$ !&nt$/%n$!%-n $/%nt$' $!t$'. T$/%n # (!&/n"$' '$ /,(#$ /3&( # !&/n%!$!%-n !&n ' ,&'$"&(# " '$# !&/n%"$"# !(!$n$# " &(/$ t$' '&(n n /3&( ntn"%/%nt& " '$# /"%"$# " ,(&t!!%-n $/%nt$' $"&,t$"$# ,&( '& '$ ,&'$!%-n #%( '$ !&/n%!$!%-n #$ /B# %"$ ; #%n n$. A#%/%#/& '$ %n"#t(%$ "' !/nt& !&/,(&/t ; # %"nt '$ %(((#%%'%"$" " ' "$ n($". D$"& ' /%'# " t&n'$"$# " t($!!%-n " ' (!(# " ,(&,%"$" t((%t&(%$' " '$# !&/n%"$"# '&!$'# ,$($ #( ,(&!#$"$# ; !&/(!%$'%?$"$# ,$($ !&n(t%(# n n$ $!t%%"$" $'t$/nt (nt$' #t$# $ # ? $n n($"& n$ %n/n#%"$" " (#%" "($nt ' ,(&!#$/%nt& " !/nt&. E' ,(&!#& " !&nt$/%n$!%-n $/%nt$' n '& ,(%n!%,$' # !$($!t(%?$ n"$/nt$'/nt ,&( '$ C&nt$/%n$!%-n $t/(%!$ ,&( ,$(t!'$# n ##,n#%-n " ,&'& ; $## "($nt ' ,(&!#$/%nt& " !/nt& ; !$' ; '& # /!& /B# !&n '$ t%'%?$!%-n "' !$(-n !&/& nt " n($ "($nt '$# 24 &($# "' "$. A't($!%-n ; "%#/%n!%-n " '$ !&(t($ t$' ,&( '$ ,$(t ,t(%&( " '$ B(%!$ '$ !$' $ #%"& t%'%?$"$ !&/& $'/$!n$/%nt& " C'%n<( ;#& 1+
nt( &t($# /$t(%$# ,(%/$# '$# !$'# #t$ ,#t$# $' /"%& $/%nt #%n n%nHn t%,& " ,(&t!!%-n. @. C&n (#,!t& $' (%"& #% %n # $ "%#/%n%"& ,&( '$ ,$(t O#t " '$ ,'$nt$ !&n ' !(($"& " '$ !$n!$ " !$'%?$ #%n /$(& $Hn #% #%n"& n$ /&'#t%$ ,$($ ' !%n # n!nt($n n '$ &t($ ,$(t " '$ ,'$nt$. +. S ,"& &#($( '$# ,(#&n$# # n!nt($n !(!$ " #t$ B(%!$ n& $n !$/%$"& "(B#t%!$/nt # /&"& " %"$ " !& # $n $!t/($"& $' /& (%"& ,&'& #t$ %n"#t(%$ ,'. N& &#t$nt $'n$# $/%'%$# # n!nt($n %!$"$# n ?&n$# !(!$ " #t$ %n"#t(%$ ,(!%n $ ,#$( " '$ "%#t$n!%$ ' &'&( ; ' ,&'& n($ '$ B(%!$ " !/nt&. 9. E# %"nt t$/%n '$ /,(#$ C/nt P$!$#/$;& !'; $'n t/$# ('$!%&n$" !&n ' !&nt(&' "' /"%& $/%nt !&/& # $ /n!%&n$"& ,# '$ ,&'$!%-n # 3$ ,&( n& #( #!!$" %n!'#% !&/t( $# $ ' !&'$&($"&(# " "%!$ /,(#$ ($'%?$n"& /$(!$# !&/& # $ %#t&. >. L$ /,(#$ t$/%n "($ ,(&!,$(# ,&( (#&'( ,(&'/$# # % "nt(& " '$ B(%!$ !&/& # ' "(($/$/%nt& " /$t(%$' " ' #%' n '$# $'$n?$# " !/nt& "&n" # n$ " '$# ?&n$# $; /B# !&nt$/%n$!%-n !&n ' ('$!%-n $' ,&'& ; ,$(t!'$#. 10.F%n$'/nt # $! n ''$/$"& $' /%n%#t(%& " $/%nt $$ n /3&( t($$3& ; t$/%n $ '$ B(%!$ " !/nt n& ,$(n ## t($$3 /%nt($# # n!nt($n n $"%t&(%$ ,&( #& $! ' "$t (!& ' /%n%#t(%& " $/%nt #$n $'#. IV.
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