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April, l94l
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING GAS TDENTIFICATION SETS (Thio parqphht eupenedee pamphlet No. 4,
, I - Deserlptlon of sets .........
SEC-TXOil
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III -
April .
1940)
Paragraphs
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Suggested scheduLe
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SECTION
DESCRIPTION OF SETS
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1. GENERAL. - o. Two types of gas. ldentlflcatlon sets areri&r$lfaetured and lssued by the Cheni.caL t'larfare 9ervice. f,blr setr'gas ldentlfleatlon, ttptntettoreJt fll, consistg of sdve[ glaas bottles. Four are ftlred rlth approxluate]-y.50 cuble eentlueters (l.l cublc tncbes) of granular aqtlvated cbarooal saturated vith a chenlcal agent. Tbree contaln sol1ds ilthout charcoal. lhls set ls comonly brorn as tbe ttsnlffn set, It ls tntenitetl for use lndoorg'In lnstructlng ullltary personnel 1n 'recognlzfig ttle.odors of cbenlcal agents.
b. The set, gas ldentLflcatldn, detotuttonr ilIr contd1ns forty-eight l-ounce tubes f1lled rlth l.lquld chelnlcal; agents, It ts deslgned for use outcloors ln lnstructln€ n1L1: tary forces 1n the fleltl to !.denttfy chernlcal agents by odor aild :qther f.ylecltete .effpcts. 2.
SET, GAS IDENTIFICATION, IN$TRUCTIONAL,
ru. - a. Thls
set eonslsts of seven 4-ounce wlde+outh glasa bottl-es, Lncludlng tro bottles eontalnlng charcoaL saturated rlth uustard (ES); one each contalntng charcoal 'satirated wlth chl,orplcrLn (PS) anA Lewlqlte (n-f); one each contalnlng adanslte (Dt) and
cbloracetophenone (Cn) as soL1ds; and one contatn!.ng slnu].ated (soLltl trlphosgene, rhlclr upon contact vlth the alr deconposes, gJ-vLng off pure phosgene). phosgene (CG)
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b. the charcoal- used ln these bottles li standard gas nask tlrue actLvated charcoal rhlch has been thoroughly dr1ed. Enough chenlcal agent 1s added to saturate the dry charcoal.
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e. The stoppers ate ground to flt each bottle and should be kept 1n the bottle wlth whlch orlginally lssued. Each bottle ls packed 1n a metal can wl-th a frictlon top. The synbol of the agent in each bottle i.s etched on the surface of the glass bottle and narked on the netal contalner. Wood pulp or sawdust ls used as a packlng to surround each bottfe after it is placed in 1ts netal container. The seven netaf containers are then packed. in a shlpplng contalner (wood). Each metaI can 1s surrounded by about one inch of wood pulp packing. Thls nethod of packlng and shlpping conforns to Interstate Commerce Cornrnlsslon regulatlons.
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d. A Llttle of the chenlcal agent 1s vaporlzed fron the sol1d agent or saturated charcoal and 1s held ln the bottle. When the stopper 1s removed and the nouth of the bottle is brought near the nose, the odor of the agent can be detected. The stopper rnust be kept tightly closed except when the bottle 1s actually belng used, otherwise the chenlcal agent evaporates untll no further odor is produced.
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e. When snlff bottles have reached the stage of exhaustlon, requisltlon shoulcl be nade on the Chlef of the Chenlcal Warfare Servlce for necessary sets, sanple replacementt for gas ldentl-flcatlon set, lnstructlonal, MI. These replacement sets conslst of unlts of two bottles of agents packed ln a wooden box. Upon recelpt of the sanple replacenents, the newly fllled bottles should be removed ancl placed ln the standard set. The enpty bottles should then be placed in the sample replacenent box and returned lnnedlately to the Edgewood Chenlcal
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3. SE'I, GAS IDENTIFICATION, DETONATION, III . - a. identificatlon set conslsts of forty-elght hermetlcally
This sealed pyrex glass tubes, each about 1 inch 1n tllameter, 7 lnches long, contalnlng {O cc (approxinatellr I ounce) of the agent or a solution thereof. (HS - 5% in chf-oroforn; !1-1 - 5/" in chloroform; PS - 5016 1n chforoforn; CG - LOOfl.) Twelve tubes each of mustard eas (Es), lewisite (t'i-f), phosgene (cG), and chlorpicrin (fS) are provldecl.
