Biomedical Instrumentation and MeasurementsFull description
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements
Electronic Instrumentation and MeasurementsFull description
Electronic Instrumentation and MeasurementsDeskripsi lengkap
Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements
measurements is a good book for basics
Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements
Electronic Instrumentation and MeasurementsDescrição completa
Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements
Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation - A.K.Sawhney
book for measurement and instrumentation for U.G. students.
Descripción completa
Full description
Full description
f
E. Rathakrishnan
Instrumentation, Measurements, and Experiments in Fluids
(^)CRC CRC Press \V*
J
Taylor &F rancis Group Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an i n f o r m a business
Contents Preface About the Book About the Author 1
2
Need and Objective of Experimental Study 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Some Fluid Mechanics Measurements 1.2.1 Wind Tunnel Studies 1.2.2 Analogue Methods 1.2.3 Flow Visualization 1.3 Measurement Systems 1.3.1 Sensing Element 1.3.2 Signal Converter 1.3.3 Display 1.3.3.1 Performance Terms 1.4 Some of the Important Quantities Associated with Fluid Flow Measurements 1.5 Summary Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Properties of Fluids 2.2.1 Pressure 2.2.2 Temperature 2.2.3 Density 2.2.4 Viscosity 2.2.5 Absolute Coefficient of Viscosity 2.2.6 Kinematic Viscosity Coefficient 2.2.7 Thermal Conductivity of Air 2.2.8 Compressibility 2.3 Thermodynamic Properties 2.3.1 Specific Heat 2.3.2 The Ratio of Specific Heats 2.4 Surface Tension 2.5 Analysis of Fluid Flow
Range and Sensitivity of the Schlieren System Optical Components' Quality Requirements 4.3.5.1 Schlieren Mirrors 4.3.5.2 Light Source 4.3.5.3 Condenser Lens 4.3.5.4 Focusing Lens 4.3.5.5 Knife-Edge 4.3.5.6 Color Schlieren 4.3.5.7 Short Duration Light Source 4.3.6 Sensitivity of the Schlieren Method for Shock and Expansion Studies 4.3.7 Shadowgraph 4.3.8 Comparison of Schlieren and Shadowgraph Methods Summary
Hot-Wire Anemometry 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Operating Principle 5.3 Hot-Wire Filaments 5.4 Constant Current Hot-Wire Anemometer CCA 5.4.1 Mean Velocity Measurements 5.4.2 Fluctuating Velocity Measurements 5.4.3 Thermal Inertia of Hot-Wire 5.4.4 RMS Measurements of the Fluctuating Velocities 5.4.5 Measurement of Velocity Components 5.4.6 Measurement of Temperature by Constant Current Method 5.4.7 Measurement of Steady-State Temperature 5.4.8 Measurement of Temperature Fluctuations 5.5 Constant Temperature Hot-Wire Anemometers 5.5.1 Relation Between Flow Velocity and Output Voltage 5.6 Hot-Wire Probes 5.7 Hot-Wire Bridge for Classroom Demonstration 5.7.1 Hot-Wire Bridge Operating Procedure 5.7.2 A Note of Caution 5.8 Effect of Compressibility 5.9 Limitations of Hot-Wire Anemometer 5.10 Summary
203 203 203 204 209 209 210 212 213 214
Analogue Methods 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Hele-Shaw Apparatus 6.2.1 Basic Equations of Hele-Shaw Analogy 6.3 Electrolytic Tank
229 229 229 233 235
215 215 215 216 217 218 220 221 221 222 223 224
6.4
7