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b. Each indivldual. glass tube of agent is packed ln a separate cardboard tube container. The synbol of the agent ls stenclled on the top as well as on the slde of the lndj-vidual cardboard tube container. Tnelve tubes of agents ln thelr lndlvldual cardboard containers, together with one tape holder, conplete with adheslve tape, are packed in a netal contalndr known as tube contalner, multlple and neasurlng approxlnately 5-3/4 lnches 1n dlameter and 9-I/Z tncnes long.
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d. fnterstate Commerce Comni-ssion regulations require that toxic agents be packed in a suitable steel container before they can be shlpped by common carrier. For this reason i-t 1s necessary to return the conplete gas ldentificatlon set less the glass tubes of agent and such indlvidual tube containers as nay be expended, to the Eclgewood Chemical Warfare Depot when replacements are requlred. e. Detonators and pliers are sh:i-pped separately. They should be requisitloned along wi-th the detonatlon set. Detonators are packed and shipped in accordance with Interstate Commerce Cornmlssion regulations governing the shipnent of explosives. SECTION
II
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
Paragraph
Properties of agents .................r....'... r... Us e of s e t , gas identif ieation, ins true tional, MI . Use of set, gas identification, detonatioflr ivil .... Preeautions ro..r....... r..........................
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c. Four of these tube containers, with lnstructi-ons (blueprints) for setting up and firlng the gas tubes in the fleld are packed 1n a drawn steel contalner. Corrugated strawboard. t 5/32-lnch thick, is used as a filIer for the two ends between the four nultiple tube contalners. The open end of the steel shipping container is flangecl and the cover 1s held 1n place by'elght 5/8-inch machine bolts. The shipping contalner is air tlght and will wlthstand an internal air pressure of 25O pounds per square inch without ]-eaklng or defornation of the cy11nder.
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4. PROPERTIES 0F AGENTS. - In the field the odors of chenical agents provicle the nost certaln neans of identlficat1on. However other innediate effects on the body, such as i.rrltation of eyes, nose, throat, or prickllng of the skint assist a trained observer in ldentlfying the agent being used. Atl of the infornatlon presented in Table I is therefore of asslstance i.n recognlzlng bhemical agents. 5. USE 0F SET, GAS TDENTTFICATIoN, INSTRUCTIoNAL, MI. a. When lt l-s clesirecl to snell the odor of any agent, the bottle should be placed in one hand and brought near the nose, whlJ.e the other hand is used to renove the stopper and to fan the alr across the nouth of the bottle toward the nose. At the sane tlne alr should be alternately inhaleci and exhaledt
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The gas nask should atways be worn wlnen hantdiirry or prep,rirtg to f,ire any of the tletonatl-on tubes.
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are to be fastened to the gJass It{-l, PS, and to tlre card'board conand tubes contalnlng tainer of the CG-fl11ed glass tubes wlth the adheslve tape strips provided with the set. Electrical connectlons and connectlon wlth the blastlng nachine are shown in Flgure .{- The tubes and attached detonators are to be plaeetl ln snall pits as lndicated in Flgure ,/e. Care should be exerclsed to keep the detonators on the underside of the glass or cardboard tube to insure the dlscharge of the agent lnto the.air.
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The detonators I1S,
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The nunber
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satlsfactory exercise wlll be deternlned by the offlcer 1n charge. Under normal weather conditions, one tube of each agent will sufflce for a group of twenty persons. For larger groups, or for demonstratlons under adverse weather conditlons, nore tubes are required. When two or more tubes are cletonated slnultaneously, the firlng line should be at rlght angles to the wlnd dlrectlon.
d. The blasting machlne should be placed about 25 yards upwintl frou the firing 11ne. The class or observers should be placecl ftom 25 to 40 yards clownwind. If a blasting nachlne 1s not available, one tube at a tlme nay be detonated by neans of an ordlnary No. 6 dry cell.
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SET- UP WITH TWO OR MORE DETONATORS
FIGURE 4 - DIACRAMS SEOWINC SET.UP trOR USE OF GAS IDENTFICATION SET, DETONATION, Ml
FIGURE 3. . DETONATOR CONNECTION OF TUBES, GAS IDENTIFICATION SET, DETONATTON. M1.
6
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e. When the gas tubes are detonated, snall puffs of are produced by the detonators. The gas cloud is usually colorless, but moves along with the smoke. In a shifting wind the students will change positlons accordlngly so as to be in the path of the agent. As soon as students have obtaj-ned the odor of the agent, they move out of the cloud at right angles to the wind direction. smoke
t. When persistent agents are used it frequently that a few indivlcluals do not get the characteristic odor of the agent fron the cloud. When thls occurs, use a spade or board to dig up a sna1l quantity of the earth fron the d.etonation plt. .lf,oue doumwind at feast 10 f,eeti then have those so desiring pass by and sniff the contaminated earth. This can be done wlth all agents ln the set. happens
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g. The distance the class is stationed downwind nust be carefully controlled. 0n days wlth little wind, a dlstance of 25 yarcls is suitable; with strong winds, particularly when tenperature is low, the dlstance should be increased to d0 yards. In the latter case, the low tenperature causes less volatilization and strong winds concentrate nuch of the liquid as a spray which, if the class i-s near, may result in some getting llquid on the face or hands. In the case of veslcants, thls nay cause severe lrrltation of the ski.n or granulatlon of the eyelids.
expected for 2/1 hours. Botties not in use should be hept caref,uJLy corked at aLl times. Care must be taken to lnsure that bottles and ttbes are stored where they cannot be tanpered wlth.
b. Detonation sets. (1) Occastonally enough pressure may develop ln the tubes containing phosgene (CG) to cause then to burst spontaneously. If a tube bursts whlle being handled, personnel nay be seriously inJured. Glass tubes contalnlng phosgene (CG) nntst not be removed fron.the cardboard tubes. (Z) Oo not explode glass tubes contalnlng HS or Ivl-l 1n thelr cardboard tubes; burns nay result from contact wlth fragnents of cardboard contamlnated wlth these agents.
(3) Pleces of glass and liquld spray may be thrown as far as 15 yards. Be sure no one ls wlthln thls danger radlus when the tubes are detonated. (4) Vegetation 1n the innediate vl-clnity of the detonatlon hole nay be contaninated fron HS and lvl-L. The ground 1n the detorration hole 1s always dangerous for sone tine. After detonatlon, no one but the flrlng personnel should be allowed wlthln 1O feet of the detonatlon holes. SECTION
h. Use only one detonator, electric, Nq. 8, with tubes of phosgene (co), chlorpicrfn (pS), and. lewisite (lvt-l); two detonators are desirable and should be used on mustard
III
SUGGESTED SCIIEDULE OF INSTRUCTION
(Hs) .
i. With thls set there Ls always possible danger of inJury from broken glass, explodi-ng detonators, or from the agents themselves. Flrst aid packets should therefore be at hand during each exercise. i. Al-ways flll up detonation holes and remove any large pieces of glass and detonator lead wires after an exerclse. 7. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. - a. Snif,f, sets. Personnel opening new bottles and contaj.ners, or those which have been closed for some time, should wear well adJusted gas nasks. Occasionally pressure builds up within bottles that have not been openecl for long perlocls, which is sufficient to throw charcoal or dust into the openerrs eyes. It is therefore advlsable to have all bottles opened and cLosed sone time prior to the lnstruction. No great accumulatlon of pressure can be
General ...... Schedule for one hour of lnstruction .... Addltlonal lnstruction .... Instructlonal procedure ...