Hydraulic Analogy 6.4.1 Theory of the Analogy 6.4.1.1 Shallow Water Flow 6.4.1.2 Gas Flow 6.5 Hydraulic Jumps (Shocks) 6.5.1 General Equations for Attached Oblique Shocks 6.5.2 General Equations for Slant (Oblique) Attached Hydraulic Jumps 6.5.3 Limitation of the Analogy 6.5.3.1 Two-Dimensionality 6.5.3.2 Specific Heats Ratio 6.5.3.3 Velocity of Wave Propagation 6.5.3.4 Vertical Accelerations 6.5.3.5 Viscosity and Heat Conductivity 6.5.3.6 Surface Tension 6.5.3.7 Appropriate Technique for Different Types of Problems 6.5.4 Depth Measurement 6.6 Velocity Measurement 6.7 Experimental Study 6.7.1 Towing Tank 6.7.1.1 Flow Past Shockless Lifting and Nonlifting Airfoils 6.7.2 Streamline Similarity and Transonic Similarity Rule . . . 6.8 Application of the Hydraulic Analogy to Supersonic Airfoils 6.8.1 Aerodynamic Forces on Airfoils 6.8.2 Hydrodynamic Forces on Airfoils 6.8.3 Measurements with a Semi-Wedge Airfoil 6.9 Experimental Study 6.10 Summary
Measurement of Wall Shear Stress 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Measurement Methods 10.2.1 Floating Element Method 10.2.2 Momentum Integral Method 10.2.3 Preston Tube 10.2.4 Fence Technique 10.2.5 Heat Transfer Gauge 10.2.6 Law of the Wall 10.3 Summary
389 389 390 390 391 391 393 394 395 396
Mass and Volume Flow Measurements 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Direct Methods 11.2.1 Tanks 11.2.2 Displacement Meters 11.3 Indirect Methods 11.3.1 Variable-Head Meters
399 399 400 400 400 402 402
11.3.2 Some Practical Details of Obstruction Meters 11.3.3 Sonic Nozzle 11.3.4 Pitot Tubes 11.3.5 Rotameters 11.3.6 Drag-Body Meters 11.3.7 Ultrasonic Flow Meters 11.3.8 Vortex-Shedding Flow Meters 11.3.9 Measurement of Gross Mass Flow Rate 11.4 Volume Flow Meter 11.4.1 Direct Mass Flow Meters 11.5 Summary
407 412 413 414 415 416 418 419 420 422 423
Special Flows 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Geophysical Flows 12.2.1 Rotating Tank 12.3 Experiment on Taylor-Proudman Theorem 12.4 Experiment on Ekman Layer 12.5 Experiment on Spin-Up and Spin-Down 12.6 Transition and Reverse Transition 12.6.1 Transition in a Channel Flow — A Visualization 12.6.1.1 Experimental Procedure 12.6.2 Reverse Transition or Relaminarization 12.6.2.1 Experimental Procedure 12.7 Measurement in Boundary Layers 12.7.1 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Fiat Plate 12.7.2 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Fiat Plate 12.8 Summary
Data Acquisition and Processing 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Data Acquisition Principle 13.2.1 Generation of Signal 13.2.2 Signal Conditioning 13.2.3 Multiplexing 13.2.3.1 Multichannel Analogue Multiplexed System 13.2.3.2 Simultaneously Sampled Multiplexer System 13.2.3.3 Multichannel Digital Multiplexer System... 13.2.3.4 Low-Level Multiplexing System 13.3 Data Conversion 13.3.1 Data Storage and Display 13.3.1.1 Data Processing 13.3.2 Digital Interfacing
13.4 Personal Computer Hardware 13.4.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 13.4.1.1 Instruction Register and Decoder 13.4.1.2 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 13.4.2 Input/Output Units 13.4.2.1 Input/Output Addressing 13.4.2.2 System Buses 13.4.3 Input/Output Servicing 13.5 Data Acquisition Using Personal Computers 13.5.1 The GPIB Interface 13.5.1.1 DT 2805 ADC/DAC Interface 13.6 Digitization Errors Due to A / D Conversion 13.7 Summary
Uncertainty Analysis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Estimation of Measurement Errors 14.3 External Estimate of the Error 14.3.1 Dependence and Independence of Errors 14.3.2 Estimation of External Error 14.4 Internal Estimate of the Error 14.5 Uncertainty Analysis 14.5.1 Uses of Uncertainty Analysis 14.6 Uncertainty Estimation 14.7 General Procedure 14.7.1 Uncertainty in Flow Mach Number 14.8 Uncertainty Calculation 14.9 Summary