Paragraph
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8. GENEML. - o, The sense of sne]l qulckly becones fatlgued or confused by odors from chenical agentsr. some of whlch are violent poisons and lrritants. A'number of short exercises is therefore preferable to one long exerclse. b. Durlng the indoor trainlng perlocl the sniff set should be plaeed where nen can test for gas odors durlng intermlsslons of classroon exerclses. Contests can be arranged ancl the spirit of conpetitlon lntroduced by coverlng the synbo1 deslgnating the agent and assigning a nunberr then havlng the student wrlte down the s1mbol of the agent corresponillng to the nunber.
8
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c. fndoor lnstruction with the sniff set should be as thorough as practicable before uslng the detonation set. The actual cost of each gas tube flred is about 60.cents, whlle a sniff from a bottle may cost less than one cent. Ilence the detonatlon set should not be used until the class is ready to profit by its use. Then the use of the detorration set is inportant 1n order that actuaf fleld conditlons nay be sinulatetl. 9. SCHEDULE FOR ONE HOUR 0F INSTRUCTI0N. - The following schedule ls suggested for use in an organization that can devote only one hour of instruction to this subject. However it must be renembered that a reasonable degree of proficiency j.n the ldentifi-catlon of chemical agents by odor can come only through contlnuous repetitlon. To attain proflciency, i-t is necessary to nake extended use of the sniff set. This can be done by having the set constantly available and uslng it to fill in vacant 1O or 15 ninute perlods, uslng it wlth sna1l or specialized groups, and to help f111 in ralny day sehedules. First period 1O mj-nutes. (lnstruetional- setr IqI) . Test odors of PS, M-1, HS, CG. Have each man write down his own id.ea of what eaeh agent smells like. period 10 minutes. (lnstructlonal set, the agent, then let each man sniff to identify the odor.
Second
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.
Announee
Third period 10 minutes. (tnstructional set, MI) . Cover the slnnbol on the bottle with a number and have elass ldentify bottles by number. (ffre average man shoul-d get three of the four agents correctly. ) Fourth period L5 ninutes. (p"tonati-on set, MI). Detonate flrst HS, then PS. Have class pass through the cloud, then test earth from both detonation ho1es. Have class write down the odor and other effeets from eaeh agent. (Use different detonation holes for each agent. )
Fifth period L5 minutes. (O"tonation set, MI) . Detonate M-1, then CG. Use different holes for each agent. Proceed as in fourth period . 10. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTJ0N. - Additional lnstruction in the identification of chemlcal agents should be given all unit gas nonconmissioned offlcers, and men clesignated as gas sentrles. Wlthln the llmlts of materlal available, such person-
nel shoulcl be taught not only to identlfy each agent positiveIy, but also how to estinate the concentration of each agent as being elther nild, noderately strongr or high. Tactical protectlve neasures frequently depentl upon the concentratj-on present as well as upon the agent used.
11. INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE. - The value of any i-nstructlonal period can be enhanced if careful thought 1s glven to its preparation. Recognizing that the tlne ordinarily avallab1e for instructlon 1n defense against chenical.attack ls 11ni.ted, every opportunlty should be taken to add new facts or refresh prevlously presented naterial. In the conduct of exercises on flelcl identlflcatlon, there is always time just prior to flring to give a short resume of data pertinent to the agent about to be flred. With snall groups under close control, an alert lnstructor can maintain a runnlng comment of lnformation about the exerclse and the agents used: safety precautlons, odor to be expeeted, physlologlcal action of the agent, tactlcal use, first aid for field casualties, and nanner of flrlng in conbat. In thls way the periods will be nade interestlng and the scope of lnstruction broadened.
